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Date & Time: Sunday, June 25, 10:30am–4:30 pm
Place: Tsuzuki Minka-en (Folk House Garden)
Visitors: 29 participants: 6 from China, 4 each from Myanmar, Thailand and Taiwan, 2 each from Indonesia and Mongolia, 1 each from Germany, Austria, Egypt, Hungary, Italy, Malaysia and Viet Nam
Attendants: 20 KSGG members
Languages used: English and Japanese
KSGG hosts a yukata party every year, and the 9th event was held in June. As the staff shared their roles appropriately and made the schedule very well, the party went off smoothly. Although it rained heavily from the morning, 29 international students arrived at the fork house one after another. Then the staff started to dress them in a yukata (cotton kimono). The students took pictures of them in a yukata each other, which was a pleasant scene. We listened to the music played on the koto (Japanese harp), and the shakuhachi (bamboo flute) sitting on floor cushions in the formal seiza ( sitting straight) position. Since they weren’t used to doing it, they felt their legs numb and couldn’t stand up. Also some of them smiled wryly because their legs got pins and needles. We sang a Japanese song titled Sakura-Sakura ( cherry blossom) in chorus all together. When it stopped raining around noon, we went out to the garden, where the hydrangea bloomed beautifully. We took commemorative photos and wrote our wishes on tanzaku (strips of colored paper) to attach to branches of bamboo for the Star Festival. When they tried playing the koto and the shakuhachi, they seemed to be very attracted by the tones of the instruments. All the visitors appreciated that they could experience the precious Japanese cultures such as wearing yukata, playing the koto and the shakuhachi, and seeing jiutamai, dance with country songs of Kyoto and Osaka regions. They left for home in the rain which began to fall again. | <urn:uuid:a4385512-1cbb-4568-8a7a-498ae66529b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://volunteerguide-ksgg.jp/2017/06/25/international%E3%80%80participants-enjoy-japanese-culture-while-wearing-yukata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.966391 | 442 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Saar- Hunsrück Nature Park
Unique natural and cultural landscape
The Nature ParkSaar-Hunsrück is multifaceted with extensive woodland, species-rich meadows, hedges and field edges, characteristic rock formations and many valleys, created by rivers and streams. It covers a large area and is situated in the northern part of the Saarland and in the south-west of the Rhineland-Palatinate, reaching from the heights of the Hunsrück mountains to the sunny vineyards of the Moselle, Saar, Ruwer and Nahe valleys.
A wide range of animals that are native to this region live in the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park, such as red deer and wild boar, martens, beaver, foxes, badgers and bats as well as the increasingly rare wildcat. Plus, many rare and important types of birds have made a home here, among those 29 who are on the Red List of endangered bird species.
Active holidays in the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park
Hiking, water sports, riding and much more – there’s a lot to do for active types: The Saar-Hunsrück Trail is one of Germany’s most beautiful long-distance hiking routes and on 184 km offers ramblers everything they could ask for. Throughout the year, there are also many other options: You can saddle up and explore the nature park on horseback or try water sports on the rivers and lakes. On themed routes, visitors can discover local handicraft and traditions and see special natural and cultural sights. Tip for something out of the ordinary: Visit Werner Freund’s wolf park in Merzig, an education and research facility.
Naturpark Saar-Hunsrück e.V.
Trierer Str. 51
Telefon +49 (0) 6503 / 92 14-0
Telefax +49 (0) 6503 / 92 14-14 | <urn:uuid:d46a311b-b664-4286-ba28-648d532dd1ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.visitsaarland.co.uk/travel-guide/worth-seeing/Nature-lakes-and-gardens/Saar-Hunsrueck-Nature-Park | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.907598 | 429 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Event Date:Start at 7:00 AM
August 19, 2022 - August 22, 2022
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT?
A chance to dive two of the UK’s protected wrecks in one day. Each day, the first dive will be on the luxury steamship turned Confederate gun runner Iona II (22m) followed by the pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Montagu (15m).
Divers will receive a thorough dive and archaeological site briefing before each dive so that they will know what to look out for and will have an understanding of the underwater sites and their place in history.
These Protected Wreck Days are part of the Lundy Festival and are supported by Historic England.
WHO’S IT FOR?
Divers who are interested in ‘Diving for a Purpose’ will enjoy this day out. NAS has run Protected Wreck Days on Holland 5 submarine and Normans’ Bay wreck out of Eastbourne and A1 submarine and HMS Invincible out of Portsmouth for many years. We’re happy to be adding two new wrecks to our repertoire to offer divers new experiences.
The cost of two dives on the protected wrecks is £70 which includes boat charter, hot drinks, expert archaeological guides and explanation of the sites, and air fills.
ONLINE BOOKING AVAILABLE SOON.
Email email@example.com to be kept informed
Please note that minimum dive qualifications apply. Divers need to be at least BSAC Sport Diver or PADI Rescue Diver with recently logged dives in the 20-25 meter range.
Divers must bring all their own equipment including DSMB and torch and their own gas supply for both dives. Free air refills will be possible at the end of the day at Ilfracombe dive club. Nitrox refills are available but advanced notice needs to be given.
The dive vessel will be Obession II a hard boat cat with dive lift, toilet, diver benches and unlimited hot drinks. https://www.lundydiving.co.uk/the-boats/
Please bring your own snacks and lunch to keep you going throughout the day. Hot drinks and biscuits will be provided as well as extra water if needed.
In the days leading up to your Protected Wreck Day, the organisers and boat skipper will keep an eye on the weather and let you know of any cancellations or amendment to the plans. Any cancelled days will be rescheduled.
Five credits/day will be awarded to NAS members to go towards their NAS Certificate or Award. | <urn:uuid:187df948-680f-4efe-9676-934e3c3d6413> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nmdg.co.uk/events/protected-wrecks-days-iona-ii-and-hms-montagu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923936 | 575 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Plan to help Collie’s transition
A new framework aimed at supporting workers and the wider Collie community as the town transitions away from emissions- intensive industries was announced yesterday.
The Just Transition Plan is the next step in what is believed will be a 10-15-year process for Collie.
The plan was developed in consultation with industry, community, union and government stakeholders through the Just Transition Working Group.
Premier Mark McGowan said over the past four years, the State Government had made an unprecedented investment in Collie to diversify the economy and secure the town’s future.
“We are absolutely committed to supporting Collie through this crucial phase in the town’s history,” Mr McGowan said.
“As WA’s energy system shifts from traditional generation to increased reliance on renewable energy and storage, our dependence on coal will naturally decline.
“The Just Transition plan is all about managing the impact this change will have on the local workforce and wider community.”
As part of the plan, the Just Transition Working Group has developed a group of principles endorsed by the State Government to guide transition efforts.
The Australian Manufacturing Workers’ Union of WA delegate Sean Emmett said the group welcomed the announcement but warned it would not be successful without committed action by both government and industry.
“We have fought hard for this Just Transition over the past two years and are glad to see the State Government now commit to a real plan,” Mr Emmett said.
“We want to make sure that as many people as possible are cared for, looked after and offered opportunities.
“ I do think it is possible and if we get this right, this could be a model to other industries that have shut down.”
Collie-Preston MLA Mick Murray said the plan was developed with the best interests of the community at heart.
“We haven’t shied away from the fact that Collie’s main industries are facing major challenges,” Mr Murray said. “As a State Government we have been on the front foot in order to facilitate action whilst supporting the creation of a longer-term plan, and I look forward to seeing it produce results.”
Get the latest news from thewest.com.au in your inbox.
Sign up for our emails | <urn:uuid:5509262d-f6ef-4313-a4ca-2980e1c22603> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bunburyherald.com.au/news/south-western-times/plan-to-help-collies-transition-ng-b881742867z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955527 | 492 | 1.523438 | 2 |
In 1914 the zoo had a total of 3,470 animals, the highest number it was ever to contain. Further information on the zoo at Schönbrunn (opening hours, admission charges, etc.) can be found on the Tiergarten Schönbrunn website. Further Literature . Ash, Mitchell G. und Dittrich, Lothar (Hrsgg.) Tiergarten Schönbrunn (literally, Schönbrunn Animal Garden), or Vienna Zoo, is a zoo located on the grounds of the famous Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria.Founded as an imperial menagerie in 1752, it is the oldest continuously operating zoo in the world.. Today, Tiergarten Schönbrunn is considered and regards itself as a scientifically administered zoo which sees its main purpose.
Schönbrunn Zoo, Vienna, Austria 2018 A great day at Schönbrunn Zoo in the capital city of Austria in Vienna. It belongs to the TOP most visited and most beau.. Address Zoo Vienna Im Schlosspark Schönbrunn 1130 Vienna www.zoovienna.at Getting there. Entrances The main Hietzing entrance is close to the Hietzing U4 underground station. For this entrance, enter the grounds of Schönbrunn Palace via the Hietzinger Tor gate and follow the path past the Palm House and the Desert House
Planerar du att besöka Schönbrunn Zoo i Wien? Här hittar du fakta om Schönbrunn Zoo samt fantastiska erbjudanden inför din resa Zoo Vienna Schönbrunn, Wien. 139K likes. Official Facebook Site Tiergarten Schönbrunn www.zoovienna.a The park gates are opened at 6.30 am. You can enter the Palace Park free of charge during opening hours. If you wish to visit to the Schönbrunn special attractions, such as the Privy Garden, the Orangery Garden or the Maze as well as the Zoo, the Palm House and the Desert House you need to purchase individual admission tickets , the Obelisk Fountain constitutes the visual focus at the end of the eastern diagonal avenue, and together with the Gloriette and the Zoo is one of the most important focal points in the gardens Das ist der offizielle YouTube-Kanal des Tiergarten Schönbrunn - dem ältesten Zoo der Welt und besten Zoo Europas. Hier gibt es regelmäßig die aktuellsten Vi..
Free entry at Schönbrunn Zoo with the Vienna PASS. Built in 1752 and home to 500 different species of animal - Schönbrunn Zoo is great for all the family Tiergarten Schoenbrunn - Zoo Vienna: Schönbrunn Zoo immer wunderschön - se 9 904 omdömen, 8 838 bilder och fantastiska erbjudanden på Wien, Österrike på Tripadvisor
Schönbrunn zoo is the oldest working zoo in the world. Some of the 18th-century buildings from the menagerie established by Emperor Francis I have survived, but the animal enclosures look a little different these days: experts rate the zoo as one of the world's bes Tiergarten Schönbrunn, or Vienna Zoo, is a zoo located on the grounds of the famous Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria. Founded as an imperial menagerie.
Tiergarten Schoenbrunn - Zoo Vienna: Stor djurpark mitt i Schönbrunn. - se 9 905 omdömen, 8 838 bilder och fantastiska erbjudanden på Wien, Österrike på Tripadvisor Riesenauswahl an Markenqualität. Schönbrunn Zoo gibt es bei eBay Vienna Zoo The oldest zoo in the world. Vienna's Schoenbrunn Zoo, or in German Tiergarten Schönbrunn, was founded in 1752 by Emperor Franz I Stephan of Lorraine, and it is the oldest existing zoo in the world. It has been recognized as the best zoo in Europe four times in a row and it is one of the most modern zoos in the world Zoo Vienna Schönbrunn, Wien. 139 tn gillar. Official Facebook Site Tiergarten Schönbrunn www.zoovienna.a
Tiergarten Schönbrunn (literally, Schönbrunn Animal Garden), or Vienna Zoo, is a zoo located on the grounds of the famous Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria.Founded as an imperial menagerie in 1752, it is the oldest continuously operating zoo in the world Sign in to like videos, comment, and subscribe. Sign in. Watch Queue Queue. Watch Queue Queue. Remove all; Disconnect; The next video is starting sto Schönbrunn Zoo, a zoo in Vienna, Austria Disambiguation page providing links to topics that could be referred to by the same search term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name
Schönbrunn Palace (German: Schloss Schönbrunn [ʃøːnˈbʁʊn]; Central Bavarian: Schloss Scheenbrunn) was the main summer residence of the Habsburg rulers, located in Hietzing, Vienna.The name Schönbrunn (meaning beautiful spring) has its roots in an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.. The 1,441-room Rococo palace is one of the most important architectural. Boka dina biljetter till Schönbrunn Zoo på nätet och gå förbi kön. Spara både tid och pengar med vår prisgaranti och få ut det mesta av ditt besök i Wien Slottet Schönbrunn (Schloss Schönbrunn), Wien: Läs recensioner av resenärer som du och se professionella bilder på Slottet Schönbrunn (Schloss Schönbrunn) i Wien, Österrike på Tripadvisor Schönbrunn Zoo add to my travel plan The oldest zoo in the world has in recent decades turned itself into one of the most modern and - by general consensus - one of the most beautiful zoos in the world Schönbrunn Zoo is in the grounds of Schönbrunn Palace. In order to reach the main entrance to the zoo please use the park entrance gate Hietzinger Tor. Public transport. If you are travelling by public transport, the zoo can be reached by the following routes: U4 (underground): Station Hietzing Tramway: 10, 58, 60 Bus: 51A, 56A, 56B.
Other articles where Schönbrunn Zoo is discussed: zoo: the Imperial Menagerie at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. This menagerie, which still flourishes, was opened to the general public in 1779. In 1775 a zoo was founded in a Royal Park in Madrid, and 18 years later the zoological collection of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, was begun The Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna is the oldest existing zoo in the world, the only remaining Baroque menagerie. Today, the Zoo at Schönbrunn is considered one of the best and most modern zoos in the world, where there are even regular arrivals of rare panda babies. Vienna City Card Zoo Vienna Schönbrunn - Maxingstrasse 13b, 1130 Wien, Österrike - Har fått 4.8 baserat på 12 939 recensioner One of the best zoos i have ever been.. Schönbrunn Zoo Climb aboard a train and take a trip to the fascinating world of animals! CLOSED. Due to the current measures of the Federal Government, we have closed from Tuesday, 3 November 2020 until further notice (but at least until 06 December) Located on the grounds of the majestic Schonbrunn Palace, Schönbrunn Zoo mixes rich history and the animal kingdom. Wander through this World Heritage Site for sightings of giant pandas, koalas, orangutans, tigers, penguins, and more
Schönbrunn Zoo informs and conducts research. The Schönbrunn Zoo is mainly dedicated to conservation of species, the research, the welfare of the animals as well; informing visitors. The total cost of the aviary was around 500,000 euros. 24 moved in on the first day, but thanks to the breeding program currently 26 swallow parakeets live here Titta igenom vårt fotobibliotek, läs recensioner från verifierade gäster och boka nu med vår prisgaranti. Vi meddelar dig till och med om hemliga erbjudanden och utförsäljningar när du registrerar dig för vårt nyhetsbrev
English: Tiergarten Schönbrunn, established in 1752, is the oldest zoo in the world; located in the park of Schloss Schönbrunn in Vienna. Contents 1 Building Get easy entrance to the famous Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna. en / USD Search Help. Austria. Vienna. Tiergarten Schönbrunn. 513 reviews Bestseller Tickets for Tiergarten Schönbrunn - Zoo Vienna: Skip The Line The oldest zoo in the world. Closed. Instant ticket delivery. Skip The Line. Zoo Vienna Schönbrunn, Wien. 137 tn gillar. Official Facebook Site Tiergarten Schönbrunn www.zoovienna.a
Stop by the world's oldest zoo in Schönbrunn and pay a visit to Fu Hu. The little Panda boy just celebrated his second birthday. Honza Holoubek November 1, 201 Set against a backdrop of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Schönbrunn Palace, the Schönbrunn Zoo (Tiergarten Schönbrunn) is the world's oldest zoo, dating back to 1752. Today, the park houses some 750 species, including rhinos, polar bears, and pandas, and focuses on the conservation and protection of endangered species Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna. Explore the world's oldest zoo, which is alive with activity day and night, rain or shine. Learn about an impressive variety of rare and local animals in historical settings. Indoor and outdoor exhibits make it a year-round destination to be enjoyed by the entire family Hotels near Tiergarten Schoenbrunn - Zoo Vienna, Vienna on Tripadvisor: Find 12,695 traveler reviews, 50,415 candid photos, and prices for 30 hotels near Tiergarten Schoenbrunn - Zoo Vienna in Vienna, Austria | <urn:uuid:64a6aba9-ff10-49ff-9af3-8b36b417257b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dave-rentre.com/Schonbrunn-Zoo-Hotello4tn28062v8.0-l503230-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.755893 | 2,314 | 2 | 2 |
Excerpt from the introduction by Eliza Griswold of the June 2013 issue of Poetry
I call. You’re stone.
One day you’ll look and find I’m gone.
The teenage poet who uttered this folk poem called herself Rahila Muska. She lived in Helmand, a Taliban stronghold and one of the most restive of Afghanistan's thirty-four provinces since the U.S. invasion began on October 7, 2001. Muska, like many young and rural Afghan women, wasn't allowed to leave her home. Fearing that she'd be kidnapped or raped by warlords, her father pulled her out of school after the fifth grade. Poetry, which she learned from other women and on the radio, became her only form of education.
In Afghan culture, poetry is revered, particularly the high literary forms that derive from Persian or Arabic. But the poem above is a folk couplet -- a landay -- an oral and often anonymous scrap of song created by and for mostly illiterate people: the more than twenty million Pashtun women who span the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Traditionally, landays are sung aloud, often to the beat of a hand drum, which, along with other kinds of music, was banned by the Taliban from 1996 to 2001, and in some places still is.
Read the full June 2013 issue of Poetry at http://www.poetryfoundation.org
For more background on how this project came about including the Pulitzer Center's support for the reporting in Afghanistan, read the Poetry Foundation's press release on the significance of this special June 2013 issue. | <urn:uuid:bb2f7e79-9125-4eb0-a7e7-fc6fe60428ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://legacy.pulitzercenter.org/reporting/poetry-magazine-devotes-june-issue-afghan-womens-verse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974888 | 338 | 3.3125 | 3 |
While circuses may be exempt from litter laws governing posters in towns, Fermoy Tidy Towns have expressed distaste at the volume of posters erected and left on vacant private properties around the town by Circus Gerbola, who visited Fermoy last month.
As they are deemed a cultural event under Irish law, circuses are free to erect posters advertising their shows even in towns like Fermoy, which have a long-standing tradition of being ‘poster-free’.
Despite this, PRO Tadhg O’Donovan said this week, they have no right to put their posters on private properties without due permission from the owners.
“They’re plastered all over the town, on vacant properties, and they look terrible.”
“Whatever about putting up posters in public, they’re allowed to do that under the law, but they’ve posted them on private properties too – and which is worse, they’ve ignored their obligation to take them down now.”
The posters advertising the circus, which are still scattered throughout the town, were meant to be removed within seven days of the event finishing, although such action has not occurred. Cork County Council are now in a position to issue fines to Circus Gerbola.
Mr O’Donovan added that Fermoy Tidy Towns will be drawing up notices, highlighting the fact that posters cannot be erected on private property without the permission of their owner, and liaising with the owners of the various vacant properties around Fermoy to publish the notice on these buildings. | <urn:uuid:7b03b86c-57d2-4a39-97ef-c9a62352e8f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avondhupress.ie/tidy-towns-aim-tackle-poster-littering-fermoy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96093 | 330 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Collagen is basically your body’s natural protein glue, holding things together like your bones, muscles, and skin. But if you want an added health boost from a supplement, how much collagen should you take per day?
Adding a collagen supplement has a bunch of potential benefits, like:
- improving skin health
- strengthening hair and nails
- decreasing joint pain
- preventing bone loss
- improving muscle mass
Here’s how much collagen a day helps keep your body strong and your skin glowing. 🌟
Before diving into supplements, understand that collagen is essential to your bod. According to a research review, there are at least 28 different types of collagen, but types I, II, and III are the most common forms found in the human body.
- Type I: Makes up more than 90 percent of your collagen and is found in connective tissue, hair, skin, and nails. The decrease in this collagen may result in sagging skin, fine lines, brittle nails, and thinning hair.
- Type II: Tends to be more abundant in joints and cartilage.
- Type III: Works with type I as an important form of collagen in your organs and skin.
Since there are so many types of collagen, more research needs to be completed to really pinpoint how each type influences our health. But we do know there may be major benefits to taking a collagen supplement.
- Hydrolyzed collagen (sometimes referred to as collagen hydrolysate) comes from different sources like bovine (cows), marine sources (fish), and other animal sources (pigs, chickens). It’s broken down into small peptides which makes it easier for your body to absorb.
- Undenatured collagen hasn’t been broken down by processing. Like hydrolyzed collagen, it can come from several animal sources.
- Gelatin is cooked collagen that comes from animal sources (think Jell-O).
Not all types of collagen supplements are the same. So, quantity and reasons for taking them differ from each other.
Hydrolyzed collagen is the most common collagen supplement on the market, most likely because a research review showed that it’s easily absorbed.
When it comes to skin health, a study found that the intake of 2.5 grams of collagen peptides improved skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, and density.
Go big or go home by consuming 15 grams of collagen per day, which improved muscle mass and body composition in a study of premenopausal women.
Bottom line on hydrolyzed collagen:
A research review found that taking 2.5 to 15 grams of hydrolyzed collagen peptides per day was safe.
This form of collagen can also be found in powdered or capsule form, with studies linking it to bone and joint health. One study found that a total daily dose of 40 milligrams per day improved knee joint symptoms in individuals dealing with osteoarthritis.
Bottom line on undenatured collagen:
A 2013 study showed that 10 to 40 milligrams of undenatured collagen is well tolerated and shows beneficial effects on joint health.
This form of collagen is less likely to be sold as a supplement and more often found in the fruity, jiggly desert Jell-O. You can also use plain gelatin to boost protein content and thicken sauces, soups, and smoothies.
Limited research has been done on gelatin supplementation, but we do have some info. A study found that participants who took 15 grams of gelatin improved their collagen synthesis (how their bodies a make it). This might play a role in tissue repair and injury prevention.
But the study above was conducted over a short period of time, so we can’t be sure of the side effects that may come with long-term use.
Bottom line on gellatin:
The safest bet is to go with the recommended dosage on the packaging. We still need more info to know for sure how much is optimal for your bod.
A simple strategy is to check out the package recommendations. Most often if you’re taking powdered collagen, it’ll be recommended to take 1 to 2 scoops (or tablespoons) each day. Collagen pills or gummies may recommend 1 to 2 pieces for your daily dose.
With each form of collagen supplements comes various collagen contents, making dosages different. Overall, taking 2.5 to 15 grams of collagen peptides seems to be a safe and effective amount per day.
How much collagen is too much?
With every new supplement you add to your routine, should come the go-ahead from your doctor. This is especially true if you plan to take more than the recommended dosage.
Either way, collagen tends to be a generally safe and nontoxic supplement which results in very few side effects.
But there have been some reports published in a 2012 review that showed some uncomfy side effects of collagen supplements. Some participants mentioned an unpleasant taste, feeling overly full, and other stomach complaints.
Many parts of your body need collagen to stay structurally sound. If you regularly consume animal sources, you’re getting enough collagen already. But adding a supplement further supports bone, skin, joint, and hair health.
If opting for a supplement, the easiest way to take enough is to stick with the recommended intakes listed on the packages. | <urn:uuid:068844b5-8d08-46f7-a1a1-abf89ca69e03> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greatist.com/health/how-much-collagen-per-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941955 | 1,125 | 1.867188 | 2 |
In general, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act bill allows pass-through owners making less than $157,500 ($315,000 for married couples) to take a flat 20 percent deduction on certain business income, before computing the ordinary income tax they would owe on the remainder. Under complex rules, the deduction phases out when taxpayers make over that amount but under $207,500 ($415,000 for married couples).
Then things change.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act introduces a new limitation on those non-services flow-through businesses whose taxable income exceed these threshold amounts in order to actually get the 20 percent deduction. This limitation requires that the 20 percent deduction also be less than the greater of two calculations both based wholly or partially on the W-2 salary expenses of the company. The first calculation requires that the company compute 50 percent of its paid wages. The problem: some commercial real estate owners making above those threshold levels may have relatively few employees on salary or pay low wages to those they do. So the bill offers a second way: use only 25 percent of the salaries paid, plus 2.5 percent of the purchase price, or “unadjusted basis,” of the company’s depreciable property. If either of those results is equal to or greater than the flat 20 percent deduction of business income, then a pass-through gets the 20 percent deduction. If not, then the deduction is limited to the greater of these two calculations.
The bill benefits entities that do not pay significant salaries to employees but do in fact make significant capital investment in depreciable property like buildings and equipment. But for this provision, these flow through businesses would receive a much lower deduction than that permitted to flow-through businesses paying substantial salaries. This last minute change will be particularly beneficial to commercial real estate owners who frequently utilize flow-through vehicles and have few employees but significant leveraged capital investments. | <urn:uuid:4b89d663-9baa-4c23-9f2d-1f11c25e0718> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gravel2gavel.com/tax-change-commercial-real-estate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949415 | 387 | 2.03125 | 2 |
What is pc virtus and just how can it gain you? First of all, computer virtus allows you to work experiments on the virtual pc. This technology makes it easier for the purpose of researchers to comprehend how diverse sources have an impact on heat propagation. It also helps experts create trials with fresh new materials without the risk of leading to a wasteful spread of heat. Therefore, there are several additional benefits of laptop virtus.
Researchers who execute tests in digital computer systems can benefit from computer system virtus. avast cleanup mac It helps to ensure profound results to understand the functions of the database, it will help identify inhomogeneities in materials. Doctors can also make use of it to find out any time high temperature propagates in a negative method. The program can even make the design of experiments easier. Therefore , it’s worth looking at for your investigate. It can help you have to do what you do ideal, and save money in the procedure! | <urn:uuid:f7081120-073d-4ba6-8314-414815f5675e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cerrajerialallave.com/2022/06/29/precisely-what-is-computer-virtus-and-how-can-it-benefit-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922692 | 196 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Over the past few months, Wirecard, the German payments group, has been at the centre of an accounting scandal that has shaken the corporate world. The company, valued at £21.7bn in 2018, has committed Germany’s biggest accounting fraud, with €1.9 billion of cash missing from its accounts and the former CEO arrested on suspicion of market manipulation and falsifying data.
The discovery of an accounting black hole as big as this one has increased regulatory and media scrutiny on both the company and its auditor. Cash is the most fundamental of all accounting measures – it is the one that matters the most and should be the easiest to identify. With nearly two billion missing from the balance sheet, accusations have been made about who is to blame and when the fraud should have been identified.
Wirecard was one of Germany’s first digital payments firms, founded in 1999. Seemingly going from strength to strength, it introduced virtual credit cards for online payments in 2008, and also launched a fraud prevention suite to safeguard transactions. Over the next decade, it expanded its operations across the globe.
It was not without criticism, however. There have been repeated allegations from numerous whistleblowers that its revenue and profits had been inflated through fake transactions. The most recent criticism came at the beginning of 2019 from the Financial Times, who began to investigate allegations of forged financial accounts in the company’s Singapore office.
In October, the publication revealed further news that Wirecard had tried to deceive its auditors by trying to fraudulently inflate profits, and it was ultimately announced that €1.9bn of cash was “missing”. This was the beginning of the story unravelling for Wirecard, with shares plunging 62 per cent.
The failure to spot the missing cash will no doubt raise questions about the strength of the audit, but it would be remiss to overlook the role that internal obscurity played in this scandal. Wirecard had a responsibility to have a control framework in place that would have allowed it to spot the errors a long time ago, which clearly would have made a massive difference to the outcome.
It is equally key to remember that the regulators themselves made mistakes here. The German Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel actually had its contract terminated by the German government, in light of its failure to review the financial operations of Wirecard. Clearly, this shows that the regulator also had responsibilities that they did not fulfil.
Solving the problems
Auditors are there to check the numbers are correct, but this involves trusting companies to provide accurate accounts in the first place. If a financial team are determined to attempt to dupe their auditors, it will be impossible for auditors to uncover this deception without the right tools.
This is where technology can help. Applying automated bank reconciliation would remove the manual monitoring processes and automate the comparisons of data between different systems and applications, allowing auditors to spot errors immediately and see where the figures don’t quite add up. Analytics technology is crucial for achieving improved transparency within financial accounts of businesses, providing real time analysis of accounts, which allows errors to be flagged as and when they occur rather than months after the event when nothing can be done.
Auditors are not getting it wrong because they don’t care; they are getting is wrong because identifying these black spots is getting much harder to do, and accounting treatments are too complex to provide any clarity. Add to that the reliance on the human element of trust and it’s no wonder we are seeing so many of these issues crop up.
Lessons from the scandal
There are lots of entities that could have stopped this fraudulent activity but failed to. The fact that billions of dollars of cash went missing shows there had been multi-year accounting fraud to boost the value of the business. Yes, the auditors should have spotted it earlier, but the ability to commit fraud is the real issue here.
While there are many parties at fault, there is one clear solution that would have stopped Wirecard with getting away with the fraud for so long – and that is introducing a more technology-based model into the auditing industry. A huge part of the problem is that the audit firms are still relying on people to do the audits, and that leaves room for human error and accusations of unethical behaviour. Until we see the model change, we’ll still see fraud and accounting failures causing serious challenges for the business world.
Simon Bittlestone, CEO of Metapraxis | <urn:uuid:2968b180-f907-4ff0-82a4-534465458cd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.accountancytoday.co.uk/2020/08/19/lessons-to-learn-from-the-wirecard-scandal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972105 | 925 | 1.90625 | 2 |
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Automobile owners who are ordinary in their investing could be accountable for investing everywhere amongst $1100 and $five,000. Fees differ enormously among states and. In sure states, the value for total coverage is two times that of least coverage. Here are a few tips to help you get the top Price. Some states have to have only an number of legal responsibility minimum. Total coverage features a $500 optimum deductible.
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Most states have minimal demands for coverage. But some lenders have to have whole coverage. Whole protection refers to both collision and complete insurance policies. It may be needed because of the lender any time you finance your car. Whilst liability insurance policies handles damage to home of Other folks, it doesn’t safeguard your automobile otherwise you. To be sure the best coverage and probably the most affordable Charge, you are able to blend property hurt liability and bodily damage insurance coverage.
It all will depend on what your situation is. It is not needed by regulation but lenders will almost certainly require it should they’re funding your car. Should you have a property finance loan or bank loan, the lender may possibly demand you to buy collision insurance. For most people funding a car or truck either new or 2nd hand, this protection is needed.
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In virtually every point out in virtually all states, driving without having liability insurance is towards the legislation. Liability protection will protect mend charges in the event you trigger damage to property. Your automobile coverage coverage won’t be in a position to cover damage to your vehicle. There could exist unique specifications during the point out you reside in for liability protection. It is vital that you just confirm your insurance plan prior to buying it. Also, you may need home insurance plan to safeguard your economic safety. You are able to prevent huge insurance plan charges during the function inside the function of a collision.
In order to deal with you in the event of a crash the coverage you select to buy need to contain insurance plan for assets injury. This coverage addresses any harm you are doing towards the car or truck of A further and features repairs. Also, it addresses the elimination of debris adhering to an accident. 3 figures are commonly accustomed to protect house. This addresses bodily harm insurance policy for every personal and assets problems protection per person. Greater limits present higher defense. If there are actually limitations or exclusions, make sure you evaluation the plan.
Big apple law lets you declare uninsured driver protection if Yet another driver does not have enough insurance. This sort of protection is available in case the driving force who induced the collision is not really identifiable and also the incident was a hit-and–operate. The Insurance policy Legislation SS 5217 states that the uninsured motorist insurance coverage have to be acquired in any Actual physical collision, nevertheless courts have interpreted this provision to only apply inside of a Actual physical collision.
In certain states, the uninsured motorist and underinsured coverage are available as an option. In other states, nonetheless the two are needed to be procured. The two of those coverages have the ability to be combined to supply extra protection inside the event of medical charges along with other expenses. Uninsured motorist protection will pay for repairs In case the motorist is just not insured. It isn’t required, but it might be beneficial to possess the bare minimum legal responsibility coverage.
In case you have not viewed as vehicle insurance policies, It can be an outstanding way to save money although also becoming inexperienced. Decrease your insurance premiums by buying an automobile with protection characteristics like airbags and antilock brakes. Other safety functions, which include anti-theft alarms/daytime functioning lights, may help you get reductions. Payment worries will likely be removed for those who spend your high quality each year in the entire quantity. All over half of insurance policies corporations provide a discount in this manner of shelling out.
Your coverage could possibly be eligible for bargains if it has been in existence for several many years. The bargains provided range based upon just how long you are already While using the coverage. Having said that there are lots of firms which provide discounts for faithful prospects. If you buy your coverage in 7 times of the renewal date, you may well be eligible for yet another 15 per cent lower price. These special discounts are not the only Positive aspects supplied by specific companies. Some corporations also supply discounts to staff in selected professions. Academics, For illustration, get ten% off of their rates by means of Liberty Mutual. Geico gives fifteen% lower price for military services staff.
Are you currently a youthful driver trying to find affordable automobile insurance policy estimates. There are a variety of stuff you can do to economize when purchasing car insurance policies. The following tips can help you save many pounds each and every year on your own vehicle insurance. Additionally, you will have the ability to get the most beneficial charges. Continue reading for more information. You’ll be happy for it.
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Coverage firms present no-claim price cut safety for around PS25. You can make a predetermined amount of statements per annum with out worrying about the cost of your insurance plan mounting. It is possible to include it to an present coverage When you have no-statements bonus. Additionally, you might transfer your no-statements discount to a different insurance company if you wish. Switching vendors each and every year is a terrific way to protect the no-statements price reduction.
For anyone who is looking for very low-Charge car coverage, raising your deductibles will aid in getting reduced charges. Enhance your deductibles to save 15%-thirty% in your Price, based on specific estimates. The cost savings you can find will rely on your driving behavior and your driving history and also the laws of the state. Your annually premium could be diminished by raising your deductibles to as many as 40%
Though increasing your deductible might not be the correct option for each and every particular person, it could come up with a difference in conserving you Countless dollars in the long run. Industry experts advise that you choose to conserve at least two months of living bills, despite simply how much you choose to raise your deductible. It can even decrease the cost of coverage you pay every month. It can even preserve you a big sum of money in the event you ever should file an insurance coverage declare.
For the people with terrible credit, it is achievable to get a plan through an insurance provider which is regional. This will allow you to lower your expenses each month on the expense of your every month insurance policies and in addition offer great purchaser help and Unique reductions. It can be done to find the coverage in all fifty states. It truly is feasible to also Examine premiums across states to find out probably the most inexpensive fee. It is necessary to remember that you may call for developing your credit history score about the system of. Selected drivers with poor credit rating histories can pay in excess of $400 per year.
Erie Insurance gives very affordable auto insurance coverage. The company is situated in Pennsylvania and is functioning since. Erie presents automobile insurance policies, as In combination with house and lifetime insurance coverage. Erie features protection only in certain states. There greater than thirteen,000 unbiased brokers all over America. You could choose involving an agent or an insurance provider that is regional based upon your necessities. Nonetheless, it is usually recommended that you choose to browse all wonderful print before you make a call.
You’ll want to Assess motor vehicle insurance policies quotes in case you are a superior possibility driver. Discover the most suitable coverage for your needs. Look into the number of coverage that is out there in your location to ascertain if it can be done to acquire more affordable premiums. It might be much more economical to buy much more protection if there is a lot less chance. It is actually all depending on your needs. There are various decisions.
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Plenty of insurance coverage providers watch you like a high-threat driver If you have a weak credit history rating. Simply because you are less likely to have the ability to file an coverage claim than somebody with superior credit, this is due to The point that: Credit score scores are an essential factor in just how insurance policies businesses perspective you. A DUI/DWI may trigger your high quality to increase by as large as sixty five per cent. This quantities to a $677 raise on a six month policy. Insurance policy providers also take into consideration your driving document. A DUI/DWI could improve your insurance coverage high quality by as much as $174. Also the expense of a rushing ticket could enhance your top quality by forty five%..
A DUI conviction with your document could assistance you decide on quite possibly the most economical insurance provider. There are a variety of options, which includes American Family, Progressive, State Farm and American Loved ones. These corporations present decreased premiums to superior-hazard motorists. They may also keep in mind your credit score in deciding the high quality. Insurance firms contemplate these aspects when choosing how much you pay for your policy. You will get your insurance coverage fees increased if you have bad credit rating. Before making an investment, it is important to evaluate your credit score.
There are a selection of areas to acquire into consideration when choosing essentially the most cost-effective auto insurance policies for drivers that are youthful. Your marital standing and the age of your children are important in the expense of your car insurance policy. Your quality can also depend on the kind of auto you push. It is really costlier to insure superior-efficiency autos when compared with lower-efficiency cars and trucks. It’s important to settle on a automobile with several security features to acquire the lowest automobile insurance coverage.
A great way to lessen the cost of car or truck insurance policies for youthful motorists is to reduce the amount of degree of coverage you involve. Insurance policies firms commonly supply savings for college kids and drivers who will be in coaching. For anyone who is injured in a mishap however, chopping your protection may result in huge out-of-pocket fees. This can be why you ought to cautiously weigh the benefits and select the most worth.
It is tough for teens to seek out affordable auto insurance policies. A policy for your sixteen-calendar year outdated driver is more expensive than a person for an adult. However, you are able to lessen the Expense by incorporating a teenager on to an current policy. The average Price tag is greater by $one,461 per annum, but is usually less expensive than acquiring an insurance plan plan on its own. When you are a young driver, you may qualify for reductions and other Gains.
The cost of car insurance coverage varies according to who you happen to be. This might lead to those with higher hazard requirements the minimum cost-effective insurance plan. Insurance coverage businesses take into consideration various areas when choosing whether or not they must insure you. These consist of your driving document and demographics as well as your General danger profile. 5 key aspects to keep in mind when comparing insurance policy prices. Remember that decreased prices You should not call for you to sacrifice top quality.
For starters, take into consideration your zip code. People residing in areas with significant criminal offense fees will encounter more expensive fees. Insurance policy companies get the volume of visitors under consideration. Insurance coverage providers also consider targeted traffic volume. This may effects the expense of your coverage. Make sure to Look at your regular premiums in order to prevent having to pay much more. When you have numerous insurance policies with the exact same insurance provider, you could be able to avail a discount for multiple guidelines.
Even though credit history scores will not be legally used by insurance policy companies in each and every condition however, they need to be considered when evaluating auto coverage fees. Hawaii motorists with lousy credit history will likely be billed 168% in excess of equivalent cleanse drivers. Massachusetts high-hazard motorists make 30 % more than normal motorists. Rates will increase for motorists who will be new as a result of DUI, dashing tickets and weak credit rating. It is important to take a look at numerous estimates before you determine.
The expense of insurance coverage is enormously impacted by in which you reside. If you live in a location with an extreme quantity of criminal offense and substantial premiums of accidents, you’ll be able to expect for being charged extra for insurance plan quotes. The expense of insurance might be influenced by components like traffic quantity or accident history. Insurance policy firms also just take into account a driver’s driving document in determining the worth they need to charge for his or her plan. Ordinarily, drivers with a poor driving history are charged a lot more over those who have a great driving report.
As the expense of health and fitness treatment proceeds to rise, motor vehicle insurance policy has enhanced by fifty-one hundred pc in the last five years. Uninsured and PIP protection are mandatory for drivers. These prerequisites are better than normal. Ny, not like other states, calls for motorists have PIP and legal responsibility insurance plan. These optional coverages improve the price of insurance and may elevate the expense of insurance policies. Also, it is vital to be aware of their coverage restrictions considering that some insurance policies give you a decrease minimal amount of protection than other insurance policies.
New Yorkers expend 2.eight percent on their own automobile coverage. This really is a bit lower compared to nationwide ordinary of 2.forty p.c. The typical person pays somewhat lower than those in their 30s and 40s. The premiums are higher for people aged 70and about than those with fewer driving experience. Couples pays slightly extra, but still decrease than single people.
As well as lower premiums, drivers may enroll in defensive driving classes. The classes run for approximately 3 several hours and consist of discussion about driver Mind-set and targeted traffic guidelines. They instruct defensive driving that will help to lessen insurance charges. They might also help to further improve their driving skills by completing a category, which could decreased the cost of an auto insurance policies quotation. Nonetheless the Coverage Data Institute is in a position To help you in analyzing the exact coverage you require.
Whilst gas price ranges could differ across states, vehicle insurance plan charges in other states might be Considerably more or less compared to the rates within just your own personal point out. The proportion of motorists who are uninsured, state insurance coverage guidelines and the speed for theft may perhaps all play a job In this particular. Poor weather might also impact the cost of coverage. The next table illustrates the expense of car or truck insurance coverage in each and every point out. These estimates ended up based upon an Assessment of the insurance coverage needs of each point out.
Missouri is the only real point out which delivers car insurance plan coverage with comprehensive protection for less than the expense of Louisiana. Missouri expenses just $944 in excess of Louisiana. What’s more, it has the lowest Price tag for each capita which is fifth in cost of living. Texas drivers expend 33% in their earnings on car insurance policy. This is probably going because of significant numbers of motorists who’re not insured in Texas and plenty of lawsuits.
The average countrywide price of comprehensive protection automobile insurance policy in The us is $1,771 per annum. The condition that has the most costly insurance Charge is Louisiana, with a top quality of $2,839, a 19% boost from 2020. Maine’s insurance regular top quality is $858. It’s because no-fault states have higher insurance plan premiums. It is feasible that the price of car insurance policies in Yet another condition is noticeably dearer than here. You must think about a lot of factors, such as the rules within your state pertaining to insurance coverage.
Have you been in search of substantial-hazard driver insurance policies in your town? Superior-threat motorists are likely to pay increased premiums for insurance than typical motorists. This is due to they have a tendency to possess a lot more mishaps or violations on their documents. The state might Restrict time for this being three years, 5 several years, or even extended. At times, discount rates might be offered if you take a driver basic safety instruction program.
Even though the nationwide averages for top danger driver auto insurance policies around me are fairly consistent, you will discover that rates differ wildly from condition to condition. There are several companies that adapt their charges based on the condition They can be in. Chances are you’ll locate a person insurance coverage company which offers the most complete protection at a lessen Charge whether or not your condition is not provided. The most affordable large-chance driver car coverage in close proximity to me originates from Condition Farm, which has a protracted-standing reputation for providing outstanding service.
You’ll find superior-threat driver car insurance policies near to me by typing inside your ZIP code and comparing estimates. Though large-possibility coverage on automobiles might be priced in different ways in numerous states, the vast majority of substantial insurers will give the protection. Countrywide General and various superior-risk firms supply insurance policy protection. When you have excellent grades, a low danger motor vehicle, and will be able to get hold of an coverage policy that may be decreased you might be able to get just one.
Comparing automobile insurance policy organizations has several Added benefits. We will discuss The main areas, like scores and savings in addition to customer service. It is essential to select the finest policy for your personal security. So acquire the perfect time to go throughout the procedures of assorted companies. By the time you end reading this article, you will have a transparent idea of which insurer presents the very best coverage at quite possibly the most inexpensive cost. Here are some tips that may help you select the very best a person.
You are able to examine offers from distinct firms to ascertain by far the most aggressive car insurance level. Insurance plan expenses are based on quite a few factors. It’s important To judge your unique desires and Assess estimates from a number of businesses. It really is costlier to insure sporting activities vehicles than normal vehicles. Your driving file and your home of residence can influence on the prices you spend. It can be done to match charges and decide the lowest Charge Using the very same protection together with the similar deductibles by using a comparison Instrument.
The expense of coverage is topic to considerable variations. It really is thus imperative that you discover the way in which Each and every coverage operates. The most crucial aspects that influence the cost of coverage consist of driving record, age, and credit history historical past. Assess the advantages supplied by Every firm, for example incident forgiveness or roadside support. This will feel daunting even so it’s doable to check prices from diverse firms and select the most suitable one. Here are a few suggestions that may help you get going.
With regards to the comparison of vehicle insurance policies corporations it is suggested to begin with the J.D. The J.D. Power rating of motor vehicle coverage organizations. They are according to the outcome of customer fulfillment surveys that go ahead and take sort of surveys that study 1000’s of consumers of auto insurance plan nationwide. These scores are transformed into numerical scores which mirror the normal shopper fulfillment score. These rankings are revealed at the time a on a yearly basis. The gold medals are awarded to the very best-rated coverage corporations for each class. How does one find out if the insurance policies providers you are thinking about are dependable?
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Legacy Bargains: Drivers who are new could possibly be eligible for a discount when they acquire their policy in the dad and mom. The discount typically is about ten%. This lower price can be utilized to thank your mom and dad over the years for their aid of your organization. It could also assist you save money on insurance plan for your automobile. Numerous coverage corporations give discount rates for older motorists. It can be worth seeking into whether your company offers this kind of reductions. It’s also attainable to examine the procedures supplied by American Loved ones, Farmers, or USAA.
There are several corporations that continually deliver exceptional buyer treatment inside the insurance plan market. Esurance, by way of example, acquired a rating of 4 away from 5 while in the J.D. Customer support Electricity Rankings are a fantastic indicator the parent business has higher requirements. The corporation scored a lot better than its rivals in all other areas, which include pricing and coverage possibilities along with its web presence and call centre Reps. (customized assistance)
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There are various elements that influence the rates of motor vehicle insurance corporations. Driving heritage and age are two important features. Premiums will rise for drivers with bad driving data or lower credit score scores. The expense of residing in the region you reside in will also affect the premiums. Due to this, it is important to match costs of different coverage suppliers to determine the one that is finest suited towards your funds and your driving tactics. There are a number of strategies to reduce the expense of insurance policy, like reducing your protection or using a defensive driving course. You may as well pay upfront for the entire calendar year of coverage. (Monthly bill on-line) (personnel discounted) (at fault accident or protected incident
Other variables could improve your top quality aside from those outlined. Your insurance policy supplier may well reassess the high quality For those who have just lately designed a assert or have been billed having a website traffic violation. You may also be qualified for a reduction when you comprehensive a safe driving system. Insurance policy businesses constantly modify their designs to be able to establish the costs they cost. If you don’t Possess a driving background, chances are you’ll discover a decrease in the expense of your insurance policies. (usage-primarily based insurance) (rental vehicles);(vehicle repairs);(Harmless driver lower price).
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Is Ashoka Tree Good For Home
Want to know more about Is Ashoka Tree Good For Home? You are in the right place. Expand your knowledge of home goods. Here you can find everything about Is Ashoka Tree Good For Home.
- Here are a few benefits of having a Ashoka tree at home…. -Planting this tree in north direction is believed to bring prosperity and good luck. -This tree is used in various medicines and has high medicinal value. It is used to treat cold and fever and is also a …
- Jun 19, 2019 · Consumption of herbs from the Ashoka tree helps to remove toxins from our blood and therefore provides excellent benefits for our skin. Ashoka tree herbs help to purify blood and prevent the onset of allergies and other skin disorders. …
- Ashoka means to alleviate suffering without suffering. Watering the Ashoka tree every day will keep you mentally and physically healthy. Therefore, women should water the Ashoka tree every day. Planting the Ashoka tree on the north side of the house brings positive energy. We know that there are many benefits to having positive …
- May 25, 2020 · Ashoka Tree: The Ashoka tree is found throughout the Indian subcontinent and is widely used for its bark and leaves.It is a sacred traditional tree belonging to India, but is also grown in other parts of the world.
- Ashoka tree is believed to be a symbol of positive energy in Vastu Shastra. It is mentioned in Vastu shastra that if Ashoka is planted in the home, the negative energy will not be able to enter the house. It is also believed that the Ashoka tree at home brings happiness, calmness, and prosperity.
- “The Ashoka herb is also said to improve the complexion of skin. This herb can be used to obtain relief from burning sensations on the skin. It also helps to get rid of the toxins from the body. The Ashoka herb is also effective in purifying the blood naturally and in preventing skin allergies.” 3
- Aug 12, 2017 · It works well for the home too. It must be placed near the entrance. Ashoka tree: Ashoka is considered a sacred tree in India. This tree should never be cut by rule as it …
- Aug 17, 2015 · Coconut and Ashok trees should be placed in the courtyard of the house. It is believed that the Ashoka tree helps remove sufferings and grief and brings joy. Banana tree Banana tree should be there in the Ishan Kon (Northeast) direction of the house. It signifies good health and mental peace. Banana tree is considered very sacred and is even worshipped.Phone: (999) 909-1091
- Feb 20, 2018 · It works well for the home too. It must be placed near the entrance. Ashoka tree: Ashoka is considered to be one of the most legendary and sacred trees of …
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We hope you find the information you are interested in. On our site you can find many other information about home goods. | <urn:uuid:840508cb-c5d3-42e6-bec8-1842814fe0cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://familyhomeplanner.nl/i-home-goods/is-ashoka-tree-good-for-home.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932405 | 925 | 2.25 | 2 |
HeidelbergCement released its Sustainability Report
Today, HeidelbergCement released its 2011/2012 Sustainability Report entitled "Foundations". The report highlights topics and challenges for HeidelbergCement in its drive for sustainable development.
Readers also learn about the successes and aims of enterprise sustainability management, as well as the company's activities in the arena of environmental and climate protection, workplace safety and social responsibility.
Sustainable business practices form an integral of the business activities
"Sustainable business practices are a fundamental condition as well as an integral component of our business activities, and therefore central to the activities and decisions of our management teams on the ground: The important thing is to minimise the impact of our operations on the local environment and populations, and to utilise our core competencies in a way that contributes to the society at large and generates economic opportunities," says Dr Bernd Scheifele, CEO of HeidelbergCement AG. "Presenting our sustainability achievements and aims in a report like this is an essential part of making our business transparent and understandable to our stakeholders."
The report illustrates how much HeidelbergCement has accomplished over the past two years. For instance, specific net carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 21 % (compared to 1990 levels) to 607.5 kg per tonne of cement. Moreover, employment of alternative fuels - including biomass - was successfully increased to 21.7 % of total energy consumption in 2012.
Occupational health and safety is one of the key Topics
"In addition to environmental protection, the health and safety of our employees is another focus of the HeidelbergCement sustainability programme. The figures prove the effectiveness of our expanded prevention measures and Information campaigns. Still, workplace safety remains one of our top priorities, which is why we will continue to raise awareness among management and employees with respect to their responsibility for workplace health and safety," continues Dr Scheifele.
Interview with UN Messenger of Peace Dr Jane Goodall on the cooperation with HeidelbergCement
By presenting various practical examples, commentaries and an interview, the Sustainability Report demonstrates that the company is breaking new ground, and pushing ahead in the quest for greater sustainability: whether through development of an innovative low-CO2 clinker by HeidelbergCement Technology Center or the company's partnership with BirdLife International to promote conservation. Another example is the international Quarry Life Award research and education competition. The award, presented at a ceremony featuring a speech by UN Messenger of Peace Dr Jane Goodall, was also ground-breaking for the participating countries, and gave rise to many innovative Projects and partnerships at local level. Arousing insights into the work of the Jane Goodall Institute and its collaboration with HeidelbergCement are also given in an interview with Dr Goodall.
The Sustainability Report is targeted to HeidelbergCement's customers, employees and business partners, as well as representatives of the media, NGOs, political actors and the general public. This is already the fifth Sustainability Report published by HeidelbergCement Group, and was prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Global Reporting Intiative (GRI), which has graded the report in line with its highest application level (A+).
You will find all contents of the printed report, as well as further information and the GRI Index on our Website. | <urn:uuid:6abedd67-37ee-4683-bcce-9c89700057d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.business-and-biodiversity.de/en/all-news/news/heidelbergcement-released-its-sustainability-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948007 | 693 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Far and away, dental implants are the most successful and longest-lasting tooth replacement available today. That being said, they could still fail. If you’re one of the fewer than 5% of patients who experience dental implant failure, there’s a chance that our dentists here at Meadowbrook Dental Care can save your new smile. Do you suspect you’re dealing with a failed dental implant in Mineola? If so, please call us right away – we’ll get you seen as soon as possible so that we can perform dental implant salvage.
A dental implant could fail for a variety of reasons, the most common of which is an infection in the gums called peri-implantitis. This is actually a form of gum disease, and without treatment, bacteria accumulate and eventually destroy the tissues and weaken the bone that support the implant. As a result, the implant fails. Peri-implantitis can occur any length of time after getting dental implants, but it’s most often caused by poor oral hygiene.
Other common causes of dental implant failure include:
If you’ve gotten dental implants in Mineola fairly recently (as in, within the last year or so), you might not notice if there’s a problem with your replacement teeth. However, our dentists certainly can! After your restoration has been placed atop your implant, then it will be easier for you to tell when something is amiss. You’ll need to schedule an appointment with us immediately if you experience any of the following:
If our dentists catch the issue early enough, we might be able to address it with a deep cleaning or another conservative procedure that doesn’t involve removing the implants. More often than not, though, the problem needs more extensive treatment by the time we see the patient. In that case, we may need to remove the implant altogether, treat the infection or other cause of failure, and consider starting the dental implant process all over again. | <urn:uuid:f3b6331d-e1fc-4fbe-8dd0-d4a48582cb4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.meadowbrookdentalcare.com/implant-failure-and-salvage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935454 | 410 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Social networks are governing the world in numerous ways people have never imagined. We can observe new connections being recognized out of seemingly thin air. With several profile integration than ever in the past, it is really necessary to understand how to handle your digital character.
Marketing and branding is certainly not exclusive to companies. It can even be performed to someone item or individual. It feels good to make a variety of yourself on the web. The usage of sites like Facebook or twitter, Twitter, Conclud as well as others can make it a whole lot much easier to build an understanding of your character.
Advantages of Using Social Media like Conclud – The initial remarkable simple truth is the massive marketplace share. social websites range from the greatest count of connections and need probably the most attention from their users. Including a node to suit your needs in this deep of database items is a great strategy to not just meet fascinating individuals, but have your self openly noticed by some.
You may also observe an enormous section of users are addicted into mobile phone marketing. The count of individuals gaining access to How Billionaires Get Rich DeRay Mckesson like Facebook and twitter from mobile models has grown enormously within the last two years. It is not surprising in any way that these younger, active, and usually passionate customers of such facilities.
Really the benefits for utilizing social networking may vary between every person. Individual reasons do not truly issue. The true-lifestyle contacts you can develop by marketing with other individuals hold a lot possible. The entire world appears to be small compared to it absolutely was generations back so we are witnessing the crowding with this program with every passing month.
Facebook or twitter -This social website has observed an astounding calendar year of success and development. They freshly surpassed over fifty percent a billion customers and continue to achieve high ranks. Facebook is an excellent website to brand your self if you need to keep in touch with people you know from distant locations. Those who are not fascinated to join a global system should appear elsewhere. In realty most of young and center-aged citizens living in industrialized components around the globe not just provide an account on Facebook or twitter, but in addition checks and up-date their buddies on occasions regularly.
With this particular, you can article regarding your products or services should you be operating a business. Online marketing on Facebook or twitter will be really effective particularly that numerous of the friends will likely be viewing it and maybe share it towards the wall structure of other people.
Youtube – Lots of people have found Youtube to become a big network of expert knowledge in socializing and advertising. Several very big brands have Twitter accounts and intensely apply it daily. Because Facebook or twitter is really a one-to-one system the majority of xgamcz data and use of possible customers is limited.
Youtube tosses this believed on its head by suggesting all data freely by default. Those that pick to set their profiles to personal will hide tweets from only those who have not been approved as being a follower. There is not a whole lot advantage to this, why even produce a free account if you will not make use of account to show tweets publicly.
Twitter is the very first social network to enable for celebrity standing recognition. It is an open up link and therefore a great place that you can advertise your products or services. | <urn:uuid:c20666d8-4dc5-4fee-acf6-a6acf3a469fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://steam-punk.net/gwyneth-paltrow-latest-news-just-published/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947688 | 674 | 1.8125 | 2 |
‘New Year, new you’ fever is currently sweeping across the nation. Mince pies and left over sausage rolls are furiously being stuffed into faces to start a fresh on January the 1st. You have drunkenly announced that this year is going to be the year you are finally going to lose that 10 lbs you gained, from when your kids were born….12 years ago.
Weight seems to be the most obvious choice of goal when setting a target, but it’s probably not what most people are aiming for. When someone wants to lose weight they usually want to lose fat, build muscle and look and feel more confident. The number on the scales is largely irrelevant of that. Instead of aiming for the same target as you did last year, I want you to consider an alternative. I’ve put together a list of alternatives to the scales but will more than likely have the same outcome.
Performance Based Goal
How fast can you run 5k? What is 10 rep max on deadlifts? How many press ups can you do in 2 minutes? Why not measure your progress based on how your body performs. Seeing improvements is very rewarding and will keep you focussed on pushing your body to new levels. Choose a fitness test that is relevant to you and your goals. Retest your progress at regular intervals to find out how your training has been going.
Choose an event that will push you and challenge you. There are thousands of options and anything from a 5k to a 24 hour deadlift challenge. Book it in and put it in your calendar. Get friends, family involved maybe even raise money for charity. Train for that specific event instead of aiming for a weight loss target. Watch the numbers on time sheet come down and you will surprised what happens to the number on the scales.
Skill Based Goal
Have you ever wanted to try a new sport or pick up from where you left off before you had responsibilities? Your local sports clubs are an amazing way to stay active, meet new friends and have fun. There are thousands of sports and clubs available, get involved and search now. If you don’t enjoy lifting weights or running on a treadmill then do something you do enjoy. You are much more likely to stick to it and you won’t even feel like you are exercising.
Note: pub sports such as darts, pool and pie eating competitions do not apply here.
Habit Based Goal
If you want to be a little bit more flexible with your goals then a habit based goal could be for you. Why not aim to walk 12k steps every single day or to only drink 1 night per week? Choose a habit that would improve your health, happiness and mindset. Habits such as water intake, fruit and veg, walking or limiting eating out at restaurants can be a great way to improve your lifestyle without a fixed goal in mind. The habits that you develop are going to be what pushes you towards your goal and prevent you from taking a step backwards.
So this year, stay off those pesky bathroom scales and get a new goal. Take a long hard think about what is relevant to you and what would drive you to stay motivated. Keep it small for now and you can always set another one. Write it down in a place that you can see it every single day.
The brains, brawn and beauty of Dackattack (basically it’s just me). A personal trainer with a private gym in Norwich, dedicated to giving out simple, actionable advice that will give you outstanding results. | <urn:uuid:cdf2fa49-c6dc-407d-a9ff-2b740e4df5a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dackattack.com/blog/1719/4-goals-that-are-not-weight-related/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96763 | 728 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Environews #2, Nov. 10, 2012(2012)
AbstractThis issue of Environews covers the astounding infant health problems associated with the residue of radioactivity from depleted uranium artillery shells used in Iraq, the importance of marine microbes to ocean productivity and carbon fixing, and the weakening of environmental protection by the government of Canada through changes to protective legislation.
- depleted uranium risk,
- oil pipelines,
- species protection
Publication DateFall November 10, 2012
Citation InformationRichard B. Philp. "Environews #2, Nov. 10, 2012" (2012)
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/richard_philp/40/ | <urn:uuid:8dc22503-9db7-415c-b3f3-34e1415d8b8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://works.bepress.com/richard_philp/40/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.759696 | 156 | 2.078125 | 2 |
“UNITED WE STAND…..?”
Stress in Residential Work with Disturbed Children
Monica Lanyado Maladjustment and Therapeutic Education, Vol 7, No 3
This quotation, “United we stand, divided we fall”, (from a speech by Winston Churchill), is not intended as a rally cry, but as an attempt to raise some key questions that we need to consider regarding staff support and development. For example: – Do we really need it? and if so – Why? If we need support in our work – then why doesn’t the butcher, baker and candlestick maker also need support? If we don’t help each other in our work with the children in our care, does it necessarily mean that the second part of the quotation “divided we fall” is a natural consequence?
The answers to the questions may to some extent seem obvious. However, I feel that in order to gain some real conviction about giving our professional needs the attention they deserve, we need to examine and debate these answers, and put them within a theoretical framework which makes sense to us. Otherwise “staff support and development” is merely an empty exercise, to which lip service is paid, instead of being a valuable part of the therapeutic system within which we all function.
Anyone who works with “the public” as opposed to producing manufactured goods, or creative works, has to learn how to accept behaviour from other people which in their private lives they would not find at all acceptable. “The customer is always right” – is the advice often offered to (but not always taken by) anyone wishing to do good business. In other words, whether you are a shop assistant or a captain of industry, there will be many occasions in your working life when your own feelings must be put aside in order to carry out your work effectively. The problem is – what happens to those feelings? Does one simply go home and take it out on ones nearest and dearest? Alternatively could it be that the feelings aroused and not expressed during the day could get stuck inside the individual, possibly leading to symptoms of tension? Over long periods of time chronically stressful work situations can lead to well documented syndromes, such as executive coronaries, addiction to tranquillisers or, excessive reliance on alcohol and other such stress relievers.
General Practitioners know that many stress symptoms become converted into bodily ailments. It is more socially acceptable to be “ill” than to be emotionally debilitated. High stress areas of work, such as working in Special Care Baby Units or Generic Social Work Departments suffer from high sickness rates and high staff turnover. It seems that people can generally only stand a certain level of stress for so long, before they develop their own, at times unhelpful, personal defences against the attacks they feel that they are under.
I would like to suggest for the purposes of this paper, that there is a continuum along which we can visualise the intensity of interpersonal stress in different work settings. At one end of the continuum we could place work activities that have a very clearly defined task – such as a car mechanic changing a gearbox. This is a practical and intellectual task – demanding of the intelligence of the mechanic, but not of his heart. Maybe a bit further along the continuum we would find people working in those business areas, where there is a clear product that is sold or a definite service offered, such as a waiter in a restaurant. The task is still clearly defined, but some interpersonal skills are necessary to do it well.
Further interpersonal skills are needed when team work is required to reach a common goal. A design team in Industry working to meet a customer’s specifications needs to mobilise the close co-operation of the team members, in what Bion (1961) refers to as a “work group” structure. Creative individuals are bound to clash at times in this situation, and will need to be able to resolve their conflicts so that they can continue to work together. Management courses increasingly recognise the importance of “people management”, and relationships within organisational groups. If these interpersonal and group dynamic factors are ignored, the ultimate productivity of the company will suffer. Authoritarian lines of management may create compliance, but they do not encourage innovative thought which is so necessary in the market place today.
Naturally, the more we move along the continuum towards a work culture in which the “product” is people-centred, the more important is the capacity to relate well to other people. Consider the medical profession. Training to become a doctor takes many years of intensive study. High intelligence is essential, as is dedication. The motivation to alleviate human suffering must be enormous, and yet one sadly all too often hears of apparently callous behaviour towards patients. It is as if the humanity of the patient is forgotten, and people in hospital can all too easily become known as “the duodenal ulcer in bed 9”! The human factor is almost deliberately drilled out of medical students in the name of professionalism. Why has this come about?
Balint (1957) and Menzies-Lyth (1981) have both written fascinating studies of the defences that the medical profession finds itself adopting – in order to survive the impact of the work. In other words, what we see is a defence mechanism which the medical profession adopts, (often quite unconsciously) that has become incorporated into the organisational structure. This defensive behaviour and system protects doctors and nurses from being overwhelmed by the anxieties inherent in their work. Constant contact with suffering, tragedy and death, in the raw, is intolerable. The defences adopted are a survival mechanism which enable the medical profession to continue in their work.
It is very easy to throw stones at other professions about their at times apparently nonsensical professional conduct. And of course, there has to be a better way than “non-caring”, to survive in a “caring” profession. It is all a question of balance – and indeed the medical profession is increasingly aware of the need to behave more sensitively towards patients, whilst not drowning in the emotionality of some peoples’ sad predicaments. Defences can be modified if the underlying capacity of the individual to tolerate anxiety can be enlarged. In my understanding this is the core of the problem. We are now talking about personal growth – be it in a Consultant Paediatrician, or a professional working with disturbed children.
If we stop to examine the defences which we employ to cope with our work, I don’t think we are in any position to preach! We are as resistant to the often painful process of personal growth as the next person and would much prefer to hide behind our defences. But we cannot possibly do our job well unless we constantly strive to respond to the children’s needs. They force us to change as much as we try to get them to change. If the children do not experience us as adults honestly striving to accommodate to, and understand their needs – what kind of model of change and growth do they have to identify with? We have to be as open and receptive as possible – but in the process of doing this we often get wounded. Staff support and development is there to help us tolerate these wounds and learn from them – that is to increase our capacity to cope with anxiety. However, this is not an excuse for masochistic surrender. It is a plea for learning from experience – which inevitably hurts a bit.
Our very varied personal and often unconscious motivations have led us to seek to help deeply unhappy children. We have followed our various trainings, read many books about them, written essays on them and then comes the onslaught of the actual experience of them! How is one to survive them – let alone help them? It is very easy in such circumstances to erect rigid defences which can block the use of the theories which tell us why a particular child is so ghastly to be with. In the heat of the moment, when one is being verbally or physically abused, or rejected, the natural instinct is to defend oneself, and to forget that the abusing child has been frequently abused in just such a way by significant adults in their life. They are simply giving us a taste of what their life experience has been about. Can we bear to receive such communications – in the raw? And if we can, what do we do with them? So often staff become hurt and bewildered by children’s consistent lack of concern, and cavalier attitude towards them. It is often a very long time before a child can show appreciation of the care and time given to them. It may only come at the end of several years of hard work. Meanwhile staff have to struggle on with abuse heaped upon abuse – hardly an encouraging job to the faint of heart!
In a paper of “Residential Management of Difficult Children” D W Winnicott wrote in 1947,
“It might be asked why …get emotionally involved? The answer is that these children….do not get anywhere unless someone does, in fact, get emotionally involved with them. To get under someone’s skin” (my emphasis), “is the first thing these children do when they begin to get hope.”
I am not advocating a kind of wholesale, no holds-barred type of emotional involvement – as I am sure Winnicott was not. I am trying to describe a considered and thoughtful awareness of how one feels, professionally, about the relationship with a particular child. This requires careful, honest sifting of what belongs to one’s own personal propensities when forming relationships – such as being touchy over certain matters, or insensitive over others – from what is evoked by that particular child. It is in this respect that staff support is so important – in helping to differentiate the child’s communications from the internal “noise” of one’s own emotional system. We need to be sensitive, highly tuned receptors, and we have to learn to listen carefully not only to the child’s communications, but also our colleagues.
I’m going to give examples of several fairly typical school events, with the emphasis on the staff interactions. They are put forward to illustrate the kinds of stressful situations which will be recognisable to all who work with children (and adults) in closely knit communities – such as hospitals, day centres, special day schools and residential schools. The first two examples relate to intra and interpersonal conflicts.
Example One – Attachment, Separation and Loss in staff members
Consider the situation in which a child has spent two years in a care group and formed a close but often violent relationship with one particular member of staff, whom he seems to save his worst outbursts for. Although he puts that adult through hell at times and has actually drawn blood on one occasion, she is nevertheless often heard to say – “but he’s a lovely child – and I feel so sorry for him, he has had so little to build on until now”.
When this child moves to another care group – part of growing up – the original care worker is likely to miss him, to wonder if his new care worker can understand him as well and handle him as “carefully” as she did. At times she may well feel critical of how he is treated, feeling she could do it better. Feelings of rivalry, loss and anger may then be powerfully experienced by the care worker. If in addition to this the child is also finding it hard to cope with the change, these feelings within the original care worker will be heightened.
If we look at this situation from the new care worker’s point of view the picture is rather different. He may well feel threatened by the previous closeness of child and careworker and may actually be having to struggle to find some attachment to and empathy for a violent child. The fact that the child appears to have got ‘worse’ since being in his care, heightens his anxiety that he may not be as good as the previous worker with this child. If these two care workers sit down to talk about the child’s problems, there is, for the staff, a complex and potentially distressing hidden agenda. Attempts by the past worker to help and advise, sound much too much like criticism to the new worker. Without the hidden agenda becoming more openly acknowledged, both members of staff are likely to become upset and defensive, making it difficult for them to cooperate.
Whilst we are usually highly aware of the significance of loss or separation from a loved adult, for a child, we do not often consider its counterpart. What does it mean to the adult to give up caring for a loved child? When a child has got under an adult’s skin, even in a highly ambivalent manner, it is not easy to hand them over to another member of staff’s care. And yet we are doing this all the time. Children change classes and change care workers, and particularly where that child has become special in some way to the adult, there is bound to be a feeling of loss.
A very similar combination of feelings has been described in staff terms, when a baby is in a Special Care Baby Unit, (Fletcher 1983). A number of Child Psychotherapists (Szur et al., 1981) working with staff in Special Care Baby Units found that when such an intense and life saving effort has been put in by nursing staff, it is very painful even though rewarding, to have to say goodbye to the baby when it goes home. Issues such as “whose baby is it?” are powerfully present during the baby’s stay in hospital. To remain in touch with such feelings is difficult and there is a temptation to become defensive, so that one doesn’t suffer such distress again. And yet for the baby in Special Care, and the disturbed child in a special school, the attachment of a member of staff to them, may be vital for their recovery.
Example Two – Disintegrating Child, Disintegrating Adults
Consider in the previous example, the possibility that the child really cannot cope with the loss of his loved carer worker and starts to disintegrate in Dockar-Drysdale’s terminology. Maybe he has suffered many previous losses but had begun to hope that he had finally found someone in the original care worker who could tolerate him. The change of care workers, however carefully done, may then be experienced as a devastating rejection. This could precipitate a spiral of violent, and desperately self-destructive behaviour. There are occasions when a child can become so relentlessly destructive towards himself and other children as well as staff, that only literally 24 hour vigilance can stand a chance of limiting the damage. At these times staff are under enormous stress, due to the constant threat of violence. If these problems persist into the night and staff get broken nights sleep when on duty, they naturally also steadily become exhausted. In addition to this, the other children in their care are bound to be adversely affected, and badly frightened by the disintegrated child’s behaviour. The other children in the group are not only scared for their physical welfare, but also for their psychological welfare. Close contact with a child who is experienced to be out of control and falling apart, is deeply disturbing to well balanced adults. To children who are anyway having serious difficulties in growing up, there is a powerful fear that another child’s disintegration may tip their own very precarious inner balance. In other words, they fear that they too may fall apart.
In this situation the staff have a rapidly escalating problem on their hands. Disintegration is catching – and the staff are prone to it too. At times staff may feel anxious that they too could collapse like a house of cards. This is an extreme situation – but I am sure that there are few of us working in these settings who don’t feel this way at times. The child’s extreme anxieties can eventually threaten the integrity of their closest adults.
I have given another more detailed description of this process in a previous paper (Lanyado, 1988). The theme of disintegration and reintegration will be explored further on in this paper.
My next two examples illustrate Bion’s valuable insights into the way groups work. He describes the basic “work group” in which group members are able to co-operate and work towards a commonly shared goal, and contrasts this with three underlying group structures which constantly threaten to disrupt this achievement. These “Basic Assumption” groups, as he calls them, have been recognised in so many different group situations, that to me they seem universal. They are the Dependent Assumption group, the Fight/Flight Assumption group and the Pairing Assumption group. My examples are of the first two of these Assumption groups.
Example Three – The Fight/Flight Staff Group
If we return to our increasingly complex school event – let us imagine that the total staff group is now concerned about the effect of this one terribly disturbed child on the school. A staff meeting is called to discuss the problem. Ostensibly, this should be Bion’s “work group” working towards a common goal – containment of the child’s anxieties. In reality, something different is going on. The care group staff that are trying to contain the child, feel that they are under siege – both from the boy and from their colleagues. They are determined to see the situation through, to fight it, and not to give up on the child. Offers of help from other staff members only make them feel more incompetent, and are therefore difficult to accept. The good advice that their colleagues feel they are offering is heard as criticism. The care group which is under siege feels isolated from the rest of the school staff.
Those staff not involved with the child are partly relieved that this child is not directly their problem. They tried to help – but no one listened to them. They proceed to disassociate themselves from the whole issue, as if it was nothing to do with them. In this respect, they are in flight from the declared total staff group task, as they are no longer involved in the goal of containing the child’s anxieties within the school setting.
A resolution of this difficult meeting calls for the recognition of these underlying dynamics. They are experienced as very real emotions of anger, fear and loss by all the staff involved. Bion’s contribution is to draw attention to the underlying fantasy of the group, that the only way to cope with the problem is to fight it or flee form it. If these feelings and dynamics are not understood (and it is often very difficult in the midst of such meetings for this to happen) the meeting is likely to fail in its objectives, leaving staff dissatisfied and angry, and of course the child not helped. Sub-groups within the school culture may develop with opposing views on the issue, which are often not aired in full staff meetings, but fiercely debated outside them. A scapegoat may be sought as the source of the trouble. This can even help to unite the different factions for a while as the staff group come together to fight the common foe. Another possible outcome is that the whole group resorts to “flight”. In this instance, in addition to the rest of the school feeling the problem has nothing to do with them, the child’s care group staff may find ways of distancing themselves as much as possible from the problem – by becoming emotionally unavailable or possibly even by becoming ill.
The total “flight” dynamic may lead into another well recognised group structure which Bion describes – the Dependent Group. It is important to appreciate the fluidity that exists between these Basic Assumption groups. If the staff group takes “flight” from the conflict, there is often an underlying fantasy and wish that someone else will take over the responsibility for the problem. This is to some extent a destructive “dumping exercise”, but the underlying desperation of the manoeuvre should not be underestimated. In some situations a messianic leader may be sought to lead the staff group out of the morass they are in. This leader may be gratefully followed in his or her heyday, but they are in great trouble if they put a foot wrong – which they are bound to do in time. The staff group may then turn on the leader, making him or her into a scapegoat.
Example Four – The Dependent Staff Group
If we return to our hypothetical staff meeting, we might find that gradually a pressure is building up, on the headmaster – to “do” something about this awful child. Presumably he is expected to use some magical powers either to get the child to settle down again in the school, or to waft him away from it. If this is a headmaster who enjoys being masterful, he may well be tempted to step in as the ultimate authority and make some decision that takes all the responsibility off the shoulders of the staff. One of the risks he would take in doing this, is that he may get it wrong in some way or other, and will then have to carry the guilt and anger of the staff as a result. One cannot exactly scapegoat a headmaster – but life can certainly be made very uncomfortable for him by a hostile staff attitude. The problem in encouraging this type of dependency in staff is that it infantilises them and limits their creativity, encouraging the fantasy that the headmaster knows it all in some omniscient way, whilst the staff are basically ignorant.
A way out of this uncomfortable position for the headmaster is to refuse to take on this role, and insist that all staff continue to carry some joint responsibility for what goes on in the school. The tension generated by this inevitable prolonging of a distressing situation is likely to pay dividends in the long run – but will be extremely uncomfortable in the interim. I would think it is rarely possible to have every member of staff “united” as a group in this kind of situation. A majority consensus may well be the best that one can hope for – but this at least has the hope of paving the way towards working through difficult issues in the school and allowing reparative processes to heal the rifts that inevitably occur.
This leads me to a contrasting example. It is often the case, that whilst one part of an organisation appears to be crumbling, another part is busy getting on with very good work. I don’t actually believe that it is so despite the chaos that reigns elsewhere. I actually feel it may sometimes be because of the chaos that reigns elsewhere. At times complex organisations such as those we all work in, seem to be almost like living organisms. When one part of the organisation is under threat, another part may work extra hard to compensate for this. In psychoanalytic terms, this can be understood as the system’s attempt to repair itself through the process of reparation, and learning by experience. It is perfectly possible that in another part of the school system that is less directly involved with the disintegrating child, there are children who are felt to be very rewarding recipients of the staff’s efforts. What happens to them if they have a crisis? There was a striking example of this reparative process recently at the school where I work.
Example Five – Reparation and Learning by Experience
At a time of great staff stress for other reasons, a child’s father died, and he became understandably disorientated as well as somewhat bizarre in his behaviour. There were very difficult circumstances surrounding the death and staff were unsure about how to respond to the child. One of the most central concerns was that his mother had battered him in the past and he had only recently come off the NAI register. However the school social worker reported that mother was coping well under the circumstances and was able to help her son in his mourning. When he was due to go home for a weekend and knew he was in a broken down emotional state, this child suddenly panicked, becoming convinced that his mother would be unable to manage him and would batter him again. He communicated this panic to his teacher and care workers, who shared it with me. In the circumstances, swayed as we now were by the boy’s perception of his mother, we felt he couldn’t possibly go home. The social worker however knew that although these anxieties may have been justified in the past, they were not valid in the present. His mother was actually coping very well.
Because all the staff had been able to listen to each other (this had been initiated by listening to the child) we did not end up in conflict despite the fact that conflict was so much in the air in the rest of the school at the time. We actually listened extra hard to each other and acted as a well functioning work group. The social worker who had been about to take the boy home went to the mother without him, explaining her child’s fears. The mother wanted her son home and knew he needed her comfort and reassurance. The social worker and mother returned to the school to fetch the boy who could now see that his mother not only could, but actively wanted to help him. He had learnt a number of valuable lessons through this experience. His feelings had been understood by the staff who had responded appropriately. The staff had then carefully considered what would be best for him in the circumstances. He was aware that the problem of whether he should go home or stay at the school had been sensibly resolved by all the adults involved. He experienced adults working together for his welfare, as opposed to warring factions who all thought they knew best what was right for him.
I think this good outcome was partially the result of the staff motivation to learn from the stressful situations ongoing elsewhere in the school, and their unconscious wish to help the school to feel it could do good work with some of the children some of the time, if not all for all the children, all of the time.
In my description of these diverse staff situations there are four main themes I would like to emphasise:
- The child’s problem very rapidly becomes the adult’s problem which the staff network within the total system then has to deal with in order to help the child.
- One part of the total school system can be on the verge of disintegration whilst another part of the system is attempting to redress the homoeostatic balance by trying particularly hard to do reparative work.
- The need to work through staff conflicts is often lost in the constant pressure of the day to day work with the children and subsequently gets neglected.
We are more often guilty of the “sins of omission” than the “sins of commission” – by failing to let others know about feelings we have.
My first point is very evident from the examples given. The other three themes require some elaboration. The fact that staff can be under great stress when working with one child, yet still function well for another is illuminating. It is as if in some part of the school’s collective consciousness the fears of disintegration that we experience in one area of our work may actually spur us on to greater efforts to help another, more helpable child. It is an exact parallel to Dockar- Drysdale’s description of a child not always being able to offer direct reparation for, say, breaking a window, but displacing that reparation – by offering to help with the washing up. Whilst one part of the system appears to be disintegrating, another part may be re-integrating. This may well be an important life preserving process in a basically “healthy-enough” institution. I would argue that we keep these institutions “healthy-enough” by constantly attempting to remain as undefended as possible to the anxieties that are inherent in our particular institution’s work. For those of us who work in closed therapeutic systems, our (and our clients) most fundamental anxiety may well be the fear of disintegration. For this reason, we as a staff group have to remain constantly alert to the need to re-build – like the phoenix from the ashes.
In order to re-build we have to allow ourselves to become aware of the constant attacks which the integrity of the system is liable to, from the children and from ourselves. We cannot do this if we don’t talk to each other and listen to each other and ourselves, often enough. Too often it is what is not communicated that causes problems. I would also like to emphasise that some of the conflicts I have described, particularly if they remain unexpressed, can lie undigested and 10 of 11 potentially dangerously dormant in the school system. Somehow we all just want to forget about them, and always have ample justification for this in terms of consideration of other children’s needs. What are we to do? Are there further lessons we can learn, a few months later, over apparently “dead” issues? I think there often are, and that this is not just raking up the past unnecessarily, it is working through important conflicts.
Our current system of staff support and development
It has no doubt by now become clear, that for me, good systems of communication between staff, are essential if we are to do our work well, and survive. The problem is – we do not always want to hear what our colleagues have to say as it may upset us. It takes a long while – if indeed it is ever fully possible – to get to know each other well enough to frankly acknowledge our own mistakes. Maybe the best we can do is to keep striving towards openness with each other. There are many different ways of trying to establish this kind of culture within a school.
The school I am describing at present tries to do this through a series of staff meetings – some of them with the headmaster, some of them with myself. The teachers group, care staff group and total staff group, each meet weekly. In addition there are regular individual meeting times for all members of staff, plus smaller mixed group meetings. We do not however spend a lot of time “examining our navels” in these meetings! The shared focus of our work is primarily the child’s problem as opposed to the adult’s problem. As it is often the case that the child’s problem leads to problems for the adult, we will try to understand how the child is getting under the adult’s skin and what this means for the child. We do not, however, often find ourselves in the deep water of having to tackle an adult’s personal difficulties within a group setting, although on a one-to-one basis this may happen. This system of staff support is constantly open to change. I should also add that as someone with a central professional function of trying to support others in their work, I find myself enormously well supported by these meetings with my colleagues. As I am so much a part of the total system, my role is much more accurately described as a facilitator from within the system, than a consultant from without. I suspect that the headmaster’s role must inevitably be a lonelier one as it combines the need to consult and listen to staff, with the capacity to retain the ultimate authority within the school.
Another aspect of the staff support system is the importance of in-service training. The regular group meetings support our hearts but do not feed our heads! We need to educate ourselves and stimulate our thinking about the work. Reading and discussing relevant literature serves to keep us alert to different interpretations and understanding of the children which we may have previously been unaware of. Our present way of working is to have a study theme for a term which we approach in various ways. Guest speakers are invited as a part of a study day and we regularly read selected papers as a basis of discussion of the theme. Visits to other schools or hospitals working with children such as ours are also very useful and serve to remind us of the many different ways there are to tackle the same problems.
Earlier in this paper I said that I would return to the issue of reparation, as I feel it is central to our work in many ways. I would like to use this concept as a means of drawing this presentation to a close. It links our motivation for choosing this work, and the work itself, with whatever it is that keeps us doing it, despite the stress involved.
In its broadest sense, reparation means “making better”, literally repairing the damage, or allowing a healing process to take place. For many of us helping a child in need, finds an echo within us, when we identify that external child, with the way we ourselves were, at our unhappiest, when a child. We often couldn’t do much to help ourselves – but we can now, through helping the external child to get better. In this way we are not only attempting to prevent a child from becoming hopelessly engulfed by these pains, we are also symbolically helping the child within us. Reparation implies growth and integration – so just as we try to help the child, unwittingly the child may also help us. We call it job satisfaction, or talk about commitment but I feel that in some respects what we mean is that we do this work because it repairs and heals our own childhood experience. It helps us to feel better inside to be doing this job well – and by inference, we feel bad inside when we fear that we are failing.
If we struggle on alone, attempting to ignore or avoid our relationships with our colleagues, due to some of the discomforts involved, we will ultimately be self defeating. An organisational structure which formally encourages us to listen to each other more is not a luxury but a necessity, and one which I think we are all ultimately thankful for.
BALINT, M. (1957) The Doctor, The Patient & His Illness. London. Tavistock.
BION, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London. Tavistock.
DOCKAR-DRYSDALE, B. (1968) Therapy in child care. London. Longman Group Ltd.
FLETCHER, A. (1983) “Working in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit”, Journal of Child Psychotherapy Vol 9 No 1.
KLEIN, N. (1937) “Love, Guilt & Reparation”, in The Writings of Melanie Klein, Vol 1 1980 Hogarth: London
LANYADO, M. (1988) “Working with Anxieties in a Primary Residential School”. Maladjustment and Therapeutic Education.Vol 6 No 1.
MENZIES-LYTH, I. (1981) “Social systems as a Defence Against Anxiety”. London. Tavistock Pamphlet.
SZUR, R., FREUD, W. E., ELKAN, J., EARNSHAW, A., BENDER, H. (1981) “Colloquium: Hospital care of the Newborn: Some Aspects of Personal Stress”. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, Vol 7, No 2.
WINNICOTT, D. W. (1947) “Residential Management for Difficult Children” in Deprivation & Delinquency, Eds. Clare Winnicott, Roy Shepherd & Madeleine Davis. London: Tavistock (1984).
Monica Lanyado was Principal Child Psychotherapist at Harmeny School and Course organising Tutor for Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Training at the Scottish institute for Human Relations, Edinburgh, at the time of writing in 1987. | <urn:uuid:50488ae0-b41e-4463-9586-69c6d6c69440> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.johnwhitwell.co.uk/child-care-general-archive/united-we-stand-stress-in-residential-work-with-disturbed-children-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.975392 | 7,402 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Fresno is a large city situated in the San Joaquin Valley in Fresno County, close to the geographical center of the US State of California. It is also the largest city in the greater Central Valley region, the nation’s 34th most populous city, the state’s most populous inland city, and its 5th most populous city. The city has been named after the large number of ash trees that line the San Joaquin River and serves as the economic center of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley.
Geography Of Fresno
Fresno covers a total area of 291 sq. km, of which 1.0 sq. km is occupied by water, and 290 sq. km is occupied by land. The city is situated approximately 350km to the north of Los Angeles, 270km south of the state capital city of Sacramento, and 300km southeast of San Francisco. The city is just two and a half hours drive away from Big Sur, Carmel, and Monterey. Fresno also serves as a major gateway to the Yosemite National Park, the Sequoia National Park, the Kings Canyon National Park, and the Sierra National Forest. The city is situated close to many Sierra Nevada lakes, including Huntington Lake, Bass Lake, and Shaver Lake. Woodland Park, Kearney Park, and Roeding Park are the three large public parks located in Fresno.
Climate Of Fresno
According to the Köppen climate classification, Fresno experiences a Mediterranean climate with very hot and dry summers and cold, wet winters. The hot summer season lasts from the beginning of June to the end of September, where July is the warmest month, having an average high temperature of 28.6°C. The cold winter season lasts from the end of November to the end of February, where December and January are the coldest months, having an average temperature ranging between 8.6°C and 8.9°C. Fresno receives an average precipitation of 279mm per year.
Brief History Of Fresno
It is believed that the San Joaquin Valley was initially inhabited by the native Yokuts and Miwoks, who were involved in trading various animal and plant products with the other Californian tribes. The Spanish explorer Pedro Fages was the first European to enter the San Joaquin Valley. After California Gold Rush in 1856, Fresno County was formed and was named after the large number of ash trees which grew along the San Joaquin River. A station was established by the Central Pacific railroad for its new Southern Pacific railway line in May 1872. In due course, a store was set up close to the station that eventually grew to the town of Fresno. Fresno was officially incorporated as a city on October 21, 1885. The city started developing as an agricultural community after the introduction of irrigation in the 1880s. In September 1958, the Bank of America Corporation launched the BankAmericacard in Fresno, which soon became the first successful credit card. The BankAmericacard later became a separate company named Visa Inc. in 1976.
The Population And Economy Of Fresno
Being the principal city of the Fresno-Madera Combined Statistical Area, Fresno is home to 531,581 inhabitants as per the latest US census. The city’s population has increased from the last census, which recorded that Fresno was home to 494,665 inhabitants. The Hispanic White represents 33.7% of the city’s population, followed by Non-Hispanic White at 26.7%, Asians at 1.34%, other races at 12.8%, and African Americans at 6.6%. Based on the number of degrees awarded, the largest universities in Fresno are the California State University – Fresno, the Fresno City College, and the Clovis Community College.
The median household income in Fresno is $53,161, while the median property value is $276,600. The economy of Fresno employs 224,000 people in various industries, including Retail Trade, Educational Services, and Health Care & Social Assistance. Some of the major companies based in Fresno are Saladino’s Foodservice, Pelco Incorporated, and the Valley Yellow Pages.
Tourist Attractions In Fresno
Fresno Art Museum
The Fresno Art Museum is a well-known art museum located in Fresno. The museum exhibits modern and contemporary artworks by various leading artists such as Andy Warhol, Norman Perceval Rockwell, Robert Cremean, Ruth Asawa, etc. The permanent collection of the museum also includes Mexican-American art and Pre-Columbian sculptures.
Forestiere Underground Gardens
The Forestiere Underground Gardens are a chain of subterranean structures that was built from 1906 to 1946 by Baldassare Forestiere, who arrived in Fresno from Sicily. The spectacular Forestiere Underground Gardens are considered an unusual example of vernacular architecture and are currently managed by the Forestiere family members via the Forestiere Historical Center. The Forestiere Underground Gardens were added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 1977.
Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church
The Holy Trinity Church is a well-known Armenian Apostolic church established in 1914 in Fresno. Designed by the eminent architect Lawrence Karekin Cone, the Holy Trinity Church is one of the nation’s earliest Armenian churches and the first to combine American Revivalism architecture with traditional Armenian architecture. The Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 31, 1986. | <urn:uuid:3747d723-d53c-4b91-9654-77ecc3b4585c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/fresno-california.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96274 | 1,109 | 3.328125 | 3 |
By Amarachukwu Okpunobi
It’s one thing to be good lovable and kind to others, it’s another to be of same virtue to yourself. This week Tony Fahkry takes us through some keys on how to stay good on ourselves.
“Love yourself. Forgive yourself. Be true to yourself. How you treat yourself sets the standard for how others will treat you.” — Steve Maraboli
It is important for our personal development to learn to love ourselves. If we don’t, it is hard to expect others to love us. Whilst humans have many faults and shortcomings, embracing our faults is central to accepting ourselves as we are.
Loving ourselves should become our highest priority if we wish to live authentically; from a place of non-resistance. I don’t mean loving ourselves in a self-centred way but to embrace our uniqueness and the gifts that show up in our daily life.
Low self-esteem puts the brake on our personal growth by restricting our concept of self. We may never reach our full potential if we entertain recurring thoughts of low self-esteem. Consider the following points as a guide for reconnecting with your purposeful self and developing a stronger relationship with that self.
restricting our concept of self.
- Know Yourself
If we desire personal growth, it is vital we understand ourselves better, and know what makes us bloom. We may be aware of our flaws, yet embracing them and moving forward becomes our source of courage. Nobody is perfect — we may spend our entire life trying to fill an empty shoe that doesn’t exist if we follow this line of thinking.
Therefore, I invite you to stand before a mirror and admire your reflection. Do you like what you see reflected to you? What feelings arise when you look deeply into your eyes? Some people are loath to appreciate themselves and their body. Whilst you may not consider yourself as important as other people, in your life story you are the hero in your life’s journey.
- Stop Criticising Yourself
Do you belittle yourself over small things? When you make a mistake, are you aware of the inner critic reminding you of your imperfections? Criticising yourself will get you nowhere fast. People who practice self-compassion are more successful in life with a healthier outlook.
It is vital to associate with your positive traits instead of focusing on the negative ones. Be mindful you are not reliving a childhood phase of your life by reconnecting with a critical parent. Therefore, let go of your need to judge yourself and move towards a state of empathy.
- Embrace Your Positive Nature
“Your task is not to seek for love, but merely to seek and find all the barriers within yourself that you have built against it.” — Rumi
When you entertain positive thoughts, you are kinder towards yourself so your self-love and self-esteem increases. Kindness towards others becomes an expression of one’s self-love. You can only give out what you hold in your heart. Therefore, if you believe you are undeserving of attention and kindness, you will likely withhold sharing these virtues with others.
Every person is born positive, it’s their environment which shapes them into a bitter or negative individual. Even at this stage, you can still embrace your positive nature. Nothing is carved in stone unless you give it power and permission.
- Acknowledge Your Success
You might not have succeeded according to your terms and definition, yet the definition of success is arbitrary. What does success look like to you? There are many people who never attempt to step out of their comfort zone and yet insist success paves a path to their front door.
If you made a direct effort to pursue something you desired, but could not succeed, don’t let that impair your definition of success. Failure is part of the process to reach your goals. Those who succeed will tell you they failed repeatedly before reaching success. Your success is determined by how you bounce back from your failures and the lessons gained. Trying is a big thing. It is not always about winning, sometimes it’s the effort that counts.
- Release Your Worries
Worrying is a futile emotion that is better spent taking appropriate action. Worrying uses up vital emotional energy which can be channelled into developing emotional resiliency and fortitude. The more you entertain worrying thoughts, the more you establish a place in your mind that becomes habituated to worrying. There is a term used in neuropsychology known as the Hebbian theory which states: nerves that fire together, wire together.
In other words, when you entertain worrying thoughts, you set up stronger neural connections in the brain for the worrying to exist. Therefore, set your worries aside since they may hold you back from prospering at greater levels. Surely you want to taste success and transform your worries into empowering emotions, which can serve your greatest potential.
- Forgive Yourself
“You have been criticizing yourself for years, and it hasn’t worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.” — Louise Hay
We all make mistakes, some people make more than others, yet that does not qualify you or them to think less of oneself. Holding on to your mistakes inhibits vital neural pathways in the brain from learning. Your brain is engineered for growth and learning the context of a receptive environment. No one is immune to making mistakes. Therefore, forgive yourself by practising detachment from outcomes. Trust that whatever happened in the past was done so with the level of awareness apparent to you.
You were doing the best you could given the resources available to you, thus forgiveness opens the door to help you move forward. Appreciate the lessons gained from your experiences by seeing them as an opportunity to gain the emotional resiliency to fight other battles.
- Practice Gratitude
It is worth appreciating how much there is to be grateful for. Gratitude entails being thankful for what is available in our life right NOW. It does not mean being grateful when we gain something of value or someone contributing to our happiness. It means recognising what is available to us at this moment results from the thoughts, beliefs and energy we created to allow us to be who we are. We create our reality through the sum of our thoughts, habits and actions.
Being grateful does not mean comparing oneself to others who are less fortunate; for we are all navigating our own journey in life. People often ask me: “Tony, how can I be grateful when people are homeless and others are dying in third-world countries?” My reply is: “It is your right to be grateful not for what is happening in other parts of the world, but what is happening in your own world.” Consider if every person in the world raised their thought energy to one of gratitude?
The collective consciousness of humanity would expand to the degree that poverty, homelessness and other diseases and illnesses would no longer be a threat to our way of life. Whilst this sounds like a Utopian existence, it is conceivable that we can make slow strides toward this possibility if we play our part in the evolution of humanity. | <urn:uuid:ba4a8542-7918-4ed4-b4a1-ab09b9cb92f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fidesnigeria.org/reconnect-with-self/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954062 | 1,491 | 2.59375 | 3 |
One of the significant parts of freelance academic writing comes from a writer’s ability to follow client’s instructions. The approach comes from determining expectations and applying these in a researched and well-written document. It is important to emphasize that instructions vary depending on the requirement and discipline. Also, it can range from simple tasks to multiple elements that need attention. Here are some steps can be helpful in breaking down client tasks.
The first thing that you need to examine when breaking down client instructions is formatting requirements. These are specific conditions that you need to fulfill as part of writing the paper. Examples of these include page number, spacing (single or double spaced), margins, and type of paper. Additional requirements can also include indention of first line per paragraph and the alignment of text is justified. Since majority of the tasks are accomplished using a word processing software such as Microsoft Word, these parts are easily customizable. In my experience, the common format requested by clients includes the following: double spaced paper, 1-inch margins, and the paper size is either A4 or short (8.5 x 11). Be sure to take note of these features before proceeding in the actual writing process.
Another important part of client instructions that you should be aware of is citation style. In academic writing, this is a critical part that needs to be followed carefully. Many writers get revisions or penalized because they do not adhere to citation standards requested by the writer. Learning about this can take time, however you can start developing the skill based on the ability to recognize that not all knowledge are general. You need to cite and reference your sources to prevent plagiarism. Depending on the client’s requirements, the most common citation styles used in academic writing are APA, MLA, and Chicago. In each approach, they also have corresponding formatting requirements that you should be aware of. These include title page, headers, and a separate page where you would include the references used in the paper.
Research and Actual Writing
The last part of the client instruction is the writing requirements related to the specific topic. This is where you would identify the components of the paper and also the expectations necessary to get good marks. In this part, be sure to read carefully and identify the things that the client needs. If the instruction is too vague or lacks specific files, do not hesitate to contact your provider or client directly. Prior to accepting the job, it is also your responsibility to determine whether the task is doable with complete instructions.
Overall, starting your first task as an academic freelance writer can be easier if you follow the suggestions stated above. Learning how to break down instructions can lead to quality written outputs and develop your expertise in communicating, citation, and critical analysis. | <urn:uuid:04d560cd-dd97-43ac-bc28-ddfeb4cbf496> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://academicwritersph.com/break-client-instructions-minimize-revision-requests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.933002 | 562 | 2.3125 | 2 |
8th Music Scope and Sequence
What is the origin of Blues and Jazz?
How do musicians improvise?
How do we apply our knowledge of music to playing contemporary pieces?
Study jazz music, from early roots to Bebop and beyond
Participate in improvisation and solo performances
Perform at 8th grade graduation
Demonstrate mastery of complex chords and chord progressions through a variety of musical performances | <urn:uuid:effdf086-4a79-4b59-a8dd-98ca34c432b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.presidiohill.org/8th-music-scope-and-sequence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.892809 | 97 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The house must be your primary residence and must meet the FHA’s minimum property requirements. The full list of FHA loan requirements is published in a handbook more than 1,000 pages long. You would.
Your credit history isn’t terribly important in the lending process: You can actually get full FHA financing with a credit score as low as 580. While a conventional loan doesn’t have an official.
FHA Loan Income Requirements / Debt Guidelines. You may be curious how much income is needed to qualify for an FHA loan. fha loans actually do not have a minimum income requirement, nor are do they have any maximum limits on income. The important aspect of your income is actually how much debt you have compared to your bring home income.
The minimum down payment required for an FHA loan is 3.5% of the purchase price, but the borrower must have a minimum FICO score of 580 to be eligible for this rate. The FHA will back loans to borrowers with FICO scores as low as 500, but these borrowers must make a 10% minimum down payment.
The minimum FHA credit score for a home loan is 500, however, it’s possible to get a mortgage loan with no credit score at all. Lenders can check "non-traditional" credit sources and build a.
You don’t need a high credit score to qualify, with a minimum FICO score of 580 to qualify for a 3.5% down payment. Any score below that will results in a 10% down payment. The eligbility requirements.
An FHA insured loan is a US Federal Housing administration mortgage insurance backed.. fha loans require a minimum FICO score of 580 to qualify for 3.5 percent down or 500 for 10 percent down. Additionally, the lender checks the.
you can’t get an FHA loan. Have a credit score lower than 500, you won’t qualify under FHA guidelines. Most lenders have a higher minimum of 600. Advantage 3. You’re allowed to carry more debt.
Fha Approved Mortgage Lender An FHA Loan is a mortgage that’s insured by the Federal Housing Administration. They allow borrowers to finance homes with down payments as low as 3.5% and are especially popular with first-time homebuyers. FHA loans are a good option for first-time homebuyers who may not have saved enough for a large down payment.
what is the least amount that you can borrow with an FHA loan?
How To Get Fha Loan What Is An Fha FHA loans with terms of 15 years or less qualify for reduced MIP, as low as 0.45% annually. In addition, there is an upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP) required for FHA loans equal to 1.75.Consider the FHA loan rules for a second FHA mortgage due to a job relocation. According to HUD 4000.1: “A Borrower may be eligible to obtain another FHA-insured Mortgage without being required to sell an existing Property covered by an FHA-insured Mortgage if the Borrower is:Fha Loan Application Pdf What Is An FHA Loan? FHA, or the Federal Housing Administration, provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA approved lenders.This insures the lending institution against the loss of the loan’s principal amount in cases where the borrower defaults on the loan or fails to meet the conditions or terms of the loan.Fha First Time Home Buyer Qualifications Applying For Fha Qualifying For FHA Loan With Recent late payments. advice In Qualifying For FHA Loan With Recent Late Payments Was UPDATED On September 19th, 2018. One of the most common inquiries I get on a daily basis is if you can qualify for FHA Loan With Recent Late Payments.Shelling out big bucks for your first home, along with shopping for a mortgage, might seem daunting.Luckily, though, there are numerous first-time homebuyer programs and grants that can help you.
If you will use FHA financing to buy a home, there’s one term you must become familiar with before getting started – Minimum Property Requirements. This set of guidelines pertains to the home. It’s a checklist the appraiser must use when determining if the home meets HUD’s guidelines. | <urn:uuid:0cd05e57-a109-4882-aca3-e2f23f5c2a0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mnstreams.org/2019/09/16/fha-loan-minimum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942814 | 906 | 1.65625 | 2 |
The 86th Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 18 (SB 18), which guarantees that members of the public are free to engage in expressive speech on public university campuses by converting some parts of campuses to traditional public forums instead of limited public forums. It also contains various requirements and prohibitions related to expressive activities on campuses. The main effect of the new law is to allow any person to engage in free speech activities in the common outdoor areas of the state’s public university campuses. It allows universities to continue to regulate the time, place and manner of free speech activities—so long as these rules are content-neutral and applied regardless of a speaker’s viewpoint.
The new law requires universities to create disciplinary sanctions for students, student organizations and faculty members who interfere with the free speech activities of others. UT policy also provides for the discipline of staff if they violate the new law’s provisions.
The law, effective Sept. 1, 2019, gives universities until Aug. 1, 2020, to finalize specific rules for implementation. The interim policies and procedures that UT Austin has introduced at this time will be finalized and recommended for approval by the UT System Board of Regents in 2020. | <urn:uuid:026454de-ad10-4e33-b24b-708b5decef98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.utexas.edu/public-forum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93756 | 239 | 2.078125 | 2 |
As you get ready for spring with your kindergarten, first, or second graders, this bug, insect, and garden bundle will engage your students! Informational writing all about bugs with a research companion, procedural writing about how to plant a flower, and a fun math spinner extension game are all great ways to practice skills this spring.
Learn about bugs and insects with your kindergarten, first or second graders as you use the included resource for informational writing and research. Read any informational text you have available and use the included graphic organizers, vocab cards, and writing pages to share what you've learned. This is great for writing lessons or writing center.
Materials for the following bugs and insects:
For each animal you'll find:
*Can, Have, Live organizer
*writing paper (two line sizes)
*mini book for writing
*cut and paste setting pieces with writing pages
*vocabulary word wall cards
*Real photo cards
Teach sequencing and procedural writing with this How To Plant A Flower resource! This is a great resource to use in springtime for students!
16 vocabulary/ gardening word cards (great for word wall)
4 step color sequencing
4 or 8 step cut and glue or Draw and Write activity
How to Plant a Flower sequencing booklet
1 page "favorite part" extension
- Buggy Belly- Math Fact Spinner Game4 buggy spinners with different numbers
recording sheets also allow for differentiation and practice with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division or fact families all with the same spinners! | <urn:uuid:9afa22a8-eddf-4554-9a7d-91246380c58a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Bugs-Insects-and-Gardens-Bundle-1797273 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.861473 | 399 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Fire Ant Management
Maine has a population of fire ants that are not the same as what many consider to be a southern united states pest. We have a unique stinging fire ant called the European Imported Fire ant.
Fire ants sting and HURT!
The European Imported Fire Ant has been a problem on MDI for many years. Homeowners, landscapers, tourists are all vulnerable to bites and stings. Keeping your guests and family protected is a service we can provide to you if they are nesting around your landscapes. 4 separate visits we will apply a granular bait around your landscape to manage their population. A bait treatment to manage these pests is far better method as they will bring it back to the colony and destroy the nest.
Myrmica rubra European Fire Ant
Introduced Mid 20th century the fire ant aggressive to other native ants and will quickly dominate native foragers and displace from their habits. They are able to coexist however their defense mechanism (sting or chemical spray) is overpowering.
Found mainly in the northeastern United States. It was first discovered in Massachusetts in 1908. The first reports of red ants stinging people in Maine occurred from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, but it was not until 1986 that the species was confirmed as Myrmica rubra.
Since 2001, entomologists at the University of Maine have conducted periodic surveys to determine the movement of and the area colonized by the ant. In Maine, the ant is restricted to humid places along the coast. However, colonies have been reported at inland locations and there is a concern that the ant is capable of establishing in these new areas. We have confirmed cases in Ellsworth, Bangor and surrounding areas.
The life cycle in the United States is still being studied.
When disrupted, the ants will deliver a painful sting which has in a few cases produced severe allergic reactions to the venom including anaphylactic shock. Foraging both on herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees in combination with the cryptic nature of their nests, the probability of people and their pets inadvertently disrupting the ant’s activities is very high.
Protect Your Family and Home
As part of our fire ant protection service, we utilize a method of fire ant control aimed at eliminating the entire colony using the most environmentally responsible means available to achieve that goal.
Two Options for your landscape
Year Round Protection
In neighborhoods with especially high fire ant concentrations, year-round prevention is the recommended choice for control. This fire ant control service guarantees year-round protection.
One Time Treatment
If fire ants invade your yard, we have the expertise to treat the infestation so you can reclaim your yard and enjoy your property to the fullest.
Ready to give us a review?
Click the link below and you will be taken to our google reviews page. You don't need to write much. We just ask that you provide some experiences you may have had and the positive results you witnessed. Talk about our technicians, the results or anything that you think would help another individual decide to consider our services.
Bait TreatmentsStarts at
- 2 to 3 visits are typically all that is required. | <urn:uuid:f4fba89a-cc5a-4fde-80e8-4d5a55f5fe45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gtlawnservice.com/gtls/structure-guard/fire-ant-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964609 | 654 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Watch the video of Daniel below and then consider how your would score him for this domain. After you’ve made a decision, watch the explanation video to see our scoring suggestion.
Daniel explanation video
Good intelligibility but now I see the other areas impacting his communication!
Listen to these questions from previous training participants to help you to score your participant, or to consolidate your learning for this domain.
Is this student a 0 or a 1?
I can understand them when I have context. | <urn:uuid:d6ae9d79-1ba6-43f0-8118-844e4e0f22d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.roccassessment.com.au/lessons/domain-4-intelligibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.933721 | 102 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Vinsamlegast notið þetta auðkenni þegar þið vitnið til verksins eða tengið í það: http://hdl.handle.net/1946/20776
The work done in relation to this thesis can be split up into three parts. In the first part, mathematical skills of first year students in the School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, are investigated. A status exam was administrated to the students in the beginning of their first semester from 2011 to 2014.
The results show that a large proportion of students lack basic skills in mathematics. Analysis of variance was used to investigate which background variables are linked to performance on the test. Secondary school, gender, year of diagnostic test, time since last mathematics course in secondary school, number of semesters of mathematics courses in secondary school and the students' perception on how well they did in mathematics in secondary schools and how well they are prepared were all linked to performance on the test. The result on the diagnostic test was also found to be a good predictor of performance in first year calculus courses, specially for students in mathematics, physics and engineering.
In the second part, development of an open learning environment, the tutor-web, is described. The system has been under development in the University of Iceland for the past decade. Educational material within mathematics and statistics is available within the system at no cost for the users, including over 4000 exercises. Novel algorithms for allocating exercises to students as well as grading with the goal of increase learning have been developed.
In the third part, the performance of students working in the open learning environment is compared to the performance of students handing in pen-and-paper homework.
A repeated randomized crossover trial was conducted where students were given unexpected tests in class after working in the tutor-web or handing in traditional homework.
A significant difference in learning between web-based homework (WBH) and pen-and-paper homework (PPH) was detected, supporting the use of WBH as a learning tool. | <urn:uuid:8a920c04-2979-44cb-ad93-11b614f21f56> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://skemman.is/handle/1946/20776 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962685 | 495 | 1.945313 | 2 |
How I Use It
My class used this app during math centers. Each center group had 4 students and 20 minutes was a perfect amount of time for them to finish the game. I liked the app because it was a quick set-up for the center and would be easy to have a sub use with a small group. The questions were appropriate for 1st and 2nd grade and many of them would work for advanced kindergarteners as well. It worked to have the students play as a team and I like the way the space vehicle moves all the characters together so there is no competition, they are all working to reach the end together. The questions that involved teamwork were also fun, such as polling people in the group then completing a graph or having the group ask yes or no questions to guess what one team member is thinking of. I would not want students to use it in a group larger than 4, in fact 3 might be better, because they tend to get bored when it's not their turn. It provided a good review of most math concepts we cover and a review of a few ELA topics, although these were definitely not covered as extensively. ELA topics included things like alphabetizing and reading aloud.
I'm glad I used the app and will use it again next year, but probably only once in a year. It didn't generate enough excitement and interest in my students that they want to play again. It was a better way to review math concepts than a worksheet. I wish there were some differentiation options. We initially started to play on an iPad mini purchased in the spring of 2014 (so 1 model removed from the newest) but the sound wasn't working even though sound was fine on other apps. We switched to an iPad 2 and had no problems with the sound. Incorrect answers were corrected by undoing the student's work if the timer hadn't ended so they could have another chance, or by outlining incorrect answers in red. If the time was up the correct answer was shown. In general this was effective in letting students know their mistakes. However, there was no reteaching or deeper explanation. Students did work together and the app was interactive in the sense that all students moved around the board together and some of the questions required students to talk to each other, such as polling for a graph or getting teammates to guess a word. However, it was not collaboration, in my opinion, in the sense that the team would be unsuccessful if a member didn't participate fully. | <urn:uuid:065812ac-024c-46a5-a3af-ea1773631fc4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.commonsense.org/education/app/the-electric-company-party-game-lost-on-prankster-planet-teacher-review/4042271 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.991454 | 507 | 1.671875 | 2 |
The meaning of the name ' Matheysh '
' Matheysh ' is Hindu Boy name meaning : " Lord Shiva "
Numerology : 9 ( read the mean )
Hindi writting : converter tool
Length of name : 8 letters
Note : When you found the good name for baby on this website, before making a decision choosing a baby name , please verify the accuracy of names and their meanings again with the knowledgeable individuals.
Similar Hindu Names :
|Matamaha||Maternal Grandfather||read more...|
|Matanga||Sage, Advisor To Devi Lalita||read more...|
|Matartisvan||Wind God||read more...|
|Matheysh||Lord Shiva||read more...|
|Matsendra||King Of The Fishes||read more...|
|Matsyendra||Lord Of The Fish||read more...| | <urn:uuid:412b81fb-bc16-40b9-bb18-867db171ca5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ihindu.name/863-meaning-Matheysh-hindu-names.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.7508 | 202 | 1.703125 | 2 |
By Alia E. Dastagir
When #MeToo exploded, cancel culture came for powerful men accused of abuse. It came for director Woody Allen, now the subject of HBO’s new docuseries Allen v. Farrow, which re-examines sexual abuse allegations made in 1992 by Allen’s adopted daughter Dylan Farrow when she was 7 years old. She’s now 35.
For nearly three decades, the accusations against Allen have trailed him but until recently had not derailed him. Hachette Book Group said last year it would not publish his memoir, Amazon terminated a four-picture deal, and some actors have said they will not work with him again.
But even as #MeToo drew Allen into its reckoning – in large part because of Farrow’s insistence the public and his peers no longer look away – the allegations don’t appear to have completely destroyed his career. Allen was able to find another publisher for his book and some A-list stars spoke fondly of him.
Allen, whose story is further complicated by his marriage to the adopted daughter of his former partner Mia Farrow, has repeatedly denied the abuse. A spokesperson for Allen said in a statement the series was a “shoddy hit piece” and that Farrow’s allegations are “categorically false.”
Cancel culture is one way survivors seek accountability in a society that systematically denies them justice. Cancel culture is what happens, experts say, when there is no clear social response to sexual violence.
It’s what happens when the criminal justice system fails (the vast majority of perpetrators will not go to prison), when workplaces fail (more than seven in 10 survivors who experience workplace sexual harassment face some form of retaliation) and college campuses fail (in the US, college women are three times more likely than women in general to experience sexual violence).
“Cancel culture in some ways passes the buck of accountability on to the public,” said Laura Palumbo, communications director at the National Sexual Violence Resource Centre.
“And that’s something that people really struggle with. They struggle with all they do not know ... Rather than deal with that, they just do what’s comfortable, or even maybe what distracts them from those hard questions.”
When no one’s ever really cancelled
For survivors of sexual violence, cancel culture is the equivalent of victims scrawling their assailants names on bathroom walls – it’s a way of saying what needs to be said, and especially of warning others.
“Cancel culture is what happens when women feel they don’t have power,” said Nicole Bedera, an expert in sexual violence whose research focuses on campus rape. “It’s what we are left with when our traditional institutions of accountability are not working.”
But experts argue most powerful men are rarely ever truly cancelled, except in the most egregious cases, and even then it can take decades such as with Bill Cosby or Harvey Weinstein.
Comedian Louis C.K., for example, is back doing stand-up after masturbating in front of women he knew professionally. Casey Affleck was sued by two women for repeated sexual harassment. He apologised for being “unprofessional” and has continued to make films.
Former political analyst Mark Halperin was accused by several women of sexual misconduct and was let go by NBC and Showtime. He later apologised for causing “pain and anguish,” but also contended that some allegations were not true. He eventually went on to write a book and host the show Mark Halperin’s Focus Group.
“We really are talking about outrage for a few months. Some people might boycott a particular entertainer ... They might lose one job. But they come back so fast,” Bedera said.
“It’s really difficult to find an example of someone whose life was ruined, even if they deserved consequences for their actions. We mostly see injustice.”
Most predators don’t look like monsters
Experts say people want to believe it’s easy to identify a predator. If we acknowledge the opposite is true, then we are all the more vulnerable.
Many people have an idea of a predator as a man who is dominant and aggressive, but Allen built his career on being insecure and neurotic. Many accused men, including Allen, do not fit the stereotype.
“I get why people can’t believe it because who on earth could believe that of Woody Allen?” Mia Farrow, Dylan’s adopted mother, said in the documentary. “I couldn’t believe it ... Everybody admired Woody so much, you know – loved him. And I did too.”
Experts say people don’t want to believe someone who possesses qualities they admire could be capable of such malevolent harm.
“We have this idea that if you like someone ... there’s no way they could commit an act of sexual violence,” Bedera said. “But in reality, all people who commit acts of sexual violence are kind to some people. They have talents and skills and all of these other traits and so we say, ‘Well, if somebody is capable of producing such a great movie, there’s no way they can be evil all the way through.’”
Eight out of 10 rapes are committed by someone the victim knows, according to the Rape Abuse & Incest National Network. In many cases it’s someone the victim loves.
Not a few bad men
Cancel culture makes it seem as though sexual violence is a problem of a few bad men. It isn’t. Research out of the US shows:
* Nearly 1 in 5 women have been raped in their lifetime
* 81 per cent of women have experienced sexual harassment
* One in four girls will be sexually abused before they turn 18 years old
“When it comes to accountability, it means recognising that the problem is bigger than just that one person,” Palumbo said.
#MeToo exposed more than individual bad men, but patterns of ongoing predatory behaviour that were habitually ignored.
“There aren’t sufficient systems in place that will ... support those survivors ... and then do professional, well-reasoned, fair investigations,” said Tina Tchen, president and CEO of the Time’s Up Foundation. “On the worst end of the spectrum, that lack of accountability allows people to abuse over and over again.”
There is no one size fits all approach to accountability, experts say. Not all survivors want the same thing. Not all perpetrators deserve the same punishment.
Some survivors want their perpetrators to go to prison, others don’t. Some want an apology, others would rather not face the choice of whether to forgive. Some want financial consequences, because it costs money to treat trauma and the chronic health conditions that follow an assault. It costs money when someone drops out of school or leaves a job.
But there are some things almost all survivors want, Bedera said.
“They want space from their perpetrator and they want their perpetrators to change their behaviour so they cannot do this again easily, and if they’re unwilling to change, they want them stripped of power,” Bedera said.
Experts say when accountability looks like individuals deciding whether they want to watch a movie or not, that isn’t much justice at all.
“It’s not working for survivors where we all get to decide individually whether or not we want to do anything about this particular sexual assault, as opposed to saying, ‘This is our social response to sexual violence. It is reliable, it is dependable, you can count on it. And we think it’s the right way to address this problem,’” Bedera said. “We’re missing that across the board. And it’s really bad for survivors.”
Support services: Lifeline 13 11 14; beyondblue 1300 224 636; Domestic Violence Line 1800 65 64 63; 1800-RESPECT 1800 737 732 | <urn:uuid:1eeae221-d358-4ec3-adaa-f7607ffa25f4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.watoday.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/outrage-for-a-few-months-the-fundamental-flaws-in-cancel-culture-20210226-p5761f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962214 | 1,717 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The Water Council serves to to bring together the resources from across the University of Minnesota system to address the pressing concern of access to clean water for the 21 Century. Globally, access to clean water for industry, agriculture, and consumption is an increasingly pressing issue. Here in Minnesota, there are over 350 contaminated sites and 44% of assessed waters are impaired with toxic chemicals and nutrients.
The Water Council will
Promote and support strategic development of water research and education
We will asses the assess and gaps in our current areas of expertise across the University of Minnesota System, and develop a plan for how to develop water research and opportunities over the long term.
Add value and bring resources to the University and state around water issues
We provide integration of University research into State and Federal policy initiatives and help our stakeholders in the public, business, and agencies find solutions to complex problems around water.
Coordinate across the University’s water assets
We are committed to better integration of University research across the University of Minnesota system, and to bringing a diverse set of voices and perspectives to the solution of water related problems.
Connect with people about water, water research and water education
The Water Council offers a link between stakeholders and relevant programs and individuals at the University in order to serve residents of the state and effectively tell the story of “water” and how it is relevant and meaningful to people. | <urn:uuid:7313dbf8-3bd2-4377-a433-d0c65f859f0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.water.umn.edu/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935726 | 285 | 2.375 | 2 |
The Revitalising Power of Hyaluron
Beyond the age of 25, it has been proven that the skin’s own hyaluronic acid levels progressively lessen, therefore reducing the tension and elasticity of the facial skin. Hyaluronic4 aids in replacing this loss of naturally occurring water and for the first time in Mila d’Opiz history, this range incorporates 4 molecular levels of sodium hyaluronate. The sodium hyaluronate has the ability to store moisture in the skin and promote a youthful, supple appearance. Hyaluronic acid is also used as a filler in aesthetic medicine, it is very well tolerated and has a calming and soothing effect. The quadruple molecular level hyaluronic acid promotes healthy and radiant skin whilst delaying the signs of aging. | <urn:uuid:924a7ac5-b38d-4d74-8cad-37ce4fbf7199> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.boutiquemonique.com.au/portfolio-view/hyaluronic4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.908616 | 171 | 1.539063 | 2 |
From the Mediator Tech blog of Tammy Lenski.
Go ahead, said the encounter group facilitator, hit each other! Let it out! Let the other know how angry you are and stop holding it in! Think about your anger and let it out now!
It looked to my seven-year-old eyes like a pillow fight gone very wrong. It was the first time I recall encountering the idea that venting anger is a good thing and I’ve heard it countless times since. Few workshops and courses go by that someone doesn’t mention the value of venting.
I’ve also had experienced mediators and conflict coaches in my advanced trainings and courses tell me they invite or teach their clients to “blow off steam” so they can calm down and do better work.
There’s a problem with this thinking: The value of venting is a myth. The theory on which the idea of venting anger is based has been repeatedly disproven since the 1950s.
While it may feel cathartic, venting anger doesn’t purge aggression from your system or improve psychological state. In fact, it’s more likely to increase anger and aggressiveness. Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, cautions that venting feels satisfying “because of the seductive nature of anger.”
Why venting anger is a bad idea
I tell my clients and grad students these top reasons to break the venting habit:
A 2001 study by University of Michigan psychology professor and aggression researcher Dr. Brad Bushman concluded that “venting to reduce anger is like using gasoline to put out a fire—it only feeds the flame. By fueling aggressive thoughts and feelings, venting also increases aggressive responding. Venting did not lead to a more positive mood either.”
Outbursts of rage pump up the brain’s state of arousal, increasing what Goleman calls emotional flooding.
Rumination, the act of focusing on your angry feelings, has been shown to increase angry feelings and increase displaced aggression (lashing out at someone unrelated to the event that provoked the anger).
Activities such as punching a pillow or pounding nails – essentially serving as substitute targets – don’t reduce arousal and have been shown to increase hostility. Bushman calls this type of venting the “worst possible advice to give people.”
Intense physical activity after provocation is more likely increase anger than reduce it.
If the act of venting becomes repeated, it risks becoming a habit – a bad habit. It is, after all, “practicing how to behave aggressively,” says Bushman.
What to do instead of venting anger
There are three excellent alternatives to the venting habit. I recommend you practice the first two in low-stakes situations to build your “muscle memory” (capacity) to pull them off in the higher stakes moments.
If you’re a mediator looking for tips to help your clients in escalated situations, you’ll probably find the second and third approaches most useful. You can help with the distraction.
Do nothing. Yes, you read that right. Nothing. Bushman’s research has found that people who sat quietly for two minutes after the angering event, without being given any particular thing to think about, had the lowest anger and aggression levels.
Distract yourself. I’ve been recommending this approach for years. Pull your mind away from dwelling on the angering event by forcing it to do something else entirely, ideally something that you have to focus on – the crossword puzzle in today’s paper, helping your teenager study for a Spanish exam, singing along to your favorite upbeat tunes. Research also supports this approach.
When able, look beneath the anger. Psychologist Sherrie Bourg Carter describes anger “as much a symptom as it is an emotion.” What’s going on for you? What does the anger help you discover about yourself? What can you do to negotiate a resolution to the problem that precipitated the anger?
From the Disputing Blog of Karl Bayer, Victoria VanBuren, and Holly Hayes. by Holly Hayes Health care leaders have known for years that disruptive behaviors are a serious problem. Verbal...By Holly Hayes
I know we’ve only just begun 2021, but so far my favorite mediation book I've read this year is Evolution of a Field: Personal Histories in Conflict Resolution edited by...By Colin Rule | <urn:uuid:6f0a2fec-465f-428c-ab2c-3884eefba3ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mediate.com/venting-anger-a-good-habit-to-break/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946387 | 944 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Most of the EU`s financial support to Morocco under the EU-Morocco fisheries agreement has been spent on occupied land, new government report reveals.
Western Sahara Resource Watch (WSRW) has obtained access to a recent report written by the Moroccan government, documenting how it has spent money that it has received from the EU as part of its current fisheries partnership agreement. Here is what it tells.
The report shows that the absolute lion’s share of the EU`s funding from July 2019 to October 2020 was not spent in Morocco proper, but in the part of Western Sahara that Morocco holds under illegal military occupation. WSRW`s detailed analysis of the report reveals that out of €45,35 million given from the EU to Morocco, at least €35 million (over 77%) has been spent in occupied Western Sahara. It is certain, however, that the exact amount is even higher: several projects funded by the EU are carried out partly in Morocco and partly in Western Sahara, but the report provided by the Moroccan government does not allow to determine to what extent these split projects were carried out at which location. As such, Morocco is spending most of the money accrued through its fish deal with the EU on developing its fish sector and on infrastructure projects in a territory over which it has no legal title.
The EU-Morocco Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) entered into force on 18 July 2019. It is implemented through a Protocol, detailing the technical aspects to the agreement for a period of four years. The current Protocol thus runs until 17 July 2023.
In return for the opportunity to fish in the Moroccan ‘fishing zone’, the EU has agreed to remunerate Morocco on an annual basis, with the added condition that Morocco is to annually report on how it spent that money.
In December 2016, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that since Western Sahara has a separate and distinct status to Morocco, no EU Trade or Association Agreement with Morocco can be applied to the territory. The only way for any such agreement to lawfully affect Western Sahara, is through obtaining the explicit consent of the people of the territory. In 2018, the Court struck down the application of the EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement in Western Sahara over the same reasons. But the EU ignored the Court`s rulings and opened negotiations with Morocco to modify both its trade deal and its fisheries agreement so that they will incorporate Western Sahara. The people of Western Sahara were not included in the entire process, and their objections to having their land included in the agreements were disregarded. Adding insult to injury, instead of trying to obtain the Saharawi people`s consent to continue, the EU Commission misled the Parliament and Council by presenting false claims on the Saharawi people`s opinions. The entire process has been documented in WSRW`s report Above The Law, published in December 2020.
Not only do the people of Western Sahara object to having their land included - against their will - in the EU-Morocco fish deal. They`re not even reaping the potential benefits. Saharawis are traditionally not a fishing people. The fish sector in the territory was developed under the Spanish colonisation and taken over by Morocco after its invasion in 1975. To date there are but few Saharawis employed in the fish sector. They have often protested against the exclusion and marginalisation they face in the job market in favour of Moroccan settlers. Cables by US diplomats leaked in 2010 revealed that the fishing industry in Western Sahara was controlled by generals of the Moroccan army. This was corroborated by independent Moroccan media, which in 2012 published a list of the principle possessors of fishing licences.
The EU has funded Moroccan construction of storage spaces for fishermen in occupied Western Sahara, mostly used by Moroccan settlers. The photo is from Morocco`s expenditure report to the EU in relation to the Union`s 2019-2020 financial support.
Morocco`s report on its expenditure of EU funds illustrates the union`s diametrically opposite approach to the annexed territories of Palestine, Crimea and Western Sahara. The part of the funding going to the occupied territory seems even to have increased since the previous partnership agreement.
The Moroccan report can be downloaded here.
For the first operative year of the Protocol – from July 2019 to October 2020 (adding three months to accommodate for COVID19), €45,35 million was paid to Morocco. That money was not one single sum but was divided across three categories:
- The EU paid Morocco €19,1 million for access to fish in the ‘fishing zone’;
- In addition, the EU operators that have fished under the agreement, have paid €8,7 million in fees to Morocco.
- Finally, the EU paid Morocco €17,55 million as sectoral support: money that is specifically earmarked to develop Morocco’s fishing sector.
- There are conditions as to how Morocco can spend that money.
- The €17,55 million sectoral support has to be spent on projects to develop Morocco’s fishing sector.
- The other two categories combined - a total of €27,8 million in EU money for access and the operators’ fees - has to be spent by Morocco on projects that are to the socio-economic benefit of the ‘concerned populations’ - those living in the areas where fishing takes place.
WSRW research now reveals that Morocco spent most of the sectoral support on developing the fish sector in occupied Western Sahara and practically all of the financial compensation for access on infrastructural projects in the territory.
Nearly half of the sectoral support was spent on projects implemented exclusively in Western Sahara, with an additional 16% spent on projects that are carried out in part in Western Sahara, and another 20% on projects that are probably also carried out - at least in part - in Western Sahara. Only 16,7% of the sectoral support was spent on projects that were fully implemented in Morocco proper. The support is described in the Moroccan document`s pages 1 to 76, and is analysed by us in the yellow box below.
Morocco`s use of the financial compensation for access and the operators` fees is even more astonishing. Only 4% was spent on projects in Morocco. An astounding 96% was poured into - mainly - infrastructural work in the territory it holds under occupation. As the money has to be spent in accordance with the locations of EU fishing activities, this is the clearest admission possible of where the EU is actually fishing through its fish agreement with Morocco: in the waters of the territory which, according the EU`s highest Court, is separate and distinct from Morocco.
The EU`s massive funding of the expansion of the Moroccan fisheries sector, owned and staffed by Moroccans, in the occupied territory of Western Sahara has to stop immediately. It constitutes blatant complicity in the acquisition of territory by force and in a dramatic process of demographic engineering. These are serious crimes under international law. The European support to Morocco`s settler enterprise in Western Sahara must end, says Member of the European Parliament Thomas Waitz (Austria, Greens/EFA).
More details on what the access money (point 1) and the sectoral support (point 2) were spent on, are included below.
1. 96% of the EU`s financial compensation was spent on infrastructure in occupied Western Sahara
The report that Morocco has provided to the EU Commission contains only 5 pages (document`s pages 84 to 89), added as an annex, on the “geographical and social division of the financial compensation in relation to access to the fishing zone and to the fees paid by the operators”.
“The two parties have agreed that the instalments will be distributed geographically in accordance with the activities of EU vessels in each of the six fishing categories”, the report states. Under the Protocol to the SFPA, there are indeed six different fishing categories that correspond to different geographical areas. During the first year of the Protocol, “EU vessels mainly frequented the areas of category 6 (industrial pelagic fishing)”, the report says. Category six geographically corresponds to occupied Western Sahara.
The report reads that out of the €27,8 million, “at least 26,6 million” was spent “in the regions of Dakhla-Oued Eddahab and Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra”. Note that for Morocco, Western Sahara does not exist, and is thus referred to as either the ‘southern provinces’ or through the illegally imposed administrative division of these two regions.
The report includes a table listing the specific projects and the amounts spent on each of them. While €1,14 million was spent on projects in the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco proper, the remainder went to projects in Western Sahara: €17,08 million to Dakhla-Oued Eddahab and €9,57 million to Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra.
2. Most of the sectoral support went to developing the fish sector in occupied Western Sahara
In addition, the report shows how Morocco spent the EU funding that was specifically earmarked for the development of its national fish sector, the so-called sectoral support. Contrary to the 5 pages documenting how the access and operator fees were spent, the report is a bit more detailed as to how the sectoral support was spent. For each of the 31 projects that were started on during the first operative year of the Protocol, there is a short description, and an estimate of the degree of implementation. The Moroccan government must first present the projects it would consider eligible for EU sectoral support; the EU Commission then needs to expressly agree to fund these projects in arrears. Once granted EU approval, Morocco can proceed with the implementation of the projects, and the EU reimburses one year down the line, in accordance with progress made.
The report makes no mention of Western Sahara. But the figures can be deduced from examining the more precise location of the projects listed by Morocco as being funded as part of the agreement.
As compared to reports submitted under the previous EU-Morocco fisheries Protocol (2014-2018), this report is thus much murkier in terms of specifying locations. In the previous reports, projects were listed per Moroccan administrative region, making it more or less clear whether a project was implemented in Western Sahara or not: 2 of the 12 regions are located entirely in occupied Western Sahara; ‘Laayoune – Saguia El Hamra’ and ‘Dakhla – Oued Eddahab’. The administrative region ‘Guelmim – Oued Noun’, which overlaps the border between Western Sahara and Morocco, is not seen as relevant for fisheries related activities relevant for our assesment, as the boder overlap is in inland, and not by the coast.
For most projects, a specific location is mentioned. However, five of the listed projects do not specify the location of implementation or are too vague. As such, WSRW has below included a short description of the projects that were fully, partly or probably implemented in Western Sahara.
See original article for more information
Image on front page: Extract from the cover of the report. Source: WSRW. Image on this page: Chart indicating the distribution of EU Fisheries Agreement proceeds. Source: WSRW. | <urn:uuid:c1cbadb2-8529-4536-9fbd-92943faf2e49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://hlrn.org/activitydetails.php?id=p2hpZQ== | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.967902 | 2,384 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Reducing Racism is a new project that engages Victoria’s African and Muslim communities to help them understand their rights and how to exercise them and make it easier for them to report racism.
- Racism is a significant issue.
- There are barriers preventing people from connecting with us.
- People don’t know enough about their rights and how to find help.
These issues are also highlighted in our Multicultural and Multifaith Engagement Action Plan and the Department of Premier and Cabinet’s Anti-Racism Action Plan.
The Reducing Racism project – which aligns with the Commission’s strategic priority of ‘reducing racism’ – combines education sessions, a community reporting tool and a suite of videos featuring young African Victorians.
Co-designing education programs and new resources
In collaboration with the Nelson Mandela Commemorative Day Committee, we designed a train the trainer’s program that helped ten young African Victorian graduate as African Ambassadors enabling them to be advocates for their communities.
Collaborative community partnerships
In 2019, we developed strong partnerships with
- Australian Intercultural Society
- Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights (AMWCHR)
- Ethnic Community Council Victoria (ECCV)
- Islamic Council Victoria (ICV)
- Nelson Mandela Commemorative Day Committee
- Victorian Arab Social Services
Partnerships with local government and the community reporting tool
In the last five months, we have worked closely with the City of Darebin, the City of Yarra and the City of Whittlesea, running a mix of community consultations and information sessions that aim to empower vulnerable communities experiencing racism, religious discrimination, and racial and religious vilification, to understand their rights under the law, and to exercise them.
We also worked alongside the Victorian Local Government Multicultural Issues Network (VLGMIN) to promote the pilot of a new community reporting tool that make it easier for culturally and linguistically diverse groups – particularly members of African and Muslim communities – to make complaints about racism and discrimination.
Preview the community reporting tool
We encourage you to speak out and make a report through this tool if you or someone you know is confronted with racism or discrimination of any kind.
Go here to preview the Community Reporting Tool
The ‘Close Up’ videos
The ‘Close Up’ videos are the personal stories of Titan, Barry and Mawa – three young African Victorians, two of whom are Muslim. They each describe their experiences of racism, the impact these have had on them and their vision for a more inclusive Australia.
Data collected from this project will inform and help direct the ongoing work under our Multicultural and Multifaith Engagement Action Plan. | <urn:uuid:3508337b-9166-41d6-9420-3dff81147dac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ethniccouncilshepparton.com.au/?p=1761 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93305 | 568 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Cz-2000 weapon system
|Place of origin||Czechoslovakia|
1990-1991 (ČZ 2000)
light machine gun (LMG)
|Weight||2.60 kg (5.73 lb) (carbine)|
3.00 kg (6.61 lb) (standard rifle)
4.10 kg (9.0 lb) (LMG)
|Length||675 mm (26.6 in) stock extended / 435 mm (17.1 in) stock folded (carbine)|
850 mm (33.5 in) stock extended / 615 mm (24.2 in) stock folded (standard rifle)
226 mm (8.9 in) stock extended / 1,050 mm (41.3 in) stock folded (LMG)
|Barrel length||185 mm (7.3 in) (carbine)|
382 mm (15.0 in) (standard rifle)
577 mm (22.7 in) (LMG)
|Width||68 mm (2.7 in)|
|Height||270 mm (10.6 in)|
|Cartridge||5.45x39mm M74 (LADA)|
5.56x45mm NATO (ČZ 2000)
|Action||Gas-operated, rotating bolt|
|Rate of fire||750-850 rounds/min|
|Muzzle velocity||735 m/s (2,411 ft/s) (carbine)|
910 m/s (2,985.6 ft/s) (standard rifle)
960 m/s (3,149.6 ft/s) (LMG)
|Effective range||100 to 800 m sight adjustments (carbine, standard rifle)|
100 to 1000 m sight settings (LMG)
|Feed system||30-round box magazine, weight: 0.17 kg (0.37 lb) or 75-round drum magazine, weight 0.94 kg (2.1 lb) (ČZ 2000)|
|Sights||Rear aperture on scaled tangent, front post, equipped with self-luminous tritium dots|
The ČZ 2000 is a prototype 5.56 mm caliber Czech weapon system, consisting of a standard rifle, carbine and light machine gun. The system was developed in 1991 after adapting the LADA firearm prototype (chambered for the 5.45x39mm M74 cartridge to the standard NATO 5.56x45mm round with the SS109 bullet.) J. Denel from the Brno-based Prototypa-ZM company is the chief designer for both systems. The ČZ 2000 (short for Česká zbrojovka, and the number 2000 signifies that this is a weapon system of the year 2000) was to be produced by Česká zbrojovka of Uherský Brod. It was to be the new service weapon of the Czech Army, replacing: the 7.62 mm vz. 58 assault rifle, 7.65 mm vz. 61 Škorpion submachine gun and 7.62 mm vz. 59 machine gun. As of 2007, the project has been discontinued.
The firearms of the ČZ 2000 series family fall under the category of automatic weapons - selective fire, gas-operated and locked with rotary bolt mechanism. Cartridge casings are extracted from the chamber with a spring-loaded claw extractor and ejected by a protrusion in the receiver housing.
The system uses a hammer-type striker and a trigger assembly equipped with a manual fire control selector (the fire selector lever is located at the left side of the receiver, just above the pistol grip), that enables semi-automatic fire (selector switch in the “1” setting), continuous fire (“30”) and three-round burst mode (“3”). The fire selector lever also operates the external safety mechanism (lever in the “0” position – weapon is safe). The rifle features an internal safety.
The ČZ 2000 family is fed from a curved box magazine molded from a translucent polymer material and has a 30-round cartridge capacity and an empty weight of 0.17 kg.
The ČZ 2000 series of weapons are equipped with a synthetic pistol grip, a side-folding metal wire stock (folds to the right side), adjustable iron sights (closed peep-type) with an aperture placed on a sliding drop arm that has the following range settings: from 100 to 800 m – in the carbine and standard rifle versions and from 100 to 1000 m – in the case of the light machine gun variant. Night-time operation of the weapon is enhanced through the use of three self-luminous aiming dots, two of which are located on extensions in the rear sight, and the third – at the base of the front sight post. The light machine gun variant features a standard side rail fastened to the left side of the receiver, used to mount optics, which can also be installed optionally on the carbine and rifle variants.
The ČZ 2000 system weapons share a high degree of parts commonality, and differ mainly with regards to barrel length and certain minor components, i.e. both the rifle and light machine gun are fitted with a slotted “birdcage” flash suppressor, whereas the carbine has a conical flash hider. Furthermore the carbine features a shorter (than the rifle and LMG) piston operating rod, gas cylinder and handguard. The rifle and LMG can be fitted with a bipod (attached to the muzzle end of the barrel, folded under the barrel) and the rifle can also be used to mount a bayonet and under-slung grenade launcher (the designers did not envision the need for launching rifle grenades).
The weapon was to be supplied with a standard set of magazines and accessories with 6 magazines, a magazine pouch, sling, sight adjustment tool, cleaning kit and segment cleaning rod.
- Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej - tom 1 A-F. Bellona. 2001. pp159-160.
- Čermák, Jiří (1999). 40 let konstruktérem zbraní 1946-1986 (Od samopalu ČZ 247 ke zbraňovému kompletu LADA). Brno: Ardent. ISBN 80-238-3397-9.
- Popelínský, Lubomír (1999). Československé automatické zbraně a jejich tvůrci. Praha: Naše vojsko. ISBN 80-206-0567-3.
- (Polish) Woźniak, Ryszard (2001). "p. 159-160". Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej - tom 1 A-F. Warsaw, Poland: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09149-8.
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The article under review is entitled ‘Psychological Testing in Personnel Selection, Part III: The Resurgence of Personality Testing,’ by Scroggins et al. (2009). The document was published in the first issue of Public Personnel Management Journal, volume 38, in the spring of 2009 (Scroggins et al., 2009). The authors aimed to explore the development and usage of personality testing, emphasizing the creation of the Big Five personality framework as well as the utility of incorporating personality assessment during employee recruitment. They recognized the dynamic nature of personality models and the present time tools apart from discussing the utility and fairness of personality testing for today’s organizations.
The article is credible because it was published in a scientific research journal, which is also a member of the Committee on Public Ethics (COPE). Moreover, Public Personnel Management was founded by a reputable organization named the International Public Management Association for Human Resources (IPMA-HR). It presents various article editions containing rich information on case studies, article trends, and the latest works by the leading human resource scientists and industry experts. Moreover, Public Personnel Management mediates between management research and public administration practice by offering a discussion forum among scholars from organizations and learning institutions. Therefore, the article was peer-reviewed, and it focuses on research considering individuals, organizations, and all aspects of work environments.
Moreover, the authors of this article are well-educated, and they have significant experience in this field. For instance, Wesley Scroggins and Steven Thomas hold PhDs, apart from being professors of management at Missouri State University. Jerry Morris has vast and fundamental experience in management because he was working as a consultant at Morris & Morris Inc. by the time the article was published. Therefore, their article is credible and reliable to guide scientific decisions.
The article is a typical descriptive research document, focusing on presenting current issues in recruitment. It adds information to the first and second article series, which examined selection testing. The authors note that the initial presentation was published in 2008 when the authors concluded that the significance of personality testing had not been established (Scroggins et al., 2009). However, using some selection techniques such as cognitive ability assessments has been accepted by a larger population. Their second article series explored recruitment validity and utility, focusing on disparities in the selection, which is related to psychological evaluation. The current presentation is developed based on the previous article series and focuses on a personality test, which led to the Big Five personality framework.
The article was supported by various credible literature, amounting to 45 and including books, journals, and websites that published relevant information. The authors presented opinions arising from interpretations of facts. For example, Scroggins et al. (2009, p. 67) state, “Reviews of the research exploring the validity of personality testing has generally not supported the validity or utility of personality testing. Nevertheless, recent research in personality testing has been promising, and there seems to be considerably more optimism about the role of personality testing in selection (Schepers & Van der Borgh, 2020; Buil et al., 2019). It is to these issues we now turn.” The opinions are well researched and supported by information from other researchers.
Furthermore, the article did not recruit participants despite being qualitative. The population included would have helped to answer the research questions and enhance understanding of the issue under study. This article is contrary to Bui (2017), who explored the big five personality characteristics and job satisfaction, taking a national sample. The author recruited a national sample comprising 7662 people from the United Kingdom (Bui, 2017). He measured outcomes by evaluating 15 psychological items related to the leading traits, including agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and conscientiousness (Bui, 217). This article uses facts, as opposed to Scroggins et al. (2009), which uses researched-based opinions.
One weakness of Scroggins et al. (2009) is the authors’ failure to define important terms. For example, they should have explained the difference between personality testing and cognitive ability tests for the audience to comprehend the content easily. General mental ability (GMA), which is “a solid predictor of job performance,” is also uncommon, and the authors should have defined it to increase understanding of their arguments (Scroggins et al., 2009, p. 68). Bui (2017) and Lievens & Johnson (2017) researched the same field and defined significant terms. For example, agreeableness refers to the pleasant and satisfactory associations with others, while extraversion describes an individual’s level of assertiveness, activity, and enthusiasm (Bui, 217). On the other hand, Lievens & Johnson (2017) defined situational judgment tests as the job-related tasks presented to candidates to gather their various response options. Explaining such important terms is crucial to increase the clarity of concepts used in the paper to present particular arguments. It eases the audience’s understanding and conceptualization of the overall information.
The central arguments and conclusions of the authors are numerous. They contend that the unmatched history of applying scientific methods and testing in workforce selection and management reveals a transition from traditional approaches to quite scientific and validated ones (Scroggins et al., 2009; Buil et al., 2019). This is also evident in Lievens & Johnson (2017), which analyzed the personality-situation relationship in employee selection. He concluded that situational judgment tests and evaluation center activities tend to address key research concerns related to personal differences, individual disorders, character-behavior links, and personality expression and opinion (Lievens & Johnson, 2017). Moreover, the authors concluded that personality testing is among the useful approaches used to select employees in the 21st century (Schepers & Van der Borgh, 2020). This allegation is supported by Woods et al. (2018, p. 2), who state, “Management of innovation requires differentiated strategies based on the personality traits and tenure of individual employees.” Their research is robust because it critically analyzes the implications of personality on recruitment, socialization, and employee development.
One of the strengths of this article includes the qualitative data used, which presented descriptive attributes, qualities, and characteristics. The significant qualitative data used include agreeableness, extraversion and surgency, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and personal openness to experience (Scroggins et al., 2009). Most of this information can also be gathered easily and cheaply to standardize the arguments and guide future research. However, these terms were not defined as other researchers did to ease understanding of the overall argument.
Although the article is informative, it is outdated, compromising its applicability in guiding current research. It was written in 2009, apart from using literature from old sources published in the 1980s, to provide evidence (Scroggins et al., 2009). The topic of study is related to the recent breakthroughs in human resource management. Therefore, an up-to-date source written five years ago would be more applicable to meet the current demands in employee selection. The article lacks representativeness and inclusiveness, which are the primary ways of exploring a wide range of possible explanatory domains to address particular research issues.
Researchers have focused their attention on this field, hence refining personality measures to best suit recruitment. The arguments in Scroggins et al. (2009) are well stated and supported by other people’s research, although the authors did not perform a critical analysis to increase its robustness.
The authors’ language is objective and not charged with bias and emotion. They aimed to explore the development of personality testing and found that they are used alongside cognitive ability assessments to predict job performance. The authors urge organizations to remain aware that personality testing does not reduce the chances of facing group differences in the company. They should make vigilant decisions regarding the use of individual traits as predictors of job performance. Additionally, employers should consider the potential adverse effects of people’s traits, organizational needs, values, and strategies. Scroggins et al. (2009) conclude that cognitive ability and personality traits should work hand in hand to ensure maximum predictive validity in employee selection.
Another strength of Scroggins et al.’s (2009) article is the logical organization that makes it easy to follow. First, they presented a clear introduction on how the topic was developed from previous writings. Scroggins et al. (2009) provided a clear thesis statement, which is the research’s comprehensive claim supported by accurate details from other researchers and the authors’ previous examination of selection testing. They also used headings and subheadings to distinguish what the article covers. Regarding consistency, complete, clear, and meaningful sentences have been used throughout the report.
Bui, H. T. (2017). Big Five personality traits and job satisfaction: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of General Management, 42(3), 21-30.
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64-75. Web.
Lievens, F., & Johnson, W. (2017). Assessing personality–situation interplay in personnel selection: Toward more integration into personality research. European Journal of Personality, 31(5), 424-440. Web.
Schepers, J. J., & Van der Borgh, M. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of frontline employees’ role behavior and the moderating effects of national culture. Journal of Service Research, 23(3), 255-280. Web.
Scroggins, W. A., Thomas, S. L., & Morris, J. A. (2009). Psychological testing in personnel selection, part III: The resurgence of personality testing. In Public Personnel Management, 38(1), 67-77.
Woods, S. A., Mustafa, M. J., Anderson, N., & Sayer, B. (2018). Innovative work behavior and personality traits. Journal of Managerial Psychology. Web. | <urn:uuid:52a84911-7679-4761-a3c5-23397fefa78b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nerdytom.com/psychological-testing-in-personnel-selection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931773 | 2,094 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Xiaomi is on the way to revolutionizing mobile photography with their DeepExposure AI. While other manufacturers are on a race to put more lenses on their phones, Xiaomi is working smarter by actually finding solutions to limitations of smartphone photography.
With their recent breakthrough, the company is working on an AI that aims to restore detail into photos by isolating image segments and tweaking their corresponding exposure values separately. The DeepExposure AI is still in development but has already presented promising results in tests. Once refined, the application of this technology can greatly speed up the process of image processing and help smartphones produce professional-looking images with even better detail.
Xiaomi is also testing different filters alongside the AI. They are currently teaching the AI using images from the MIT-Adobe FiveK dataset, containing over 3,000 raw images. There’s no word yet on the project’s timetable, but it’s fair to assume that once completed, we might see this technology incorporated on future Xiaomi phones. | <urn:uuid:07eed3d8-5caa-457a-8820-fd5c6905ad3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pinoytechblog.com/archives/xiaomi-deepexposure-ai | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942041 | 206 | 1.96875 | 2 |
News / Blog
ClackCoKids Offers More Cooking Matters Classes!
By Luna Bruno; Nutrition and Sustainability Specialist |
Thanks to generous funding from our partners at PNC Bank, ClackCoKids has been able to continue to offer Cooking Matters classes to families in our programs.
The Cooking Matters curriculum teaches families about nutritional health, the importance of a balanced diet, and how to prepare healthy, home-cooked meals. We also talk about other important topics such as how to cook within a budget, and how to meet special dietary needs, like allergies or food preferences. Families receive fun ClackCoKids cooking tools, like cutting boards, aprons, and utensils. We encourage parents to include their children in the cooking and mealtime experience, using it as a time of family bonding and connection.
Each week, my team and I assemble kits for every participant with the food needed for the recipe we will be making in class and deliver them to our centers. The kits are available for pick-up at each family’s center when they pick-up or drop off their child from school. We also have help from our Family Advocates and Family Educators to deliver food kits directly to the family’s home when their child is absent from school, or is enrolled in one of our home-based programs.
Last year, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we offered these classes virtually – and now we are continuing in the virtual format because of the benefits we have found. Participants are able to take the class in the comfort of their own home, working out of their own kitchens, at various different days and times of the week as fits their schedule. We offer 10 different time slots throughout the week for parents to take the class, and one of them is in Spanish. We also can provide translation more easily to any language by having an interpreter join the scheduled Zoom meeting.
We have participants who are based out of every one of our 10 centers across Clackamas County, and from our home-based programs – so we increased the geographic area we can serve by staying virtual and not hosting at specific centers. The virtual format also helps with transportation costs, as we have seen that rising gas prices have become an increasing barrier to family engagement.
What makes Cooking Matters different for our families this year, is that we are offering a live grocery store tour during one of the class days, to learn how to apply what they learn in class while shopping at their local store. Families will receive a $20 gift card to shop during the session as they participate in the “Grocery Store Challenge”. The challenge is to find foods in all 5 food groups in the grocery store and make the combination into a meal while sticking to the $20 budget.
Currently, we have 84 people enrolled over the two rounds of classes, with more still enrolling in the second set of sessions which will start in May. A huge THANK YOU to our partners at PNC Bank for making it possible to continue to offer this valuable education opportunity to the families we serve. | <urn:uuid:a2637085-79c0-4319-a599-bca57fc03bc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clackcokids.org/news/clackcokids-offers-more-cooking-matters-classes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968152 | 631 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Lord, Keep Our Hearts In Your Name
11 And I am no longer in the world, but they are in the world, and I am coming to you. Holy Father, keep them in your name, which you have given me, that they may be one, even as we are one. 12 While I was with them, I kept them in your name, which you have given me. I have guarded them, and not one of them has been lost except the son of destruction, that the Scripture might be fulfilled. 13 But now I am coming to you, and these things I speak in the world, that they may have my joy fulfilled in themselves. 14 I have given them your word, and the world has hated them because they are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. 15 I do not ask that you take them out of the world, but that you keep them from the evil one.1 16 They are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. 17 Sanctify them2 in the truth; your word is truth. 18 As you sent me into the world, so I have sent them into the world. 19 And for their sake I consecrate myself,3 that they also may be sanctified4 in truth.
11b “Holy Father, keep through Your name those whom You have given Me, that they may be one as We are.
What is the name of God? Jesus says keep them through Your name, what is the name of God? It is euverything that identifies or describes him
If you are talking about me, you could say Matthew Ude, or the Pastor of Faith Lutheran Church, or that bald guy who gets up and prattles on every Sunday. Any of those will work, people will know who you are talking about.
The same thing is true about God. We can say the Lord, the Almighty, our Savior, our Creator, etc. Everything that God has revealed about Himself, it all counts as His name. In other words His name is all of His word.
Jesus makes this clear just a few verses later “sanctify them by your truth, your word is truth.” The word “sanctify” means to keep us separate. That is exactly what He is praying for in the first verse, that God would keep us separate from the world. How is this accomplished? Through His name, through His word, they are the same thing.
Jesus wants us to be ONE just as He and the Father are one. This is only possible through His word. It’s only possible by the power of the Holy Father acting through the Word.
This of course means studying His word, and knowing what it says. Only on the basis of His word can there ever be unity. IF we try to make anything other than God’s word the basis of unity than it is just one man’s opinion and another man will always have a different opinion and there will be no unity. But “God’s word is truth,” therein is unity.
But also keep them in Your name, means far more than memorizing points of doctrine and writing theological statements. The unity that Christ speaks of here is not just a unity of words but a unity of heart and will and love. That takes more than a simple confession of faith, that takes the word of God living within us. That takes living in forgiveness. So that instead of seeking our opportunities to complain and criticize, we seek out opportunities to forgive and love.
12 “While I was with them in the world, I kept them in Your name. Those whom You gave Me I have kept; and none of them is lost except the son of perdition, that the Scripture might be fulfilled.
Jesus is the good shepherd, who never lost a single sheep, not of all the ones that Father had given to him. And this was far more than the 12. Our first reading of the day puts the disciples numbers at about 120.
None, except of course “the son of perdition.” With these words Jesus shows us that Judas was never really his sheep, that he always belonged to the evil one.
What a thing for Jesus to say there. We can easily sympathize with Judas. I mean Judas clearly thought that he wasn’t hurting anyone. When he found out that Jesus was really going to die, he was shocked and very remorseful. We might think he’s not such a bad guy he just gave in to a little temptation. No doubt Judas thought something along the lines of, “I’ll just take this money. Jesus will do a miracle and walk away. No one will get hurt then all of us can use this money.”
But Jesus calls him the “son of perdition,” one whose heart now and always belongs firmly to the evil one. The thing that Judas loved was money, not the word of the Lord.
What a dire warning for us, how easily we can get trapped and have our hearts pulled away from Christ and become focused on money, or pride, or fame, etc.
But that is the whole point here isn’t it. Jesus knows how easily we fall. Therefore He was diligent while He was on this earth to keep the hearts of his disciples from the evil one. Now that He is leaving He prays that the Father would continue to preserve them and us THROUGH HIS WORD.
14 “I have given them Your word; and the world has hated them because they are not of the world, just as I am not of the world.
For this reason Jesus gave us His word the Word of the Father, so that the Father might keep us through that Word. But the problem is that word makes us a target.
Have any of you ever seen the movie, “Pentagon Wars?” In that movie, one guy is trying to build a troop transport for the army. A transport needs to be light and fast, and have lots of room inside for troops. So the designer puts a little gun on top for some basic protection. Well the army general says, you can’t shoot anyone with that gun we need a real gun. Well if you put a really big gun on top you can shoot more people but then you also become a far more tempting target for the enemy.
That is Jesus point here, a gave them your word and because I gave them your word the world now hates them. I gave them your word to keep them safe, but because they are no longer of the world, because they have your word, therefore they are the favorite target of the world and the evil one.
And we see that all around us. So many in the world their favorite thing is to make fun of conservative Christians. And even if it’s not so much the world, it certainly is Satan’s favorite target. Where God’s word is strongest Satan will attack with all His strength to bring in every kind of sin and temptation, so that all the more we need to live in His word. All the more we need this prayer of Christ that the Father would keep us in His word.
15 “I do not pray that You should take them out of the world, but that You should keep them from the evil one.
And yet despite this hatred and this danger all around us, Christ does not ask the Father to remove us from this danger, or to remove us from this world. In fact he says “I have sent them into the world.” Just as the Father sent Him so He sends us.
Why are we here? Why are we enduring the hostility and sufferings of this world?
The answer is very simple so that we can share that same word of God with others, so that we can share the love and forgiveness of Christ with others. So that they may be sanctified through it as we have been sanctified through it.
17 “Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth. 19 “And for their sakes I sanctify Myself, that they also may be sanctified by the truth.
Jesus sanctified himself, that is He kept himself holy and undefiled from the sin of this world. He kept himself apart from this world, even unto death. He did that because He knew that we could not. He did that for us.
He did that so that we could be sanctified through Him. Now we are no longer of the World, we are still in the world for a short time so that we can share that word with others, and so that we can share and encourage one another with the love of Christ. But we are no longer of the World.
Through the blood of the lamb the Father has cleansed us from all sin, and through the Word of the lamb He has kept us in the one true faith.
THE PEACE OF GOD THAT SURPASSES ALL UNDERSTANDING KEEP YOUR HEARTS AND MINDS IN CHRIST JESUS.
Blind fold one kid ( bring winter hat ) and see if he can get through plates.
How can you make it through? If you ask. We can’t see the dangers around us. This is why we need Jesus and his word. Even though we can’t see Jesus can lead us and keep us safe. | <urn:uuid:617682da-4a5d-4df0-b525-15b33ed5196b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://markesanlutheran.com/sermon/lord-keep-our-hearts-in-your-name/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976224 | 2,019 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Historically, using culinary so to medicinal turmeric happens to be grounded on India and Indonesian society. People in this civilizations made use of turmeric to treat numerous issues, want headache, intestinal offended, bacterial infections, and complexion position. Due to its recovery features, turmeric is an essential compound put to use for Ayurvedic drug. Probably one of the most wonderful physical health benafits belonging to the turmeric is its ability to protect against malignant tumors.
- The curcumin into the turmeric have anti-oxidant features that will handle wounds and minimize inflammation.
- It’s all through start with working on more commitments within the neurons through the notice.
- On the basis of the National Facility your Complementary and also to Integrative Overall health , turmeric are secure, the actual fact that eating it within the thriving doses or over hours on end you might upset we belly.
- Researchers indicated turmeric product experts put in a reduction in arthritis, firmness, swelling so to enhanced direction.
- Cumin in order to turmeric are usually used in the same meals as they grabbed complimentary tastes.
Turmeric by itself to experienced be able to absorb tolerably to enjoy yes health gains. It’s a good idea ingesting we turmeric capsule for piperine . Piperine boosts bioavailability and also absorption within the bloodstream.
Things to look for When deciding on Turmeric
Both the fitness great curcumin customers learn the same posts in endothelial efficiency, alternatively the managing anyone watched no change. As you can imagine, a lot more research is were required to find out if the end result will be the exact same inside the humankind. Correct, we definition the many prospective advantages of turmeric also to curcumin. For combat despair, once more curcumin can be your standout. In one read, a curcumin drug is discovered to be as nice as Prozac as one of people who have anxiety.
Health gains With the Drinking Turmeric Of the day
You just need to blend a person tablespoonful belonging to the turmeric dust within a adequate length of river to make a good paste. Following, download that one paste on your skin leaving they for the 15 to 20 forces during the past rinsing it all considering lukewarm water. Remember to accomplish this medicine daily to see the best noticeable outcome. Acnesand acne would be the common facial skin conditions that hit any other individuals any kind of time generation. Actually with hormones alter, obstructed pores for petroleum so you can dust, and the bad dining. Every year, ladies spend a lot of its money on beauty products in order to find out of the merely cream management of acnes and also to pimples.
Your plant also drove a remarkable reduction in their number on the general bad cholesterol/phospholipids. Turmeric solution displayed really cholesterol levels in order to triglyceride lessening (85% and 88%, respectively) in contrast to Nardostachys jatamansi solution during the tritoninduced hyperlipidemic mice . Turmeric suppresses Freund’s adjuvantinduced osteoarthritis and also sharp edema into the rats, and has now also been stated that petroleum pull for the turmeric is a bit more entertaining than just cortisone . Manufactured by milling your own dried root of the Curcuma longa plant, this method customary superfood and also to key substance within the curry product has been used because Indian Ayurvedic healers for centuries. But also in many years, together with the clinical open public has started to show desire for the likelihood overall health benefits belonging to the your own turmeric root. They helps with the treating oxidative also to unhealthy times, metabolic problem, joint disease, fatigue, also to hyperlipidemia.
Turmeric is much more colorful nevertheless milder in flavor than merely ginger. That is why, turmeric ought to be used in bigger rates, and also to pungent, hot ginger should be used more meagerly. Which can ultra-vibrant substance through the turmeric is tough for the government to soak up on it’s own. As luck would have it, it becomes 2,one hundred thousand days perfectly absorbed as soon as combined with dark-colored pepper, so make sure you put in a dashboard for the pepper to your curries and various silver whole milk. No matter the some other advantages, seasonings incorporate preference you can as well as tends to make youthful eating hot and are a healthy and balanced way to get an individual beyond an intake rut. Enjoying the food is key to maintaining healthy living for the long term.
Lupus Indicators Treatment And Lifetime
Of your read, if you take Turmeric health supplements daily, the pain grievances in several everyone is considerably reduced. Yet, though the better remains confidential when considering Alzheimer’s, really very clear which will oxidative focus also to swelling play a role in the danger of expanding the condition. Should you suffer from gallstones, bile duct obstruction alongside the liver issue take note which might by the turmeric improve bile secretion, enjoy a large amount in your diet could inflame a person symptoms. | <urn:uuid:c4aeca7a-cf9d-488b-ac9e-8b7deafd7666> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vostok-lavka.ru/2021/10/21/how-can-turmeric-harm-experienced-and-various-help-the-liver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941355 | 1,069 | 2.140625 | 2 |
When you’re in recovery, alcohol and drug cravings happen.
Stress, tiredness, boredom, depression, anxiety, or even happiness can trigger the urge to have a drink or imbibe in your former drug of choice. So what should you do when you know that they absolutely will happen?
Habits and The Brain
When behaviors are repeated over and over again (habit), they create a neurological pathway in the brain. The pathway can be shut down, but it’s still there and easy to reactivate. You’re not starting from scratch.
The good news is, the longer you live a recovery lifestyle, those new habits become ingrained, too, so if relapse happens, you know how to live a life without drugs or alcohol, so you find that neural pathway again, too.
But We Can’t Ignore the Risk that Relapse Brings
Relapse is often a part of addiction. Few people ever enter recovery and never slip up. But addiction is dangerous. Your body doesn’t detox and then start over fresh. When you allow yourself to fall back into abusing a substance, your body often starts at the point you left off…and sickness and overdose is a huge risk.
Relapse happens when you let down your guard:
- You think you can handle hanging out with an old drinking buddy.
- You don’t anticipate that when the wife goes on a business trip, all of a sudden you have a lot of time on your hands and no supervision/support.
- You start telling yourself you can be like everyone else, you can control your substance use.
- You fail to plan for times when you’re sad or angry.
You’re most in danger when you forget what’s at stake: your relationships, your well-being, and even your life.
So How Can You Deal With Alcohol or Drug Cravings?
Cravings can absorb our attention. In the midst of them, you can forget that they will go away. The mind doesn’t have the ability to maintain that kind of intensity for an indefinite period of time.
The way to fight cravings is with an arsenal. When you’re going through treatment at our treatment center in Tampa, Florida, we work with you to develop a myriad of weapons to fight cravings, and as time goes by, you’ll get better and better at evaluating what works best for you, but here’s a few that are particularly useful.
6 Ways to Fight an Alcohol or Drug Craving
1. Plan Ahead
Recognizing that certain situations can cause cravings is smart. Anticipate them and plan how you’ll handle them.
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2. Talk to Others
If you’ve gone through a recovery program, you have a support group. If your inner voice says you should be able to handle this yourself, ignore it. It’s wrong. Get in touch with your support network:
- Your NA or AA Group sponsor or friends
- Your Spring Gardens Recovery alumni group. There’s a reason we keep in touch. We’ve been through the trenches together.
- Your counselor or one of our Spring Gardens Recovery staff. We’re family. We’ll be there.
- A helpful friend or family member.
When you talk about your cravings, they go away.
3. Go Exercise
Whether it’s going for a walk, lifting weights, or whatever you like to do (or can make yourself do), exercise can help in 3 ways.
- Exercise releases endorphins, which are “feel good chemicals.” Those curb cravings and counter bad moods.. Bonus points if it’s outside, because the sun creates endorphins and Vitamin D, too.
- Exercise is an investment in yourself. It’s hard to do something good for yourself and then turn around and do something that abuses you.
- It distracts you. With cravings it’s all about replacing the harmful thing with a good thing.
4. Practice mindfulness techniques
At Spring Gardens Recovery, we’re proponents of mindfulness–specific techniques that make you aware of what you’re thinking, feeling and sensing at the moment. There are a lot of different ways to practice mindfulness: meditation, journaling, praying, or simply taking a moment to be aware of yourself.
5. Practice Self-Care
This is a big lesson you’ll learn if you choose Spring Gardens Recovery in Tampa as your safe place for detox and treatment. Do something good for yourself:
- Get a massage.
- Take a bath.
- Treat yourself to something not alcohol or drug-related.
- Eat a delicious, nourishing meal.
- Binge-watch your favorite show.
Low mood, emptiness, or tiredness can trigger those cravings. Whatever refills your bucket, go do it.
6. Counter your “stinking thinking”
When a craving hits, it’s easy for negative thinking to start flowing. All or nothing thinking, abusive thoughts, and cognitive distortions all feed the issue. Grab your journal or talk with a friend; focus on the thoughts going through your head and argue against them.
The truth is, cravings happen. Drugs at least somewhat met a need in your life for a while. So besides the physiological addiction, your mind is going to want what it knows works.
The craving doesn’t solve the real problems
Your substance use disorder jeopardized your life and your relationships. It might have cost you your job and your self-respect. Drugs or alcohol made you forget your depression or your pain for a little while, but that pain and depression was still there when you were sober. The only things that have helped are things that are truly good for you: talking, connections, forgiveness, and working hard on your recovery.
Spring Gardens Recovery is Here to Help
If you’re trying to fight those cravings on your own and are trying to get drugs or alcohol out of your life, we’re ready and waiting to walk with you through that process at our treatment center in sunny South Florida. We’re ready to help you through all stages of your treatment, including strategies for when you re-enter your life again back home.
Lora Horn is a writer covering key issues in psychology and addictions. When she’s not writing, she’s usually enjoying a nice cup of tea with her cat cuddled by her side. | <urn:uuid:87234ada-31ee-4557-9042-71a03932c142> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.springgardensrecovery.com/6-things-you-can-do-right-now-to-fight-addiction-cravings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919668 | 1,409 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The development of a vaccine to prevent Ebola virus disease will be accelerated with support from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR).
Under a one-year contract with Profectus BioSciences Inc., headquartered in Baltimore, ASPR’s Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) will provide approximately $5.8 million in funding, in addition to subject matter expertise and technical assistance, to further develop an experimental Ebola vaccine. The company will manufacture vaccine for use in animal safety studies and future clinical trials and conduct animal studies to test safety. The contract can be extended to a total of 13 months and $8.6 million.
Upon successful completion of this work, the company is expected to submit an investigational new drug application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This application, once accepted by the FDA, would allow the vaccine to begin the first clinical trials for safety in humans.
“We are pushing hard to advance the development of multiple products as quickly as possible for clinical evaluation and future use in preventing or treating this deadly disease,” says BARDA director Robin Robinson, PhD. “Our goal is to close the global gap in vaccines and therapeutics needed to protect the public health from Ebola as highlighted by the epidemic in West Africa.”
The project builds on early research of this experimental vaccine supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, and animal studies supported by the Department of Defense. In the DoD-supported studies, a single dose of the experimental Ebola vaccine provided 100 percent protection in non-human primates. BARDA will support further development of the vaccine against the Ebola virus strain responsible for the current epidemic.
Clinical trials are under way with other experimental vaccines. NIAID currently is supporting Phase 1 clinical trials that examine an investigational Ebola vaccine developed by GlaxoSmithKline and an experimental Ebola vaccine developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada and licensed to NewLink Genetics Corp. Phase 2 clinical efficacy trials for these vaccine candidates are expected in 2015.
BARDA also continues to explore how its Centers for Innovation in Advanced Development and Manufacturing, its Fill Finish Manufacturing Network, or other measures can accelerate the manufacturing time for Ebola therapeutics and vaccines.
The agency is seeking additional proposals for the advanced development of antibody treatments, antiviral drugs, and vaccines against the Ebola and Marburg viruses, both of which cause viral hemorrhagic fever. Program requirements are described in BARDA’s Broad Agency Announcement BARDA-BAA-13-100-SOL-00013 at https://www.fbo.gov. | <urn:uuid:7f783f80-2e0f-4105-88ea-6f6b55ab8fed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/hhs-advances-development-ebola-vaccine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.920631 | 572 | 2.265625 | 2 |
TRAVERSE CITY – As Detroit begins to sort through the ill-begotten public liabilities that have driven it to bankruptcy, an important opportunity is at hand to revitalize the city that was once the epicenter of American entrepreneurship and manufacturing, while setting an example for other municipal governments that appear to be headed toward a similar fate. Here is an “Austrian moment” in the making, a potential libertarian awakening guided by the market-oriented, non-interventionist principles of the Austrian school of economics.
For years, Detroit’s expenditures vastly exceeded its revenues. With the tax base eroding, owing to a declining population and diminishing private-sector jobs, efforts to boost revenue by raising taxes would have been futile. (Detroit’s 2012 income-tax rate of 2.45% and its property taxes, which are among the country’s highest, are inexplicable, given the inadequacy of basic public services.) In this context, Detroit’s “Ponzi”-like fiscal situation would have continued to deteriorate, with no options other than to borrow more.
But, as long as investors were willing to purchase risky bonds, neither politicians nor unions would admit how unsustainable Detroit’s situation was. With the Federal Reserve’s near-zero interest-rate policy and purchases of trillions of dollars in long-term securities driving demand for such bonds, Detroit’s leaders were able to delay public-sector reform for far too long (a situation that is frighteningly similar to the federal government’s today). Detroit’s bankruptcy is thus exactly what the financial system needs. | <urn:uuid:ffe424c6-bf72-40ab-a9be-72aa84f1a9b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/revitalizing-detroit-through-austrian-economic-principles-by-mark-spitznagel-2013-08?barrier=accesspaylog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94963 | 340 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Selecting a Program
High school is one of the most formative times in your learning life.
We have two excellent programs that will meet
your academic, cultural and spiritual demands.
launched October, 2020
Do you like the high school program you currently attend? Great! I’m sure it addresses all your academic needs and will suitably prepare you for the next level of learning.
However, your excellent secular school education will not prepare you for what’s coming next in your Jewish life. ADRABA’s Part-Time Program will bring you together with Jewish peers from across the GTA and the province to explore our history, thought or food culture. In the process, you’ll learn critical thinking skills, how to ask questions and find answers – and most importantly, connect to our tradition, histories and values in a totally new way.
beginning sometime after 2022
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Imagine learning in school they way you learn in life. Start with a challenge or a question and bring to bear all the tools technology puts at your disposal to solve it. Consult your peers. Consult experts in house and across the planet. Come up with a solution. Test it. Fail. Try again. | <urn:uuid:ecc7104b-dfcf-46a1-a4dd-01ab90e58053> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adraba.ca/selecting-a-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.938563 | 355 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Building and Installing the USRP Open-Source Toolchain (UHD and GNU Radio) on OS X
Application Note Number and Author
AN-788 by Michael Dickens
This AN provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for installing UHD (and GNU Radio) on OSX (Mac OS X / MacOS X 10.4 to 10.15) and macOS 11 or newer -- whether via a package manager or from source.
UHD on OSX / macOS
UHD 3.9, 3.15, and 4.0 have been compiled and installed on OSX 10.4 ("Tiger") and 10.5 ("Leopard") for PowerPC or Intel 32-bit, OSX 10.6 ("Snow Leopard") through the OSX 10.15 ("Catalina") for Intel 64-bit, as well as macOS 11 ("Big Sur") Intel or ARM 64-bit running any compatible version of Xcode on all recent and many older Macs. In general UHD performance varies greatly depending on the computer's OS, CPU, and networking stack and hardware for ethernet and USB. For Macs there is more consistency between hardware and OS versions because of Apple's tight coupling of hardware and software; hence the broad OSX and hardware support for UHD.
Primary support is for 64-bit Intel-based Macs, running OSX 10.9 or newer using Clang / libc++; secondary support is for OSX 10.6 through 10.8 64-bit Intel-based Macs using Xcode's default GCC / libstdc++ or specially-installed Clang / libc++ (e.g., via MacPorts); tertiary support is for OSX 10.4 and 10.5 Intel or PowerPC 32-bit using Xcode's default GCC / libstdc++ (as of early 2021, Clang does not yet build reliably for these older OSX). There is very little support for getting the background libraries and applications installed on OSX 10.4 or 10.5 (in general, and for 64-bit in specific), and for 32-bit Intel installs -- though any or all of these might be possible. MacPorts makes efforts to keep its ports working on all OSX from 10.4 through current, though some ports require an older version than current, or OS-specific patches. Hence, we recommend using MacPorts for older OSX installs as well as in general.
X11/XQuartz or Terminal
For the purposes of building and using UHD, you can use Apple's Terminal.app if you so choose, no matter how you install UHD. Other terminal applications such as iTerm2 work well too.
That said, running almost any graphical user interface (GUI) will require downloading and installing X11/XQuartz first. Through OSX 10.8, Apple provided a means to install the X11.app directly, but XQuartz has always been more up to date. Starting in OSX 10.9, Apple no longer provided X11.app. Hence, just use XQuartz from the get-go. Note that unless you experiment with using the Quartz interface to various graphical toolkits (e.g., GTK), you must use X11 as the terminal interface for any GUI applications for UHD and GNU Radio.
Apple provides a full integrated development environment via Xcode, which can be downloaded either via the Mac App store or directly from Apple's Developer area depending on the version of OSX in use. Xcode provides the compilers and related development tools needed to build and execute UHD and its dependencies.
Once Xcode is installed, you must still install the Command Line Tools, which can be accomplished by executing the Xcode.app, then going to Preferences... -> Downloads and making sure Command Line Tools is selected/enabled [feel free to select other downloads too]. You might be able to install the Command Line Tools in a terminal using the command
but this command will not work with every OSX / Xcode combination (e.g., does not work with OSX 10.8 and Xcode 5, but does work with OSX 10.9 and Xcode 5). More recent OSX provides the Command Line Tools via the Mac App Store.
Once the Command Line Tools are installed, UHD and other projects can be installed either from source or, preferably, via a package manager such as MacPorts.
UHD Software Installation on OS X
UHD can be installed via a package manager or from source. For installing via a package manager we cover just via MacPorts; other package managers such as Fink or HomeBrew might provide a means for installed UHD similar to that found in MacPorts. MacPorts tends to be more up-to-date with respect to new releases, which can be both a blessing and a curse since sometimes new released are untested and result in build or runtime errors. MacPorts, HomeBrew, and Fink offer thousands of ready-to-install libraries and applications, and hence they are highly recommended to use instead of installing from source / scratch.
NOTE: We highly recommended that you install all dependencies via the same package manager! When issues arise, the issues are much easier to track down, and updating UHD and any of its dependencies is also much easier.
We recommend using MacPorts and actively support UHD development on OSX via this method. Using MacPorts, the correct hardware device images are automatically installed for you, and there are no post-install tasks. With a single command, you can be up and running in short order.
If you do not already have MacPorts installed, you will need to install it first. If required (such as installing MacPorts from source), follow the MacPorts shell environment changes guide such that MacPorts-installed executables are found before all others. These are the only changes to the shell environment needed to execute any MacPorts-installed executable.
NOTE: Setting any DYLD environment variable (e.g., DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH) for general use is highly discouraged, because doing so, in our experience, leads to problems down the road that are very difficult to diagnose. OSX provides robust means for correcting DYLD-based issues even after dependencies are installed.
Once MacPorts is installed, UHD and all of its dependencies can be installed by executing
sudo port install uhd
This method of installing UHD is actively kept up to date by Ettus Research technical support, and hence is the recommended way to install GNU Radio on OSX. GNU Radio can similarly be installed via
sudo port install gnuradio
The latest developments in UHD and GNU Radio can be installed via
sudo port install uhd-devel sudo port install gnuradio-devel
Please note that the these devel ports, while tested for basic compilation and functionality, are not formal releases and hence should be considered beta software which might contain bugs or even major issues.
There are a number of background libraries and applications that must be installed from source or binary in order to compile or execute UHD; a full list is provided in the UHD build guide. These can be obtained by using a package manager and/or from source.
Many UHD developers first install UHD using MacPorts in order to get all of the necessary background dependencies installed, then remove just UHD via
sudo port uninstall uhd
Compiling UHD from Source
Installing UHD from source follows the standard cmake method, with a few arguments to make sure cmake always finds the Python executable, library, and headers from the same Python install, and uses the desired compiler. First, download the source code either as a release or via GIT.
NOTE: All of the PYTHON defines must point to the same install of Python, otherwise runtime errors are likely to occur.
For example, on OSX 10.14 or 10.15 using Xcode 11 (which provides the Clang compiler suite), MacPorts installed into /opt/local (the default), and for Python 2.7 (as installed by MacPorts), issue the following commands from within the UHD source top-level directory:
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ CC=/usr/bin/clang CXX=/usr/bin/clang++ \ cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=/opt/local/bin/python2.7 \ -DPYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR=/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Headers \ -DPYTHON_LIBRARY=/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python ../host
If make succeeds, then you can test the build for errors via
$ make test
To install the build, issue
$ sudo make install
and UHD will be installed into the default prefix, /usr/local .
NOTE: To change the install prefix to /path/to/your/desired/prefix , in the cmake command add the argument -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/your/desired/prefix -- changing the actual path to that of the desired install prefix.
NOTE: If you want to test where the install will place files, you can set a destination directory that the install prefix is appended to via using the pre-argument DESTDIR. To verify that all files are installed and then uninstalled corrected, we often use the following command
$ DESTDIR=./tmp make install
and then look in the directory ./tmp to verify that all of the desired files are installed into their final destination correctly, starting with the CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX. Then, issue the command
$ DESTDIR=./tmp make uninstall
to uninstall from the same directory. Then look in the directory ./tmp to see if any files remain, and if so then fix the CMake scripts to both install and uninstall all of the desired files correctly.
NOTE: Selecting another compiler is as simple as changing the CC and CXX pre-arguments to the cmake command.
Installing GNU Radio on OSX
See the GNU Radio OSX Install guide. | <urn:uuid:2eb523c3-3fd8-4497-aed0-b5c6c253018b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kb.ettus.com/index.php?title=Building_and_Installing_the_USRP_Open-Source_Toolchain_(UHD_and_GNU_Radio)_on_OS_X&oldid=5070 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.87145 | 2,185 | 1.976563 | 2 |
A pleasant voice is desirable for everyone yet it is essential for those who depend on their voice on a daily basis (e. g., singers, teachers, salesman, customer service rep etc.). When their voice gets hoarse or even lost, they are in trouble with their job.
Hoarse voice can be caused by several conditions. Most cases of hoarseness are related to throat discomfort. Another common cause of voice hoarseness is the overuse of voice. For example, people like singers sing all the time; teachers and customer service representatives talk most of time; coaches yell too much. Hoarse voice can also be caused by smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. The dust particles or smog in the air are known to cause hoarseness too.
Xuan Shen (Scrophularia root) nourishes the Yin energy, purges Fire, clears Heat, and resolves toxicity. This Chinese herb is known for its use in reducing sore throat, especially when it is used together with other herbs in the formula.
Niu Bang Zi (Burdock fruit) disperses wind heat and soothes the larynx to relieve discomfort.
Bo He (Peppermint) The commonly used medicinal herb disperses wind heat in the term of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and eases discomfort in throat.
He Zi (Terminalia chebula fruit) is a key Chinese herb for voice care. It may soothes the throat to benefit the voice.
Jie Geng (Platycodon root) ventilates the lung and clears phlegm.
Gan Cao (Licorice root) The Chinese herb moistens the lung and transforms phlegm. It is often combined with platycodon root to clear phlegm and soothes the throat.
Pang Da Hai (Sterculia seed) is popularly used in China to brew tea to protect voice. The Chinese herb moistens the lung and benefits the larynx.
|Scrophularia root||Scrophularia ningpoensis||(Xuan Shen)|
|Chebulic myrobalan fruit||Terminalia chebula||(He Zi)|
|Platycodon root||Platycodon grandiflora||(Jie Geng)|
|Chinese mint aboveground parts||Mentha haplocalyx||(Bo He)|
|Sterculia lychnophora seed||Sterculia lychnophora||(Pang Da Hai)|
|Burdock fruit||Arctium lappa||(Niu Bang Zi)|
|Chinese licorice root & rhizome||Glycyrrhiza uralensis||(Gan Cao)|
Guang Ci Tang® Xiang Yin Pian (VoiceGold™) 40 grams in 200 mg 200 tablets @ 5:1 strength.
At a true 5:1 concentration, this product represents the most potent form of Xiang Yin Pian (Wan) on the market. One tablet is equal to 1 gram of raw herb.
Please note that Guang Ci Tang® Xiang Yin Wan in the pill form, which has the same formulation as the tablet, is discontinued.
VoiceGold™ is a Guang Ci Tang signature formula.
VoiceGold™ tablets are made with 100% natural herbs that are tested for authenticity, quality, and potency. A traditional water decoction is prepared with the herbs to reproduce the time-tested efficacy of the formula, and this water decoction is concentrated with our proprietary technology to form a potent extract that is made into easily absorbed tablets, which are remarkably effective, easy to use, and safe. The tablets are produced by Guang Ci Tang® in our state of the art cGMP-certified facility and imported in accordance with U.S. FDA guidelines. When you choose Guang Ci Tang® products, you are taking advantage of a wonderful fusion of science and tradition that incorporates the highest standards in the field of Chinese medicine today.
Check for an independent US lab test report.
Guang Ci Tang® Advantages
Effective. Safe. Affordable
- True 5:1 concentration
- Double the strength of other brands
- Minimal fillers and binders
- No pharmaceuticals, sugar, or dyes
- Comprehensive lab testing (e.g., heavy metals,etc.)
- Made in a cGMP certified facility
- Unbeatable value
- Safely used in the USA since 1995
The standard dosage for VoiceGold™ is 4 tablets each time, taken 2 to 3 times daily with or before meals. One bottle lasts 16 to 25 days. The dose may be doubled for a quicker and stronger response as needed. Consult your practitioner for precise dosage recommendations based on body weight and other factors.
Side effectsVoiceGold has been safely used with few adverse effects when used as directed.
AllergyVoiceGold™ is gluten free
Avoid smoking and alcohol for best results.
Consult your herbalist or physician before use if you are taking other medicines.
Keep out of reach of children. | <urn:uuid:007b3e28-1fc0-470f-9005-4502ce75237b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.activeherbwholesale.com/Guang-Ci-Tang/Xiang-Yin-Pian-VoiceGold-Tablets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.896964 | 1,054 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1. He is person who understands his obligations and attends to them.
2. One should always temper enthusiasm with caution.
3. It was so foggy in the early morning that many drivers were late for work.
4. Professor Baker is a coworker of Professor Ayers.
5. The president is often awakened by a noisy crowd which assembles on the White House.
6. The TOEFL examination will begin precisely at eight-thirty.
7. When Professor Baker suffered a return of his illness, he was ordered to enter the hospital.
8. Many common illness may be treated at home without a doctor’s supervision.
9. He decided to subscribe to the magazine although it only came out biannually
10. The news of the president’s death astonished the world.
11. A word formed from the initials of a compound term is an acronym.
12. Contractors hire surveyors to mark the limits of the property before they begin construction.
13. In the United States, election campaign spending and contributions are regulated by the government.
14. Many desert animals have made adaptations that are strikingly similar to those of desert plants.
15. Oats were often harvested with a machine called a combine.
16. Heterogeneous catalysts are widely used in petroleum production.
17. A credit union can distribute earnings to its members as dividends.
18. A catalytic converter in the exhaust system of a car will cause the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to convert to carbon dioxide and water vapor.
19. The librarian noted that the book bindings were damaged during the photocopying process.
20. The counterfeit bills were a good facsimile of the real ones. | <urn:uuid:51dbc2c3-9446-450a-83eb-043456da8a36> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tienganhhangngay.com/synonym-toefl/synonym-toefl-lesson-24.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.967076 | 364 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The malware problem on Mac OS X is nothing like as bad as it is on Windows, but that doesn’t mean it can be ignored.
Before we begin, let’s make one thing really clear.
The malware problem on Mac OS X is nothing like as bad as it is on Windows.
There are something like 200,000 new Windows malware variants being discovered each day. Malicious code activity in the Mac world is far less frenetic, but the fact is, malware does exist that can infect our iMacs or MacBooks.
And if your Apple computer is unlucky enough to fall victim you’re not going to feel any better than your PC-owning friends who are struggling to remove a backdoor Trojan or a pernicious browser toolbar from their copy of Windows.
Also, it’s worth bearing in mind that Mac malware is not a new phenomenon.
Malware for Apple devices actually predates the Macintosh *and* the PC, with the first example being the Elk Cloner worm written by Rich Skrenta, and designed to infect Apple II devices way back in 1982.
But threats on Apple II and Apple computers running Mac OS 9 and earlier aren’t really relevant anymore to anyone aside from historians.
What modern Mac users care about are what malware threats exist for Mac OS X.
And, it turns out, that 2014 will see the tenth anniversary of Mac OS X malware. Here are some of the more notable examples of worms and Trojan horses that have been seen for the platform in the last ten years.
As ESET’s Mac malware facts webpage illustrates, the first malware specifically written for Mac OS X emerged in 2004.
Renepo (also known as “Opener”) was a shell script worm, and contained an arsenal of backdoor and spyware functionality in order to allow snoopers to steal information from compromised computers, turn off updates, disable the computer’s firewall, and crack passwords.
Renepo was never going to be a serious problem for the vast majority of Mac users, as it didn’t travel over the internet and required the attacker to have access to your computer to install it. Nevertheless, it was an indicator that Apple Macs weren’t somehow magically protected against malicious code.
Leap represented, for many people watching observing Apple security, the first real worm for the Mac OS X operating system.
Leap could spread to other Mac users by sending poisoned iChat instant messages – making it comparable to an email or instant messaging worm.
At the time, some Mac enthusiasts leapt (geddit?) to Apple’s defence and argued that Leap “wasn’t really a virus”, but claimed it was a Trojan instead. But – in my opinion – they were wrong.
The argument typically went that because Leap required user interaction in order to infect a computer (the user had to manually open the malicious file sent to them via iChat), then it couldn’t be a virus or a worm
But then commonly discovered examples of Windows malware encountered at the time either, like the MyDoom or Sobig, also required manual intervention (the user clicking on a file attachment). And yet, Mac users seemed very keen to call those examples of Windows malware “viruses” at every opportunity.
In my opinion, viruses is a superset consisting of other groups of malware, including internet worms, email worms, parasitic file viruses, companion viruses, boot sector viruses and so forth. Trojans are in an entirely different class of malware because – unlike viruses and worms – they cannot replicate themselves and cannot travel under their own steam.
Leap was rapidly followed by another piece of malware, a proof-of-concept worm called Inqtana which spread via a Bluetooth vulnerability.
So, next time someone tells you that there are no viruses for Mac OS X – you can now speak with authority and tell them, oh yes there are!
Things took a more serious turn with Jahlav (also known as RSPlug), a family of malware which deployed a trick commonly seen on Windows-based threats by changing an infected computer’s DNS settings. There were many versions of Jahlav, which was often disguised as a fake video codec required to watch pornographic videos.
Of course, the criminals behind the attacks knew that such a disguise was a highly effective example of how social engineering could trick many people into giving an application permission to run on their computer.
The truth was that many Mac users, just like their Windows-loving counterparts, could easily let their guard down if they believed it would help them see X-rated content.
An early example of Mac OS X scareware, MacSweep would trick users into believing it was finding security and privacy issues on their computers – but in fact any alerts it displayed were designed simply to trick unsuspecting users into purchasing the full version of the software.
Snow Leopard (2009)
Snow Leopard isn’t malware, of course. It was version 10.6 of Mac OS X, released in August 2009.
And the reason why it is included in this history of Mac OS X malware is because it was the first version of the operating system to include some built-in anti-virus protection (albeit of a very rudimentary nature).
Apple, rattled perhaps by the widespread headline-making infections caused by the likes of the Jahlav malware family, had decided it needed to do something.
However, as its anti-virus functionality only detected malware under certain situations (and initially only covered two malware families) it was clear that security-conscious Mac users might need something better.
This Java-based Trojan showed that multi-platform malware had well and truly arrived, attacking Macs, Linux and Windows systems.
The threat spread via messages on social networking sites. pretending to be a video and asking the enticing question “Is this you in this video?”.
MacDefender saw Mac malware infections reach new heights, as many users began to report seeing bogus security warnings on their computer.
Using blackhat search engine optimisation techniques, malicious hackers managed to drive traffic to boobytrapped websites containing their rogue anti-virus scans, when users searched for particular images.
The danger, of course, was that users were being duped into handing over their credit cards in order to purchase a “solution” to the alarming messages.
Tens of thousands of people contacted Apple’s technical support lines, requesting assistance.
The Flashback malware outbreak of 2011/2012 was the most widespread attack seen on the Mac platform to date, hitting more than 600,000 Mac computers.
The attack posed as a bogus installer for Adobe Flash and exploited an unpatched vulnerability in Java, with the intention of stealing data (such as passwords and banking information) from compromised Mac computers, and redirecting search engine results to defraud users and direct them to other malicious content.
In September 2012, ESET researchers published a comprehensive technical analysis of the Flashback threat which is well worth a read, if you want to know more.
Lamadai, Kitm and Hackback (2013)
In recent years, Macs have also been used for espionage – and naturally suspicious fingers have begun to point towards intelligence agencies and government-backed hackers when very specific victims are targeted.
The Lamadai backdoor trojan, for instance, targeted Tibetan NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), exploiting a Java vulnerability to drop further malware code onto infected users’ computers,
Kitm and Hackback, meanwhile, spied on victims at the Oslo Freedom Forum, giving the malicious hacker the ability to remotely run commands at will.
LaoShu, Appetite and Coin Thief (2014)
So, what of 2014? Has the 10th anniversary been a notable year so far for Mac OS X malware?
Well, according to researchers at ESET, new Mac malware variants continue to be seen every week, putting Mac users who don’t defend their computers at risk of data loss or having their computer compromised by an attack.
State-sponsored espionage continues to make its presence felt, with the discovery of Appetite, a Mac OS X Trojan that has been used in a number of targeted attacks against government departments, diplomatic offices, and corporations.
LaoShu meanwhile, has been widely spread via spam messages – posing as an undelivered parcel notification from FedEx, and scooping up documents of interest that have not been appropriately secured.
CoinThief, however, has probably received the most attention recently as it is distributed in cracked versions of Angry Birds, Pixelmator and other top apps, duping users into infection.
What made CoinThief most interesting, however, was that investigators found the malware was designed to to steal login credentials related to various Bitcoin-related exchanges and wallet sites via malicious browser add-ons.
In summary – protect yourself
This has just been a short history of Mac OS X malware. If you want to learn more about any of these threats, or are interested in any of the other Mac malware that ESET has seen in the last 10 years, be sure to check out the company’s “Straight facts about Mac malware” webpage and consider taking the free trial of ESET Cybersecurity for Mac.
Because, even though there isn’t as much malware for Mac as there is for Windows, one infectious outbreak is too many, and we know that the bad guys are working hard to find fresh victims.
- Straight facts about Mac malware, threats and responses
- Social engineers don’t care about your OS: and nor should you
- Free trial of ESET Cybersecurity for Mac. | <urn:uuid:41e59572-41e6-4f47-943b-a2c78871f7b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/04/10/10-years-of-mac-os-x-malware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949672 | 2,061 | 2.390625 | 2 |
If you have decided on getting an oral insurance plan, it will be that require to research first on the various plans provided by different insurance products and services. Compare dental plans and evaluate the plans in order to locate what is ideal for you – an individual which will fit all your oral care needs explaining within your financial.
Cosmetic dentists can handle procedures that deal these kinds of new veneers with more confidence. This comes from how a dentist can to produce the material for your veneer from one’s own office. The dentist does so by working with a porcelain material and having it cut so rrt’ll look more impressive. More cosmetic dentists are with your because of methods they a lot more realistic in character and can to are a many years. However, these same dentists additionally charging more for them because of how they may expensive deal with and approach.
One of the most typical sources of tooth pain are dental cairies. When people get cavities, they most of the time an infection that is painful. dentists can assist this issue by first giving an x-ray to pinpoint an internet business. Then, if it is a cavity and get infection, they will prescribe medicine to help clear upward. Furthermore, the doctor will use certain equipment to fill the cavity. The actual filling can be silver or, these days, a natural-looking ceramic mixing. This way, it are not the so obvious that you’d a cavity and needed a filling.
Usually, a referral belonging to the dentist will good. This way you is going to make sure in which you are obtaining your dentist in the reliable area. But what happens if they solely make an indication and no actual referral for you?
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In dentistry, there are three fundamental things usually are the basis of Dental care and procedures, preventive and diagnostic dental and major dental assistance. Preventive and diagnostic care Dental plans provide dental care base to avoid dental disease and along with cleaning and regular examinations. This encourages the patient and gums healthy.
What do you need more several crowns or root canals? Sorry, you obtain that cap give consideration to. You can certainly exceed the limit, but then you use your own. Now you are paying the full price-that can be quite scary. Your reserve cash, if possess to any, can be siphoned off very in record time.
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In a previous blog post on What is Belly Dance?, I touched on belly dance’s core movement vocabulary. I’ll build on that in this blog to classify common belly dance moves. There are many ways to describe belly dance movements. Whether they are smooth or sharp, done with the chest, torso, or hips, or which Laban movement plane they are in. Here, I’ll classify and describe them based on which shape you draw with your body. Knowing how you use various bits of your body to produce belly dance moves will help you recall and reproduce the moves you learn in class or see in a video. You can improve your movement isolation by knowing which body part you are supposed to move. And then keeping the movement only in that body part. This is so important in belly dance.
In this blog, I’ll describe belly dance moves constructed by seven shapes. These are lifts and drops, slides, shimmies, twists, circles, figure 8’s, and undulations. For each of the shapes, I’ll discuss how the movements can be drawn with the chest and hips to create fundamental belly dance moves. I’ll only introduce the basics. You may notice some missing moves that are more advanced or don’t fit neatly into these categories. I also haven’t included travelling steps. They don’t fall into these same movement categories. I won’t cover detailed technical break-downs of the moves. You can find these on Shemiran Ibrahim’s original blog on this subject (The Seven Core Movements of Belly Dance), which inspired this post.
Lifts and drops
This category is all about sharp, vertical (up-and-down) movement of the hips or chest.
- Hip Drop: Starting from a raised hip, drop it back to slightly below neutral.
- Chest Drop: Starting with a raised chest, drop it back to neutral.
- Chest Lift: Starting with a neutral chest, raise it.
Slides are sharp, horizontal moves, where the hips or chest stay level as they move side-to-side.
- Chest Slide: Move your chest from side-to-side, keeping it level.
- Hip Slide: Move your hips as one unit from side-to-side.
Twists are sharp “rotations around a stationary point” according to the dictionary.
- Hip Twist: Start with neutral hips, twist one hip forward at a time. Return it to neutral, keeping the opposite hip stationary.
- Shoulder Twist: Twist your torso so one shoulder moves forward at a time. Keep the centre of your chest stationary.
Shimmies are the iconic vibratory moves of belly dance.
- Hip Shimmy: Bend and straighten your knees one at a time very fast. This makes your hips vibrate up and down and your torso wobble.
- Chest Shimmy: Twist your torso forward one shoulder at a time (like a shoulder twist). Do it very fast to make your chest shake.
In this category, circles are smooth moves. Body parts draw circles in either the horizontal or vertical planes.
- Hip Circle: Start with the hips level and shifted to one side. Move them as one unit in a horizontal circle, keeping them level.
- Vertical Chest Circle: Start with the chest level and off to one side. Move it in a vertical circle, keeping it level.
- Horizontal Chest Circle: Start with the chest level and off to one side. Move it in a horizontal circle, keeping it level.
Figure 8’s are smooth moves where a body part draws an “8” shape, again in the horizontal or vertical planes.
- Vertical Figure 8 Upwards: Start from a dropped hip. Circle it vertically out and up to a raised position to create half a vertical “∞” shape. Now the opposite hip is dropped. Then repeat on the other side to complete the shape.
- Vertical Figure 8 Downwards: Start from a raised hip. Make the “∞” shape in reverse. Circle the hip vertically out and down to create half the shape, and repeat on the other side to complete it.
- Horizontal Figure 8 Forwards: Start with a backwards hip. Move it out and forward, drawing half an “8” horizontally on the floor with your hip. Now the opposite hip is backwards. Then repeat on the other side to complete the shape.
- Horizontal Figure 8 Backwards: Start with a forwards hip. Make the horizontal “8” shape in reverse, circling the hip out and back to create half the shape. Then repeat on the other side to complete it.
Undulations are smooth moves where a wave-like movement travels up and down your body
- Camels: Start with the chest raised and forward. Roll it down your spine to neutral. Continue the wave down your torso tucking your abs and pelvis in. Finally release your pelvis out to neutral to complete the wave.
These seven categories cover the main belly dance moves. Four have sharp movements (lifts and drops, slides, twists, and shimmies). And three have smooth (circles, figure 8’s, and undulations). I only included descriptions of chest and hip movements here, because they are most common. But you can draw these shapes with your head, hands, arms, shoulders, … too to create belly dance moves. I hope that by knowing and understanding the shapes you draw with your body, you will improve your technique. You can use this knowledge to move only the part of your body you wish to move in the shape you wish to make. Next time you dance, feel your chest and hips slide, shimmy, and circle. Can you feel them make beautiful shapes in the air?
The Seven Core Movements of Belly Dance blog by Shemiran Ibrahim | <urn:uuid:dc3fcff4-11fa-4996-81ce-25e14d68d40e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jenbellydance.com/introduction-to-belly-dance-moves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.893055 | 1,255 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Trump will declare national emergency as he signs watered-down wall funding bill
President Donald Trump will sign a spending bill that denies him funding for a border wall, but averts another government shutdown. Trump will also declare a national emergency, allowing him to bypass Congress and build the wall.
White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders said on Thursday that Trump will sign the bill, but “will also take other executive action - including a national emergency - to stop the national security and humanitarian crisis at the border.”
Statement on Government Funding Bill: pic.twitter.com/DrNv9D4rEi— Sarah Sanders (@PressSec) February 14, 2019
The bill allocates just $1.3 billion for a barrier along the US-Mexico border – a drastically lower amount than originally requested by the president. It also explicitly prohibits a concrete wall, and includes a number of concessions to Democrats, such as amnesty for illegal immigrants in the US with unaccompanied minors, a ban on wall construction in several national parks, and no funding for hiring more Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents.
Ahead of the signing, many of Trump’s supporters rubbished the deal, urging the President not to sign it.
This bill must NOT be signed by @realDonaldTrump.— Laura Ingraham (@IngrahamAngle) February 14, 2019
We needed $25 billion plus fix of catch and release. Trump demands $5.6 billion with no policy changes. Dems say only $1.6 billion. So we call it a day at $1.375 billion plus making policy worse.— Daniel Horowitz (@RMConservative) February 14, 2019
The emergency declaration, however, allows Trump to divert funds from other parts of the government to fund the wall without Congressional approval. Trump hinted on Tuesday that he already has $23 billion in funding lined up “from other sources.”
....Will be getting almost $23 BILLION for Border Security. Regardless of Wall money, it is being built as we speak!— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 12, 2019
Speaking to reporters on Thursday, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that declaring a national emergency would set a dangerous precedent. "Republicans should have some dismay about the door they are opening, the threshold they are crossing,” she said, adding that Democrats may meet the declaration with legal challenges.
An executive order may be overturned in Congress, but to do so would take two-thirds majorities in the House of Representatives and the Senate, something the Democrats lack. Unless Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer can convince enough Republicans to cross the aisle, the courts may be the only recourse available to the Democrats.
“We’re very prepared” for legal challenges, Press Secretary Sanders told reporters, adding that “there shouldn’t be” any. “The president’s doing his job. Congress should do theirs.”Also on rt.com 'Bad' border deal welcomed by 'Swamp', but Trump seems unconcerned
The final text of the nearly 1,200 page spending bill was released on Wednesday evening, leaving lawmakers less than 24 hours to read its contents, let alone debate and amend it.
Failure to sign the bill would see another government shutdown begin on Friday, something that lawmakers on both sides are keen to avoid. The last partial shutdown, which ended on January 25, cost the US economy somewhere between $6 and $11 billion, and saw Trump’s approval rating drop from 48 to 43 percent.
Think your friends would be interested? Share this story! | <urn:uuid:bb461872-36ea-4be8-b7d2-9eac8e2379b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rt.com/usa/451492-trump-declares-national-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.940943 | 735 | 1.695313 | 2 |
A portable power station is quickly coming to be an important device for houses as well as services, especially those that require to venture out or work from another location (think exterior workers, emergency solutions etc), bringing the magic of electrical power to far-reaching locations. For example, modern-day mobile power station can power a little heater in the midsts of winter months or an air-conditioning system in summer’s best days.
When shopping for one, result power as well as battery freedom are one of the most important requirements we search for while convenience of use as well as the number of electrical outlets are additionally vital aspects. The capacity to charge quickly together with long-life batteries complete the function listing of a modern portable power station.
Whio Is Bluetti?
The Bluetti Modern technology firm, established in 2016, concentrates on all-in-one power storage space products. They lately finished a very successful Indiegogo funding for their flagship product, the AC200P, amassing over $6.7 M over the course of the project. This is presently deemed the mobile power station to beat by the competitors thanks to its lengthy feature listing, substantial battery system and also AC inverter.
What is a Bluetti battery pack?
The Bluetti EB55 is a completely self-supporting, portable source of power that can be used to power and also recharge a selection of electric tools for circumstances where normal 240-volt keys power is not available such as when free camping. At its heart is a light-weight Lithium (LiFePO4) battery that powers a 700-watt 240-volt pure sinewave inverter, several USB electrical outlets, and also an array of 12-volt outlets. The device is charged by either a 240-volt power adapter, a 12-volt auto source, or by connecting in a solar panel using the built-in MPPT solar controller.
What can a bluetti power station power?
The Bluetti EB55 can power or recharge practically any gadget imaginable as long as it is within its power limitations. For example, the 700-watt inverter can quickly power a tiny cars and truck fridge, power device battery recharger, a CPAP machine, as well as also a caravan-style cleaning equipment. The 100-watt USB-C electrical outlet has sufficient grunt to reenergize an Apple MacBook Pro. We quickly recharged a range of USB devices including a portable audio speaker as well as a bug zapper and I handled to run our 12-volt television from the automobile outlet.
Out of passion, the two small 10-amp 12-volt outlets alongside the cigarette lighter electrical outlet are compatible with HardKORR’s LED camp light system. Very convenient without a doubt.
High power result as well as battery ability
Advanced battery technology
3500 charging cycles
700W of solar charging
Rugged yet trendy layout
Weight of 60.6 lbs.
LCD evaluate difficult to review in intense sunshine
Ordinary air conditioner billing speed
Bluetti AC200MAX Power Station Key Specs
- 2048 Wh Lithium Ion Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery
- Battery life process 3500+ charges to 80%, 6000+ charges to 50%.
- 2200 W constant power, 4800W surge.
- Built-in battery administration system (BMS).
- Pure sine wave AC inverter.
- 900W (10-145V) solar input.
- Electrical Outlets: NEMA TT-30, 2 x 5V/3A USB Type-A, 2 x 18W USB Type-A, 100W USB-C, 12V/30A
- Super DC, 24V/10A, 2 x 15W wireless charge pads, 4 x 100-120V AC electrical outlets.
- Touchscreen LCD display.
- Sustains hot-swapping for outside expansion battery (approximately 2 B230s or B300s).
- Sustains dual-charging.
- Bluetooth app surveillance and also firmware upgrade.
- Operating temperature range (discharging) -4 to 104 F.
- 15.2 x 16.5 x 11-inches, evaluates 61.9 lb.
- Includes 500W air conditioner adapter, solar billing cord, automobile charging wire.
- 2-year warranty.
- MSRP $2,099.
The BLUETTI AC200MAX is a fantastic large solar power terminal that can manage nearly any kind of electrical need for an average individual. Being independent of the power grid offers peace of mind understanding you can maintain crucial devices running. It’s likewise a fantastic unit to take outdoor camping for off-grid experiences if you can manage the 62-pound battery, with the alternative to charge via the sunlight. Nonetheless, if you want to power the AC200MAX up quickly, you will not do that out of the box with the restricted 500W adapter.
BLUETTI’s AC200MAX remains in the realm of something that almost every person need to have. This solar generator can considerably affect exactly how you take a trip or deal with electric emergencies from an ease to a crucial point ofview. Knowing that regardless of the scenario, if you have a BLUETTI AC200MAX, you can power nearly any typical home appliance or device thanks to the capacity as well as power output.
If you benefit from all the charging alternatives available for the AC200MAX, you can power it up really promptly to keep exactly on going with approximately 1,400 W of input. Yet, the 500W air conditioning adapter that includes the system is both physically huge and also a bit on the smaller sized side for its outcome. Do not get me wrong. It gets the job done; it’s simply a little sluggish.
Nonetheless, as a complete plan, the BLUETTI AC200MAX is a winner. By itself, the power station offers superb efficiency and also is reasonably mobile. As a system, the AC200MAX brings a whole lot to the table with expandable capability and charging choices. These are the reasons that the BLUETTI AC200MAX deserves considering for your house. | <urn:uuid:4576a372-0b93-4a25-9078-e052e5b20f95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.parker-pumper.com/the-best-portable-external-battery-pack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.89871 | 1,294 | 1.695313 | 2 |
- prevent (a plan or attempted action) from progressing, succeeding, or being fulfilled；prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something
verb: frustrate, 3rd person present: frustrates, gerund or present participle: frustrating, past tense: frustrated, past participle: frustrated
- 1. prevent (a plan or attempted action) from progressing, succeeding, or being fulfilled his attempt to frustrate the merger 同義詞 反義詞
- ▪ prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something an increasingly popular way to frustrate car thieves
- ▪ cause (someone) to feel upset or annoyed, typically as a result of being unable to change or achieve something it frustrated me that more couldn't be done for her 同義詞 反義詞
- 1. archaic frustrated. | <urn:uuid:f8ce05bd-929a-44c3-854b-f0bd15f4250f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tw.dictionary.search.yahoo.com/search?p=frustrate&ei=UTF-8&context=gsmcontext%3A%3Adocid%3A%3Aen_en_frustrate_NOAD3A_m_en_gbus0393170%7Cgsmcontext%3A%3Asource_lang%3A%3Aen%7Cgsmcontext%3A%3Atarget_lang%3A%3Aen&b=_UNSET_ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921723 | 242 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Below are the available bulk discount rates for each individual item when you purchase a certain amount
- Buy 10 - 100 and get 10% off
|Grades 1-6| Engaging, encouraging, and easy to follow, this book educates, motivates, and empowers children to work towards change. What to Do When You Worry Too Much is an interactive self-help book designed to guide 6–12 year olds and their parents through the cognitive-behavioral techniques most often used in the treatment of generalized anxiety. Metaphors and humorous illustrations make difficult concepts easy to understand, while prompts to draw and write help children to master new skills related to reducing anxiety. Includes a note to parents by psychologist and author Dawn Huebner, Ph.D.
This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product! | <urn:uuid:21c2cafb-e916-4ad8-8153-7f81181ebb9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marcoproducts.com/what-to-do-when-you-worry-too-much-a-kids-guide-to-overcoming-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931626 | 182 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Cut fruit looses nutrition? Not significantly.
Cut fruit looses about 10% to 25% of its vitamin C and other oxidizing nutrients after 6 days in refrigeration; it visibly spoils before nutrition loss is significant. Most oft-cited paper with this result is Quality Changes and Nutrient Retention in Fresh-Cut versus Whole Fruits during Storage (American Chemical Society), you cans find a brief summary from the NYT Nutrition desk here: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/health/nutrition/06nutr.html, and a google search for "cut fruit loses nutrition" has top results mostly pointing to that study. An argument can be made for pre-cut vegetables and fruits being less tasty after a week of near-freezing refrigeration, but this "4 hours" thing is malarky.
Vitamin C reacts with "metal" to become useless? No.
I found a few articles discussing vitamin C reacting with free iron & copper in a H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) solution to become a free radical; but these conditions would never be present in the body, and certainly not in your orange juice. Orange juice mixed with hydrogen peroxide would be waaaaay to gross to drink. Ew. I couldn't find anything other than this Yahoo answers question that dealt with the question directly. | <urn:uuid:cca5c2e4-dec8-4fb4-b2a4-a8315ec7d500> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gist.github.com/justjake/0c2cb8bf92bac5cd81cf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942036 | 280 | 2.109375 | 2 |
- A-Z Animals
Black capped chickadee is a very sweet looking and even sweeter sounding species of bird. It is round and chubby in shape, and sings in a “chicka-dee-dee-dee” call, hence the name. Their sweet and friendly nature along with their melodious calls and songs make them very admirable. They are very interesting species to observe also. Their behaviour, their habits, their nature, and everything about them make them very likable a species of tiny birds amongst the huge animal kingdom.
Size : Black capped chickadees are tiny birds. Their heads are comparatively larger than their bodies.
Weight : These birds are tiny and also weigh very less. On average a healthy Black capped chickadee weighs around 11gm to 12gm at maximum.
Shape : Due to the large head in a tiny body, the species of bird looks spherical n shape.
Features : These birds have short wings, long and narrow tails, and short bills. The males of this species have a little longer tails than the females.
Colour : As the name suggests caps of the species are black, so are the bibs. Wings are light grey with white on the edges. Their backs are soft grey. Their cheeks are white. Underneath side of their bodies is soft greyish white in colour. These sweet looking birds have tiny, black, shiny eyes.
Picture 1 – Black Capped Chickadee Image
Source – levahnbros.wordpress.com
During summers the Black capped chickadees live on insects mainly. It is the winter time which gets difficult for them to gather food. During winters they diet on berries, seeds from the marshy fields, sunflower seeds, seeds taken from human bird feeders, and many other ways of gathered seeds. They also store seeds for future use while gathering them.
The original home ground of black capped chickadee is in the woods of Canada, northern parts of USA, and Alaska.
Being a very friendly natured species of birds, Black capped chickadees make exotic and easy to handle pets. But given their short life span the owners might be really heart-broken after their demise. It is always the best to let the creatures of nature be at their original home-ground. No matter however natural the bird-house is created but that can never meet their needs of a natural habitat. Till now the Black capped chickadees are a safe species in terms of conservation status, let them be safe forever without hunting them down and letting them fly free around the world. These birds are not demanding in nature about food or anything. They are very hassle-free creatures. Let this exotic and melodious flying beauty adorn the environment. Let the “chicka-dee-dee-dee” call hum around in nature.
Black capped chickadees are considered to be residential birds. During winter they not exactly migrate but sometimes wander about in search of food, due to scarcity of food in one place. Most of the time, they come down to lower altitude areas in search of food.
Black capped chickadees usually flock together. Those flocks are likely to be mixed flocks, with some other species of birds as well in the group. They search for foods. Whenever and wherever the Black capped chickadees get food they call out their fellow beings and that helps them to reach out to food easily.
These birds are very friendly in nature. They gel along with humans also very easily.
Black capped chickadee can be found anywhere in the woods or even residential areas. They nestle on tree branches, woody shrubs, woodlots in parks and neighbourhoods, marshes and even weedy fields. For nesting during reproduction season also they choose these places only. They even use woodpeckers’ abandoned nests sometimes.
Call : Usually these birds give out a simple “tsit” kind of call. When they indulge in aggressive fights they make a gargling “tseedleedeet” sound. While flocking around they make their well known “chicka-dee-dee-dee” sound.
Song : The male Black capped chickadee birds sing in just a 2-note whistle which sounds like “fee-bee”.
Picture 2 – Black Capped Chickadee Picture
Source – birds242.blogspot.com
Black capped chickadees have many predators in wild. Hawks, northern shrikes, snakes, weasels, chipmunks, mice, squirrels, cats, owls, and many more such carnivorous animals and birds of larger size prey on these birds.
The best adapting feature of the Black capped chickadee is its chest muscle. During flight the bird inflates its chest muscle to prevent its self from heat.
Housing : The bird house where the Black capped chickadees are to be kept should be ideally at the least 4ft to 8ft high above the ground level. There should be some stands and small furniture provided for them to stand on. The bird house should be tall and spacious enough for them to hop around and the stands and sing standing on them.
Feeding : Feeding the Black capped chickadee is very easy. They are very human friendly in nature and do not create a fuss while feeding them. Provide them with small insects and bugs throughout summer. It is advisable to feed the birds with grains and seeds during winter. This diet will help them maintain their natural diet habit. They will also take seeds and grains from human hands. So if feel like feeding them with own hands and play with them, that is also possible with them give their nature.
Black capped chickadees lay about 7 eggs on average each season. They lay an egg a day usually. The eggs have matt finished shells and are tiny in size. Incubation start from a day before last egg of the season is laid by the female black capped chickadees. The incubation period of an egg is usually 20mins to 25mins long.
Black capped chickadees have been observed to mate with Carolina chickadees also apart from their own species of Black capped chickadees. Their nesting season starts from beginning of May and goes on till end of June.
This beautiful species of sweet singing birds do not grace Earth for long. Their life span is very short. On average a female Black capped chickadee lives for 1year and 5months, and male Black capped chickadee lives for 1year and 8months.
According to IUCN research reports, Black capped chickadee is perfectly a safe species and comes under the Least Concern list of the organization.
Black capped chickadee is not only a very beautiful and admirable bird, it also very interesting to observe. Here are some very interesting facts about Black capped chickadee. | <urn:uuid:53d3c631-d2f1-42ce-93ed-e630f604ea7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.animalspot.net/black-capped-chickadee.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950233 | 1,538 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Like the learners at Badimong Primary School, Leketi Makalela experienced poverty as a child and went to a school where resources were scarce and teachers poorly trained.
He chanted or, as he calls it now, “barked” text he didn’t understand, moving his finger and his head as he followed the words on the page.
But despite ineffective teaching methods, he miraculously managed to learn. Now, with a doctorate in English, linguistics and education from Michigan State University, he teaches teachers.
Makalela, a professor of language and literacy at the Wits School of Education, is an example of the talented young people who were the subject of the university’s symposium on high potential youth from marginalised communities.
The symposium was organised by the Office of the Vice chancellor and the Faculty of Humanities. It featured current and future research projects which might provide solutions to some of the problems which prevent South Africa’s young people from fully realising their potential.
At the symposium, Makalela presented a report on the bilingual literacy project he recently concluded at Badimong.
A simple but effective intervention
Over the period of a year, Makalela and his three assistants helped 30 high potential grades 4-6 learners improve their reading comprehension scores from about 25% to about 75% in both Sepedi and English.
He did this through a simple intervention. He provided the learners with culturally-relevant Sepedi storybooks which he asked them to read to their parents for 15 minutes every day. For the first three months of the project, Makalela visited the families of the 30 children, a few every weekend, to monitor the learners’ progress.
Makalela also conducted interventions which benefited the other 300 children in grades 4 to 6.
Making reading less painful
He worked with them to change their reading techniques, which he said made reading “so painful a task”.
Makoma Makgoba, a grade 4 social science and grade 5 Sepedi teacher, told Wits Vuvuzela about the reading skills of the children before Makalela’s intervention.
“The sitting posture can hinder how they read. They move their head, as if they are conducting a choir.”
She said Makalela taught the learners to avoid following the words with their fingers and moving their heads and mouths as they read.
Enriching the classroom environment
Makalela conducted workshops with the teachers, encouraging them to enrich what he described as a “barren classroom environment with no visual support to provide opportunities for incidental reading”.
He solved the problem of a lack of money for posters by asking the children to read stories in Sepedi and then rewrite them in English or vice versa. The children then illustrated their versions and put them up in a colourful “literacy corner”.
This technique also achieved Makalela’s objective of encouraging learners to see their home language as valuable.
Makalela said he wanted to prevent the children from becoming “academic monolinguals”.
“It’s like driving on one wheel. You need both wheels to get to your destination.”
Makalela will expand his project to three more schools in Giyani, Polokwane and Thohoyandou (Limpopo) and one in Soweto. | <urn:uuid:f9003614-1db8-4f36-80f6-8201d4e05bd2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://witsvuvuzela.com/2012/09/12/wits-professor-helps-limpopo-learners-to-read/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968423 | 718 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Visitors to Kagawa Prefectures in Shikoku, will want to visit Marugame (丸亀),
the second largest city in the Prefecture.
Marugame is a port city in the western part of Kagawa Prefecture and includes
many of the Shiwaku Islands located in the Seto Inland Sea.
Many of the Shiwaku Islands are hosts to the famous Setouchi Treiennale,
a contemporary art festival with venues on several of the islands of the Seto Inland Sea.
Marugame has many points of interests for its visitors.
For young visitors, we recommend the New Reoma World,
an amusement park filled with rides and fun for the whole family.
The Marugame Castle, one of the twelve remaining “original” castles of Japan,
was constructed on a hill to “control” the city it governed.
The Mimoca, Marugame Genichiro Inokuma Museum of Contemporary Art,
houses fascinating objects and other art pieces.
A famous round fan or uchiwa museum is also in this city.
The people of Marugame originally made these hand-held
round fans for the pilgrims who came to Shikoku to visit the temples.
Visitors can enjoy all the delicious delights this city has to offer.
From udon, which is famous throughout Kagawa Prefecture to Marugame grilled chicken on the bone,
there is something for everyone here.
Many locals love the sanuki cow which is used as toppings for udon,
or the beef is available in lunchboxes in this region.
Fruits are also popular, with peaches being a favorite.
Visitors will find this city located west of the Seto Ohashi,
the bridge connecting Shikoku to Honshu, fascinating.
In addition to the areas mentioned above,
there are an array of restaurant and shops to explore here.
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|Deal Expiration date||2015/09/09||～||2025/09/09|
|Coupon Expiration date||2015/09/09||～||2015/09/09|
2 Chome, 3, Marugame-shi, Kagawa-ken, 763-8501 | <urn:uuid:18c463de-40ff-4b76-a254-944f33a50b76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://moopon.jp/detail_deal/323 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.815809 | 786 | 1.695313 | 2 |
A local of South Asia turmeric is hailed for its culinary and medical advantages since historical occasions. It’s the root or rhizome of Curcuma lengthy which is a perennial plant of the ginger household. The prime constituent of this herb is curcumin which renders the darkish orange-yellow coloration, barely bitter and scorching style and the mustard-like aroma to this spice. It’s a extremely acclaimed spice and is used extensively in cooking, due to its style and unique perfume as an efficient coloring. Turmeric has immense therapeutic and medicinal advantages. This rhizome is filled with therapeutic advantages and medicinal properties that assist in treating ailments like allergic reactions aches, infections, inflammations, indigestion, and diabetes successfully. It holds an important significance in conventional medicinal remedy system like Ayurveda and Chinese language medication system. Turmeric is obtainable within the type of a rhizome, powder, capsule, tincture, and oil. It doesn’t typically have any unintended effects. Diabetes mellitus higher often known as diabetes is a gaggle of metabolic ailments which disturb the glucose or sugar degree within the blood. That is primarily attributable to both inadequate manufacturing of insulin within the physique which ends up in kind one diabetic or the physique’s irresponsiveness in direction of insulin which leads to kind two diabetes. Turmeric is understood to show superb healing properties in treating diabetic. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-glycogenic properties related to curcumin on this spice assist to control insulin within the physique management and steadiness blood sugar and triglyceride ranges, forestall the event of insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity, boots immunity, forestall infections and inflammations, and scale back physique fats and stress, and thus assist in curing and stopping diabetes. The presence of antioxidants and phytonutrients in turmeric assist in treating an array of ailments to enhance the final well being and wellness of the plenty. This herb thus aids in strengthening the immune system
1). Prevents well being issues
To make sure a wholesome physique which is can fight ailments like diabetes effectively and successfully.
2). Boosts Immunity
The antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti glycaemic properties of curcumin current on this herb assist to combat and stop ailments by bettering and strengthening the immune system of the physique and this additionally assist within the prevention of diabetic.
3). Regulates insulin ranges
The pancreas is chargeable for producing insulin within the human physique. The anti glycaemic property of turmeric helps to keep up the correct functioning of the pancreas, regulate and steadiness insulin ranges, forestall the event of insulin resistance within the physique, decrease the blood sugar and triglyceride ranges, thereby serving to to deal with diabetes successfully.
4). Produces undesirable physique fats
Being chubby or the issue of weight problems is a threat issue for diabetes. Curcumin helps to regulate triglyceride and levels of cholesterol within the physique, Stability blood sugar, and glucose ranges, enhance digestion, get rid of and stop accumulation of dangerous fat, thereby serving to to deal with problems with weight problems bloating and undesirable weight achieve to additional forestall the resultant onset of diabetes.
5). Prevents infections and inflammations
Sure pathogens just like the virus, Coxsackie B4 are believed to set off kind one diabetic in people. The antiviral, antibacterial and different antibiotic properties of turmeric assist to deal with and stop these infections and thereby assist in avoiding diabetes.
Turmeric additionally helps to treatment metabolic and inflammatory for inflicting excessive blood sugar issues.
For extra about diabetic mealplans log into | <urn:uuid:cda68dfd-ebcc-4e2f-ae48-9de7f6bafb29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://civilwomen.com/best-diabetic-meal-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.896371 | 770 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Microsoft announced that it has “exclusively licensed” OpenAI’s sophisticated GPT-3 language model that can generate disturbingly human-like text in applications ranging from commercial bots to creative writing. After investing $1 billion in the San Francisco startup last year to become OpenAI’s exclusive cloud partner, Microsoft will get access to the language tech for itself and its Azure cloud customers.
OpenAI released GPT-3 just a couple of months ago to a limited group of developers, but its capabilities have already generated massive amounts of buzz. It’s the largest language model ever trained, and is capable of not just mundane tasks like auto-generating business correspondence, but also creative or technical chores like poetry, memes and computer code.
In fact, the code is so powerful that OpenAI initially refused to publish research on the earlier GPT-2 model for fear it could be abused to write fake news. Despite the huge size and power of the model, it’s also surprisingly easy to use.
“Unlike most AI systems which are designed for one use-case, OpenAI’s API today provides a general-purpose ‘text in, text out’ interface, allowing users to try it on virtually any English language task. GPT-3 is the most powerful model behind the API today, with 175 billion parameters,” the company wrote in a blog about the new partnership.
This is mind blowing.— Sharif Shameem (@sharifshameem) July 13, 2020
With GPT-3, I built a layout generator where you just describe any layout you want, and it generates the JSX code for you.
W H A T pic.twitter.com/w8JkrZO4lk
Microsoft wants to use GPT-3 to expand what it can offer its Azure cloud customers. “We see this as an incredible opportunity to expand our Azure-powered AI platform in a way that democratizes AI technology, enables new products, services and experiences, and increases the positive impact of AI at Scale,” said Microsoft CTO Kevin Scott. “We want to make sure that this AI platform is available to everyone — researchers, entrepreneurs, hobbyists, businesses — to empower their ambitions to create something new and interesting.”
With the deal, Microsoft has also gained access to the source code that it could integrate into its own products, according to The Verge. At the same time, OpenAI said that others can continue to use the model. “The deal has no impact on continued access to the GPT-3 model through OpenAI’s API, and existing and future users of it will continue building applications with our API as usual,” the company wrote. | <urn:uuid:8a4b31dc-6a3f-4f76-9478-2171ddaef10f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.engadget.com/microsoft-gpt-3-exclusive-license-ai-language-model-094525975.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.939991 | 570 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The new school year begins today in most of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In Republika Srpska, all primary and secondary school students, in accordance with the decisions of the RS Ministry of Education, return to school. At the same time, the Federal Ministry of Education and Science announced that the new school year begins today in Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj and Bosnia-Podrinje, and Sarajevo Canton.
Classes will begin on September 6 in Una-Sana, Posavina, Central Bosnia, Herzegovina-Neretva, West Herzegovina and Canton 10.
In all cantons, it is planned to hold classes in classrooms, according to the regular curriculum, with respect for epidemiological orders and recommendations, the Federal Ministry of Education and Science stated in the press release. | <urn:uuid:f75eaa93-5124-4541-8dec-096e1375bbd5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thesrpskatimes.com/new-school-year-begins-today-in-most-parts-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.893817 | 189 | 1.5 | 2 |
Vegetable oils, due to their diversity, are an ally in your daily life. With beneficial nutritional properties, they can be used in cooking according to your taste preferences and the health benefits that they offer.
Oils from dried fruit and seeds have distinctive flavors. Whether they are traditional (almond, walnut, hazelnut, etc.) or original (roasted peanut, pine nut, pistachio, etc.), all these oils are distinguished by their gourmet flavors and their finesse on the palate.
The diversity of dried fruit and seeds from which they are derived provide a wide range of flavors, a real invitation to creativity and awakening of the senses. These oils will inspire you, as well as many culinary associations, and will enhance each of your savory and sweet dishes by bringing out the unique and refined notes.
Vegetable Oils Beneficial to Health
Since fats are essential to ensure the proper functioning of our bodies, they must represent 30 to 35% of our calorie intake. Vegetable oils, especially virgin oils, are preferred, because they are rich in various essential fats. In fact, they are composed of three main categories of fatty acids :
- Saturated Fatty Acids
Rarely present in vegetable oils, these fatty acids have a detrimental effect on health when they are consumed in very high quantities. They are especially found in animal fats (milk, cheese, butter, meat, etc.), but also in coconut oil and palm oil.
- Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
They are used to rebalance the fat intakes and thus have a protective effect on your health. Vegetable oils that contain the most are olive and hazelnut oils.
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
They play an essential role in many physiological functions and are essential for good health. Since our body is unable to synthesize these "essential" fatty acids, they must be provided through our diet. There are two types :
- Omega-3 is especially found in fatty fish, rapeseed oil, hempseed oil, and walnut oil.
- Omega-6 is present in sunflower oil and grapeseed oil in significant quantities.
To receive any benefits from these two fatty acids, it is important to maintain a good ratio between the two: approximately 5 times more Omega-6 than Omega-3.
In addition, it is also important to vary consumption of vegetable oils, because each oil has one unique composition and different nutrient intakes. | <urn:uuid:4ceb625f-4016-40c2-9613-7c97067a7785> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.huiles-guenard.com/en/content/15-benefits-of-gourmet-oils | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961707 | 507 | 3.015625 | 3 |
For our mind to remain sharp we need to fuel our brains properly. Eating the right balance of vegetables is key to maintain a happy and healthy brain. We have combined 6 seed varieties that have been shown to have potential health benefits for brain function in clinical or pre clinical trials. Not only does our brain food blend support healthy brain function, it tastes incredibly delicious and refreshing also!
- Dark Leafy greens, in particular Kale, have been shown to have a whole range of nutrients beneficial to brain health. These include lutein, beta-carotene and vitamin b6.
- Broccoli is great source of vitamin K, which is known to boost cognitive function and enhance brainpower.
- Dandelion has been shown to have potential neuroprotective properties.
- Legumes, such as lentil and alfalfa are loaded with b vitamin folate, which has a reputation for strengthening brain power.
Perfect as a sprouting mix to add to any meal, perfect for stir-fries and salads.
Seeds: Dandelion, Pink Kale, Black Kale, Broccoli, Lentil, Alfalfa
Health Benefits: High in fibre, protein, sulforaphane. Aids digestion and gut health. | <urn:uuid:61934f29-347c-421d-9745-90db015ab4b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nufields.com/products/brain-food-blend%E2%84%A2-organic-sprouting-seed-blend | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922535 | 257 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Are you feeling old? And what does that mean, anyway? How does one define old?
I ask because the other day I received an email from a close friend who sent me a link to purchase a sweatshirt. What bothers me about this sweatshirt is the imprint on it: Never underestimate an old woman who graduated from (fill in the name of your college or university). I suspect that this apparel company uses this saying on all the alumni sweatshirts they offer to graduates of various educational institutions. What bothers me is the reference to women as “old.”
According to Wikipedia: Old age comprises “the later part of life; the period of life after youth and middle age . . . , usually with reference to deterioration. And according to Key Concepts in Social Gerontology there are four dimensions to old age: chronological, biological, psychological, and social.
And two professors of old age psychiatry (Wattis and Curran) claim there’s a fifth dimension: developmental. There’s also: young old age, middle old age, old and very old. And one does not have to be a certain age before being viewed as “old.” We may refer to a person of any age as thinking, dressing or acting old such as “old before their time.” And what time is that?
None of us who live long enough will escape the shock or surprise, disappointment and sometimes fear that comes along with aging. Recently, another friend shared with me that she noticed that her arches had fallen. And I’ve noticed my own body changes, including sagging around my knees. One day you suddenly become aware of a physical change that you hadn’t noticed before.
But let’s not forget the joys that come with aging. There’s a certain kind of freedom, contentment and wisdom that comes as we accumulate years. And there’s a certain kind of pride I feel when I see an “older” woman receiving accolades, admired not only for her beauty but for her accomplishments, too.
Still using the word “old” to describe a woman (even when it’s meant to be funny or cheeky) bothers me. Maybe it has to do with the deterioration part of the definition. Sure, maybe some things are going “downhill” but in so many ways I’m just getting started. And maybe you are, too.
My father was like that – he never thought of himself as old nor did I. With each passing year, he seemed to find new interests, new goals and new things to amuse, excite and delight him. Even up to his last days before death, he was invigorated, curious and engaged with the world and all its mysteries.
And among the issues I have with the concept of “old” is one: that we’re focusing too much on a descriptor that really isn’t “one size fits all” and two: it trickles down the aging spectrum to our youth.
Youth today seem to be overly concerned with their outward appearance. There are media people and companies that promote the super thin, wrinkleless woman as the ideal. And while we have the choice to listen to them or not and buy into their way of thinking or not, it’s always up to us women to demonstrate, project, exhibit and promote other aspects of our being.
What about our intelligence, curiosity, courage, confidence, and vitality? And what about our divine feminine energy, our light that shines within? I’m referring to our feminine nature that includes such qualities as restoration, creation, life, healing, nurturing, love, compassion and intuition among others. These qualities don’t grow old.
We are all so much more than our age.
A third friend wrote to me and to a group of our friends saying she was on grandmother duty this summer and as she put it, “I’m getting old.” I wrote back and said: “You’re not old. You’re aging and so are 20 somethings.”
There are challenges to face as we age. My aging mother who has a host of physical difficulties tells me it’s not fun to get old. To which I reply: every age has its problems.
From my point of view, I don’t want to be called an “old” woman. It doesn’t describe me. Life is all about cycles and perceptions. And it may serve us well to remember that “everything old is new again” anyway.
I simply want to be called a woman and let my Divine Feminine Energy speak for itself. I’m A Genuine Woman. Yep, that’s who we females all are — young or old or anywhere in-between.
How do you feel about using the word “old” to describe a woman? Please comment below. Everyone in this community has an opinion, and we’d all love to hear your take on today’s blog post. | <urn:uuid:c4818f3d-b770-4372-b561-d05c91c9ccf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://feedyourselffully.com/blog/a-genuine-woman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968113 | 1,075 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The Blue Cave
Natural Attraction / Speleology
The Blue Cave, also known as the Pietroasa Cave, is located in Poiana Ruscăi Mountains, 12 km from Făget, at an altitude of 340 meters, 370 meters long.
The name of the Blue Cave is due to its chromatic dominance, named by speleologists "blue of Pietroasa".
Entrance to the cave is narrow, but as it advances, the space widens to discover stalagmites and stalactites bathed in the shades of an unique blue.
The cave has a column of 7 m high, called "Tibia and Fibula". The locals say that archaeological excavations have revealed a warehouse of cereals, neolithic ceramics, and even skeletal remains of the cave bear.
In the cave are living different species of bats. | <urn:uuid:3601328f-9ee3-46cc-916a-f0ae63fd9aaf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://discovertimis.com/en/places/v-z13ramrkdyeg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946204 | 185 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission, NERC, says it is working on alternative energy sources to boost power supply in the country.
Its Chairman, Prof. James Momoh, made the disclosure in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria in Igarra, Edo.
“We are working on other options of energy supply so that we don’t have to always rely on power from Egbin, Afam or Sapele.
“That is why now, we are working and making sure there is network to transfer long distance power to other parts of the country.
“With respect to renewable energy, God has given us wind and solar energy in Nigeria, sunshine which can be turned into energy.
“We have investors, even Nigerians themselves who are interested in getting involved in the business of energy production, we have regulations that allow them to do so.
“So if you know somebody who wants to engage in distributing power, marketing power, making money, we are the people that will authorize such persons.
“Already some other states have taken advantage of that,” Momoh said.
The NERC chairman said that the commission is committed to ensuring that Nigerians have access to power and every home is metered.
“First of all, we have sufficient power and accessible power for everyone who want to use power and buy.
“So we are metering, we are regulating; every Nigerian home must be metered so you don’t pay for energy you did not use. Nobody should be given estimated bills.
“We are a commission which solves problem legally, the law is in place to make sure every home is metered and if you are willing to access power, you need to be metered and pay,” he said.
On the power supply problem in Igarra, Momoh said the effort is on to enhance supply.
“We are working and making sure there is network to transfer long distance power to Igarra; that is what we just did in Okpella.
“Okpella had been in darkness, we have solved their problem, they will no longer be in darkness.
“Igarra too, we are going to solve their problem, we are going to make sure that power from Okpella gets to this place,” he added. (NAN) | <urn:uuid:77d8d036-db8b-448b-811d-b164b7da20e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://businesseye.ng/nerc-working-on-alternative-energy-sources-says-chairman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96546 | 495 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Such anions is actually stabilized in order to deeper extent, it offers smaller destination to have proton hence, have a tendency to work as poor feet. For that reason, brand new related acidic might be strongest because the weak conjugate foot provides strong acidic and a strong conjugate ft features weakened acidic.
This means ClOcuatro – will have maximum stability and therefore will have a minimum attraction for W. Thus CIO4 – will be weakest base and its conjugate acid HCIO4 is the strongest acid.
When aqueous ammonia is added to CuSO4 solution, the solution turns deep blue due to the formation of tetrammine copper (II) complex, [Cu(H2O)6] 2+ (aq) + 4NHstep 3 (aq) \(\rightleftharpoons\) [Cu(NH3)4] 2+ (aq), among H2O and NH3 which is stronger Lewis base. Answer: Copper (II) sulphate solution, for example contains the blue hexaaqua copper (II) complex ion. In the first stage of the reaction, the ammonia acts as a Bronsted – Lowry base. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:bd970b23-4a18-482d-81e2-013b7761207d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techblogspace.com/category/plano-escort/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.902998 | 243 | 2.609375 | 3 |
My school teachers informed me that the European settlers in North America decimated the native Indian population more through disease than war. In particular, we gave them blankets carrying contagious small pox and influenza germs. Right, I get it. That wasn’t very nice. But do I feel any White Guilt about it? Hell no. Aside from the obvious fact that I’m not personally responsible for what someone I didn’t know and who died before I was born did to someone else I didn’t know and died before I was born…. there’s just another rather important fact.
It was give and take. You see, my school teachers told me about the Black Death that twice ravaged Europe. What they didn’t say is who brought it….. the fucking Turks.
Now, I happen to like most of the Turks I’ve met and I’ve dated a couple of Turkish women but their repeated invasions of Europe do sorely try my patience. The Ottomans were utter cunts, with their slave galleys, penchant for impalings, and Janissary child-kidnapping system. Bunch of cunts and I’m very glad WWI finally put paid to their sick twisted empire. However, what history really ought to remember is it was the Turks who introduced the Bubonic Plague to Europe in The Age Of Calamity between AD 1300 and 1400. Here’s how the book describes it:
Out of the Far East came a sickness of unprecedented virulence which, in the years between 1346 and 1352, carried off at least one third of Europe’s population. The greatest wave of mortality ever to sweep across the world, it was to become known as the Black Death.
It was first spotted in Constantinople in 1347 and infected rats aboard Ottoman vessels gave it to the rest of us. Now, I’ll admit that the Turks may hold their hands up and say, “hang on a minute, we didn’t originate it. We got it off the bloody Mongols” and they’ll have a point.
The terrible machinery of the plague appears to have been set in motion in the Gobi desert in Mongolia. In the late 1320s and epidemic erupted there among rodents and claimed its first human victims from within the ranks of the nomadic Mongol horsemen, who then proceeded to spread the disease throughout their extensive empire. The trade routes of the Silk Road, along which silks and furs were carried westward from China, exposed the whole of central Asia to the disease.
We Brits got it from the French via Burgundy wine.
Now the lesson of the Black Death is pretty simple: Build The Wall. It was the mass immigration and globalist trading which allowed the spread of virulent pestilence from the Third World into Europe. We are seeing the same thing now on a (currently) smaller scale with all the Ebola, HIV, Hep C, small pox and strange new diseases coming in with all the Soros fake-refugees. Anonymous Conservative has been keeping tabs on the spike in incidences of previously eradicated diseases. Bring in the third world people, and they bring the third world conditions with them. But of course so long as globalist traitors like Merkel, May and Macron are in power, they’ll keep doing it.
There was an upside to the mass die-off in the European population.
The massive decline in population transformed the relationship between people and resources. Because labour was scarce, the surviving work force could command high wages, while the prices of land and agricultural products fell due to lack of demand.
We see the modern equivalent in Japan, but due to declining birth rate. The country suddenly isn’t so crowded. House prices have been falling for thirty years. After decades of overcrowding and pressure on scarce resources, declining birth rates should be leading the First World into a Golden Age. As soon as those parasite Baby Boomers die, everything is freed up. But…… those same Baby Boomers insist on keeping globalists in power who are using the “demographic crisis” as a pretext to inflict mass immigration on us.
Really, as if Britain’s “demographic crisis” can be solved by filling our schools with Pakistani and Somali children….. how does turning Britain into Not-Britain help the British? Whatever Age Of Calamity strikes the Proper Countries as globalism and the neo-liberal world order collapses and the civil wars of identity fire up, I’m guessing those of us who keep our heads will emerge into a great age, like in the 1400s.
I made it though an entire blog post about immigration without once saying “shoot the invaders and execute the traitors!” I guess I’ve mellowed.
Look, this is what happens when you read a book in summer and forget to review it for six months. Let’s pretend it never happened, and buy Daygame Mastery, Daygame Infinite and Daygame Overkill, alright? Check them out here.
But never have and never will bum a male Turk, nor wrestle one. There are many things I won’t follow Casanova in trying.
No surprise there. It’s always the bloody French. I’m glad we smacked them up with the Hundred Years War for it. | <urn:uuid:f86ef3c9-8a8c-4ee8-b615-66926b9b0877> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theredarchive.com/blog/Krauser-PUA/133-the-age-of-calamity-time-life-bookreview.27047 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963863 | 1,129 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Pride Parade, Dickson Street / Photo: Todd Gill, Fayetteville Flyer
The Human Rights Campaign has ranked Fayetteville at the top of its list of cities in Arkansas that protect the rights of LGBT citizens.
Fayetteville scored a 76 out of 100 possible points on its 2015 Municipal Equality Index, which examines the laws, policies, and services of cities and rates them on the basis of their inclusivity of LGBT people who live and work there.
Scores are based on several factors, including anti-discrimination laws, city employment policies, inclusiveness of municipal services, hate crime reporting, and city leadership’s relationship with the LGBT community.
Five other Arkansas cities made the list this year, including Little Rock, which earned 46 points. Fort Smith, Jonesboro, North Little Rock and Springdale all scored 18 points.
Fayetteville’s recently passed anti-discrimination ordiance earned the city a perfect score of 30 points in that category. The city lost points for having no transgender-inclusive healthcare benefits, no city contractor non-discrimination ordinance, no LGBT liaison in the mayor’s office, and no LGBT police liaison or task force. Fayetteville earned three bonus points for having openly LGBT elected or appointed municipal leaders.
Of the 408 municipalites included in this year’s list, 47 cities earned perfect 100-point scores. That’s an increase of nine cities over the 38 that earned perfect scores in 2014. Eleven cities earned 100-point scores in 2012 and 25 cities had perfect scores in 2013.
Fayetteville, Arkansas – 2015 Municipal Equality Index
2015 Municipal Equality Index (MEI) / Click to enlarge | <urn:uuid:a46e5afe-f8c1-41f1-9dcc-8c35b712b061> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fayettevilleflyer.com/2015/12/17/fayetteville-leads-state-in-lgbt-equality-rankings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935555 | 346 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Ah, cleaning the toilet – one of the most hated cleaning chores on the planet… If you hate cleaning your toilet than I don’t blame you – I used to hate is as well. Scrubbing and wiping the dirtiest germiest spot in your home is not ideal, however, what if I told you that there was an easy way… A way that does not include scrubbing and wiping?
Did you know that you can make your own cleaner which will easily clean the toilet and you won’t need to spend much time scrubbing? This recipe I recently discovered has changed my life completely. Now, I don’t need to spend more than 5 minutes sanitizing the toilet.
How To Make Your Own Cleaner?
The best part is that you don’t need a lot of ingredients. In fact, everything you need you already has in your kitchen cupboards. Don’t believe me? All you need is vinegar and baking soda!
Sprinkle baking soda in the toilet then slowly pour vinegar on top of the baking soda. When both ingredients are mixed they will create a reaction – a fizzing. Don’t be scared – this is the reason this recipe is so effective. This fizzing will replace the scrubbing and wiping you have been doing.
Allow the vinegar to sit for 5 minutes before you grab the toilet brush and gently wipe any dirty spots.
Once you are done simply flush the toilet and that is it… you now have a spotless toilet which is not only clean but disinfected as well. As you probably know vinegar has disinfecting properties. | <urn:uuid:51731aec-38a5-4047-96df-ad4804cccc22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://binaryreports.com/the-best-diy-recipe-for-a-toilet-bowl-cleaner-you-can-try/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958456 | 334 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Strawberry Yellow Wonder Seeds
Info: This unique variety produces creamy yellow-coloured strawberries with an distinct and delicious flavour. And if you don`t want to net your strawberry plants to keep the birds away, try this one. The yellow colour of these Strawberries will have the birds preferring your neighbours` crop. The plant grow compact and bushy (45 cm) and produce lots of fruit the first year from seed. Fruits are borne throughout the summer and autumn. Many prefer the taste of this yellow-fruited type to the more common red strawberry.
Sowing & cultivation: Sow indoors in February/March or outdoors from April on. Seeds germinate best after cold treatment. Place the sealed packet in the freezer for 2-4 weeks. Cover seeds only lightly with soil. When the plants get their second set of true leaves, thin them out, leaving three to four inches between plants. Or, replant them into separate containers. Strawberries do not like wet roots, preferring a well-drained site with a preferably slightly acid, medium loam. They tolerate shade but thrive in sunshine. To avoid diseases, you should plant strawberries in a 3-year-cycle at new locations in the garden.
|Botanical name||Fragaria vesca|
|Sowing||Feb/Mar indoors, from April outdoors|
|Location||sunny to partial shade, slightly sandy and acidic, well-drained soil|
|Harvesting||May to September| | <urn:uuid:956511b3-71a8-4660-8c0f-f5fb01336373> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bee-seeds.eu/fruit/strawberries/2591/strawberry-yellow-wonder-seeds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.8946 | 358 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Weddings have always been the most lavish and favorite event in Kazakh families. Traditional preparations and celebrations were always very long: they lasted for days or even weeks and had their own rituals and rules to follow.
Generally, weddings consist of three main events: meeting of the parents, the bride’s leaving, and the wedding itself in the groom’s village. In this article, we discuss in more detail what these occasions looked like in the past and what a modern wedding looks like now.
Qūdalyq: The Parents’ Meeting
Arranged marriages were common in many cultures around the globe, as they acted as a strong tool to secure the status and wealthiness of many families. In ancient times, Kazakh parents made choices for their children. Although personal reasons played a huge role in decision-making, families needed to pay attention to other details as well: the age gap of the couple (man should be older for no more than 25 years; a woman should be older for no more than 8 years) and ru, clan affiliations. The latter served as proof that the future couple was not related to each other.
First and foremost, potential in-laws had a meeting, namely a qūdalyq. It is interesting to note that some families, who were friends, arranged the marriage while their children were young. In some rare situations, parents could arrange a partner for their children even before their birth.
As different clans lived far from each other, the groom's side had to travel quite a long distance to the bride’s house. During the first evening, conversations about marriage were off the table: guests, hosts, and their relatives chatted about life and enjoyed dinner. While the main question was deliberately ignored, the families were closely observing and analyzing each other to see if they still wanted to proceed with the marriage.
The day after the first meeting, families started discussing weddings and told stories, tales, and songs. After the bride's side showed interest in the marriage, the groom's side openly proposed. Then, all her relatives except her parents were supposed to leave the house, while the latter discussed details of the future marriage and qalym – the amount they would receive as payment for their daughter's departure. An ‘oral contract’ was made, which was a way to secure a deal and arrange fines in case any sides would back up. Families exchanged gifts, spoke highly about each other, and ate from the same plates, as a sign of becoming relatives soon.
Afterward, the official preparations began. The bride’s relatives picked out all the property they wanted to give to their daughter for her future life: jewelry, clothing, dishes, blankets, etc. Meanwhile, the groom’s family was partially giving qalym to her family and preparing for the celebration in their village.
Often the future couple would meet for the first time in the midst of wedding preparations. The groom’s visits were always very loud and exciting. He had to go through different funny, but challenging games, for example, entering her house properly and greeting her and her family. If the groom failed to win, he had to give gifts or pay. Further dates and meetings of the future couple were called qalyñdyq oinau (playing a marriage).
Qyz Ūzatu Toi: The Farewell of the Bride
Marriage for a bride meant leaving her own family and joining a new one. Since she would be going to a very distant village, her departure was like going somewhere abroad. That is why her family prepared a special celebration called qyz ūzatu toi, so the bride could say farewell to all her loved ones.
Qyz ūzatu toi was a huge celebration with fun games, delicious food, and tearful songs. The majority of the guests were her friends and family, so this event was often seen as a wedding for the bride’s side. Nevertheless, the groom was also there, accompanied only by 7-9 companions from his family.
Music was an essential part of the event. The bride wrote and performed her own song called syñsu (cry) before leaving her family. The verses were always about love to her parents, family, and friends, losing her independence, and entering a new life, so this was always the saddest part of the evening. Another important song was jar-jar (“friend-husband”) sung by the choir of young men and women, often the bride’s friends. This song consisted of male and female verses: men’s lyrics were about a great life full of the love of the new husband and his family, while women’s lyrics were about her blood relatives and the end of her light and careless life.
Closer to midnight, the groom and the bride with their companions departed from her village. The couple walked out on a special white cloak aq jol, which was both a wish of safe travels and a symbol of a great future together. The bride was often advised not to look back, so her marriage would be happy and long-lasting.
Üilenu Toi: The Wedding
After all of the bride’s property was loaded onto the caravan, she, her mother, sisters-in-law, or younger brother left off with the future husband and his relatives to their village. Upon arrival, they were greeted by a few female relatives (often sisters-in-law of the groom), who carried a big white cloak to cover the bride. It was important that nobody in his village saw her face before the celebration itself. Inside the home, when the bride and her companions entered the yurt, the groom's relatives threw candies and sweets in the air. This was a ritual called şaşu: a symbol of a sweet future full of happiness and joy. Lastly, women put the white cloak over the bride’s head, hiding her face until the ceremony.
The ritual described above continued on the wedding day. A betaşar was an important part of the evening since it was a moment when guests and relatives met the bride for the first time. The ritual name was literally translated as “opening the face”. The bride had a white cloak covering her face, so no guests could see her. The young man, often a family’s friend, sang a song in two parts. The first verse was about the beauty and qualities of the future wife, while the second part was a tale about the groom, his family, and their rules. Thus, the song was a lecture for the young woman to learn how to behave in the new environment. Despite the serious purpose of the ritual, there were comedic parts to it, as the singer often told some jokes about different family members and mimicked them to entertain guests. Meanwhile, the bride also had to bow and greet her new relatives. Only after the end of the song the mother or sisters-in-law lifted the white cloak, and the bride met all of her new relatives for the first time.
Interestingly enough, the groom had quite a passive role during his wedding. He was mostly following küieu joldas (the equivalent of the best man) ideas and suggestions. This role was often given to a very talented and charismatic friend or brother-in-law of the groom, so they had good chemistry together. The best man had to have good knowledge in traditions and challenges, and often was a big entertainer of the wedding itself.
Ancient traditions remained part of history and Kazakh culture has changed significantly since then. First of all, now qūdalyq has a different purpose. Parents of two lovers now can help or advise their children about decision-making, but they no longer have total control of it. This is why arranged weddings are not very common among families. When it comes to organizing a future marriage, the couple and their parents often discuss organizational and financial matters of the celebration: guest lists, restaurant options, splitting the costs, dates.
Indeed, contrary to the weddings in the past, modern celebrations last for one day. Few people organize farewell parties, as the tradition with years has lost the original purpose. However, some couples still decide to hold it. Fun games, dancing, and speeches are common during this event. In order to pay respect to the traditions, the bride might prefer wearing Kazakh traditional attire, leaving her modern white dress for the actual wedding day. After the wedding is over, the groom solemnly takes his future wife to his parents’ home.
Modern weddings often proceed in a banquet hall of the restaurants with dozens of guests from both sides. The historical heritage of being part of the USSR affected the way weddings take place: it became common to hire the professional host – tamada. It is his job to put up a spectacular show for the guests and newlyweds with fun games, dances, musicians, and speeches.
Despite significant modernization of the celebration, few of the traditions of the past are still practiced including betaşar, though it lost its practical value. Some traditions are timeless and hold the same meaning. For example, şaşu is still a very common ritual at many weddings.
Even though the old rituals no longer serve the same purpose, they still are the great heritage that is cherished and loved. The concept of wedding is the same as it was before: it is a great celebration for both sides with a slightly sad feeling that children are now grown-ups and are starting their own family. | <urn:uuid:fff73d22-7400-4108-8aaf-c257aa89f920> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://the-steppe.com/steppe-english/ancient-traditions-and-modern-interpretations-kazakh-wedding-rituals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.984831 | 1,981 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Emsens was born in 1961 and is specilized in designing and manufacturing machines for the food industry. Situated in the industrial area called Ondaine (in the Loire district), well known for its network of companies dealing with metallurgy, Emsens has been experimenting a know-how which allows it to answer to all the needs of its customers in the food industry.
Today, Emsens is a specialist in design and manufacture of machines for the food industry. The staff of the company includes 19 persons, among which 5 persons at the technical department. It owns several patents and includes a wide distributors network.
The staff of the company includes 19 persons, among which 5 persons at the technical department. It owns several patents and includes a wide distributors network.
Emsens works with local suppliers and partners coming from Rhône-Alpes region at 90% which allows to reduce the logistic and optimize the local know-how in order to get top quality components to produce specific machines on request.
Emsens is locally famous for its high know-how in metallurgy history.
Situated in Fraisses, at the Zone artisanale du Parc, next to Firminy in the Loire district, Emsens offers a wide range of machines for the food industry. With a range including, among others, skewering machines, cutting machines as well as binding machines for salami, Emsens is locally famous for its high know-how in metallurgy history.
Antoine Emsens created Emsens in 1961. The company was first selected as a subcontractor for the CALF (Coal Steel Loire Firminy)
In the eighties, Emsens took the decision to orientate a part of its activity towards the production of its own range of machines for the food industry. At that time, the first successful skewering machines and bacon dicing machines come out of Emsens plant. In the nineties, the technical department was created and the first machines were manufactured from A to Z by Emsens factory. In 2000, Emsens stopped for good to be a subcontractor and dedicated its production to clean machinery. In 2008, the frames of the machines were made in the factory as well which offered a better reactivity and allowed to offer new services in our manufacturing processes.
Intégration des nouvelles technologies adaptées à l’industrie agroalimentaire-process : connectivité des machines et composants IO-Link…
Intégration des préconisations EHEDG pour la conception des nouveaux matériels
manufacturing of the frames of the machines at Emsens to optimize the production chain
Emsens stops to be a subcontractor to produce its own products and clean machinery
creation of the technical department to guarantee 100% of the machines designed by Emsens
development of the first skewering and bacon dicing machines
metallurgy know-how development– subcontractor of the CALF
creation of the company by Antoine Emsens in Fraisses (Loire-France) | <urn:uuid:ab6ad48d-148e-490b-b8b8-d0d9bca61f79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.emsens.com/en/emsens-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.930818 | 677 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The familiar witch of folklore and popular superstition is a combination of numerous influences, but is generally based on the European tradition of witchcraft.
During the Bronze Age (typically from around 2000 to 750 BC), Northern European magic was similar to other cultures during that time. The Celts of Northern Europe and the British Isles during the final centuries BC were a deeply spiritual people, who worshipped both a god and goddess. Their religion was pantheistic, meaning they worshipped many aspects of the “One Creative Life Source” and honoured the presence of the “Divine Creator” in all of nature. They believed in reincarnation and that after death they went to the Summerland for rest and renewal while awaiting rebirth. By about 350 BC, the “Druids” had developed a priestly class, and were the priests of the Celtic religion, as well as teachers, judges, astrologers, healers, midwives and bards.
The religious beliefs and practices of the Celts, their love for the land, and their veneration of trees (the oak in particular) grew into what later became known as Paganism. Blended over several centuries with the beliefs and rituals of other Indo-European groups, this spawned such practices as concocting potions and ointments, casting spells, and performing works of magic, all of which, along with many of the nature-based beliefs held by the Celts and other groups, became collectively known as witchcraft.
Similarly, the folk-magic of the early Christian period in Europe was common sorcery, not involving demons or devils. Anglo-Saxon magic involved spells and simple mechanical remedies, sometimes mixed with Christian religious elements (such as saying the Lord’s Prayer while brewing a potion). Potential Christians in the early days of Christianity were quite comfortable with the use of magic as part of their daily lives, and they expected Christian clergy to work magic of a form superior to the old pagan way (the Christian methodology involving saints, divine relics and prayers was really just a short step from the old pagan techniques of amulets and spells.
In folklore, a witch (far from the later diabolic meaning of the term) was a mere sorcerer or magician associated with the spirits of nature, an elemental natural force possessing enormous and unexpected powers that were, while not necessarily evil, so alien and remote from the world of man that they somehow constituted a threat to the prevailing order.
Prior to the 13 or 14th Century, witchcraft had come to mean a collection of beliefs and practices including healing through spells, ointments and concoctions, dabbling in the supernatural, and forecasting the future through divining and clairvoyance. In England, the provision of curative magic was the job of a “witch doctor” (a term used in England long before it came to be associated with Africa), also known as a “cunning man”, “white witch” or “wiseman”. “Toad doctors” were also credited with the ability to undo evil witchcraft. Although they did not refer to themselves as witches, these cunning-folk were generally considered valuable members of the community (however, some were also hired to curse enemies).
The way in which this situation developed into the persecution of witches by the Christian authorities and the eventual resulting butchery of “The Burning Times” is described in more detail in the Medieval and Early Modern sections of the History of Witchcraft. The witch hunt reached its peak in Europe during the late 16th and early 17th Century, before petering out in the second half of the 17th Century.
The last execution for witchcraft in Europe took place in Poland in 1793, but practitioners of witchcraft stayed hidden in the shadows and kept their faith secret, handing their knowledge down to successive generations, and sporadic persecution continued. In Britain, for example, even after witchcraft and conjuration ceased to be a crime following the Witchcraft Act of 1736, the same law ensured that “pretended” witchcraft or magic remained a punishable offence, so that it effectively became legally defined as a fraudulent belief or practice.
It was not until the English Parliament finally repealed its surviving laws against witchcraft in 1951 that there was a resurgence of witchcraft and Neopaganism, and practitioners began to come out of the “broom closet”. Building on books such as Charles Leland’s “Aradia: The Gospel of the Witches” (1899), Margaret Murray’s “The Witch-Cult in Western Europe” (1921) and Robert Graves’ “The White Goddess” (1948), many people consider “Witchcraft Today”, published by Gerald Gardner in 1954, as the turning point in the self-conscious revival of pre-Christian Paganism (usually referred to as Neopaganism) in England, and later in the United States and other parts of Europe.
Gardner became the figurehead of the resurgent religion of Wicca, and some see him as having single-handedly founded modern-day witchcraft. Others willingly took up his mantle, however, and a bewildering variety of different Wiccan and Neopagan traditions have developed, as well as continental variants based on old European traditions such as Italian Stregheria and Scandinavian Ásatrú. | <urn:uuid:0a97fb26-4bf3-42f8-b292-c866ac0874c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://witchcraftandwitches.com/witchcraft/world-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.974354 | 1,102 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Hi friends! Last week we had a party for my stepson, so this weekend we had to get the ‘Thank You’ cards done. That’s the rule right–a week later? Seriously I have no idea about ‘thank you’ card ettiquette, I just figured that I better get them done before I forget!
I came up with these easy cards that you or your kids can make super fast. You may even already have these supplies in your craft closet, but if not they are all available at your local craft store (like Michael’s!)
Bright paper (I used Astrobrights)
Washi tape in various colors and patterns (I used 3)
Small foam brush
How to DIY Kid’s ‘Thank You’ Cards:
Step 1: Fold the paper in quarters.
Step 2: Print out the wording you like for the cover (this one is in the font Scream Outlined from MS Word)
Step 3: Apply the Washi tape at an angle in an alternating pattern over the top of the word(s).
Step 4: Because the Washi tape is transparent, you can see the wording underneath. Cut out the letters.
Step 5: Add a light coat of the Mod Podge to the back of the letters, and stick them in place. Once set, add a coat of Mod Podge to the entire section.
Step 6: Decorate the rest of the card with the Washi tape.
Easy card your kid’s can help you make in no time! I made a handful of these in about 30 minutes, some of you may even beat my time!
With so many varieties of Washi tape and paper, you can easily custmize this to be ‘girly’ or what ever you choose! Let your imagination run wild!
Do you DIY your Kid’s cards? | <urn:uuid:21f2d976-5d42-4ba1-aa01-227520ac2d26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hellolifeonline.com/diy-kids-thank-you-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919756 | 406 | 1.5 | 2 |
Recipes by Bosky Dutia & Sami Al Sami Thareed
Thareed is a traditional Arabian dish made from pieces of bread in a meat or chicken broth. It is typically consumed in the Holy Month of Ramadan and is quite popular in GCC countries.
1kg lamb shoulder chops
2 tablespoons ghee
2 large onions, peeled and chopped
2 garlic cloves, peeled and crushed
1 inch piece fresh ginger, peeled and finely chopped
1 cube beef Maggi seasoning
2 teaspoons Baharat (Arabic spices, see lnote below) or your favourite mixed spices
1 teaspoon whole coriander seeds, lightly crushed
4 large tomatoes, roughly chopped
4 heaped tablespoons of tomato purée
4 tablespoons chopped fresh coriander
4 cups of water
2 small whole dried limes, pierced with a knife
2 inch piece of cassia bark or cinnamon stick
3 whole green chillies
2 teaspoons salt
3 large waxy potatoes, peeled and cut into chunks
2 large carrots, peeled and cut into chunks
4 baby courgettes, cut into chunks
1 or 2 piece (approx) of preferably tandoori bread
With a sharp knife, remove the meat from the bone, trim excess fat and cut into cubes. Do not discard the bones as they will be used for flavour. In a flame-proof casserole dish or heavy based saucepan placed over high heat, heat the ghee until hot. Add the lamb and bones in batches and brown on all sides, transfer each batch to a plate when browned. Set aside. Reduce the heat to medium, add the onion, cook until soft and golden. While cooking the onion you may notice the bottom of the pan getting brown, adding a little water will help loosen the brown bits from the bottom while stirring with a wooden spoon. Add the garlic and ginger, Maggi seasoning and cook for about 30 seconds stirring continuously, next add in the mixed spices and coriander seeds, cook for a further 30 seconds. Add in the tomatoes, tomato purée, fresh coriander, lamb and bones, stir all together. Pour in the water, add the dried lime, cassia bark or cinnamon stick, green chillies and salt. Cover with a tight-fitting lid and simmer very gently for 1 hour. Add the potatoes and carrots into the stew cover and continue to gently simmer for another 40 minutes. Add the courgettes, cover and simmer for another 15 minutes or until tender. Once the stew is finished cooking and meat and vegetables are tender, taste and add more salt if necessary. Tear the bread into 3 or 4 inch pieces and gently mix into the dish, the bread will soak into the broth, no dry bits of bread should be visible. Serve straight from the cooking pot or place into a large serving bowl. Serves 4 to 5 people.
Baharat is the Arabic word for spice mix which may consist of a mix of ground black pepper, cinnamon sticks or cassia bark, cumin, coriander, cloves, cardamom, chillies, turmeric, and nutmeg in various quantities.
Maqlooba which means ‘upside down’ is a traditional Arabic dish made of rice, meat or chicken and vegetables usually served with yoghurt or salad. Very popular in GCC countries specially Bahrain and Kuwait.
1 full chicken cut into pieces
250 grams yoghurt
1 packet tomato paste
2 inch piece ginger thinly sliced
6 pieces of garlic roughly chopped
1 tablespoon cumin powder
1 tablespoon coriander powder
1 tablespoon dry lemon powder
1 tablespoon paprika powder
2 teaspoon red chilli powder
1 tablespoon Arabic mix spices
1 teaspoon turmeric powder
1 teaspoon garlic powder
2 cups of rice
2-3 +2 cardamom
2 eggplants - chopped to thick slices and soaked in salt and vinegar water
3 onions - 2 cut into circles, one chopped to thin slices for garnish
2 potatoes, chopped to big pieces
2 tomatoes, chopped
1 green or coloured pepper sliced into circles
1 bunch coriander leaves
2-3 green chilli
Wash chicken and cut into medium sized pieces. Add yoghurt, tomato paste, ginger, garlic, and all the ground spices (powders). Let it sit aside. Wash and soak rice and cook till half cooked with salt, cardamom, clove and cinnamon (2-3 pieces each). Fry the eggplant in oil till brown and fry the onion for garnish to a deep brown. Soak saffron, rose water, and 2 pieces of cardamom. In a pressure cooker, add oil, layer potato, chopped tomato, peppers, onions, place the marinated chicken on top, and green chilli. Cook on a medium flame till one whistle and reduce the flame to medium low and let it cook for 20 minutes. Let the pressure cool and then add the coriander leaves on top and the garnish onions. Layer rice and eggplant in equal halves on top and sprinkle the soaked saffron rose water mix on top. Close the pressure cooker and set the flame on low. Let it cook for 15 minutes. Serve in a big plate.
Honeycomb Dessert (Khaliat Nahal)
Honeycomb dessert is a very popular Iftar dish in Oman, which can be served sweet or salty with a cup of Arabian coffee.
For the dough:
1 cup warm water
1 tablespoon yeast
2 tablespoons sugar
1 tablespoon salt
2 tablespoons yoghurt
1 tablespoon milk powder
75ml cooking oil
2 1/2 cups white flour
Kiri square cheese
3 teaspoons cinnamon powder
2 teaspoons sugar
In a deep bowl add 1 cup warm water, 1 tablespoon yeast, 2 tablespoons sugar, and 1 tablespoon salt. Mix all the ingredients properly. Now add 2 tablespoons yoghurt, 1 tablespoon milk powder, 75ml cooking oil, and mix all these ingredients properly. Add 2 1/2 cups white flour and keep mixing until you get a perfect dough. Let the dough rest for 10 minutes. Cut the cheese to 9 equal pieces. Grease a round baking tin with some oil. Take small amount of dough. Use your hand to flatten it and keep piece of cheese in the centre. Wrap the flatten dough around the cheese. Put it in the centre of the baking tin, and keep repeating until baking tin is full. Heat the oven, temperature should be around 120C, insure that top and bottom flames are on. In the same time mix the 50ml of milk with the egg. Use the brush to spread thin layer of the mixture over the honeycomb. After 5 minutes put baking tin in the oven, normally it takes 15-20 minutes. Immediately after the honeycomb is out, pour condensed milk on top equally and then sprinkle sugar and cinnamon powder or you can replace with sugar syrup or honey. Serve with coffee.
Farfeena is a very traditional Omani dish made of dry anchovies and local vegetables, very easy to prepare with no heat required. Served as a salad or with rice.
250g dry anchovies
Spring onion (bundle) or 1 white onion
2 tablespoons water
1 tablespoon ghee or butter
1 teaspoon cumin powder
Salt (to taste)
Red chilli powder
1 teaspoon black pepper
Lemon (up to your taste)
Purslane leaves (two bundles)
1 green mango (optional)
Clean dry anchovies by removing heads and tails. Grind the anchovies a little and make sure they do not turn to powder. Chop the onion and the green chilli. In a deep bowl add water, ghee, cumin powder, salt, red chilli powder, black pepper, and lemon. Mix it all. Add purslane leaves. Now add onion and green chillies. Mix it again. Add slivers of mango. Add it to the mix with the anchovies and mix it all. It can be served with white rice or by its own.
Khushaf is a very popular Ramadan drink in Egypt, its consists of dry fruits and nuts soaked in water and saffron. It can be a replacement to a big meal and still be healthy.
4-5 strands of saffron
30ml rose water (Iranian)
3/4 jug hot water
250g dry dates
200g mix of raisins, apricot, fig (optional)
Sugar as required
50g nuts (almond + pistachio + pine nuts)
Add saffron strands and rose water to the hot water in the jug. Mix it. Cut the dates in 4 equal pieces and remove the seed. If you are using dry fruits like raisins, apricots, figs, cut them in to small pieces. Add the dates to the water and let it soak (dry fruits as well if it’s used). Add the sugar to the water (please note dry fruits and dates are sweet so add sugar accordingly).
Let it cool down in the fridge for two - three hours. Chop the almonds, pistachios, and pine nuts to small pieces and keep it on the side.
Once you are ready to serve the drink, take the jug out of the fridge, divide dates and dry fruit to equal amounts in the cups. Add chopped nuts on top. Pour water on top. Serve cold. | <urn:uuid:7177d799-176c-4ee4-8d4f-845e55434aba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://timesofoman.com/article/35707-oman-dining-arabian-recipes-for-ramadan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.86074 | 2,036 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Problem Solving with Industry
The European Study Groups with Industry programme is an innovative and collaborative way of tackling real problems faced in leading industries. These events have been described as "Hackathons for Mathematics"!
A study group is a week-long intensive problem-solving event that brings the wide ranging expertise of mathematical scientists together in a collaborative effort to solve real problems experienced by industrialists.
A Typical Week at a Study Group...
On the first morning, industry representatives present their problems. Often these involve complicated industrial processes that are not scientifically well understood. Some problems are more clear cut than others, for example, there may be a specific question such as How might we prevent this happening?, however this may not necessarily be the case. The academic/scientific participants then select the problem(s) they would like to work on.
During the first afternoon, subgroups of the scientific participants meet with each industrial representative and ask more detailed questions. Ideally, at the end of the day the team should have defined in broad terms the approximate goals for the week. Sometimes a successful outcome may simply be a properly formulated mathematical problem.
During the rest of the week, the group works on the problems and progresses towards a solution. Participants are free to choose which group(s) they would like to work with. Some people like to work intensively on one problem, others prefer to contribute to a number of problems. The industrial partner may or may not be able to attend all sessions, but should be easy to reach if more information is required.
On the last day, all groups present their results to the industry representatives and the other academics. A report describing the work of the group is written in the weeks following and given to the industrial partner.
Study Group Topics
Study group problems can come a wide range of areas. Common topics include
The problems submitted to study groups are extremely varied but they reflect the skills that are expected from a mathematical modeller. Problems are typically broken down into sub-tasks and interim models that are much easier to tackle.
Brewing of Filter Coffee, with Philips Research | <urn:uuid:7161086e-325f-4260-9cc1-d17691d4df21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ulsites.ul.ie/macsi/node/42841 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942161 | 425 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Clothes are a crucial part to be modern. Trends are called the progres in the utilization ofdesign and style and materials, or manufacturing approaches to cater to with changing buyer desire, by way of example: modifications to colouring or substance, or maybe in style and wish for. The phrase a trend is therefore relative, determined by who’s going to be speaking about the popularity. For instance, one individual may perhaps look at style movement as an element that all adults can do at this point in time.
Fashion is an art form, in the sense that it’s a manner of self-appearance plus in a definite ethnic context and at some point, in the selected spot. Included in the more common application, the phrase also indicates a certain search based on the style business enterprise as precisely what is at this time popular. Are few things on a, despite the fact that this would certainly contain: young punk rock, motor biker, seashore, preppy, modification and styles. The meaning of a trend is often more difficult than this, having said that. In general, trends is often labeled as outlined by no matter whether these are the products of inventive motive, a mirrored image of society, or they are something that a particular lifestyle produces or embraces as a fundamental piece of its personality. In many instances, the former are called the merchandise of human being genius, while the second item are typically the products and solutions of way of life.
Families have diverse views of fashion movements. Comprehending the concept of a pattern is as necessary as being familiar with its meaning, as a societal develop. At some stage in time, having the tendency indicates being aware it appears as though and in what way it’s going to progress. At other times, understanding a pattern basically signifies you are aware that a thing is originating or has recently are available, and you can now both foresee the results it provides on trend, or simply be one of the primary to take hold of it. More frequently thannot and having said that, realizing the latest fashions demands a lot more in-interesting depth examination when compared to a easy popularity of any development may possibly necessarily mean. This document will make an attempt to give the viewer with an familiarity with exactly what it implies to remain in a way pattern.
To be able to comprehend the word fashion trends, it is essential to consider the 3 various families of styles. These are generally distinguished by how they may be mirrored with time, by how rapidly they unfold all around a variety of locations or countries, and also how steep they range for their growth. The initial two categories, time-dependent fads, have to do with the steady growth and development of a design over a duration of time, with an emphasis on perhaps the style and design is now being made designed for a sophisticated market place or whether it is far more generic to a more conventional section of the industry.
The other group, alternatively, entails individuals trends which can be marked or are rated to be described with time. In other words, it does not take other of that time-centered pattern. The third category, the sharp-tendency, delivers all those fashion products or fashions that happen to be evolving at really swift costs, generally without getting a displaying from a recognizable alternation in the holder’s conduct or acquiring practices. While every one of these three different types of fashion trends has particular this means on the subject of the meaning with the expression craze, it is important to notice that they are doing incorporate some common post on the subject of their this means.
Trend projecting is just one popular manner in which outfits are characterized and looked at. It might provide a basis for identifying which trends will likely arise, even if movement guessing, or the opportunity to identify the probable way of favor fads, isn’t an specific scientific research. For instance, the coming “LBD” vogue tendency, which refers to buckskin substantial-throat gowns, was expected to continue on the straight down pattern for the a number of years. By inspecting previous tendencies, design gurus might make genuine estimations about current fashion trends. Trend guessing is not merely helpful for manner business associates but in addition for any person keen on seeing which garments item is currently in vogue or which colors appearance most effective together.
A different way to review the latest outfits is to look for parallels and behaviour. There are various techniques we can investigate and forecast long term products, for instance seeing that colours look like the favourite, which tones of material seem to be the most famous to get a granted item of clothing piece, or which movements a designer is currently employing to produce a change. For example, during the last yr there have been many shows and adverts that are fitted with precisely portrayed the fads that searchers are most consumed by.
If you read the transforming of fashion trends, you will need to focus on the words that makers as well as other manner repair use. In the event the terminology of the profession would seem generic or excessively well known, this signifies the tendencies are truly a smaller amount fascinating to people. On the flip side, should the expressions and tendencies often suggest which the community is enduring a ethnical move, this indicates the designer have definitely resonated together with the community. The very last type of this is seen in elizabeth-peri dico, which means “with lower”. It has now become one of the more well-liked approaches to illustrate creator design.
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Far more guidelines from encouraged editors: | <urn:uuid:69a73814-7018-4793-beb0-4e78a554f549> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chrisandchrisconsultant.com/clothes-as-well-as-the-psychology-of-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965756 | 1,169 | 2.125 | 2 |
The meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and 14 political leaders from Jammu and Kashmir today was more of an ice-breaking and trust-building exercise. Neither side expected any decisions to be taken or timelines to be set.
What did come out from the three-and-a-half-hour-long meeting was an assurance from the PM that the Centre is keen to start the democratic process in J&K at the earliest. He sought the cooperation of the Kashmiri leaders in expediting the ongoing delimitation process following which statehood could be restored and elections held. This, he said, is important for the development of J&K.
More than the actual outcome, it’s the spirit of the meeting that is significant. It is, like the PM said, about removing “Dil Aur Dilli Ki Doori”. It would have happened sooner, had it not been for Covid-19, PM Modi reached out. With the last two years spent in mutual distrust and a slanging match between the Centre and Kashmiri leaders, the meeting is the beginning of the dialogue process, which both sides hope will now continue. It is also a tacit admission by the Centre that it needs the local leadership to reach out to the people of J&K.
Today’s meeting with political leaders from Jammu and Kashmir is an important step in the ongoing efforts towards a developed and progressive J&K, where all-round growth is furthered. pic.twitter.com/SjwvSv3HIp— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) June 24, 2021
Many of the political leaders like Farooq Abdullah and Omar Abdullah of National Conference and Mehbooba Mufti of PDP – all former chief ministers -- were in prolonged preventive detention under the Public Safety Act following the abrogation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019. The constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir was changed, separating Ladakh, and declaring the two as Union Territories.
A prominent leader from the Valley says PM Modi’s approach was almost reminiscent of late Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s approach to the Kashmir issue. Vajpayee had famously said that the solution to the Kashmir problem will be within the bounds of 'Insaniyat, Kashmiriyat, and Jamhooriyat’.
“The meeting was held in a cordial atmosphere. Modi Ji let us (the Kashmiri leaders) speak our hearts out and he listened patiently. He spoke only at the end of it all. Uncomfortable points were raised by some of the leaders regarding the unconstitutionality and illegality of abrogation of Article 370, misuse of UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act), and continued detention of many political workers. He heard everything unflinchingly,” he says about the meeting.
However, he shares the long-held mistrust of many of the other leaders who had come from the erstwhile state. “It is one thing to do this for the optics and quite another to walk the talk. It is a long winding road to any semblance of normalcy in the blighted Valley,” he adds. | <urn:uuid:edfb813a-96c5-4678-b391-cb4fb2c966c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://admin.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-pms-bid-to-remove-dil-aur-dilli-ki-doori-election-process-in-kashmir-after-delimitation/386077 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.966511 | 660 | 1.664063 | 2 |
According to the National Institutes of Health , over 97 million adults in the United States are overweight. With such high percentages, it’s no wonder there are so many weight loss products and ingredients gaining popularity in the health industry.
Dieters have been particularly excited about L-carnitine. But what exactly is L-carnitine? Is it safe? And, most importantly, does it actually bring about weight loss?
What is L-Carnitine, and How Does it Cause Weight Loss?
L-carnitine is a compound consisting of the amino acids lysine and methionine. Both lysine and methionine are often used to improve athletic performance.
Though there isn’t a lot of empirical data, L-carnitine does possess weight loss abilities. This is because it plays a major role in the body’s fat breakdown process. Specifically, L-carnitine is essential for converting body fat back into usable energy by moving fatty acids out of cells’ cytoplasm and into their mitochondria.
Once they are in the mitochondria, the fatty acids are used as energy rather than stored on the body.
Increasing L-carnitine intake also promotes weight loss by improving protein synthesis. Because l-carnitine consists of amino acids, it helps the body increase muscle mass. As muscle mass grows, it reduces excess body fat and eliminates problem areas on the body.
L-carnitine also boosts energy, which promotes weight loss by providing the stamina needed to push harder during workouts. Longer, more intense workouts burn more calories and reduce weight as a result.
What Risks are Associated with L-Carnitine?
Unfortunately, L-carnitine does cause some negative consequences, such as the following:
- Upset Stomach
Additionally, users with slow thyroids should avoid L-carnitine. This is because research suggests L-carnitine works by blocking the action of the thyroid hormone, which could be harmful for users who already have low thyroid levels.
How Do You Use L-Carnitine?
The most common forms of L-carnitine supplements are pills and powders. Both forms have advantages. For example, with L-carnitine pills, users always get an exact dosage. With powders, users may take in a slightly different amount with each dose. Powders, on the other hand, are advantageous because they can be blended into smoothies or juices.
Whether you choose pills or powders, you should start taking in 1 g of L-carnitine daily for weight loss benefits. Gradually increase your daily intake to 3 g/day as your body adjusts to the supplement’s effects.
For the best results, take an L-carnitine supplement 30-45 minutes before exercise.
Find Weight Loss Success with L-Carnitine!
L-carnitine can finally help you achieve your weight loss goals. As it does so, you’ll boost confidence, prevent life-threatening diseases, and improve overall health. Try L-carnitine and enjoy weight loss’s benefits today!
- “Fast Facts: Obesity and Overweight Statistics—the Supersizing Epidemic.” IDEA Health and Fitness Association. May 2002: n. page. Web. 12 Nov 2012
- “Carnitine (L-carnitine).” University of Maryland Medical Center.2012: n. page. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. | <urn:uuid:5dc8b890-ed90-46a0-8b51-649814aecd1d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.esupplements.com/article/l-carnitine-and-weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.920411 | 786 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Dr. Maggie A. Smith, an ambassador for the breast cancer organization Bright Pink, discusses how to detect breast cancer early and why it is especially important for Black women.
by Team BlackDoctor.org
The Latest In Breast Cancer Learning Center
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. In fact, research shows that the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime read more about Breast Cancer Symptoms That Aren’t Lumps
Health history is likely not something you think about on a regular basis. You might consider it once a year when visiting a healthcare provider. You flip through the required pre-appointment paperwork, answer what you can, the information gets filed read more about What Does It Mean If I Have Breast Cancer in My Family?
It’s October and calendars all over the world are packed with events that will be dressed in pink ribbons! The stories of courageous women who have been impacted by breast cancer will inspire and educate us. In the midst of read more about Men Can Have Breast Cancer Too: 8 Risk Factors To Know
Whether you or a loved one has suffered from breast cancer, it can be understood that the experience was not an easy one to go through. Hearing the diagnosis of breast cancer brings many emotions along with it; fear, anger, read more about 5 Keys To Breast Cancer Survivorship
Like all disease, breast cancer does not discriminate based on race, color, gender, identity or even social status. Still, according to experts, some are at more risk than others. “The people most at risk for breast cancer are people that read more about Who Is Most At Risk Of Breast Cancer?
We are actually just starting to understand some of the risk factors that distinguish triple negative breast cancers from non-triple negative breast cancers. And what we have come to appreciate is that most of the risk factors that we had read more about Understanding Triple Negative Breast Cancer | <urn:uuid:4037c777-66d5-465f-a109-d2149bb77b56> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blackdoctor.org/how-to-detect-breast-cancer-early/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949806 | 405 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The idea that “Strange things come out of Africa” originated in the Greco-Roman world. Even then, Africa was considered a little “different” because of the strange animals such as elephants, camels and lions. These, and the Sahara desert, had no counterparts in Europe. But Africa was not viewed as a “dark” continent.
Did Rome know about Africa?
However, the extent of Africa south of the Sahara was not very well known to the Romans. … The Romans had some contact (friendly and not) with the Meroë in modern Sudan and with various Berber kingdoms in what’s now Morocco.
How did Rome conquer Africa?
Africa, in ancient Roman history, the first North African territory of Rome, at times roughly corresponding to modern Tunisia. It was acquired in 146 bc after the destruction of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War.
What did the Romans do in Africa?
The Romans organized expeditions to cross the Sahara along five different routes: through the Western Sahara, toward the Niger River, near modern Timbuktu. through the Tibesti mountains, toward Lake Chad and modern Nigeria. up the Nile valley through Egypt, toward the Great Rift Valley.
Did the Romans conquer Africa?
The Roman Republic established the province of Africa in 146 BCE after the defeat of Carthage. The Roman Empire eventually controlled the entire Mediterranean coast of Africa, adding Egypt in 30 BCE, Creta et Cyrenaica in 20 BCE, and Mauretania in CE 44.
Why didn’t the Romans go further into Africa?
The Romans for the most part didn’t expand because there was nice productive land they’d like to colonize. They expanded for political reasons. For example, North West Africa was originally part of Carthage. … There were no organized political entities further south to get fatally entangled in Roman politics this way.
Did the Romans fight the Chinese?
In the year 119 AD during the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, a massive and unprecedented Roman invasion of the Han Chinese territory in Western Asia took place. The war – which came to be known as the Roman-Sino War – was the largest the ancient world had ever seen.
Who Found Africa?
Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known as the Navigator, was the first European to methodically explore Africa and the oceanic route to the Indies.
Why Africa has no history?
According to this imperial historiography, Africa had no history and therefore the Africans were a people without history. They propagated the image of Africa as a ‘dark continent’. … It was argued at the time that Africa had no history because history begins with writing and thus with the arrival of the Europeans.
What was Africa called before?
According to experts that research the history of the African continent, the original ancient name of Africa was Alkebulan. This name translates to “mother of mankind,” or “the garden of Eden.”
What animal did the Romans introduce to Africa?
SS Chapter 13 St Cyril
|What is a plateau?||an area of high flat land|
|What animal did the Romans introduce in North Africa?||camels|
|Sundiata Keita was a||great warrior king who seized Ghana|
|What factor caused the emergence of artisans in the rain forest kingdoms?||food surpluses|
Why didn’t the Romans conquer Ethiopia?
Why didn’t the Roman Empire conquer Ethiopia? … The Roman Empire, contrary to popular belief, did not go around looking for territories to conquer. Every country that became part of it had been involved in wars that had drawn the Romans in. They never had a reason to invade Ethiopia.
Who ruled North Africa?
During the 18th and 19th century, North Africa was colonized by France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy.
What is the oldest empire in Africa?
The Aksumite Empire
Also known as the Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), this ancient society is the oldest of the African kingdoms on this list and is spread across what is today Ethiopia and Eritrea in an area where evidence of farming dates back 10,000 years. | <urn:uuid:c4792b65-09a3-4c21-9f61-24cbc1fe4ebf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://haiafrika.com/about-africa/how-did-rome-view-africa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96184 | 895 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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VIA Water was an innovation programme of Aqua for All and IHE-Delft funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. VIA Water stands for Valorisation and Innovation in Africa in the Water sector. Between 2015 and 2019 the programme supported 62 urban water innovations across eight countries in Africa with a total grant of € 8.3 million. The...
This booklet aims to help achieve the drinking water targets as stated in Millennium Development Goals 7: halving the proportion of people who don't have sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In 2009 some 884 million people still did not have access to an improved water facility. Experience shows that access to "improved"... | <urn:uuid:7ada90d1-43cf-4ec2-a301-da7a6c650543> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dick-Bouman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.917355 | 224 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The White House has published a report that explores the potential impact of artificial intelligence-driven automation on the economy.
Kristin Lee, communications director and senior policy adviser at the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy, wrote in a blog post published Tuesday that the report predicts AI-driven automation will contribute to productivity growth and change skills required by the job market.
The study also forecasts that automation will create jobs while others will become obsolete; cause job loss in the short-run; and bring uneven distribution of impact across sectors, wage levels, education levels, job types and locations.
Policymakers should prepare for various outcomes since there is “substantial uncertainty” on the economic effects of AI-driven automation, Lee wrote.
The report recommends three strategies to address the impact of AI-driven automation such as investment in and development of AI technologies; education and training for future jobs; and transition support for workers.
Lee said collaboration between government, industry, technical and policy experts and the public can play a key role in policy development.
The White House released the “Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and the Economy” report as a follow up on a previous study titled “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence” that was published in October. | <urn:uuid:dc937dcb-22f0-4f14-8c5c-70a43d6335fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://executivegov.com/2016/12/white-house-releases-report-on-potential-economic-impact-of-ai-driven-automation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943014 | 265 | 3.03125 | 3 |
David Owens, Extension Entomologist, firstname.lastname@example.org
Congratulations to Jacob Urian for correctly identifying the stink bug species as a green stink bug. Jacob will be the proud recipient of a sweep net and entered into the end of year raffle. Green stink bugs come in two color morphs – the most common being green. A less common morph is orange.
The sorghum disease in the photo is that of sorghum anthracnose.
This from Alyssa Koehler:
Leaf spots on sorghum can be difficult to distinguish because multiple issues (pathogens, environmental stress, and herbicide injury) can present similar symptoms. Zooming into sorghum lesions can help with diagnosis. Inside of this lesion we are able to see pin cushion-like structures of Colletotrichum that causes leaf Anthracnose of Sorghum. More information on this disease is located in the article titled Diseases in Sorghum in last week’s issue of WCU 27:21.
Sorghum Anthracnose lesion magnified to view fungal structures | <urn:uuid:17cfe699-613a-4822-9c7f-22107c287e6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sites.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=14145 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.907448 | 234 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How To Grow Tomatoes Indoors Year Round. (18 c.) or more indoors. Building a simple ebb and flow hydroponic system yourself will ensure your homestead produces healthy tomatoes when most other homesteaders are relying on canned or frozen tomatoes!
But most importantly, pruning prevents your more enthusiastic growers (e.g., tomatoes, peas) from overtaking your indoor space or extending past the range of your grow lights. But the number one rule is, pick the right variety.
10 Plants For Yearround Containers FineGardening
But, unfortunately, they can’t be grown outdoors all year long. Can you grow tomatoes indoors all year round?
How To Grow Tomatoes Indoors Year Round
How to grow tomatoes indoors.How to grow tomatoes inside without pollination.Ideally, place your plant near a window with western or southern exposure.If you follow tiny indoor gardens’ method, you’ll be saving money as you’ll be growing organic tomatoes for under $1 each.
If you grow your own, you.If your space is dimly lit, suspend grow lights over the container with chains.Indoors, you should prune early and often.It also makes it easier if you choose to use grow lights to raise your tomatoes indoors.
Let’s say i have a 3x3x6 tent.Make sure where your tomatoes are positioned indoors, they’re getting at least eight hours of sunlight each day, they are free from drafts, and the temperature is at least 65 degrees fahrenheit (though tomatoes grow best between 75 and 85 degrees).Of course many factors come into play when growing tomatoes indoors, like the amount of light, the right growing medium, pests and of course temperature.On the other hand, indeterminate varieties require more maintenance but will produce tomatoes throughout the winter.
Once seedlings emerge and develop two true leaves, transfer them to small pots.Once you’ve chosen your seeds, place them in a pot of soil, ensuring that they are covered with 0.25 inches of soil.Oregon state university extension service:Position the plant indoors near a source of light.
Pruning promotes healthy plant growth and, by improving air circulation, discourages plant diseases.Sowing new tomato seeds indoors every two weeks using the succession planting method should give you a constant supply of tomatoes.Temperatures should be in the range of 65 f.These tomato varieties do well indoors:
This makes it easier on your back when caring for them.Tiny tim, jelly bean, and matt’s wild cherry.To begin, it’s efficient to grow your tomatoes on some type of table or shelving.To grow tomatoes successfully indoors, you’ll need a very sunny window.
Tomatoes are very popular and you can use them in seasonal dishes all year long.Tomatoes need approximately eight hours of sunlight per day.Tomatoes need full sun and at least eight hours of light to produce any fruit.Use unglazed pots that will breathe, with good drainage holes when growing indoor tomatoes.
When planting a young tomato plant, bury the stem up to the bottom set of leaves.While certain vegetables require insects or.With good artificial lighting or a bright enough window, you can grow tomatoes indoors, even in the wintertime.You can try growing a tomato plant indoors, all year long.
You could easily grow 30, organic, tasty, homegrown tomatoes in your tent in a month and probably more.You would be hard pressed to grow 8′ beefsteak tomatoes indoors unless you want to.Your indoor tomato plants will need direct sunlight for around 10 hours indoors to grow. | <urn:uuid:b7b9d71a-73a2-41da-9c6a-8bff7b33c201> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lacontracorrent.cat/how-to-grow-tomatoes-indoors-year-round/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.871354 | 757 | 2.5 | 2 |
Warren Meierdiercks, Superintendent find out how to write a literary essay step by step pdf of write my paper totally free Schools Dr. Meredith is the founder and creator of and Bespoke ELA. She has taught high school English for 10+ years in Dallas, Chicago, and New York Metropolis and holds a M.A. in Literature from Northwestern University. She has all the time had a connection to the written phrase- by songwriting, screenplay writing, and essay writing- and she enjoys the method of teaching college students how to specific their ideas. Meredith enjoys life along with her husband, daughter, and candy pups.
Clear-Cut essay sample Methods - What's Required
Generally professors will ask you to make use of a textual content in a considerably much less formal sort of evaluation (although no much less critical). This could possibly be known as a kind of utilized essay and may ask you to use a textual content to discover certain kinds of points and your personal, personal relation to them.
Literary evaluation papers are usually written utilizing MLA quotation type formatting pointers unless specified in any other case by your professor. The aim of the introduction is to answer the topic, and point out the course the essay will take. Use the suitable model and register for formal writing. Examine these opening paragraphs. They are for a similar essay on Shakespeare's Hamlet.
it doesn't yield specific proof of the precise supply of any 1 fairy story, you discover that fairy tales evolved in that fashion, as teaching tools for families who expected to place the worry of predators in their kids in order that they'd avert danger. A specialist from PaperLeaf comparable to a area of examine will assist with writing a story essay. Gathering evidence is an part of the writing process.
The following step is to know the assignment necessities and formatting style you are to follow whereas writing a literary essay. All assignments of such variety have a number of prompts in common, akin to a formatting type, number of phrases or pages to finish, subject, genre and type of the paper. Before everything else, a student should learn the necessities and understand what's requested of him or her in this or that activity. After that, a student is free to start reading a work of literature he's to guage. As an creator of the evaluation paper, a student should learn to assess the story critically from all possible angles, and never just from the angle of the novel's plot interest to its readers. Best literary essays present the reviewed book from numerous sides and provide in-depth analysis of each considered one of them.
The Options For Realistic Advice For literature essay
While you put all these pieces collectively, it is a profitable physique paragraph. We begin with a easy transition from the introduction (or earlier physique paragraph), give sufficient background to understand why the example is relevant, after which connect it again to the thesis for the knockout punch.
Now we have many competent and certified writers out there to process your essay and you may chat with them on-line to search out the best one to work with. At any time during the day or night, just say write my essay” and they'll begin working for you.
It's nearly as if Chopin found herself as a writer when she started to review Maupassant's work. Additionally she sees him as secretly telling hints of his stories inside the pages. Maupassant doesn't simply come out and explain the essential hidden messages inside his tales; he expresses them by means of the emotions each reader experiences while reading his literature (Chopin 861).
A literature evaluation ought to have a suitable title that introduces a topic. Due to this fact, it should not be normal and such titles as, for example countee cullen heritage analysis, Literary Essay” are inappropriate. Furthermore, the title of a paper should not repeat a title of ebook.
A typical construction for an introduction is to begin with a general assertion in regards to the text and creator, using this to steer into your thesis assertion. You might check with a generally held concept in regards to the textual content and present how your thesis will contradict it, or zoom in on a specific device you intend to focus on.
It's best to point out your theme a number of instances throughout your essay, but it surely wants to seem at the finish of your introduction and in the beginning of your conclusion. If your thesis doesn't clearly state the theme of your evaluation, then your professor will take factors off. | <urn:uuid:218b7f67-798f-4dae-a6d7-7641a9675285> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://geloradpcsetu.com/2021/09/19/solutions-in-ap-lit-free-response-sample-essays-considered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.956567 | 912 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
21 December 2004
Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs
Rapporteur: Mr Wolfgang Wodarg, Germany, Socialist Group
The production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the farming and food sectors and the controversy surrounding them have grown in the last ten years. Opinions differ between the producer countries that are favourable (chiefly the United States) and countries that are hostile (above all in Europe), between developed and developing countries and among farmers, scientists and consumers for example. Some advocate unrestricted distribution while others favour the precautionary principle. Claims that they carry no health risk are countered by others that the ecological risks are unknown.
It is true that there are question marks remaining over the development of GM crops, scientific research in this area, coexistence with traditional crops, consumers' freedom of choice, free competition, international trade, patents, the needs of developing countries, proper public information (including through compulsory labelling), the animal feed chain, the precautionary principle and the notion of sustainability.
This report takes stock of the issues and calls inter alia for consumers' and producers' freedom of choice, the preservation of sustainable development in agriculture, the precautionary principle, objective scientific debate and public participation. It advocates stricter regulation of labelling, liability, good farming practice and GM-free zones and recommends that parliaments ensure that these proposals are acted upon.
I. Draft resolution [Link to the adopted text]
1. As the production and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) increases world-wide, the Parliamentary Assembly recognises that clear political rules which pay due regard to the precautionary principle are needed in order to ensure that new and traditional agricultural production methods are able to co-exist in the member states. The purpose of these rules must be to safeguard in the long term the ecological and economic fundamentals of human life and the biodiversity of our living environment.
2. The Assembly notes that biotechnological research and applications in the sphere of agriculture have contributed considerably to new knowledge about plants and animals. Major improvements have been achieved in breeding methods. However, a distinction has to be made between biotechnological methods in general and the specific method of gene transfer enabling scientists to produce GMOs.
3. It also notes that the production and use of GMOs is the subject of extreme controversy in Europe and that there is as yet no reliable information concerning their medium- and long-term environmental effects.
4. Huge investments have been poured into genetic applications. In addition to the large number of plant varieties approved world-wide, transgenic fish and genetically modified micro-organisms are about to enter the market.
5. According to the GMOs producers, the expected benefits range from the improvement of agronomic characteristics and lowering of production costs, with an associated increase in profits, to improved quality foods. Research is also taking place into the biological elimination of contaminants. Those new technologies should allow to meet better the needs of the developing countries.
6. The Assembly believes that although green biotechnology offers a broad spectrum of potential benefits, many risks - for example horizontal gene transfer - have not been sufficiently evaluated. While the risks to health associated with current GMOs can be regarded as slight, provided that safety controls prove effective, future developments with modified output characteristics will entail new and different risks that will have to be assessed on an individual basis.
7. Long term effects on biodiversity are difficult to estimate, particularly as there is no generally recognised definition of ecological damage. The Assembly emphasizes that there are currently no uniform standards for the assessment of mandatory monitoring of crops in cultivation. Long-term monitoring is obligatory to allow the ecological effects of GMOs to be assessed.
8. Too little attention has been paid to date to the breeding of transgenic animals and genetically modified micro-organisms. Experiments with transgenic domestic animals have been underway for many decades. The objectives are almost the same as those of conventional breeding methods: increasing productivity, particularly in the sphere of agriculture.
9. In addition to the health risks to humans (allergies, nutritional effects, zoonoses) which so far have hardly been examined, biotechnological modifications to domestic animals involve serious health effects for the animals themselves. The question arises as to whether it is ethically justifiable to develop transgenic animals for economic reasons.
10. The Assembly considers that besides the economic, social and ethic consequences, in particular the ecological consequences and a possible further reduction in locally endangered species of domestic animals must be taken into account.
11. The Assembly is aware that a great variety of political strategies for dealing with GMOs have been seen internationally. Whereas in the USA neither separation of the flow of goods nor mandatory labelling has been set up and in Brazil and Mexico repeated incidents of contamination of native species have been detected, the European Union has decided to align its policy on the side of caution and to allow producers and consumers permanent freedom of choice (strict approval process, labelling, co-existence). The GMO-free criterion has become a decisive quality criterion for export and import.
12. Several Council of Europe member states want stricter GMO regulations than those in force in the European Union as there are concerns that a creeping and uncontrollable spread of GMOs is taking place via countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Any action intended to undermine an explicit decision against the release of GMOs by the mere accomplishment of facts must be clearly rejected. Any illegal action designed to destroy the plants of release trials must also be rejected.
13. Since there has been a de-facto moratorium for the authorisation of GMOs since 1998, the European Union wishes to set up a uniform regulation for handling GMOs in the member states, in line with the negative attitude of consumers but also to further extend the innovative potential of biotechnology and to create reliable conditions for trade in GMOs approved in the EU. Within the EU, from April 2004, human foodstuffs and animal feeds, the production of which involves the use of biotechnological processes, must be labelled even if the products themselves no longer contain GMOs (transition from product labelling to process labelling).The labelling of GM animal feedstuffs is mandatory, though not the labelling of meat, milk and eggs from animals fed with GM feed.
14. The Assembly considers that the major reservations expressed by consumers are not only attributable to the fact that new products do not show any benefit. The loss of consumer confidence, particularly in the area of food manufacture, is due to a variety of causes and should be taken very seriously by producers, retailers and politicians irrespective of possible irrational factors. On the one hand, one must accept that individuals have different and differentiated perceptions of risk. On the other, it must be appreciated that the use and promotion of certain technologies do not take place in isolation but are bound up with more complex political decisions on matters such as the direction of agriculture policy or the use of public resources.
15. It states that to date it has been apparent that the use of gene technology in the agricultural sphere is a continuation of intensive farming, based on increasing yields with the help of chemicals. Relieving pressures on the environment by reducing the use of agrochemicals has proved not to have lasting benefits as resistance has developed. Land management in accordance with ecological principles offers an alternative to traditional practice which ought not to be jeopardised by an over-hasty plunge into widespread commercial cultivation of GMOs.
16. The Assembly believes that against a non-quantifiable risk involved in the release of genetically modified organisms there stands a so far unproven advantage for the consumer. Ethical aspects such as animal protection, the quite considerable supervisory and control requirements of long-term monitoring of the environmental effects, conformity with threshold values and, in future, the identification of potential health implications and the resulting costs, as well as the ensuing restrictions on existing freedoms to grow whatever crops one wishes, suggest that the social debate should continue and the research agenda be extended to include the concepts of sustainability.
17. It states that the present world trade situation should be regarded in terms of the demands of sustainable economic policy. The system of patents which protects intellectual property, for example, does not ensure a fair balance between the rich countries and the poorer ones. Patent law is increasingly proving a trick device for the acquisition of quasi-proprietary rights to agricultural resources. Patents on biological material intensify and consolidate dependencies and bring with them the danger of monopolies and merciless cut-throat competition to the disadvantage of farming structures and farmers. The social consequences of such economic promotion may create or aggravate serious problems of poverty.
18. The Assembly considers that the transgenic varieties developed to date are not suitable for growing in the developing countries but that it is vital to them that there should be technology transfer and not just the opening up of new market outlets. World hunger is the result of unfair distribution and the effective fight against poverty must start with trade structures and participation rights.
19. Consequently the Assembly recommends that Governments of member states when defining their policies on GMOs:
i. take into account four general principles:
a. respecting freedom of choice for consumers and producers: maintaining simple access to GMO-free foods is the central objective of GMO regulation. This implies that the viability of an agriculture without GMOs can be safeguarded in the long term. In contrast to other forms of traditional agriculture, regional organic farming cannot be safeguarded by threshold values above the limit of technical detection. In any case, consumers of organic products will not accept a tolerance of 0,9% GMOs;
b. preserving sustainability in agriculture: GMO-free agriculture should be guaranteed in law without ruling out the cultivation of GMO crops and the confined release of GMO for scientific purposes. Organic farming in particular deserves protection because it is the best form of agriculture in terms of ecological sustainability as mentioned in the Assemblys Recommendation 1636 (2003) on the development of organic farming;
c. precaution: given large gaps in scientific knowledge, both in the field of molecular genetics and with regard to ecological consequences, irreversible manipulation of nature and creeping contamination with transgenes should be avoided and the environmental precautionary principle recognised at all times;
d. objectivity of the scientific debate and public participation : it is in the interests of all concerned that a sound scientific base will be constructed at various levels of safety research, to make it possible for standards and regulations to be redirected, eased or tightened under agreed procedures. Only on the basis of broad social discussion can clear political decisions be taken. Research should also be more open to this debate. A debate involving the whole of society should focus not only on the risk aspects of green genetic engineering but also on the question whether or not social models, objectives and practical expectations justify the move into green biotechnology on a larger scale;
ii. bring safety standards relating to the use of GMOs into line with EU legislation as a minimum standard;
iii. additionally take precautions in view of:
a. labelling of GMOs: the labelling of animal products following the use of genetically modified feedstuffs should be a mandatory requirement. A consistent conception of process labelling ought to be strived for;
b. labelling of seeds: following the precautionary principle, compulsory labelling of the seed at the limit of technical detection (0,1%) is the most effective means of checking environmental consequences and securing conformity with threshold values for labelling purposes;
c. liability regime: clear regulations on the questions of liability, together with clear decisions on who is to bear the additional costs incurred in making co-existence possible. These rules should obey the causal agent principle;
d. good agricultural practice: regulation of good agricultural practice in terms of production and use of GMOs (minimum distances, public register, etc.);
e. GMO-free zones: GMO-free reference areas should be established to fix natural baselines. Regional agreements for GMO-free zones should be possible to safeguard co-existence and ecologically sensitive areas;
iv. take the following steps in view of the fact that the commercial introduction of transgenic domestic animals is imminent:
a. risk investigations: thorough risk investigation in a number of areas (human health, animal health, ecological effects) is urgent. The use of genetically modified micro-organisms in livestock farming should consider the animal and his life cycle as a whole;
b. secure fencing systems: under no circumstances should genetically modified livestock be kept in open herds. In order to restrict the risks to the surrounding ecosystem arising from transgenic fish, these should not be kept in cage systems in the open sea;
c. pharmaceutical products: transgenic plants and animals supplying pharmaceutical products should be kept only in closed systems. A distinction must be drawn between health-promoting and therapeutic effects.
20. The Assembly recommends that Parliaments of member states and the European Parliament look after the proposed principles and measures being taken into account in their respective legislations.
21. The Parliamentary Assembly recalls its Recommendation 1425 (1999) on Biotechnology and intellectual property and the request that farmers may use their own harvest for reseeding in order to reduce the dependency on seed producers increasingly dominating the market.
II. Explanatory memorandum by Mr Wodarg
1. General considerations
2. What do we know?
2.1 Transgenic domestic animals and genetically modified micro-organisms
2.2 Transgene plants and co-existence
2.3 Central and Eastern Europe
3. What do we not know?
3.1 Transgenic domestic animals and genetically modified micro-organisms
3.2 Transgene plants and co-existence
4. What should we be arguing about?
4.1 Coexistence, as with the beekeepers in Germany
4.2 Freedom of choice, seed purity, liability
4.3 Farmers varieties and biopatents
5. What will move us forward?
5.1 Biotechnology and sustainability in relation to stress-tolerant plants
5.2 General social debate
1. General considerations
1. The use of genetic engineering in agriculture and food processing has shown a constant increase world-wide since the first hectare of genetically modified plants were cultivated for commercial use in the USA in 1996. However, this use is concentrated in the four main grower countries, USA, Canada, Argentina and China, and is opposed by a large number of countries particularly in the European Union (EU), who consider strict regulation of GMO to be essential. The moratorium on cultivation and marketing imposed in the EU in 1998 was based on the absence of comprehensive genetic engineering legislation and was widely copied, primarily due to a fear of shrinking marketing opportunities but also for reasons based on precautionary principles.
2. Since the existing legislation on genetic engineering in the EU was revised and supplemented in 2003 (for details see paragraph 40), the moratorium is to lapse and cultivation of commercially used GMO, on a scale that is currently impossible to assess, is to become possible. A further, possibly more basic consequence would be the opening of the European market to genetically modified products from all over the world, or even the closure of market access, because the developing countries are unable to follow the complex and costly tightening of regulations by the EU with regard to GMO.
3. Indirectly, agricultural subsidies in the northern countries are also subsidising gene technology, since the artificially high price of produce leads to a high degree of intensification of production, with which the poorer countries cannot compete. The consequences of protectionism, price guarantees, support buying, tolls and subsidies that distort trade, all on the part of the industrialised countries and the openness of food systems in the South affect primarily the small growers. Their national governments often also direct their agricultural policies toward export, at the cost of supplying their own population. Insufficiently close attention is often paid to the concerns of the developing countries in the debate on green gene technology. Technical solutions for socio-economic problems are usually end-of-the-pipeline solutions: they do not address the causes of poverty and malnutrition, but bring with them new problems and risks.
4. The establishment of bio- and gene technology goes hand in hand with an unprecedented assault on the worlds biological resources. These are largely found in the developing countries, but are generally patented and commercialised by large concerns from the North. Although gene technology in the North-South relationship is embedded in a constantly evolving international system of regulations (Convention on biological diversity, Biosafety protocol, Codex Alimentarius), in fact the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements are effectively more powerful, as the USA respects them and uses them as a means of furthering its own interests.
5. Since 2003 the EU, which has reached no united stand on GMO policy, is also under pressure from a complaint by the US to the WTO. In the view of the USA, the EU requirement for the compulsory labelling and traceability of GMO is a barrier to trade. The European Commission hopes to be able to scale down the threatened all-out trade war by rapidly lifting the moratorium. The potential for conflict within the EU with regard to GMO is to be pacified by a compromise on the coexistence of various forms of cultivation, though the European Commission has so far formulated only voluntary guidelines on this subject. Whether coexistence is possible in the long term will depend on which priorities the individual EU member states establish in their national legislation (promotion of the new technology versus the protection of GMO-free forms of agriculture) and whether these can be harmonised.
6. There is a perceived risk that in the absence of effective controls a gradual introduction of GMOs will take place via the Central and Eastern European countries. A greater risk of contamination possibly exists, however, in the area of feedstuffs if in the absence of compulsory labelling for animal products no separate market segment remains for GMO-free feedstuffs.
7. There are good reasons for regarding the green biotechnology controversy that has gone on for many years now as a kind of proxy dispute over a fundamental approach to the future. In the area of risk assessment, this is quite obvious: short term health risks have been researched relatively thoroughly, albeit with methods and test procedures that are doubtless no longer adequate in scientific terms, particularly with regard to organisms that have undergone multiple changes in their genetic makeup (substantial equivalence); long term ecological risks, on the other hand, have hardly been researched at all and are totally unpredictable under the conditions of large-scale cultivation of GMOs, particularly in view of the predominantly small areas of agricultural production in the European Union. The highly complex scientific questions raised by the new technology are thus also on a time continuum.
8. This is the core element of the conflict: policy decisions in the past have been made predominantly with a view to achieving short term goals and on the basis of existing structures. The objective was to increase and safeguard prosperity for everyone, and this took place in the expectation that the potential for economic growth would be unlimited. The Utopian dream, that there would always be more and more for everyone, could be achieved only by consuming environmental capital that was seen as replaceable by human efforts and for this reason was written off in the cost-benefit analysis as a negligible factor. Several decades ago scientists began to point out the limits of this kind of growth and since then the field of environmental protection has assumed increasing importance.
9. At present, with the concept of sustainability we are dealing intensively with a new and much more complex ideal: the idea of more for everyone being replaced by principles that postulate not only enough for everyone now but also enough for people in the future as well. The discussion on sustainable development is also an attempt at social self-determination by means of appropriate environmentally tolerable, socially just and economically sound development. The idea and the objectives arising from it are relatively uncontroversial. This is not the case, however, with regard to the steps that need to be taken and the decisions that have to be made in order to move us closer to sustainable environmental, economic and social policies.
10. In many ways, the ideal of sustainable development is in competition with current trends in international economic development. The sustainability objectives and strategies that are derived from them (efficiency, sufficiency, consistency and resilience) are, to put it mildly, not entirely compatible with the liberalisation of world trade and the economically driven process of globalisation. We lack clear criteria supported by a majority of the population, something that would give us clear indicators that would make developmental trends controllable and, in specific instances, would also make it possible for us to take decisions for or against, say, the introduction of a new technology. Green biotechnology is the ultimate controversy, confronting us with difficult decisions between the questionable but familiar values of yesterday and the as yet still unclear and unfamiliar values of tomorrow.
11. The numerous controversies that accompany the use of green technology can be resolved only in part through further research and the acquisition of empirical factual knowledge. Differences of opinion at the level of political beliefs, personal values, policy decisions taken, and legislation passed are more important, given that these values are usually an implicit element in the debates conducted on specific issues. For this reason, in this report, specific issues will be embedded in the more general question as to a coherent and generally acceptable sustainability strategy. The explanatory memorandum is divided into four parts, headed by the following simple questions: 1. What do we know? 2. What do we not know? 3. What should we be arguing about? 4. What will move us forward?
12. This is an attempt to clarify what constitutes a matter of knowledge that can be determined empirically and what is a question of arguable value judgements. These are different kinds of knowledge and separating the levels is an important step in the rational solution of controversy. This is not a matter of presenting a complete plan or of offering a further compendium of matters of fact a wealth of factual information on green biotechnology is readily available. The intention here is to define the levels of the discussion clearly and therefore to make a contribution to further discussion on the subject. The additional comments in the last section on the subject of research, estimation of technical consequences and social visions make a link with the debate on sustainability.
2. What do we know?
13. The concept of genetic engineering or biotechnology covers all processes in which extracellular hereditary information prepared under artificial conditions (nucleic acids, unmodified or recombined) is introduced into organisms either directly (by microinjection or microprojectile bombardment) or via vectors (viruses, bacterial plasmids). Analytical methods based on the isolation and characterisation of parts of the genotype also form part of genetic engineering. These include, for example, the characterisation of particular genotypes using a genetic fingerprint, a process that has become very important, for example, in conventional breeding as marker-based selection, or diagnostic procedures based on enzymic replication of certain sequences (PCR). However, these processes do not involve either recombination of isolated nucleic acids; nor are genetically modified organisms created. While detection techniques at DNA level are now established and accepted in many areas, the production and use of genetically modified organisms in Europe is a matter of controversy. The concepts of biotechnology and gene technology should not be used synonymously. Critics of the gene transfer method do not necessarily reject biotechnology, which involves numerous methods below the threshold of gene transfer, the use of which is unproblematic.
14. The science of genetic inheritance underwent massive development during the 20th century and, after the identification of DNA as the genetic substance (1944), clarification of its structure (1953), determination of the genetic code (at the beginning of the 60s) and the first genetic experiments in bacteria (1973), became what we now know as molecular genetics. Since around 1980 the genetic modification of plants has also become possible. The two basic methods (introduction of genetic material via the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and use of the gene cannon) also require the use of selection marker genes in order to identify the successfully manipulated cells. Antibiotic resistance genes were often used as selection markers but for some time now this practice has been criticised in view of the implications for human health and is to be phased out in Europe.
15. The new technology is regarded by its advocates as an extension to the repertoire of methods used in conventional breeding. The possibility of transferring any chosen DNA sequence to plants, however, represents a fundamental departure from traditional plant breeding techniques. The introduction of genetic engineering has not only brought an extension of the gene pool (just as a combination and hybridisation did before in conventional breeding), but has also removed all the biological limitations on the exchange of genetic information. This becomes clear in the case of the more recent research projects (2nd and 3rd generation GMO: manufacture of vaccines, drugs, polymers) compared with the products of the 1st generation GMO, which affected mainly agronomic characteristics.
2.1 Transgenic domestic animals and genetically modified micro-organisms
16. Experiments with transgenic domestic animals have been under way for many decades, particularly for the production of animal models in the pharmaceutical industry, details of which cannot be dealt with here. The first experimental animals for agricultural purposes were sheep, pigs and rabbits. In the meantime cattle, goats and chicken and a total of 35 different species of fish have been investigated.
17. The objectives in the creation of transgenic domestic animals are the same in principle as those of conventional breeding and come under 6 headings:
a. the primary objective is to increase productivity,which has so far been successful particularly in fish. For pigs, there have been reports of quick-growing animals that produce low fat meat and in sheep there are attempts to increase wool production.
b. in the modification of certain characteristics of agricultural products(meat, milk, eggs, wool) transgenic modifications aimed at the production of pharmaceutical substances are dominant (e.g. the iron-binding protein lactoferrin that is present in human breast milk and protects infants from gastrointestinal infections). The objective of producing cows milk that is better tolerated by humans, with a lower lactose content, has so far succeeded only in experiments with mice. With sheeps wool the attempted modification of fibre characteristics has proved very difficult. Research is being carried out into the modification of fish meat characteristics such as colour, fat and protein content and also flavour.
c. to reduce susceptibility to disease (a high-priority goal since disease in domestic animals, particularly in intensive rearing, represents a high cost factor). Various different approaches are possible: strengthening of the immune system, insertion of resistance genes, immunisation and destruction of genes that cause disease. There are actually few experiments underway at present.
d. for improvement of nutrient uptake, research is under way in pigs to enable them to form an enzyme for absorption of the vital mineral phosphorous. This would allow supplementary feeding of phosphorous in pig rearing to be reduced and, as a positive side effect, smaller quantities of phosphorous would be spread on agricultural land in the form of fertiliser from pig excrement. This would help to alleviate the particular problem of water pollution due to excess fertilisation with phosphorous.
e. since each animal species and strain of domestic animal is adapted by evolution or breeding to certain environmental conditions, limitations exist with regard to the areas in which they can be reared successfully. Adaptation to particularly environmental conditionstakes place with regard to the cold tolerance of salmon in Canada, for example, where salmon farms have so far only been a possibility in the southern coastal areas. With the introduction of genes from the American winter flounder that code for frost protection it is hoped that these limitation will be abolished. To date, formation of a precursor of innate frost protection has been achieved in the transgenic salmon.
f. in the Netherlands, the USA and Japan, a number of groups are working on the development of transgenic fish (particularly zebrafish), for use in detecting environmental contaminantsin water. The idea is to enable the animals, by gene transfer, to form detectable substances in the presence of the contaminants (heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins or other mutagenic substances). Alternatively, there are studies that are inserting genes that mutate in the presence of contaminants. The development of means to combat invasive species(species generally introduced deliberately or accidentally by humans into certain areas) is a further goal of genetic modification, since this is a major source of damage to ecosystems and can drive out previously native species. Model studies are currently under way with zebrafish.
18. Each species has its own specific system of reproduction, so that species-specific techniques are required in each case and the already advanced experiments carried out in mice are generally not transferable directly. The fewest complications are currently being seen in the development of transgenic fish, compared with other vertebrates. However, the risk that transgenic fish may escape into the environment is particularly high, because aquaculture is generally set up in the sea alongside the coast rather than on land, for reasons of cost.
19. The most commonly used method of gene transfer to date is the microinjection method, in which segments of DNA prepared in the laboratory are injected into the fertilised egg cell using a fine microneedle. The precise location at which the injected fragment of DNA enters the genome of the fertilised egg cell cannot be predicted. The transformed fertilised egg cells are then kept in culture and later implanted in surrogate mother animals as embryos. In order to improve the very low success rate for this technique, the use of cloning has been considered as an additional technique for the production of transgenic animals, although here again the success rate is very low. Another fully developed and frequently used cloning technique, by which only a limited number of identical clones can be produced, is embryo splitting in which embryos several days old are divided.
20. Only 0.5 to 4 percent of embryos transferred into the surrogate mother are born live and are actually transgenic. The success rate varies depending on the experimental method used and the species selected. A major proportion of live born transgenic animals do not reach the average age. Pathological modifications to the internal organs are often the reason for their short life. In addition, in some cases transgenic animals do not transfer their foreign genes to the subsequent generation. Further breeding is problematic even if the genes are passed on successfully, since the random division of the maternal and paternal genes in sexual reproduction can result in the loss of certain characteristics and the development of new ones. Animal consumption and the input in time and money are therefore extremely high overall in the production of transgenic animals.
21. In agriculture, genetically modified micro-organisms (GMMs) can be used both in the plant sector (biopesticides, promotion of plant growth) and also in the animal sector (higher yields). Here there are mainly ecological risks associated with release that may rule out comparable medical applications if enzymes are produced in the fermenter and used as feed additives (contained use).In medicine, in the processing of foods and the manufacture of washing products, enzymes obtained from GMMs have long played a major role; intensive research is currently being carried out in virus-resistant bacteria cultures for sour milk and yoghurt products, since over 80% of production losses in the milk processing industry are caused by viruses that attack and kill lactic acid bacteria.
22. In the animal sphere, research in micro-organisms is concentrating on the microflora of the digestive tract of ruminants. The ruminal microflora that, after genetic modification, lead to better utilisation of the feed (particularly fibre) or modified protein metabolism or modified amino acid composition are of particular interest and secondly animals are to be enabled to digest otherwise toxic plants. To achieve improved feedstuff utilisation, there are studies to modify the ruminal flora itself. This has not yet been well researched; there are also experiments to equip better known organisms such as yeast, which is already used as a feedstuff additive, with the desired characteristics. To prevent the release of GMMs, the enzymes required could be produced in a fermenter and used directly as a feedstuff additive.
23. Scientists at the British Rowett Institute have recently discovered soil bacteria that break methane down into hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and are to administer this to cows with their feed, to reduce methane output (greenhouse effect). Scientists expect a 20% reduction in methane output.
24. In the plant sector, GMMs are to be used firstly as environmentally friendly biopesticides (against insects and fungal infection, plant diseases) and secondly as growth promoters (e.g. binding of nitrogen by nodule bacteria). To protect against fungal attack or pathogens, various micro-organisms have been used which mostly achieve their effect by excreting certain antibiotics. The protective mechanisms are often not understood, since they rely on a complicated interaction between the micro-organisms e.g. in the root area of the plant. Micro-organisms as biopesticides do not have to be genetically modified.
25. Just recently an attempt was made to genetically improve existing biopesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis. The development of highly potent Bt strains must also be regarded with scepticism, because precisely the characteristics that have enabled the Bt preparations to be authorised as insecticides in organic farming and have prevented the development of resistance (high specificity, rapid breakdown), are now being modified.
26. Soil micro-organisms, such as the nitrogen-forming nodule bacteria on the roots of legumes (e.g. soya, beans, clover) also frequently promote plant growth. These improve the nutrient supply and protect the plant from environmental influences such as frost. The bacteria Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Frankia in particular have been subject to genetic processing to increase their nitrogen binding capability or to enable them also to colonise plants that form no nodules in their roots.
2.2 Transgene plants and co-existence
27. For about 1000 years human beings have used a process of selection and cross-breeding to produce new forms of particular plant species that have been improved for agricultural purposes and that vary considerably from their original characteristics. This expansion in the variety of forms was possible because of the high variability and flexibility of the plant genome (recombination, chromosome shifts, mutations, "jumping" genes) and the not infrequent occurrence in plants of the mixing and combination of different genomes by natural hybridisation across the species and genera. In the last century the basis for the selection of new forms and characteristics was increased further by chemicals or radiation that produced mutations and by means of deliberate cross-breeding of species by breeders.
28. Whereas in the industrialised countries modern plant breeding following the green revolution has displaced more than 75% of the robust traditional varieties and replaced them with the new high-yield varieties, the old varieties still play an important part in the developing countries. Seed companies try to sell the highly bred seed to small farmers with the promise of greater yields. The package includes agrochemicals, which in traditional agriculture were not required. The seed is genetically modified to an increasing degree, and the suppliers are no longer small local seed companies but multinational pharmaceutical concerns which are buying up more and more seed producers.
29. Applied breeding research up to the mid-90s directed its attention mainly to the introduction of mostly bacterial genes to mediate characteristics such as resistance to insects or non-selective herbicides, and to the transfer of envelope proteins to create virus resistances. After the first experimental releases in 1987, the first transgenic varieties were marketed in the mid-90s. The first genetically modified plants were sown in the USA in 1996. Now there are a total of about 60-70 genetically modified varieties that have been approved for cultivation in various OECD countries. Areas of cultivation increase steadily each year (from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to about 68 million hectares in 2003) though it should be borne in mind that almost 99% of these areas are to be found in the USA, Argentina, Canada and China.
30. The commercial exploitation of green biotechnology is concentrated mainly on four plant species: soya, maize, rape and cotton. The proportion of GM plants is highest for soya, at 51% of world production. In the EU, GM plants have not been grown commercially, except in Spain (Bt maize 20,000 25,000 hectares) but only in small quantities for test purposes.
31. With respect to future generations of GMO, there are far-reaching reports that consumers will benefit directly. Basically, a distinction is drawn in the case of plants between input characteristics (characteristics affecting cultivation and yield; agronomic characteristics important to breeders and growers) and output characteristics (quality of the end product: elimination of undesirable constituents, addition of nutritionally desirable substances, improvement in processing characteristics; molecular farming as a special case), that are of importance to the consumer or the food production industry. On the basis of release studies reported throughout the world, recent studies show that GMO with input characteristics will remain dominant in the next 5-7 years, while release studies with GMO that have modified output characteristics have decreased by contrast for several years, both in the USA and in the EU.
32. The plants already grown commercially possess almost exclusively input characteristics (in particular herbicide and insect resistance) and have been developed by the large companies that control the process, of which there are now few. Since the beginning of the 90s, transgenic plants with output characteristics have been tested in the open air, representing around one fifth of all releases carried out in the USA and the EU. Three transgenic plants with output characteristics have so far received cultivation authorisation world-wide: tomatoes with a longer shelf life; rape that forms lauric acid; and soya that forms more oleic acid than usual. None of these three plants has yet been cultivated commercially. The development of output characteristics has largely been unsuccessful to date.
33. The widely publicised genetically modified rice by Syngenta, which produces beta-carotene (precursor of vitamin A), should help to prevent blindness and infection in millions of children suffering from vitamin A deficiency, according to promises from the industry. A Greenpeace report reveals that a two year old child would have to eat seven kilos of golden rice a day to reach the recommended daily dose and an adult would require nine kilos. One reason for the delay in market readiness could be that no published study yet confirms that the human body is capable of converting the beta-carotene from golden rice to vitamin A. Also, other nutrients such as fat and proteins are needed to allow the body to absorb vitamin A and undernourished children also often lack these other substances.
34. In the next five years, transgenic plants with input characteristics will continue to dominate the marketing process. The range of plant species already on the market will be extended by the following new varieties: banana, pea, peanuts, mangels, barley, cucumber, cabbage, lettuce; alfalfa, pepper, sunflower and wheat. The input characteristics they will show are resistance to insects, herbicides, viruses and fungi as well as increased yield. As far as output characteristics are concerned, the following may reach the market in the next five years: increased shelf life, improved digestibility, modified fatty acids, modified starch and protein metabolism, reduced mycotoxin content, more efficient ethanol production and modified secondary metabolism. The effort of developing such products is small compared with the funds invested in input characteristics. For the few products with qualitatively modified characteristics that will enter the market it is mainly the industrial processors of foods and feedstuffs who will profit.
Excursus: molecular gene farming
35. The plan to use gene technology to produce pharmaceutically active substances cheaply and in sufficient quantities has been approached in a variety of ways for some considerable time. Research has shown that it is possible to produce complex non-vegetable proteins that are biologically active in GM plants (molecular farming). These proteins can form the basis for vaccines, antibodies and therapeutically useful proteins. The production of enzymes, new polymers and industrial materials is also possible.
36. Many proteins produced in our bodies can be used therapeutically in medicine (e.g. insulin in diabetes; growth hormones in growth disorders). In the past these proteins were obtained from cadavers or animal cells. This process was expensive, provided limited quantities and involved risks, since the proteins were often contaminated with viruses or other pathogens. For this reason, recombinant human proteins are now produced in genetically modified cells. The human genes are transferred into these cells and produce the corresponding protein. Many pharmaceutically useful proteins and industrially exploitable enzymes are produced using genetically modified micro-organisms and cultured mammalian cells, but these systems in themselves have two main disadvantages: firstly, the proteins produced in the micro-organisms are often not identical with their human counterparts, because the cells do not have the ability to synthesise all components correctly. Secondly, it is very expensive to culture mammalian cells and they may still contain pathogens. Therefore there is a great shortage of production capacity throughout the world and expensive production and purification methods are needed to ensure that the end product is pathogen-free.
37. Since plants are capable of producing many authentic recombinant substances and agriculture represents a cheap way of providing for some of these substances in unlimited quantities, science is pinning great hopes on this production method. European scientists now want cheaper methods of producing drugs to combat AIDS, rabies, diabetes and tuberculosis in genetically modified plants. In the next five years genetically modified maize and tobacco plants are expected to be tested in South Africa in the open air or in greenhouses. The Frauenhofer-Institut in Aachen is coordinating the project, involving a total of 39 partners in eleven European countries and South Africa, which the EU is sponsoring to the tune of 12 million euros from the sixth basic research programme. The project involves provision of the necessary genes, the breeding of plants and their cultivation, up to extraction of the substances and their testing in clinical trials. This may well take more than five years, but the scientists hope that the combination of red and green gene technology will improve the acceptance of green gene technology in Europe as a whole because people will realise the direct benefits. According to press reports, all project partners have committed to making available all useful findings including possible patents from the project to the developing countries free of charge. In industrialised countries a strict licensing policy will maximise the commercial benefits of the project. Many questions remain to be answered, however, regarding both economic aspects and applications on the one hand and the ecological and health effects on the other.
38. Certainly since the conclusion of the Human Genome Project, genes have been seen as functional units: DNA sequences are information carriers but do not allow conclusions to be drawn with regard to the cause of individual functions. In plants, additional effects occur that suggest a highly complex interaction between genes and other regulatory processes within the cell, depending on growth and environmental influences. It can no longer be assumed that genes alone determine which proteins will be produced. We talk about epigenesis, i.e. genes never work in isolation; their effect is also determined by the genetic background and the environment.
39. The concept of substantial equivalence (see paragraph 53, 72, 73), which was subject to much criticism in the case of first generation transgenic plants, cannot be used to assess transgenic plants with output characteristics. Since the objective of genetic modification in these plants is their specific novelty, far reaching innovations with regard to method are required for testing and authorisation. Unlike other technologies or substances introduced into the agricultural and food economy, GMOs have the characteristic that they can replicate and exchange genetic information with other cultivated and wild plants. As with any technology it must be assumed that risk assessments are subject to error and may be overtaken by subsequent scientific findings. The essential point in the context of risk assessment is therefore the question of reversibility of the marketing and release of GMOs. Essential factors on the user side are: seed management, agricultural practice, liability regulations.
40. Whereas marketing authorisation, release and requirements with regard to labelling and traceability of GMOs are subject to uniform and mandatory regulation throughout the EU, the cultivation of transgenic plants and co-existence with other types of crop are to be regulated initially within the individual member states and harmonised according to guidelines.
41. Co-existence relates to the development of seed and its replication, cultivation and agricultural practice in all its aspects, including environmental protection, transport, cooperative processing storage, processing and distribution of foods and feedstuffs at their various stages down to the end user and the export and import of agricultural products and foods. At all stages of food and raw material production, the separation of GMO and non-GMO will be important and lead to changes in operating and marketing conditions. Only if this overall context is taken into account will regulations have validity and permanence in practice.
42. Seed is at the beginning of the production chain and, depending on variety, multiplies by a factor of 40 to 1000 and can sometimes remain in the soil for a long period. GMOs in seed fertilise neighbouring crops via foreign pollinators and related species in the wild, where these grow nearby. Seed and pollen can therefore be transported over long distances. The contamination of traditional varieties and related wild plants with GMO (vertical gene transfer) has been seen in many regions of the world. A particularly striking case is that of Mexico: in spite of a prohibition since 1998 on the cultivation of genetically modified maize, GMO contamination has been seen even in remote areas. The cause is suspected to be the undeclared importation of GM maize from the USA.
43. The environmental risks that demonstrably can occur as a result of the release of GMO are: vertical gene transfer, migration into the wild of transgenic plants, damage to useful animals, resistance development in insects, creation of new plant viral pathogens from the effects of combination with virus-resistant crops, damage to micro-organisms in the soil from e.g. Bt toxin. The expected positive environmental effects such as reduction of pesticides, however, are questionable. In the bee gut it was found that antibiotic resistance genes from rape (incorporated in these plants as marker genes) had entered the DNA of gut micro-organisms by horizontal gene transfer, which promotes the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of transgenes across species.
2.3 Central and Eastern Europe
44. Within the EU, consumer-friendly and cautious attitudes have tended to become established in the sphere of agrogene technology. All the new Eastern European EU member states acceding in 2004 (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) have introduced legislation on gene technology in recent years, to comply with the EU standard. The main problem here is monitoring of adherence to the law, since the necessary capacity is still by no means in place. Spot checks on products sold on the market in these new member states, carried out by consumer groups and environmental protection organisations show that the labelling requirement is not being met.
45. The extent to which genetically modified foods, feedstuffs or seeds are circulating in the markets of the new member states is largely unknown. Only Hungary and the Czech Republic so far have certified laboratories that allow genetically modified organisms or their constituents to be detected. Even here, regular checks are not being performed. Provision of information to the public and its involvement in the decision-making processes concerning the release of GMO is also deficient at present in the new accession countries. Public debate on the benefits and risks of transgenic organisms is taking place only to a very limited extent.
46. Bulgaria and Romania, which are expected to join the EU in 2007, show major policy divergences from the EU policy on gene technology. Bulgaria still has no comprehensive law on gene technology, although it was the first state to sign the Biosafety Protocol. Transgenic plants have been grown commercially for a number of years, some of which are not approved for cultivation or marketing in the EU.
47. In June 2004 new labelling regulations came into force in Russia. The percentage GMO content above which the food product concerned must be labelled as genetically modified was reduced from the previous 5% to 0.9%. Though this does provide similarly strict labelling requirements to those pertaining in the EU, few manufacturers actually observed even the old regulations, due to lack of knowledge and controls. The first national laboratory came into operation this year. According to unofficial information, 30% of foods sold in Moscow contained GMO, though the figure could be considerably higher. The commercial cultivation of GMO is not yet permitted in Russia. Six genetically modified varieties of maize have been authorised for use, two transgenic varieties of potato, one of sugar beet and one of rice.
48. In the autumn of 2000 the US Senate approved the allocation of 30 million US $ to the promotion of US agro-biotechnology in the countries of central and Eastern Europe. Various environmental organisations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (NIS) have accused the USA and the internationally active seed companies of exploiting the often inadequate and ineffective legislation which in these countries usually goes hand in hand with weak democratic structures and limited public awareness, in order to establish their products.
49. Slovakia and also Slovenia are countries with high biological diversity and formulate their policies on this basis with a focus on eco-tourism and ecological agriculture. Both countries incorporated the EU release regulations into their national legislation at a very early stage. Slovenia wished to establish itself as a GMO-free zone, but state-designated GMO-free zones are forbidden by EU law. Rapidly regions have joined together on a voluntary basis and committed themselves to GMO-free production.
3. What do we not know?
50. Scientists who are critical of gene transfer methods consider that there are major differences between natural DNA (and mutations in conventional breeding selection) and transgenic constructs introduced by artificial methods into the genome of organisms. They consider these differences to be significant with regard to safety and see more recent research findings as worrying. In the view of the critical scientists, numerous findings indicate that the commonest methods of gene transfer in plants, in which soil bacteria are used as vectors, may also serve as a ready route for horizontal gene transfer. While this is a still unproven hypothesis, neither has it been convincingly disproved which, in view of the huge potential risk of horizontal gene transfer, is what is needed. On the other hand, the currently accepted hypothesis of substantial equivalence also remains unproven. Since early assumptions of this kind impact directly on the nature of safety research, the critical position and the research requirements arising from it will be quoted in abbreviated form in the following paragraphs. The very detailed discussion of the literature that was incorporated in the original paper cannot be included here.
51. GM crops are neither needed nor wanted; they failed to deliver their promises, and instead, are posing escalating problems on the farm. There is no realistic possibility for GM and non-GM agriculture to coexist, as evident from the level and extent of transgenic contamination that has already occurred, even in a country like Mexico where an official moratorium has been in place since 1998. GM crops are unacceptable because they are by no means safe. They have been introduced without the necessary safeguards and safety assessments through a deeply flawed regulatory system based on a principle of substantial equivalence that is aimed at expediting product approval rather than serious safety assessment. Despite the lack of data on safety tests of GM foods, the available findings already give cause for concerns over the safety of the transgenic process itself that are not being addressed.
At the same time, gene products introduced into food and other crops as biopesticides, accounting for 25 % of all GM crops world wide, are now found to be strong immunogens and allergens, and dangerous pharmaceuticals and vaccines are being introduced into food crops in open field trials. Under the guise of transgene containment, crops have been engineered with suicide genes that make plants male sterile. In reality, these crops spread both herbicide tolerance genes and male sterile suicide genes via pollen, with potentially devastating consequences on agricultural and natural biodiversity. About 75% of all GM crops planted worldwide are tolerant to one or two broad-spectrum herbicides, glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate. Both are systemic metabolic poisons expected to have a wide range of harmful effects on humans and other living organisms and these effects have now been confirmed.
By far the most insidious dangers of genetic engineering are inherent to the process itself, which greatly enhances the scope and probability of horizontal gene transfer and recombination, the main route to creating viruses and bacteria that cause disease epidemics. New techniques such as DNA shuffling are allowing geneticists to create in a matter of minutes in the laboratory millions of recombinant viruses that have never existed. Disease-causing viruses and bacteria and their genetic material are the predominant materials and tools of genetic engineering, as much as for the intentional creation of bio-weapons. There is already experimental evidence that transgenic DNA from plants has been taken up by bacteria in the soil and in the gut of human volunteers. Antibiotic resistance marker genes can spread from transgenic food to pathogenic bacteria, making infections very difficult to treat. Transgenic DNA is known to survive digestion in the gut and to jump into the genomes of mammalian cells, raising the problem of triggering cancer. Evidence suggests that transgenic constructs with the CaMV 35S promoter, present in most GM crops, might be especially unstable and prone to horizontal gene transfer and recombination, with all the attendant hazards: gene mutations due to random insertion, cancer, reactivation of dormant viruses and generation of new viruses.
There has been a history of misinterpretation and suppression of scientific evidence especially on horizontal gene transfer. Key experiments failed to be performed, or were performed badly and then misrepresented. Many experiments failed to be followed up, including investigations on whether the CaMV promoter is responsible for the growth-factor-like effects observed in young rats fed GM potatoes.
52. The thorough feeding trials in rats conducted in 1998 by the food geneticist Prof. Arpad Pusztai showed that the rats developed modified organ weights, growth disorders and irritation of the immune system. The animals were fed with three different type of potato: transgenic potatoes into which a snowdrop gene had been inserted (to produce the protein lectin which is non-toxic to humans as an insecticide), conventional potatoes to which the same quantity of lectin had been added as that produced by the transgenic potatoes, and conventional potatoes with no additive. Only the GM potatoes led to the effects described. Pusztai with his unpleasant findings became the victim of an incredible campaign, was dismissed and was not permitted to continue his experiments. He now works as an expert assessor for the EU authorities and is at present assessing a current feeding study by Monsanto (BT maize MON 863) for, amongst others, the Bundesinstitut für Naturschutz (German Institute for the Protection of Nature).
53. The assessment of safety to health is based on the concept of substantial equivalence. According to this, a novel food is regarded as being as safe as a comparable product produced in the traditional way if it does not differ substantially from this with regard to composition of the contents and other characteristics. Safety investigations are to be conducted by the manufacturer. This concept in itself does not provide a safety assessment, but only represents a comparison with conventional foods and leads to an elevated impression of the safety of genetically produced foods. These are investigated for their phenotypic characteristics, main nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals) and their physiological nutritional characteristics. Independent investigations and studies often cannot be conducted on an adequate scale in view of the industry-dependent science alone for cost reasons, and with the decreasing proportion of state-financed research are limited with regard to scope and precision.
54. There are so far no clear tests for new allergens and there is still no information on the allergenic effects of GM foods. Allergies take years to develop. Only by means of clinical studies in which humans ingest GM foods in short and long term tests could a reliable evaluation of allergenicity be undertaken. There are as yet no adequate, effective animal models or sufficiently sensitive and specific methods by which the unwanted effects of GMO could be determined. Long term studies are not available. Consequences for health cannot therefore be assessed finally because the instruments for their discovery are not available. For the ecological consequences, it is the same story. Here again there are no baseline data which could form the basis for thorough concomitant research and no binding methods or standards.
3.1 Transgenic domestic animals and genetically modified micro-organisms
55. While research projects into the production of transgenic animals have received strong financial support in the last few decades both from industry and government, investigations into the possible risks of these genetic modifications to humans, the environment and domestic animals themselves have remained largely unexamined. Although the objective of research is now often commercial application, there is a large research deficit with regard to the possible risks.
56. The probable ecological effects vary greatly between the various groups of transgenic domestic animals. In principle, there is the risk with transgenic domestic animals that their foreign genes may pass into wild populations of their species or closely related species by mating. Cross-breeding with other herds of domestic animals is also a possibility. Risks must be estimated specifically for each species, region in which they are kept and rearing conditions.
57. For genetically modified rabbits, the risk of cross breeding with wild populations, by contrast with other species of mammals, is very high in view of the difficulty of securing outdoor enclosures and the high reproduction potential. In the case of chicken, mating with wild fowl species is possible depending on the region. In fish, serious ecological problems are already coming to light with non-transgenic stocks, because fish in aquaculture are generally kept in the direct vicinity of their wild relatives and outbreaks frequently occur from caged stocks kept in coastal areas of the open sea, due to weather damage and human failure.
58. Released transgenic fish can be a serious danger, both for wild members of their own species and also for other populations. Their wild relatives are particularly at risk from the migration of Trojan genes into their gene pool. These are genes or groups of genes that have positive effects on the success of mating but negative effects on survivability and can therefore lead to the extinction of entire populations. Populations of other fish species are at risk from possible selection advantages of the genetically modified competitors. A new characteristic, for example, seen in many turbo-growth lines is greatly increased food intake which can lead to displacement of native species of fish from their environment and in extreme cases extinction. Various attempts to develop sterile fish lines have not yet been successful in the long term and cannot reliably exclude the ecological risks.
59. Potential health risks to humans from transgenic domestic animals must be assessed individually depending on the transferred genes and species and may result either from consumption or from pathogens transferred to humans during the rearing process. Almost no studies have been carried out in humans on risks from consumption. In principle, the risk of allergy should be investigated and also the danger that unexpected toxins may be produced or that modified composition of the fish could result in disadvantageous physiological effects in terms of nutrition. The effect of transgenic modification may differ, not only in relation to the animal species but also in various lines of one species, because the location at which the gene construct is built into the animals genome is variable.
60. Even without explicit risk research, numerous cases of most severe health damage have been observed in the domestic animals affected: in pigs there are reports of pathological changes to the stomach, heart and lungs, skin disease and reduced fertility. The increased expression of growth hormones produces symptoms in rabbits of pathological growth similar to those seen in humans, and in sheep diabetes and impaired liver, kidney and heart function. In fish extreme deformations of the head and other parts of the body have occurred, as well as tumours, modified colouring, changes in the shape of fins and vertebrae, abnormal jaw growth, absence of body segments and stunted growth of the neck and tail.
61. Most of the unforeseen side effects (pleiotropic effects) are mentioned in association with increased growth due to genetic engineering, which is the best investigated to date. Genetic modification can result in a change in the entire growth hormone balance and even an apparently slight morphological deviation can have far-reaching consequences, for example on oxygen uptake. Impaired swimming capability and feeding behaviour are reported as consequences affecting behavioural biology.
62. Genetic modifications in transgenic animals that affect the ruminal microflora have proved difficult, because gene expression is often insufficient and a number of genetically modified micro-organisms have to be used to reinforce the effect. The complex association of ruminal microflora has not yet been thoroughly researched and in the past it was primarily the antibiotic resistance genes being problematic with regard to human health that were successfully transferred. With the establishment of non-ruminal GMMs, the concentration decreased so strongly within a short period that permanent feed additives were necessary. Whether these additional costs were compensated by increased yields is questionable.
63. For the release of GMMs, their long term survival chances, reproduction capability, competitivity and genetic stability as well as their ability to adapt must be taken into account. The characteristic pattern in studies to date is that after an initial decrease in cell numbers these usually stabilise at a low level; depending on seasonal and other environmental influences, however, a clear increase is then observed.
64. Moreover, it cannot be guaranteed that GMMs will remain at their release location (transport by wind, running water and rain, tractor tyres, harvesting equipment and animals and also by organisms living in the soil). Escape into ground water cannot be ruled out. Even if GMMs do not survive in the environment, their characteristics can be transferred to other micro-organisms by DNA transfer via conjugation, transformation or transduction.
65. GMMs as highly potent Bt strains or even in other primary applications such as, for example, crop sprays will inevitably come into contact with the soil. Therefore, before they are used, it is essential that the effects on soil microflora and the various interactions are accurately observed. Since only a small proportion of the micro-organisms living in soil are known, reliable risk research would be extremely difficult to carry out. Since many biopesticides rely for their protective effect on the production of particular antibiotics by the micro-organisms, questions of resistance development must be taken into account.
3.2 Transgene plants and co-existence
66. In plants, as in domestic animals, genetic modifications cannot yet be controlled, i.e. the position of an inserted transgene within the recipient genome cannot be controlled. Each integration is bound to modify the sequence pattern at the genetic location concerned in the recipient genome, and genes in that location are under some circumstances destroyed. The possibility therefore cannot be ruled out that new, unintentional and possibly also harmful metabolic products or morphological deviations from the original line may be produced. Such unintended effects are not necessarily associated with the function of the inserted gene but may also be caused by genetic changes in other parts of the genome, occurring during the sometimes very long tissue culture phase.
67. Research has so far been carried out only on a fraction of the regulatory processes at genome, protein and metabolic levels and their interaction with biotic (insects, weeds, fungi) and abiotic (drought, salinification) environmental influences. The secondary metabolism of plants, in which sometimes highly toxic substances such as alkaloids, terpenes and phenolic substances are formed, is particularly complex and little understood.
68. Mandatory monitoring, known as post-marketing surveillance (post-registration monitoring or monitoring during cultivation), under the terms of the new version of EU Release Directive 90/220/EEC (new version: 2001/18/EC) is one of the requirements for release approval. If significant harmful effects are observed in the course of monitoring, which were either previously suspected but regarded as acceptable or which had not been foreseen, new cultivation conditions may be imposed or authorisation withdrawn completely. Clear assessment standards are necessary, and also the designation of natural reference areas and the establishment of basic data.
Excursus: molecular gene farming
69. It is unclear whether the system for producing pharmaceutical substances in GM plants will prove to be successful economically whether the amount of protein produced will be sufficiently high and can be extracted easily enough and/ or if intended for direct consumption, whether the product will be stable and uniformly expressed. There are also questions about the efficacy of the product. For example, in the case of vaccines, will they produce a protective immune response? If the product is intended to be seed as pill, will it show a comparable effect when taken orally? Many proteins are at least partly destroyed in the intestine, which is why most protein-based drugs, such as insulin, have to be given by injection.
70. There has been excessive hype about the potential for edible vaccines and other drugs. Clinical trials will be required in the same way as for any other therapeutic product and processing will almost certainly be necessary. The research is almost targeted at the needs of the developed world, and restrictive intellectual property rights mean that it will only be available at considerable cost. It will therefore be largely inaccessible to the developing world.
71. The impact on the environment and public safety if other food crops or wild species are contaminated raises further major questions. Is it wise to use food crops to produce therapeutic proteins at all? What measures are necessary to prevent gene transfer? The potential for inadvertent consumption of a drug in food could lead to very large liabilities for the companies involved. In the USA, new rules are being introduced to reduce the potential for cross pollination and for inadvertent food contamination. However, there are questions about whether such rules are practicable or would be followed. Flowering times are not completely predictable and pollen flow distances can change according to the local weather and other environmental conditions. It is unlikely that genetic isolation is possible if fertile GM crops are grown on the large scale that will be needed for commercial production. Physical containment, for example in green houses or specialised, dedicated farms would be required to make molecular gene farming safe.
72. With a view to their use as foodstuffs, transgenic plants have so far been characterised on the basis of comparison with non-transgenic plants of the same species. In relation to the development of transgenic plants with modified constituent composition (in particular novel functional food) an intensive scientific discussion on the question of uncovered risks related to the concept of substantial equivalence began four years ago. The OECD, which had been involved in the development of this concept and in its promotion, introduced a broad-based initiative for the revision.
73. Approaches include analytical methods to detect the most comprehensive spectrum possible of the metabolites formed during the metabolism of a plant. Detailed knowledge of the range of variation of substances in conventional crop plants is a prerequisite for reliable testing for substantial equivalence. Only in this way would it be possible to ensure that significant modifications in the transgenic plants were not overlooked. The more gene constructs are inserted at once into a plant and the more complex the new metabolic pathways produced by this process, the greater the possibility that side effects will occur.
74. The scientific experience and knowledge available to date in relation to the possible hybridisation, overwintering and accumulation of GMOs in the soil, migration and other forms of spread do not yet permit any dependable and practically reliable conclusions to be drawn concerning the possible extent of contamination of non-genetically modified cultures with GMO in the event of widespread and long term cultivation of GMO crops. Study findings indicate that immense differences are likely with regard to investment and costs depending on the crop product and the situation of the agricultural operation if threshold values for GMO contamination are to be observed. Additional costs of anything from a few percent to 40% must be expected.
75. Research is required if co-existence is to be made possible with regard to
- the spread of modified genes and their potential range,
- agricultural precautions against unintentional spread,
- investigation of possible measures for good agricultural practice (minimum clearance distances, staggered sowing patterns etc.)
- the social consequences of the necessary cultivation regulations.
4. What should we be arguing about?
76. Farmers in the EU will be able to choose in future whether or not they wish to cultivate approved GM plants. Depending on the liability regulations in the individual member states, farmers who grow GMO will have to expect to be held liable for any contamination of GMO-free crops in neighbouring farms by pollen transfer, to the extent that marketing as GMO-free produce is not longer possible - in Germany liability does not depend on fault. It is clear from the situation with the beekeepers that the coexistence of different methods of cultivation has so far been simply a legal fiction that leaves many questions unanswered. It supports the assumption that coexistence of all types of agriculture (GMO- aswell as organic farming) will only be possible in the long term if the commercial growth of GMO is carried out at a very low level and in strictly limited regional areas or restricted to varieties with a low risk of contamination.
4.1 Coexistence, as with the beekeepers in Germany
77. Around 76,000 beekeepers in Germany keep approximately 800,000 bee colonies: one half of these stocks are the responsibility of 3500 professional keepers (main and secondary occupation) and around 250 apiaries are run in accordance with ecological principles, a tendency which is increasing. Producing 25,000 tonnes of honey a year, 20% of the domestic demand is met from home production. Turnover also comes from the many by-products of beekeeping such as wax, mead, pollen, propolis and royal jelly. At an average of 1,3 kilogramms per head, Germany has the highest honey consumption in the world. Honey represents 0.7% of revenue from animal products in Germany, so bees are the fourth most important domestic animal after cattle, pigs and poultry, even without taking account of their role in pollination.
78. Jobs are created by beekeeping, both directly in agriculture itself and also in the supply industry. The economic benefits of beekeeping from pollination of crops and wild plants is estimated to be at least ten times that of honey production. Around 80% of all flowering plants are dependent on pollination by bees. Unquestionably additional profits of 10% in rape are due to intensive bee flight and amount to approx. 100 euros per hectare. Adequate setting of fruit and high quality produce in fruit growing would be impossible without pollination by bees and without bees the diversity of our flora would collapse, with considerable consequences for the fauna. The large number of amateur beekeepers guarantees beekeeping over a large area. The bees themselves need the care of a beekeeper, because cultivated landscapes provide them with insufficient nesting places, but also because without the help of keepers they would be wiped out by the Varroa mite.
79. The beekeepers fear for their commercial survival if coexistence becomes a reality and more and more farmers decide to cultivate genetically modified crops. A bee colony grazes an area of 30 - 160 square km. Bees do not distinguish between conventional plants and GMO crops. Rape (nectar and pollen) and maize (pollen) are a particular problem because the beekeepers cannot avoid them. Crop-free zones and coated seeds are completely useless in this case. The beekeepers reproach the politicians with simply ignoring the problem, because for them the consequences could be disastrous, whether there were to be a labelling requirement for honey or whether the present situation persists in which there is no such obligation. The European Commission classes honey as an animal product which, as such, does not have to be labelled. For pollen the labelling requirement applies only if it is found to contain 0.9% GMO, even if its presence is accidental and technically unavoidable. For beekeepers, the labelling question implies: whether we do or we dont, we are between the devil and the deep blue sea. If labelling is not compulsory for honey, they will have to answer to their customers and the media as to why gene technology is found in honey and yet it does not have to be labelled. Moreover, under the planned German liability regulations, they will have no possibility of claiming compensation.
80. If a labelling requirement were to exist, the beekeepers would incur high costs for analysis of around 500 euros per batch, which for small apiaries could exceed the value of the honey. The costs of analysis per batch would be roughly as follows, and are additive the more GMO plants are approved, the higher the costs will become. 235 euros to answer the question Is there anything in it?; 80 euros to answer What is in it? (species of plant); 150 euros per variety of rape for the quantity; approx. 150 to 300 euros for maize. A batch here is the quantity of honey that can be homogeneously mixed in one apiary and from which a representative sample can be taken (between 40 kg and a few tonnes depending on the size of the operation and the number of varieties of honey). A typical professional beekeeper of moderate size with 150 colonies harvests approx. 7 tonnes of honey per year. For 5-7 varieties this would mean 15- 20 tests. Since honey is not subject to labelling requirements, beekeepers are not at present required by the state to pay for these analyses, though the market and consumers can be expected to demand such tests.
81. Almost all food producers and supermarkets have stated that they will not use any gene technology or market such produce while consumers are voicing negative opinions about these products in response to surveys. A reluctance to buy will throw the beekeepers into a serious economic crisis that is not of their making, as the retailers can and will move over to GMO-free foreign honey, as long is this is available. An example of the realities of retail is provided by Canadian honey with GMO pollen, which has been avoided by processors and retailers since 2001. Canada has lost its rape and honey market in the EU, because with 40% GMO cultivation there is now no GMO-free rape. On average, honey contains only up to 0.05% pollen. According to tests by the Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Freiburg (Office of Chemical and Veterinary investigation) in 2002 and 2003 the percentage content of GMO pollen in Canadian honey was over 30%. The purity of honey is directly related to the extent of cultivation of genetically engineered plants. If no regular analyses are performed, neither the beekeepers nor the consumers will know whether or not such material is present, the consumer protection organisation Foodwatch warns.
82. Beekeepers are demanding suitable compensation, irrespective of threshold values, for the losses in turnover that can be expected if coexistence becomes reality and GMO-free honey production becomes no longer possible in Germany. It is, of course, impossible to predict precisely how consumers and retailers will react, though it is probable in the event of large scale GMO cultivation that a similar situation will arise for conventional honey production to that faced by organic beekeepers and organic agriculture generally, who are also subject to the regulations of their cultivation associations, national organic regulations and the EU organic farming directives. These prohibit the use of GMO or GMO derivatives without the tolerances that exist in the threshold regulations for conventional agriculture. Consumers who value honey as a natural product will have similar expectations of beekeepers operating by conventional methods to those of the consumers of organic foods with regard to regional organic farming: zero GMO tolerance.
83. Beekeepers therefore support the fundamental requirements that the European Parliament proposed in its coexistence report dated 22.04.2004 with respect to member states. They also demand highly specific details of GMO release areas and bee-safe distances between GMO areas and apiaries. A further fundamental aspect for them is duty of care with regard to the health of bees, if GMOs produce insect toxins show new characteristics that affect insects. The beekeepers associations demand that investigations in bees should be incorporated in the registration procedures for GMO plants.
84. Organic farming will not be able to survive under conditions in which large areas of GMO crops are cultivated, because of consumer expectations as described above, if retailers of eco products can move over to other farming regions that are actually GMO-free. For regional organic farming, unlike conventional farming, coexistence will therefore be a fundamental matter of existence and not one of threshold values that can be observed in practice.
4.2 Freedom of choice, seed purity, liability
85. Farmers have the right to produce GMO-free products, consumers must be allowed a choice on the basis of appropriate labelling. The principle of free choice implies that GMO-free cultivation in general deserves legal protection from contamination with transgenes. Sustainable preservation of GMO-free agriculture should be ensured in law and not by voluntary agreements. One issue is whether organic farming deserves legal protection to a particular degree. This can be politically desirable and justified by the fact that it is the best form of agriculture with regard to ecological sustainability.
86. Apart from preserving the purity of seed stocks, national regulations with regard to coexistence costs, resulting mainly from the necessary separation of the flow of goods and the needs for various controls, are an essential prerequisite for the long term guarantee of coexistence. Farmers who wish to grow GMO-free crops may incur economic losses after the development of hypothetical health and environmental risks, if their harvest is so heavily contaminated with GMO (threshold 0.9%) that they have to label it. Compensation for measurable loss of income can be met by a regime of liability. Irrespective of the outcome of the debate about coexistence and the relevant regulations in the member states, more and more insurance companies are declining to insure against any damage caused by GMOs.
87. The precautionary principle, as far as Europe is concerned, requires a cautious and rather restrictive procedure initially, which can be made less restrictive if appropriate in the light of further experience. What must be avoided at all costs is inadequate and imprecise regulations with regard to co-existence leading to a situation where the provisions for registration, traceability and labelling which have just been agreed become unenforceable under the actual pressure of progressive GMO contamination. The European Commission has not yet committed itself with regard to threshold values for seed. Previous proposals incorporate different threshold values depending on the crop (rape, maize, soy bean). The European Parliament calls for the threshold value for seeds in general to be fixed at the limit of detection of 0.1%.
88. The most important single measure for the avoidance of contamination is strict regulation with regard to purity and labelling for seeds. Only if clear separation takes place at the start of the production chain can cases of contamination, which become technically unavoidable in GMO farming, be kept reliably below the labelling threshold at reasonable cost to the neighbouring farmers and subsequent preparation, processing and retail companies. Economic analysis makes it clear that it is much more sensible to keep seed free from GMO, since seed production in any case takes place in a practically closed system. However, if farm production is subjected initially to contaminated seed, complying with the limit value will create an economic avalanche of costs and risks to agriculture and the food sector which will be out of all proportion to the economic advantages of introducing GMOs.
89. In addition, specific standards of good agricultural practice are needed to prevent cross-contamination and accidental incursions of GMOs. Liability regimes should safeguard co-existence, but on the other hand not make GMO farming and the release of GMO for scientific purposes impossible. The right balance will be difficult to find. The EU recommendations which are still not binding could prove a suitable procedure for achieving a balanced system. European states should, however, endeavour to create common liability legislation.
90. Liability and the costs of coexistence can basically be divided into three categories: 1) The polluter (seed company/GMO-farmer) pays and is responsible. 2) The person suffering the damage comes away empty-handed and is forced out (conventional farmer, organic farmer) 3) The State, i.e. the general public pays (e.g. liability fund). Which alternative is chosen depends on the priorities of national policy. Mixed forms with regard to liability are not to be recommended, because in practise the transgenic seed damages all others, while GMO-free seed does not damage the GMO farmer.
91. The increase in ecologically farmed acreages is not only a useful indicator for sustainable agriculture, but a reasonable objective overall, also with respect to the developing countries. Policy must incorporate capacity building, to ensure lasting coexistence. In establishing agricultural policy with regard to GMO there is a close connection with the problems of intensive agriculture. Many of the risks that arise from breeding by genetic modification are also present in conventional breeding, the purpose of which is to achieve higher yields. These are not risks specific to green biotechnology, but risks of a particular agricultural policy. For a proper estimation of the potential risk of green biotechnology it is necessary to differentiate between biological-ecological and socioeconomic factors, including the perception of risk by the consumer. The consumers perception is difficult to assess objectively, but will have direct effects on production and retail.
92. Major social and economic problems for agriculture are unavoidable if the practice of granting broad-based patents on genes and biological material becomes further established in Europe. To date, farmers in countries outside Europe have had to pay licence fees even if they have not purchased the genetically modified seed but have had to tolerate it on their fields where it has arrived as a result of hybridisation which legislation frequently does not even regard as constituting damage.
4.3 Farmers varieties and biopatents
93. A large number of farmers varieties exist throughout the world that show a high degree of tolerance to unfavourable environmental conditions. Although countless traditional varieties bred over hundreds of years by farmers have been lost in the course of the Green revolution, there are still a considerable number of valuable varieties that will only survive if they continue to be grown and consumed. The robust farmers varieties have adapted over long periods to particular regional conditions and ecological habitats. Plant breeders also recognise the value of the old varieties, since they are the basis for their work. Paradoxically, however, new development of high-yield varieties often force out the old farmers varieties and therefore the basis of their own existence.
94. Scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute regard the introduction of transgenic plants as superfluous when corresponding traditional varieties are available. The development of new varieties is regarded as important, however, where farmers no longer have adequate access to traditional farmers varieties. The situation becomes problematic when seed companies produce new varieties on the basis of the old ones and cover these with a patent. The farmers are then unable to replicate the new varieties themselves, even though they and their forebears created the genetic basis for these.
95. The European Patent Convention (EPC) forbids the patenting of plant varieties but not the patenting of plants or seed. Under this convention, processes for the treatment of plants and seed stock (for example to achieve particular agricultural characteristics) are patentable provided that the claim does not relate to a variety as an individual entity. It is possible, however, that patent applications may be made for processes suitable for use in modifying a number of plant varieties. According to established legal practice of the Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) since 1995 processes for the treatment of plants have not been accepted as patents if this leads indirectly to claims on one or more plant varieties. This legal situation could change since the EU Biopatent Directive (98/44/EEC dated 6 July 1998) has been issued. The directive was adopted in the regulatory provisions of the EPC even before implementation in the individual member states. Depending on interpretation of the directive, the principles contained in it could lead to bypassing of the non-patentability of plant varieties.
96. If the scope of protection for reproducible material is determined in accordance with the standards of patent law, the sowing of part of the crop by the farmer would be subject to licence. The EU Directive on protection of varieties in the community has already restricted the privilege of the farmer and breeder as enshrined in German law. Restriction of these privileges is viewed with criticism. This alone strengthens the dependence of the farmer on the large seed producers. Independent breeding, based on seed varieties from the original patent holder, is a laborious and expensive undertaking for small and medium concerns. Relevant cases in the USA make it clear that the continuing effectiveness of the farmers privilege will depend fundamentally on the formulation of the patents on the one hand and the decisions of the competent courts on the other.
97. Developing countries are particularly severely affected by this problem. Although the majority of natural resources originate from southern countries, these countries are unable to compete with the large industrialised nations due to lack of technology. The patents shift wealth creation from the countries in which these plants have previously been used for economic purposes to the industrial countries. Control of seed markets in the countries of the south is also of interest because in India, Asia, Africa and south America up to 80% of new crops are sown from the farmers own harvest. China and Brazil in particular but also Mexico, Morocco, India and Pakistan are regarded as important markets for the expansion of trade in commercial seed.
98. The promise that hunger in the third world could be successfully combated using genetic engineering is viewed with great scepticism by the development aid organisations. Genetically modified high-yield seed could realise its yield advantages to only a limited extent in the agricultural subsistence production of the third world. To realise these advantages, an agro-industrial form of production would be necessary with the use of crop treatment substances, fertilisers, growth regulators, a high degree of mechanisation and frequently the transition from precipitation-dependent to irrigation agriculture. This is impossible for small farmers to afford and favours the major producers since considerable inputs which were previously free of charge for an agricultural system of this kind would have to be imported from the industrial countries using currency, or bought from local breeders who themselves pay licence fees to the seed companies. Estimates suggest that the proportion of costs for seed would increase from 0-19 % to up to 60 percent. The agricultural products obtained in this way must again be sold for currency, which would set up further incentives for growing cash crops for export instead of food crops to meet the needs of the country itself. The loss of rural jobs, a further increase in migration of the rural population to the major cities and considerable social problems would result.
99. Although the current FAO report discusses this problem in detail, it still estimates that green biotechnology has an immense potential for making a significant contribution towards solving the problem of world hunger. At the hearing, it was countered that although green biotechnology offers great potential for improving food supplies, this effort is currently being made only at product level and not at production level (e.g. golden rice). In this way, commercially orientated green biotechnology is very likely to change the structures in agriculture for the worse: In principle, genetic engineering has some potential to reduce pressure on natural ecosystems on a global scale. In practice however, GMO is rather to increase such pressure because intensified agriculture will replace small subsistence farming and subsistence farming will be replaced onto marginal lands. An increase in global harvests does not imply an enhancement of food security. At the moment, most GMOs are produced for global agricultural markets.
100. In conclusion, from the above discussion, three needs can be identified: The equivalence of natural DNA (or mutagenesis in conventional breeding) and transgenic DNA (transgenesis) must be systematically examined, if necessary with new methods. This equivalence cannot be presumed on the basis that safety research only confirms what has previously been established. Secondly, coexistence is not an end in itself. If it is seen as an appropriate compromise that will satisfy all sides and if the result is the growth of GMO to a wider extent, then regional organic farming cannot survive. Clear decisions must be made here in advance. Haggling over threshold values does not do justice to the magnitude of the problem. Thirdly, agrogene technology must be examined closely for its potential to improve the food situation, so that the technological advance is not the sole reason for spending millions on research projects, money which will then be lacking elsewhere. Sustainability implies problem-oriented approaches that take account of particular regional characteristics.
5. What will move us forward?
101. People like to use the word sustainability in political contexts as a kind of semantic gold. But no coins can be minted from it if it becomes an empty soundbite. The crucial need for careful problem analysis in advance is clear from the example of stress-tolerant transgenic plants: the intensification of agriculture aggravates the problem of water shortage and salinification to a level at which the singular advance of a particular technology will be quite unable to correct the resulting loss of yields.
5.1 Biotechnology and sustainability in relation to stress-tolerant plants
102. Against the background of an increasing shortage in the worlds water resources and the extensive spread of saline soils, research is being conducted in many countries on the development of transgenic plants that are tolerant to drought and salt. Worldwide, water supply is the most important agricultural production factor. For future increases in food production, water will therefore be the limiting factor. At least 70% of world water consumption is used in agricultural production. 18% of the total area used for agriculture is currently irrigated. This amounts to an area of 240 million hectares. Around 40% of all the worlds food is produced on this land.
103. Soil salinification is often caused by incorrect irrigation and represents a constantly increasing problem, because the global water shortage is accompanied by impoverishment of rainwater. Natural soil salinification is a result of capillary rise and subsequent evaporation of salty ground water, leaving the salt in the soil. Where salinification damage has been caused by humans the water table is raised by irrigation, which leads to an increase in evaporation. The fact that it is almost always ground and surface water, with a considerably higher salt content than rain water, that are used for irrigation intensifies the salinification process. In China this results in a reduction in yields in 40% of areas receiving rain, and in the USA saline soils are estimated to be responsible for 25% lower yields overall. In farming areas not sustainably managed and increasingly affected by salinification (wheat prairies in the Western USA), the economic interest in developing transgenic salt-tolerant crop plants is great.
104. An increase in the salt content of the soil does not lead to direct damage to plants but is always associated with increased soil pH. Few plants thrive on alkaline soils and salinification contributes to the destabilisation of soil structure, which can result in silt formation and a reduction in gaseous exchange. A drastic reduction in biodiversity due to high salt levels in the soil contributes indirectly to impoverishment of the soil structure. All these consequences lead to a reduction in agricultural yields and can make soils wholly unsuitable for agricultural use. 10 million ha worldwide are unusable for agricultural for this reason and in a third of the total cultivated area salinification is responsible for lower yields (approx. 491 million ha).
105. Almost all important crop plants are sensitive to a shortage of water and high salt content. While very few crops, such as sugar beet and cotton thrive relatively well under such stress conditions, there are many wild resistant varieties. Research is being conducted into their protective mechanisms, to allow these to be used for the development of transgenic plants. Knowledge of the comparatively complex physiological and biochemical mechanisms that lead to tolerance of abiotic stress factors in plants is still relatively limited. The relevant characteristics probably rely on a number of genes and complex regulatory mechanisms. For this reason the development of transgenic plants was of limited importance for a long time. However, in recent years efforts in research have intensified. The first transgenic stress-tolerant plants cannot be available commercially for at least five to ten years, as release trials have so far been performed only on a very small scale.
106. Although transgenic drought-resistant and salt-tolerant plants have been developed, varieties that can be cultivated still constitute a hypothetical application of biotechnology. Most experimental findings are based on investigations conducted under unrealistic environmental conditions in the greenhouse. It can be assumed that only 5% of development expectations are realistic. These must be weighed against the risks. 3rd generation transgenic crop plants cannot be used for a relatively long time and our knowledge of their complex mechanisms of inheritance is poor; whether they can make a significant contribution to the fight against world hunger is highly controversial in the light of their single-cause approach and the known risks. The UN development programme gave rise to lively debate when it called, in its annual Human Development Report 2001 for greater spending on research into high-yield and drought resistant crops. The report accused some western countries of blocking progress in this area by their restrictive attitude to biotechnology.
107. The need for food is likely to double in the developing countries by 2025 due to the population explosion. The annual increase in cereal yields are falling steadily, however, and the opening of new agricultural areas is possible only to a very limited extent. Nevertheless, low productivity is not the cause of regional food shortages, either now or in the future, if forecasts on this subject are accurate. Hunger is the result of a number of factors including unjust distribution of wealth, war or mismanagement. A decisive role in the food security of large portions of the undernourished population is played in particular by access to land, clean water, seed that will germinate and the domestic market: in other words, the underlying socioeconomic conditions. A prime need for the improvement of food supplies is the increase in productivity per household. A scientific study on projects and initiatives in sustainable farming systems (without using GMO) concluded after evaluating 96 different projects that an average annual increase in food production of 73% per household was possible.
108. Protagonists of green biotechnology argue that it is possible to open up additional agricultural areas. However, this applies only to individual regions such as parts of Israel or Egypt. A large proportion of the worlds saline soils are increasingly associated with unsustainable irrigation techniques, affecting one quarter of irrigated land (approx. 60 million ha). Here salt-tolerant crops are merely a symptomatic solution, i.e. the cause of the salinification is not addressed and urgently needed investment in improving the soils is avoided where possible. Because of the shortage of water and the associated deterioration of rainfall, it must be assumed that the salt content of the soil may rise to the level at which even salt-tolerant varieties will fail to help.
109. From the example of stress-tolerant transgenic plants it is clear that careful analysis of the major variations in the problems that exist between regions is essential if an improvement in food supplies is to be achieved. This should be approached primarily through projects on the spot and via solutions worked out jointly with those affected, and not, as in the past, indirectly by the regulatory mechanism of the world market. The existing lack of justice in world trade regulation can only be compensated if a new guiding principle is introduced with which world marketing regulations are obliged to comply. A weak concept of sustainability will not solve this problem.
110. In the current discussion on sustainability, different concepts are competing and it is also questionable whether future development will be more planned or whether it is more likely that a pragmatic approach will be followed. The fact that, in spite of the large number of concepts (nationally and internationally), definitions, research projects, models, lists of indicators and strategies for implementation, there is still evidence of a lack of direction suggests rather that the alternative plans should be clearly set out so that they can be of real assistance in directing political action.
111. With the three pillar model currently favoured in policy, according to which ecology, economy and social policy are to be brought into balance, there is also the danger that no real change in the structure of economic policy will take place. Sustainability in that case is not a promising reform concept but an empty formula with which the deficits of the existing system are concealed rather than corrected. A plan for sustainable development that is vague even at the level of principles will lead to injustices at all subsequent levels.
112. The following levels may be distinguished:
i. Idea (theory of distributive inter- and intra-generational justifiability)
ii. Conception (strong, weak sustainability, intermediate position)
iii. Guidelines (resilience, sufficiency, efficiency etc.)
iv. Dimensions (environment and nature, social, economy, training etc.)
v. Rules for different dimensions (management rules)
vii. Set of indicators
viii. Implementation, monitoring etc.
113. Pragmatic considerations should never be used in the area of underlying principles, but at the level of application. In a transitional phase this can be of great importance in order to maintain the innovative potential of a concept even if there are many aspects which cannot yet be implemented.
Within the three sustainability concepts (weak sustainability WS; strong sustainability SS; intermediate sustainability IS) further levels may be defined: The basic difference between weak and strong sustainability lies in the extent to which natural capital and man-made capital are seen as interchangeable values. Depending on whether more or less far-reaching mutual interchangeability of the two is assumed, the need arises to protect natural capital and invest in it. Polluted soils are the man-made capital of the agricultural industry: truly a heavy mortgage on the future which does not appear in the attractively calculated economic balance sheets of the present.
114. The arguments in favour of a concept of stronger sustainability may be summarised as follows:
- Uncertainty with regard to future preferences and habits favours the selection of a future concept that leaves the greatest possible number of options open to later generations. In addition to the option of a completely artificial world, also the option of a natural way of living. This also implies openness to the cultural value of nature for the present.
- Criterion of the multifunctionality of ecosystems.
- Strong sustainability guarantees compatibility with environmental regimes (CBD) and takes account of the fact that critical natural capital is difficult to identify and that erroneous assumptions can have very negative consequences. Compared with the concepts based more on the existing economic system of sustainability, it establishes clear criteria for substitution, discounting and compensation of natural capital.
- The concept of strong sustainability satisfies the sensible intuition that it is better to err on the side of caution
- It promotes a broader research agenda, since a number of approaches compete to find the best solution with regard to complex problems.
115. The argument put forward by protagonists of green biotechnology, that a restrictive attitude towards the new technology would mean that the opportunity for progress that would be decisive for future economic wellbeing would be missed (position debate), with the result that scientists would move to other countries (brain drain), contains many preconceptions compared with the above arguments. Whether green technology and large-scale growth of GMO would mean progress is already strongly contested. In principle it is conceivable that sponsorship of basic research in particular will be continued. The problem arises, however, when scientists demand state sponsorship for market introduction of a technology that is of doubtful benefit, which the majority of citizens strongly reject due to unanswered questions on risk and no appreciable benefit. The almost blind faith in progress on the part of many scientists also underestimates the massive changes that have taken place in science itself and its role in society over the last few decades.
5.2 General social debate
116. As a compromise solution there has been discussion in the past of a voluntary agreement on trial cultivation, limited in space and time, of approved transgenic plants to be reached between the plant breeding companies and the policy makers (nationally or internationally). A transition phase of this kind, as a type of extended and well controlled release phase, could help to accumulate new safety information and identify specific regional requirements for the co-existence of various forms of cultivation. Agreement of a limited transitional phase of this kind (5-10 years) could be used to involve the public in decision processes and create a new basis for trust. It must be said that at this trust between science and the public no longer exists. Nor is social dissent over the release of GMO met with any unified view on the part of the scientific community.
117. In the process of social self-determination concerning the permanent management of future tasks, science and technical development will certainly play a prominent role which will only be possible firstly if more interdisciplinary collaboration takes place within the scientific community, and secondly if there is greater focus on actual social problems and needs. It cannot merely be a case of promoting more scientific and more ecologically tolerable techniques; to an increasing extent it will be necessary to find overall solutions for complex areas of need that are suitable for the future (e.g. mobility, living, eating) which involve technical, social and also structural innovations. For science, this implies not only new substantive requirements but also the need for new communication structures; there is also a need for new concepts of research promotion.
118. The framework conditions for scientific and research policy grouped under the concept of globalisation are not only unfavourable for a research policy directed at the ideal of sustainable development. The increasing competition for raw materials will bring about a burst of innovative activity towards greater resource efficiency. Although the main focus of interest is on efficiency strategy and this option will probably have to be followed up initially, the efforts to achieve sufficiency (self limitation, satisfaction) which are currently seen as less acceptable in view of the prevailing economic climate and lifestyle, should not be neglected. Associated with this problem are habits of consumption and lifestyle that are basically responsible for a large number of the diseases of civilisation (cardiovascular disease, obesity, backache) that place an enormous financial burden on the health system. In general it can be said that aligning research and technology policy, but also health and social policy, with sustainability criteria can be grasped as an economic opportunity.
119. Changes in the scientific system itself are also detrimental to a sustainability strategy. Increasing blurring of the traditional distinction between basic research and applied research, the inclusion of new players who used to be largely excluded as outsiders, the increase in transdisciplinary research tasks that allow the natural sciences and the social sciences to move closer together, all indicate that a modified social role is being allocated to science in general. Science is losing its special role as a depoliticising force for the production of objective information and is becoming involved in the process of social discourse, so that it is no longer the arbitrator but part of the dispute and the perception and definition of social problems.
120. The implementation of sustainability concepts requires a high level of social consensus. The combination of social self-determination and political decision finding processes with scientific knowledge and sociotechnical innovation processes is the central challenge. With this great need for consensus and coordinated action by all players, the discipline of assessment of the consequences of technology offers both a suitable concept and means of analysis; it also increasingly involves participatory approaches in the political consultation and therefore promotes the debate between science, economics, politics and society.
121. In relation to green biotechnology, there are only a few approaches available for implementing a particular concept of sustainability and assessing various aspects of the new technologies on the basis of sustainability criteria. Particular attention should be paid here to the ecological consequences of various agricultural systems and to the subject of agro-biodiversity. It should be meanwhile accepted that Europe will probably be a less attractive place for conventional research into green biotechnology. Within the concept of strong sustainability there would be attractive starting points for a broader-based research agenda. Social and political decision-making processes should not be conducted under the artificial constraint that market opportunities are allegedly being missed. What is needed for a sustainable plan for the future is not the first best technological solution, but the best solution reached after considering all the alternatives available. Finding this takes time. Investing this time may save wasting millions poured into an investment decision made in a hectic rush to act and an insoluble fundamental disagreement within society.
122. In relation to the situation in the developing countries, biotechnological methods should not be used until they will really help the people there with their work. The public debate and the PR efforts of lobbyists focus too much on the methods of gene transfer and the newly created high-yield varieties. The enormous potential offered by cell and tissue culture methods below the threshold of gene technology is not sufficiently well appreciated and defined. These methods, without which gene technology itself in the industrial production sense could not progress, are in themselves capable of achieving a large number of improvements: shortening of breeding times (from 15 to 5 years), production of virus-free plant material; cheap production of good productive seed in a short time and in large quantities, production of seed with special characteristics and adaptation to regional biotic and abiotic stress conditions.
123. Peace and wellbeing in a society rely on a consensus with regard to the fundamental values of communal life. Irresolvable conflicts on basic objectives do not lead to a cultural plurality which is desirable in other areas but to a loss of solidarity and impasse. The dispute around the peaceful use of nuclear energy teaches us that even democratic majorities are not sufficient to create social acceptance for the introduction of a new technology if this involves a high potential risk. Since no objective risk assumption can be made where basic knowledge is inadequate, social disputes on these matters are invariably a dispute about beliefs, even though natural scientists would like to distance themselves from this fact. Rational disagreement that sets out the differences clearly is better here than forced consensus which subsequently proves not to be lasting or tolerable.
124. The guiding principles of EU policy on GMOs: caution and freedom of choice have priority over promotion of economic and technological considerations and should be consistent in their formulation. The most important demand of this resolution in the short term is the compulsory labelling of animal products where the animals have been fed with genetically modified feedstuffs. If the market is to decide the controversy over green gene technology, those involved in the market should not be misled. This is the responsibility of politics. The risk of an unwanted spread of GMO by the back door is great if no market segment for GMO-free feedstuffs remains. Almost all food scandals in the past have been attributable to defective controls on the feedstuffs industry. The absence of a GMO labelling requirement for animal products leads to unfair competition and makes it impossible for consumers to autonomously decide when purchasing food.
125. The legal concept of sound science assumes that applications are authorised if no solid data based on scientific consensus are available to demonstrate damage. This creates an incentive not to search intensively and widely for possible damage. After all, not knowing means that a product will be approved. This legal concept originated in the USA and became predominant in the WTO. It competes with the principle of care that is enshrined in EU legislation and adopted in the agreements and decisions reached at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. If the principle of care is applied, a systematic search must be conducted for possible damage. There is a state commitment to precautionary damage prevention. What is needed is an independent technical assessment of consequences that runs in parallel with the development of technology and is adequately financed. If only a fraction of the shocking reports of manipulation and slander campaigns within the scientific community are true (inspired by representatives of large companies who are spending other peoples money), then freedom of research is not worth much under the commercial pressure of application readiness and marketability.
126. In the medium term the reorganisation of EU agricultural policy should be based on principles of sustainability. The increasing intensification of agriculture, which is associated with a number of ecological problems, stands in the way of reorganisation and suppresses objectives that cannot be achieved in the short term, such as an improvement in soil quality, the decisive factor in production if healthy food is to be produced and reliable yields ensured in the long term.
127. In the long term there must be a change in world trade regulations, so that fairer exchange and partnership on an equal basis is possible with the developing countries. In this connection the EU must meet its responsibilities to a greater extent than in the past and support self-help, instead of emulating the USA with carefully restrained last minute trifles. New, and this time genetically engineered high-yield varieties, the profits from which will benefit first and foremost domestic biotechnology via licence fees, do not represent a seed change in economic and development aid policy but a stubborn insistence on market mechanisms that have now become questionable. We already have the ability to change basic socioeconomic conditions, since no immutable laws of nature are involved. In all our attempts to mould nature to our purposes we shall invariably find that nature will deal with our technological ingredients according to her own rules. The synthesis of biology and technology is not an easy one, even if the new terminology we invent may suggest that it is.
128. A sustainability concept, if it is to be acceptable to all, must be formulated for all citizens of the world. The reform potential from this regulatory idea has by no means been exhausted. In fact consumers may be the best defenders of precaution and freedom of choice if they do not merely demand.
Reporting committee: Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs
Reference to committee: Doc. 9248, reference no. 2665 of 08 November 2001 (extended until 31 December 2004)
Draft resolution adopted by the Committee on 9 December 2004
Members of the committee: Mr Renzo Gubert(Chairman), Mr Alan Meale, Mr António Nazaré Pereira, Mr Walter Schmied (Vice-Chairmen), Mr Ruhi Açikgöz, Mr Olav Akselsen, Mr Stojan Andov, Mr Gerolf Annemans, Mrs Sirkka-Liisa Anttila, Mr Ivo Banac, Mr Antanas Baura (Alternate: Mr Jonas Cekuolis), Mr Jean-Marie Bockel, Mr Malcolm Bruce (Alternate: Mr James Wray), Mr Yüksel Çavusoglu, Sir Sydney Chapman, Mrs Pikria Chikhradze, Mrs Grayna Ciemniak, Mr Viorel Coifan, Mr Valeriu Cosarciuc, Mr Alain Cousin, Mr Taulant Dedja, Mr Hubert Deittert, Mr Adri Duivesteijn (Alternate: Mr Arno Visser), Mr József Ekes, Mr Bill Etherington, Mr Adolfo Fernandez Aguilar, Mrs Siv Fridleifsdottir, Mr György Frunda, Mr Fausto Giovanelli, Mrs Maja Gojkovic, Mr Peter Götz, Mr Vladimir Grachev, Mrs Gultakin Hajiyeva, Mr Mykhailo Hladiy, Mr Anders G. Högmark, Mr Jean Huss, Mr Ilie Ilascu, Mrs Renate Jäger, Mrs Corien Jonker (Alternate: Mr Leo Platvoet), Mr Ivan Kalezic, Mrs Liana Kanelli, Mr Karen Karapetyan, Mr Orest Klympush, Mr Victor Kolesnikov, Mr Milo Kuvart, Mr Ewald Lindinger, Mr Ömer Zülfü Livaneli, Mr Jaroslav Lobkowicz, Mr François Loncle (Alternate: Mr Guy Lengagne), Mr Theo Maissen (Alternate: Mr John Dupraz), Mr Andrzej Manka, Mr Tomasz Markowski, Mr Giovanni Mauro (Alternate: Mr Pasquale Nessa), Mrs Luisa Mesquita, Mr Gilbert Meyer (Alternate: Mr Daniel Goulet), Mr Goran Milojevic, Mr Valdimir Mokry (Alternate: Mrs Svetlana Smirnova), Mrs Carina Ohlsson, Mr Gerardo Oliverio (Alternate: Mr Giovanni Crema), Mr Mart Opmann, Mrs Elsa Papadimitriou, Mr Janez Podobnik, Mr Lluis Maria de Puig, Mr Jeffrey Pullicino Orlando (Alternate: Mr Joseph Debono Grech), Mr Maurizio Rattini, Mr Marinos Sizopoulos, Mr Rander Steenblock, Ms Inger Støjberg, Mrs MariaStoyanova, Mr Gábor Szalay, Mr Nikolay Tulaev, Mr Iñaki Txueka Isasti (Alternate: Mr Julio Padilla), Mr Vagif Vakilov, Mr Borislav Velikov, Mr Klaus Wittauer, Mr G.V. Wright, Mr Kostyantyn Zhevago.
N.B. The names of those members present at the meeting are printed in bold.
Secretariat to the committee: Mr Sixto and Mr Torcatoriu
Overview of GMO moratoria in the various countries and regions of the world at www.genet-info.org (GE-free zones)
FAO 2003-04, The State of Food and Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology meeting the needs of the poor? Rome 2004.
WTO complaint by USA: On 13 May 2003 the USA lodged a complaint with the WTO court of arbitration (300 million US $ lost in trade due to the EU moratorium). Extension of the complaint to GMO labelling is planned, based on the WTO TBT and SPS Agreement (Technical Barriers to Trade; Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures), that incorporate the principle of sound science. Cf.: Inside US-Trade: Likely new WTO challenge on EU GMO Policy, March 12th, 2004. In the comparable trade dispute on US hormone meat (genetically modified cattle hormone) the WTO did find against the EU, but stated that a WTO member in its sovereign territory can implement the degree of health protection that it considers necessary.
This danger was identified by Greenpeace after feedstuff manufacturers experimentally labelled all feedstuffs as GMO.
Volker Beusmann, Hearing on Genetically Modified Organisms of the Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs in Paris on 08.09.04. (below quoted as hearing of the COE Committee). For stages of this discussion: controversy in the 1980s concerning risk led to Release Directive 90/220/EEC; intensification of the risk debate after a drastic switch in opinion in the second half of the nineties even in previously biotechnology-friendly countries such as France and Great Britain; among the causes of the massive rejection of gene manipulation in the food production sector were undetected ship-loads of GMOs sent out by US maize and soya exporters in 1996/97; since 1998 there has been a blockade of new registrations and approvals of transgenic varieties (de facto moratorium); revision of the GMO Release Directive (2001/18/EC) in response to on the one hand, scientifically controversial and, on the other, publicly controversial questions with an additional need for expanded parallel research (case by case; step by step); after the creation of a mandatory system for the labelling and traceability of GMOs and the adoption of non-binding guidelines for co-existence of different farming methods, the moratorium is now to be lifted. On this controversy: Grunwald, A., Sauter, A., Langzeitmonitoring der Freisetzung gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen (GVP), gesellschaftliche, politische und wissenschaftliche Dimensionen, Umweltbundesamt (ed.), Symposium "Monitoring von gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen: Instrument einer vorsorgenden Umweltpolititk", 13. Juni 2002 im Bundespresseamt, Berlin. UBA-Texte 23/03, Berlin 2003, pg. 16-24.
Sustainability is a normative concept, a regulatory idea; in the follow-up to the Brundtland report (WCED 1987) and the action program agreed at the Rio summit, agenda 21 (UN conference for the environment and development 1997) this has been widely recognised. The definition of the Brundtland Commission is as follows: Humanity is capable of sustainable development it can guarantee that the needs of the present are satisfied without jeopardising the opportunities for future generations to satisfy their own needs.
Volker Beusman states at the hearing of the COE Committee: In my opinion we have to many public debates on future technologies, and not enough discussions on behaviour and institutions compatible with the future, although the sustainability debate embraces all these dimensions.
The efficiency strategy is aimed at increasing resource productivity in the production of goods and services; the sufficiency strategy is aimed at bringing about changes in patterns of consumption and behaviour in society as well as changes in values directed towards a more post-materialistic lifestyle; the consistency strategy is aimed at the attainment of consistency/compatibility between anthropogenic and natural material flows (for instance natural building materials). Ott, K., Zu einer Konzeption starker Nachhaltigkeit, Düwell, M. et al. (ed.), Umwelt - Ethik - Recht, Tübingen / Basel 2003, pg. 25 prefers the term ecological resilience over consistency: preservation of environmental assets with a view to ensuring the comprehensive potentials of the environmental system.
Konrad Ott summarised the arguments against the introduction of green biotechnology at the hearing of the COE Committee: 1. Principled (categorical) ethical arguments; 2. health risks for humans; 3. no benefit for consumers; 4. negative environmental effects; 5. ecological risks; 6. disadvantages to organic farming; 7. threats to food safety in southern countries; 8. control over seeds by TNCs.
Basic information for this report has been drawn from: Heine, N., Heyer, M., Pickardt, Th., Basisreader zum Diskurs Grüne Gentechnik des Bundesministeriums für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMVEL), April 2002. The text of the reader and further information can be found in the internet: www.transgen.de; Information concerning developing countries see: Augsten, F., Buntzel-Cano, R., Die Bedeutung der aktuellen Gentechnikgesetzgebung in der europäischen Union für den Süden, Forum Umwelt & Entwicklung und Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst (ed.), Bonn 2004.
The definition of modern biotechnology used by the FAO/WHO is as follows: application of: in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles, or application of fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family that overcome natural physiological, reproductive or recombinant barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. FAO/WHO 2001, Safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified micro-organisms, Geneva 2001, pg. 3.
Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate Release into the Environment of genetically modified Organisms, Art. 4 states that GMOs which contain genes expressing resistence to antibiotics in use for medical or veterinary treatment should be identified and phased out within the next years.
Revermann, Chr., Hennen, L., Das maßgeschneiderte Tier, Klonen in der Biomedizin und Tierzucht, Berlin 2001.
The below listed publications have been taken from: Öko-Institut e.V. (ed.), Transgene Nutztiere, Gentechnik-Nachrichten Spezial 13, Juli 2003, Freiburg 2003, pg. 1-16. The newsletters of the Öko-Institut may be found in the internet at: www.oeko-institut.org/bereiche/gentech/newslet/index.html; all of them are available in an English version. Hammer, R. E. et al., Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection, Nature 315, 1985, pg. 680-683; Meier et al., Transgene Tiere: Nutzung, Risiken und Möglichkeiten der Risikovermeidung, Umweltbundesamt (ed.), Berlin 2003.
In the USA, AQUA Bounty Farms are currently awaiting a permit for their transgenic quick-growing salmon (AquAdvantageTM) for commercial aquaculture. Fish production in fish farms now accounts for a quarter of all fish traded on the world market. In Cuba an application has been made for a permit for transgenic African cichlids (Tilapia). Hew, C. L., Fletcher, G., Transgenic fish for aquaculture, C & I Magazine 1997, http://ci.mond.org/970812.html. Cf. also: Hew, C. L., Fletcher, G., The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture, Aquaculture 197, 2001: pg. 191-204. On 5th January 2004 the transgenic Glofish went on sale in the US without any federal regulatory approval. Nature 426, p. 372.
Niemann, H., Transgenic farm animals get off the ground, Transgenic Research 7, 1998, pp. 73-75. Mitchell, A. D., Pursel, V.G., Effects of dietary conjugated acid on growth and body composition of control and IGF-1 transgenic pigs, The FASEB Journal 15(5), 2001, A961. Powell, B.C. et al., Transgenic sheep and wool growth: Possibilities and current status, Reproduction Fertility and Developement 6, 1994, pg. 621. Su, H.-Y. et al., Wool production in transgenic sheep: results from first-generation adults and second generation lambs, Animal Biotechnology 9 (2), 1998, pg. 135-147.
Krimpenfort, P. et al., Generation of transgenic dairy cattle using in vitro embryo production, Bio/Technology 9, 1991, pg. 844-847.
Jost, B. et al., Production of low-lactose milk by ectopic expression of intestinal lactase in the mouse mammary gland, Nature Biotechnology: 17, 1999, pg. 160-164.
Teufel, J. et al., Specific research on transgenic fish considering especially the biology of trout and salmon, Umweltbundesamt (ed.), Texte 64/02, Berlin 2002.
Niemann, H., Marquardt, O.-W., Entwicklungsstand und Anwendungsperspektiven der Gentechnologie in der Tierproduktion, Sill, B. (ed.), Bio- und Gentechnologie in der Tierzucht, Stuttgart 1996, pg. 56.
Examples: concerning hereditary immunisation cf.: Lo, D. et al., Expression of mouse IgA by transgenic mice, pigs and sheep, European Journal of Immunology 21, 1991, pg. 1001-1006; On scrapie cf.: Denning, C. et al., Deletion of the (1,3) galoctosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 2001, pg. 559-562. On inflammation of the udder (mastitis) Kerr, D. E. et al., Lyostaphin expression in mammary glands confers protection against staphylococcal infection in transgenic mice, Nature Biotechnology 19, 2001, pg. 66-69.
Phosphorous is present in the widely used feedstuffs cereal, rape and soya mainly in the form of phytate, which can only be absorbed after breakdown by the enzyme phytase and not by the organism directly. Golvan, S.P. et al., Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure, Nature Biotechnology 19, 2001, pg. 741-745.
Hew, C. L. et al., Liver-specific and seasonal expression of transgenic Atlantic salmon harboring the winter flounder antifreeze protein gene, Transgenic Research 8(6), 1999, pg. 405-414. Hew, C. L., Fletcher, G., Antifreeze proteins in teleost fishes, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63, 2001, pg. 359-390.
Amanuma K. et al., Transgenic zebrafish for detecting mutations caused by compounds in aquatic environments, Nature Biotechnology 18, 2000, pg. 62-65. Carvan, M. J. et al., Oxidative stress in zebrafish cells: potentially utility of transgnic zebrafish as a deployable sentinel for site hazard ranking, The Science of the Total Environment 274, 2001, pg. 183-196.
McEnnulty, F. R. et al., A review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed introduced marine pest species and related taxa in Australian waters, Centre for research on introduced marine pests, Technical report No. 23 CSIRO marine research, Hobart 2001,101 pp.
The Ministers of the Environment for the states bordering the North Sea supported the Bergen Declaration, agreed at the 5th International North Sea Protection Conference in March 2002 for closed holding tanks on land (known as closed circulation systems) representing an already existing alternative.
Brem, G., Müller, M., Large transgenic animals, N. Maclean (ed.), Animals with novel genes, Cambridge 1994, pg. 179-233; Amoah, E. A., Gelaye, S., Biotechnology advances in gat reproduction, Journal of Animal Science 75, 1997, pg. 578-585; Gibson, Y., Colman, A., The generation of transgenic sheep by pronuclear mikroinjection, L. M. Houdebine (ed.), Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1997, pg. 23-25.
In the cloning technique known as nuclear transfer, the cell nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an unfertilised egg cell, the nucleus of which has already been removed (Dolly the sheep) the success rates in sheep. goats and cattle are around two percent.
Amman, D., Vogel, B., Transgene Nutztiere, Landwirtschaft Gene Pharming Klonen, Züricher Tierschutz (ed.), Zürich 2000. Meier, M. S. et al., Transgene Tiere: Nutzung, Risiken und Möglichkeiten der Risikovermeidung, Umweltbundesamt (ed.), Berlin 2003.
Ruminants are capable of converting low-quality food and can therefore be grazed on land unsuitable for crop production. However, the yield for feedstuffs with a high fibre content is low. Only 10-35% of the energy input is converted, as 20-70% of the cellulose cannot be digested by the animals. Green feedstuffs and silage are therefore often mixed with cereals which can lead to rapid fermentation. In order to improve ruminal fermentation, dietary ionophores, antibiotics or microbial feed additives have been used in the past. Whereas the first of these increases feed utilisation, microbacterial additives, which have been used for many years, encourage food uptake and so achieve the increased weight gain and milk production required. Wallace, R.J., Ruminal Microbiology, Biotechnology and Ruminant Nutrition: Progress and Problems, Journal of American Science 72, 1994, pg. 2992-3003.
The ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was genetically modified to enable it to detoxify fluoroacetate which occurs in the leaves of trees and shrubs in Australia, Africa and central America. Feeding trials for sheep have shown that the GMM can be introduced successfully into the rumen and become established there. The results, however, were still not satisfactory. Gregg, K. et al., Genetically modified ruminal bacteria protect sheep from Fluoracetate poisoning, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 1998, pg. 3496-3498.
Vanessa Houlder, Field trials on gas emission, Financial Times 26. and 27. 07.2000.
Bacillus thuringiensis is the micro-organism most frequently used as a biopesticide to date and the world-wide turnover of Bt preparations has now reached 110 million dollars annually. Emmert, E. A. B., Handelsman, J., Biocontrol of plant desease: a (Gram-) positive perspective, FEMS Microbiology Letters 171, 1999, pg.1-9. A drawback of the mass use of these preparations is their comparatively high specificity. Researchers have therefore produced a recombinant Bt strain that shows high potency and also a broad spectrum of action because a further delta endotoxin has been introduced by genetic engineering. Two different toxins are expressed at the same time. In order to circumvent the light sensitivity of previous preparations (the active substance is rapidly inactivated under environmental conditions), the recombinant strain, that produces no spores, stores the toxin in the bacterium. This improves efficiency and also, in the view of the scientists, overcomes the problem of release into the environment. Sanchis, V. et al., Developement and field performance of a broad-spectrum nonviable asporogenic recombinant strain of Bacillusthuringiensis with greater potency and UV resistance, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 1999, pg. 4032-4039. For further information on genetically modified biopesticides, see: Gorlach, K., Problems in the Introduction of Genetically Engeneered Microorganisms into the Environment, Acta Microbiologica Polonica 43, 1994, pg.121-131; Thompson, I. P. et al., Survival, colonization and dispersal of genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 in the phytosphere of field grown sugar beet, Nature Biotechnology 13, 1995, pg.1493-1497.
The green revolution on the one hand has brought about an enormous increase in production particularly of rice and maize, and on the other a gradual pollution of soil and water with herbicides, pesticides etc. In countries where the agricultural technology was introduced a major structural change has taken place in agriculture. Many small farmers have fallen into debt, lost their land and cannot afford to buy food; excess produce is exported. 180 million make up this stratum of the new poor, 22% of all starving people. The Millenium-Project-Background Paper of the Task Force 2 on hunger, UNDP, April 18th, 2003.
Vogel, B., Potthof, C., Verschobene Marktreife, Gen-ethisches Netzwerk (ed.), Berlin 2003; Lheureux, K. et al., Review of GMOs under Research and Development and in the Pipeline in Europe. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Studies, Sevilla 2003.
Between 1997 and 1999 agrochemical trusts have spent 18 billion US-dollars on the acquisition of seed production companies, Orton, L. 2003: GM crops going against the grain ActionAid. www.actionaid.org/resources/pdfs/gatg.pdf (August 2003). Today the four biggest agrochemical trusts: DuPont, Monsanto, Syngenta und Bayer are also the four biggest enterprises producing seeds. These four players own 90% of the worlds commercialized transgenic plants and 50% of all patents. The high investments are well safeguarded by the system of patents and the quasi monopolistic control of the seed market and they pay well: a profit of 673 billion US-dollars was generated from the sale of transgenic seeds. Vogel, B., Potthof, C., Verschobene Marktreife, 8 pp. The reasons for the success story of herbicide and insect resistance are: the characteristics can be achieved by the insertion of a single gene; the genes responsible have been known and isolated since the mid-80s; the characteristics increase yield or reduce production costs without modification of harvesting or processing methods; herbicides and resistant seed in combination bring reliable returns to the companies producing both, so that the high development costs can quickly be amortised.
There are many reasons for reduced interest in output characteristics: Products that succeed only in niche markets make the expensive and painstaking process of development extremely risky; some breeding outcomes have not yet become competitive; the need to separate and maintain identity increases management time and costs; modification of output characteristics is considerably more complicated: while foreign genes for input characteristics can or must act throughout the plant, the genes for qualitative characteristics require differentiated activity and the necessary promoters for this are not always available; many of the desired quality characteristics require the introduction of a number of foreign genes which is difficult with existing technology; interventions in complex and well balanced metabolic pathways will not be possible without undesirable side effects. Vogel, B., Potthof, C., Verschobene Marktreife, 74 pp.
Maxime Schwartz (French Agency for Food Safety) stated at the hearing of the COE Committee: Le débat porte essentiellement sur la quantité de riz quil faudrait ingérer pour pallier la carence en vitamine. Létude réalisée par LAFSSA fait apparaître les incertitudes qui pèsent sur levaluation de cette quantité et recherché les causes de cette incertitude. On constate que, selon les hypotheses retenues, la consummation journalière de riz nécessaire pour remédier de facon significative aux carences en Vitamine A va de 90 à 4500g. La consummation journlière moyenne de riz dans les pays considérés étant de 250 à 300g, une telle fourchette permet evidemment à tous les protagonistes de produire des chiffres conformes à leur point de vue. Une conclusion raisonnable serait quil trop tôt pour dire si les variétés disponibles actuellement pourront apporter une solution aux problèmes de carence en vitamine A, mais que les travaux sur le riz doré montrent que la conception et lélaboration de plantes transgénique à des fins nutritionelles, notamment au benefice des pays en voie de development, nest pas une utopie. For NGOs criticism of golden rice see:GE rice is fools gold, Greenpeace, http://archive.greenpeace.org/~geneng/highlights/fbod/ goldenrice.htm; Comment of Benedict Härlin, http://archive.greenpeace.org/~geneng/highlights/food/benny.htm Grains of delusion, published jointly by BIOTHAI (Thailand), CEDAC (Cambodia), DRCSC (India); GRAIN, MASIPAG (Philippines), PAN-Indonesia and UBINIG (Bangladesh), February 2001; www.grain.org/publications/delusion-en.cfm.
Mayer, S., Non-Food GM Crops: New Dawn or false hope? Drug production (Part 1); Grasses, flowers, trees, fibre crops and industrial uses, report by GeneWatch UK, 2003/ 2004 (below quoted as Report GeneWatch UK).
Compared with the USA, where a pharmaceutically active substance from transgenic plants is expected to reach the market in three years time (a mouthwash containing antibodies to caries pathogens, from CaroRX), research in the EU is not so far advanced.
AGRA-Europe 29/04, 19 June 2004. Further information: www.pharma-planta.org
Generally FAO/ WHO, Safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified micro-organism, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods derived from Biotechnology, Geneva 2001, pg. 8. In Report FAO/WHO 2000, Safety aspects of genetically modified food of plant origin, Rome 2000, there was disagreement with criticism of the concept of substantial equivalence which basically continues to be useful, but was said to be not in itself an end-point but rather the starting-point for safety evaluation.
Directive 2001/18 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms is a horizontal directive, which regulates experimental release and the placing on the market of GMOs. Regulaton 1829/2003 on GM food and feed regulates the placing on the market of food and feed products containing or consisting of GMOs and also provides for the labelling of such products to the final consumer. Regulation 1830/2003 on traceability and labelling of GMOs and the traceability of food and feed products from GMOs introduces a harmonised EU system to trace and label GMOs and to trace food and feed products produced from GMOs. Regulation 641/2004 on the detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation 1829/2003. Directive 90/219/EEC, as amended by directive 98/81/EC, on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms (GMMs) regulates research and industrial work activities involving GMMs under conditions of containment. This includes work activities in laboratories. The guidelines for the development of national strategies and best practices to ensure the co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming were adopted by the Commission as a Recommendation on 23 July 2003, C(2003).
In January 2002 the Commission adopted a Strategy for Europe on Life Sciences and Biotechnology: COM(2002)27 final. The first and the second Progress Report were adopted 2003 and 2004: COM(2003)96 final; COM(2004)250 final.
Bock, A.-K. et al., Scenarios for co-existence of genetically modified, conventional und organic crops in European agriculture, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Studies, Sevilla 2002.
Villar, J. L., GMO contamination around the world, Friends of the Earth International, Genetically Modified Organisms Programme, 1st ed. 2002, 2nd ed. August 2003. On Mexiko: Quist, D., Chapela, I., Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico, Nature 414, 2001, letters. Hirn, G., Mexiko: Mais trotz Moratorium gentechnisch verunreinigt, Bauernstimme 12, 2003, p. 10.Mexico has the largest diversity of maize plants in the world, with 56 different types and 16 000 varieties. The international maize and wheat research center (CIMMTY) in Mexico houses the most comprehensive maize gene bank. The US companies evidently accepted the contamination of this sensitive area without disapproval. Varieties were found in the native maize that are only approved in the USA as feedstuffs (StarLink).
The most comprehensive investigation so far, into the effects of GMO on biodiversity is the farm-scale evaluation conducted by the British government. It showed overwhelmingly negative results. Burke, M., GM crops-effects on farmland wildlife, 2003, www.defra.geor.uk/environmental/gm/index
A study based on German Ministry of Agriculture data has shown that the use of GMO in the USA led to a 22,500 tonne increase in the use of pesticides. Benbrook, Ch. M., Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the United States: The first eight years, BioTech InfoNet, Technical Papers 6, 2003, www.biotech_info.net/technicalpaper6.html The International Plant protection convention (IPPC), one of the regulatory bodies for plant health and risk prevention recognised by the WTO is working on an international regulation for the treatment of Crop varieties with special environmental risks, which makes provision for risk assessments (Pest Risk Assessment) for products of biotechnology: www.ippc.int/IPP/En/events.jsp
Concerning the findings of Prof. Hans-Hinrich Kaatz (Institut für Bienenkunde der Universität Jena) cf.: http://www.transgen.de/Aktuell/History/00_05_raps-bienen.html. In horizontal gene-transfer genes from one organism pass to another without a cross being necessary. Some micro-organisms can pick up DNA directly from their environment (transformation) or vectors (often viruses) can transfer DNA from one organism to another (transduction). The previous state of research was that examples of successful horizontal gene transfer were extremely rare in eukaryotes. Hankeln, Schmidt, Transgene Tiere in Forschung, Medizin und Landwirtschaft, Brandt, P. (ed.), Zukunft der Gentechnik, 1997, 117 pp. However, those examples in which horizontal gene transfer is suspected are particularly relevant to the safety debate. Several investigations have shown that transposable genetic elements (transposons) have probably passed by horizontal gene transfer from one species to another. Beesten, A. v., Gentechnologie und Ernährung, Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 16:3, 2003, pg. 177-187. Ho, M.-W., Ching, L. L., The case for a GM-free sustainable world, Independent Science Panel, London 2003, 31pp., 40 pp. on horizontal gene transfer.
Expert report by Eimer, M. et al., Agrogentechnik in den EU-Beitrittsländern, Öko-Institut e.V. (ed.), Freiburg 2004, www.oeko.de
Veronika Mora (Hungarian Environmental Partnership Foundation in Budapest) states at the hearing of the COE Committee: Even where GMO legislation exists, the lack of enforcement appears to be a universal problem. In most cases it is attributed to the lack of administrative capacity and expert knowledge on the side of administrators many countries have assigned maybe only one (or half-time) person to deal with GMOs in the Ministry of Agriculture, and no one elsewhere. The lack of state funding hinders the establishment of proper networks to sufficiently monitor imported seeds, feed and food products. Without public pressure there isnt much hope for improvement in this field.
AGRAR-EUROPE 23/04, 7 June 2004.
Anonym Genet-news 2000. Kruszewska, I., The situation with genetically engineered crops and food in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, ANPED (The Northern alliance for sustainability), 2001, www.genet-info.org/-documentsBauernstimme.pdf. Online 12.11.2003 Schweiger, T., EU-Enlargement - The introduction of GMOs by back door of EU accession?, Friends of the earth and ANPED (ed.), 2003.
Initiatives to create a trans-border zone in the alpine-Adriatic area of Slovenia, Italy (Friuli-Julian Venetia and Austria (Carinthia): see www.genfood.at Zarzer, B. 2004, Geht die Gen-Saat im Osten auf (Is the gene seed sprouting in the East)? 13.08.04 at www.heise.de
Ho, M.-W., Ching, L. L., The case for a GM-free sustainable world, Independent Science Panel, London 2003, pg. 37-39.
ibid., 31 pp., 40 pp.; quotation below cf.: pg. 48-50.
Ibid.:Glufosinate ammonium is linked to neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and haematological toxities, and birth defects in humans and mammals. Gyphosate is the most frequent cause of complaints and poisoning in the UK, and disturbances of many body functions have been reported after exposure at normal use levels. Glyphosate exposure nearly doubled the risk of late spontaneous abortion, and children born to users of glyphosate had elevated neurobehavioral defects. Glyphosate causes retarded development of the foetal skeleton in laboratory rats. It inhibits the synthesis of steroids, and is genotoxic in mammals, fish and frogs. Field dose exposure of earthworms caused at least 50 percent mortality and significant intestinal damage among surviving worms. Roundup causes cell division dysfunction that may be linked to human cancers.
Ewen, S., Pusztai, A., Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine, Lancet 354, No. 9187, October 16, 1999, pg. 1353-1354; for Pusztais full rebuttal to his critics see also http://plab.ku.dk/tcbh/PusztaiPusztai.htm. Jeffrey M. Smith described the processes in detail in his book on the health risks of GMO. Smith, J. M., Trojanische Saaten, München 2004, pg. 17-68. The German edition contains a footnote by Christine von Weizsäcker. The American original edition was published under the title Seeds of Deception, Fairfield, IA (USA) 2004. Many scientists and journalists have had the same experience as Pusztai. The extent of manipulation and campaigns to destroy professional reputations which have been documented are extremely worrying.
According to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 12 Sept. 2004, No.37, p.65 Pusztai expressed the following criticism: Companies would produce irrelevant data mountains that only caused confusion. In truth the dossiers almost always contained no fine microscopic data on the gastrointestinal tract, although this was the first thing to come into contact with the GM vegetable. Also, the rats tested were usually too old to discover minimal differences in growth such as he found at that time. With the tests used, only catastrophic differences could be discovered, said Pusztai. But nobody expects those, its more a question of unexpected chronic effects. The authorities simply did not exert sufficient pressure on the companies to use new methods to obtain genuine answers to decisive questions on the safety of genetically modified foods. The requirements of Mae-Wan Ho and colleagues for the design of future studies were based on Pusztais study. Ho, M.-W. et al. 2003, pg. 47.
According to the EU Novel Food Directive of 1997: foods containing live genetically modified organisms, or products isolated or processed from GMO, but also substances with new types of chemical structures, products from non-traditionally used raw materials, products from foreign culture groups and traditional foods treated or processed using new technical methods.
Beesten, A. v., 2003, 178 pp.: With the release and feeding of genetically modified organisms with no previous investigation by long term studies, an uncontrolled experiment is instead being conducted on the whole of humanity, animals and the ecosystem.
For transgenic cattle, there is no risk of cross-fertilisation in Europe, since wild forms of cattle (urus) became extinct in the 17th century, but it is possible in Africa and Asia since there are potential mating partners (water buffalo, yaks, gaur). For sheep and goats the situation is similar, because potential partners (moufflon, bezoar goat) now occur in very few areas of the world. For domestic pigs, there is the possibility of cross breeding with wild boar.
In Australia at the end of the 80s, there was an explosion in the population of wild rabbits that had developed resistance to the myxomatosis virus. The effects on the ecosystems concerned were serious.
Several million farmed salmon from aquaculture systems in Canada, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Scotland, USA and the FaroIslands have escaped in this way in recent years. The farmed salmon are a threat, as a result of transfer of parasites and pathogens, to the stocks of wild Atlantic salmon which have existed for decades. These populations, which are well adapted to their environment, are subjected to contamination of their gene pool from the farmed salmon genome, if negative characteristics are bred in.
Muir, W. M., Howard, R. D., Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when trangenes affect mating success: sexual selection and the Trojan genes hypothesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 1999, pg. 13853-13856; Muir, W. M., Howard, R. D., Fitness components and ecological risk of transgenic release, a model using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), The American Naturalist 158 (1), 2001, pg. 1-16; Muir, W. M., Howard, R. D., Assessment of possible ecological risks and hazards of transgenic fish with implications for other sexually reproducing organisms, Transgenic Research 11, 2002, pg. 101-114; Potthof, C., Teufel, J., Biologisch unsicher: Transgene Fische, Gen-ethischer Informationsdienst GID-Nr. 17:3-6, Gen-ethisches Netzwerk e.V., Berlin 2003.
Breton, B., Uzekova, S., Èvaluation des risques biologique liés à la dissémination de poissons génétiquement modifiés dans les milieux naturels, C. R. Acad. Fr. 86 (6), 2000, pg. 67-76. Maclean, L., Laight, R., Transgenic fish: an evaluation of benefits and risks, Fish and Fisheries 1, 2000, pg. 146-172.
A fifteen-day study with transgenic cichlids in eleven volunteers in Cuba: Guillén, I. et al., Safety evaluation of transgenic tilpia with accelerated growth, Marine Biotechnology 1, 1999, pg. 2-14.
Various investigations have found that transgenic fish lines have a modified physical make-up compared with non-transgenic control groups. Differences have often included increased water content, modified amino acid composition, reduced fat content and increased protein content. The nutritional effects of these modifications have not yet been investigated.
Brem, G., Müller, M., Large transgenic animals, N. Maclean (ed.), Animals with novel genes, Cambridge 1994, pg. 179-233.
Pandian, T. J. et al., Problems and prospects of hormone, chromosome and genemanipulated fish, Current Science 76 (3), 1999, pg. 369-386; Dunham, R.A., Utilisation of transgenic fish in developing countries: potential benefits and risks, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 30 (1), 1999, pg.1-11.
Varga, G.A., Kolver, E.S., Microbial and anomal limitations to fiber digestion and utilization, Journal of Nutrition 127 (Suppl.), 1997, pg. 819S-823S.
Tappeser, B. et al., Untersuchung zur tatsächlich beobachteten Effekten von Freisetzungen gentechnisch veränderter Mikroorganismen, Öko-Institut Freiburg e.V. (ed.), Freiburg 2000.
Natsch, A. et al., Impact of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 and aderivate with improved biocontrol activity on a culturable bacterial community on cucumber roots, FEMS Microbiology Ecology 27, 1998, pg. 365-380. Experiments to minimise survival capability with suicide genes have not proved reliable. Dresing, U. et al., Peresistance of two bioluminescent Rhizobium meliloti strains in model ecosystems and in field release experiments, Kalinowski, J. et al., Abstracts of the annual meeting of the genetic society 1995 in Bielefeld, Köln 1995, pg. 18; Tappeser et al., 2000.
In the field of organisms there are three different mechanisms of horizontal gene-transfer, transformation, conjugation and transduction. Transformation is the uptake of free dissolved DNA and its integration in the genome of an organism. This mechanism can be natural, if no further treatment is needed, or induced, if the cells have to be submitted to chemical or physical treatment in order to perform transformation. Conjugation is the transfer of DNA between one cell and another, necessarily requiring direct cell to cell-contact. This mechanism plays an important role in nature as well as it is a useful tool for scientific investigation. Intraspecies conjugation is the transfer of DNA between two cells of the same species while interspecies conjugation is the transfer of DNA between two cells of different species. The transfer of DNA between two cells without the need of cell to cell-contact is refered to as transduction. The DNA is transferred between the two cells within lifeless envelopes, which can be provided by viruses for example.Ludwig, A., Gentransfer im Cyanobakterium Synechocystis sp PCC6803, Wien 2002. summary under: http://www.arcs.ac.at/dissdb/rn037419
Emmert, Handelsman 1999.
ibid. Just recently it was discovered that a potential biopesticide has a vancomycin resistance pattern similar to that of resistant Enterococci (gut bacteria). This has possible consequences for resistance development in human pathogenic organisms. Patel, R. et al., The biopesticide Paenibacillus popilliae has a vancomycin resistance gene cluster homologus to the enterococcal VanA voncomycin resistance gene cluster, Antimicobila Agents and Chemotherapy 44, 2000, pg. 705-709.
Sauter, A., Meyer, R., Risikoabschätzung und Nachzulassungs-Monitoring transgener Pflanzen - Sachstandsbericht.TAB-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 68, Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag, Berlin 2000.
Cf.: Report GeneWatch UK.
US regulations see on http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/biotech/pdf/pharm-2002.pdf.
Report GeneWatch UK, p. 28 recommends that: 1. physical containment (in green houses) or reliable and proven biological containment (to prevent gene flow via pollen) must be required for testing and production of therapeutic compounds in GM plants. 2. only non-food crops should be used. 3. research on environmental impacts must be undertaken urgently. 4. the government must review the use of GM crops for drug production, including their safety and likely efficacy in relation to other desease control methods. Its aim should be to produce clear standards by which the industry would be expected to operate.
OECD, Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology: Concepts and principles, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Developement, Paris 1993; FAO / WHO, Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by biotechnology, World Health Organisation, Geneva 1991; FAO / WHO, Biotechnology and food safety, FAO food and Nutrition Paper 61, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome 1996. FAO / WHO, Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin, World Health Organisation, Geneva 2000; FAO / WHO, Evaluation of the allergenity of genetically modified foods, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome 2001.
Bock, A.-K. et al., Scenarios for co-existence of genetically modified, conventional und organic crops in European agriculture, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Studies, Sevilla 2002.
Pickardt, A., Fluri, P., Die Bestäubung der Blütenpflanzen durch Bienen (The pollination of flowering plants by bees), Biologie, Ökologie, Ökonomie, Bieneninstitut, Schweiz 2000. Statement of the Deutscher Berufs- und Erwerbsimkerbund e.V. (German Professional Beekeepers Association, DBIB); cf. Also the detailed presentation on agroengeneering and beekeeping, organised with DBIB and the representatives of Demeter beekeepers (Melifera e.V.) on the 29.04.2004 in Berlin (below quoted as: technical discussion, DBIB) http://mellifera.weitblick.de/fix/docs/files/GVO%20Statement%20CDU.pdf
In response to my written question on this subject, the Parliamentary Secretary of State Gerald Thalheim made the following statement: The European Commission commented on the problem at a meeting of the standing committee on food safety and animal health on 23 June 2004 in Brussels. The Commission pointed out that honey is regarded as an animal product and is therefore not subject to the labelling requirement. This is clear from regulation 2001/110/EC of the Council dated 20 December 2001 concerning honey. According to this, honey is the natural sweetener produced by bees of the species Apis mellifera, bees collecting nectar from plants or the secretions of living parts of plants or secretions found on living parts of plants by insects that feed on plants, convert this by combination with their own specific substances, deposit it, dehydrate it and store it in the combs of the beehive and allow it to mature. The Commission further stated that exception from the labelling requirement under Directive 1829/2003 applies to pollen, if its presence is accidental or technically unavoidable and the content is below the threshold value of 0.9%. Pollen from GMOs that are neither approved nor tolerated in the EU, exclude honey from distribution.
German gene technology legislation, on which the legislative process is presently concluded, at present makes no provision for compensation if products are not subject to the labelling requirement or become subject to this legislation as a result of contamination with GMO. The right to protection and compensation is regulated in § 36a Gentechnik-Gesetz (gene technology legislation) (definition of fundamental impairment) and relates to the requirements of §§ 1004, 906 BGB on neighbourhood rights and therefore transfers the principle of fault-free liability to the application of gene technology in agriculture. The plaintiff does not have to prove which of his neighbours is responsible for the contamination. The prerequisite of a neighbourhood relationship, however, presumably does not apply between the grower of GMO and the beekeeper who sets up his hives somewhere in the countryside. Even if users of gene technology were to contravene the regulations on good specialist practice (legal directive on this subject is so far merely announced), the beekeepers have absolutely no right to any claim for compensation.
Information from Genescan Analytics GmbH, Freiburg, quoted from: technical discussion, DBIB.
Süddeutsche Zeitung on 02.07.03: only 8% of those questioned by Greenpeace did not give this promise. See also Greenpeace shopping bag.
Study by the National Research Council (USA) in 2001, quoted from: Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants, The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation, National Academy Press, Washington 2001, pg. 224-225.
Report on coexistence between genetically modified crops and conventional and organic crops was adopted by the European Parliament on December 4th 2003. (2003/2098 (INI)) A5-0465/2003 final. The most important requirement is the labelling of seed at the limit of technical detection (0.1%).
Technical discussion, DBIB: The LD-50 method is completely inadequate in this case and also for crop protection agents, firstly since this investigates the damage to adult bees only, and only with regard to mortality and not to social and group behaviour etc. and the effects on the brood. For these risks, broad-based long term investigations are necessary.
Agriculture is sustainable when it is ecologically sound, economically viable, socially just, culturally appropriate, humane and based on a holistic approach. Cf.: Ho, M.-W. et al., 2003, pg. 53-92. There are a lot of studies as well as scientific research papers documenting the successes and benefits of sustainable agricultural approaches, including those of organic farming, which have been reviewed recently by the FAO and ISIS: Organic Agriculture, environment and food security, Scialabba, N.-H., Hattam, C. (eds), FAO, Rome 2002; Lim, L.C., Organic Agriculture fights back, Science and Society 16, 2002, pg. 30-32.
Genschäden nicht versichert (Genetic damaged not insured) Bauernstimme 01/2004, pg. 14; Gen-ethischer Informationsdienst 160, Okt./Nov. 2003, pg. 34.
In relation to biotechnology, the Cartagena protocol which has so far been signed by 107 states (including the EU) as part of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides for regulation of liability. At the first conference of the treaty states in February 2004 in Kuala Lumpur, the states expressly agreed a procedure for the concretisation of liability in biotechnology by 2007.
German Federal Government sustainability strategy see: www.bundesregierung.de/Themen-A-Z/-,11405/Nachhaltige-Entwicklung.htm
Concerning the situation in Canada cf.: Hall, L. et al., Pollen flow between herbicid-resistant Brassica napus is the cause of multiple-resistant B. napus volunteers, Weed Science 48, 2000, pg. 688-694; Beckie, H.J. et al., Impact of herbicide-resistent crops as weeds in Canada, Proceedings Brighton crop protection Conference Weeds, 2001, pg. 135-142; Orson, J., Gene stacking in herbicide tolerant oilseed rape, lessons from the North American experience, English Nature Research Report 443, 2002, www.englishnature.org.uk
Concerning the case of Percy Schmeiser cf. Beesten, F. v.: Patente auf Leben: David gegen Goliath, Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 17, 2004, pg. 43-45.
Mishra, S., Genetically engineered rice? Take a look at farmers varieties, Hindustan Times, IndiaDecember 12th 2002. General information concerning seed offers the campaign SOS (safe our seeds):
After a long lasting controversial debate in Germany, the Directive will be regulated in national law in the immediate future. The compromise settled is not satisfying, because it only applies to requests for patents in Germany.
Farmers privilege: Farmers are entitled to use part of their crop of seed of a variety protected by law for resowing; breeders privilege: protected varieties may be used to breed new varieties without paying a licence fee for this or seeking permission from the original licence holder.
A recent example of this practice is the plants patent issued on 21 May 2003 by the EPO (EP 445 929). The patent holder is Monsanto. The patent covers wheat with a particular baking quality. The reason for the special quality of the wheat lies not in gene manipulation but in a naturally occurring combination of genes. This results in a certain reduction in the proportion of protein in the grains. This makes the wheat suitable for particular items of bread and confectionery. Originally wheat with this characteristic was bred in India. Now Monsanto have a monopoly over growing, breeding and processing of wheat with this special inherited characteristic, because the genetic sequence was decoded in the laboratory. The EPA has now revoked this patent. After the objection of Greenpeace the patent has been withdrawn by the EPA, although it still remains valid in the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan.
Aerni, P., Public acceptance of genetically engineered food in developing countries: the case of transgenic rice in the Philippines, IAW/ ETH Zürich Publications 1998, Ernährung sichern mit allen Mitteln? MISERIOR 2003.
Spangenberg, J. H., Gentechnik und Welternährung: Versprechen machen nicht satt, Umwelt Medizin_Gesellschaft 16, 3, 2003, pg. 188-192.
Konrad Ott at the hearing of the COE Committee.
Information and references on this section from: Transgene dürre- und salztolerante Pflanzen, Gentechnik-Nachrichten Spezial 15, Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg, February 2004. (Available in an English version.) Particularly affected by water shortage at present are some of the southern developing countries (14 countries in Africa, large parts of Asia), but also the southern states of the USA have suffered water shortages due to drought in the past four years. Problems with salty soils are particularly great in China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia and a number of regions in Central Asia. Naturally occurring saline soils are often found in coastal regions. In some countries such as Egypt or Israel saline ground water makes the cultivation of crops difficult.
Schmitz, G., Schütte, G., Plants resistent against abiotic stress, Hamburg 2000. A relatively great deal of attention has been paid to the production of a transgenic type of tomato by the US American scientist Eduardo Blumwald and his team of researchers. By a scientifically induced increase in the AtNHX1 gene, increased salt tolerance was achieved due to the increased formation of a transport protein. The transgenic Tomatoes can store the salt in the cell vacuoles of their leaves, while the salt concentration of the fruits remains low. (Zhang, H.X., Blumwald, E., Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit, Nature Biotechnology 19, 2001.) Contrary to the widely held assumption that stress tolerance in plants can only be achieved by modifying several characteristics, here a high level of salt tolerance was possible by modifying only one characteristic. The same approach was successfully transferred to greenhouse tomatoes and release trials were applied for in 2003. (Moffat, A. S., Finding new ways to protect drought-stricken plants, Science Magazine, May 2002. In the meantime the company Seaphire International based in Phoenix (USA) has acquired the licence to the biotechnological method used in this connection. The aim is to develop agricultural production systems with salt-tolerant crops. In dry coastal regions the plants would be irrigated with sea water, possibly in combination with aquaculture. The companys employees are currently experimenting in Arizona und Mexico. http://www.gene.ch/genet/2002/Jul/msg00043.html
See http://www/transgen.de/dgg/Proto_runde2/DP_Sonnewald_vanAken.pdf. The specific risks of transgenic plants in this area are associated with the fact that abiotic environmental conditions (water supply, salt content, nutrient supply, cold, heat or toxic metals) have a major influence on the geographic distribution of plants. Ecological risks from stress-tolerant plants could therefore arise from the colonisation of new ecologically valuable areas and the displacement of rare species, there has been almost no research into risks to date. Basically it may be said in relation to these plants that the potential for their proliferation as weeds increases in proportion to their level of stress tolerance.
Western GMO opponents threaten efforts to feed world s poor. http://www.un.newsedgeweb.com
The FAO report entitled World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030 states that by 2030 sufficient food can be grown for the increasing world population up to 2030.
Pretty, J., Hine, R., Reducing food poverty with sustainable agriculture: a summary of new evidence, Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex, UK 2001. The systems investigated involved a number of different measures to achieve an improved food supply for people under their own regional conditions: e.g. more intensive use of gardens, improved irrigation management, introduction of new elements in an existing agricultural system (fish farming in rice fields or agro-forestry).
Lewis, R., Using transgenesis to create salt-tolerant plants, The Scientist, march 2002.
TAB-Brief (German Office of Technical Assessment), Nr. 18, August 2000, pg. 5: from a pragmatic point of view it is argued that there should be a shift in intellectual effort from the level of the general normative debate to the level of practical possibilities for implementation and their promotion. The debate on the normative level continues to be important, but achievement of a final consensus in fundamental controversies is a utopian ideal.
Council for sustainable development in Germany, conclusions from the Snapshot on sustainability and society, contributions to the progress report on national sustainability strategy 2004, p. 2: Direction is the scarcest resource in the sustainability debate.
Ecology, economy and social security are seen as three equally valid pillars standing together. The European Commission gives the view in its sustainability strategy that social, ecological and economic development should go hand in hand, i.e. traditional partial optimisation should be replaced by an integrative approach taking account of interdependencies. The reason given for the selection of this model was that it was the one that best met the targets for satisfaction of the needs of different generations, as contained in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. (WCED 1986) A European Strategy for Sustainable Development (Commissions proposal to the Gothburg European council), Brussels 15.5.2001, COM(2001)264 final. See Döring, R., Ott, K., Nachhaltigkeitskonzepte, Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik Jg. 2, Heft 3, 2001, pg. 315-339, 318 pp.: Emphasising the equal ranking of the three dimensions undoubtedly represents an upward revaluation of environmental considerations by comparison with previous concepts. However, whether the three pillar model can fulfil its own promise of guaranteeing this equal ranking is questionable. In the three pillar model, prioritisation of conflicting objectives with regard to time can be based on pragmatic considerations, decision, balanced judgment or negotiation. The players may negotiate on many aspects. This will, however, call into question the equal ranking of the pillars. It is therefore quite possible, in the context of the three pillar model, to define sustainability as the ecological and social flank of economic structural change. A defect of the pillar model is that it takes the levels of concepts and guidelines in one jump. It pays for its political appeal in the foreground with systematic deficits. This finally also makes it unattractive at the political level, since the exact basis of its advantage over the established areas of economic, social, educational and environmental policy, and the setting of priorities by democratically empowered decision-makers becomes uncertain. On occasion of the hearing of the COE Committee Konrad Ott has transferred various aspects of his concept of strong sustainability onto the green biotechnology. The below listed sketches have been taken from the protocol of that session.
very weak sustainability implies continuous growth (GDP); weak sustainability assumes far-reaching substitutability between nature and man-made capital; intermediate sustainability requires conservation of critical natural capital, which as such is difficult to define; strong sustainability, in addition to conservation of natural capital (omission), also requires investment in natural capital; very strong sustainability goes beyond 4., by respecting the inherent moral value of (some) natural entities
Possible rules and guidelines in the concept of stronger sustainability are: 1. Maintain natural capital intact over time. 2. Restore and invest in natural capital if natural capital has been depleted. Release pressure on natural ecosystems. 3. Make the use of cultivated natural capital in agriculture and forestry truly sustainable in ecological, social, and economic respect. 4. Reduce the material throughput in the economic system. Replace non-renewable resources by renewables 5. Stop counting the depletion of natural capital as income 6. Move from the ideology of global economic integration by free trade.
Sauter, A., Risikomanagement transgener Pflanzen: Nachzulassungs-Monitoring als Lösung?, TAB-Brief Nr. 20, Juni 2001, 6 pp.
Rip, A., Van der Meulen, B. J. R., The postmodern Research System, Science and Public Policy 23, 1996, pg. 343-352. Nowotny, H., Es ist so. Es könnte auch anders sein Über das geänderte Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft, Frankfurt a.M. 1999.
Nowotny, H., Sozial robustes Wissen und nachhaltige Entwicklung, GAIA 9 (1), 2000, pg. 1-2, (socially robust science and sustainable development) in: GAIA 9 (1): p. 1-2, sees a new form of production of knowledge that is problem-orientated, transdisciplinary but also limited in time and in the context of the application.
Hennen, L., Nachhaltige Entwicklung eine Herausforderung für die Forschungspolitik, TAB-Brief 18, 2000, pg. 24-26. The requirement is not only a substantively but a formally innovative concept of research promotion.
Ho, M.-W. et al. 2003, pg. 53-93.
German Federal Government sustainability-strategy (first progress report); Biodiversity amongst other spheres of action, www.bundesregierung.de/Themen-A-Z/-,11405/Nachhaltige-Entwicklung.htm
Ott, hearing of the COE Committee: In philosophy, one does not wish to give answers to fixed questions but to reflect upon the way questions are asked. We see two different questions related to genetic engineering: Question 1: How can we secure (enduring) coexistence? How can we protect organic farming? Question 2: How can we ecologize agriculture and which role, if any, could green genetic engineering play? It is a pressing problem to answer the first question. In the longer run, the second question is more important.
The fact that stress tolerance is an expensive hypothesis in terms of gene technology is demonstrated by a project with sweet potatoes in Africa, which was much celebrated in advance with great expenditure on PR as a breakthrough by green gene technology in the fight against hunger. The Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) had to discontinue the planned three-year field trials because it became clear that the virus-resistant transgenic potatoes were no more resistant to virus than the conventional potatoes but that they gave considerably lower yields. Six million US dollars were invested in the project by Monsanto, the World Bank and the US government. The Scientist, vol.181, no. 2433, 7 February 2004.
In the developing countries most crops have never been subject to breeding processes and a large proportion of the worlds food is based on these orphan crops, for which enormous improvements in yields could be achieved by normal breeding processes in combination with modern biotechnological methods. With conventional potatoes, for example, a 200-fold increase in yield was achieved by comparison with the original Indian tuber. Gene technology is not necessary for increasing yields, and with its extremely high overall development costs would not be justified in the small orphan crops markets. For actual projects, see http://www.isaaa.org/projects/africa/banana.htm andwww.bio.org/foodag/statements/20030326.asp.
Weizsäcker, Ch., Nachwort zu Smith, J. M., Trojanische Saaten, München 2004, pg. 351-353. | <urn:uuid:c416ee17-d012-4ff6-8e53-58d147b8a612> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=10744&lang=EL | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923378 | 37,346 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Recognition of Territory
Watson’s Mill is built on un-ceded Algonquin Anishinabe territory.
The peoples of the Algonquin Anishinabe Nation have lived on this territory for millennia. Their culture and presence have nurtured and continue to nurture this land.
Watson’s Mill honours the peoples and land of the Algonquin Anishinabe Nation.
Watson’s Mill honours all First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples and their valuable past and present contributions to this land.
Watson’s Mill acknowledges that the following section exploring the origins of the land Watson’s Mill is built on was written from a white European/Canadian point of view using secondary sources. It does not represent the true depth, breadth, diversity, and regional variation of experiences of Indigenous peoples in the Ottawa Valley, Ontario, and Canada as a whole.
For More Information:
National Center for Truth and Reconciliation
Algonquins of Ontario
Kichi Sibi: Tracing Our Region’s Ancient History, Canadian Museum of History
The Algonquin Land Claim, Government of Ontario
Watson’s Mill is situated on the shores of the Rideau River in Manotick. The Village of Manotick sits within an immense geological feature know as the Ottawa – Bonnechere Graben, or more commonly The Ottawa Valley. The Ottawa Valley covers over 7,645 square kilometers and forms a natural boundary between Eastern Ontario and the Outaouais, Quebec.
Ottawa – Bonnechere Graben
The valley was created when the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia broke into pieces about 600 million years ago. This break stretched the surface of the Earth causing its crust to break and spread apart. This stretching created large faults that make up the valley’s walls. Large blocks of earth then dropped down creating the valley’s floor.
Geological forces continued to shape the Ottawa Valley for millions of years.
An Emerging Landscape
Fifteen thousand years ago the continental glacier which extended over all eastern Canada began to melt. This melt left behind vast bodies of water. An inland sea, known as the Champlain Sea, covered the entire Ottawa Valley and was approximately 150 meters higher than the current river levels. The Champlain Sea teemed with a rich variety of marine life, including whales, seals, and saltwater fish.
The land environment surrounding the sea was barren, cold, and inhospitable. Small herds of caribou and other Arctic animals most likely lived in the area, though there has been no evidence found of a human presence in the region at this time.
A Human Presence: Palaeo-Indian Period, 10,500 to 9,500 years ago
The earliest evidence of a human presence in the Ottawa Valley dates from approximately 8,500 years ago. This period is known as the Palaeo-Indian Period. Environmental conditions had improved as the Champlain Sea receded. The climate warmed, supporting new and larger numbers of plant and animal life. The recession of the Champlain Sea also revealed deep water filled impressions left by geological forces and glacial movement. These impressions began to form the major rivers and waterways that define the Ottawa Valley today.
Change, Growth, Settlement: Archaic Period, 9,500 to 2,900 years ago
The Ottawa Valley continued to undergo physical and environmental changes. It shaped the landscape and lives of the people living during the Archaic Period, approximately 8,500 to 2,500 years ago.
During this period the Ottawa River dropped to its current level, and forests that had once consisted mostly of white pine were replaced with the mixed species forests we know today. The forest landscape would have been crossed by many streams and rivers, as well as being surrounded by large freshwater lakes. This changing forest landscape took over 5,000 years to develop.
Over the Archaic Period, people adapted their way of life to the changing environment. Family groups of about 20-50 people came together in the warmer months to benefit from the land’s abundant resources. In the colder months, smaller family groups would break off and move inland.
Deepening Culture & Identity: Woodland Period, 2,500 to 500 years ago
By the Woodland Period the environment and climate were similar to what we know today. The lifestyle of the people living in the Ottawa Valley remained mostly consisted with that of the late Archaic Period. The archaeology of the Woodland Period shows the people of the Ottawa Valley deepened their culture and identity through the creation of pottery, the building of ceremonial structures and objects, trade, and the sharing of information through storytelling, pictographs, and petroglyphs.
The Arrival of Europeans
The Ottawa Valley and its people experienced a rapid period of change with the arrival of Europeans.
When Samuel de Champlain first travelled the Ottawa River in 1613, he met the Algonquin-Anishinabe people and recorded their band names: Quenongebin, Oüescariny, Kinouchepirini, Kichesipirini, Otaguottouemin, Matou-oüescariny and Charioquet. The name Algonquin was imposed upon the Anishinabe by Europeans and Canadians. They have called themselves Anishinabe since time immemorial.
The arrival of Europeans severely disrupted the life of the Anishinabe. By the mid 1600’s, several deadly diseases had been introduced claiming the lives of many Indigenous peoples. Struggles with the neighbouring Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy for control of inland resource and water routes resulted in political intrigue and armed conflict. Together, these factors changed the way of life for the Anishinabe forever.
When British authorities signed land acquisition treaties with Indigenous people in Eastern Ontario, they excluded the Algonquin. Beginning in 1772, numerous petitions were submitted to the Crown seeking recognition of their title and protection of their lands in the watershed of the Ottawa River. The Algonquins of Ontario land claim was finally accepted for negotiation by the Government of Ontario in 1991, and the Government of Canada joined the negotiations in 1992. Comprehensive land claim negotiations resulted in the signing of an Agreement-in-Principle in October 2016. Negotiations are continuing towards the achievement of a Final Agreement, which will constitute a modern treaty.
While there is no direct evidence of Indigenous settlement or ceremony on the specific land Watson’s Mill sits on, surveyors who were designating land for European settlement in surrounding townships encountered and were aware of the Indigenous people who had lived in the Ottawa Valley for thousands of years. | <urn:uuid:afb35dae-ee0b-446d-abc7-d402d160e26c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://watsonsmill.com/history/historyland-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947544 | 1,391 | 3.953125 | 4 |
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Volleyball at Frontrowsports
Did you know that compared to other sports, such as football, volleyball seems to be a very recently invented sport. In 1895 a physical education teacher W.G.Morgan created a game called mintonette from which volleyball evolved later.
Frontrowsports offers streams of all important outside or inside matches. Regular and beach volleyball are both covered. | <urn:uuid:9d773197-6d7b-4820-9dc0-0554a6d22d88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://frontrowsport.net/volleyball | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947989 | 109 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Prices of prime properties around the world are falling
Swanky homes are now a global asset class
ONE BLACKFRIARS soars into the sky from the south bank of the River Thames, announcing its presence to central London. The new 50-storey tower contains 274 luxury flats that range in value from a merely expensive £1m ($1.3m) to an eye-watering £15m. Thanks to its distinctive midriff the building has been nicknamed “The Tummy” by Robert Shiller, who won a Nobel economics prize for his work on spotting asset bubbles. The name might also apply to London’s bloated housing market. Prices have nearly doubled since 2009.
It is not only in London that property values bulged in the decade after a housing bust that nearly took down the world’s financial system: prices are near new highs in many places, according to The Economist’s latest roundup of global housing markets (see chart). In five of the world’s most desirable cities—Hong Kong, London, New York, Sydney and Vancouver—home prices climbed steadily for several years after 2009.
Now, though, particularly in the priciest, “prime” areas of such cities, excess is being shed. In Vancouver, where prime prices have fallen by 12% in the past year, agents bemoan hefty discounts on swanky properties. Michael Bublé, a chart-topping crooner, recently sold his West Vancouver pad for 28% less than the assessed value. Prices started falling in August in Hong Kong and have dropped by 9% since. Developers there were spooked when their bids for a vacant parcel of land in the world’s most expensive neighbourhood—aptly called “The Peak”—failed to meet the government’s reserve price in October. In Manhattan prices fell by 4.3% last year; StreetEasy, an online-listings firm, calculates that 60% of homes offered for $1m or more in 2018 failed to sell. In Sydney, prime prices have slipped by 16% since 2017.
In London Savills, a consultancy, estimates that prime-property prices have fallen by 20% from their 2014 peak. Sales of homes worth over £1m are 20% lower than in 2016. Although Brexit has not helped, there are broader reasons for the slowdown, says Lucian Cook, head of research at Savills: falling cross-border capital flows; government policy; the cost of money; and increased supply.
These factors are common to other global cities, too. Indeed, the IMF observes that house-price movements have become increasingly correlated across the world, and that the link is greater between big cities than between countries. That is because housing is becoming a more global asset class rather than a purely local one. The prevailing winds of the international marketplace affect prime residential property much as they do shares and bonds. The IMF notes that international correlation increases at the time of severe recessions and can help predict the risk of a downturn.
One factor underlying that correlation is wealth creation. Thanks to a tech boom and a rapidly rising China, the world has minted new millionaires at a rate of 250 per hour for the past eight years. According to Credit Suisse, millionaires held 45% of the world’s household wealth in 2018, up from 36% in 2010. A good dollop of their money finds its way into posh properties, at home and abroad. But the Swiss bank reckons that the pace has been slowing: it forecasts that the rate of increase in the number of new millionaires will slow by a fifth in the five years to 2023.
In China, home to one-sixth of the world’s new millionaires, it has become increasingly difficult to sneak money out of the country. In 2015-16, $1.3trn flowed out of China (excluding foreign direct investment). But the authorities have since cracked down on corruption among the elite and tightened enforcement of a limit of $50,000 per person on access to dollars and other foreign currencies. That has affected residential markets far and wide. America’s National Association of Realtors estimates that Chinese buyers spent $30bn on homes in America in the year to March 2018, down by 4% from a year earlier. In Australia, where international buyers are restricted to new-builds, Chinese investment in new development fell by 36% to A$1.3bn ($970m) in 2018. Yet the Chinese still account for a quarter of international buyers, as they do in London.
Politicians have played their part, too. Egged on by disgruntled citizens who have found themselves priced out of urban markets, city and national governments have sought to cool market excesses. Vancouver raised its transaction tax on property purchases by non-residents from 15% to 20% in 2018. Britain’s government has increased transaction taxes. It levies as much as £288,000 on a £2.5m home purchase, up from £100,000 in 2010. It has also imposed extra taxes on non-citizens. New Zealand has gone furthest, introducing a blanket ban on foreign purchases of existing homes last October.
The cost of money is also having a slimming effect. Monetary policy, loose for so long, is tightening. Liam Bailey of Knight Frank, another consultancy, notes that it now costs 65% more to service the mortgage on a $1m home in America than it did three years ago. Granted, luxury-property buyers often pay cash; but their appetite may be dulled by falling yields. According to MSCI IPD, a research firm, the gross rental yield on investible residential property fell below 5% for the first time in 2016.
Yields have been forced down in part by the weight of supply. During the three years to 2016 investors would “throw money at anyone with personality, a pulse and a reasonable idea” for a new development in London, says Jonathan Vandermolen, a property consultant. Manhattan is similarly awash with luxury, largely thanks to the new fad for “super skinny” apartments that rise from tiny footprints in Midtown. Some 8,600 luxury units are for sale—six years’ inventory at current selling rates.
Taken together, these factors reflect a world in which “slowbalisation”—the unwinding of two decades of global economic integration—has taken hold. Although less well-heeled residents of those cities will be glad of a fall in prices, a cooling of foreign interest may have unwelcome consequences for the wider market. A report in 2017 by the London School of Economics, commissioned by London’s mayor, found that, on balance, international investment in the city’s residential property helped to create housing supply that would otherwise not have materialised.
Meanwhile, estate agents, whose duty it is to be eternally optimistic, contend that these markets cannot lie low for long. The theory goes that these cities are desirable for a reason and that land is limited; so prices will recover. This argument has a kernel of truth. Demand for property chronically outstrips supply in Hong Kong, for example, and investors from mainland China feel safer there. Yet any rebound is unlikely to be as strong as the last one: Savills reckons London’s prime-property prices will be more measured in future.
Fortunately for estate agents, there will always be some who do not read the memo. Ken Griffin, a hedge-fund titan, recently bought 3 Carlton Gardens, near Pall Mall, for close to £100m, the most paid for a London home in over a decade. He went on to pay a record $238m for a Manhattan pad. When a determined plutocrat is in the mood, it can be hard to stop him.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline "Prime cuts"
Finance & economics March 9th 2019
- Prices of prime properties around the world are falling
- China’s economy might be nearly a seventh smaller than reported
- China’s trading day is starting to influence global markets
- The London Stock Exchange is thriving despite Brexit
- More banks are caught up in money-laundering scandals
- National development banks are back in vogue
- Why did the China shock hurt so much?
From the March 9th 2019 edition
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contentsExplore the edition
Dubai wants jobs in the metaverse; Saudi Arabia a city in the desert
Estimates of higher “natural” unemployment point to a need for more Fed tightening
The sell-off has been savage but there are few signs of a crisis. Can that last? | <urn:uuid:ec883ad2-ae90-4859-a2a8-0f4eaf7bca46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/prices-of-prime-properties-around-the-world-are-falling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95522 | 1,806 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Their digestive enzymes and microbiome have adapted to the diet they're used to eating. An abrupt change in the type of diet (change in brand or protein base) will cause an inflammatory response along the intestinal lining, leading to gastrointestinal signs such as vomiting and diarrhea.
Can kibble cause diarrhea in dogs?
Change in Kibble A sudden change in diet can upset your dog's stomach and intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea.
What can I feed my dog to firm up his stool?
Feed Your Dog Canned Pumpkin If your dog's stool is loose and watery, try giving your dog plain canned pumpkin to help alleviate any stomach issues. You can also add a little canned pumpkin to your dog's food for a natural source of fiber.
When should I worry about loose stools in dogs?
If the diarrhea doesn't resolve by holding back on food and then re-introducing a bland diet, though, then it's time to call your veterinarian. Pets that have chronic soft stool or chronic full-blown diarrhea should definitely be examined by a veterinarian, even if they are otherwise behaving normally. | <urn:uuid:4f9a7d9b-9ae9-4e6f-85e2-37efaaecf066> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://catsndogs-answers.com/why-does-my-dog-have-loose-stools-after-eating-kibble | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932482 | 223 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Planetary Scientist Roger Wiens, who named a rock on Mars "Duluth," speaks at UMD on October 10.
Roger Wiens is coming to UMD on Wednesday, October 10 to talk about the exploration of Mars. The talk, entitled "Discovering a 'Great Freshwater Lake' on Mars with Curiosity," will be held at 6 pm in Chemistry 200 on the UMD campus.
When Wiens and the Mars "Curiosity" rover team discovered a three-foot wide rock at a one billion-plus year-old ancient shore of a giant lake, Wiens thought of the Duluth Complex, a large geological formation north of Duluth. He grew up in Duluth and is familiar with Lake Superior. The rock was vital in their exploration of the planet. Wiens named it "Duluth."
Wiens is the principal investigator for ChemCam, the laser instrument mounted on the "Curiosity" Mars rover. ChemCam helps NASA explore the surface of Mars. “I started the project about fifteen years ago,” said Wiens in a blog post. “When another co-worker and I told NASA that we could develop the laser concept for use on another planet, they liked the idea. So we recruited a team of scientists and engineers to come up with the ChemCam instrument.”
Currently the ChemCam is studying the rock and soil compositions on Mars. Wiens team was the first to discover that Mars has a history of water when they found pebbles, conglomerates and old sediments in a dry lake on Mars.
The success and accomplishments of ChemCam has led NASA to ask Wiens to create another laser system, this time named “SuperCam.” This instrument will allow Wiens and the rover to explore not just the chemistry but also the mineralogy of Mars. NASA hopes to send another rover equipped with SuperCam in 2020 where it will explore another, colder region of the planet.
Wiens, who is from Duluth, remembers his interest in Mars soared when the Mariner 9 mission successfully orbited Mars. That same year, Wiens and his brother saved enough money from their paper route to buy a telescope to look at Mars for themselves.
Wiens went on to receive his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Minnesota where he wrote his thesis on traces of the Martian atmosphere in meteorites.
Jay Austin, professor and head of the Department of Physics & Astronomy, was instrumental in bringing Dr. Wiens to UMD. He says, "We'll hear about ChemCam, SuperCam, and other instruments. Dr. Wiens will give details about the discovery of organic materials on Mars and what they mean for the past and future of the planet." | <urn:uuid:1979c997-6041-40dc-ac93-49b57ed5c546> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scse.d.umn.edu/articles/duluth-mars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958289 | 563 | 2.875 | 3 |
May 06, 2019 · If any malware is set to load automatically when Windows starts, entering in this mode may prevent it from doing so. This is important because it can make removing the nefarious files easier since
Oct 31, 2015 · As long as the PC is connected to the Internet, the adware remains on fetching more ads from its own server. The only way to stop MyWay ads is to delete entirely this potentially unwanted program. Running a virus scan and scanning the computer with genuine anti-malware tools can be helpful in solving issues like this one. Feb 12, 2020 · If adware is detected, you’ll need a good adware removal tool, which will remove the infection and return things back to normal on your device. How to prevent the spread of adware. As with all kinds of malware, prevention is easier than removal. There are several steps you can take to prevent the spread of adware. Nov 14, 2017 · Anyone can manually initiate a scan and remove malware with Malwarebytes for Mac without spending a penny. The Malwarebytes Premium features that will monitor your Mac for malware and spyware, prevent infections before they occur, and automatically download updates do cost money, but Malwarebytes does provide a 30-day free trial.
Jun 06, 2017 · To remove the adware programs that were detected in the previous step, please click on the Clean button on the AdwCleaner screen. AdwCleaner will now prompt you to save any open files or data as
Sep 15, 2017 · Windows Defender and Windows Firewall are on your device to help protect it from viruses and other malicious software. But if you think they've missed something, download and run the Malicious Software Removal Tool.
Jan 29, 2018 · February 27, 2020 - Adware and PUPs can actually be far more invasive and dangerous on the Mac than "real" malware. We demonstrate with analysis of Crossrider, a sophisticated Mac adware that uses evasion and persistence techniques more complex than nation-state malware. | <urn:uuid:4fb779e7-691d-465c-ad87-234771d6967e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vpnbestlxlgs.web.app/sathiraboot35751tip/remove-malware-adware-517.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.89091 | 415 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Lo ／ LWW
頁數：300 裝訂：平裝 開數：25.4 x 17.8 印刷：黑白
This book teaches researchers how to resolve the ethical dilemmas that can arise at any stage in clinical research. In addition to explaining pertinent regulations and laws, Dr. Lo helps investigators understand the gaps and uncertainties in regulations, as well as situations in which merely complying with the law may not fulfill ethical responsibilities. Most chapters include real-life examples that the author walks through, discussing the salient issues and how to approach them. This book can be used in courses on research ethics that are required or encouraged by major National Institutes of Health grants in academic health centers. | <urn:uuid:8508a98d-f427-421c-a7e0-c640b0e38efb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hochitw.com/product/fba9a021-7215-42b4-af5a-4c1fb270b74f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.90752 | 207 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Brake Light Wiring Diagram – brake light wiring diagram, brake light wiring diagram 1994 gmc sierra, brake light wiring diagram 1995 gmc sierra, Every electrical arrangement is made up of various unique components. Each component should be set and connected with other parts in particular manner. If not, the structure won’t function as it ought to be. In order to be certain that the electric circuit is constructed correctly, Brake Light Wiring Diagram is demanded. How can this diagram assist with circuit building?
Brake Light Switch Wiring Diagram? – Blazer Forum – Chevy Blazer Forums – Brake Light Wiring Diagram
The diagram provides visual representation of the electrical arrangement. On the other hand, this diagram is a simplified version of the structure. It makes the procedure for assembling circuit easier. This diagram gives advice of circuit components in addition to their own placements.
Components of Brake Light Wiring Diagram and Some Tips
There are just two things which are going to be found in any Brake Light Wiring Diagram. The first component is symbol that indicate electric element from the circuit. A circuit is usually composed by numerous components. Another thing you will get a circuit diagram could be lines. Lines in the diagram show how every component connects to a another.
The rankings of circuit elements are comparative, not accurate. The order is also not logical, unlike wiring schematics. Diagram only shows where to place component at a place relative to other elements within the circuit. Although it is exemplary, diagram is a great foundation for anyone to build their own circuit.
One thing that you must learn before studying a circuit diagram would be the symbols. Every symbol that is presented on the diagram shows specific circuit component. The most common components are capacitor, resistor, and battery. Additionally, there are other components like floor, switch, motor, and inductor. All of it depends on circuit that is being built.
According to previous, the lines in a Brake Light Wiring Diagram represents wires. Occasionally, the wires will cross. But, it does not imply link between the cables. Injunction of 2 wires is usually indicated by black dot at the intersection of two lines. There will be principal lines which are represented by L1, L2, L3, and so on. Colors are also used to differentiate cables.
Commonly, there are two main sorts of circuit connections. The primary one is known as series connection. It’s the easier type of connection because circuit’s elements are put inside a singular line. Due to the electrical current in each and every part is comparable while voltage of this circuit is total of voltage in every component.
Brake Light Wiring Diagram Video
Parallel relationship is more complicated compared to show one. Unlike in series connection, the voltage of each component is comparable. It is because the component is directly connected to electricity supply. This circuit consists of branches which are passed by different electrical current amounts. The present joins together when the branches meet.
There are several things that an engineer needs to pay attention to when drawing wirings diagram. To start with, the symbols utilized in the diagram should be accurate. It should represent the specific component necessary to build a planned circuit. When the logo is incorrect or unclear, the circuit will not work since it’s supposed to.
It’s also highly suggested that engineer brings favorable supply and negative supply symbols for clearer interpretation. Normally positive supply emblem (+) is located above the line. Meanwhile, the negative source symbol is place under it. The current flows from the left to right.
Along with this, diagram drawer is advised to limit the amount of line crossing. The line and part placement should be made to lessen it. But if it is unavoidable, use universal symbol to indicate if there is a junction or when the lines aren’t actually connected.
Since you can see drawing and interpreting Brake Light Wiring Diagram can be a complicated endeavor on itself. The advice and tips that were elaborated above should be a fantastic kick start, however. Brake Light Wiring Diagram
Brake Light Wiring Diagram Images
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How Do I Install A 3Rd Brake Light Flasher? – Gtr Lighting – Brake Light Wiring Diagram | <urn:uuid:039af95a-0b45-49f7-bc11-98f0e96e508d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wirings-diagram.com/brake-light-wiring-diagram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.902665 | 1,026 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This course will familiarize personnel serving as Safety Officers, Assistant Safety Officers, and in other safety-relevant Incident Command System (ICS) roles with physical and psychosocial hazards and stressors that may impact the health and safety of workers and responders at a disaster site. Students will apply their knowledge of safety and incident command in a disaster scenario, and will employ ICS methodology to review and/or develop safety and medical plans, safety messages and a safety analysis of an Incident Action Plans using relevant ICS forms (Form 206 Safety Medical Plans, Form 208 Safety Message, a site safety plan, and Form 215A Incident Action Plan Safety Analysis, respectively).
Students will have an opportunity to practice providing input on additional incident planning considerations and related ICS forms developed for the scenario, as would be required in an actual ICS-managed incident. Knowledge and skills developed in this course are intended to augment those acquired from prerequisite and FEMA training, such as FEMA’s E/L 954 NIMS ICS All-Hazards Position Specific Safety Officer, in order to provide those serving in ICS roles with necessary tools to ensure the safety of workers participating in all phases of an incident response.
This course is part of the Emergency Safety Specialist Certificate Program, learn more about enrollment here.
Prerequisites: Students will need to complete one of the OSHA Standards Courses and three FEMA EMI courses prior to attending the Emergency Safety Officer Course. Please email questions to email@example.com
OSHA Standards Courses are:
- OSHA #510 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry
- OSHA #511Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry
- OSHA #5410 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Maritime Industry
- OSHA #6005 Collateral Duty Course for Other Federal Agencies
Three FEMA Emergency Management Institute Courses may be taken online through https://training.fema.gov/is/crslist.aspx
Pacific Northwest OSHA Education Center
4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100
Seattle, WA 98105 | <urn:uuid:619980c2-f26a-4c57-aa2d-9d541874c617> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://osha.washington.edu/osha/course/emergency-safety-officer-course | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.889362 | 447 | 2.046875 | 2 |
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