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05 February 2021 – 04 April 2021
Anteroom of the Armoury Chamber
- Organizer and participant:
- The Moscow Kremlin Museums
The exhibition presents a part of artworks donated to the museum from the Karisalov family's collection, revealing the diversity of bone carving art in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. Following a tradition of the Russian pre-revolutionary philanthropists, members of the Karisalov family did not only gather a remarkably comprehensive and outstanding collection of the Russian bone carvings and studied the art of bone carvers but took care of its fate as well by bequeathing it to the museum.
The earliest items on display are caskets made of mammoth tusk, dating from the first quarter of the 18th century. They bear relief carvings, ornamental patterns and images modelled after the engravings from the book "Symbols and Emblems", which was published in Russian in 1705 on the order of Tsar Peter the Great.
The core group of objects includes works from the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century created by Kholmogory masters, who skillfully combined bone carving traditions with new trends of the epoch. Jewellery boxes and caskets, faced with bone plates of different colours, were decorated with relief images based on European engravings. Forms became more diverse - in addition to chests, masters of Kholmogory created desk cabinets, which thoroughly replicated European bureaus and secretaries. Since the mid-18th century, carvers creatively reworked the popular Rococo motif of a shell, which led to the creation of pierced, carved ornaments that adorned various pieces made of bone. With the onset of classicism, stylized shell ornamentation got replaced by graceful net-like patterns and variations arising from perforated geometric motifs with floral garlands that retained tracery and gave a sense of lightness to the boxes and mirrors they adorned.
The works of the bone carvers represented contemporary historical events as well. The exhibition demonstrates decorative bone plates with carved portraits of emperors and empresses, inspired by various engravings and medals. Besides, Kholmogory masters worked on three-dimensional sculptures, creating miniature reproductions of monumental pieces of art such as a copy of the Peter the Great monument by E.M. Falconet, presented at the exhibition.
Religious works form a special section at the exhibition. Icons produced in Kholmogory in the 18th-19th centuries were remarkable for their distinctive style. Carvers made a relief composition on a board covered with fabric, foil, bone or horn plates, in accordance with the desired theme. Twisted acanthus leaves, chain strips and intertwining bands - typical Kholmogory ornaments were often used in the décor of the icon covers. Masters created sculptures to a lesser extent, what makes compositions "The Good Samaritan" and "The Sacrifice of Abraham" quite rare.
The Moscow Kremlin Museums express their sincere gratitude to the Karisalov family for donating the collection that vastly expands the museum collection of bone carving.
The exhibition works from 10:00 to 18:00 daily except Thursday, in the anteroom of the Armoury Chamber.
Entrance fee included in the price of the ticket to the Armoury Chamber:
- 1000 rubles
- 500 for all under-16s
Tickets can be purchased:
- online (only full price tickets)
- at the ticket office at Alexander Garden on the day of the visit.
Ticket office operating hours - from 9:30 to 16:30
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When was the last time you went on a jewelry shopping spree? Whether you visited a retail store or browsed online shops, you likely ended up buying items that were not on your to-buy list. Was it the highly discounted sale prices or the originally cheap price tags that led to the spontaneous decision?
The trend of fast fashion is to blame. We are attracted to the ‘cheap chic’ that guides our shopping choices. Most of these items are disposed of after being adorned a couple of times.
BUT there is an urgent need to eliminate the fast fashion trend. At its bedrock lies the harsh realities of labor exploitation and environmental disaster. Carefully handmade Peruvian ethical jewelry is the perfect alternative.
Understanding Ethical Jewelry
What does ethical jewelry represent?
It is about the entire supply chain, focusing on the fair treatment of the workforce. That includes safe working conditions, fair remuneration, appreciating their culture and traditions rather than appropriating.
The Positives of Switching to Ethical Jewelry
1. Respecting the Environment
Ethical Peruvian jewelry brands share a respect for the environment. The raw materials used come from certified environmentally responsible sources and practices. So, it is not an either-or when it comes to fashion and being eco-friendly.
2. Supporting Ethical Working Practices
By choosing carefully handmade Peruvian ethical jewelry, you also indirectly contribute to workers’ rights. Ethical brands are committed to fair wages, a happy working environment, and training the artisans.
3. Supporting Peruvian Artisans
When you make a purchase from ethical Peruvian brands like the Peru Gift Shop, you are supporting local Peruvian artisans. No matter how small the purchase is, it will make a positive difference in their lives.
Ethical Peruvian Jewelry Brands
Evelyn Brooks crafts stunning, eco-friendly jewelry pieces using HUAYRUROS (natural red and black seeds from the Peruvian Amazon). Ethnic groups handpick the seeds from the Peruvian Amazon and are fairly paid.
Victor Yarleque is the man behind Yares Jewelry. He skillfully blends the traditional filigree techniques into modern designs to create unique, eye-catching pieces. Victor’s work has been showcased not only in Peru but also in Columbia, France, Australia, the United States, and Germany.
Perico is a Peruvian master artisan, and his specialty is working with fish leather pieces (Mahi-Mahi and Trout). He uses organic dyes and one hundred percent sustainable Peruvian fish leather, which is as much as nine times stronger than regular leather.
So, when you buy a Perico piece, you invest in sustainable, stylish, eco-friendly, and durable jewelry.
Urin Huanca is a jewelry brand that has been producing carefully handmade Peruvian ethical jewelry for over 50 years. You will find a tasteful amalgamation of contemporary designs and ethnic, colonial touch in every single piece.
Let’s make a New Year’s resolution a few weeks earlier. Let’s pledge to switch to ethical Peruvian jewelry brands and eliminate fast fashion from our shopping dictionary!
Browse the collection of above mentioned ethical Peruvian jewelry brands online at Peru Gift Shop.
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No Panda Pets!
Some at-risk species suffer from a lack of public attention and awareness. In the case of the red panda, too much misguided attention may be doing them harm by encouraging the black market trade of red panda pets.
Recently, reports have surfaced of wild red pandas in cages, presumably captured for the exotic pet trade. In January 2018, six red pandas were rescued from smugglers in Laos, and it’s believed there are other instances of smuggled red pandas that have yet to be detected.
In September 2018, the Red Panda Network launched a comprehensive campaign to halt the illegal trade of red pandas. In addition to exposing the illegal red panda supply chain, a critical part of this effort is educating the public on the reasons why wild red pandas must remain wild, and encouraging them to help us to spread the word so we can cease the demand for red panda pets. (Top photo: Patrick aka Herjolf/Flickr)
WHY RED PANDAS SHOULDN’T BE PETS
Mark Dumont / Flickr
Caring for a red panda is nothing like caring for a dog or cat, red panda expert and conservationist Angela Glaston explained to me in an email.
Red pandas are wild animals built for life outdoors and their nails are made to stay sharp so they can climb and cling to trees. Since their nails don’t retract into their paw pads like the nails of a cat, or quickly become blunt like the nails of a dog, “a red panda in someone’s home or apartment would shred furniture, curtains, and clothes,” Glaston said.
Life as a pet would be hard on a red panda’s health too, as they have thick fur suited to their native habitat and highly specialized diets consisting mostly of fresh bamboo shoots and leaf tips.
“They would be too warm to feel comfortable,” Glaston explained. “A private individual cannot really provide either the accommodation or the diet that they need. Their lives will be shorter and miserable as a pet.”
Moreover, buying a red panda is illegal. “Red pandas are protected by law in the countries where they originate. They may not be captured or killed legally,” Glaston said.
Red pandas are also protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This means a legal certificate must be issued before a red panda can be transported across international boundaries. A legal certificate will be issued if a red panda is going to a zoo as part of a breeding program, but not if they are to be sold as a pet, Glaston explained. “Therefore, any red panda you may buy is illegal.”
HOW THE BLACK MARKET PET TRADE IMPACTS RED PANDA POPULATIONS
Little is known about how red pandas are obtained for the black market pet trade, or which groups of red pandas are most vulnerable to the illegal pet trade, Glaston explained.
The potential impact of the black market trade is more certain for the small population of wild red pandas that’s estimated to be as few as 2,500 individuals.
“Even small scale exploitation could wipe out an area of red pandas in their already fragmented habitat,” Glaston said.
HOW RED PANDAS IN ZOOS DIFFER FROM RED PANDA PETS
Art G. / Flickr
Red pandas in zoos play an active role in the conservation of their species. Domesticated pets are isolated (either in a home or apartment, or because they’ve been neutered or spayed) and don’t intermix with their larger population. In contrast, red pandas in zoos are interconnected as part of a worldwide breeding program of more than 600 Nepalese red pandas and 300 Chinese red pandas in zoos outside of China, Glaston explained.
This breeding program is important because it helps maintain genetically diverse, demographically viable, and behaviorally natural populations of the two red panda subspecies, Glaston said.
“They are an educational resource, they help raise funds for conservation, and form a valuable reserve population for reintroduction and restocking should that be necessary,” Glaston said.
“A pet red panda does none of these things,” Glaston continued. “It is not part of any managed population, it does not help raise money for conservation, there is no educational message, and its behavior would be far from natural,”
Any red panda kept as a pet is removed from both wild and captive breeding populations of the species. “Its genetic material is lost to an already depleted wild population,” Glaston said.
HOW YOU CAN HELP
Mathias Appel / Flickr
You can help stop the illegal red panda trade by sharing what you’ve learned here with others, and by being a red panda and zoo advocate.
Few people would want a red panda as a pet if they understood that owning them was harmful for the red panda’s health, and the red panda population as a whole. Educate your family, friends, and the public about the importance of keeping red pandas wild. Let people know it’s illegal to buy a red panda and communicate the harms of removing wild red pandas from already dwindling populations. Helping people understand the disastrous effects of the illegal red panda trade can end the demand for red panda pets.
You can also be a red panda and zoo advocate by teaching others about the important role red pandas in zoos play in conservation efforts and by promoting the Red Panda Network’s #NoPandaPets campaign on social media. If you see a photo or video of red pandas that promotes the idea of having a red panda as a pet, use it as an opportunity to educate others by posting our downloadable Fast Facts #NoPandaPets images in the comments section of the post. This downloadable image contains key facts about the illegal red panda pet trade and why we should keep red pandas wild.
Holly Alyssa MacCormick
Writing and Communications Volunteer
Red Panda Network
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The home security is huge. Burglaries are commonplace in all areas of the globe. Thieves pick houses that appear to be easy to break into. Read this article to learn how to get your home safer and keep intruders away.
Hide your spare key in a place where no one would think to look for it. It is very common for homeowners to hide them under a mat or above the framing of their door, and intruders know this. A possible solution is to attach a key to your outdoor dog’s collar.
Your dog can actually safeguard an extra key. This can be done if you have a dog door or an outdoor dog. You could simply put a key onto your dog’s collar, so when you forget your keys your dog can let you in.
If you have an extensive online presence that includes a lot of people you don’t know too well, avoid announcing upcoming vacations. You may be very excited about your impending vacation, but there is no need to let potential burglars know when you will be gone.
Check out their references very carefully. If this professional is from a company, call the BBB for more information.
Keep your most valuable possessions inside your walls. It is unnecessary cut space into your wall. There are lots of places around the home that have pre-cut areas that you can use. If you have an electric socket you do not use, hide valuables behind their covers.
A home security system has other features in addition to sounding the alarm when there is a break-in. Most security systems can facilitate alarm when someone enters the home. This is great for parents of small children since they know when their child has exited the home.
Lock your home at all times to err on the side of caution. It is more common than you would believe for a thief to find a home, try the door and walk right in when it’s unlocked. A thief can steal lots of stuff in a little amount of time.
Buy a small home safe that you can use to keep your valuables in one place at home. Keep your safe in a hard to find location.
The number one thing you must do if you’re moving into a new place is have the locks changed. The person who used to live there may still have a key. You can do your own installation to make sure that no one else has a key.
Criminals are much less likely to target your home if it’s well lit. That’s because they want to remain hidden. When your home is lit well, the crooks have nowhere to hide, making it difficult for them to steal from you undetected. That’s why it’s a good idea to light your home well for optimum safety.
Comparison shopping is essential when you are ready to buy a security system. Get a quote from security system companies before making a final decision.
Ask your home security company about coming to your residence and creating a system that is tailored to your personal needs. The needs and wants of each family and the configuration of each home are quite individual. Most companies will create an individual plan to meet your needs so you can have a high level of security to assure your peace of mind.
Ask your friends for advice before you choose a home security companies and systems. You can benefit from people who have already dealt with these companies. Ask around so that you can have the advice for making a good choice.
Be sure and keep the outside of your house well lit. Burglars love to operate in the dark. Motion sensor lights can work great because they can also alert you when someone does come onto the property. Having these outdoor lights installed can really work as a deterrent to criminals who are considering your house.
Turn the ringer off on all your phones if you will be away for a prolonged period of time.A phone which rings forever is a sign to burglars that you are not there.
You should not enter your home if you find the door ajar. The burglar may be on the premises. It is best to call the police right away and go to a safe place until the police check your home.
They pose a fire hazard during warmer months. Clear your yard so it looks good and is safe.
You may want to get a security system that is wireless. While a wired system is more affordable, it also requires more extreme modifications of your home’s existing wiring. This could be a potential problem in the event that your power goes out. Wireless systems don’t need your home’s power in order to properly work. In addition, they can be usually be installed and maintained easier.
Regardless of the quality of your home security system, be sure to have regular inspections and maintenance performed. Get a security comapny tech to check it out.You may not be able to tell there is an issue if you can’t see it.
Always request that your house or pet sitter remove fliers from your door. Thieves sometimes place fliers on front doors and then wait to see if anyone removes them. Fliers that are not removed let the burglar know that the home is vacant.
The fist thing to do is get new locks. Whether you just bought your home or someone just moved out that you were living with, changing your locks is a good idea.It is pretty cheap and the job won’t take more than a day.
If you just purchased electronics, do not leave empty boxes outside. Burglars will instantly take notices of these boxes and what used to be in them, making you an easy burglary target. Cut the boxes up when they are empty.
This is doubly true when it comes to the installers. Ask for someone else to come out or simply change companies. The point of having a security system is to feel at ease.
Speak with your security company about contract lengths and any options available. Compare the pros and cons of different options. Your bill may be lower with a long-term contract, but you could wind up paying for a service you’re not using if you decide to move. Shorter contracts offer greater freedom, but may be more expensive each month.
Use your home’s walls to store valuables. You don’t have to cut out segments of the way. Many spots are already accessible for this purpose.
Avoid spring latch locks. This type of lock is extremely easy to break. Anyone with a credit card can do it. Intruders can pick these locks by wedging a credit card in between the latch and the door. A deadbolt can be retrofitted to a door with a spring latch lock if you want to make it more secure.
Hide your security system. Intruders can easily disable a system if they see the wires. This will make you safer.
Keep curtains closed when you aren’t at home. Intruders can look into your house if the blinds are up. Intruders will break in if they see an item they want. Keep them down when you’re asleep, too.
Are you aware that your home? A lot of people do not know this until a thief steals it from the house. The wiring has copper and may be stripped off the exterior of the house in a short time span. Make sure the wiring is hidden or difficult to access in order to keep this valuable item safe.
If you’ve got a type of numeric keypad on the front door, don’t use your birthday as the password. Anyone can find your birth date in your mail or on your social networks and can then access your home. Try making the number one that can be remembered by doing a match equation in order to remember that equation instead.
Landscape your home with an eye to safety. If they can be seen, people won’t be able to hide there while trying to break in. This should be planned in advance for your home additional safety.
Set up a timer to turn your lights off and on at regular intervals. This makes your life a bit easier, and it means that your lights will still be lit even if you are away from long periods of time.
Ask your home security company about how long they have been in business before you sign up for service. A company that’s been around for a long history has proven that their service is reliable. Knowing that you are dealing with a fly by night company can keep you calm when making this important decision.
If your living room window faces the street, keep your curtains drawn at night. There’s no reason to extend strangers an open invitation to inspect your rooms. If valuable items can be seen from outside your home, it is an open invitation to burglars. Be careful about what you expose to the public so that your likelihood of a burglary will decrease.
Get your needs by having the security system custom built for your home.
Consult with your home security provider on whether they can supply lighting that is motion sensitive. Some do, and installing these lights means your property will be illuminated if anyone walks nearby. This further protects you from having unwanted guests enter your home.
Thieves often dig through garbage cans in search of personal data that will help them enter the house. You could also simply tear papers with personal information into small bits before you discard them.
Even if you don’t like gossip, make a point to become friends with someone in your neighborhood who is always “in the know.” These individuals are aware when anything suspicious happens in the neighborhood and can alert you if strangers have been hanging around. Maintaining cordial relations can put you in the loop and give you access to potentially critical security info.
You as well as your loved ones deserve a secure home. Do not assume you are safe from crime. Keep what you’ve read here in mind, and go make your home more secure than it is. Start doing some research right away. Take measures to protect your home while you can.
External wiring is a simple target for burglars and thieves. Found in electrical equipment, copper can be bought at a high price. If you hide the wiring, thieves won’t be able to strip the copper.
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The recent flooding in the town of Bloomsburg, PA has left many people with a big mess to clean up, and without electric and running water, the problem is not getting any better. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania has cancelled classes until Monday, Sept. 19 due to a continued water shortage and many students went home. However, the residents of Bloomsburg did not have that luxury.
There are many volunteer opportunities at hand to help the town get back on it’s feet. Food donations, cleaning supplies, clothing donations, and clean-up help is needed. Any donation helps and is very much appreciated.
There are many events on Facebook like Helping Bloomsburg- Red Cross Donations Drive, Bloomsburg Flooding-Help, and Bloomsburg Flood 2011- Neighbors Helping Neighbors where anyone who wishes to lend a helping hand can receive details about where they can go and what see what needs to be done.
The Red Cross is taking donations on East 7th St. and is in need of:
-Flood Buckets: 5 gallon buckets with resealable lids
– scouring pads
– scrub brush
– cleaning towels (and reusable wipes)
– household cleaner
– disinfectant dish soap
– clothes pins
– clothing lines
– dusk masks
– latex gloves
– work gloves
– heavy duty trash bags (33 – 45 gallon)
– insect repellant spray
– air fresheners
Stormi Steele Tattoos, located on 364 East St. is also acting as a drop off location for materials to deliver to the Red Cross
Volunteers can report to the Bloomsburg Fire Department to help in water pumping efforts during the week of Sept. 12 from 9:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m. The Firehouse is located at 9th and Market. Enter the main doors to check-in at the watch desk. Please make sure that appropriate footwear is worn.
For those who are in the area or are coming back earlier to help volunteer, contact Amy Cunningham in the Residence Life office at (570) 594-7953 for up-to-date details on volunteering. Even after BU is back in session many volunteer opportunities will be still present.
Keep checking on BUnow for latest updates. BUnow is in the process of setting up a donation drive for students to drop off donations when they return back to the BU.
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A cystadenoma is a benign growth of glandular tissue that forms a cyst and is filled with secretions. Although cystadenomas are benign, they may cause problems by compressing neighboring tissues. The three major forms are serous, mucinous and papillary cystadenomas. The different forms have varying tendencies for malignant transformation.
Cystadenomas can be found in many tissues, often with a preponderance of one of the three forms (serous, mucinous or papillary). The article below concentrates on cystadenomas of the pancreas, liver, and ovaries. However, a short literature search will discover many other tissues that harbor cystadenomas: among others, the lungs, the appendix, the mesorectum, the epididymis, the spermatic cord, the endometrium, and the parotid gland (papillary cystadenoma of the parotid gland is called Warthin’s tumor).
Most cysts observed in the pancreas are pseudocysts associated with pancreatitis. Cystadenomas are mainly of two kinds: serous and mucinous (called mucinous cystic neoplasm); both occur more frequently in women than men. Intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) is a recently recognized category of the latter class. Whereas serous cystadenomas in the pancreas are almost always benign, mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) and IPMT can turn malignant - about a third of MCN cases that are resected can be associated with malignant tissue . Patients may present with nausea and abdominal pain, but with the increased use and improvements in radiologic imaging technologies, many cystic lesions are discovered incidentally .
Cysts in the liver are quite common: they occur in 5-10% of the population; however, most of them are simple hepatic cysts. Hepatic (biliary) cystadenomas are much rarer. Biliary cystadenomas are serous and mucinous, with the overwhelming majority belonging to the latter category. Although benign, biliary cystadenomas have a strong tendency to recur, and a high potential for malignant progression. Both cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas grow slowly, like simple hepatic cysts. Their presentation – abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting – is also similar. Many cysts are discovered when imaging is performed for unrelated reasons .
Ovaries may contain a variety of cysts, most of them formed as a result of the normal functioning of the ovaries during the menstrual cycle, such as follicular cysts and corpus luteal cysts. Abnormal growth may lead to the formation of cystadenomas, both serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenomas are the most frequently occurring epithelial ovarian tumors. Mucinous cystadenomas are usually large and multilocular and may have a tendency to grow very large. They may, occasionally, induce excessive accumulation of mucinous material in the abdominal cavity, a potentially lethal condition. Most patients with cystadenomas do not experience symptoms; thus, cysts are often discovered at routine check-ups. However, sometimes symptoms do appear: the most general being abdominal cramps and discomfort. Severe pain may accompany ovarian torsion, caused by the cysts.
Jaw & Teeth
Distinguishing serous and mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas is of critical importance because mucinous cystic neoplasm has an almost 20% risk of turning malignant . Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas is made up of many small cysts and usually has a grapelike or honeycomb appearance, but a small proportion of cases have oligocystic or macrocystic presentations , which are difficult to distinguish from mucinous cystic neoplasm. A central scar, calcification, and lack of connection with the pancreatic duct are also generally characteristic of serous cystadenoma. Mucinous cystic neoplasm has a round shape and is surrounded by ovary-like stroma. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels, which are increased inside mucinous type cystadenomas, can be determined to help distinguish mucinous cysts from macrocystic serous cystadenomas . Distinction from pancreatic pseudocysts can be made clinically, based on the occurrence of pancreatitis. Adenocarcinoma is distinguished from cysts by its solid appearance. Ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) are used to describe and characterize the cysts; however, endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration may be needed to verify the diagnosis .
Biliary cystadenomas are not easy to distinguish clinically from simple cysts or cystadenocarcinomas, therefore imaging and laboratory results are crucial. Both ultrasound and CT can distinguish cystadenomas from simple cysts. However, imaging may not be able to differentiate between cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas: both appear as an anechoic mass with echogenic internal septations. Ultrasound images do not show convincing differences between cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas regarding their sizes, shapes, or locations . Laboratory tests show normal liver function values, although in some cases the levels of enzymes and bilirubin may be higher. Analysis of cyst fluid can show elevated tumor marker CA19-9 and tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 levels; the latter may differentiate between simple cysts and cystadenomas .
Ultrasonography is the initial examination that a patient suspected of having an ovarian cyst should undergo . Both endovaginal and transabdominal ultrasound can be employed; sonography should yield a good morphological description. Examination by CT and magnetic resonance imaging may provide additional information. Simple ovarian cysts are rarely malignant; many patients diagnosed with ovarian cysts can be managed conservatively. In postmenopausal women with small ovarian cysts, the risk of cancer is extremely small . Combined results of ultrasonography and measurements of carcinoma antigen 125 are useful for following up patients with small cysts.
- Normocytic Anemia
The patient had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and normocytic anemia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Microcytic Anemia
Fig. 1 Grossly distended abdomen before surgery Results of investigations showed microcytic anemia with hemoglobin of 9.9 g/dl, white blood cell count of 7 × 103/μl, and platelet count of 250 × 103/μl. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]
Treatment of Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary Treatment of benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovary mainly depends on the size of the tumor and the associated symptoms, if any. [epainassist.com]
There remains a need for education about the imaging findings for biliary cystadenoma to reduce the demonstrated delay in appropriate treatment. [insights.ovid.com]
CONCLUSION: The only possible treatment of cystadenomas is their radical surgical removal. Any other incomplete surgical treatment is insufficient and associated with a high risk of malignant transformation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Early diagnosis with close monitoring and treatment of the tumor is important. [dovemed.com]
Treatment and prognosis A mucinous cystadenoma is benign with excellent prognosis (c.f. borderline mucinous tumors of the ovary or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary). [radiopaedia.org]
Long-term prognosis is good in the case of a benign tumor. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Clear cell cystadenoma: Clear cell cystadenoma is a benign cyst with an excellent prognosis. Complications Cystadenomas of the ovary are benign lesions that rarely recur after incomplete resection. [statpearls.com]
A medical professional can provide a likely prognosis and work with a patient to determine the best course of treatment. [knowcancer.com]
While the pelvic examination has not been shown to identify adnexal masses well, it is still recommended to assess for other etiologies . [cureus.com]
Etiology The etiology of hepatic cystadenomas is unknown. The resemblance of embryonic structures, such as the gallbladder and the biliary tree, originating from the foregut suggests that these lesions arise from ectopic remnants. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Etiology Thought to largely derive from ovarian epithelial inclusions, which itself is derived from fallopian tube epithelium. Location They can be bilateral in ~15% of cases. [radiopaedia.org]
[…] the cyst lining consists of a simple epithelium, whose cells may be either: be columnar and tall and contain cilia, resembling normal tubal epithelium be cuboidal and have no cilia, resembling ovarian surface epithelium Microscopical images Epidemiology [en.wikipedia.org]
Terminology Also called papillary cystadenofibroma Epidemiology Second most common benign neoplasm of epididymis after adenomatoid tumor Sporadic or familial Unilateral or bilateral (40%) Mean age 36 years Associated with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease [pathologyoutlines.com]
Epidemiology. Serous cystadenomas account for ~60% of ovarian serous tumors 1. They are the commonest type of ovarian epithelial neoplasm. [najdi.si]
This article reviews pathophysiology, prevalence, CT features, mimickers and recommendations for management of pancreatic serous cystadenoma. Copyright © 2016 Éditions françaises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
References 1 Klinge U, Prescher A, Klosterhalfen B and Schumpelick V: Development and pathophysiology of abdominal wall defects. Chirurg. 68:293–303. 1997.(In German). [spandidos-publications.com]
Pathophysiology Hepatic cystadenomas appear as multilocular (rarely unilocular) cystic lesions that are surrounded by a smooth and thick fibrous capsule. [emedicine.medscape.com]
(I am doing a summer assignment for my Pathophysiology class and I need to write down unfamiliar terms and definitions) Any information is great. Thanks! [lookfordiagnosis.com]
Mucinous Cystadenoma Prevention and Treatment Mucinous Cystadenoma usually do not shrink by themselves they may remain as non- interfering in some cases. Smaller sized cystadenomas can be removed by laparoscopic method. [mucinous.org]
Although the origin of ACA is still contradictory, surgery is actively advocated as the most effective method for relieving the symptoms and preventing the tumor from local extension or malignant transformation so as to obtain an optimal long-term survival [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
How can Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary be Prevented? The cause of Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary is unknown. Hence, there are no known methods to prevent the tumor occurrence. [dovemed.com]
Complete surgical resection of cystic masses in the mesentery is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and prevent recurrence. [insurancenewsnet.com]
- Farrell JJ. Prevalence, Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions. Gut Liver. 2015 Sep 23;9(5):571-589.
- Kadiyala V, Lee LS. Endosonography in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Mar 16;7(3):213-223.
- Nakagawa M, Matsuda M, Masaji H, Goro W. Successful preoperative diagnosis of biliary cystadenoma with mesenchymal stroma and its characteristic imaging features: report of two cases. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2011;22:631–635.
- Tseng JF, Warshaw AL, Sahani DV, Lauwers GY, Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: tumor growth rates and recommendations for treatment. Ann Surg. 2005 Sep;242(3):413-419.
- Gerke H, Silva R, Jensen CS. Hypervascular pancreatic tumor diagnosed as a serous cystadenoma by EUS-guided Trucut biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:273-274.
- Xu HX, Lu MD, Liu LN. Imaging features of intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma on B-mode and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultraschall Med. 2012 Dec; 33 (7): E241-249.
- Fuks D, Voitot H, Paradis V, et al. Intracystic concentrations of tumour markers for the diagnosis of cystic liver lesions. Br J Surg. 2014 Mar;101(4):408-416.
- Osmers R. Sonographic evaluation of ovarian masses and its therapeutical implications. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Oct;8(4):217-222.
- Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, et al. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Apr;69(1):3-7.
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Most of the time, students have issues with blood pressure. The reason is that the student does not know how to measure blood pressure correctly. It is quite likely that students have had their problems with blood pressure. Thus, these exams help students with this issue.
It is possible that the student has high blood pressure and this problem can be controlled by maintaining a proper diet. In most cases, doctors recommend lowering the amount of salt you eat in food. However, there is no medication that will help you lower your blood pressure. Hence, your cardiologist may prescribe medications to control your blood pressure, but it will not come under your name.
However, if you are able to lower your blood pressure through proper diet, you can take a cardiovascular exam without feeling intimidated. The quizzes on your cardiovascular exam will involve taking a blood pressure and calculating the number of beats per minute. If you know what your numbers are, you can easily take a cardiovascular exam.
You do not need to call in a physician to help you with your questions. These exams are not difficult and are well structured. The quiz on your test will ask about your health, your work schedule, your family, health issues, and other topics. However, taking the medical exam is entirely up to you.
It is quite easy to understand why a medical exam is needed. For example, your cardiovascular exam may give you a high number and make you want to drop out of school. This is a sure way to get in trouble if you do not have your medical card. In other words, if you have this card, then you can be trusted with exams and quizzes.
If you do not have a medical exam, then it is very likely that your grades would suffer. This is the reason why these online help systems help with your cardiovascular exam preparation. Once you register with the system, you will get answers to all your questions. A medical exam is the most crucial part of a college career. It helps to become a more informed student who can handle tough situations.
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The medical exam helps with your academic life. Students who study well and do well in these exams will be able to excel in a medical world. Therefore, it is important to make sure that you study well so that you can get the medical exam of your choice. You will be able to meet your goals.
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Last, students can take courses to improve their skills and prepare them for the physical. The “Take My University Examination Help Online” site contains vital information about the classes and studies to make sure that the student takes advantage of what they have learned. This site allows students to take classes that will allow them to move forward in life by helping them prepare for exams.
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Psychosocial factors associated with types of child maltreatment
This study examined if there is a relationship between certain psychosocial factors or clusters of factors and parents'/caretakers' behaviors regarding the type of maltreatment inflicted on a child. The type of maltreatment inflicted was categorized as physical abuse, neglect or both physical abuse and neglect. The researcher specifically wanted to determine if there is a differentiation between these parental profiles. Greater insight regarding characteristics associated with different types of child maltreatment would promote more appropriate interventions and treatment plans being tailored to address the specific needs of the caretaker and child. This research is an explanatory, descriptive study and was conducted by utilizing a cross-sectional study design. Data for this research was collected by conducting a chart review on records of parents/caretakers that have been referred to a central New Jersey evaluation center for psychological evaluations due to physical abuse and/or neglect allegations. Cases were referred to the center primarily by the NJ Division of Youth and Family Services. Demographic information, family history, and results from the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990) were obtained from 140 perpetrators referred for evaluation of their psychological and social functioning, as well as their ability to parent. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample and inferential statistics were used to determine associations between certain psychosocial factors and type of maltreatment. Multivariable statistical procedures, specifically a multinomial logistic regression, was used to analyze a number of these variables simultaneously. Results from this study show that physical abuse and neglect seem to be associated with very different stressors that affect particular family members and the functioning of a family. Findings suggest that external stressors, related to socioeconomic and environmental factors, seem to be associated more with neglect behaviors. Stressors due to interpersonal issues seem to be related to physical abuse. Physical abusers seem to have greater difficulty in dealing with relationships and interacting with others. Outcomes of this study will provide caseworkers, expert evaluators, and the courts increased knowledge about specific stressors that need to be addressed in the treatment plan in order to more effectively curtail the cycle of abuse that is occurring.
Social work|Families & family life|Personal relationships|Sociology|Welfare|Criminology|Social psychology
DiLauro, Michelle Deninno, "Psychosocial factors associated with types of child maltreatment" (2001). ETD Collection for Fordham University. AAI3005917.
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During spermatogenesis, preleptotene spermatocytes traverse the blood–testis barrier (BTB) in the seminiferous epithelium, which is reminiscent of viral pathogens breaking through the tight junctions of host epithelial cells. The process also closely resembles the migration of leukocytes across endothelial tight junctions to reach inflammation sites. Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (e.g., JAM/CAR/nectin) participate in germ cell migration by conferring transient adhesion between Sertoli and germ cells through homophilic and heterophilic interactions. The same molecules also comprise the junctional complexes at the BTB. Interestingly, JAM/CAR/nectin molecules mediate virus uptake and leukocyte transmigration in strikingly similar manners. It is likely that the strategy used by viruses and leukocytes to break through junctional barriers is used by germ cells to open up the inter–Sertoli cell junctions. In associating these diverse cellular events, we highlight the “guiding” role of JAM/CAR/nectin molecules for germ cell passage. Knowledge on viral invasion and leukocyte transmigration has also shed insights into germ cell movement during spermatogenesis.
Cell adhesion molecules of the Ig superfamily (IgSF) typically have one or more Ig-like domains in their extracellular N-terminal region that are implicated in molecular recognition and one cytoplasmic C-terminal region that functions in signal transduction pathways. The Ig-like modules near the N terminus can form linear rods when arrayed in series and are sufficient for homophilic and heterophilic binding (Brummendorf and Lemmon, 2001). They mediate cis-interactions in the plane of the membrane and trans-interaction on opposing cell membranes. In addition, these proteins share common intracellular binding partners, which enables cross talk with other cell surface molecules. These features make IgSF proteins ideal components of cell–cell junctions and cell surface receptors.
Cell adhesion molecules of the Ig family are highly conserved proteins. As they structurally resemble molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., antibodies and T cell receptors), genes that encode junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), cortical thymocyte marker of Xenopus (CTX), and nectins were considered to be “fossil” genes that later gave rise to essential elements of the adaptive immune system (Du Pasquier et al., 2004). Indeed, members of the JAM, CTX, and nectin subgroups are expressed on circulating lymphocytes and leukocytes (Ozaki et al., 2000; Moog-Lutz et al., 2003). In vertebrates, they have the propensity to serve as virus receptors at endothelial or epithelial barriers. Their function at the cell junctional complex is not simply that of gatekeepers. They can also transduce signals at the cell membrane, maintain cell polarity, and mediate cell migration. JAM, CTX, and nectin molecules are engaged in a wide spectrum of cellular events ranging from viral infections and leukocyte transmigration to spermatogenesis. They are also essential to the central nervous system (Brummendorf and Rathjen, 1996). Here, we give a full account of the multifaceted characteristics of JAM/CTX and nectin family molecules. By integrating these facts with some of our recent findings, we bring forth a novel understanding of germ cell migration across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis, which can be tested in future experiments.
General features of JAM/CTX and nectins
The nectin family consists of nectin-1, -2, -3, and -4. They each have three Ig-like domains in the extracellular region and a short cytoplasmic tail. Nectin-like molecules are structurally similar to nectins, but unlike nectins, they do not bind to the peripheral adaptor afadin. Detailed structural and biochemical properties of nectins have been reviewed recently (Ogita and Takai, 2006). CTX family proteins share V- and C2-type Ig-like folds in their extracellular region, highly conserved C-terminal cytoplasmic tails, an extra pair of cysteines, and an N-glycosylation site within their C2 domain (Chrétien et al., 1998). CTX members include coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CAR-like membrane protein, the A33 antigen, endothelial cell–selective adhesion molecule (ESAM), and brain- and testis-specific IgSF. Although JAM proteins are a subgroup of the CTX family, JAM-A, -B, and -C are more related to each other in their polypeptide sequences than to ESAM, CAR, or JAM-4 (Ebnet et al., 2004). The cytoplasmic tails of JAM-A, -B, and -C are substantially shorter (40–50 amino acid residues only) than those of CAR, ESAM, or JAM-4 (>100 residues). The structures of JAMs and CAR have been comprehensively reviewed elsewhere (Coyne and Bergelson, 2005; Mandell and Parkos, 2005).
JAM/CTX/nectin molecules as viral receptors
Cell adhesion molecules of the Ig family localize at the subapical surface of polarized epithelial cells. Surprisingly, almost all members of the JAM/CTX and nectin family mediate viral entry and spread (Table I). JAM-A is a receptor for reoviruses (Barton et al., 2001); mammalian reoviruses of serotype 1, 2, and 3 and their respective field strains all bind to JAM-A (Campbell et al., 2005). Viral interaction with JAM-A triggers NF-κB activation and cell apoptosis and may be a defense mechanism or an innate immune response before the start of viral replication (Du Pasquier, 2004; Du Pasquier et al., 2004). JAM-A also has been identified as a receptor for feline calicivirus (Makino et al., 2006).
Nectins also serve as viral receptors and have been reviewed recently (Geraghty et al., 1998; Sakisaka and Takai, 2004; Ogita and Takai, 2006). Both nectin-1 and nectin-2 were originally isolated as poliovirus receptor (PVR)–related proteins, PRR-1 and PRR-2, respectively (Eberle et al., 1995; Lopez et al., 1995). Later they were shown to be receptors for α-herpes virus rather than poliovirus and, hence, were renamed HveC and HveB (Geraghty et al., 1998). Human nectin-like molecule-5 (hNecl-5) is known as the PVR (Mendelsohn et al., 1989; Koike et al., 1990) and mediates entry of porcine pseudorabies virus as well as bovine herpesvirus 1 (Geraghty et al., 1998). Nectin-1 mediates herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a wide range of cell types, including fibroblasts, primary sensory neurons, and trabecular meshwork cells of the human eyes (Simpson et al., 2005; Tiwari et al., 2005). This explains the pathogenicity of HSV-1 in these tissues. Access to nectin-1 at the apical surface of polarized cells contributed substantially to HSV infection in vitro (Galen et al., 2006). The clustering of nectin-1 on the membrane protrusions of CHO cells facilitates HSV-1 attachment and a subsequent phagocytosis-like virus uptake (Clement et al., 2006).
CAR is best known for its role as a virus receptor (Bergelson et al., 1997). As a member of the CTX protein family (Chrétien et al., 1998), CAR mediates viral attachment and spread for coxsackie virus group B and adenovirus groups 2 and 5. The availability of CAR on the cell surface is a determining factor for susceptibility to adenoviral gene delivery (Li et al., 1999). However, gene delivery to differentiated epithelia is largely unsuccessful because CAR is sequestered in the intercellular junctions between columnar shaped cells, and thus the receptors are inaccessible to adenovirus entering from the apical surface (Pickles et al., 1998).
How viruses reach receptors that are located inside intercellular junctions is an intriguing question that several studies have sought to address. Studies confirming JAM-A as a reovirus receptor were conducted on cell cultures without tight junction structures (Barton et al., 2001). It remains unclear how viruses gain entry to JAM-A in the subapical regions of tight junctions in vivo (Tyler et al., 2001). Nectin-1, when confined to adherens junctions, is not easily accessible to virus either. Release of nectin-1 to the apical cell surface can greatly enhance cell susceptibility to HSV infection (Yoon and Spear, 2002). A novel strategy has been proposed to explain coxsackie virus invasion in the absence of cell surface receptor CAR (Coyne and Bergelson, 2006). To initiate an infection, group B coxsackie virus first interacts with a secondary receptor, decay-accelerating factors, on the cell surface. This in turn activates nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases of the Abl and Src families, including Fyn. Abl then triggers Rac-dependent actin rearrangement and opens up tight junctions. Once the coxsackie virus reaches tight junctions, viral fiber knobs interact with CAR, replacing the original CAR–CAR homodimers. Viral particles are subsequently internalized by host cells via the caveolin pathway. It is possible that reoviruses, adenoviruses, and α-herpes viruses all conspire to use a secondary receptor on the cell surface to sneak into tight junctions. Interestingly, for almost all viral pathogens, the interfaces of IgSF molecules for binding to viral surface proteins overlap extensively with the domains that mediate homophilic trans-interaction inside junctional complexes (Cocchi et al., 1998; Bewley et al., 1999; Forrest et al., 2003; Guglielmi et al., 2007). It is believed that viral ligands perturb intercellular junctional complexes partly by competing with the homophilic interaction of cell adhesion molecules (Fig. 1).
JAM/CTX/nectin and cell migration
Accumulating evidence has pointed to the importance of IgSF cell adhesion molecules in mediating cell migration. They are present not only on endothelial and epithelial cells that are forming junctional barriers but also on circulating leukocytes and platelets. For example, JAM-A and -C proteins are expressed by platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes (Ozaki et al., 2000; Santoso et al., 2002; Nourshargh et al., 2006). JAM-like protein was also detected on human leukocytes (Moog-Lutz et al., 2003).
Several functional studies support the role of JAM proteins in mediating leukocyte transmigration across endothelial tight junctions. Upon treatment with TNFα or IFNγ, JAM-A molecules found within cell junctions are redistributed onto the luminal endothelial cell surface (Ozaki et al., 1999). Leukocytes adhere to the endothelial cells via the interaction between integrins (e.g., integrin αLβ2) on the leukocyte surface and JAM-A on the endothelial cell surface (Ostermann et al., 2002). Although JAM-B is primarily restricted to endothelial cells, it is involved in trans-heterophilic interaction with JAM-C on leukocytes (Lamagna et al., 2005b). Endothelial JAM-C is a counter-receptor for leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (Santoso et al., 2002; Chavakis et al., 2004), and overexpression of JAM-C in transgenic mice enhanced leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection (Aurrand-Lions et al., 2005). In fact, JAM-C is the first tight junction molecule reported to promote endothelial permeability (Orlova et al., 2006). In knockout studies, ESAM was shown to support neutrophil extravasation by destabilizing tight junctions via Rho GTPase (Wegmann et al., 2006). JAM-like proteins on neutrophils and CAR inside epithelial tight junctions were also identified as ligand–receptor pairs that mediate neutrophil transepithelial movements (Zen et al., 2005). CAR is also expressed by primary human endothelial cells derived from pancreatic islets and umbilical veins (Carson et al., 1999; Zanone et al., 2007). Both nectin-2 and necl-5(PVR) are also found at endothelial cell junctions. Necl-5(PVR) is observed to regulate transendothelial migration of monocytes by interacting with DNAM-1 (DNAX accessory molecule-1, which binds to both PVR and nectin-2; Reymond et al., 2004; Fig. 2).
In culture, cell movement and proliferation are inhibited when two or more cells come into contact with each other and establish cell–cell junctions (Abercrombie and Heaysman, 1953), a phenomenon known as “contact inhibition.” Nectins are implicated in the establishment of contact inhibition. To initiate junctional formation, necl-5(PVR) trans-interacts with nectin-3 at the colliding edges of two approaching cells (Ikeda et al., 2004). This trans-interaction activates Cdc42/Rac, which, in turn, triggers actin remodeling to promote junctional formation (Sato et al., 2005). However, the trans-interaction of necl-5 (PVR) with nectin-3 is transient. Necl-5(PVR) is internalized by endocytosis from the cell surface once cell–cell junctions are established, causing reduction of cell movement and proliferation. Hence, down-regulation of necl-5 has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms underlying contact inhibition (Fujito et al., 2005). This finding is further supported by increased necl-5 expression during loss of contact inhibition in oncogene-transformed NIH3T3 cell lines (Minami et al., 2007).
The migratory behavior of cancer cells has been associated with loss of CAR expression in several tissues and cell lines (Li et al., 1999; Pearson et al., 1999). CAR overexpression considerably reduced cell migration in cervical and ovarian cancer cell lines (Bruning and Runnebaum, 2004). It also inhibited glioma cell invasion and tumor growth in vivo (Huang et al., 2005). The cytoplasmic domain of CAR binds tubulin and microtubules, which possibly decreases cell motility through microtubule stabilization (Fok et al., 2007). JAM-C, on the contrary, was shown to enhance both the adhesion and invasion properties of cancer cells (Fuse et al., 2007). The N-terminal Ig-like domains of JAM-C mediate trans-homophilic adhesion between tumor and endothelial cells (Santoso et al., 2005). Functional disruption of JAM-C and ESAM could inhibit pathological angiogenesis for tumor growth (Ishida et al., 2003; Lamagna et al., 2005a). A mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of JAM-C also abolishes cell polarity and stimulates β1 or β3 integrin–mediated cell migration (Mandicourt et al., 2007), which converts cells from a static polarized state to a promigratory phenotype.
JAM/CTX/nectin and spermatogenesis
In adult mammalian testes, the seminiferous epithelium is composed of Sertoli and germ cells. Sertoli cells create a unique environment that provides structural support and nutrients for postmeiotic germ cell development. Inter–Sertoli cell tight junctions compose the blood–testis barrier (BTB), which divides the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments: the spermatogonia-containing basal compartment and the immune-privileged adluminal compartment (Russell, 1977). Spermatogonia differentiate into preleptotene spermatocytes, which are the germ cells that translocate from the basal to the luminal compartment for maturation without compromising the integrity of the BTB (Russell, 1977). This requires rapid disassembly of junctional complexes ahead of migrating preleptotene spermatocytes and instant assembly of these complexes behind moving spermatocytes (for reviews see Russell and Peterson, 1985; Pelletier and Byers, 1992; Mruk and Cheng, 2004). After traversing the BTB, germ cells rely on a series of transient junctions for anchorage onto Sertoli cells during their movement along the seminiferous epithelium.
Cell adhesion molecules of the JAM/CTX and nectin family are abundantly expressed in the testis. Similar to their roles in leukocyte transmigration and viral invasion, JAM/CTX and nectin family molecules participate in germ cell migration through homophilic and heterophilic interactions. Nectin-2 is expressed on both Sertoli and germ cells, whereas nectin-3 expression is strictly limited to spermatids (Ozaki-Kuroda et al., 2002). Nectin-2 also localizes at the inter–Sertoli cell junctions of the BTB. The “ectoplasmic specialization,” a testis-specific junctional structure formed by Sertoli cells, contains F-actin bundles that are arranged at regular intervals beneath the plasma membrane and a cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum connected to microtubules (Cheng and Mruk, 2002). At the Sertoli cell–spermatid interface, nectin-2 and -3 form trans-heterotypic junctional complexes. The nectin-based adhesive membrane microdomains exhibit one-to-one linkage with each F-actin bundle underlying Sertoli cell–spermatid junctions (Ozaki-Kuroda et al., 2002). In the absence of nectin-2 or -3, the ectoplasmic specialization at Sertoli cell–spermatid junctions does not form properly (Mueller et al., 2003; Inagaki et al., 2006). Nectin-2−/− and nectin-3−/− mice both exhibited defective sperm morphogenesis and male infertility (Bouchard et al., 2000; Inagaki et al., 2006). Interestingly, nectin-3 was found on spermatids attached to Sertoli cells but not on spermatozoa released from the seminiferous epithelium (Guttman et al., 2004). This may imply that nectin-3 is required to confer the adhesion to germ cells that is necessary for migration across the seminiferous epithelium.
Heterophilic binding of necl-5(PVR) and necl-2 was recently identified in the interaction between mouse germ and Sertoli cells (Wakayama et al., 2007). Necl-2 is strongly expressed on the germ cell surface but not on Sertoli cells (Wakayama et al., 2003), whereas necl-5 is only present on the Sertoli cells, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. In the seminiferous tubules of necl-2–deficient mice, round and elongating spermatids with a distorted shape failed to attach to the Sertoli cells and were sloughed off into the tubule lumen, resulting in male infertility (Fujita et al., 2006; Surace et al., 2006; van der Weyden et al., 2006; Yamada et al., 2006). Wakayama et al. (2007) first detected the interaction between necl-5 and necl-2 in immunoprecipitation experiments. They then used a culture system to demonstrate that overexpression of necl-5(PVR) in the Sertoli cell line (TM4) increased its capacity to adhere to Tera-2 cells expressing necl-2. This heterotypical interaction between necl-5(PVR) and necl-2 at the Sertoli–germ cell interface may partially explain the indispensable role of necl-2 in spermatogenesis.
JAM-B and -C interact with each other in a manner strikingly similar to the nectin-2–nectin-3 or the necl-5(PVR)–necl-2 complex, with JAM-B coming from the Sertoli cell side and JAM-C from the spermatid side to form heterotypic interactions (Gliki et al., 2004). Knockout studies have shown that JAM-C is required for the assembly of the polarity complex in round spermatids and JAM-C knockout mice are infertile because of a lack of mature spermatozoa (Gliki et al., 2004). Although JAM-A was not found on germ cells, it colocalized with zona occludens-1 at the tight junctions of the BTB (Xia et al., 2005).
CAR was recently identified on the spermatozoa of rats, mice, and humans, where it was observed to occupy the acrosome membrane region (Mirza et al., 2006). Our group reported that CAR is concentrated at inter–Sertoli cell junctions in vitro and the BTB in vivo. Through immunofluorescent staining of isolated germ cells, we observed the presence of CAR on spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round and elongate spermatids (Wang et al., 2007). Considering that spermatogonia are nonpolarized stem cells without acrosome structures, we favor the notion that CAR is present on the germ cell plasma membrane. The presence of CAR on both Sertoli and germ cells suggests that trans-homophilic CAR–CAR interactions might take place. Like JAMs and nectins, CAR can form homodimers, which are mediated by the D1 domain of their two Ig-like loops (van Raaij et al., 2000). During viral infection, viral fiber knobs competitively inhibit CAR–CAR interactions, which either perturb the cell junction mechanically or trigger a signaling cascade to disintegrate the entire cell junctional complex (Walters et al., 2002). In a similar manner, CAR–CAR interactions between Sertoli and germ cells may compete with the original CAR–CAR trans-homodimers between Sertoli cells, thus allowing the passage of germ cells (Fig. 3).
The migration of germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium is highly reminiscent of leukocytes squeezing through tightly apposed endothelial cells. It also bears a close resemblance to viruses traversing adjacent epithelial cells during infections. In all these scenarios, moving cells or viruses first have to break through the tight junction barriers with minimal disruption. The integrity of epithelial or endothelial barriers (e.g., the vascular endothelium with tight junctions, the BTB, or the epithelia of the pathogen host) must not be compromised. After the opening of tight junctions, the progression of these moving cells and viruses relies solely on a series of transient adherens junctions. In addition, these events engage inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα) as common regulators of junctional dynamics. Our group has reported that TNFα is capable of perturbing Sertoli cell tight junction barrier assembly dose dependently in vitro (Siu et al., 2003). TNFα administration to adult rat testes also reversibly perturbed the BTB, making it leaky to a small fluorescent probe such as FITC (Li et al., 2006). Localized production of TNFα from Sertoli and germ cells into the microenvironment at the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules may induce a transient “opening” of inter–Sertoli cell junctions (Li et al., 2006). It is attractive to speculate that strategies used by viruses and leukocytes are also used by developing germs cells to break through tight junctions. When germ cells move along Sertoli cells, the original JAM/CAR/nectin trans-homodimers between Sertoli cells could be replaced by the Sertoli–germ cell junctions composed of CAR–CAR/nectin-2–nectin-3/necl-5– necl-2/JAM-B–JAM-C complexes. Notably, the affinity of trans-heterodimers of nectin-3 with nectin-2 was higher than that of trans-homodimers of nectin-2 (Satoh-Horikawa et al., 2000). Likewise, the affinity of JAM-C–JAM-B heterodimers is higher than that of JAM-C–JAM-C homodimers (Lamagna et al., 2005b). As JAM-C can be coimmunoprecipitated with CAR in mouse testis lysates (Mirza et al., 2006), it is intriguing to speculate whether JAM-C on the germ cell surface can form a heterophilic complex with CAR on the Sertoli cell in vivo.
Clearly, JAM/CTX and nectins are just a subset of the junctional molecules that participate in the cell adhesion events that are required for junction formation and stability in the seminiferous epithelium. It is impossible to break through the BTB or other junctional barriers without unlocking occludin- and claudin-based tight junction protein complexes. It is likely that JAM/CTX and nectins are perturbed by heterophilic or homophilic interactions with viral fiber knobs or with the cell surface molecules of leukocytes and germ cells. Disruption of JAM/CTX and nectins may then induce signals via Rho GTPase, Rac-1, or Cdc42 that lead to the breakdown of the entire junctional complex at cell–cell contacts, thereby allowing the passage of migrating cells at the epithelial and endothelial barriers.
An increasing body of evidence leads to the perception that transmembrane proteins of the IgSF are not merely passive gatekeepers at cell junctions. These molecules also act to loosen the junctional barrier and guide the passage of migrating cells. For example, endothelial cells create a tunnel lined with platelet/ endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) and CD99 to allow leukocyte passage (Muller et al., 1993; Lou et al., 2007). Homophilic engagement of leukocyte PECAM-1 with PECAM-1 expressed on endothelial cells is essential for leukocyte transmigrations. Both JAM-C and ESAM within endothelial junctions were shown to increase endothelial permeability and promote neutrophil extravasation (Orlova et al., 2006; Wegmann et al., 2006). During viral infections, viral fiber knobs bind to JAM-A/CAR/nectin-1 at the same interface that was used for the formation of trans-homodimers inside junctional complexes. Analogously, formation of Sertoli–spermatid junctions is probably achieved through competitive inhibition of existent homodimers between Sertoli cells. By observing together these otherwise unrelated processes, we now look at JAM/CAR/nectin molecules as ushers dispatched by Sertoli cells to guide the passage of germ cells. Unlike leukocytes, germ cells are not actively migrating cells and are not “squeezable.” They rely on the locomotive apparatus in Sertoli cells for support and protrusive force. Hence, understanding the “guiding” role of these molecules at inter–Sertoli cell junctions during spermatogenesis is of even greater importance. Fortunately, the knowledge that has accumulated on viral invasion and leukocyte transmigration has also shed light on the physiology of germ cell migration across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis.
This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NICHD U01 HD045908 and U54 HD029990 Project 5 to C.Y. Cheng) and the CONRAD Program (CICCR CIG 01-72).
Abbreviations used in this paper: BTB, blood–testis barrier; CAR, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor; CTX, cortical thymocyte marker of Xenopus; ESAM, endothelial cell–selective adhesion molecule; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IgSF, Ig superfamily; JAM, junctional adhesion molecule; PVR, poliovirus receptor.
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WOW – Big Daddy is watching and can get a lot more info on you than you think.
Facebook received nearly 35,000 requests for user data from governments around the world during the first half of 2014, up 24 percent from roughly 28,000 requests made during 2013’s second half.
The uptick indicates the value governments place on the personal information Facebook has on file for its 1.35 billion users who log in at least monthly. The majority of these requests, Facebook said Tuesday, relate to criminal cases like robberies or kidnappings, targeting data like subscriber information as well as IP address logs and actual content.
The U.S. dominated in the number of requests, with 15,433 queries targeting 23,667 people, or well less than 1 percent of Facebook’s total users, according to the company’s third report on such requests. India clocked in second with 4,559 requests, with France, Germany and the U.K. each having more than 2,000 requests.
Google, in comparison, received nearly 32,000 government data requests worldwide for the first half of the year, and over 12,000 in the U.S.
Courtesy of PC World. Tead the full article here:
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PROVIDENCE – The Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (DEM) today announced that $75,000 grants are available to communities and private businesses that own and/or operate boating facilities that are accessible to the public. The grants, funded by the US Fish & Wildlife Service Clean Vessel Act (CVA), support construction and maintenance of marine and land-based pump-out facilities to assist boaters with properly disposing of sewage. Every year, DEM applies for federal funds to buy or replace CVA equipment for use by municipalities and private marinas to offer pump-outs. Since 1994, DEM has awarded over $2 million in CVA grants.
"Coastal Rhode Island waters are classified as a no-discharge zone, meaning it's illegal to pump waste within three nautical miles of the Rhode Island coast," DEM Acting Director Terry Gray said. "CVA grants empower thousands of Rhode Island recreational boaters to do their part to keep our waterways clean by using subsidized pump-out service to properly dispose of their sewage."
DEM works with partners to reduce pollution into local waters. Boat sewage poses a potential threat to water quality by introducing bacteria and other pathogens and chemicals that are harmful to humans and marine life. This pollution is also a major factor in harmful algae blooms. In 1998, Rhode Island became the first state in the nation to receive a statewide "no discharge" designation from the US Environmental Protection Agency that prohibits boaters from discharging sewage into local waterways.
There are currently 17 pump-out boats and 40 landside facilities located across Narragansett Bay and coastal waters. Many existing facilities require repair and upgrades as they have exceeded their useful life expectancy since initial construction. All pump-out facilities must be kept fully operational to adequately meet the demand. Some 40,000 boats are registered in Rhode Island, and the state welcomes many thousands more visiting boats each year. Last year, a total volume of over 600,000 gallons of sewage was pumped out at these locations and diverted from directly entering Rhode Island's surface waters. Visit DEM's website for a map of marine pump-out facilities in Rhode Island.
Marinas, yacht clubs, and municipalities are eligible to apply for funding. Projects to construct, replace, retrofit, or maintain pump-out facilities will be considered. Up to $18,750 is available for land-based projects, and up to $56,250 is available for pump-out boat facilities. Up to $4,875 is available for operations and maintenance expenses related to a pump-out boat, and up to $1,875 is available for operations and maintenance expenses related to a land based pump-out facility. A 25 percent funding match is required. All facilities that receive CVA grants must be open to the public and may not charge more than $5 per 25 gallons pumped. To receive grant funding for operations and maintenance of land based pump-out facilities, the operator of the facility agrees to not charge boaters any fees for pump-out services.
Applications can be mailed to DEM Office of Water Resources, 235 Promenade Street, Providence, RI 02908 or emailed to email@example.com. All applications are due by 4 PM, Friday, Dec. 3, 2021.
For more information on DEM programs and initiatives, visit www.dem.ri.gov. Follow DEM on Facebook, Twitter (@RhodeIslandDEM), or Instagram (@rhodeisland.dem) for timely updates.
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In the first reading today, we’re in 1 Samuel 3, reading about the call of Samuel. It is a story that we can take lessons from. In the Gospel reading from Mark 1, Jesus heals Simon’s mother-in-law, then heals all in town that needed healing. After some prayer alone, Jesus tells his disciples that He must go about to the nearby villages to preach, “For this purpose have I come.”
God called Samuel at a young age. Now, we don’t know if God called Samuel in an audible way, but we know that Samuel heard Him clearly. Samuel thinks it is the priest, Eli, calling him. After Samuel approaches Eli a couple of times, the priest realizes that it is God who is calling Samuel. He tells the youth, “If you are called, reply, ‘Speak, Lord, for your servant is listening.’ ” And that is exactly what Samuel does.
What often strikes me is Samuel’s openness to hearing God. “Here I am,” he says. He then follows Eli’s orders. “Speak, for your servant is listening.” Isn’t it all too often the other way around? “Listen, Lord! I’m speaking!” Have you ever heard the old expression that God gave us two ears and one mouth, and He expects us to use them in those proportions? I think this is especially true in our relationship with God. But it is nearly impossible to hear God with all the noise of the world constantly bombarding us. Make it a point today to listen to God in the quiet. That’s where we really hear Him.
Father, speak to us. And give us the grace to listen, as we, too, are your servants. Amen.
Lent begins in just four (short) weeks! Make a point to learn more about the faith this Lent with all the A Minute in the Church books, available at www.GusLloyd.com.
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The next time a cashier hands you a receipt at Walmart, Whole Foods, or McDonald's, you may want to think twice before touching it. In a neurosis-inducing study commissioned by the Environmental Working Group, 40 percent of cash register receipts printed on heat-activated paper were found to contain the dangerous chemical Bisphenol A (BPA). The alleged risk for cashiers, who handle hundreds of receipts per day, is even higher. (Watch a local report about BPA in receipts.) Here, a quick guide to this unseen danger:
What is BPA?
A synthetic estrogen, Bisphenol A is a carcinogen that is considered toxic to the endocrine and nervous system. It is widely used in both the manufacturing of thermal paper (on which many receipts are printed) and plastics, particularly those used to line food containers.
Which companies' receipts were found to contain BPA?
Sample receipts from CVS, Walmart, KFC, Chevron, McDonald's, Whole Foods, the U.S. Postal Service and a variety of other businesses all contained BPA. Those from Safeway contained the highest levels; 3 percent of the receipts' total weight was BPA. On the plus side: Scientists found that sales tickets from Target, Starbucks and Bank of America ATMs were BPA-free or contained only trace amounts.
Why is BPA on the receipts?
The thermal paper on which receipts (as well as airline tickets, cinema tickets, prescription labels and lottery tickets) are often printed is coated with a dye and BPA, or a similar "developer chemical." When heat triggers a reaction between the dye and the BPA, the black print is revealed.
What health problems can BPA cause?
In animal studies, BPA has been found to cause abnormal reproduction, decreased intellectual capacity and behavior problems — and also contribute to the development of cancer, diabetes, asthma and cardiovascular disorders. Relatively little is known about the effects of the chemical on humans, although detectable amounts of BPA have been found in 93 percent of people over age 6.
How does the BPA get into the body?
Laboratory tests show that the powered chemical can rub off the receipt and onto the skin. It then penetrates so deep into the skin that it can't be washed off, and enters the blood stream.
How can I avoid BPA contamination from receipts?
The Environmental Working Group suggests customers decline receipts whenever possible; store receipts separately in a wallet or purse; and wash hands after handling receipts, especially before eating or food preparation. The EWG also says it's important to "never give a child a receipt to hold or play with," since BPA has been found to potentially affect the brain development of fetuses, infants and children.
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افزایش سطح اینترلوکین 6 بزاق تحت استرس روانی- اجتماعی حاد و ارتباط بیولوژیکی آن در بزرگسالان جوان و سالم
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی|
|76572||2013||6 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید|
نسخه انگلیسی مقاله همین الان قابل دانلود است.
هزینه ترجمه مقاله بر اساس تعداد کلمات مقاله انگلیسی محاسبه می شود.
این مقاله تقریباً شامل 6111 کلمه می باشد.
هزینه ترجمه مقاله توسط مترجمان با تجربه، طبق جدول زیر محاسبه می شود:
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Biological Psychology, Volume 94, Issue 2, October 2013, Pages 249–254
Although interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been investigated frequently in stress research, knowledge regarding the biological processes of IL-6 in association with psychosocial stress remains incomplete. This study focused on salivary IL-6 and reports its temporal variation and biological correlates following acute psychosocial stress. Fifty healthy young adults (39 male and 11 female students) were subjected to the psychosocial stress test ‘Trier Social Stress Test’ (TSST), wherein the participants were asked to deliver a speech and perform a mental arithmetic task in front of 2 audiences. Collection of saliva samples, measurement of heart rate, and assessment of negative moods by visual analogue scales were conducted before, during, and after TSST. Salivary IL-6 levels increased by approximately 50% in response to the TSST and remained elevated for 20 min after the stress tasks were completed. Cluster analyses revealed that individuals with sustained elevation of IL-6 levels following the TSST exhibited a lower cortisol response compared to individuals with lower IL-6 levels. In the correlation analyses, a greater IL-6 response was associated with a higher heart rate during the mental arithmetic task (r = .351, p < .05) and with a lower cortisol response (r = −.302, p < .05). This study demonstrates that salivary IL-6 levels are elevated for a relatively long period following acute psychosocial stress, and suggests that sympathetic activity and cortisol secretion are involved in elevation of salivary IL-6 levels.
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The panoramic beauty of the picturesque Haryana is accentuated by its diverse flora and fauna. Here is a look at some of the very best that this state has to offer in terms of parks and recreation.
Best and Beautiful Parks in Haryana with Images:
Let we have to look at the top Parks in Haryana.
1. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary:
The best of the wildlife reserves in this state is located on the Delhi – Jaipur expressway. Founded by India’s legendary ornithologist, Dr Salim Ali, This reserve is said to host a host of species of migratory birds sharing space with the avifauna which considers it as their local habitat.
A stretch of marshy land has been remodelled into a water body, called Sultanpur Lake, where organisms like fish and insects thrive during monsoons and floods. This attracts migratory birds from as far away as Europe and Siberia. Over time the count of species has gone up to roughly 100 regulars. Amongst these there are:
- Ruddy shelducks,
- Bar-headed geese,
- Red-wattled lapwings,
- Demoiselle cranes, etc. to name a few.
The park includes different types of fauna which include a diverse variety of mammals including
- Indian porcupine,
- Leopard and
- Four-horned antelope.
The best time to enjoy the beautiful spectacle of avifauna is November to March, where the pleasant winter atmosphere is perfect for both the visiting birds and nature lovers alike. There are watch towers, hideouts and a museum for those keen bird watchers who take their hobby seriously.
[See More: Popular Fairs and Festivals of Haryana]
2. Saraswati Wild Life Sanctuary:
Also referred to as the Seonsar Forest it is a sanctuary that encompasses portions of the Kurukshetra and Kaithal districts of Haryana. The woods are dense and are the natural habitat of
- Blue Peafowl,
- Rufous Treepie,
- Greater Coucal,
- Indian Grey Hornbill,
- Coppersmith Barbet and
- A chatter of mischievous monkeys.
This is a great place to drive up via the National Highway and lose your worries to the beautiful sights and sounds of nature.
3. Kalesar National Park:
Covered in dense Sal groves the Kalesar Forest adorns the foothills of Sivalik ranges of mighty Himalayan Mountain Range. It falls under the Yamunanagar district of Haryana and shares the boundaries with three adjoining states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttranchal and Uttar Pradesh. Owing to this close vicinity, the place is well connected by road and railways.
This place is rich in bio-diversity and that is evident from the presence of numerous medicinal plants. It houses quite a few endangered mammals and reptiles. It also occasionally plays host to the Tigers and Elephants who visit from Rajaji National Park. They also provide shelter to 10-12 leopards in their Protected Area.
[See More: Romantic Things to Do in Haryana]
4. Chandigarh Gardens:
Chandigarh is known for its host of beautifully planned gardens such as Smriti Upvan, Garden of Fragrance, Shanti Kunj, Sukhna Lake Gardens and Dr Zakir Hussain Rose Garden. They are homes to thousands of rare species of fragrant flowering plants and medicinal plants. The Garden festivals are a major draw in this city.
The most unique rock garden of Chandigarh is made entirely of recycled industrial waste.
5. Pinjore Yadavindra Gardens:
Built by the Patiala Dynasty Rulers this picturesque garden was designed by the Nawab Fidai Khan in line with the Mughal style. Every year since 2006 there is a Pinjore festival that brings in the best talents from all over the nation.
6. Panchkula Cactus Garden:
It is Asia’s biggest cacti garden devoted to rare species covering more than 3500 varieties. Bonsai collection of succulents and non-succulent plants is also very remarkable.
[See Also: Best Places in Haryana That You Need to Explore]
7. Zoological Gardens:
• Rohtak Zoo is the mini zoo in Haryana that is home to a host of animals and is serious about wildlife conservation.
• Chandigarh Chattbir Zoo lion safari and the Royal Bengal tiger is the pride of this Chandigarh based zoo.
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Strong and resilient civil society
A vibrant civil society is a key ingredient for democracy. Both NGOs and more informal movements help us make sure that governments are taking decisions that consider all of us. Such civil society groups allow us to join our voices together and make ourselves heard so we can speak regularly to our elected representatives and ensure they provide the appropriate support and care to everyone. Civil society keeps people in power on their toes.
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If you are an amateur woodworker and you don’t have strategies in front of you, how will you ever understand which plans to start with? With Do It Yourself tasks, there is constantly a ready-made or pre-made package. Nevertheless, if you are looking for something a little more unique and you don’t understand where to start, why not look for complimentary Woodworking Plans?
There are a variety of various type of free Woodworking Plans to select from. There are even some free patterns readily available online that you can download and print out. If you are thinking about making a little bench, you might desire to look at complimentary woodworking plans that come with guidelines for developing a simple bench. You can also have a look at free pattern websites that use totally free patterns for benches. If you have a bit more knowledge in woodworking, you can most likely find out what type of bench you require to make without any problem.
If you aren’t rather as experienced in woodworking, there are a number of diy tasks you can find on the internet. For instance, there are woodworking plans for all type of kitchen tools, such as a small table saw for reducing the ends of wooden boards, and a hand saw for the manage and blade. There are likewise prepares for making birdhouses, furnishings, racks, etc. There are likewise prepares for embellishing your house, such as plans for a great garden or outside patio.
If you have never ever attempted to construct your own DIY tasks, I suggest you start out with a complimentary set of plans or a free pattern website. By utilizing complimentary strategies and patterns, you can save yourself a lot of money on having to pay somebody to build it for you. If you don’t know where to start, you can simply look up totally free pattern sites or search for free plans online.
If you are not really into DIY tasks, you might want to take a look at the more specialized sets available. There are many different kinds of woodworking strategies, so if you desire an unique bench or a very particular type of table, you may want to look at sets that use everything.
Prior to purchasing any plans or a kit, you need to always make sure that they are safe to use for DIY jobs. For example, there are particular kinds of wood that can not be utilized with particular DIY projects. You require to check out the directions to ensure that the plan works with the kind of wood you are dealing with. For instance, if you are using oak for your bench, you will not be able to use a prepare for a pine bench.
You also require to check out the directions of the plans before you start the job. Read all the directions thoroughly, specifically the section on sanding and completing the wood.
When trying to find a totally free woodworking strategy, be sure to have a look at other people’s jobs initially, particularly if you are new to DIY projects. These individuals may have built the very same kind of bench that you are thinking about. You might be able to take some beneficial details from them and after that develop it from their strategies.
When planning your plans, you need to also consider the product you will use for your Do It Yourself jobs. Different kinds of wood will require various quantities of tools, depending upon what sort of task you are developing. The most expensive wood is often the hardest wood to deal with, and wood like oak can take a great deal of abuse without breaking down.
You may also want to look at the size of the tasks prior to you purchase the strategies. Some strategies are large enough to include a number of jobs in a single book. The smaller strategies may just consist of a couple of, so make certain you have a good idea of what size jobs you want to make prior to acquiring the plans.
Lastly, you should try to find plans that have actually detailed measurements. Despite the fact that you do not have the time to read through each step, seeing a photo of what the ended up product appears like will assist make it simpler for you to build it.
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For those teachers going back into the classroom to teach this fall, we know that it feels kind of like trying to navigate a minefield. You already have so much on your plate at the beginning of the year; and now in this unprecedented time, you are being asked to extend yourselves even more!
We would like to share 10 ideas to help you get your school year started as smoothly as possible in the socially distanced classroom. So, take a deep breath and read on.
1. Make Expectations Visual
It’s so important for students to clearly know what the expectations are for them as they return to school. Creating a sign together helps clearly communicate what they can and can not do. You might even draw diagrams to show what it looks like to stay in their personal space during class or at lunch time. Some expectations you might write are:
Keep hands and feet to yourselves
Wash your hands for 20 seconds before lunch and after recess
Wash your hands for 20 seconds after you use the bathroom
Use only your own supplies
Sneeze and cough into your elbow
Eat your own food only
2. Teach Students How to Wash Their Hands
Don’t assume that your students know how to wash their hands the correct way. Make sure to clearly demonstrate what they should be doing every time they go to wash their hands. This includes emphasizing that they wash for at least 20 seconds. They can sing “Row, Row, Row Your Boat” or “Mary Had a Lamb”. You can even go to https://washyourlyrics.com/
to create a poster for the classroom with song lyrics. Here are a couple of videos that you can use to show students how to wash:
For Younger Kids
For Older Kids
3. Create Sanitizing Stations
If you don’t have a sink in your classroom, students should know where they can go if they need to get sanitizer fast. Make a couple of stations with hand sanitizer, tissues, wipes, paper towels, etc. and encourage the frequent use of them throughout the day. It’s also a good idea to further sanitize the room by having students wipe their desks at the end of each day.
4. Redesign Flexible Seating
It may seem that the idea of flexible seating in the classroom went out the window when Covid-19 arrived however there are still ways to make it work. Obviously anything that can’t be cleaned or sanitized regularly is out, but you can still give students options for where they will work. You might use a system where they are in the same spot for a week. Each spot is then sanitized at the end of the week and they can choose a different spot for the following week.
5. Allow Students to Have Ownership of Their Space
If your students will be sitting at the same desk everyday, help them to get excited about their personal space. Try calling it their “office” or “workstation”. Give them an opportunity to decorate it and make it their own. They can create signs, bring in pictures from home, make name tents or decorate with painters tape or fun washi tape.
6. Get Students Moving
With so many restrictions, the temptation is for educators to have students at their seats on the computer all day long to keep them safe. However, that is a recipe for a very boring school day, and unhappy students make an unhappy teacher. Find ways to get students out of their seats, even if they are spread apart. They can stand up if they think they know the answer to a question, or you can create fun hand signals with chants for them to do. Another way to get students moving is by taking lots of brain breaks. If you don’t already use the website GoNoodle with your students you should! There are a ton of fun interactive videos that you can do together.
7. Get Creative with Instructional Activities
Even for the veteran teacher, getting students to learn material will look very different at the start of this year. In order to limit the number of students in a space at one time, you might need to split the class in half or into small groups and stagger assignments. Have each group of students do a different station each day or assign a few students to various activities. It’s also important to still have student to student interaction Allow partners or group members to write down responses on whiteboards and hold them up for each other to see. Students can record videos using websites, such as Flipgrid and their classmates can respond. If you’re looking for guided Flipgrid activities for the start of the year, check out our Beginning of the Year Flipgrid Surveys. Also, be on the lookout for areas with more space where students can spread out. Use the hallway or teach outside when the weather is nice.
8. Make Use of Video Conferencing Tools
There will most likely be few to no adults visiting your classroom in the fall, but that doesn’t mean that guests are out! In fact, you might be able to arrange for even more of a variety of guests to “visit” your classroom through Zoom or Google Meet. Allow parents to sign up to be a mystery reader. Try and connect with a classroom in another part of the world or an expert in a certain field. Students will love getting to see different faces and hear about others’ experiences.
9. Rethink Classroom Jobs
The days of classroom jobs as usual are gone for now. You might not be able to do paper passers and pencil sharpeners, however jobs such as line leader, caboose, and attendance helper can still work. Think outside the box to come up with other classroom jobs, such as human timer, noise monitor, or chant leader. Get input from your students! There are still ways for them to have an active role in their classroom community.
10. Create Individual Supply Bags
You can cut down on germs by having students use separate supplies. Create bags ahead of time and label them with the students’ names. You can even separate out math manipulatives. Make sure to label clipboards, whiteboards, and give students their own dry erase markers to use. You can cut up felt or hot glue pom poms to the marker caps to create individual erasers.
You’ll find this tip and many more in this free back to school e-book!
We hope you found some of these tips useful. Have a great school year!
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Vitamin is necessary and there are many various things you could attempt to do. You may get healthier by being extra nutritious by simply eating higher. Health and wellness is so vital as a result of it impacts all aspects of our lives. Info is available by the Internet, media, and of course the references of our family and friends. Wellness applications recommend we use whole meals dietary supplements, Chinese herbs and the ayurvedic medication of India. Wellness ideas are an effective way to start experimenting on what best works for you. It is a free information to all alternative healing merchandise and information so you’ll find exactly what you are searching for.
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Some meals present full protein, which implies they contain all of the important amino acids the body wants. Other meals contain numerous combos of amino acids. A mix of the actions listed above paired with sound resistance training will mean you can keep elasticity in your tendons, hold your bodyweight regular to maintain your joints healthy, and will make sure you’re difficult your cardiovascular system often. Need an emotional carry? Or must blow off some steam after a annoying day? A fitness center session or brisk walk might help. Physical exercise stimulates varied brain chemical substances that may go away you feeling happier, extra relaxed and less anxious.
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Turkey Breast – Turkey breast is high in protein, low in fat and has no carbohydrates. Turkey, particularly the chicken, is simply concerning the leanest supply of protein you should buy. Outdated time bodybuilders ate a number of turkey. Though meals and diet info labeling meets the customers’ rights concerning authorized, well being and cultural approaches, we will see that restaurant-goers usually can’t make use of this proper. In relation to romantic relationships, those who are supported by their partners have a tendency to engage in healthier weight loss plan and train behaviors12. Having a big other can affect you to be a healthier individual since you may have a companion in life (who desires you to be around throughout their life). And, in the event that they help you, they will provide the external motivation needed to complete your targets.
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This page contains standards and regulations related to Addendum subpages.
What is a Addendum subpage?
An Addendum is, quite specifically, a continuation of the encyclopedia article. This is to be carefully distinguished from other kinds of subpages in that it is specifically contextualized by, and is supplementary text for, the encyclopedia article. In other words, it would and could be included in a longer version of the article, but in order to keep the main article brief, we have simply moved this text to a different page.
To be clear, an Addendum is not intended to stand by itself, but is written specifically to throw light on a specific encyclopedia article (and not any subpage). It is possible that information in an Addendum would also be elaborated in greater and self-contained detail in a separate article altogether.
Heading and format standards
Guidelines for editing
Back to Subpages
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1. Fixed mass (kg) (boat, oars, and fixed portion of rower). 2. Moving mass (kg) of the rower (van Holst- one mass, ROWING- two masses). 3. Blade-normal force (N) on the oar blade (Van Holst- the blade normal force; ROWING- the equivalent force at the oarhandle). The force is defined to rise and fall linearly during the stroke. 4. Oar length (m) pin to blade-center-of-pressure- the outboard. 5. Oar shaft catch angle (rad). 6. Oar shaft release angle (rad). 7. Slide travel (m). 8a. Free recovery period (sec) (van Holst). 8b. Stroke rate (1/min) (ROWING). 9. Oar blade cant angle (rad). 10. Oar blade surface area (m^2). 11. Hull resistance factor (N-(sec/m)^2). 12. Blade lift and drag coefficients vs. angle of attack. 13a. Maximum slide speed (m/s, van Holst). 13b. Defined slide motion period fractions (ROWING).The Comparison Result:
I have made no changes to the input.
1. After nearly a decade of extensive research in this field we know of no other comparable maths models.
2. The van Holst model does not calculate the internal work lost in the body of the rower. This has no effect on the oarhandle, blade, or footboard work but does effect the definition of total rower power and the resulting system efficiency.
3. The considerable difference in the definition of the momentum in the free return supports our claim that average shell speed cannot be influenced by differences in recovery style.
4. The ROWING model has been run with different (Hoerner) oarblade lift and drag coefficients- produceing a near identical result- thus bolstering our suspicion that blade form characteristics (other than surface area (drag) and cant angle) have little effect on average shell speed.
Heretofore no one else has calculated the zero-slip blade locus, the instantaneous blade attack angle and velocity, the instantaneous absolute blade slip (and the consequent work lost), the instantaneous forces of lift and drag, the work at the footboard (other than by V. Kleshnev of the AIS), the effect of the blade catch angle and the oarhandle force profile (other than P. Mallory) on average shell speed, and the internal work on the rower's body.
Some have challenged the validity of the results predicted by each model but no one has yet come forward with anything other than citations of the "conventional wisdom" (no numerical values offered) to argue the counter case.
See also the one-dimensional model by Cabrera, Ruina, and Kleshnev.
We feel that the time has come to take seriously the findings revealed in the exercise of comprehensive rowing models. Through the recent study of our own models we believe that more has now been revealed about the physical details of rowing than have been found heretofore over much of the previous analytical history of the sport.
If the subject is the model comparison please direct comment and inquiry to each of us and, if the subject is but one of the models, to each specifically.
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This is a description of how to implement a Tile Map Client, with references to the C++ client’s MapLib implementation.
Overview of protocol
The protocol consists of five types of messages, the TileMapFormatDesc, the TileMapFormatDesc CRC, geometry maps, text maps and bitmaps (icons).
- The TileMapFormatDesc (TMFD) is the style sheet describing almost all general information about the maps. This includes information needed to decode the maps, category information, styles, how to request maps coverings the screen etc. TMFD is language dependent.
- The TileMapFormatDesc CRC is used to ensure that the latest TileMapFormatDesc is present in the application. Language dependent.
- Geometry maps contain vector data and are the same for all languages.
- Text maps contain string information for the vector data in the geometry maps and are language dependent, i.e. if the language is changed in the client, new text maps have to be requested, but not the geometry maps.
- Bitmaps contain pure png or svg data.
- Any code inside
MC2_SYSTEMdefines can be ignored.
- All text that is sent from the server uses utf8 character encoding.
- The byteorder used is big endian. Bits are sent highest bit first.
- The coordinate system of the maps,
MC2Coordinate, is based on the WGS84 map projection. The longitude and latitude values are stored as 32 bit integers. The longitudes span from
MAX_INTand the latitude from MIN_INT/2 to MAX_INT/2. (0,0) corresponds to Greenwich at the equator. The factors
GfxConstants::METER_TO_MC2SCALEare used to convert between mc2 units and meters on the equator.
- The scale level that is used in MapLib is defined as meters per pixel on a screen with the same resolution as a Nokia 6600 (Symbian Series 60 v2). In case a device uses higher resolution than this, then this must be accounted for so that it the maps are not too cluttered with detail.
Fetch CRC for TileMapFormatDesc from server. See
Fetch TileMapFormatDesc from local map cache (read/write cache or preinstalled cache). See
When TileMapFormatDesc or CRC arrives, compare CRC. If mismatching CRC, get new TileMapFormatDesc and CRC from server. Cache the TileMapFormatDesc but not the CRC. Use the existing TileMapFormatDesc until the CRC arrives. I.e. if no CRC can be fetched from the server, due to lacking internet, then the cached TileMapFormatDesc should be used.
When language changes, request new CRC and repeat above.
Once TileMapFormatDesc is received:
Load the TileMapFormatDesc. See
TileMapFormatDesc::load and detailed comments of loading TileMapFormatDesc
If failure to load TMFD, request new TMFD from the server with exponential backoff and start over. Once the TMFD has been properly loaded, then it’s time to request the maps that are needed. See section of How to request map data.
Once a TileMap buffer is received from the server the TileMap::load method should be called. See the description of how to load a tilemap.
Draw the maps. See section of drawing the maps.
How to request map data
The code that is used to calculate which tilemap parameters that are needed for the currently viewed map is found in TileMapFormatDesc::innerCreateParams. It uses the bounding box of the viewed map area to calculate these parameters which leads to some problems and strangeness. We advise that the center coordinate of the map together with the width and height of the screen are used to calculate what be should be included.
The map data to be requested and drawn is defined by:
- The center coordinate of the map
- The desired scale level (defined as meters per pixel on a Nokia 6600 screen (s60v2))
- The size of the canvas in pixels.
- Which layers to draw (map, poi, route, traffic info). And route id in case of the route layer.
- The language of the text.
Recommended way to generate the tile parameters: Note that the following is psuedo code and does not correspond to the actual methods available
Some comments on
TileMapFormatDesc::innerCreateParams and related classes and methods.
ParamsNoticeclass is used to know if the tilemap parameters has been changed since the last time the map was moved.
- If the
ParamNoticeis the same, then the resulting params will also be the same and thus the same old params can be used.
getLayerNbrFromIDtranslates between the layer id that is used in the parameter and the ordinal number of the layer for requesting.
- Only include the route layer if a route id is present and valid.
- The detail level to use is calculated by
- The tile indices i.e. the “coordinates” of the tile squares are calculated by
getTileIndex. There is code that handles the case when the requested map area covers the international date line (180 degrees longitude) which most likely could be handled in a better way using center coordinate and width/height instead of a bounding box.
iTileImportanceTable::getNbrImportanceNbrs()calculates the number of importances that exists for the current scale and detail level.
- Reserve maps are requested in order to always having something to show. These maps are located at relatively zoomed out detail level, indicated by
m_reserveDetailLevelin TMFD. A grid of the reserve maps on importance level 0 is requested after the maps covering the current screen.
TileImportanceTable contains information about the different importances that are available. There are different importance tables for different layers.
TileImportanceTable::getNbrImportanceNbrs() calculates the number of importances for a specific detail level and scale. This is used to know what to request and draw.
The other use of
TileImportanceTable is to identify importances containing the same type of information for different detail levels. This should be used to be able to replace missing map data for the current detail level with existing map data at another detail level. For example, consider a zoomed out map which displays a road at a certain detail level. All needed map data is loaded. When zooming in, it is desired to reuse existing map data to avoid a blank screen before the correct data is downloaded. Importances should be exchanged once enough data at the correct detail level has arrived.
TileImportanceTable::getImportanceNbr() will return a
TileImportanceNotice, which can be compared between detail levels. TileMap parameters which yield
TileImportanceNotice with the same type and threshold when put into
TileMapFormatDesc::getImportanceNbr() will contain the same type of information, and can therefore replace each other at different detail levels.
How to draw the map
There are limits for the maximum scale level and latitudes which must not be exceeded.
TileFeature argument types
Contains multiple MC2 coordinates for the feature. Only makes sense for polylines and polygons.
Contains a single MC2 coordinate for a feature. Only makes sense for bitmap features.
Contains the image name for a bitmap feature. Note that the image should be fetched separately. See section of bitmaps.
Indicates the color (24 bits RGB big endian, top byte empty) of the feature. This is the fill color for polygons and ordinary color for polylines.
Indicates the width of a polyline feature in pixels.
Indicates the width of a polyline feature in meters.
Indicates the border color and the presence of a border of a feature. The width of the border is the calculated width in pixels plus 2 pixels. The border color should only be drawn if the following is true:
#define VALID_TILE_COLOR( a ) (((a & 0x1ffffff) != 0x1ffffff) ? true : false)
Indicates the maximum scale that this feature should be visible at. Currently only present for for bitmap features. If not present, always draw.
Indicates the level (i.e. z-axis) of the feature. If no level argument is available, then level 13 is assumed for all features (bitmaps, polylines and polygons). If level_1 argument also is available, then level indicates the level of the first coordinate of the feature (polyline).
Indicates the level (i.e. z-axis) of the last coordinate of the feature (polyline). If not present, all coordinates are on the level indicated by TileArgNames::level. This argument is currently ignored by the c++ implementation.
Indicates how text should be placed for the feature when drawing the map, however is currently ignored by the c++ implementation.
This argument is deprecated.
This argument is deprecated.
This argument is deprecated.
This argument is deprecated.
This argument is deprecated.
It is unfortunately hardcoded in the clients how to place text for the different features. The following types of text placement is currently used:
- Horizontal - Horizontal text below the feature.
- On line - Text following a polyline.
- On round rect - Text inside a blue round rect with white border (supposed to look like a swedish road number sign).
- Inside polygon - Text placed inside a polygon. Does not currently work in the c++ implementation.
The following code indicates which type of text placement that should be done for which types of features:
The TileMapFormatDesc itself contains a CRC. However, to avoid unnecessary downloads of TileMapFormatDesc from the server, it’s also possible to directly download the TileMapFormatDescCRC. Then the CRCs can be compared to see if a newer version of the TileMapFormatDesc should be downloaded from the server.
Geometry and text data
The geometry and text data is divided into squares, henceforth called tiles. Each tile is divided into geometry maps and text maps with different importance numbers. Each geometry map corresponds to a text map with the same parameters except for the language, which is always Swedish in the geometry maps. The number of squares in the world depends on the detail level and layer.
Geometry and text maps may be compressed using gzip. If they are, they start with 0x1f followed by 0x8b. The gunzipped data contains the original data.
CRC for maps
The geometry map and the text maps contain a CRC. In case the CRC between a text map and the geometry map (for the same tile) differs, then both these maps must be discarded from the cache and requested again.
Lat and lon indices
Latitude and longitude indices are calculated using the center of the screen, the screen size, the scale factor and information in !TileMapFormatDesc.
The layer, e.g. map, pois, route or traffic information. The map, poi and route layers will always be present in the ´TileMapFormatDesc
. The route layer is special in the sense that a route id will have to be supplied when requesting maps in order to get the correct route. TileMapFormatDesc` contains additional information about each layer, e.g. if the client is allowed to cache it forever or only for a while.
The detail level corresponds to a zoom level. Information about the detail level thresholds are layer dependent and stored in the
The importance is used to ensure that the most important features are received before the less important features. If e.g. the current screen is covered by four tiles, the client fetches the first importance for all of the tiles before the second etc. The data for the first importance generally contains at least land and oceans. It also contains information about which of the other importances (up to the maximum defined in
TileMapFormatDesc) that actually contain data. The number of importances for a tile is layer and detail level dependent.
The route id must be present for all route tiles, but not any other.
The image name of the bitmap will be found in the StringArg
TileArgNames::image_name for the TileFeature. It should be possible to draw the map also before all bitmap images has been fetched and loaded. Bitmaps should be placed with the center of the bitmap at the coordinate sent with the corresponding feature. When collision detection is used only the non-transparent part of the bitmap should be considered. Typically three quarters of the POI images consists of transparency so it’s necessary to calculate the non-transparent part of the image.
How to create the tilemap parameter strings.
TileMapFormatDesc::createParamString() for how to create the parameter string. It is possible to supply random characters in the
TileMapFormatDesc::createParamString() method. This is used to make sure that the TMFD will not be fetched from the local cache. In case this is solved in another way, then these random characters are not necessary. Currently three random characters are used in the C++ version.
In case precached maps are available, these will contain a TileMapFormatDesc with parameter string DYYY.
See TileMapFormatDescCRC::createParamString for how to create the parameter string The format for the parameter string for TileMapFormatDescCRC is the same as for TileMapFormatDesc except that the initial character is ‘C’. Note that it is not necessary to use the same random string for the TileMapFormatDescCRC as for the TileMapFormatDesc to compare CRC:s with. The language of the TileMapFormatDescCRC must be the same as the one for the TileMapFormatDesc to compare with.
Refer to the code in
TileMapParams object is constructed by using the constructor supplying the different parameters to identify the requested tile map.
- The serverPrefix should be set to the value that is present in TileMapFormatDesc.
- useGzip should be set to true.
- The route id must be specified in case it’s the route layer. Once the TileMapParams object is constructed, then the actual parameter string (that’s used when requesting the map) will be returned in the getAsString() method, which in turn will call updateParamString(). The updateParamString() method contains two old, obsolete chunks of code that is currently not active by ifdefs. The active code is last in the method (starts by #elif 1). First the different parameters are written into a binary buffer, and then this buffer is converted into a string. Geometry data starts with the character
Gand string data starts with the character
T. 6 bits is read from the binary buffer at a time, and the value (spanning between 0 - 63) is used to index in the c_sortedCodeChars character array. The resulting character is appended to the parameter string. Once the entire binary buffer is handled, any trailing
+in the constructed parameter string are removed.
The bitmap parameter string is constructed by using an initial
b character and then appending the image name, including the desired image type as suffix. For instance
- Geometry maps should be drawn even if the text maps haven’t arrived.
- The screen should be updated when new maps arrive.
- If a map request fails, exponential backoff should be used until the map has been moved.
- Point of interest icons should not collide with each other.
- Information (name) should be shown only for features actually drawn on the screen.
- Additional information from the server can only be fetched when the name of a drawn feature has arrived.
- Memory cache.
- Write / Read file cache, where buffers received from the server can be written.
- Read only file cache, which is pregenerated and installed on the phone.
- It should be possible to use the file cache even if no internet connection exists. This means that a previously saved format description must be used until the checksum can be verifed using the server.
- Zooming in or out of the map will lead to that the desired detail level of the map changes. Until the requested maps arrive with the correct detaillevel, use map data from an already downloaded detail level with better coverage.
- Should be possible to download overview maps to be used when zooming out quickly when zoomed in (referred to as reserve maps in the code).
How to implement getServerString in the API
The server string is used to identify a feature so that it is possible for an outside user to fetch more detailed data about it from the server. The map component only needs to implement the getServerString method. Lat and lon are in MC2Coordinates. The string is in utf8 as always.
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Schwarzburg consisted of two small principalities of Central Germany, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, which had been connected by personal union under one sovereign since 1909.
The principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt had an area of 363 square miles, and in 1910 had 100,712 inhabitants. The territory of the state consisted of two non-contiguous districts, the Upper Barony in Thuringia and the Lower Barony south of the Harz Mountains. The Upper Barony (capital, Rudolstadt) has an area of 280 square miles; the Lower Barony (capital, Frankenhausen) an area of 83 square miles. The Upper Barony included the exclave of Leutenberg lying to the east. As regards religion, in 1905, of 96,835 inhabitants 95,641 were Lutherans, 994 Catholics, and 82 Jews. Consequently the Catholics number only one percent of the population; in 1871 they numbered only one-tenth percent.
Calcareous rocks are observed in the northern, and primitive in the southern part of the principality; the heights of the Thuringerwald are mostly formed by the latter sort The hills, that reach to the height of thirteen or fourteen hundred feet, are covered with forests. Plains and fruitful valleys, such as the vale of Helm, are situated near the base of these hills. Mines of silver, copper and iron have been discovered in many parts of the country. The inhabitants are employed in working these metals, and in making different kinds of tissue.
A representative government was established in the year 1816. The legislative assembly is composed of thirty-six deputies ; six of whom are chosen from the proprietors of baronial estates, other six from landed proprietors not possessing baronies, six are nominated by the towns, and eighteen are elected by the citizens. They are all appointed for six years. Rudolstadt, Frankenhausen and Studt-Hilm were the principal towns in the country. Rudolstadt contains 4600 inhabitants. It is the residence of the prince, and several valuable collections are contained in the royal castle. The town is watered by the Saale; it possesses a museum of natural history, a library of 50,000 volumes [by 1830], a gymnasium, and a school for the education of poor children. It carries on a trade in earthen ware and woollen stuffs.
The principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen has an area of about 333 square miles, and in 1910 had 89,984 inhabitants. The territory of this state also consists of two main districts called the Lower Barony situated south of the Harz, and the Upper Barony in Thuringia south of the Prussian city of Erfurt. The Lower Barony (capital, Sondershausen) was in area about 200 square miles, while the Upper Barony (capital, Arnstadt) had an area of about 132 square miles. In 1905 of the 85,152 inhabitants of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 83,389 were Lutherans, 1521 Catholics, and 195 Jews. The Catholics, therefore, numbered nearly two percent of the population; in 1871 they were only three-tenths percent.
Sondershausen or the capital, is built at the confluence of Towns, the Wipper and Bober. It has its gymnasium, theatre and collection of natural history; it contained upwards of 3400 inhabitants by 1830. The castle of the prince, the baths of Gunther, and a sulphureous stream arc situatrd near the town. Several linen manufactories had been built at Greussen, a town of 2000 inhabitants. The most of the fields in the neighbourhood are planted with lint. Arnstadt is the most important town in the dutchy; the Gora divides it into two parts. The electoral colleges meet there, the principal institutions and buildings are a lyceum, a collection of natural history, a castle, an orphan hospital and three churches. Its manufactures consist of coarse linen and brass wire, and its trade was considerable in proportion to its size. The most valuable copper mines in the country were situated in the neighborhood of the town.
The Schwarzburg principalities ware a part of the region occupied by the old tribe of the Thuringians, who in the sixth century succumbed to the united attack of the German tribes of the Franks and Saxons. In the ninth and tenth centuries several counts became independent rulers in different parts of the Thuringian territory. Among these were the counts of Keyarenburg (Kafernburg), from whom sprang the princely house of Schwarzburg, which takes its name from a castle on the small Thuringian river called Schwarza.
Gundar (Günther), a son of the Prankish king Lothair IV, is regarded as the founder of the family. The first count mentioned in a document is Sizzo III (1009-60). In the course of time appeared the ruling lines of Kafernburg, Schwarzburg, and the senior and cadet lines of Blankenburg. In 1548 Günther XL, who was also called Günther with the Heavy Jaw, again united all the lands of Schwarzburg under his rule. The territories were again divided by various partitions and treaties, and finally, by the Hauptrezess of Ihn in 1599, into the two domains and lines of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (or Schwarzburg-Sondershausen).
In 1710 Emperor Joseph I raised Louis Frederick I of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt to the rank of a hereditary prince of the empire. In 1713 primogeniture was introduced, and a treaty of succession was made with Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. In 1807 Louis Frederick II joined the Confederation of the Rhine; in 1815 Prince Frederick Günther joined the German Confederation. In the war of 1866 between Prussia and Austria the government voted against the Austrian proposal for the mobilization of the forces of the confederation against Prussia. Ruler and people joined the North German Confederation. Since 1871 the principality has been one of the confederated states of the German Empire. Prince Günther Victor (b. 1852) had been the ruler since 1890.
In Schwarzburg-Arnstadt the sons of Christian Günther I founded, without prejudice to the unity of the original territory, three lines, those of Sondershausen, Arnstadt, and Ebeleben. However, the two latter lines became extinct (Arnstadt in 1669, and Ebeleben in 1681). After the death of Anthony Günther I of the Sondershausen line his two sons divided the government between them and founded the lines of Sondershausen and Arnstadt.
In 1697 the Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was made a prince of the empire, and his territory declared an independent principality of the empire; the same rank and independence of territory was conferred upon the ruler of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt in 1709. Before this they had been under the suzerainty of various German states. The house of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt became extinct in 1716. The Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen became the sole ruler of the territory, which took the name of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. The law of primogeniture had been introduced in Sondershausen in 1713, and a treaty of succession had been made with Rudolstadt.
In 1806 Prince Günther Frederick Charles secretly supported Prussia in the war between Prussia and France. Napoleon, on this account, sent a French army into the territory of Schwarzburg, which plundered and devastated the country. In 1807 the prince joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and in 1815 entered the German Confederation. In 1866, in the war between Prussia and Austria, both prince and people were opposed to the mobilization of the forces of the confederation against Prussia. They declared themselves on the side of Prussia, and the country joined the North German Confederation.
In 1871 the principality became one of the confederated states of the German Empire. With the death of Prince Charles Günther in 1909 the Sondershausen line became extinct. In virtue of the treaty of succession of 1713 the sovereignty went to Prince Günther Victor of Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, who since then called himself Prince of Schwarzburg. The two principalities had not lost their constitutional independence by this personal union; however, a closer union of the two states was frequently urged. The marriage of Prince Günther Victor of Schwarzburg being without issue, Prince Sizzo of Leutenberg was recognized as a member of the ruling house of equal rank, and was made Prince of Schwarzburg in 1896. Prince Sizzo was the son of Prince Frederick Günther, who died in 1867, by his morganatic marriage with the Countess von Reina, and the sovereignty of both states would devolve upon him when Prince Günther Victor died.
Before the great religious schism of the sixteenth century the Schwarzburg domains belonged, in ecclesiastical matters, to the Archdiocese of Mainz. The permanent representative of the archbishop in Thunngia was an auxiliary bishop who resided at Erfurt. The Reformation found early entrance into Schwarzburg. In the Upper Barony it was definitively introduced by Count Henry XXXII (1531-3S!, who was called the "Reformer". At his death the Upper Barony fell to Count Günther XL (1526-52). At first under the pressure exerted by his feudal suzerain, the strictly Catholic Duke George of Saxe-Meissen, Günther remained a Catholic; still he encouraged the new doctrine and, at the Diet of Ratisbon in 1541, went over publicly to the Protestant side. All Catholic life vanished completely from his territories.
In the Catholic era the Schwarzburg territories had belonged to the Archdeanery of Jechaburg, where in 1004 a monastery of Augustinian Canons Regular had been established; in 1552 the monastery received a Lutheran dean, and in 1572 was secularized. Venerable architectural monuments still give proof of the flourishing conditions of Catholic life in the era before the Reformation, although a large number of Catholic edifices were destroyed during the Peasants' War in 1525. Celebrated memorials of this period are the ruins of the Benedictine Abbey of Paulinzella (intended both for monks and nuns), which was established in 1106 by St. Paulina, daughter of the Thuringian Count Moncho, jointly with her son Werner, and was suppressed in 1534; further, the Church of Our Lady at Arnstadt, the church at Stadtilm, and many village churches, which have excellent carvings from the celebrated school of carving in the Bénédictine Monastery of Saalfeld.
In 1771 Catholic services were held again in the p/mcipality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt for the miners who had come from Austria, and had been granted the right to exercise their religion, but not in public. Catholics received the right of publicly exercising their religion when the principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine and later joined the German Confederation. In both principalities the periodical church services were under the care of priests from Erfurt.
The Government did not claim the right of supervising the administration of the property of the Church. No tithes may be collected. In both principalities all the primary schools are Lutheran. There were private Catholic primary school« since 1882 at Rudolstadt (62 children in 1910), since 1898 at Sonderehausen (28 children in 1910), and since 1872 at Arnstadt (72 children in 1910). Neither the State nor the community gives any financial aid. In Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt children who had received Protestant baptism cannot be taken as pupils in the Catholic private schools, even if they spring from mixed marriages or from purely Catholic mariages.
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Written by Pradeep
Pregnancy is the most crucial phase of a woman’s life and is regarded as the second birth of the woman. And therefore, it is essential that she takes a balanced and wholesome diet that has all the required vitamins and minerals in it. Olives during pregnancy turn out to be really beneficial at this time as they take care of the overall metabolism of the body.
Did you know the fresh olives are bitter in taste? Well, olives are fermented to make them edible. Read on to know more if you can eat olives during pregnancy, the different types, their benefits. Moreover, we will also describe in detail the goodness of olive oil and its side effects.
Olives during pregnancy play a crucial role in the development of the fetus. These are the fruits of the olive trees which are scientifically known as Olea Europaea and are mainly found in the Mediterranean regions of Europe and Africa. Olives can be used in various forms in our daily lives, such as olive oil, olive fruit, olive leaf, etc.
Olives are an extraordinary fruit for the reason that they contain loads of vitamins and nutrients:
Olives can be classified into various categories, such as:
These are considered the kings of the olive family. These are almond-shaped, deep purple olives that have shiny skin and are usually used in red wine.
These are bright green in color and have a buttery, meaty and mild flavor, and are commonly served with white wine.
These are large green olives that originate from the southeastern parts of Italy.
Nyon olives originate from the south of France. These olives are jet-black in color and aromatic in flavor.
These are either dry-cured or brine-cured and are purplish brown, small, and tangy in taste.
Manzanillas are crisp in texture and have almond flavor. These are usually served with alcoholic beverages or as an appetizer.
Yes, olives during pregnancy have a proven track of benefits for pregnant women. The oleic acid present in olives is responsible for reducing blood cholesterol levels and protects the baby from asthma and several allergies. They maintain the nutritional content in a woman’s diet and also help in providing vitamins and fatty acids to the unborn child.
A recent study has proved that an olive-rich diet plays a positive role in the nourishment of the baby as well as the mother. Olives during pregnancy time provide all the vital vitamins and minerals to the woman’s body and make her body look healthy, fit, and fine.
Olives are powerful antioxidants that reduce the risks of harmful diseases such as heart disease, blood cancer etc. Besides improving the circulation of blood, it also helps in protecting the stomach from dangerous bacteria and viruses.
Olives are a rich source of vitamin E. The oleic acids and polyphenols present in olives help in lowering the chances of type 2 diabetes.
Studies have shown that olives mitigate the possibility of breast cancer, which is quite common in post-pregnancy. These have powerful cancer-killing cells that affect the colon, breasts, and stomach.
Olives alleviate the risk of fractures and help in increasing bone mass and quality.
Olive oil is obtained by crushing olive fruits with a process called maceration.
Olive oil contains a number of nutrients like vitamins and fatty acids that help in hydrating the skin and keeping the mother healthy. There are various merits of using olive oil, such as:
The intake of olive oil by mothers can be very useful in the unborn child’s cognitive, mental and physical development. Olive oil is enriched with vitamin A that aids in the formation of the eyes of the baby.
Olive oil is responsible for diminishing the marks and mitigating the stretches. Regular application of this natural oil is necessary for getting desirable results.
Pregnancy can make the skin dull and dry. Therefore, olive oil is best for hydrating the skin pores, removing the dead skin cells and rejuvenating the skin.
Olive oil plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune system of the mother and killing the harmful pathogens that can spread infections.
Following are some possible side-effects of olives during pregnancy:
The canned olives have an adequate amount of vital elements and render the same effects as others. One just has to check for its expiry date. Even though safe, if available, pregnant women must ensure that they take only fresh olives for satisfying their pregnancy cravings.
For pregnant women, extra virgin oil has an excellent impact 0n keeping the bad cholesterol in control. Olive oil provides a permanent solution to the problem of arterial thrombosis. It also balances the blood circulation in the heart.
Olives have a distinct taste that could be soothing for some pregnant women. If you are craving the salty variety, your body might be building up on sodium. If your blood pressure is already high in pregnancy, opt for a different variety.
Yes, it can. Olives are rich in antioxidants. This can protect your unborn child from asthma or allergies, after birth.
Olives are well-known home remedies for motion sickness. They help to alleviate stomach discomforts too. You can try olives and see if they help with your morning sickness. They are healthy anyways.
It’s an old wives tale that if you are carrying a boy, you will crave salty/savory foods. Olives can have a salty taste and they are definitely not sweet. Hence people relate this craving to gender.
It is an undeniable fact that olives during pregnancy promote the healthy development of the mother as well as the baby. Therefore, never hesitate to include it in your pregnancy diet.
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24 February 2022
In 2020 the British Library acquired the papers of Anthony Barnett, best known as the founder of the campaigning organisation Charter 88 and the website openDemocracy. This series of six posts highlights a discrete part of the archive, consisting of documents and ephemera from Barnett’s time as a member of the collective behind the revolutionary weekly newspaper '7 Days', 50 years on from its publication.
In this fifth guest post, John Mathews recalls how he came to be part of the collective and considers the impact 7 Days had, for himself and others involved. (The second post in the series was written by Anthony Barnett, the third post was by Graham Burchell, and the fourth post by Bill Mayblin.)
In October 1971, when the first issue of 7 Days appeared, I was 25 years old, a young Australian who had been recruited to the newspaper’s collective by Anthony Barnett, then the editor of Black Dwarf. I had been travelling the world (Indonesia, Thailand, India) and had arrived in London a couple of years earlier, at the end of 1969, full of plans to make my mark in the great metropolis.
The way I did this (it is scarcely credible today) was to use my last hundred pounds to launch a film magazine, which in the irreverent style of the day I called Cinemantics – focused on the work of ‘New Cinema’ directors like Glauber Rocha and Jean-Marie Straub as well as emerging semiotic/semantic theories of cinema like Pasolini’s ‘grammar of film’. I had a background in cinema – having been President of the Melbourne University Film Society in my undergrad days – and simply wrote a couple of paragraphs as a manifesto and then went around asking people already writing on the new language of the cinema if they wanted to contribute. Enough of them – including Peter Wollen then working at the BFI – said yes, and the magazine was off. Favourable reviews by Dilys Powell in the Sunday Times helped, and my film reviews also attracted the attention of Anthony at Black Dwarf, and so I found myself drawn into a circle of New Left personalities.
When Anthony asked me in early 1971 whether I would like to join the group planning the launch of a new radical weekly, I jumped at the chance. I had no competing commitments (typical of the time) and saw the issuing of a regular revolutionary masthead as a blow against capitalism. I threw myself into the debates that then dominated our horizons, including how to raise the capital that we estimated would be needed to launch the paper. I participated in some of the fund raising and so earned my stripes as a full member of the collective.
As it turned out, our capital only lasted for the production of 21 issues of the paper, of 24 pages each (from 27 October 1971 to 22 March 1972) – the full set of issues is now available at the 7 Days online archive. We had the choice of stretching our meagre capital out by reducing our page numbers or print run but we never entertained such a possibility – we were too wedded to our own inimitable style of photo journalism, and for publishing ideas and exposes at length.
Those few months producing the paper stand out as a highlight of my youthful years to that point. Our collective boasted such stars as Alex Cockburn as the innovative and indefatigable editor; Anthony as roving ‘special reports’ editor, and Rosalind Delmar as production editor, holding it all together. Judith Ferguson and I fulfilled a floating ‘research/reports’ function. As such we would deal with the guardians of ‘desks’ like home affairs, foreign affairs, arts, life and special sections like ‘capitalism’ and ‘ideas’.
Some of the memorable features I was involved in on 7 Days were the expose of the cruel practice of ECT (electro convulsive therapy) in mental health treatment; (#10, Jan 1972), the narrative of the trial and sentencing of Jake Prescott and Ian Purdie (co-authored with Judith Ferguson #7, 8 Dec 1971) accused in connection with a bombing campaign carried out by the Angry Brigade; and an expose of the phoney psychology that claimed to support cosmetics manufacturers – a story headlined ‘Making Up Psychology’ that I thought was one of our better efforts.
‘Conspiracy and Corruption’, No. 7, 8 December 1971, pp. 6-7. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
My own favourite contributions were my columns on the Advertisement of the Week, where I provided mock reviews of advertisements like the White Horse whisky ads (‘You can take a White Horse anywhere’) or Parkinson Cowan cookers running on North Sea gas (‘The cooker that rises from the sea’) treating them as examples of high bourgeois art with a capitalist twist. I was quite pleased with these efforts at cultural critique – and even had the dubious honour of finding my work sometimes memorialized in the ‘Pseuds’ Corner’ section of Private Eye.
It came as a huge disappointment when we published our final issue #21, on 22 March – followed by a further ‘final’ effort to revive the paper with a special issue on Vietnam in May, ‘Who’s for the chopper?’. The expectation we all shared was that the launch of the paper would generate such excitement and growth in readership that it would start to cover its costs and eventually become a profitable and radical, uncompromising journal of ideas and reportage (with its own slant on photo journalism, ably expounded by Bill Mayblin in an earlier contribution to this series of blogs). This was not pie in the sky – after all, it was how media barons like Rupert Murdoch operated, creating media titles that would pay for themselves as their market reach grew. But there wasn’t time for that to happen in the case of 7 Days.
After the paper folded, Anthony had to pick up the pieces and we all went our separate ways. Some of us pursued illustrious careers, like Alex Cockburn who ended up as a leading columnist in the US writing each week for the Village Voice (and blazing a trail that would later be followed by Christopher Hitchens). Our home affairs editor Peter Fuller dived deep into art criticism; our ‘ideas’ correspondent Peter Wollen took up academic film studies and wrote several film scripts; our foreign affairs editor Fred Halliday eventually took a chair in international relations at the LSE.
After the collapse of 7 Days, I dabbled in freelance journalism, securing a commission from the Sunday Times Insight team to adapt a story we had carried in 7 Days on illegal cash-in-hand contract work known as “The Lump”. I also engaged in some serious translation work, taking key texts from French and Italian and presenting them to the English-speaking world. And actually I was pretty good. My translation of some of the political writings of Jean-Paul Sartre (published as Between Existentialism and Marxism, NLB 1974) attracted a highly favourable review in the Times Literary Supplement. And I had the experience of translating the early political writings of the Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, published by Lawrence & Wishart as Selections from Political Writings, 1910-1920, edited by Quintin Hoare. This gave me a lifelong admiration for Gramsci and a sensitivity to his capacity to ride the political wave in the Turin of these years, then the birthplace of Italy’s automotive industry and FIAT (the acronym formed from Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili di Torino) as well as of the Italian Communist Party.
But I elected not to pursue these freelance possibilities and instead turned to full time degree-crunching, at the LSE and Imperial College, culminating in my securing a PhD from Imperial College in cybernetics. I pursued the PhD as a ticket of entry into the great debates raging at the time – energy, nuclear power, ecology. I have enjoyed a varied career using my doctoral qualifications ever since. But it was the collapse of 7 Days that lit a fire under me and drove me to get some serious qualifications and take serious career steps. I then worked for the white collar union ASTMS as (I believe) the first PhD to work full-time for a union in the UK, helping the white-collar membership develop policies on prevention of occupational diseases like cancer. It was stimulating and thrilling work – and perhaps the ‘we can do anything’ attitude that we all shared on the 7 Dayscollective was a material advantage for me in meeting these subsequent challenges. I returned to Australia in 1979, to take up a similar role at the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), helping to contribute to the ban on nuclear power that still holds in Australia. There followed a stint working in the state Labor government of Victoria, before shifting to the university sector and taking a chair in business strategy at Macquarie University in the year 2000. Thus is a career generated from unlikely beginnings.
‘Long live nature’, No. 19, 8 March 1972, p.20. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Going back to the issues of 7 Days I am delighted to rediscover that we ran one of the first and most credible debates over capitalism and ecology. Historian Gareth Stedman-Jones threw an intellectual grenade with a critique of the ecological left (‘Down with Nature’ – by which he meant an end to the romanticism of nature worship). This attracted a robust response from David Fernbach and Aubrey Walter in the next issue: ‘Long live nature’ which is still more or less the position of the Greens and the ecological left (7 Days #19, 8 March 1972) as of any sane commentator on prospects for curbing global warming. It is a delight to see how these debates foretold my own more recent work on The Greening of Capitalism (2015) and Global Green Shift (2017). So our efforts on 7 Days continue to resonate.
27 January 2022
In 2020 the British Library acquired the papers of Anthony Barnett, best known as the founder of the campaigning organisation Charter 88 and the website openDemocracy. This series of six posts highlights a discrete part of the archive, consisting of published and unpublished material, editorial documents and ephemera from Barnett’s time as a member of the editorial collective of the revolutionary weekly newspaper '7 Days', 50 years on from its publication.
In this fourth guest post, Bill Mayblin recalls his role in the production and design of the paper and the shifting media and cultural landscape for newspaper publishing in the early 1970s. (The second post in the series, written by Anthony Barnett, is here, and the third post by Graham Burchell is here.)
In 1971 I was twenty three years old, which would have made me one of the younger and certainly one of the less noticeable members of the 7 Days editorial collective. I would be surprised if many surviving members even remember me. But together with Alan Turkie, who was even younger (but perhaps more noticeable) we were the production team responsible for designing, pasting up and delivering the weekly edition of 7 Days for print. For my part I was thrilled to be part of something as exciting and worthwhile as this brave venture, but also slightly in awe of the fierce intellects and articulate egos that made up the rest of the collective.
Cover of the 9th February 1972 issue which dealt with the events and the aftermath of the Bloody Sunday massacre in Derry, using photographs to powerful effect. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Design is perhaps too grand a word to describe my role on the paper. All basic design decisions – grid, fonts, masthead – had already been taken before I joined. Layout and paste-up would be more accurate to describe my job and this involved cutting up photoset galleys of type, laying out the page and pasting copy onto grid sheets with Cow Gum – the standard technology of the day for offset litho printing.
Photographs we would mark up separately for the printer to size, screen and drop in. Every Tuesday would see a marathon all-night session to put the issue together in the cramped offices in Shaver’s Place, SW1. And on Wednesday morning one of us, tired and bleary-eyed, would take the train to Colchester to deliver the artwork to the printer.
My overriding memory of those all-night sessions is of fighting for space – space on the page, that is – in order to use photographs large and to have sufficient ‘air’ around the typography. It was often a losing battle. There was always too much copy. ‘Alex, we need to lose thirty lines here.’ would be a recurring refrain. Alex Cockburn, our calm and indefatigable editor would pore over the galleys and cut what he could, but inevitably pages would often look as if text and photos had been squeezed in with a shoehorn.
The truth is that 7 Days was never a design-led publication, members of the collective were far too politically focused for that. I don’t remember a single meeting at which the paper’s design was specifically or seriously discussed. Whatever design ethos it did have was already embedded at the very genesis of the project. 7 Days was to be a tabloid format, 24 page paper that embraced the documentary power of photography.
When talking of the paper with people at the time I would habitually describe it as a ‘leftwing photo-journalistic weekly’. Only now as I write that down, fifty years on, does it occur to me how strangely old-fashioned this description feels today. Three words that still have perfect currency on their own, but together seem to belong to a distinctive period of 20th century history that was perhaps already coming to an end when 7 Days was launched.
It’s the photo-journalism bit that dates it. With the sheer saturation of photographic and video images in today’s mainstream and social media we can forget just how novel and powerful documentary photography was for much of the last century. From the 1920s onwards modernist graphic design had championed photography, with its promise of objectivity and truth, as the prime if not the only ‘modern’ way of making images. The photo-journalist was born and it was the black-and-white photograph, often radical, dramatic and shocking that gave us our memorable images of the world through peace and war.
Growing up in the nineteen fifties and sixties I can remember the impact of publications like Life, Paris Match and Britain’s own Picture Post (a conscious model for 7 Days), and in the late sixties the Sunday broadsheet supplements, particularly the Sunday Times under the influence of art editor David King, brought us powerful photo essays such as Don McCullin’s images of the Vietnam war. It was this tradition that 7 Days was proudly stepping into.
But times were changing, and art and graphic design are perhaps where it could be seen first, and most clearly. The sixties had also given us psychedelia, pop art and the counter culture. If we talk of modernism we must also acknowledge the beginnings of postmodernism, a rejection of ‘Truth’ and of the photograph as its embodiment, and an embrace of complexity, playfulness and irreverence.
A memory stands out for me here. Alan and I were working to lay out pages for the week’s issue and someone brought in the latest issue of OZ magazine. We flicked through it, slightly sniffy but also fascinated at its chaotic energy full of radical free-standing artwork, vaguely pornographic cartoons, whole articles printed in yellow type reversed out of a pink background (totally illegible – tut-tut). And yet exciting and in tune with a particular zeitgeist.
It was not our target readership of course and although it was clearly anti-establishment and loosely in our camp we could chuckle dismissively at its outlandish graphics. And yet there was always the nagging feeling that at some cultural level this was what our paper was now competing with for readers. In 1971 even before computers and the internet our media and cultural landscape was shifting and 7 Days was perhaps stranded on one particular shore.
Inside page from the 9th February 1972 issue focusing on the events and the aftermath of the Bloody Sunday massacre in Derry. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Looking back on 7 Days’ brief existence I am amazed and proud at the breadth and depth of its coverage through a tumultuous time of home and global politics. The sweep and standard of its journalism, in words and images, was high. But as one of its design team I feel entitled to admit that its ‘look’ was not always so good. There were many pages, with cramped type and wonky sub heads, that make me wince when I see them now. But there were also occasions when we won the battle for space, and designed memorable spreads, pages that sit more proudly in that modernist tradition of photo-journalism.
Sadly in the spring of 1972 7 Days produced its final issue and a talented group of people went their separate ways. As for me, I went on to design numerous other publications many of which I am more proud of from a simple design point of view. But I have to admit they tend now to merge together in my memory. But 7 Days, that six months in 1971-2, working through the night in Soho with Alex Cockburn, Alan Turkie, (my close friend to this day) and assorted members of the collective who would drop by to discuss, argue and generally get in the way – that was something special.
Bill Mayblin, 2021.
16 December 2021
In 2020 the British Library acquired the papers of Anthony Barnett, best known as the founder of the campaigning organisation Charter 88 and the website openDemocracy. This series of six posts highlights a discrete part of the archive, consisting of published and unpublished material, editorial documents and ephemera from Barnett’s time as a member of the editorial collective of the revolutionary weekly newspaper '7 Days'.
In this third guest post, Graham Burchell recalls his role as industrial correspondent for '7 Days' and reflects on the industrial relations landscape of the early 1970s. (The second post in the series is here.)
Looking back on my experience on 7 Days, I find I am very surprised that I was ever invited to become the full time “industrial correspondent” for this New Left, revolutionary, but hopefully commercially viable, photo-news weekly. It now seems to me extraordinary.
‘You Cannae Eat Ships’, 3 November 1971. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Apart from a brief experience of trade union activity, through involvement in an unsuccessful attempt to form a “breakaway” union of telecommunication workers, separating from the large postal workers union (UPW), I had no experience and little knowledge of the world of industry or trade unionism. It was a brief experience-experiment: the national postal strike of 1971 put an abrupt end to the plans of the new union, forcing its handful of members to choose either to join the UPW strike or become strike-breakers, “scabs”. It also put an end to my trade union experience.
My involvement came about as a result of my decision to ‘boycott’ my final exams at university, abandon academic life, and philosophy, and throw in my lot – irrevocably, I imagined – with the working class and its struggle. I became a trainee overseas telegraphist in the Post Office. Anthony Barnett’s approach to me came after I had reconsidered this decision, left the Post Office, sat my finals, and rediscovered my interest in philosophy.
As well as my lack of experience and knowledge of industrial matters, of economic policy or trade unionism, I had no experience of journalism and the kind of investigative activity and writing it involved. Moreover, I was temperamentally unsuited for the job: 24 years old, I was too self-conscious and too intimidated by the people I needed to interview to be able to approach them with any confidence or authority. I was frequently in the office, not knowing what to do, and I recall Peter Fuller, in charge of Home news, and a real journalist, impatiently telling me that I should be “out there” getting stories. But I had very little idea of how to go about this.
Indeed, the high points of my experience on the paper – a visit to Glasgow to report on the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders’ “work-in”, to Coventry to interview engineering workers facing the prospect of unemployment and striking for the first time since the war, an eye-opening trip down a coal mine, an interview with the miners’ leader Lawrence Daly, and a journey to Kirby and Liverpool with the playwright John McGrath to report on a factory occupation – were all initiated and arranged for me by others. On the trip to Liverpool, I was little more than John McGrath’s awestruck passenger observing how all the people we met in Liverpool – union organisers, shop stewards in the occupied plant, and everyone in the bar of the Everyman Theatre – seemed to know and greet him as a friend.
‘From Militant Miners the News ‘It’s All or F**k All’, 15 December 1971. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
The term “industrial correspondent” is not used much today. The social, political and economic landscape in which journalists with this title once operated – a world of major national industries, large national trade unions, and the quasi-corporatist “industrial relations” and economic management set ups which had governed the relations between employers, workers and national governments since the Second World War – has disappeared.
The Miners: Week One, 19 January 1972. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
7 Days was launched in what we can perhaps now see was an important moment in the early stages of this transformation. It was an imaginative venture, an attempt to get free from old models of a militant Left journalism tied to the policies and positions of a political organisation, to create something radical and independent that would speak to the new forces and movements we felt ourselves to be part of, even possibly to represent. But, despite our aspirations, perhaps we failed to identify what was in fact new in what was happening. In 1970, Edward Heath’s Conservatives were elected on a radical ‘free market’ manifesto. Harold Wilson derided the Conservative programme as the work of “Selsdon Man” (after the hotel in which the manifesto had been drafted). He depicted it as the product of a kind of paleo-conservatism. This set the tone for what became a persistent critical theme: that the Conservative programme came from, and would take us back to, the past. But maybe “Selsdon Man” was not a paleo-conservative relic, but something new, albeit perhaps still inchoate, foreshadowing the neoliberalism that would come to dominate the future?
In 1971, a record number of people were involved in “industrial disputes” and more days were “lost” through strikes than in any year since 1926. The reform of “industrial relations” was at the heart of the Conservative government’s agenda. A new Industrial Relations Act, introduced quickly and coming into force in 1971, sought to shift the balance of power between employers and trade unions in favour of the former, on the one hand, and in favour of the power of official trade union leadership over shop-floor organisation and their ‘unofficial’ actions on the other. At the same time it gave greater powers of intervention and sanction to the State.
‘Forcing Unions to Break the Law’, 23 February 1972. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
The first steps in the government’s attempt to dismantle the post-war tri-partite consultative arrangements inaugurated a long period of bitter and intense struggles. When the first issue of 7 Days appeared, the Upper Clyde work-in had been underway for a number of weeks, other kinds of factory occupations followed elsewhere, a battle between engineering workers and employers was brewing in Coventry, the first national miners’ strike since 1926 seemed likely, and the trade unions were gearing up their opposition to the provisions of the Industrial Relations Act. I had a great deal to learn, and it had to be learned ‘on the job’. 7 Days gave me the opportunity to meet and talk with some of the people engaged in these struggles – shipbuilders on the Clyde, engineering workers in Coventry, manufacturing workers in Kirby, miners in Kent – even if I may not have known how best to learn from them and remedy my ignorance.
In January 1972, under the headline “A Great Year for The Thirties”, I summed up 1971 as a “year of revivals”: “The traditions that hang like a fog around the British labour movement had their moment in a nostalgic resurrection of the Thirties”, I wrote. While it was true that some trade union and Labour leaders, as well as many on the far Left, frequently evoked the past when describing Conservative policies – referring to a “class struggle” being “resurrected” by the Tories, for example – both headline and article failed to do justice to the reality of the struggles I reported on. Moreover, they did not accurately represent what I myself had found and written about, which could not be reduced to this summary judgement.
‘A Great Year for The Thirties’, 5 January 1972. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
In my brief experience as a journalist, in the rapid background research I had to undertake and in meetings with those directly involved, I inevitably had to get to grips with the always specific features of the different struggles I had to describe and the ways in which the past was present and active within them. Behind the grand historical references, the images and narratives evoking a deep continuity between past and present struggles, I quickly encountered a more messy history present in the form of agreements struck in the past, court judgements, laws, constitutions and rule books, traditional forms of working practices, divisions between different groups of workers, and so on, which shaped the various struggles and which I had to try to understand.
My article alluded to the familiar Marxist trope of experiencing the present through models, characters and images borrowed from the past: the famous quotation from the opening lines of Marx’s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. But I was, of course, oblivious to the fact that my criticism applied equally, indeed with greater justification, to myself. In an ‘Ideas’ piece, written a few weeks later, I summed up my strictures on the inevitable limits of the workers’ “economic struggle” by looking back to the Russian Revolution and invoking – resurrecting – the thoughts of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin as my authority!
“Industry” was, of course, only a small part of 7 Days, and it was far from central to the concerns and interests of the paper’s contributors and readership. My impression is that we thought we were living in an exciting and optimistic historical moment in which it was not unrealistic to think of ourselves as protagonists of a process of revolutionary change. It may be that in looking for signs of the possible existence of a “revolutionary situation”, we failed to detect other powers knocking on the door.
I think it unlikely that the kind of politics 7 Days wanted to promote and represent would have survived subsequent political-economic developments – the collapse of the Soviet empire and the inexorable rise of neoliberalism in particular – but it still seems to me a great shame that the ambitious project of a commercially viable independent, radical photo-news and ‘ideas’ weekly paper did not survive longer and have a chance to develop and change.
02 December 2021
This Disability History Month, staff from across the British Library have collaborated on a series of blog posts to highlight stories of disability and disabled people in the Library’s collections. Each week a curator will showcase an item from the collections and present it alongside commentary from a member of the British Library’s Disability Support Network. These selections are a snapshot insight into the Library’s holdings of disability stories, and we invite readers to use these as a starting point to explore the collections further and share your findings with us.
This selection has been made by Eleanor Dickens, Curator, Contemporary Archives and Manuscripts.
In November 1995 the Disability Discrimination Act was passed into law in Britain, after years of campaigning. Now repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010, the act was the first piece of legislation to attempt to address the needs of people with disabilities in the UK since the end of the Second World War.
The focus of the act was on anti-discrimination and, for the first time, placed responsibility on service providers and employers to make reasonable adjustments for people with impairments and disabilities.
The Act was not perfect. It was even described by Rachel Hurst, the activist and former director of Disability Awareness in Action (DAA), as ‘The Train spotters Charter’ because ‘[…] you could now stand on the platform but you couldn’t get on the train.’ However, the implementation of this legislation, and the campaigns around it, were a turning point in the history of disability activism and did reflect the beginning of changing attitudes in terms of where the responsibility lies for social change.
“Join Our Protest” Call to protest for the implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act, March 1994. The rest of this flyer discusses the initial bill being talked out of the House of Commons and lists MPs to write to, demanding their support of the bill. (Add MS 89385)
The act made discrimination a societal issue and not just the responsibility of people with impairments or disabilities.
But, more than anything else, one of the momentous parts of the act was the story behind it. The act was fiercely campaigned and fought for by civil rights campaigners and disability rights activists. And it was these protests and these people that made the passing of the act such a remarkable moment in disability history.
More than 100,000 thousand people took to the streets to protest for the bill and it was a highly publicised campaign.
For a lot of people it felt shocking to see people with disabilities protesting and being arrested and for many it therefore challenged false preconceptions they held about the independence and vulnerability of people living with impairments.
This is reflected in some of the popular slogans of the campaign:
“KEEP FIGHTING FOR RIGHTS NOT CHARITY”
“PISS ON PITY”
(– Popular slogans from the 1994 protests.)
“Keep fighting for rights not charity!” Call to protest for the implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act, March 1994. (Add MS 89385)
The story of these protests is recorded, in part, in the archive of the Association of Disabled Professionals held at the British Library.
The ADP is a charitable organisation, founded in 1971, to support and advocate for disabled people in employment and education. It was one of the first organisations managed entirely by disabled people and sought to challenge and change age-old perceptions of disability. The organisation and its members were part of the campaign and protest around the bill.
The founding of the ADP is written about in more detail in our blog by a founding member, Diana Twitchin, here.
“Surely progress can be made, I simply cannot believe that in an age where men are sent to outer space it can’t be possible to let disabled youngsters make their way to better chances. So much talent is allowed to wilt.” Letter to the Association of Disabled Professionals, April 1994. (Add MS 89385)
Reflection from staff Disability Support Network member:
Despite the Disability Discrimination Act, and latterly the Equality Act, 2010, the disability community are still fighting for equality and equity in day to day life. Having reasonable / workplace adjustments enshrined in law is a start, but it isn’t enough.
Elements of society still view the disability community through the medical model of disability where it is seen that the individual is disabled by their impairment or difference, and that these impairments or differences should be ‘fixed’ or changed by medical and other treatments.
The Social Model of Disability, however, explains that there are multiple barriers including physical, intellectual, attitudinal, social, and policy which society puts in the way of people with disabilities. The Social Model of Disability sees that people with impairments and differences are disabled by the world around them, not by their impairment or difference. The more of these barriers are removed, or not created in the first place, the less need there will be for adjustments to be made.
The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the ongoing inequalities faced by people with disabilities. “Worldwide, disasters and emergencies often disproportionately impact the disability community, and this pandemic is no exception”.
In response to this, this year’s theme for International Day of People with Disabilities (3rd December) is “Fighting for rights in the post-COVID era”. “People with disabilities have been differentially affected by COVID-19 because of three factors: the increased risk of poor outcomes from the disease itself, reduced access to routine health care and rehabilitation, and the adverse social impacts of efforts to mitigate the pandemic.”
The Association of Disabled Professionals Archive: http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:LSCOP_BL:IAMS032-003453637
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00625-5/fulltext Accessed 01/12/2021
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00625-5/fulltext Accessed 01/12/2021
25 November 2021
In the second part of this series, Anthony Barnett's guest post recalls his time as a member of the editorial collective of a little-known revolutionary weekly newspaper entitled '7 Days'. In 2020 the British Library acquired the papers of Anthony Barnett, best known as the founder of the campaigning organisation Charter 88 and the website openDemocracy.
Looking back half a century to 7 Days makes me realise the pain of its failure which is still buried within me - it was such a glorious achievement and had such promise. I’ve been asked to say something about how I became involved, what I saw as being at stake, the experience of producing it, and how it influenced me. To start to answer them I want to signal why it was so good and why something so good failed.
What 7 Days expressed in its range, radicalism, intense seriousness and dramatic layouts was the radical spirit and global intelligence of the young English left of ‘the Sixties’. It was the anti-Vietnam war movement turned into stunning photojournalism. It was the best revolutionary radicalism, shorn of its Trotskyism. It was a pioneering engagement with feminism and anti-racism. It was fresh and fearless.
The attack on Miss World. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
One person orchestrated the outcome across the pages of 7 Days, edited the layouts and presentation: Alexander Cockburn. I dislike the term ‘flair’, as I associate it with superficiality. But Alex’s flair was breath-taking in its audacity. Thanks to him, 7 Days focussed a tabloid energy on the British class system and its snobbery as well as world capitalism and its proto-fascism.
I’ll take a closer look at the first issue to show its range which was crucial to the paper’s qualities, building on Madeleine Davis’s analysis in her opening post. Page 2 reports the trial of the Mangrove 9 (recently brought back to life by Steve McQueen). The portraits of all nine were to fill a page when the historic 55 day trial ended. Rage against racism, in the UK and around the world, was a 7 Days theme from the start.
The Mangrove Nine. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Page 3 has reports on the European “Common Market”, the role of the City of London and a financial scandal in Italy. They initiated coverage of capitalism rather than ‘the economy (at the back, launching a weekly essay on concepts, Gareth Stedman Jones asks ‘What is Capitalism?’).
Two photo-stories give the paper its hard-hitting edge. One exposed a reunion of ex-SS Nazis in Bavaria and got the cover splash. The second is a dramatic account of how a British army unit provoked a riot in Northern Ireland. It is by the photographer, Tom Picton, who became a regular. It proved a harbinger of Bloody Sunday, which 7 Days covered like no other mainland paper.
Bloody Sunday. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
A striking report on a ‘Day at the Dogs’ by Peter Fuller, who was the indefatigable home affairs editor, launched coverage of sport with a strong working-class angle.
7 Days pioneered discussion of mental illness as a form of control and repression. In her cool, invaluable overview in the digitised archive, Rosalind Delmar, the paper’s production manager, captures the radical imperative to break the silence about this issue. A story on ‘Madness in Two Minds’ and one on ‘Inside Britain’s Psychiatric Prisons’ launched the coverage along with a provocation (by one of the editorial collective, John Hoyland under a pseudonym) about whether parents should make love in the presence of young children (answer, not if they sit on top of you).
The Labour Party features in a short article by Tom Nairn, ‘Has the Labour Party any new ideas?’ Tony Benn had published a Fabian Pamphlet that called on Labour to adopt workers control of production, referendums (there had yet to be one in the UK), direct action against the media and democratic education to replace elite rule. Nairn says it is absurd to think Labour could just adopt such a “staggering” vision. He points out that in a subsequent Fabian Tract, Tony Crosland’s responded to Benn with a call for what Nairn saw as right wing-populism - a warning of what was to come. Nairn’s conclusion: “totally new” thinking would have to come from outside Labour. No one thought its source would be a Conservative of whom we had barely heard, Margaret Thatcher.
Turn the page and the nature of pop music and the role of musical charts is looked at by Dave Laing, while Stuart Hood (once the BBC Director of Programmes) writes on TV as an industry. Next there is Peter Wollen on the “Real, Surreal and Mundane”. In part he discusses how we mostly see paintings reproduced in a small format in books and this changes their nature. Opposite, a review of the ‘Advertisement of the Week’ is by John Mathews. Across all such coverage the new weekly focussed on the production of what is experienced and refused to take the output of capitalist society at face value.
In addition, Geoffrey Nowell-Smith contributed a superb review of Bertolucci’s The Conformist. He sets out how it resolved failures in his earlier films and shows how a bourgeois husband “is more fascist by his emptiness than anyone who is fascist by conviction”.
If this wasn’t enough, a four-page feature follows on gambling, its nature, scale and addictiveness and the role of the state by Jon Halliday, the brother of Fred Halliday, who was in charge of 7 Days' ‘Foreign News’, and Peter Fuller.
The British Army at work. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Later, Fred Halliday was to write a multi-page spread on why Nixon was going to China - one of the world-turning events that coincided with the six-month life of 7 Days. These included Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland, when the paper ran the photographs others would not; the first miners’ strike that humiliated the Heath government; the trial of the Mangrove nine; the women’s liberation attack on the Miss World contest at the Albert Hall; the liberation of Bangladesh, and the huge, penultimate Vietnamese attack on the American regime in the South. It was the six months that launched the Seventies.
7 Days could have been an English language version of Libération, launched just over 18 months later in July 1973, or the Tageszeitung launched in 1978 - both also started with egalitarian editorial collectives – and survived, even if, like them, it would have undergone the traumas of a triumphant market fundamentalism. A print publication needs in some way to be a ‘home’ for a core readership. 7 Days never had the time to build one. But the potential readership was there, later expressed by Rock against Racism and, in the early Eighties, with Ken Livingston’s inventive and effective Greater London Council (1981-86).
7 Days closed because it had no serious start-up funding. It was without capital in a capitalist world and lacked any core backers. But this itself needs explanation. I was the prime mover and fund-raiser, using a dummy we’d created as well as a business case. At the heart of it, all of us were attempting to by-pass the sectarian divisions of the English far-left by seeking to demonstrate what could be done by looking outwards. But this also meant there was no initial network of organised support in a highly sectarian situation.
The Miners’ Strike. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
Specifically, it was an effort to recover from the wounding split in the Black Dwarf . 7 Days was what the Black Dwarf should have become. This sounds like an odd thing to say, I know! Black Dwarf was a revolutionary paper conjured into existence by the theatrical agent Clive Goodwin and the poet Christopher Logue and others, edited initially (after a false start) by Tariq Ali. I joined the Dwarf later. Among its other editors and contributors who were to work full-time on 7 Days were Fred Halliday (who delighted in the Dwarf’s memorable front page banner: “We shall fight, we shall win, Paris, London, Rome, Berlin”), Peter Fuller, who wrote pseudonymously the Dwarf’s ‘City’ column and John Hoyland.
Tariq Ali became a committed Trotskyist and decided to help create the International Marxist Group (IMG), as a British branch of the Fourth International. Backed by like-minded Black Dwarfers (none of whom were writers), he urged Goodwin to make it the paper of the IMG and Goodwin refused. Ali had recruited a wealthy supporter and they split off to launch the Red Mole. I took over editing the Black Dwarf but Goodwin had no funds and it died.
As it did so, some of us determined to start a new paper out of the ashes of the debacle, convinced that a committed non-sectarian paper of the left was needed. An example of the linkage: a key contributor to 7 Days was the great critic Peter Wollen, who wrote the Xmas cover story ‘Was Christ a Collaborator?’ I asked him why he wanted to become involved with us and not Red Mole. He said that it was when he saw one of the later Black Dwarf’s that I edited, where I’d put FOOTBALL FOOTBALL on the cover. Here is a characteristic picture from the time, with Margarita Jiménez.
Margarita Jiménez. Copyright © 1970 Howard Naish.
7 Days became a message in a bottle. One that recorded what the left’s culture and spirit should have been like. I’m very happy that Madeleine Davis’s eagle eye spotted the bottle and has opened it up half a century later.
Looking back I realise that for me personally it was a moment of uninhibited revolutionary expression. Much later I enjoyed bringing some radical energy into constitutional reform with Charter 88 – but it was consciously preconditional: a call to democratise the state sufficiently to make socialist strategy a credible option. Twelve years after that, the aim of openDemocracy was to create a space to prevent suffocation by Blairite globalisation. But 7 Days was an uninhibited ‘weapon’ of revolutionary advocacy, advance and learning, or so we thought!
How did it influence me? I felt vindicated as well as defeated. It meant my experience of that period was different from many of those who joined organisations like the IMG, the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), or even became Bennites. It was defeated but it deserved to have survived. I was greatly helped overcome the loss by gaining the friendship and mentorship of John Berger, whom we’d asked to become a ‘Trustee’ of 7 Days. He was a wonderful example of how to retain voice and principle even when times are dire.
I’d like to add one codicil. We were not helped by the state of England. In his article, Nairn quotes Tony Crosland, once the most interesting of Labour intellectuals. Now he denounced ‘participation’ and ‘liberation’. The British people, Crosland claimed, “prefer to lead a full family life and cultivate their gardens. And a good thing too … we do not want a busy bustling society in which everyone is politically active and fussing around in an interfering or responsible manner”. This still shocks. It expressed the deep conservatism of the political class and the revulsion shared by the Labour leadership of democracy itself. Unfortunately, at the time, far too many voters agreed. They had still to vomit up the loathsome elixir of fatalism, deference and belief in British superiority and this effected everyone. This helps explain why 7 Days was also like an oasis in a desert.
The spirit of 7 Days in this stunning layout. Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Amiel Melburn Trust Archive.
17 November 2021
The British Library is pleased to invite academics at UK universities and Higher Education Institutions to collaborate with us on two jointly-supervised doctoral research projects. One research topic is entitled Football fanzines and fan communities in the digital age, and the other is Investigating the origins and development of the Cotton collection. You can read more about them on the Library's website.
Both studentships will be funded for up to four years through the AHRC Collaborative Doctoral Partnerships scheme. The research projects draw on the Library's collections, expertise and resources, and are aligned with our vision statement, programmes and purpose as a national library. Prospective HEI partners are invited in an open competition to submit proposals to bring their own expertise and perspective to our research themes.
We would welcome applications from academics of postgraduate status currently employed at UK universities/Higher Education Institutions, who would be interested in joint supervision of a collaborative doctoral project that draws on the Library’s extensive holdings of printed football fanzines and fanzine websites in the UK Web Archive. The project would begin in October 2022.
Collaborative Doctoral Partnerships at the British Library
The Library’s curators can offer guidance on how to locate and access items in its printed collections and on ways to undertake research using the web archive. We would be keen to collaborate with academics with experience of researching fanzines and/or football fandom and with research interests in digital communications and fan websites. This project will also offer significant opportunities for wider outreach and engagement, ranging from blogposts for more general audiences and content creation on the Library’s website, to the creation and development of collections in the web archive of fanzine and fan websites.
Copies of the Gillingham fanzine Brian Moore’s Head and Birmingham City fanzine The Heathen.
The main purpose of the research will be to investigate the way football fanzines and fan websites communicate with their readers, and how they contribute to building fan communities and giving voice to the concerns of fans, in a forum separate from, and often critical of, clubs and organisational structures.
The Library holds an impressive, but under-exploited, collection of the football fanzines that emerged as an offshoot of punk culture, and it continues to build on those collections. While the late 1980s represent a high point when many new fanzines were established, their transition into the era of digital publishing has been uneven. Some print editions have been replaced by websites and e-zines with fan input, others use their online communities to add to the content of the print edition and extend its reach.
The final print issue of long-running fanzine OLAS / Over Land and Sea as West Ham moved from the Boleyn Ground at Upton Park.
This doctoral project will investigate the extent and impact of digital publishing for football fanzines and consider how fanzines and fan forums can be archived, preserved and made accessible where they transition from print to digital formats or exist in dual formats.
April 2013 capture of Beesotted, a Brentford fan’s network in the UK Web Archive.
As well as extensive collections of printed football fanzines received through legal deposit from the 1970s onwards, the Library holds a wide range of football-related websites collected from 2005 onwards (with a majority 2013-present). Much of the existing research on football fanzines pre-dates the move towards digital publishing, although there has been some more recent research on fan forums linked to fanzines.
This project offers an opportunity for new research that encompasses both print and digital materials, but it does not seek to prescribe a particular set of research questions, whether approached thematically or in relation to a single club or group of clubs. Depending on the interests of the academic partner, it would be possible to look at the portrayal of gender and the representation of women both in the game and fan communities, or to consider the representation of sexual identity through fanzines from a critical perspective, both to highlight progressive elements and to understand the challenges to change within the game.
There is scope too to examine racism in football and efforts to challenge and stand against racism within fanzine communities. It is possible that the extension of online fan forums has opened up fanzine websites to the expression of racial hatred or nativism similar to that found on social media more widely, in a way that runs counter to the fanzines’ origins in punk and alternative culture. It would be possible to pose questions about editorial control and codes of conduct within fan forums and fanzine websites.
The research could also investigate the way changes in football ownership and ticket pricing have impacted on the social class background and economic status of matchday fans. It may further explore the degree to which fanzine websites and online forums have extended the reach of fanzines and enabled those who follow a team but are unable to attend matches to be part of an online fan community.
March 2019 capture of Merthyr Town fanzine Dial M for Merthyrin the UK Web Archive.
More information on the call for academic partners can be found on the Library's website.
Completed application forms and brief CVs must be submitted to email@example.com by 5pm on Friday, 10 December 2021. Late applications cannot be accepted.
Before submitting your application, please ensure you have read the Information for HEI Applicants and are aware of the specific characteristics of the AHRC CDP scheme, the selection criteria and the envisaged timetable.
Contested Ground fanzine.
By Lottie Hazell
I joined the British Library over the summer to discover what can be learned from the data that is generated by the Library from the acquisition of legal deposit books. Specifically, I was interested in the data available on publications submitted using the Publisher Submission Portal (PSP). The PSP is used by publishers who produce fewer than 50 items per year, to deposit publications which exist only as digital copies. The Library was keen to explore this topic further as the UK has a very large number of publishers who fit this description, but it can be hard to find out about them.
Whilst I joined the library under the PhD placement scheme – I am currently researching a Creative Writing PhD at Loughborough University – it was my experience as a marketer in the publishing industry that drew me to the placement. The aim of this placement is to better understand the current behaviour and engagement of publishers using the PSP, examine the British Library’s current outreach strategies for Portal-eligible publishers, and inform recommendations to further support publisher engagement.
But who are the publishers that exist in the PSP? How representative are they of the small publishing landscape in the UK? And how can the British Library continue to grow the numbers of small publishers using the Portal? By the end of December – which is when my placement comes to an end – I hope to have answered these questions. To do this, I am gathering two primary forms of information: data about works deposited using the PSP and survey responses from publishers currently using the Portal.
By examining data from the PSP I will be able to determine publisher behaviour patterns, including frequency, quantity, and type of deposit. The decision to gather and process data that is readily available in British Library systems ensures that any analysis undertaken in this placement can be built upon in future library work.
The survey of publishers using the Portal will provide a fuller picture of how the Portal is serving its current users. Additionally, publishers will be also be asked where else they congregate with other publishers or peers in their industry so the British Library can ensure strong connections are fostered with as many small publishers as possible. The intended outcome of the survey is to inform a series of recommendations that will suggest how the British Library can engage new publishers, encourage frequent deposit, and ensure that small publishers are included and represented within the collection.
27 October 2021
In 2020 the British Library acquired the papers of Anthony Barnett, best known as the founder of the campaigning organisation Charter 88 and the website openDemocracy. The openDemocracy archive and the Papers of Anthony Barnett were both acquired by the British Library on the 6th February 2020.
This series of six posts highlights a discrete part of the archive, consisting of published and unpublished material, editorial documents and ephemera from Barnett’s time as a member of the editorial collective of a little-known revolutionary weekly newspaper titled 7 Days. In this first post, historian of the British New Left Dr Madeleine Davis introduces the newspaper and the series.
Fifty years ago this month a very unusual newspaper appeared on UK newsstands. Titled ‘7 Days’ and with a bold red and black design, it might have caught the eye both for its deliberate revival of Picture Post-style ‘photo-journalism’ and for the selection of topics trailed above the title-piece. Gambling/Capitalism/Sex and Children/Arms Deal Exposure appeared above an image headlined SS Reunion in Bavaria, one of two ‘photo-features’. The other feature was a photo-record of an army action against ‘rioters’ in Derry, in a packed issue that evoked yet subverted standard newspaper fare.
A ‘Life’ section detailed conditions in psychiatric prison; ‘Ideas’ featured a primer on Marxism from Gareth Stedman Jones; ‘Sports’ delved into the economics of dog racing; ‘Arts’ featured Stuart Hood on the TV industry, as well as film and book reviews (Bertolucci; realism) and an ‘ad of the week’ dissected (in this issue) a pro-feminist critique of a gas cooker ad campaign. On top of this there were foreign and home news sections and a special feature on the gambling industry.
But if the paper’s radical socialist credentials were not in doubt, it differed from other left organs in having no party allegiance nor editorial sermonising, nor even an editor in chief.
The new venture’s launch was preceded by a publicity and funding drive, for the aim was to secure commercial distribution and a circulation of up to 40–50,000. Dummy issues had been sent to sympathetic contacts in the press, and funds, with an initial target of £25,000, were raised through donations and loans from a network of left-leaning contacts. Ex-Communist Party names figured prominently in lists of potential donors, as did artists David Hockney and Sylvia Guirey, as well as Sonia Orwell and playwright John McGrath.
As W.L. Webb noted in a perceptive pre-launch write up in The Guardian in September 1971, the names of the Trustees of the magazine – respected journalist Claud Cockburn, artist John Berger and former BBC Controller Stuart Hood, were designed to reassure: ‘if the kids must have revolutionism, then this might be the brand for the station bookstalls’.[i] Yet Webb was cautiously optimistic, noting with approval that 7 Days, ‘the new hope of the New Left’ appeared to be taking both its journalism and its Marxism seriously, seemed more ‘above board than underground’, and in its determination to ‘break out of the ghetto readership’ of the far left was certainly doing something new.
One of Webb’s chief sources must have been the fold out flyer distributed in advance, which set out the paper’s ambition and appeal to commercial distributors. ‘It will look good, it will read well, and it will explode onto a market that has never been touched before’.[ii] The market figured was professional and semi-professionals working in education, medicine, architecture, technology, media and the creative arts, as well as student radicals; even ‘housewives and mothers who have themselves been through further education’. As Webb noted, this was the ‘68 generation who’d ridden a revolutionary wave then been beached on the shores of Conservative election victory. Whether it was a big enough constituency to justify the planned print run of 50,000 copies would remain to be seen.
Credit: CC BY-NC 4.0 by 7 Days, Image courtesy of Madeleine Davis.
7 Days was launched just over a year after an earlier paper, Black Dwarf, folded. Black Dwarf had been founded in 1968 by a group including Tariq Ali, Sheila Rowbotham and well-connected literary agent Clive Goodwin. Goodwin, described by John McGrath as an ‘entrepreneur of the left’ [iii] conceived the paper, and it was named, by poet Christopher Logue, after a satirical paper published by radical reformer Thomas Wooler between 1817-24. Beginning as a self-styled non-sectarian paper of the radical left, and conceived, in the heady atmosphere of 1968 as a ‘political action’ not just a means of communication, it adopted a bold and confrontational style while also maintaining strong links with the more austerely intellectual radicalism of the New Left Review, with whom it shared offices and several personnel.
Amid the ferment after 1968, the Dwarf’s editorial board split between a group increasingly influenced by Fourth International (FI) Trotskyism and a group wanting to maintain an independent stance. [iv] There were also tensions over the paper’s stance on feminism, vividly recalled by Sheila Rowbotham in her memoir Promise of a Dream. When in early 1970 Clive Goodwin, who owned the title, refused to allow Black Dwarf to become the official paper of the Trotskyist International Marxist Group (IMG), the FI contingent around Tariq Ali left, founding Red Mole and then Red Weekly, which was formally affiliated with the IMG.
From March 1970, Black Dwarf was edited from Clive Goodwin’s flat on Cromwell Road, and then from new premises in Soho, by Anthony Barnett, with a group including Rowbotham, John Hoyland and Fred Halliday. Eight issues were produced in this way between March and September, the style changing in a way that in some senses prefigured 7 Days. The paper’s final issue appeared on 5 September 1970, late. It contained no formal announcement of suspension, though a statement reflected a little on its record while also speaking of money problems. A ‘Black Dwarf benefit painting sale and exhibition’ was advertised with work by artists including David Hockney, Joe Tilson, Richard Hamilton and Ralph Steadman, but the paper did not reappear.
Some months later, however, some of those involved set up a new working group to discuss a new paper. This group included activists of the Women’s Liberation Movement, which held its first conference in the same year, and contacts from New Left Review, the student and independent left.[v]
Though there was some continuity from Black Dwarf in terms of personnel and in the insistence on political independence, the new publication was intended to be of a quality and seriousness sufficient to break out of the ‘underground’, with all the precariousness and minimalist production values this had implied. Pre-publicity made much of the seasoned journalistic talent involved, as Alex Cockburn, who had worked on the TLS and New Statesman, was a key figure and de-facto editor. It also claimed a gap left by the rightward shift of the New Statesman under Richard Crossman’s editorship.
As Rosalind Delmar has pointed out, 7 Days was emphatically not part of the counterculture – ‘Bauhaus rather than Aubrey Beardsley was being channelled’. Rather it was more representative of an independent and intellectually-oriented New Left tradition that developed from the late 1950s ‘between communism and social democracy’, and which underwent significant radicalisation, as well as some fragmentation, in the late 1960s. 7 Days was in part – at least for some of those involved - an attempt to broaden the reach and scope of this tradition, as well as to take seriously (as much of the rest of the radical left seemed unable to do) the emergent politics of women’s liberation.
The moment must also have seemed both urgent and propitious, for the cusp of the 70s was, as this series will remind us, an intensely eventful and conflictual period in British politics. Social and protest movements (industrial militancy, women’s and gay liberation, black power) asserted themselves against an establishment which itself was regrouping ideologically and politically in ways that would crystalise more clearly toward the end of the decade. In the six months of its existence 7 Days covered the wave of industrial action against the imposition of the 1971 Industrial Relations Act; the Mangrove trial, the IRA, UVF and Angry Brigade bombing campaigns and the Bloody Sunday massacre in Derry.
Simply as a contemporaneous record of these events, 7 Days is fascinating and important. For historians of the left, it is the more so because its political perspectives had continually to be negotiated amongst a journalistic and production team which recognised no party discipline, avoided the simplistic revolutionary sloganeering characteristic of the far left, yet saw itself as supporting all those ‘who are making the foundations of revolutionary change’.
A pre-publication document set out the strategic perspective hammered out thus: ‘7 Days recognises that with the significant exception of Northern Ireland, British capitalism wields its power not through violence or terror (though these weapons are in the cupboard) but with the consent of the mass of the people. People tolerate the intolerable because of the inherited weight of ideology …. That’s why 7 Days takes its starting point from people’s daily lives’. That was also why 7 Days covered, sometimes in groundbreaking ways, issues of mental health, abortion, children, the mass media and ‘popular arts’. Taken together, this social and cultural coverage amounts to a unique record and a considerable achievement.
Independence fostered innovation, but also tension and frustration. While the published contents of the paper usually contained little direct editorial content, internal papers are replete with memos and counter-memos criticising its record and disagreeing over its direction, both political and editorial. ‘Left papers are real heartbreakers and money –burners’, remarked Rowbotham of her time at Black Dwarf.[vi] In the event, it was financial crisis that brought the career of 7 Days to an abrupt end. Optimistic projections for readership were not borne out in sales figures, and by February 1972 losses were reported to be running at £500 per week, while two thirds of the £16000 launch capital raised was spent.
In March 1972, after twenty one issues, 7 Days went into ‘suspended animation’ while funds were sought for a relaunch. The relaunch never happened, and apart from one final Vietnam-themed issue in May 1972, which commemorated the evacuation of American troops from Saigon with the doubly-apt headline ‘Who’s for the chopper?’ the paper disappeared.
Few people, even among historians of the radical left, have ever heard of 7 Days. It is far less well known than International Times (IT), usually regarded as the first paper of the London underground and alternative press, than Oz, made famous by the trial for obscenity of Richard Neville and others, or even than the Black Dwarf which it in some sense replaced. I first came across it when researching the history of the New Left Review, interest piqued by a reference in some unpublished editorial documents to a spin-off publication in which several NLR editors were involved.
Years later, acquiring material for an exhibition on the activist histories of the British New Left, its striking visuals and neglected history made me keen to include it, so I got in touch with Anthony to see if he would let me use some of his originals. Fascinated anew, I proposed its addition to the Amiel Melburn Trust’s online archive of radical periodicals. From Anthony’s collection, the whole run was digitised and made available in 2017, funded by the Trust, and with an introductory essay by Rosalind Delmar, the paper’s production editor.
This series of posts over the next few months, will give a space to some of those who produced it to tell the story of the paper and of their own involvement. In doing so we hope to recover not just the history of 7 Days, but the feel and significance of a moment.
[i] The Seven Days left: W. L. Webb on a new radical magazine The Guardian (1959-2003); Jun 26, 1971;
[ii] Unpublished document ‘Add 7 Days to your week’, papers of Anthony Barnett, BL, not yet catalogued.
[iii] McGrath, J., ‘Clive Goodwin 1932-1977’ History Workshop, Spring 1978, No.5 p.236. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4288183.pdf
[v] The working party consisted of Barnett, Hugh Brodie, Alex Cockburn, Rosalind Delmar, Judith Furguson, David Fernbach, Peter Fuller, Clive Goodwin, Fred Halliday, John Hoyland, Phil Kelly, Ros Linnell, John Mathews, Maxine Molyneux, Christine Moore, John McGrath, Jenny Moss, Gareth Stedman Jones, David Triesman, Peter Wollen , Alan Hayling, Stephen Ginsburg. (source, pre-publication leaflet, File 120, papers of F Halliday, BLPES, LSE)
[vi] Rowbotham, S., Promise of a Dream, Remembering the Sixties (Verso; 2001 p.250)
Social Science blog recent posts
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- Designing 7 Days
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- Reflecting on activism and protest around the Disability Discrimination Act
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- Football fanzines from print to the digital age: call for academic partners
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- Seven of the best Open Access titles to read for Black History Month
- Important information for email subscribers
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Lots of companies say their products are out of this world. But for two manufacturers in the Monadnock region, this should literally be the case soon.
The materials made by these companies – Corning Inc. in Keene and Optical Solutions Inc. in Charlestown – are part of the James Webb Space Telescope, which is scheduled to launch into space on Saturday.
The telescope, named after a former NASA administrator and known as JWST, is said to be the most powerful in space – 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Telescope. It is meant to deeply scan the universe, exploring its creation and the formation of stars and galaxies, while looking for other planets that may harbor life.
A joint effort of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency, its launch has been repeatedly postponed due to technical delays and cost overruns, including again this week, when it was summer moved to 7:20 am at Christmas due to bad weather.
Once in orbit, a million kilometers from Earth, JWST will rely on instruments from local manufacturers to capture the best images of the cosmos ever taken.
Many of these images will pass through lenses manufactured by Optical Solutions as part of the telescope’s near infrared (NIRCam) camera. This device will detect light from early stars, forming galaxies, and even faint objects, like planets, in other solar systems.
“Image having the ability to see a firefly next to a large, bright light on a football stadium,” Optical Solutions president Brad Piccirillo said of NIRCam’s ability to find planets nearby. ‘a brighter star.
Unlike Hubble, which primarily captures visible light images, JWST can detect wavelengths in the infrared spectrum, allowing it to pick up objects the existing telescope cannot find.
Piccirillo, a Walpole resident who founded Optical Solutions in 1996, said the company got a contract from aerospace company Lockheed Martin seven years later for the NIRCam project. The local company had previously made an infrared imager for SOFIA – an airborne observatory by NASA, housed in a jumbo jet – that uses a similar optical system, he said.
Optical Solutions, which had around 20 people working on NIRCam lenses, completed its part of the project in 2010, he said. Calling optics the “heart of the system,” Piccirillo said on Tuesday he was proud to have contributed to the telescope.
“In my lifetime, this is the best camera ever made,” he said. “It’s phenomenal.”
Another JWST imaging system includes three telescopes made at Corning’s manufacturing facility on Island Street in Keene, according to a company spokesperson.
One of those products will help stabilize the larger system and ensure it is precisely targeted when capturing images, said Jeff Santman, a senior engineer who led the JWST project at Corning. Another instrument, called a slitless spectrograph, includes the company’s other two telescopes and will help astronomers determine the chemical makeup of a distant object, offering clues as to its identity and age.
Similar to Optical Solutions, however, he said JWST was a particularly difficult engineering problem because it has to operate in such cold temperatures.
Corning, which is based in upstate New York and was hired by a company working for the Canadian Space Agency, tested its telescopes in cryogenic chambers to make sure they could withstand these conditions. , according to Santman. The company also built them entirely from aluminum, he said, so that they react evenly to the elements of space.
“If you start changing different materials in a telescope, those different materials will react to stress differently,” he said. “… What we’re trying to do is eliminate all of these variables. “
After taking those precautions, Santman said on Wednesday that he was confident Corning’s products would perform as intended. Still, he admitted a few nerves that another part of the system could fail, noting that JWST will be too far from Earth for any repairs – unlike Hubble, which orbits just 340 miles from the surface and which astronauts have visited little. long after its launch in 1990 to correct an imaging problem.
“There is success and there is failure,” Santman said. “You can’t go out and fix it. We do not understand the Hubble error.
With the $ 10 billion telescope set to launch from French Guiana in South America after years of delay, he and Piccirillo both said they feared an incident that could destroy their work even before it did. ‘reaches space.
“I have this scenario in my head where I’m walking along a beach and NIRCam is sitting there on the beach,” Piccirillo said.
But a successful mission would shape our knowledge of the universe for decades, offering new details about its origins and content.
Piccirillo said he had largely forgotten about the telescope until recently, but planned to watch Saturday’s launch – which NASA will broadcast online at www.nasa.gov/nasalive – with his family. If all goes well, he said, JWST, or “the Webb,” will one day become a household name, like Hubble.
“I know that every picture that everyone will see for the rest of their life has gone through our goals,” he said. “It is a wonderful, warm feeling. I will carry it with me until the day I die.
About 50 people at Corning have been involved in the JWST project, according to Santman, who said the company submitted the documents in 2010 after six years of work. He has remained abreast of developments since then, claiming that the telescope, as a collaborative effort, is greater than the individual reputation of any person or company.
Like every time Corning has gear on a launch pad, Santman said he’s nervous. But on Saturday he will watch helplessly with everyone.
“I’ll be glued to the TV,” he said. “… And I won’t stop watching until they stop broadcasting.”
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In order to determine if the context should be passed to a function or filter, Jinja has the contextfunction and contextfilter decorators which set corresponding attributes on the functions. However, they're checked with if getattr(f, "contextfunction", 0), which causes issues for objects that are callable and have permissive __getattr__ functions, such as Mock.
Changing everything to default to False and check is True, would be good for consistency.
The full list is contextfunction, evalcontextfunction, environmentfunction, contextfilter, evalcontextfilter, and environmentcontextfilter.
I'm honestly not sure if it's a good idea to pass mock objects to a template in the first place. FWIW the reason 0 is used is because this code was faster on 2.x where the constant optimization was not applied yet.
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Anyone familiar with the ministry of Answers in Genesis will know that we’ve said many times before that what you believe about the past influences how you interpret the observational evidence we see in the present.
This concept is so important that it’s addressed in the first exhibit inside our Creation Museum. It explains why creationists and evolutionists can look at the same evidence about origins and reach completely different conclusions. So if you start with the belief of slow and gradual change over millions of years, that’s how you will interpret the evidence we can study in the present. But if you start with God’s Word, then you see and interpret the evidence through the lens of Scripture and what it teaches us about history. And you know what? What we see in the present confirms what we read in God’s Word, not man’s made-up evolutionary story about the past.
Well, a recent, popular news item provides a vivid reminder of this important principle. This news piece was reporting on Smithsonian scientists’ study of some well-preserved insect fossils. Supposedly, according to the evolution story, these “large butterfly-like insects known as Kalligrammatid lacewings” have been extinct for 120 million years and lived during the so-called Mesozoic Era.
Now, by closely observing these fossils, Smithsonian scientists discovered that these insects had elongated, tubular mouthparts “strikingly similar” to the proboscis of modern butterflies. Based on the presence of carbon in this “food tube,” the scientists concluded that they feasted on “sugary pollen drops” and served as pollinators. These insects also had eyespot patterns that might have contained melanin (pigment) and possibly bright colors and patterns—just like modern butterflies. And they even have fine scales on their wings—just like butterflies do. In fact, these insects seem so similar to butterflies that the researchers concluded that all of these butterfly features evolved twice due to so-called “convergent evolution.” This means that the researchers believe that “two distinct groups of organisms evolve similar traits as they interact to similar features in their environments.”
So if they have mouths, feeding tubes, wings, scales, and maybe even pigment just like butterflies, why not call them butterflies? Well, these researchers can’t do that because butterflies supposedly didn’t evolve for another 50 million years! And, according to the evolutionists’ worldview, the plants that butterflies feed from also hadn’t evolved yet. So instead of interpreting these fossils as butterfly fossils and questioning their presuppositions about the evolutionary timeline for butterflies, the scientists call them something entirely different and say that evolution just evolved the same body design and features in strikingly similar ways twice. The verse 2 Peter 3:5 really sums up these scientists: they are “willingly ignorant.”
During my debate with Bill Nye “The Science Guy” two years ago, he implied that there aren’t any fossils out of place in the evolutionary tree and said that, “If you can find just one fossil that has swum between the layers, bring it on! You could change the world!” Well, there are plenty of examples—like these butterfly fossils! But instead of recognizing that they’ve discovered a fossil totally out of order within the evolutionary timeline, the evolutionists either adjust the timeline to make it fit, or they create a whole new species or kind of animal to explain the fossil!
So, it’s not about the evidence—it’s about an interpretation of the evidence! Evolution is just a story, and evolutionists will change the story to fit whatever they find! By the way, God’s Word never changes!
The origins debate isn’t science vs. religion as so many people think it is. It’s one worldview vs. a different worldview; man’s word about the past vs. God’s Word about history. It’s all about an interpretation of the evidence and what you believe about the past, because your belief about the past influences how you interpret the evidence in the present. As Christians, we need to start with God’s Word as we interpret the past. God does not lie (Titus 1:2), and His Word will stand forever (Isaiah 40:8).
Thanks for stopping by and thanks for praying,
This item was written with the assistance of AiG’s research team.
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Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market Latest Innovative Solutions to Boost Global Gr
Posted by Andre on December 6th, 2019
A new research study from “Data Bridge Market Research” with title Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market Insights 2019, Global Analysis and Forecast to 2026 provides an in-depth assessment of the Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market including key market trends, upcoming technologies, industry drivers, challenges, regulatory policies, key players company profiles and strategies. Some of the leading key players profiled in this study: Virbac, Ceva, Hester Biosciences Limited, Elanco, HIPRA, CHINA ANIMAL HUSBANDRY GROUP, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Intervet Inc., Vetoquinol, Biogénesis Bagó, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Global veterinary/animal vaccines market is registering a substantial CAGR of 6.38% in the forecast period of 2019-2026. The report contains data from the base year of 2018 and the historic year of 2017.
Market Definition: Global Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market
A veterinary/animal vaccine avoids transmission of diseases from animals to humans and it also improves animal health. It is one of the most targeted segments by the veterinary drug manufacturers as it improves livestock production in a cost-effective manner. These vaccines are administered through the skin or muscle of the animals
Top Manufacturers Profiles Operating in the Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market:
Few of the major market competitors currently working in the global veterinary/animal vaccines market are Virbac, Ceva, Hester Biosciences Limited, Elanco, HIPRA, CHINA ANIMAL HUSBANDRY GROUP, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Intervet Inc., Vetoquinol, Biogénesis Bagó, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, jinyu Group, Ringpu, Zoetis, Pfizer Inc., Mars, Incorporated, Eli Lilly and Company, Cargill Incorporated, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited and Indovax among others.
Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market Scope and Market Size
Global Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market By Type (Porcine Vaccines, Poultry Vaccines, Livestock Vaccines, Companion Animal Vaccines, Aquaculture Vaccines, Other Animal Vaccines)
Disease (Porcine, Poultry, Livestock, Companion Animals, Aquaculture)
Technology (Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, Other Vaccines)
Route of Administration (Oral, Parenteral, Topical)
Veterinary/animal vaccines market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of veterinary/animal vaccines market for Global, Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.
Demand Side: Doctors, Surgeons, Medical Consultants, Nurses, Hospital Buyers, Group Purchasing Organizations, Associations, Insurers, Medical Payers, Healthcare Authorities, Universities, Technological Writers, Scientists, Promoters, and Investors among others.
Supply Side: Product Managers, Marketing Managers, C-Level Executives, Distributors, Market Intelligence, and Regulatory Affairs Managers among others.
Some of the key questions answered in this report:
Why Choose Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market Report?
Veterinary/Animal Vaccines Market Report follows a multi- disciplinary approach to extract information about various industries. Our analysts perform thorough primary and secondary research to gather data associated with the market. With modern industrial and digitalization tools, we provide avant-garde business ideas to our clients.
Data Bridge Market Research set forth itself as an unconventional and neoteric Market research and consulting firm with unparalleled level of resilience and integrated approaches. We are determined to unearth the best market opportunities and foster efficient information for your business to thrive in the market. Data Bridge Market Research provides appropriate solutions to the complex business challenges and initiates an effortless decision-making process.
Data Bridge Market Research
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About the AuthorAndre
Joined: August 28th, 2019
Articles Posted: 300
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|BLOCKS by SIZE||9" Quilt Blocks|
There is no question that 12" quilt blocks are the most commonly used. But at times, you want to make a block that is a little smaller and uses easy math. Enter the 9 inch block -- not too big and not too small, but just fits the bill.
Below are two sample quilt layouts featuring the Petronella block -- a simple four patch design.
The quilt layout illustrated on the left, sets the blocks side by side and separates them with sashing strips and contrasting "cornerstones". This would be a perfect choice for a first quilt for someone new to the art of quiltmaking.
The quilt layout featured on the right uses an on point block setting with additional blank blocks for that extra pop of colour as well as a spot to showcase your quilting design.
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Community Media/STORY WORKSHOP
|Work in progress, expect frequent changes. Help and feedback is welcome. See discussion page.|
Story Workshop’s vision is of a well-informed, healthy, self-reliant, food-secure rural Malawian population practicing democratic values. An ambitious ideal, but one that has carried us forward in our organizational philosophy and work for the last 10 years.
Story Workshop was founded in 1996 by American artist and educator Pamela Brooke. The organization's first project was a radio soap opera about family health, funded by UNICEF, called Zimachitika, which quickly became the most popular radio drama in Malawi. Story Workshop registered as an NGO in 1998. Our goal in 2006 remains the same as it was 10 years ago: to bring together social change communication and entertainment to to help Malawians improve their everyday lives.
"As an organization, Story Workshop's story contains all the elements of our dramas: opportunities, goals, obstacles, challenges, and results from hard work. At the end of the day, we can say that we are learning, and succeeding, right alongside our audience."–Marvin Hanke, Story Workshop Executive Director
Story Workshop matches message to media through a range of media formats, including:
- Training and Capacity Building
- Community Dialogue
Our key issues are:
- Food security
- Human rights and democracy
Our Educational Resources
- Profile: Phukusi la Moyo (Bag of Life): A Community Learning Programme about Maternal and Child Health
- Report on the Programme Development Workshop (March 30-April 3, 2009)
- Development Communication Handbook (draft)
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In , J.C.R. Licklider published his groundbreaking paper called “Man- Computer Symbiosis.” Licklider was both a psychologist and a. J.C.R. Licklider (). Excerpts from “Man-computer Symbiosis”. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, volume HFE-1, pp (now IEEE). J.C.R. Licklider may well be one of the most influential people in the history of In two extraordinary papers, Man-Computer Symbiosis () and The.
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Throughout the period I examined, in short, my “thinking” time was devoted mainly to activities that were essentially clerical or mechanical: The Artificial Intelligence Debate.
It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in “real time,” time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways. If an unforeseen alternative arises, the whole process comes to a halt and awaits the necessary extension of the program. A commercial electronic digital voltmeter ljcklider reads aloud its indications, digit by digit.
The former present or imply something about incentive or motivation, and they supply a criterion by which the human executor of the instructions will know when he has accomplished his task. Perhaps the best outcome is partial symbiosis or intelligence augmentation. Technology advances are making human-computer symbiosis a real possibility.
Who, for example, man-computsr depart from Boston for Los Angeles with a detailed specification of the route? For the purposes of real-time cooperation between men and computers, it will be necessary, however, to make use of an additional and rather different principle of communication and control.
Although I was aware of the inadequacy of the sampling, I served as my own subject.
However, a brief outline of one promising idea, “trie memory,” may serve to indicate the general nature of anticipated developments. We seem to need computers more than ever before, but do our licllider need us? They will formulate hypotheses.
Ask Dan! about DSS – What is a man-computer symbiosis?
Thus, for example, by entering with the argument, “matrix multiplication,” one might retrieve the entire program for performing a matrix multiplication on the computer. Forgie, “Results obtained from a vowel recognition computer program,” J.
Along the first of these paths, there has been promising exploratory work. Published memory will be “read-only” memory. It is easy to overdramatize the notion of the ten-minute war, but it would be dangerous to count on having more than ten minutes in which to make a critical decision.
Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Computers “naturally” speak nonredundant languages, usually with only two elementary symbols and no inherent appreciation either of unitary objects or of coherent actions. David Scott Brown January 3, Symbiosis in biology refers to two species of organisms “living together”, often with long term interactions.
The requirement for preformulation or predetermination is sometimes no great disadvantage.
Fredkin’s trie memory provides a promising paradigm. Perhaps my spectrum is not typical–I hope it is not, but I fear it is. How can we possibly impart this skill to a computer? They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.
The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.
An Information Society for All?
In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations.
Thus far, the achievements have not been substantively important; they have constituted only “demonstration in principle. The vision of Licklider was that men would set the goals and that computers would do the routinized work. Putting those two considerations symbioss brings the estimate of the time required to achieve practically significant speech recognition down to perhaps five years, the five years just mentioned.
Thankfully, the final word remains with the flesh-and-blood doctors. It may also over-write, turning all the 0’s into l’s, as though marking over what was written earlier. Part 5 is the final part of the article and is titled Prerequisites for Realization of Man-Computer Symbiosis.
Licklider Describes “Man-Computer Symbiosis” :
We may in due course see a serious effort to develop computer programs that can be connected together like the words and phrases of speech to do whatever computation or control is required at the moment.
Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. As part of their paper, the authors N Lesh et al mention a discussion of prototypes under development by the Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories.
Would 2, words be enough? The large display should be supplemented, according to most of those who have thought about the problem, by individual display-control units. Strangely enough, the problem of language has been a puzzle for philosophers for centuries. The trie structure is created as the items are introduced into the memory.
The foregoing is not a far-fetched example. The argument is introduced into the memory first, one character at a time, starting at a standard initial register. In some instances, particularly in large computer-centered information and control systems, the human operators are responsible mainly for functions that it proved infeasible to automate. Smart, neural network software and a computing device will somehow become integrated with a person.
The man should be able to present a function to the computer, in a rough but rapid fashion, by drawing a graph. What about computer time sharing? To what extent would artificial intelligence be capable of rivaling human intellectual performance in the future? That compound question is asked whenever sophisticated data-processing systems are discussed.
It seems entirely possible that, in due course, electronic or chemical “machines” will outdo the human brain in most of the functions we now consider exclusively within its province. The computer should read the man’s writing, perhaps symbiosls the condition that it be in clear block capitals, and it should immediately post, at the location of each hand-drawn symbol, the corresponding character as interpreted and put into precise type-face.
By and large, in generally available computers, however, there is almost no provision for any more effective, immediate man-machine communication than can be achieved man-comupter an electric typewriter. This is one of several operator-team problems in need of careful study.
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The National Surveillance System for vaccine-related adverse events is currently the sole data source available for nation-wide monitoring of the safety of vaccines manufactured and used in China. The studies in the dissertation of Wendi Wu evaluated how well this system works and used these unique data source to research important vaccine safety topics.
The development of vaccines is among the most important public health achievements. Although modern vaccines generally are safe, a small risk of adverse events exists, as is the case with any medical technology.
Licensed vaccines are considered safe, but rare adverse reactions cannot be detected in pre-licensure clinical trials because of their limited size and duration. Once vaccines are in large-scale use in the population, the main way to evaluate their safety is by conducting post-licensure surveillance and related observational epidemiology studies. An adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is a reaction or an event occurring after vaccine administration that is suspected to be related to vaccination. Although all detected AEFIs are not caused by vaccines, the public may perceive them to be vaccine-related which may raise concern, reduce public confidence and hamper the implementation of immunization programs.
The first study described and evaluated China’s national adverse events monitoring system to understand how well it works. It was found that the National Adverse Event Surveillance System was functional and provided useful data on the safety of vaccines in the world’s largest population. This large database has the unique ability and statistical power to detect changes in reporting rates of known adverse events to help determine whether potential changes in observed rates may reflect uneven reporting.
Subsequent studies assessed specific safety issues related to three vaccines used in China (polio vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine). The research determined how common was paralytic poliomyelitis associated with polio vaccine administration (VAPP) and what kind adverse events were associated with the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines manufactured and used in China.
These studies suggested acceptable vaccine safety profiles and the data also supported the Chinese JE vaccine’s introduction in other endemic countries.
One study responded to media reports of deaths associated with Hepatitis B vaccine in Hunan province. These reports had raised concerns about safety of vaccines among parents and the public and resulted in marked decline in parental and public confidence in vaccines. Childhood deaths are very concerning but rare events, whereas vaccinations in childhood are common. Therefore, a temporal association of reported fatalities with hepatitis B vaccination may have occurred by chance, without a causal link to vaccination. The analysis provided reassuring information about the small risk of death following immunization. The reporting peak illustrated the sensitivity of passive reporting systems to public information. It also highlighted the caution that should be exercised in interpreting peaks in reports of serious adverse events. This finding addressed the public’s concerns and should bolster confidence in the vaccine program.
The dissertation illustrates the progress made with vaccine safety monitoring during recent years in China.
Taken together, the study findings identified vaccine-related safety concerns, assessed whether these concerns were associated with vaccines or coincidental and, found ways to strengthen surveillance and investigation capacity of the immunization services in China. However, also several challenges were identified, such as lack of standard international diseases and symptoms coding system and case definitions which should be introduced to reduce misclassification and strengthen the system. In addition, the causality assessment procedures should be standardized and made more rigorous.
Finally, new statistical methods should be introduced for safety signal detection and hypothesis generation in future studies. These scientific improvements in the world’ largest vaccine safety data source should continue building public confidence in vaccine programs in China, and perhaps serve as a model to surveillance system development in other countries.
Wendi Wu comes from Beijing, China. She earned a BSc. in Human Medicine at Hebei Medical University, China and a MSc. in Human Medicine at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China. She is a graduate of the International Doctoral Programme in Epidemiology and Public Health (IPPE) at Tampere University. She currently works at the Chinese National Immunization Program in Beijing. This research project was a collaborative effort of China’s National Immunization Program and Tampere University.
The doctoral dissertation of Master of Science Wendi Wu in the field of epidemiology titled Immunization Safety Monitoring and Vaccine Safety Assessment in China will be publicly examined in the Faculty of Social Sciences of Tampere University on Friday, 13th September 2019 at 12:00. Venue: Arvo building, Room F217. The opponent will be Professor Walter Orenstein from Emory University, Atlanta, USA. The Custos is Professor Pekka Nuorti from the Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University.
The dissertation is available online at http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1192-6
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nd furniture of the merchants, carrying on in the historic traditional manner of a fight when there was fighting to be done, a return to trade and enterprise when the great sea-roads were cleared to commerce. Stout old Sir John Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, Davis, Amadas, and Barlow were merchant masters, shrewd at a venture, in intervals of, and combination with, their deeds of arms. Only a small proportion of State ships were in issue with the merchants' men to scourge the great Armada from our shores. Perhaps the existence of such a vast reserve in ships and men delayed the progress of purely naval construction. Only with the coming of steam was the line drawn sharply and definitely--the branch outgrowing the interlock of the parent stem.
With partial severance and division of the ships, the seamen--who had been for so long of one breed, laying down sail-needle and caulking-iron to serve ordnance and hand-cutlass or boarding-pike--had reached a parting of the ways, and become naval or mercantile as the
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How to Fix a Leaky Pipe Until the Plumber Arrives In San Diego
It’s the middle of the night, and you notice a leaky pipe in your bathroom. You call a professional plumber for emergency leak repairs, and they agree to come out right away – but in the meantime, water is spraying everywhere. What do you do?
If this situation sounds familiar, there are several steps you can take to control the damage so that you don’t have to spend hours cleaning up water when you could be sleeping. Just remember to shut off the main water valve before beginning any repairs!
Step 1: Clear Water From Underneath
The first thing you should do is try to cut off as much of the flow of water as possible. The results will be less disastrous if mops and buckets can collect the water instead of it spraying directly onto your floor.
Step 2: Keep Mopping And Bucketing
Now that you’ve reduced the volume of incoming water, keep mopping and draining as much as possible with towels and buckets until maintenance arrives. This will limit damage to your flooring and any nearby furniture.
Step 3: Close Doors To Other Rooms
If there are other rooms in your home at risk of getting soaked, such as a bedroom or living room, close the doors so that the rising waters don’t penetrate further than necessary. Remember to always shut off the main valve before doing anything else!
Tighten The Joints
If you see where the water is coming from, try tightening everything that looks loose. This will help direct the flow of water out to wherever it’s supposed to be instead of through your bathroom or kitchen.
After cleaning up as much water as possible with towels and buckets, call a plumber at your earliest convenience for emergency repairs. Remember to always shut off the main valve before doing anything else!
When you suddenly find yourself in this type of situation, don’t panic! Taking steps in the right order to limit damage can save you hours of work when trying to clean up a flooded house. Just remember – never take important safety precautions such as shutting off the main water valve for granted!
Call the experts at 1st Response Leak Detection at (619) 374-8554 to fix the problem once and for all.
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They might only be teeny in size but babies are huge when it comes to their impact on the earth. And like most modern expectant mums, I vowed that I would be an eco-warrior parent once my kid arrived.
After all, two billion nappies slide into Australian landfills each year, and your standard disposables take 500 years to decompose. That’s not even thinking about the endless wet wipes and those little plastic nappy bags.
But the reality is this – when my little dude recently arrived, I didn’t even know where to start. It’s confusing out there in eco-land and actually, I want something that’s good for the planet but also good for my baby’s cute peachy butt.
So, I decided to ask the expert. Aimee Marks is the Australian woman behind tooshies by TOM, a planet-friendly sustainable nappy made from natural plant-based materials that she designed after welcoming twins into the world in 2014.
She may need a few more of them now after welcoming her third child, Jack Bear, just a few weeks ago. I spoke to Aimee this week:
Tell me about eco-nappies and why mums should be thinking of them as an option.
As a mum of three, with my son born just weeks ago, I relate to how hard it is to find that perfect product – especially when there’s so much choice and you haven’t sleep for weeks or months.
But it’s important that mums look at the ingredients in the nappies they choose. If a brand isn’t revealing what is in them then there is a chance they’re packed with nasty chemicals.
We choose to use mainly plant-derived and sustainable materials in our nappies as opposed to opting for oil-based plastics, fragrances and lotions that can contain ingredients like parabens and phthalates.
What makes the tooshies by TOM eco-nappies different to conventional nappies?
When I had my twins, I was introduced into the world of disposable nappies. I’d always been conscious about my environmental impact but with two babies and a lot of nappy changes, reusable cloth nappies just weren’t a realistic option for me. It made me realise that there was a need for an eco-nappy offering that catered to modern families. So, Tooshies by TOM was born.
The TOM team is made up of a passionate group of women – most of us are mums ourselves – so every decision we make is with the next generation in mind, especially concerning health and the environment.
We can all relate to how hard it is to make informed product decisions when you’re balancing a family but our mission is to encourage people to make more conscious choices when it comes to the products they use on and in their body.
But what exactly makes them ‘eco’?
Almost half of each nappy is made from plant-based materials, where possible we use plastics that are made from plant based renewable resources, like sugar and corn instead of the crude oil-based plastics that most conventional brands use. It’s not just about the end-use landfill – the biggest carbon footprint reductions that can be made from disposable nappies is in their raw materials and production. We are using materials that are renewable and have lower carbon emissions.
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Patellar maltracking correlates with vastus medialis activation delay in patellofemoral pain patients.
Pal S, Draper CE, Fredericson M, Gold GE, Delp SL, Beaupre GS, Besier TF. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Mar;39(3):590-8.
Over the past few weeks, SMR had several posts about patellofemoral pain and the importance of proximal muscle strength (hip and core; see below for a list of these posts and their related discussions). However, many of us were also taught that a delayed activation of the vastus medialis (VM) compared to vastus lateralis may contribute to patellofemoral pain. Like so many other things about knee pain the truth is a bit murky. Chester et al. performed a meta-analysis to evaluate this concept and found that there is an overall trend for a delayed onset of the vastus medialis but not every patient with patellofemoral pain demonstrated this delay. Therefore, Pal et al evaluated the relationship between VM activation delay and patellar maltracking measures in 40 patients with patellofemoral pain and 15 pain-free controls. The authors developed an approach to classify patients with patellofemoral pain based on measurements of patellar tracking collected during weightbearing magnetic resonance imaging (patellar tilt and the percent of patella lateral to the midline of the femur). The authors hypothesized that by dividing patients with patellofemoral pain into two groups they could explain why only some patients have delayed VM activation. 25 patients were classified as normal tracking and 15 patients had patellar maltracking (8 patients with abnormal patellar tilt with increased lateral offset as well as 7 patients with just one abnormal tracking variable). Electromyography (EMG; focus on muscle activation just before heal strike) were collected during walking and jogging at self-selected paces. For patients with patellofemoral pain only the knee with greater symptoms was evaluated (control legs were picked randomly). Overall, VM activation delays did not relate to patellar tracking measures and were not different between pain-free controls and patients with patellofemoral pain. However, among 8 patients with abnormal patellar tilt and lateral offset there were strong relationships between VM activation delay and patellar tracking (specifically, patellar tilt during walking and lateral offset during jogging).
The study suggests that patients with patellofemoral pain and maltracking may represent a unique subset in which patellar maltracking is related to VM activation delay. Based on these findings, the authors hypothesized that VM retraining may be effective in only a subset of patients with excessive tilt and lateral offset. Furthermore, the authors note that their findings highlight the importance of a careful evaluation to properly classify patients with patellofemoral pain before selecting clinical interventions. It will be very interesting to see if these findings are replicated with more patients and how these findings relate to knee discomfort. Furthermore, it would be very fascinating to see if the authors are correct that this is a unique subset of patients that may be responsive to VM retraining. As we look at the posts over the past several weeks it highlights the importance of evaluating the entire kinetic chain and then individualizing our therapeutic exercise programs for each patient.
Written by: Jeffrey Driban
Reviewed by: Stephen Thomas
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Update 30 January 2018: Water refill points are now going to be rolled out across the whole of England by 2021. The initiative is being funded by water providers across the country, and spearheaded by Water UK. Refill points and water fountains will be found via an app and also window signs pointing people in the right direction. Costa Coffee and Premier Inn are two of the first businesses to offer the service. For more information, head to the BBC.
A series of water fountains will be installed across London in 2018 as part of a Government scheme to reduce the amount of plastic waste produced by the capital.
The fountains will be part of a project that is being piloted this year and also includes a refill campaign encouraging businesses to make tap water freely available for the public.
Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, has headed up the environmental campaign #OneLess, and has set aside £750,000 to cut plastic waste in the capital over the next three years.
20 fountains to be installed across London
Khan is working with the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), which owns London Zoo, on the campaign, and has tasked the organisation with providing the 20 fountains and finding sites for them. He is focusing on “busy commuter routes, business and shopping districts”, according to the Mayor’s Office.
The Mayor’s Office was unable to confirm at the time of publishing who has designed the fountains.
An app for businesses which offer free water
As part of the project, an app will be developed that will feature London businesses, such as food outlets, that have signed up to providing free tap water. They will also wear stickers in their shop windows to signpost this to the public.
The campaign is part of Khan’s greater aim to eliminate the plastic waste that London sends to landfill, which could be recycled or biodegraded instead, by 2026, according to the Mayor’s Office.
“Celebrate the quality of [London’s] tap water”
Shirley Rodrigues, deputy mayor for environment and energy, says: “We need to radically reduce our use of plastics in order to protect and preserve our environment.
“In London, the mayor is supporting a number of ambitious schemes to help the public cut their use of plastic and access free water… to dramatically reduce the purchase of single-use plastic bottles.”
Steve Robertson, CEO at Thames Water, which is a partner on the project, adds that the campaign aims to “celebrate the quality of [London’s] tap water” and make it “more accessible” to people when they are on the move.
“We can drive down the millions of plastic bottles that are used once and then end up as landfill or in our waterways, helping to create a better future for our region and planet,” he says.
Global push to reduce plastic waste
The scheme comes alongside a global push to reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in oceans rather than being recycled or biodegraded. The UK Government has committed to eliminating all avoidable plastic waste by 2042.
Recycling charity The Ellen MacArthur Foundation also announced the winners of its £1.4 million New Plastics Economy Innovation Prize this week, which looks to bring new design concepts and materials to market that could help reduce plastic waste.
The Mayor of London’s office and ZSL are currently seeking water fountain sites, and businesses to take part in the refill scheme.
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Some bacteria are abundant in specific locations while absent from others. But, how did the bacteria get into the wrong place? How do we add the good bacteria into the right place when the biogeography has gotten ‘out of whack’?
Bacterias are so tiny and small that it is difficult to characterize which subgroups of bacteria live and what genes or metabolic abilities allow them to thrive in these ‘wrong’ places.
Scientists from Harvard University studied the human oral microbiome and discovered impressive variability in bacterial subpopulations living in some mouth regions.
Co-author A. Murat Eren, assistant professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of Chicago, said, “The mouth is the perfect place to study microbial communities. Not only is it the beginning of the GI tract, but it’s also a very unique and small environment that’s microbially diverse enough that we can start to answer interesting questions about microbiomes and their evolution.”
“The mouth contains a surprising amount of site-specific microbes in different areas. For instance, the microbes found on the tongue are very different from the microbes found on the teeth’ plaque. Your tongue microbes are more similar to those living on someone else’s tongue than they are to those living in your throat or on your gums!”
Scientists scoured through public databases and downloaded 100 genomes that represented four bacteria species commonly found in the mouth, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and the three oral species of the genus Rothia. Using these bacterias as references, scientists tend to discover their relatives sampled in hundreds of volunteers’ mouths from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP).
Lead author Daniel R. Utter said, “We used these genomes as a starting point, but quickly moved beyond them to probe the total genetic variation among the trillions of bacterial cells living in our mouths. Because that’s what we’re curious about, not the arbitrary few that have been sequenced.”
Using the approach called metagenomics, scientists deeply examined the genomes of the microbes, which led to a shocking discovery. They found a tremendous amount of variability. What was more surprising was the patterning of that variability across the different parts of the mouth, specifically, between the tongue, cheek, and tooth surfaces.
For example, within a single microbe species, the researchers found distinct genetic forms strongly associated with a single, different site within the mouth. In many cases, the team was able to identify a handful of genes that might explain a particular bacterial group’s specific habitat. Applying metagenomics, the scientists were also able to identify specific ways free-living bacteria in people’s mouths differed from their lab-grown relatives.
Colleen Cavanaugh from the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, said, “Having identified some strong bacterial candidates that could determine adaptation to a particular habitat, we would like to test these hypotheses experimentally. These findings could potentially be the key to unlocking targeted probiotics, where scientists could use what’s been learned about each microbe’s habitat’s requirements to engineering beneficial microbes to land in a specified habitat.”
Co-author Jessica Mark Welch, an associate scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory, said, “The mouth is so easily accessible that people have been working on bacteria from the mouth for a long time.”
“Every environment we look at has these complicated, complex communities of bacteria, but why is that? Understanding why these communities are so complex and how the different bacteria interact will help us better understand how to fix a bacterial community that’s damaging our health, telling us which microbes need to be removed or added back in.”
Utter said, “This study and others like it can provide new insights on the role of oral microbes in human health. The ability to identify specific genes behind habitat adaptation has been somewhat of a ‘holy grail’ in microbial ecology. We are very excited about our contributions in this area!”
- Daniel R. Utter, Gary G. Borisy, A. Murat Eren, Colleen M. Cavanaugh, Jessica L. Mark Welch. 2020. Metapangenomics of the oral microbiome provides insights into habitat adaptation and cultivar diversity. Genome Biology. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02200-2
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CHICAGO (WLS) -- More than two dozen Chicagoans now have an opportunity to live their lives differently.
Wednesday marked the first graduation for the Circuit Court of Cook County's Restorative Justice Community Court in Englewood.
Twenty-nine young men and women now have clean slates after graduating from a six to nine-month-long program teaching participants conflict resolution and job skills. It even provides emotional support for overcoming trauma.
"Without the peace circle keeper, the judge and Fred back there, I don't know where I would be today," graduate Jayveon Reed said. "Instead, I'm here talking in front of you guys."
Those in charge say one mistake should not ruin a life.
"We're here also today to let you know we value you," Chief Judge Tim Evans said. "We know the trauma that you had to overcome in order to step into this room today."
A criminal record can serve as a barrier for people trying to find jobs, and experts say desperation can lead recidivism.
The Illinois Sentencing Policy Advisory Council estimates that of the people released from Illinois prisons each year, 43% go back within three years. And that number increases with time.
"Most of the participants, the defendants, they look like me," Asst. State's Attorney Jamal "Jay" Jackson said. "So, it's a pleasure for me, you know, they see me, I see them and give them the 'what's up' nod. And they know, I'm here on your behalf."
The program is for people between the ages of 18 and 26 who have committed crimes that are not violent. After the program is successfully completed, their records are expunged.
"I'm happy that it's over," Reed said. "You've gotta be thankful, you gotta take it as a lesson and not a loss."
Those in charge of the court program hope to expand restorative work across Cook County. They're also asking for community volunteers to serve as mentors to participants.
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The current UK government has made its vision for artificial intelligence use in the NHS very clear. It wants AI, data and innovation to "transform the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases by 2030", with the UK to be "at the forefront of the use of AI and data in early diagnosis, innovation, prevention and treatment".
Under this vision, AIs could ultimately become the first point of contact for the sick instead of a human doctor, could help healthcare professionals to diagnose medical conditions, and even monitor individuals' health by analysing data from their wearable devices or smart-home sensors.
It's a huge ambition for a set of technologies that are still developing, and whose use is relatively restricted in the health service today. Can AI really make a difference to the future of the NHS?
Certainly there are signs of a growing appetite in the health service for AI technology: around half of NHS trusts are now said to be investing in artificial intelligence in some form.
To date, that adoption has been broadly with a view to achieve one of two aims: to improve clinical practice, using AI to help doctors and other medical personnel with their diagnoses, or to improve administration and support, using AI to streamline day-to-day office management and resource allocation.
Using AI to make the NHS' support and administration functions more effective may be less exciting, but just as necessary. AI can be used for more efficient resource scheduling and dealing with routine admin, helping save money rather than patients' lives. One trial is using AI chat bots as the first line of contact for patients phoning the NHS instead of getting straight through to a human, for example. Thanks to the general underfunding of the NHS and growing demands on its resources, it's these uses of AI that are likely to make the biggest contribution to the NHS in the short term.
SEE MORE: NHS and technology: Making the case for innovation
On the pure health side, there are also a number of trial projects that use various elements of AI and machine learning. The NHS' most visible uses of AI in this field are those where it's collaborating with Google's DeepMind AI arm: DeepMind has partnered with the likes of the Moorfields Eye Hospital to train an AI to scan images of patients' retinas for signs of eye disease and make treatment recommendations, and learning to assist with radiotherapy planning by working with University College London Hospitals trust.
The use of AI in work with patients will be slower to develop of the two areas, as far more testing will be needed, and various ethical concerns will need working out. However, there are a handful of specific clinical use cases where use of AI is likely to see stronger take-up in the near future, such as reading scans to check for evidence of new disease, or the progression of an existing condition. With enough solid data, AIs should be able to read scans faster than human doctors, and with at least the same level of accuracy.
The only fly in that particular ointment is finding enough high quality patient data.
The NHS would seem to have one clear advantage when it comes to training AI: as the biggest single healthcare organisation in the world, with over 1.7 million staff and one million patients seen every 36 hours, it should have vast stores of data that can be used to train AI. "The UK ranks fourth in the world when it comes to creating the right conditions for a home-grown AI industry to flourish. The decades of big data held by the NHS represents perhaps the UK's single biggest opportunity to advance that position and develop world-beating applications. We see huge opportunities around healthcare outcomes and productivity," Shamus Rae, KPMG partner and head of digital disruption, wrote in briefing note.
With data spanning so many patients and healthcare professionals, you'd be forgiven for thinking that its datasets would be both large and diverse enough to make them the best possible training data for AI algorithms. However, as the healthcare trusts that make up the NHS don't all use the same IT infrastructure, or even all label their data in the same way, datasets are often more limited, and harder to share and integrate, than might be imagined.
"An AI system is only going to be as good as the data it is drawing upon to learn from, and as we understand it, the NHS does not collect data in a systematic way... I think there's this idea that the NHS is this amazing resource of data because we have this nationwide healthcare system, but we're probably quite a long way off having a nationwide set of data that AI could use," Catherine Joynson, assistant director at Nuffield Council for Bioethics, an independent body that examines and reports on ethical issues in biology and medicine, told ZDNet.
SEE: IoT and the NHS: Why the Internet of Things will create a healthcare revolution
What's more, paper-based patient notes are still the norm rather than exception in both primary and secondary care, meaning a mass digitisation effort will be needed before such information can be rendered useful for AIs. AI may itself be able to help fix this problem; one project aims to use machine learning to search through the digitised versions of the piles of paper documents that make up patient's records in order to find the details that doctors need, saving them time which can be spent dealing with patients rather than ploughing through old notes.
While the NHS has the potential to do great things with AI, as is so often the case, it needs to sort out the IT basics first.
In a recent report into AI use in the NHS by think-tank Reform said the NHS needs to move forward with digital plans and increase the interoperability of its current IT systems to make sure that in the future they all stick to open standards, as well as looking at next steps like developing a plan for the integration of new forms of data generated by wearables and sensors at home.
"AI is not the panacea for these back-end implementation challenges and it will not be possible to reap the benefits of this technology at scale if these barriers are not overcome," it warned.
But if the NHS can get the basics mastered, there are clear wins ahead for the use of AI in the NHS. The analysis of information about disease risk factors, progression, and treatment could all benefit from greater use of AI, potentially finding answers where traditional research efforts may struggle.
The decreasing costs, increasing speed, and rising use of genetic sequencing are also likely to drive the greater use of AI in the health service. "Genome sequencing has been moving very rapidly but it's creating such a huge amount of data, we really haven't got the technology to analyse it. We can produce it -- huge sequences -- but we really don't know what to do with it. There's potential there for AI to help with analysis of genetic data analysis, in particular, and help us understand what genetic data means for our health," the Nuffield Council for Bioethics' Joynson said.
Similarly, AIs are likely to have a significant role in the NHS in future analysing population-scale health factors to track and manage epidemics, shape public health decisions, and analyse how lifestyle and environmental factors play into the country's health.
As with any new technology, AI has challenges that must be overcome before the NHS adopts it more widely: for example, there are questions around what level of error the NHS is willing to accept in the diagnosis of conditions, and working out who should be held responsible in the event an AI misdiagnoses a patient.
Clearly, issues around data privacy and patient trust will also be paramount. Medical records are some of the most personal data that exists, and how the NHS handles patient data in the age of AI will be key. "Like any other technology we've seen in the NHS, there's some hype, and there's also some scepticism. With the case of AI, there's a little more of an issue when it comes to showing confidence and trust in the technology. Achieving public trust is of vital importance for the success of AI in the NHS," Dr Panos Constantinides, associate professor of digital innovation and academic director of the AI Innovation Network at the Warwick Business School, told ZDNet.
"When there is a leak somewhere, when the data is not managed appropriately, when there is not consent, people start asking questions, and that hurts the benefits of the technology -- and the technology can do a lot," Constantinides added.
SEE: Exomedicine arrives: How labs in space could pave the way for healthcare breakthroughs on Earth (cover story PDF)
Public attitudes towards the use of AI may have taken a knock when a deal between DeepMind and the Royal Free NHS Trust to share over one million personally identifiable patient records was found to be inappropriate, and the sharing done without proper consent.
Another key challenge ahead for AI is convincing both the budget-holders and clinicians of its benefits, and overcoming their concerns -- worries about the costs from administrators, worries about patient care quality from doctors.
For now, the discussions around deploying AI in a clinical context are chiefly around using artificial intelligence to support doctors in their decision making, rather than to take over the job of diagnosing and treating from them.
However, doctors are well aware of how their job is likely to change with the spread of AI, and seem to be taking a guardedly optimistic stance, hoping it will allow them to spend more time with their patients and less time on routine tasks such as calculating drug dose.
The Royal Society of Physicians, a professional body that accredits doctors, wrote in a recent blog post: "While AI can help physicians, it is unfortunate that some AI proponents do not appear to understand that doctors are much more than diagnostic engines whose skills will be rapidly superseded by AI classifiers.
"Perhaps they have never met the kind of well-trained, experienced general physician who keeps meticulous records and helps patients obtain the best from limited healthcare resources by formulating their needs and preferences, relying as much on bedside as on laboratory or radiographic diagnosis."
Arguably, AI could reshape how both doctors and patients experience healthcare, with artificial intelligence working to advance the health side of the equation, while medical professionals focus on improving care. Until a company comes up with an algorithm for a thoughtful and understanding bedside manner, there is likely to be plenty of room for doctors and AI to co-exist.
RECENT AND RELATED COVERAGE
Augmented reality in the operating theatre: How surgeons are using Microsoft's HoloLens to make operations better
Surgeons at St Mary's Hospital have been using a HoloLens-based system to pick out blood vessels before surgery.
Smart watches, fitness trackers and the NHS: Are wearables just what the doctor ordered?
While more and more of us are wearing fitness trackers, the real benefits of wearables may come from another quarter.
Why the NHS is killing paper records to save lives
The NHS still relies on paper for many patient records. Getting rid of it could free up time, and money.
Robots and the NHS: How automation will change surgery and patient care
The rise of robots is inevitable in healthcare, but for now, keeping it simple is just what the doctor ordered.
VR, AR and the NHS: How virtual and augmented reality will change healthcare
Against a background of growing enterprise adoption of virtual reality, mixed reality and similar technologies are beginning to gain a foothold in the NHS.
IoT and the NHS: Why the Internet of Things will create a healthcare revolution
The Internet of Things must be one of the most high-profile technology trends of the last five years. Could IoT be the backbone of the NHS of the future?
NHS and technology: Making the case for innovation
Physician, reboot thyself! The health service is caught between its creaky past and a shiny future. But change is needed, and fast.
AI's health advice is as good as a doctor's, startup says (CNET)
Babylon Health gave its technology the same test aspiring doctors take in the UK. The company says it passed with flying colors.
AI that improves healthcare efficiency also threatens profits (TechRepublic)
Some medical technologies that use artificial intelligence might benefit patients but result in a drop in health system revenues. This could make widespread adoption of AI in medicine a tough sell.
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Now that school is back in session, studying is about to become a necessity. Some of us are already out of school, but we may need to study for a new work event or promotion. Having healthy study habits is very important to your success. Without proper study habits you may be ineffective in securing your future success.
Studying habits are learned and can always be perfected. It is necessary to have a system to help you do your best and use your time wisely. All of us have our tricks of the trade, but most study habits are the same across the board. Getting good study habits in place can help you in college and in your career. Most study habits correlate to organizing great work review habits.
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Years spent refining the collection, Gee has curated a selection of postage stamps from around the world.
The postage stamp, invented in England in 1840, revolutionised global communication. All nations quickly adopted the concept making it their own. As the first form of mass media graphic design, each stamp tells its own cultural narrative, celebrating everything from commerce and innovation to art and agriculture.
Gee spends hours searching for each stamp, often going through thousands before finding the one that will fit into the rest of the collection. The 100-year-old miniature hand engraved artwork is then enlarged and digitally revised by Gee, creating a fresh contemporary take on the original. Finally, the stamp is printed on 350gsm G. F. Smith card, cut out, and finished by hand.
Print runs are limited to 75 or 100 and available in 3 sizes. If you are seeking shipment outside the United Kingdom mainland or looking for a stamp from a specific country, please get in touch. Due to all works being made to order, we do not accept refunds, only exchanges. In which case, we ask the customer pays for delivery. Turnaround is currently Two - Three weeks. If you wish to receive the artwork sooner, express delivery is available, or free collection from our studio in Battersea is available at checkout.
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UK and China wind power collaboration could result in £220mn
The UK could benefit from as much as £220mn (US$294mn) if it collaborated with China on innovative offshore wind projects.
The UK’s Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, China’s Tus-Wind, and TusPark Newcastle have made a deal to collectively work together with the aim of accelerating the UK and China’s technology growth.
The agreement could lead to UK-based businesses and universities having access to the Chinese offshore wind market.
The three companies will be developing the Tus Offshore Wind Science Park, as well as the 500MW demonstrator in the Shandong Province.
“The UK and China have already made great strides in the development of offshore wind technologies,” reported Professor Philip Nelson, Chief Executive at the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
“This agreement will allow researchers from both countries to further maximise the impact of new approaches that will deliver both an efficient energy source and environmental benefits.”
China hopes this deal will aid its target of reaching 20% renewable energy power generation.
“The UK is established as a leader in offshore wind which is helping us lead the world in transitioning to a low carbon economy and in meeting our climate commitments while we grow the economy and create jobs,” reported Business and Energy Secretary, Gregg Clark.
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Great STEM Classes for Long Island Kids
If science and technology are to continue to develop, the world would seem to need innovative minds that keep dreaming and creating. STEM and STEAM programs emphasize science, technology, engineering, art, and math to develop the brains of the future, our Long Island kids. More schools, camps, and museums across Long Island are offering classes and workshops with a focus on STEM education. Check out some of our favorite programs below.
Little engineers, rejoice.
Great STEM Classes for Kids Across Long Island
Enjoy a Lego-based approach to STEM learning at Bricks4Kidz.
Using Legos, kids build and create objects based on themes, including cars, outer space, or the ocean. Depending on the location, Bricks4Kidz offers before-school, after-school and summer camp programs. There are locations on the north and south shores and the East End.
At Mathnasium locations across Long Island, children and teens can hone their math skills. Whether your child struggles in math and needs tutoring, or excels and needs an extra challenge, Mathnasium is the place for all things mathematics.
With locations in Mineola, Port Washington, and Huntington, Sylvan learning isn't just for tutoring. It also offers camps during school breaks as well as weekend workshops in robotics and coding.
Great STEM Classes for Kids in Nassau County
Coder School — Roslyn, Syosset
Are your kids glued to their video games or iPads? The Coder School takes that passion for technology and teaches kids how to code. It offers after-school programs as well as a camp in summer. Kids ages 7 to 18 are welcome, no matter the skill level. A Commack location is set to open in Fall 2019.
Channel your inner astronaut at the Cradle of Aviation Museum's summer space camp.
Cradle of Aviation Museum — Garden City
In the summer, children ages 9-12 can participate in the Cradle of Aviation Museum's STEM and space camp. Each week explores a different theme, from coding to machine engineering. During the school year, the museum offers programs geared toward Boy, Girl, and Cub Scouts. Scout leaders can choose from different STEM classes, including robotics and space exploration, where Scouts build and launch their own rockets.
Tech classes for older kids at Culture Play can get pretty sophisticated.
Culture Play — East Meadow
In addition to summer camps, Culture Play offers mini-camps throughout the year during school breaks. It also offers an after-school program where children in grades K-8 are picked up from school and transported to the East Meadow location. While there, kids spend time doing homework before attending an hourlong technology class.
Gaming Studio — Syosset
The Gaming Studio focuses on all things gaming, from coding and development to animation and design. It offers classes for every gamer's interest, and accepts students in grades K-12.
Slime is never more fun than when it's made at the Long Island Children's Museum.
Long Island Children's Museum — Garden City
The museum offers classes and workshops Fridays through Sundays. Activities are geared toward preschoolers, giving parents an opportunity to get little ones exploring in science and art. Check its calendar for more information on specific classes and age ranges.
Science Museum of Long Island — Plandome
A trip to this museum is a must for little scientists, but it's also great for any curious child. Similar to the Cradle of Aviation, the Science Museum offers special programs for Boy and Girl Scouts. For aspiring artists, it also has a weekly drawing class for kids ages 6-9. If you're an artist yourself, consider an adult class here.
Great STEM Classes for Kids in Suffolk County
Kids can create 3-D artwork at the Long Island Science Center. Photo by Jaime Sumersille
Long Island Science Center — Riverhead
Recently relocated back to Riverhead, this museum is full of interactive science exhibits for children of all ages. It offers programs for Boy and Girl Scouts, as well as science events on Saturdays throughout the year. Its summer camps focus on robotics and STEM.
Park Shore Day Camp offers a state-of-the-art science center and more.
Park Shore Day Camp — Dix Hills
At Park Shore Day Camp's Extreme STEAM Science Center, preschoolers and kindergartners have access to state-of-the-art equipment, including iPads and Einstein tablets. Kids who are interested in wildlife and nature will love the marine touch tank and aquarium. Park Shore Day Camp has a preschool program for 4-year-olds, a kindergarten program, and a summer camp for kids ages 2-14.
Photos courtesy of the venues
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The Morning Report
San Diego news and info
you need to take on the day.
San Diego County is on the verge of adopting a climate action plan that won’t do much to reduce our region’s contributions to climate change.
In an area vulnerable to sea level rise, drought and wildfire, you would think county leaders would take this issue seriously. Instead of leading with science and focusing on proven solutions, they continue to avoid the hard truth: San Diego must reduce car travel and promote compact development. We can’t afford to delay action any longer.
California law requires every city and county to develop a climate action plan, or CAP. These plans are supposed to map out specific steps that allow local governments to meet statewide greenhouse gas reduction targets. But in San Diego County, officials act like our region can escape the worst of climate change without doing our part.
In 2014, car travel accounted for 45 percent of greenhouse gas emissions generated in San Diego County. It is therefore completely mystifying that the county’s CAP simply ignores the issues of land use planning and transportation. Compare this approach to those of other metro regions around the state, like the Bay Area and Los Angeles, where they are investing heavily in public transit and updating land use policies accordingly.
San Diego County’s head-in-the-sand mentality was made clear when Supervisor Ron Roberts recently criticized the way state agencies measure car travel — using a metric known as vehicle miles traveled, or VMT — as “a political metric.” This runs counter to state policies. It’s only by measuring VMT that local governments can evaluate how well they are doing in their efforts to reduce regional air pollution.
Mark Wardlaw, San Diego County’s Planning Director, argued at the January 18 Planning Commission meeting that land use is not part of CAP. But state law closely ties land use planning to climate change, recognizing that encouraging transit-friendly development leads to fewer people driving to work and more people biking, walking and taking transit for their commutes.
The CAP that will go before the Board of Supervisors at its Wednesday’s meeting is rooted in fantasy. San Diego County’s plan makes no attempt to curb sprawl development. Instead, the county’s CAP relies on a laundry list of small-scale solutions that depend on individual action instead of regional policy over which the county has actual control.
Incentivizing homeowners to go solar is a great goal, as is improving energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. Depending on individuals to change behavior to divert more trash from landfills is another helpful step in the larger effort. But these actions barely scratch the surface of the kinds of gains the county could realize if its leaders got serious about reducing solo driving.
County staff and elected officials have indulged in a type of magical thinking, one in which we can continue to build sprawl-style housing developments far from jobs and services, no matter how many more cars that would push onto the road. The county’s CAP only pencils out if electric vehicles skyrocket in popularity and sprawl-housing developers purchase carbon offset credits on the international market to make up for the local emissions that these developments would generate.
The California Air Resources Board requires that industrial polluters rely on offset credits for no more than eight percent of emissions reduction goals in the cap-and-trade program. San Diego County’s CAP relies on offsets for seventy-five percent of its emissions reduction efforts. While no hard limit has yet been set, this clearly violates the spirit of California’s greenhouse gas regulations.
What’s worse, there’s no evidence that the county’s plan to rely on offsets — instead of cutting emissions — will work. The efficacy of the carbon credit market remains unclear. Moreover, developers, competing with the likes of oil companies and other heavy industry for offset credits, may ultimately find them unaffordable. You can also bet the cost of these offsets will be baked into the price tag of new homes, adding to the cost of housing in this already-expensive region.
More than a housing or a traffic crisis, San Diego County has a leadership crisis. Our decision-makers are unwilling to comply with state mandates that are in place to save us from the worst effects of climate change.
The Board of Supervisors should reject the CAP in its current form. The plan should be reworked to include land use policies that stop sprawl and support the use of transit, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and our dependence on cars.
A San Diego judge previously criticized local policymakers for “kicking the can down the road” by delaying the implementation of concrete steps to address climate change. By arbitrarily eliminating land use and transportation metrics from the county’s CAP, officials are taking it one step further and kicking the can right off a cliff.
Jana Clark is secretary of the Cleveland National Forest Foundation Board of Directors. See anything in there we should fact check? Tell us what to check out here.
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Special Issue "Proceedings from 2014 Global Land Project (GLP) Asia Conference"
A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2014) | Viewed by 30493
Interests: ecological hydrology monitoring and modeling in drainage basin; global change- land use modeling; landscape ecology; system dynamic modeling of wetlands; spatial analysis and modeling; blockchain; spatial dynamic modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Assessment, Management, and Policy-Making for Environmental Pollution Related to Land Use and Land Cover
Special Issue in Sustainability: Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Management
Special Issue in Environments: Selected Papers from 2014 Global Land Project (GLP) Asia Conference
Special Issue in Environments: Consideration of Ecosystem Services and Function for Sustainable Water Use
Special Issue in Environments: Information and Communication Technologies for Improving Monitoring and Management Schemes in Agricultural Environments
Special Issue in Environments: Soil and Water Contamination, Remediation and Conservation
Special Issue in Environments: Impacts of Agricultural Land Use Changes on Environments
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Emerging Contaminants VS. Legacy Pollutants: Their Impacts on the Environmental Integrity and Public Health
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Strategic Management toward a Sustainable Urbanization by Balancing the Utilization of Land and/or Water Resources
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Changing Societies under Extreme Environments in Asia
Special Issue in Environments: Technologies for Sustainable Environmental Systems
Special Issue in Environments: Geospatial Technology for Land Restoration and Planning
Special Issue in Environments: Landscape Ecological and Social–Ecological Approaches in Agro-Ecological System
Special Issue in Environments: Deployment of Green Technologies for Sustainable Environment
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Feature Papers in Environmental Science and Engineering
Special Issue in Environments: Selected Papers from the 3rd Global Land Programme (GLP) Asia Conference: Hazards, Disasters, and Land Science—Towards Asian and Global SDGs for Land Systems
Special Issue in Environments: Feature Papers in Environments in 2020
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Engineering for Sustainable Environment
Special Issue in Environments: Applications of Blockchain Technology in Environmental Research
Special Issue in Environments: Impacts of Climate Change on the Water–Energy–Food Nexus
Special Issue in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Impacts of Climate Change on Urban Heat
Special Issue in Environments: Feature Papers in Environments in 2021
Ecosystems provide multiple beneficial nature-based goods, functions, and services to human beings and society. Many of these benefits are linked to positive outcomes in human health. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) proposed the definitions and scopes of ecosystem services. In recent years, a substantial amount of research has discussed the dependence of public health on ecosystem services. Such services include water and soil regulation and preservation; water and air filtration; biodiversity and habitat conservation; climate and natural hazard stabilization and mitigation; food, fuel, and fiber production; and the provision of aesthetic environments for recreation, education, and mental health. Accordingly, human and societal well-beings depend on the appropriate management and conservation of ecosystems (and their concomitant service provisions) throughout the globe.
Recent systematic reviews of the research literature that discusses the connections between ecosystem services and public health have found articles in fields of landscape and urban planning, as well as in land use management. Most of those studies highlight the necessity of understanding and quantifying changes of land use/cover patterns and of ecosystem services, which are induced by complex interactions between natural processes and the social drivers that ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services and environmental resources.
To illuminate these interactions, this Special Issue links to the 2014 Global Land Project (GLP) Asia Conference on Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Management. Accordingly, this Special Issue focuses on advanced methodologies of data retrieval and qualitative and/or quantitative model applications. The issue scope also embraces epistemic reasoning and discussion regarding the land cover and ecosystem managing strategies used to achieve sustainable use of ecosystem services and natural resources. Such discussions illustrate these resources’ connections with human/public health. Research papers on novel and concise techniques that encompass current developments of such studies are particularly welcome.
Prof. Dr. Yu-Pin Lin
Manuscript Submission Information
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.
Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.
Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.
- policy and management strategies for sustainable land use and ecosystem management
- investigation of vulnerability and resilience on critical lands for ecosystem services and human health
- quantitative description of connections and interactions among ecosystem services, human health, and land management
- models and analytical tools for land use management and ecosystem services
- anthropogenic and urbanization impacts on ecosystem services
- decision support systems for sustainable use of critical lands and ecosystem services
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Portland State students join effort to make Salem sustainable
Portland State University transportation engineering students added their expertise to a yearlong effort to help Salem reinvent itself. The Urban Transportation Systems class looked at options to improve bicycle and pedestrian travel in the city’s downtown core.
The effort is part of the Sustainable Cities Initiative, one of three OTREC-funded initiatives. The initiative, led by co-directors Marc Schlossberg and Nico Larco at the University of Oregon, chooses one Oregon city per year to make its classroom, directing coursework to help the city adopt sustainable practices.
This year is the first to include Portland State University’s participation. Students in assistant Professor Chris Monsere’s Civil Engineering 454 class gave presentations Nov. 29 and Dec. 1 on several alternatives to improve bicycle and pedestrian transportation and safety. Projects included:
- Accommodating the bicycle and pedestrian crossing on Union Street at Commercial Street while considering impacts to automobile traffic
- Connecting cyclists and pedestrians at the end of the Union Street path at Wallace Road
- A bicycle and pedestrian route west of Wallace Road
- Converting selected one-way streets to two-way operation
- Traffic analysis of options drafted by bicycle advocates for the intersection of Commercial and Liberty streets at Vista Avenue
- Bicycle lanes on Commercial Street
Students traveled to Salem and studied regional travel demand models to understand current conditions. They then developed alternatives for each site, selecting a preferred alternative. The work will now be coordinated with other Sustainable Cities Initiative efforts with the city of Salem.
The Sustainable Cities Initiative grew out of an effort to connect related work at the University of Oregon on sustainable transportation, livability, and urban design into something that provided a more robust research agenda and educational experience, provide better service to Oregon communities and more directly inform sustainable transportation policymaking. Salem is the second city to receive the Sustainable Cities focus, following Gresham last year.
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In the midst of a contentious Congressional battle over funding for Zika prevention and research, IHME is providing Congressional staff with objective information to guide decision-making.
With Congress returning from its Fourth of July recess, the Washington Global Health Alliance, in collaboration with Representatives Adam Smith, Sheila Jackson-Lee, and Raul Ruiz, MD, recently invited a panel of experts to participate in a briefing on the Zika virus for Congressional staff. The panel discussion (video available here), which included Dr. David Pigott, Assistant Professor at IHME, focused on Zika transmission and prevention in the US.
Zika can be transmitted in several ways, among them mosquito bites, sexual contact, and blood transfusions. So far, the Centers for Disease Control has counted 2,961 cases of Zika in the United States and its territories, but looking separately at cases in states and territories is revealing: almost all of the Zika cases in US territories (Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the US Virgin Islands) arose locally through mosquito-to-human or human-to-human transmission, while cases in the continental US came from travelers who entered the US with an existing Zika infection. It does not appear that Zika has gained a local foothold in the continental US.
But according to Dr. Pigott, that may be about to change. He pointed to two overlapping conditions that may result in outbreaks of locally acquired Zika virus in the US: summer weather and the oncoming mosquito season. In previous work, IHME researchers, including Dr. Pigott, demonstrated that Zika transmission is exacerbated by higher temperatures, humidity, and precipitation. In addition, noted Dr. Pigott, “We’re coming to the critical period in terms of mosquito abundance across the country. In the next couple of months, we’re going to see an uptick in the population numbers” of both Aedes aegypti, a known Zika carrier, and Aedes albopictus, a suspected carrier. Both species live in the United States.
Experts like Dr. Pigott worry that this summer’s mosquitos will bite infected travelers returning to the US and then infect others, causing local outbreaks. Since areas of the US (as discussed in a previous post, Getting ahead of Zika’s spread) are suitable for local Zika transmission, said Dr. Pigott, “The chance that a local transmission could occur through mosquitos is going to be increasing as the summer goes by.”
Prevention efforts will be key in limiting the spread of the disease. Baylor College’s Dr. Joseph Gathe, Jr., noted that his hometown of Houston, Texas – which matches the hot, humid, and rainy profile identified by IHME researchers as particularly conducive to Zika’s spread – will need to work at prevention if it wants to limit Zika. It will be vital to remove standing water (including that left from this spring’s floods), adhere to a robust insecticide spraying schedule, and to teach people to prevent mosquito bites. Dr. Gathe worried particularly about Zika risk among poor people in the US South whose homes may not be mosquito-proofed and who may lack access to up-to-date information about Zika prevention.
The panel also discussed diagnostic and medical responses to Zika. “We have to be able to screen the blood supply for potential Zika virus infection and we also have to invest in technologies that can inactivate the Zika virus if it is in donated blood,” said Dr. Rick Bright of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, adding, “and then most important, I think, is the need for vaccines.” While Dr. Bright thinks the chances of developing an effective vaccine are favorable, the earliest date that one could possibly be available is 2018.
Since a Zika vaccine may be years away, public health experts will be watching the next few mosquito seasons closely for signs of local Zika transmissions in the US. It may be – even with increased funding for diagnostic testing and vaccine development – that surveillance and prevention will be necessary to contain Zika in the US.
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I believe bullying occurs anytime, anywhere regardless of socio-economic status. With this, I came up with anti-bullying awareness campaign here in our province (Albay, Philippines). Bullying here in Philippines is not as worst as in other countries but still exist. It is better to start the campaign now rather than doing action when it is already worst. With the help of my organization where I belong, the Junior Chamber International-Daraga Chapter, we called the Anti-Bullying Awareness Campaign "We're All Different, We're All The Same (WADWATS) ." This is the very first anti-bullying awareness campaign in our province.
The activities include awareness seminar, pledge taking (adopted from Stand For The Silent Org.) and pledge wall signing, and lastly we did culminating activity for students.
We're All Different, We're All The Same
Anti-School Bullying Awareness Campaign
Bicol College (Elementary & High School)
July 25, 29, 30 & August 12-13, 2013
*No copyright infringement intended to the music. Stand Up- Mike Thompson.
By writing some words below, you are showing your support and letting everyone know they're not alone.
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The Alfred Hajós Swimming Complex in Budapest, Hungary, hosts major international swimming competitions, but since it sits on an island it needed an emergency floodwater pumping solution. Xylem delivered a pumping solution, including two Lowara submersible pumps, in just three weeks. The solution has 100 percent redundancy to ensure total peace of mind.
The swimming complex is on Margaret Island, located in the middle of the river Danube in central Budapest. It was constructed in 1930 as Hungary’s first indoor swimming pool. Since then the complex has grown considerably, with additional pools being built to cater for various high-profile events, including the European Swimming Chamionships. In 2006, an Olympic-size outdoor pool and state-of-the-art diving facility were added. The range of facilities offered by the complex has led national and international swimming elites to label Margaret Island as the “mecca” of swimming.
In 2017, the prestigious complex was selected as one of the venues for the 17th FINA World Championships – a global aquatics sports competition including swimming, diving, and water polo. A significant renovation project was undertaken in preparation for the event. The extended Alfred Hajós complex would host 7,000 guests each evening during the event.
Smart contingency planning to protect against floodwaters
The installation of an emergency floodwater pumping solution was a crucial aspect of the upgrade works at the Alfred Hajós complex. Margaret Island is vulnerable to flooding during high water levels on the river. Over the years, the island has been built up to mitigate against this risk. However, officials managing the swimming complex project were not willing to take any risks, particularly given the high-profile events hosted by the facility. Contingency planning was key.
A submersible pumping system would be installed to ensure that the basement of the swimming complex would not be overwhelmed in the event of a spike in water levels in the Danube. Global water technology company Xylem has extensive experience in providing reliable, efficient pumping technologies, and the company was called upon for a floodwater management system that could be delivered and installed without delay.
“We were on a tight timeframe to complete the ambitious upgrade project at the Alfred Hajós Complex, so identifying a technology provider who could deliver the right pump for the job, without delay, was crucial,” says Ferenc Nagy, Facility Manager, National Sports Centers. “Our contractor, Hydrotrade Kft., had worked with Xylem on a number of successful projects and recommended them on that basis.”
Reliable submersible pumps with 100 percent redundancy
Xylem supplied its Lowara 1300 submersible pumps. The pumps were installed in a sump six meters deep and one meter in diameter. With a capacity of 202.9 liters per second, they would be used to dewater the basement of the swimming complex in case of emergency flooding – quickly removing floodwaters to mitigate the risk to the rest of the building and ensure that the facility could continue to function. With this pumping solution, nothing was left to chance. The primary pump had a backup pump, designed to kick in if for any reason the performance of the primary pump was undermined.
“For the FINA World Championships, we would host the world’s swimming elites, as well as thousands of spectators for each event,” says Ferenc Nagy. “We needed a reliable, efficient pumping solution and Xylem delivered – within just three weeks. The fact that the pumping system offered 100 percent redundancy gave us the reassurance we needed that we would be able to handle a severe weather event, should it occur.”
A non-clog pump for the toughest pumping challenges
The Lowara 1300 series is based on technology developed and tested in the toughest environments around the world. The impeller design provides efficiency and advanced solids handling to minimize clogging, helping to ensure smooth operation and deliver savings in terms of maintenance costs and energy consumption. All pumps in the series feature a motor specifically designed for reliable operation in submersible applications. The motors have F-class insulation or better, which allows for continuous running without overheating, ensuring optimal cooling and long lifetime. Additionally, the pumps can handle 15 starts per hour.
Fortunately, the emergency floodwater system has not yet been required. Following installation of the Lowara pumps, however, the system was fully tested with impressive results.
“Our hope is that the floodwater pumping system will not be put into use any time soon but at least we know that we are adequately prepared,” says Nagy. “Having a reliable dewatering system in place allows us to sleep soundly at night!”
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Los Angeles Unified elementary students from overcrowded schools earned higher test scores after moving to newly built schools, but students in new high schools experienced no similar bump in scores, according to a policy brief released today.
“The biggest gain was for those students who came from the most severely overcrowded elementary schools,” said Bruce Fuller, professor of education and public policy at UC Berkeley.
The study by UC Berkeley researchers from Policy Analysis for California Education (PACE), an independent research center, looked at test scores from 2002 through 2008 for nearly 20,000 students attending 44 new elementary and high schools and the students who remained at the original schools. No middle schools were included in the report, New Schools, Overcrowding Relief and Achievement Gains in Los Angeles – Strong Returns from a $19.5 Billion Investment. William Welsh, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Sociology, is the lead author.
Los Angeles schools faced serious overcrowding issues in the 1990s. In another report by Fuller, he noted that, for example, South Gate Middle School, built for 800 students, housed more than 4,200 in the late 1990s. Many of the elementary schools had three shifts of students sharing the same school – with one shift not using the school at any moment in time, Fuller said. One elementary school had about 3,200 students, he said, the largest in the nation. The school year in these multi-track schools was about 14 days shorter than the typical 180-day year, and teachers had to carry their supplies in rolling carts as they moved out of their room to accommodate a teacher from another shift.
To relieve the overcrowding, the district typically built as many as three new schools close to the original school, Fuller said. The new schools had more windows, higher ceilings, wider halls, and served from 400 to 600 students.
“They tried to open up the space – make it more light, airy, and comfortable and get rid of that penitentiary feel,” he said. Some schools had alcoves between classrooms that provided private office space for teachers, creating a more professional environment, he added.
The original high schools were similar to the old elementary schools, crowding in as many as 5,000 students. The new high schools, with updated labs and technology, house about 2,000 students. Class sizes in both elementary and high schools remain about the same, however.
The new schools also reduced the need for busing students to other schools that were less crowded. At one point in the 1990s, about 25,000 students were being bused every day, according to the report.
Mammoth public works project
The report’s release coincides with the opening in LAUSD of 20 more new schools in addition to the 130 built during the past decade through the sale of $19.5 billion in local and state bond funds. “With the exception of the federal interstate highway system, this is the largest public works project ever undertaken in the United States,” the researchers said.
The high price tag has raised concerns about misuse of funds, particularly when the district spent $578 million on one K–12 complex, Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools, which opened in 2011. It was the third in a series of costly schools that included the $377 million Edward R. Roybal Learning Center built in 2008 and the $232 million Visual and Performing Arts High School in 2009.
Despite the positive findings for elementary school students, this report is unlikely to quell that controversy because there appeared to be no correlation between test score gains and building expense. Students attending cheaper new elementary schools had similar increases in their English and math California Standards Tests scores as those attending higher-priced K–5 schools.
Enigma in high schools
In addition, the test scores of students attending new high schools actually dropped in math, though Fuller said the differences in the data among high schools were so great – including two high schools that did show gains – that it made it difficult to draw any conclusions.
Fuller called the poor showing by high school students “a little mysterious.”
However, he noted, “the history of school reform is that whenever you intervene with younger kids, you have a bigger impact. Younger kids are more elastic and able to boost those growth curves.” In addition, these new high schools had to create small learning communities within the high school, a new initiative supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. When such substantial reforms are initiated, Fuller speculated, they can “create complexities and challenges that might not pay off” in increased test scores initially.
The payoff for elementary school students who moved from overcrowded conditions was significant. “On average, these ‘switching pupils’ outpaced the average LAUSD student by a gain equal to about 35 additional days of instruction a year,” the report states. The gain was even greater – 65 additional instructional days – for students who came from severely overcrowded schools. Students who remained at their old, no-longer-crowded school also improved, though not as substantially.
Part of the “new school effect” could be that new facilities attract younger and better-educated teachers, Fuller said. However, in elementary schools “an additional statistically significant effect of new facilities remains even when teacher quality controls are included.”
Fuller said that he has talked to principals who said the new facility attracted teachers.
A chance to recreate a school culture
But Gretchen Young, a principal at one of the elementary schools in South Gate that boasted the highest jump in test scores, said that wasn’t her experience – at least not at first.
The Madison Elementary School building itself did not attract the teachers, who were forced to come to the new school when they preferred to stay at their old school where they had comfortable relationships with their peers, students, and community.
At the first meeting when asked for volunteers to teach at the new facility, not a hand went up, Young said. In the end, those teachers with the least seniority, including some with as many as 10 years, transferred to the new school.
“When the teachers arrived, we created our own culture, mission, values,” Young said. “We created the environment that we wanted for our school.” The school emphasizes community involvement and focuses resources on students who are behind. The new culture is what is responsible for the boost in test scores, she believes.
Her opinion is mirrored by others who were interviewed by a UC Berkeley research team. In a separate report by PACE and the Center for Cities & Schools released in 2009, Constructing Schools, Building Community Engagement, one teacher told the researchers that if teachers feel part of opening a new school, they tend to “do a better job than when [they] come in and the school’s already set the culture.”
To get more reports like this one, click here to sign up for EdSource’s no-cost daily email on latest developments in education.
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ON DECEMBER 7, 1988, AN EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATED THE NORTHWESTERN SECTION OF ARMENIA, KILLING AN ESTIMATED 25,000 PEOPLE.
In one small town, just after the earthquake, a father rushed to his son's school only to find that the school had been flattened. There was no sign of life.
But he had no thought of turning back. He had often told his son, "No matter what, I'll always be there for you when you need me "
Though his prospects appeared hopeless, the father began feverishly removing rubble from where he believed his son's classroom had been. Other forlorn parents only wailed hopelessly..."My son " or "My daughter " Some told the father to go home, that there was no chance that any of the children could be alive. Yet, he replied: "I made my son a promise that I'd be there for him anytime he needed me. I must continue to dig."
Courageously, he worked alone; no one volunteered to help him. He simply had to know for himself: "Is my boy alive or is he dead?" Finding strength and endurance beyond himself, the faithful, loving father continued to dig...for 8 hours...12...24...36 hours. Then in the 38th hour, as he heaved away a heavy piece of rubble, he heard voices. "Armand " he screamed.
A child's voice responded: "Dad It's me...Armand " Then, "I told the other kids not to worry. I told them that if you were alive, you'd save me, and when you saved me, they'd be saved. You promised you would always be there for me You did it, Dad "
Moments later, the dad was helping his son Armand and 13 more frightened, hungry, and thirsty boys and girls climb out of the debris. Free at last When the building collapsed, these children had been spared in a tent-like pocket.
When the townspeople praised Armand's dad, his explanation was, "I promised my son, 'No matter what, I'll be there for you '"
THE GREATEST RESCUE
Do you realize that God, the Heavenly Father, is in the rescue business? He has made the greatest effort possible to rescue us from a terrible plight. But unless we have a personal relationship with God through his Son, Jesus Christ, we have no hope of experiencing the benefit of his rescue-- spending eternity with him in heaven According to the Bible, our sin separates us from God: "For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" (Romans 3:23), and "the wages of sin is death" (Romans 6:23). This means separation from God forever.
But the Bible tells us that God "so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life" (John 3:16). He offers you the free gift of "eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord" (Romans 6:23). You cannot be saved through your own effort: "For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works" (Ephesians 2:8-9).
God has already reached out in love to rescue you. Much like the father who rescued his son after the earthquake, God went to the limit to make a way out of the lost situation we all were in--"while we were still sinners, Christ died for us" (Romans 5:8). God's sinless Son died on the cross and took the punishment our sins deserved "Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God" (1 Peter 3:18).
To be saved from the condemnation our sin has placed us all in, you must agree with God that you have sinned and that your only hope for rescue is through Jesus Christ's death...in your place The Bible says "there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved" (Acts 4:12).
Now, because of a Father's love you can experience the ultimate salvation from an otherwise hopeless situation. Receiving Jesus by faith as your substitute places you into a loving, forgiven relationship with God as your Father, and with eternal life as your welcome gift into his family
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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Stylist, salon owner, educator, innovator and maker Paul Brown died July 7 in San Francisco after battling cancer. He was the owner of Paul Brown salons in Hawaii and the founder of the Paul Brown Hawaii hair care company. He was 74 years old.
For decades, if you attended a professional beauty salon and saw attendees walking around wearing leis made from dark brown Kukui nuts, you could bet Paul Brown was just around the corner to bestow them all. those who came to say hello.
Brown opened his first hair salon in Honolulu in 1971 and made his mark in the industry with a revolutionary heat straightening system and flat iron. With the success of her salons, Brown recognized the need for a unique professional hair care product system that would incorporate the naturally grown organic botanicals of Hawaii to help clients of all cultures.
Combining love of Hawaii with beauty
By the late 1980s, Brown had founded the successful international hair care products company that bears his name, Paul Brown Hawaii. Inspired by Hawaii’s tropical flora, various cultural and ethnic influences, he has developed herbal hair care products used worldwide. Inspired by Hawaiian wildlife, marine essences and Kukui nut oil, the products provide clients with manageable, soft and shiny hair.
Despite all the challenges, Brown never forgot what inspired him: his beloved Hawaii. He continued to spend four days a week doing what he loved most, cutting his clients’ hair, while continuing to guide his professional salon products business through innovation. “With a commitment to progressive research and product development, Paul Brown Hawaii’s primary focus remains hair care solutions for all cultures and peoples,” he said.
A motto to give back
Brown’s involvement in the industry goes far beyond the show and the product line. From representing the industry in Washington to lobbying for various bills in favor of beauty professionals, Brown’s reputation as an educator and developer of a well-respected line of products extends internationally. He traveled widely and presented educational seminars to large groups of visitors. He frequently gave demonstrations and explained his distinctive hair design techniques around the world. And, he has given a tremendous amount of time and money by “giving back” – an important motto for his continued growth and values.
“My success in the professional salon, spa and product industry is based on my professional commitment to education, hair fashion and industry trends,” he said. “I love having the opportunity to continue working behind the chair in a salon while building a brand that I’m extremely proud of.
Brown was a former Vice President of the International Salon/Spa Business Network, where he worked for more than a decade to bring positive change to the beauty industry, its businesses and the countless people who work in it. .
Brown was also well known in his beloved Hawaiian Islands for his extraordinary charitable efforts and contributions to the state. His charity work benefited the American Cancer Society and he volunteered for the Alzheimer’s Association. He donated his styling services to Goodwill Industries and their “Goodwill Goes Glam” fundraising event, where models lit up the runway in lightly worn clothes to raise money to help underprivileged residents find meaningful work.
Kat Malencha, salon general manager Paul Brown, said the salon’s stylists, staff, apprentices and assistants will continue to honor his legacy. He says the salon will remain open and the staff will continue to work under the Paul Brown name, as he wished.
Industry remembers Paul Brown
“It is a sad day as we mourn the passing of a true legend, Paul Brown. Paul was dedicated to the hair industry and to Hawaii. He worked tirelessly to promote both. not being born on the islands, but he captured their essence – from his dynamic personality to the groundbreaking hair care line he founded. There were so many firsts when it came to Paul. He was the first to introduce the benefits of Kukui nut oil in a line of professional beauty products – and he did so long before hair oils were all the rage. He has collaborated with biologists and researchers from the University of Hawaii to develop the omega-rich Hawaiian Protein Flora Complex (HPFC. It helped introduce the flat iron to the U.S. And who can forget its hair straightening system with its magnetic board and rollers ?In its ongoing journey to maintain the health and integrity of s hair, he introduced perms which were found to be more gentle in restructuring hair than most conventional perms. But in addition to his creative genius, Paul was quick to donate his time and energy to mentoring young stylists, the International Salon/Spa Business Network and the Wounded Warriors Project. He has dedicated countless hours and resources to helping military wives, mothers and daughters feel beautiful. It was her gift – to make another person feel beautiful.—Scott Bowers, CEO of Paul Brown Hawaii
“I had the pleasure of knowing Paul for several decades. For years we have been board members with ISBN. I was his godfather for membership in Intercoiffure. With him being in Hawaii and me in Ohio, it wasn’t easy to connect as often as we would have liked, but when we did, it was always a great experience. We both started in the beauty industry in the 1960s, we were lucky enough to have studied and partied with the greats of that era. Each time we were together, we would take a walk down memory lane and relive the halcyon days of our youth and the joy of being in the “Renaissance” of the beauty industry. One of my fondest memories with Paul was around 2000. We had gone to an Intercoiffure meeting together in New York and after the meeting Paul accompanied me and my wife Debbie back to our home in Ohio. for a few days. The conversations never ended and his love for our industry showed through all the time. Additionally, his love of Duckhorn Merlot became apparent on this trip. Since then, I have never drunk a Merlot without thinking of Paul. Another memory I will never forget is presenting an ISBN Lifetime Achievement Award with Paul to our idol and mentor Vidal Sassoon. Paul and I were the first apostles of Vidal and we attribute all professional success to him. We were both like little boys meeting Michael Jordan or Tom Brady this weekend. We each knew exactly how the other was feeling at the time. Paul was an incredible artist and businessman, but more importantly, he was a kind, graceful and charming man. Moreover, he was the quintessential gentleman who could have written a book on the subject. Those of us who knew Paul loved him. And those of us who loved him will sincerely miss him.—Charles Penzone, Penzone Salons + Spas
“Paul was one of the first people I met when I joined ISBN. He was so warm and welcoming…and what energy, pizzazz and personality! I always look forward to seeing him. I admired his strength in bringing about change in his business and personal life.We were one of a kind…and just AMAZING!—Rhoda Olsen, great clips
“Paul was one of those ‘one of a kind’ guys. He was smart, enterprising, talented, funny and incredibly generous. He hosted my family when we stopped in for a visit to the salon, arranging for our daughters a beachside massages before taking us around the island. How important is SPAM to the islands of Hawaii? Paul took us to his favorite restaurant in the heart of Maui where we swallowed the food of Hawaiian base and learned more about the history of both food and Hawaii. Ours were the only non-native faces in the restaurant, but we were kissed because of Paul. On the other hand, every time Paul came to New York, his work took me to the best restaurants for sumptuous meals – from SPAM to the lobster that was Paul! At trade shows, stopping at the Paul Brown booth was an important destination for me. Of course, I wanted to one of the necklaces he has distributed, but I knew he would have something interesting to share, such as a new product, service or technique, he was intended to improve the lives of hairstylists and customers and bring quality to the industry. We will miss him.”—Maggie Mulhern, Estetica USA editor-in-chief and former beauty and fashion director, MODERN LIVING ROOM
“Paul Brown was always a journalist’s dream – he was as generous with his stories as he was with his time and he always knew how to do the perfect quote. I was always amazed when we talked about a new business concept or his product company to find out how much he has given back to his community with his time, talent and money.In 2013 my husband and I were in Honolulu for a few days and called Paul to see if we could visit one of his signature lounges. Not only did he graciously show us his flagship lounge, but he spent the afternoon showing us his favorite spots in town and taking us to lunch on the waterfront. of his club’s swimming pool. It remains one of my favorite memories, and like Paul, he delivered much more than expected.”—Stacey Soble, SHOW TODAY
If you have a favorite memory or photo with Paul Brown that you would like to share, please send it to [email protected]
For reprint and license requests for this article, click here.
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If you ever needed to track changes to model instances in your Django code, you probably stumbled upon django-reversion (and if you didn't, I highly recommend it). It's a great way to add version control to your models and keep history of changes. For every model class registered with
reversion the history view in Django administration panel gets the ability to rollback to previous versions. However, there is no central place to display a global log of all changes. Fortunately, it is quite easy to add.
Place the following code in one of your
from django.shortcuts import redirect from reversion.models import Revision class RevisionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ('user', 'comment', 'date_created') search_fields = ('=user__username', '=user__email') date_hierarchy = ('date_created') def change_view(self, request, obj=None): self.message_user(request, 'You cannot change history.') return redirect('admin:reversion_revision_changelist') admin.site.register(Revision, RevisionAdmin)
Note: it would make no sense to edit revisions, hence the change view redirects back to list.
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Today’s text is the first in a series of entries for writing research paper writings. We start today with the abstract and structure of the research paper writing, while the following texts will read, among others:
● about the reader’s orientation and his subconscious expectations,
● about what reviewers focus on,
● about creating good titles and choosing the right keywords,
● about creating your own article templates,
● and about the so-called affordable research papers English and clever ways to improve your own texts.
Three principles of a good abstract:
● abstract does not repeat the information contained in the title (and certainly not the same words),
● just read the abstract to know what the article is talking about – it must be independent, to some extent “self-sufficient”,
● avoid references to your own abstract publications. There is enough space for them in further parts of the article.
There are two types of abstracts : informative abstract and descriptive abstract .
Information abstracts are most commonly found in magazines , they contain a summary of all parts of the article, including methodology and results. The abstract itself without reading the article already gives a great insight into the author’s work.
Descriptive abstracts are more often used in conference articles . They present the subject of the research, but without providing detailed results and most often also without precise methodology descriptions.
This often results from the fact that applications for conferences are sent well in advance, and the author may not necessarily be able to describe all his applications. Descriptive abstracts introduce the subject of research and suggest what can be found in the article, but they cannot replace reading the whole.
Summary (ang. Summary ), usually located at the end of the article, you should not move the subject methods used in the studies or the results achieved previously by others ( State of the Art ), is designed to briefly describe only the research done by the author, their results and the most important conclusions.
IMRAD is a structure often used in research paper writings. The name comes from the first letters of individual sections of the article, namely:
● Methods and Materials
The IMRAD structure is often depicted in the form of an hourglass. The idea is to start the article with a general introduction to the topic and only then gradually move to the details , while finally starting from the detailed results and conclusions obtained, draw broader conclusions and describe possible generalizations and the impact of our work on a given area of science.
The introduction first contains the current state of knowledge ; secondly, the reason for conducting the research; third, what is the purpose of the article . It is good to describe why it is worth to fill a given knowledge gap: the mere fact that something is still unknown or that something has not yet been examined is not a sufficient reason to justify such research.
The introduction is also meant to answer the reader’s question : what exactly was done and why should I care ? The construction of the entrance should be in the shape of a “funnel”, as in the drawing of the IMRAD structure. We start with the general public and move on to more and more detailed information.
● presentation of the general theme (context),
● summary of the current state of knowledge (as is known),
● identifying questions and gaps (which are not known),
● motivating research (why you should learn what you do not know),
● showing how the research results in getting answers to these questions (article hypothesis or question it answers).
Methods and Materials
The description of the methods used determines the quality of the article and builds its credibility . Most readers are primarily interested in the results obtained, so they will skip this section and return to it only after reading the rest of the article; or not at all. In some magazines this part is placed in a smaller font, in others even intentionally at the end of the articles. The methodology should be described in sufficient detail to allow others to repeat the study , but not too precisely. Some of the detailed information that is easy to find elsewhere can be omitted. The most common reasons for rejecting articles due to a poorly described part of the methodology:
● poor design of the test stand,
● non-objective, biased data,
● lack of or improper selection of witnesses (control elements),
● a small group of samples
● inaccurate description of the methods used.
In a longer article at the beginning of this section, you can briefly repeat the methods used to summarize the previous section and briefly introduce those who have not read it. This part of the article should present what was examined and what results were obtained , without going into the details of the hypotheses why the results were such and not different at this stage. Principle: ” comment but not discuss “.
The results are the shortest part of the article, they are to present new knowledge , emphasize what is most important in it . In this section, it is worth using graphical presentation of information even more than in all others .
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Bolton Standoff May Lead to Recess Appointment
A day after failing for a second time to end debate on the nomination of John Bolton to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist said early Tuesday that he was not planning any more votes on the issue.
But after meeting with President Bush later in the day, Frist said Bush wants the Senate to keep pushing. The day's events fuel increasing speculation that the president may resort to a recess appointment of Bolton, which could occur during the July 4 break.
Some Republicans and many Democrats oppose a recess appointment, citing both the unfinished Senate examination of Bolton's qualifications as well as the desire for a U.N. envoy to have the backing of his government.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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BY ERIC CLAYTON | September 2, 2021
Our three-year-old begins preschool next week.
“Can I bring my phone?” she asked, referring to the plastic toy she carries around the house.
“No,” I said. “You’ll lose it.”
“But what if I need to call you?”
I paused; she had a point. Again, though, she was referring to a plastic toy.
“Your teachers will call us,” I said finally. “If there’s an emergency.”
She nodded. That made sense. And then she proceeded down the list of other completely unnecessary items she wanted to bring with her: stuffed unicorns, princess jewelry, the usual.
It was a funny moment, and my wife and I chuckled. It stuck in my mind, though, and I’ve turned it over, reflecting. On the one hand, this is probably a symptom of the over-reliance on and constant checking of cell phones in our house. And that’s fair.
But on the other hand, my daughter is pointing to a very human need: communication. But what if I need you…?
This week, my prayer has been preoccupied by the tragic headlines we see in the news: destruction and disagreement, suffering and sacrifice, from Afghanistan to Louisiana, from hospital rooms to classrooms.
The general chaos of the moment—built on so many moments of chaos from the past many months—is enough to make you throw up your hands, to give up on peace and progress and any hope of a better, brighter future.
And yet, I return to that silly story of my daughter and her plastic phone.
Because I think we get so caught up in policies and ideologies and big, sweeping decisions, it’s easy to lose sight of our own, albeit small role. It might not be for us to affect foreign policy on peacebuilding, but we can still manifest that peace to others in our everyday lives.
We can listen. We can be available. We can maintain those lines of open communication.
When we hear the cry—But what if I need you?—we can be the ones who respond.
St. Ignatius teaches us that God is always available, always present, always eager to enter into conversation with us and celebrate in our joy and mourn in our sorrow. We are made in the image and likeness of this God, a God who listens carefully.
We are called to manifest that Divine trait for others. Let that be our contribution to this moment of great need.
This piece was originally sent as an email by the Jesuit Conference of Canada and U.S., as a part of a weekly series sharing tools and reflection resources in the tradition of Ignatian spirituality. Subscribe to receive these emails here!
Eric Clayton is the deputy communications director at the Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States, responsible for developing and sharing resources and reflections to promote Ignatian spirituality. He is the author of the forthcoming book Cannonball Moments: Telling Your Story, Deepening Your Faith (Loyola Press). He and his wife are both graduates of Fairfield University and live in Baltimore, MD, with their two daughters. Follow his writing at ericclaytonwrites.com.
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Archaeological Activities: Photogrammetry!
That's the sound you can make when you FLY THROUGH THE AIR LIKE SUPERMAN in our next...
🏺⛏ ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY! ⛏🏺
Today's episode: PHOTOGRAMMETRY!
It's a big word - what's it mean? Essentially, it's the capturing and creation of 3D photographs, and so it allows you to check out objects and sites from several angles. It's a great way to record archaeology, and is super fun to use, too!
Today we're going to show you a few fun examples of archaeology and photogrammetry, before showing y'all how to do your own.
📸So, first of all, why not check out MerlinWorks' fantastic 3D capture of Ousdale Burn Broch. Now, remember to make those all-important 'FWISH' sounds as you zoom through the landscape. It is really important and scientific, OK?
Here's some more archaeological examples you can check out:
😍Look at Mousa Broch, being all ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLE:
Or what about Dun Carloway below?
💀 Or how about this 3D image of 'Ava' of the Achavanich Beaker Burial Project?
🏀 Remember our last post on the carved stone balls? Even more here!
♟ And everyone loves the Lewis Chessmen, right? If you don't, sorry, ain't nobody got time for that.
So, has that inspired you to do your OWN photogrammetry? It's dead simple - here are some clear and concise instructions on how you can get involved in the photographic phun:
Happy snapping, guys!
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The country should further reopen its economy to prevent job losses resulting from downsizing or closure of businesses, the head of the country’s main employers’ group said.
Employers Confederation of the Philippines president Sergio Ortiz-Luis Jr. said, “(Our economy cannot bear it anymore). Before, our worry was the micro and small industries. Now, our worry is the big ones are beginning to really downsize or close. (We should avoid that from happening).”
He said the 10,000 deaths related to the coronavirus pandemic is a small number compared to those who die from hunger while the crime rate can increase due to job losses.
To further reopen the economy, he said there should be sufficient mass transportation as many companies cannot provide shuttle services for their employees. He added businesses should be given the opportunity to prosper so more can get hired.
He requested, “Catch protocol offenders but let all reopen.”
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Know any women searching for a post-motherhood identity that balances self-integrity, family and meaningful work? Key word is “meaningful.” Having a child ironically gives you a greater desire to contribute to the world’s improvement yet less clout, time and earning power to effect it. Being a mother is often a career and identity game changer for a woman. So what’s the magic formula? We know there’s a way. HackerMoms is piloting a new business incubator so we could find it together.
We offer workshops and programs to support moms in career transition. Sessions like Moms in Transition: Career & Money, Designing Your Writing Life as a Mom, Hacking Self-publishing and Social Media Hand-holding are among are our most well-attended by the local community. Workshops are driven by members seeking to blend a creative life and entrepreneurship in a long-term, family-friendly path that satisfies the spirit.
Failure Club is used by entrepreneurial members to invent products, change careers, start businesses, make money and learn new fields in a safe space that encourages failing. Risk and failure is practically the definition of a healthy creative life. Our business projects include HeartCar, a HackerMoms collaboration to redesigning the car for moms and kids, and HackerMoms 2.0. This entrepreneurial taskforce is researching legal structures, revenue models and business strategies for the next phase of our organization – and picking up business school skills along the way. Mothership HackerMoms itself is an experimental enterprise to be tested, played with and hacked into the future.
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METHANOL AS AN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL: WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON METHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS
This report reviews the available information on methanol as related to its potential use as an automotive fuel. Information gaps critical to assessment and future decisions are delineated and suggestions made for necessary R&D efforts. In this context, methanol is characterized and the results of various studies on methanol and methanol-gasoline blends, throughout the Untied States and elsewhere, are presented and compared. These studies encompass fuels and their use and effects in engines and vehicles. Cost information, although limited, is given as available. The report also describes and summarizes methanol production processes; their promise and expansion possibilities in relation to potential requirements. Various raw material sources are considered in the light of future production potential needs.
- Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/OS514R7508
Transportation Systems Center55 Broadway, Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA United States 02142
- Landman, A
- Publication Date: 1977-4
- Features: Appendices; Figures; References; Tables;
- Pagination: 94 p.
- TRT Terms: Automobiles; Blends; Demand; Development; Engines; Fuels; Gasoline; Methanol; Raw materials; Research; Supply; Urban transportation
- Uncontrolled Terms: Research and development; Supply and demand
- Subject Areas: Energy; Highways; Research; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment;
- Accession Number: 00163701
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- ISBN: OS514/R7508
- Report/Paper Numbers: DOT-TSC-OST-77-31 Final Rpt.
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Mar 7 1978 12:00AM
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Course Meeting Times
Lectures: 1 session / week, 3 hours / session
Plume Ridge Interactions
The Earth’s crust is primarily composed of melting products from mantle plumes and mid-ocean ridges - both presently and over the course of Earth history. While both systems represent upwelling features in a convective mantle, they can be viewed as end-member systems in that plumes represent buoyant flow whereas mid-ocean ridges represent passive corner flow. This paradigm is not strict - flow beneath ridges may be buoyant in some places, for example, but it does provide a reasonable framework for enquiry.
Plumes and ridges can be studied independently, but in many places across the globe the systems interact, often in intriguing fashion. The nature of these interactions provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of both systems, and provides new perspectives on the mantle, crustal, and water column processes associated converting heat from the Earth’s interior into new crust, hydrothermal flow, and biological communities on the seafloor.
The approach taken for the 2001 Plume-Ridge Interactions Seminar series was to start with basic ideas about mantle convection and tectonics, and an overview of the global hotspot and ridge systems. We then addressed three case studies of plume-ridge interactions in detail. Our first case was the interaction of the Iceland plume - one of the largest plumes in the world - with the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We then turned to the interaction of the Galapagos plume with the Galapagos Spreading Center, and finished with the interaction of the Cobb Plume with the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Each of these systems provides a different perspective on the nature of plume-ridge interactions, and by comparison and contrast we are able to distill the fundamental aspects out of the complex array of geophysical and geochemical data associated with plume-ridge systems.
Joint Program students enrolled in the Geodynamics seminar are required to complete a project for the class. This includes research, an oral presentation during the last two or three seminar meetings, and a written paper due at the end of the semester. For first and second year students, the project must be on a topic related to the theme of the seminar and must be different from their main research interest. For more advanced students, the topic may be closely related to their dissertation research.
|Background on Tectonics and Mantle Convection||
How do plumes and ridges fit into ideas regarding mantle convection?
What is a plume, how are they distributed around the globe?
How do the properties of plumes and ridges vary?
What would be a canonical model for the chronology of a p/r interaction?
What are the burning, unanswered questions regarding plumes, ridges, and p/r interactions?
What kinds of data and modeling are needed to answer the important questions?
|Case Study 1: Iceland/Northern MAR - Stuck in the Middle?||
What is the pattern of mantle flow beneath Iceland?
How big is the Iceland plume? Where is it?
How far downrift can the chemical and mechanical influence of the Iceland plume be traced?
How and where is the plume fragmented and distributed to discrete volcanic systems?
What is the role of the Iceland plume in the early stages of rifting on the northern MAR?
What do the V-shaped ridges tell us about the p/r interaction and its influence on parameters such as lithospheric strength and upper mantle flow?
|Case Study 2: Galapagos/GSC - Gone but Not Forgotten||
How has the interaction between the Galapagos plume and the Galapagos Spreading Center evolved over time?
How does lava chemistry vary along the GSC and what does this imply regarding the p/r interaction?
What is the present pattern of mantle flow beneath this system?
What does the mantle matrix do between the two upwelling features?
Is there still a melt connection?
How big is the Galapagos plume? Where is it?
|Case Study 3: Cobb/JdFR - The First Days are the Hardest Days||
Is the Cobb hotspot a plume?
How has it behaved in the hot-spot reference frame?
Does it have a geochemical signature?
Where is it presently located?
How deep is it rooted?
What is the pattern of mantle flow beneath this system?
When did the JdFR start bending towards the Cobb hotspot?
How is melt distributed beneath the central JdFR?
How does lava chemistry vary along the JdFR/Cobb region?
What patterns of matrix and melt flow are consistent with the observational and theoretical constraints?
How might long-term observatories, such as NeMO and Neptune contribute to our understanding of the p/r interaction?
How do ridges, plumes, and p/r interactions influence the global biogeography of chemosynthetic systems?
How do the myriad millions of near-ridge seamounts relate to p/r interactions?
How fixed is the hot spot reference frame?
Can large plumes create new plate boundaries?
How deep is the source region for hotspots?
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No other actor could command a viewership the way that Adam Sandler could. Time and again, he’s proven that no matter how ridiculously bad a film is, it could still make millions in the box office as long as Adam Sandler’s name is in it. Some might say that there’s some sort of magic in there. But in reality, it’s really just Sandler’s unique approach to comedy—and to acting in general that’s taken his career to an untouchable place that only he could occupy.
Sandler has amassed a fortune over the course of his career, but not all of it came from comedy. His net worth of $420 million (as of 2019) has come from various ventures in the film industry as well as the music industry. Sandler began his prolific career as Smitty, Theo Huxtable’s friend in The Cosby Show back in 1987 to 1988. He starred in his first film in 1989, Going Overboard, shortly before jumping onto the comedy club circuit. This is where his penchant for comedy would be noticed by fellow comedian Dennis Miller, who was the one that recommended Sandler to try out for Saturday Night Live. From that point on, the rest became history for the young man.
Net Worth $420 Million
Name Adam Richard Sandler
Born New York City, New York
Birth Date September 9, 1966
Source of Wealth Actor, Comedian, Screen Writer, Film Producer, Musician
Country United States
Early Life Of Adam Sandler
Adam Sandler was born on the 9th of September, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York. Sandler is the son of Judith, a nursery school teacher, and Stanley Sandler, an electrical engineer. His family is Jewish and descends from Russian Jewish immigrants on both sides. Sandler grew up in Manchester, after moving there when he was 6 years old. He attended Manchester Central High School, and as a teen, he was in BBYO, a popular Jewish youth group.
With SNL as his stage, he slowly began to make a name for himself in the industry. By 1990, he was hired as a writer for SNL, and he began churning skits and comedic songs that truly represented how his comedic career would be. Before he left SNL in 1995, he had already made a couple of fairly successful movies including Coneheads (1993), Airheads (1994), and Billy Madison (1995). These films were mildly successful in the box office, but it was his subsequent films that would really get Sandler noticed. Happy Gilmore (1996) and The Wedding Singer (1998) were two of Sandler’s more successful comedies in the early years, but it was The Waterboy (1998) that would become his first true hit.
Many of Sandler’s movies receive negative reviews from viewers and critics alike, but despite that fact, people still love to see him perform. His talent is truly undeniable once he’s on screen or on stage. While he does have a fair share of films that have gone horribly wrong, he does remind us from time to time of his true rare gift in acting. One of his better-reviewed films, Punch-Drunk Love (2002), was a great representation of what Sandler could do when given better scripts and better stories to portray. Sandler will continue to work on his comedic empire over the years, eventually making himself one of the most highly sought after and most highly paid actors of his generation. He’s gotten a $20 million salary for many films, and he’s even gotten percentages off of ticket sales. One of his highest reported income is for the film Anger Management (2003), for which he received a $25 million salary + 25% of all sales. That amounted to roughly a $63.5 million paycheck.
Apart from comedy, Sandler has also ventured in the world of drama successfully, He’s made quite a number of box office drama films including Reign Over Me (2007) and his most recent film, The Meyerowitz Stories (2017), the most critically-acclaimed performance in Sandler’s career. In addition to making comedies and dramas and other genre of film, Sandler has also increased his net worth when he started his own production company, Happy Gilmore Productions. Aside from his actor and writer credits, he’s also produced a number of his work and a few of his fellow actors’ works.
Sandler has also made money through his music. He has made a name for himself for making some of the funniest songs ever. Although he hasn’t made any new albums in a while, at least two of his works have gone on to become double platinum certified albums. Sandler is showing no signs of slowing down, having acquired a coveted Netflix contract in the last couple of years. Given this projection, Sandler is set to make even more millions in the next few years, and he’ll undoubtedly continue to grow his net worth over time. One thing is for sure; Sandler’s got the Midas touch when it comes to the film industry. Everything he touches simply turns to gold.
Adam Sandler on Success
Memorable Adam Sandler Quotes
- “I’m not comfortable being around too many people. I don’t like being out in public too much. I don’t like going to bars. I don’t like doing celebrity stuff. So most of the characters I play are people who don’t always feel comfortable beyond their small circle of friends.”
- “I bought my parents some stuff. That feels kind of good to be able to do that. I got them a place in Florida. I think I’m allowed to say that – I hope my dad doesn’t get mad at me. But I don’t spend money on myself. I don’t like myself enough yet. But the people I love, I like spending the cash on them.”
- “Chemistry can be a good and bad thing. Chemistry is good when you make love with it. Chemistry is bad when you make crack with it.”
- “My buddies, we’ve always just tried to make each other laugh, … I mean, just like all friends hanging out — that’s the goal.”
- “I mean, I look at my dad. He was twenty when he started having a family, and he was always the coolest dad. He did everything for his kids, and he never made us feel like he was pressured. I know that it must be a great feeling to be a guy like that.”
- “I never had a speech from my father ‘this is what you must do or shouldn’t do’ but I just learned to be led by example. My father wasn’t perfect.””Feels good to try, but playing a father, I’m getting a little older. I see now that I’m taking it more serious and I do want that lifestyle.”
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The future expansion of the Singapore MRT 2022-2040s
All the Doors Closing on Singapore MRT & LRT System, 2021
Singapore's 5 MRT station names and its stories you might not know about
Singapore MRT | One of the world's best Metro Systems
Man picks fight with teenager on the MRT, a commuter steps in and asks the man to leave the train
The Mass Rapid Transit, or MRT, is a rapid transit system forming the major component of the railway system in Singapore, spanning most of the city-state. The earliest section of the MRT, between Toa Payoh and Yio Chu Kang, opened on 7 November 1987. The network has since grown rapidly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the public transport system in Singapore, with an average daily ridership of 3.031 million in 2015, approximately 78% of the bus network's 3.891 million in the same period.
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Teeth Grinding Relief
Do you habitually grind your teeth?
Teeth grinding is a condition referred to as bruxism, and it can occur at any age and for various reasons. Clenching is when you squeeze the jaws together without sliding. Both conditions can create problems.
Bruxism can lead to tooth wear and breakage, which contributes to altering a person’s bite (occlusion). Clenching can cause muscle spasms. Either of these in turn, can result in TMJ disorder, which causes nagging to debilitating symptoms including headaches.
It is important to stop bruxism so that the teeth and bite remain in good health. If teeth are repaired, but grinding still occurs, new dental work will become worn and broken.
How we can help: Dr. Selcher can recommend an oral appliance to prevent teeth grinding and clenching.
Many people experience bruxism and clenching while sleeping when the forces you apply can be multiples of what you do when awake. The appliance may be referred to as a nightguard. Many varieties of nightguards are available, and a daytime appliances may also be necessary.
At your consultation, Dr. Selcher will assess your tooth wear and muscle condition and may recommend an appliance to treat the problem.
Dr. Selcher wants to help you with all your dental needs. For more information, please request an appointment and we will be in touch with you shortly.
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Knowledge, beliefs, and decisions of pregnant Australian women concerning donation and storage of umbilical cord blood: a population-based survey.
Jordens CFC., Kerridge IH., Stewart CL., O'Brien TA., Samuel G., Porter M., O'Connor MAC., Nassar N.
BACKGROUND: Many women giving birth in Australian hospitals can choose to donate their child's umbilical cord blood to a public cord blood bank or pay to store it privately. We conducted a survey to determine the proportion and characteristics of pregnant women who are aware of umbilical cord blood (UCB) banking and who have considered and decided about this option. The survey also sought to ascertain information sources, knowledge, and beliefs about UCB banking, and the effect of basic information about UCB on decisions. METHODS: Researchers and hospital maternity staff distributed a survey with basic information about UCB banking to 1,873 women of at least 24 weeks' gestation who were attending antenatal classes and hospital clinics in 14 public and private maternity hospitals in New South Wales. RESULTS: Most respondents (70.7%) were aware of UCB banking. Their main information sources were leaflets from hospital clinics, print media, antenatal classes, TV, radio, friends, and relatives. Knowledge about UCB banking was patchy, and respondents overestimated the likelihood their child would need or benefit from UCB. Women who were undecided about UCB banking were younger, less educated, or from ethnic or rural backgrounds. After providing basic information about UCB banking, the proportion of respondents who indicated they had decided whether or not to donate or store UCB more than doubled from 30.0 to 67.7 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Basic information for parents about UCB banking can affect planned decisions about UCB banking. Information should be accurate and balanced, should counter misconceptions, and should target specific groups.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/1233167/?a49c9476-1a4b-11ed-835b-06305d0e10ee
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- Research article
- Open Access
What factors are associated with health‐related quality of life among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain? A cross‐sectional study in primary health care
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 22, Article number: 102 (2021)
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) affects daily life function and is the most prevalent disorder in primary health care. The primary objective was to examine demographic factors and pain characteristics associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients in primary care reporting CMP. Our secondary objective was to compare HRQoL in patients with and without CMP.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Trondheim, Norway. Twenty randomly selected GPs, and their listed patients aged 21–58 were invited to participate. Self-reported CMP data was collected using online questionnaires. HRQoL was measured by the 15D questionnaire, total score of 0.9 was used as cut-off for clinical reduced HRQoL.
A total of 969 patients (650 females) were recruited from six GPs’ patient lists, mean age 45.6 (SD 10.1). CMP was reported by 517 (53%). Factors significantly associated with reduced HRQoL were gender (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2, 3.4), disability pension (OR 26.6, 95% CI 3.1, 228.0), mood (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.6), relations with other people (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6, 0.9), sleep (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.3) and enjoyment (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0). CMP patients had significantly lower total HRQoL score compared to patients without CMP (Between group difference 0.08, 95% CI 0.07–0.09). Half of the CMP patients reported a HRQoL score < 0.9 compared to 14% in the no CMP group.
Being female, receiving disability pension, and several psychosocial factors were found highly associated with reduced HRQoL in CMP patients, whereas pain characteristics were not. Patients with CMP reported statistically and clinically significant lower HRQoL than patients without CMP. Due to low response rate the conclusions must be handled with caution.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is characterized by prolonged pain affecting muscles, joints or bones. CMP may be single- or multi sited, and may be present in absence of any disease . CMP is very common in the general population and represents a major burden to both the individual and the society . Studies have found CMP to be associated with reduced daily life function , disability, distress, self-perceived poor health , and that CMP may lead to fatigue and insomnia [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Further, CMP appears to be an independent predictor for high levels of sick leave [12, 13], and a leading cause for seeking primary health care , substantially contributing to inflating health care costs [14, 15]. CMP may be defined according to the ICD-11 classification system as “persistent or recurrent pain that arises as part of a disease process directly affecting bone(s), joint(s),muscle(s), or related soft tissue(s)” , persisting more than three months . The prevalence of CMP in Europe is about 20–36% [14, 18,19,20]. The risk of CMP increases with age, and CMP is more prevalent among women than men [14, 21,22,23]. Due to an aging population, increased inactivity and obesity in the general population, the prevalence and burden of CMP is expected to rise . The Norwegian general population study (the HUNT-study) reported a 20% prevalence of CMP in the general population, with rising numbers during the four years follow-up. Interestingly, the tendency of increasing prevalence was most evident in the age group 20–29 years.
Chronic pain is found to be associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in general [25, 26], and in different patient and diagnostic subgroups [27,28,29]. A limited number of studies have assessed factors associated with reduced HRQoL in CMP patients. Number of pain sites and pain intensity have been highlighted as important factors affecting HRQoL, but some studies have found stronger associations with mental health factors, thus the causality of CMP remains unclear [26, 30,31,32]. To improve management of CMP patients in primary health care, and for clinicians to plan and offer optimal treatment, further studies are needed.
The primary aim of this study was to examine demographic and pain characteristics associated with reduced HRQoL among patients with CMP in primary health care. Our secondary aim was to compare HRQoL among patients with and without CMP.
This is a cross-sectional study based on data collected from patients of general practitioners (GPs) in Trondheim municipality, Norway, during the period November 2013 to July 2015.
Among 162 GPs in Trondheim, 20 GPs were randomly identified by using a computer random number generator, developed and administrated at the Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. The randomization of GPs was stratified by gender, to prevent gender influencing our patient selection and results. The 20 randomly selected GPs were invited to participate in the study by postal mail and telephone. To balance urbane patient populations, we included two additional GPs (male and female) from more rural areas.
The common age for pension in Norway is 67 years. All patients registered in the GPs’ patient lists, aged 21 and 58 years were invited to participate in the study. The age range 21 to 58 years was selected in order to ensure that the included patients would be from a working population throughout the three-year study period. There were no medical exclusion criteria. All eligible patients received information about the study and an invitation to participate by postal mail. Eligible patients accepted the invitation by replying to the invitational letter in writing, by phone, or by completing the web-based questionnaire (CheckWare® online Survey system, Norway). Informed consent was provided by logging into the web-based questionnaire.
All data were collected by self-reported online questionnaires (CheckWare). The participants completed the questionnaires within one month after consenting. An automatic reminder was sent to non-responders after three weeks.
Patients responding “yes” to the question “Have you experienced pain and/or disabilities related to the muscular or the skeletal system, with continuous duration of at least 3 months during the last year?” were categorized as experiencing CMP.
Health related quality of life
Measures developed for assessing HRQoL in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain include the Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey , the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire , the World Health Organization QOL Questionnaire , and the 15D questionnaire . In the present study we chose to assess HRQoL using the 15D questionnaire (www.15d-instrument.net) as the 15D is a 15-dimensional self-reported, generic, and comprehensive questionnaire measuring HRQoL in adults aged 16 years or older . The Norwegian version of the 15D questionnaire has previously been found valid and sensitive to measure quality of life among patients with chronic pain [37, 38]. The 15 dimensions include mobility, vision, hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activities, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality and sexual activity. Each dimension has five response alternatives; no problems, slight, considerable, severe, or unbearable. The total 15D scoring scale ranges from 0 representing “being dead” to 1 representing “perfect health-related quality of life” and no problems in any dimension . Population based preference weights were used to generate 15D sub scores and the total 15D score (single index number). A change of 0.015 or more in 15D HRQoL score is found to be clinically relevant for self-perceived HRQoL . A 15D HRQoL total score below 0.9 represents a reduced HRQoL of clinical relevance, and was used as the cut-off value for reduced HRQoL in the present study [38, 40].
Pain related characteristics
Questions assessing pain related characteristics were designed for this study based on questions from the “SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36®/SF-36v2®, Ware JE; Sherbourne CD, 1990,1998)” [33, 41], the “Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire” (NMQ) , and the “Brief Pain Inventory Long - Form (BPI)” . Both the NMQ and the BPI have been tested for validity and reliability, and translated into Norwegian [44, 45]. Also the Norwegian version of “SF-36 Health Survey” is psychometrically tested and validated in a Norwegian population [46,47,48].
The patients who reported CMP were asked to indicate pain sites, pain intensity and how musculoskeletal pain influence general daily life function. Pain and duration of pain was assessed by the questions; 1.) “Do you have current pain which has lasted for more than 6 months?” Yes/No. 2.) “How would you rate your current pain?” 1. None, 2. Very mild, 3. Mild, 4. Moderate, 5. Severe, 6. Very severe. Patients indicated pain location(s) and number of pain sites on the NMQ digital pain map. The response alternatives for pain sites were: head, neck/shoulder, shoulder, upper back, chest, elbow, abdomen, lower back, hand, hip/thighs, knee, ankle/foot. For the statistical analyses, pain sites were grouped into six pain areas; head/neck/shoulder, chest/abdomen, elbow/hand, upper back, lower back, hip/thigh/knee/ankle/foot. Intensity of pain was assessed by patients rating the intensity of their current perceived pain on an 11-point numerical rating scale ranging from “0” (No pain), to “10” (Worst pain imaginable). For the statistical analyses current pain intensity was categorized as no to little pain (0–2), as low to moderate pain (3–5), as severe pain (6–8), and very severe pain (9–10). How pain influenced various daily life functions during the last 24 hours was evaluated by participants rating functions such as general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment on a 11-point numerical rating scale from no influence (0) to large influence (10). A mean score was calculated for each variable. Current self-reported health was reported as either excellent, very good, good, fair or poor, and self-assessed economic status was reported as either good, fair, poor [49, 50].
The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Central Norway (2012/1232) approved the study and study procedures followed the Helsinki Declaration. The participants signed digital informed consent prior to participation. The participants who attended the study were part of a prize draw for a gift card worth 500 NOK.
Participant characteristics and demographic variables are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD), or number (n) and percentage (%), as appropriate. When comparing participants with and without CMP the independent samples t-test was used for continuous variables (age), the Chi-square test was used for dichotomous variables, and the Mann-Whitney U-test for ordinal variables.
Due to a skewed distribution of 15D scores, HRQoL was dichotomized using a threshold of 0.9 in order to analyze factors associated with HRQoL using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. An odds ratio (OR) above 1 represents an increased risk of reporting reduced HRQoL (total 15D score below 0.9). Statistically significant variables in the univariable analyses were included in multivariable analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and R version 2.13.1.
Six GPs (three male and three female) agreed to participate. Among the eligible patients aged 21–58 in the GPs’ lists, 972 (23.3%) agreed to participate (Fig. 1).
Subject characteristics and demographic variables
Just over half of the included patients (517/969) reported CMP. CMP patients were significantly older, had lower education and more worked part-time compared to patients without CMP (Table 1). Approximately one in three CMP patients reported their health to be “not so good”, compared to 8% in patients without CMP. Current sick leave due to CMP was reported by 13%, and almost half (46.3%) had been on sick leave for more than three months (Table 1).
HRQoL among patients with and without CMP
The total 15D HRQoL score and the 15D HRQoL dimension scores (15 categories) for the two groups are presented in Fig. 2. The patients with CMP reported significantly lower mean total HRQoL score compared to the patients without CMP (between group difference 0.08, 95% CI 0.07, 0.09) (Table 1). In the present study, a 15D total score < 0.9 represents a clinical reduction in HRQoL. Half of the patients with CMP reported a total score below 0.9 compared to 14% in the no CMP group. The 15D HRQoL dimension sub scores were significantly lower among patients with CMP compared to participants without CMP in most dimensions, except in the dimensions “Eating” (p = 0.13) and “Vision” (p = 0.06). The highest between-groups difference in the 15D sub scores were found in the dimensions “Discomfort/Symptoms” (CMP 0.79, SD 0.23, no CMP 0.87, SD 0.17, p ˂0.001) and “Sleeping” (CMP 0.75, SD 0.22, no CMP 0.88, SD 0.19, p ˂0.001) (Fig. 2).
Demographic factors associated with HRQoL among patients with CMP
The univariable logistic regression analyses showed that being female, receiving disability pension, and having no occupational activity were factors significantly associated with reduced HRQoL (a total score below 0.9). Patients who had completed higher education and/or in full time employment had a significantly lower risk of reporting reductions in HRQoL. In the multivariable regression analyses, being female and receiving disability pension were the only demographic factors that remained significantly associated with reduced HRQoL (total score below 0.9), although the confidence interval for receiving disability pension was very wide (Table 2).
Pain characteristics among patients with CMP and their associations with HRQoL
The majority of CMP patients reported three pain sites or more, and the most common pain site was the lower back. Most patients graded their current pain intensity as “low” to “moderate”, and among daily life activities, sleep and general daily activity were most affected by pain. In the univariable logistic regression analyses, almost all the pain-related variables were significantly associated with reduced HRQoL (total score below 0.9). Factors that remained significantly associated with reduced HRQoL in the multivariable analyses were everyday life functions affected by pain such as mood, relations to other people, sleep and enjoyment (Table 3).
In this cross-sectional observational study among 969 patients in primary health care practice, 53% reported CMP. Among the CMP patients, nearly half experienced lower back pain, most had low to moderate pain intensity, and more than half reported three or more pain sites. CMP patients had significantly lower total HRQoL score compared to patients without CMP, and “Discomfort/Symptoms” and “Sleeping” were the HRQoL dimensions most influenced by CMP. Half of the group of CMP patients reported a HRQoL score representing a clinically impaired quality of life. In the multivariable analyses, only gender and receiving disability pension remained significantly associated with reduced HRQoL among the demographic variables. Among the pain-related variables, the multivariable analyses showed that psychosocial factors such as impaired mood, sleep and enjoyment were significantly associated with increased risk of reporting reduced HRQoL, whereas the risk of impaired HRQoL was lower for patients who had relations with other people. Interestingly, current pain and pain sites were not associated with HRQoL in the multivariable analyses.
Strengths and limitations
Our study is unique as it included an unselected group of patients in primary health care. Considering that, most CMP patients suffer from multisite pain, and most studies on CMP pain include single-site pain patients, the findings of our study may be highly relevant for daily clinical practice in primary health care and provide important information about the general burden of CMP. Further, the current study included a high number of participants and comprehensive information regarding pain characteristics and daily life function, which in turn gives us a valuable basis for exploring factors associated with HRQoL in this population. Assessing multiple aspects involved in the complex mechanism of CMP is vital in order to develop effective strategies to prevent and limit negative consequences of CMP at both individual and societal level. The 15-D questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for measuring pain among primary care patients as it uses both a profile system to describe 15 dimensions important for quality of life, and an index system using population-based preferences.
There are some limitations to this study. Our study design was cross-sectional, thus we cannot imply causality or directional relationship between the different factors and HRQoL. Further, the patients themselves reported whether they fulfilled the criteria for CMP, thus the CMP categorization was mostly based on the patients’ subjective evaluation and understanding of CMP. Only one in four patients invited to the study (23%), agreed to participate and the response rate from both GPs and patients was relatively low. However, considering that approximately one in four patient in Norwegian general practice presents with musculoskeletal disorders , and that 53% (n = 517) of all invited list patients of the GP’s met the eligibility criteria for CMP, it is likely that we recruited a high proportion of patients who experienced or had experienced long-lasting musculoskeletal pain during the past 12 months. However, for background variables such as occupational activity, sick leave, prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, disability pension/benefits the our study population is similar to the general Norwegian population in the report about work and health by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health . In addition, the study population is the relatively large, thus we consider our study population to be representative for patients with CMP in primary health care. As the main focus in the present study was to explore demographic factors and pain characteristics, we did not control for confounding factors known to affect HRQoL such as anxiety, depression and physical activity. This might have introduced bias to our findings and our results must therefore be interpreted with caution.
Comparison with other studies
Approximately half of the study population reported CMP. This is similar to a previous Danish study among 390 patients in general practice . Sorensen and colleagues (2019) also found that 47% of GP patients reported musculoskeletal pain, with a duration range of 9–85 weeks . In concurrence with several previous studies, we found a higher prevalence of CMP among women [3, 14, 21,22,23, 53].
Similar to previous findings, HRQoL was significantly lower among CMP patients compared to patients without CMP [26, 32, 54,55,56]. We estimated a mean difference in total HRQoL score between groups of 0.08. A difference of 0.015 or more between groups has previously been found to be clinically relevant . Among the 15 dimensions included in the total 15D HRQoL score, the CMP patients in our study reported the lowest scores in the two dimensions “Sleeping” and “Discomfort/Symptoms”. The scores in the dimensions “Usual activities” and “Vitality” were also clearly lower compared to patients without CMP.
The primary aim of our study was to examine demographic factors and pain characteristics associated with HRQoL among CMP patients in primary health care practice. A limited number of studies have assessed important factors for HRQoL in this particular population. However, similar to our findings, a Norwegian cross-sectional study including a general population of chronic pain patients aged 19–81 (n = 1893) , found no association between self-reported pain and number of chronic illnesses, or global quality of health. Wahl and colleagues (2009) found that stress related symptoms, fatigue and poor self-perceived health was highly associated with lower HRQoL among CMP patients . Jones and colleagues addressed factors associated with HRQoL among 47 patients with chronic pain and opioid abuse. In concurrence with our findings, they reported pain intensity to be of importance for HRQoL in the univariable analyses. However, the multivariable analyses showed that pain itself was less important, while pain management, pain interference on daily life, and symptoms of depression were significantly associated with HRQoL. Malmberg-Ceder and colleagues (2016) found that psychosocial and lifestyle factors had a stronger association with work engagement than pain alone among employees with CMP . Moreover, in a study among patients with chronic low back pain, high symptomatic burden, rather than perceived pain was found to be a strong predictor for reduced HRQoL . In a previous study exploring predictors of quality of life among 1208 chronic pain patients, Lamè and co-workers (2004) showed that pain catastrophizing had the strongest association with quality of life in this group . In the present CMP study population, multisite pain was more prevalent than single site pain, and the lower back was the most commonly reported pain site. These findings correspond to previous large studies of chronic pain [14, 61]. A higher number of pain sites and low back pain have been shown to reduce physical and work capacity , which in turn are associated with reduced daily life function and HRQoL [3, 60, 63]. In contrast, we found no statistically significant association between number or type of pain sites and HRQoL in our multivariate analyses, although several psychological variables related to daily life functions showed a strong association with HRQoL. Studies have shown multisite chronic pain to be associated with a major somatic symptom burden , which in turn may affect the patients’ physical and mental state of health, and the ability to cope with, and recover from, chronic pain [3, 65]. Studies exploring factors affecting quality of life among CMP patients indicate very complex and multifactorial associations, where daily life function and mental wellbeing seem to be of major importance for quality of life .
Among the demographic characteristics, we found that female CMP patients had lower HRQoL compared to male CMP patients. This is in concurrence with the study by Wahl et al. (2009), who found that female chronic pain patients had lower global quality of life than male chronic pain patients . Possible reasons for this gender difference warrants further studies. Interestingly, receiving disability pension was associated with reduced HRQoL. This may be explained by assuming that these patients having endured long duration of pain, disabilities and functional disorders affecting their daily life. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted due to small sample and a large confidence interval.
Even though multisite pain is common among patients with CMP, most research on CMP and HRQoL have focused on populations with single-site specific musculoskeletal pain disorders. Therefore, our study on characteristics and associations with HRQoL in an unspecified group of CMP patients in primary health care practice may provide important knowledge about the state of health and potential variables associated with quality of life. Discrepancies between reported study findings may be due to differences in pain duration and prevalence of co-existing musculoskeletal disorders. In the present study, few participants reported current sick leave due to CMP, which may indicate that our study population consisted of many patients with a relatively low symptom burden or that they were able to manage work despite pain. Inclusion criteria for CMP in this study was self-reported pain and/or disabilities related to the musculoskeletal system for 3 months or longer during the last year, indicating the patients were suffering or had suffered a recent chronic pain condition. Enhancing the knowledge base on CMP is of major importance in order to develop more precisely targeted prevention and treatment strategies in the primary health care system for this group of patients. Our findings may be useful for primary health care personnel, especially GPs and physiotherapists in clinical practice, by increasing their awareness of pain rarely being a single important factor for quality of life in this population.
All participants included in our study were informed of the main focus; musculoskeletal pain. We included a high number of patients in primary health care with previous and present symptoms related to the musculoskeletal system, also among patients in the group without CMP. Our population consisted of patients receiving ongoing treatment in primary health care, and patients on the GPs’ patient lists currently receiving no active treatment. There were more females in the CMP group, and participants were slightly older, had lower education and more worked part-time compared to the group without CMP. In addition, receiving disability pension was more frequent, and self-assessed economic status and health status tended to be lower among CMP patients. These characteristics of CMP patients, in addition to multisite pain and low back pain being the most prevalent pain site, are in concurrence with findings in previous studies, and indicate that our study population may be representative of CMP patients in general [3, 56, 60, 66]. Beside age between 21 and 58 years, there were no further inclusion criteria in our study, and we targeted all CMP patients in primary health care practice. Thus, our findings may be generalizable to the general population of CMP patients with typical sociodemographic characteristics and general CMP burden.
Just over half of the recruited primary health care patients reported CMP. Being female, receiving disability pension and psychosocial factors such as mood, sleep, enjoyment and relation to other people were identified as factors strongly associated with reduced HRQoL in CMP patients. Pain intensity, pain sites and type of pain sites were not significantly associated with reduced HRQoL. CMP patients reported significantly lower HRQoL than patients without CMP, and the total score indicate reduced quality of life of clinical importance for everyday living among the majority of CMP patients. Because of the relatively low response rate in our study, the conclusions must be handled with caution.In primary health care practice, it may be important to establish strategies aiming to improve psychological well-being among CMP patients and to be aware of how possible gender differences may affect quality of life in CMP patients.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain
Health related quality of life
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We would like to thank the General Practitioners offices for their participation in the study and the project coordinators Inger Storaker and Solfrid Hovdal.
This work was supported by The Norwegian Fund for Postgraduate Training in Physiotherapy (grant number 44520) and The Liaison Committee for Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (grant number 4606800).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Central Norway (2012/1232) approved the study and study procedures followed the Helsinki Declaration. The participants signed digital informed consent prior to participation.
Consent for publication
The participants signed digital consent for publication by inclusion into the study.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Cite this article
Garnaes, K.K., Mørkved, S., Salvesen, Ø. et al. What factors are associated with health‐related quality of life among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain? A cross‐sectional study in primary health care. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22, 102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03914-x
- Chronic musculoskeletal pain
- Health‐related quality of life
- Risk factors
- Multisite pain
- Psychosocial factors
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Committee reviews U.S. law enforcement’s use of facial recognition technology
The House Committee on Oversight and Government Regulation held a bipartisan hearing Wednesday morning to review the use of facial recognition technology (FRT) by law enforcement agencies, particularly the policies of the FBI.
The committee reviewed the current state of FRT, its many uses, benefits and challenges, and ultimately assessed whether any legislation is required.
Last May, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report stating that the FBI should better ensure privacy and accuracy in its use of FRT, according to a report by NBC News.
In the report, the GAO warned that there is “limited information on the accuracy of its face recognition technology capabilities”, and that the FBI did not determine how often these searches “erroneously match a person to the database (the false positive rate).”
Based on these findings, the GAO made several recommendations, including proposing that the FBI conduct more testing to “help ensure that the system is capable of producing sufficiently accurate search results.”
The Department of Justice rejected the GAO’s recommendation for more accuracy testing, stating that current testing is adequate.
The Center on Privacy and Technology at Georgetown Law addressed this issue by recommending that the FBI simply test its system for racial bias. However, the FBI responded by claiming that there is no inherent need to test for racial bias because its facial recognition system is “race blind.”
In his opening statement, congressman Elijah E. Cummings (D-Maryland) discussed concerns regarding the “accuracy of facial recognition technology, its disparate impact on certain populations, and its use against law-abiding Americans.”
He expressed his support for law enforcement authorities having access to “the most advanced crime fighting tools” to protect the public, but emphasized that there are many questions being raised about the “accuracy of facial recognition technology, its disparate impact on certain populations, and its use against law-abiding Americans”.
Cummings said that the committee needed to directly examine these questions in order to “help law enforcement authorities do their job as effectively as possible, while at the same time protecting the rights of [their] constituents”.
The committee specifically focused on the FBI’s use of FRT and the FBI policies that regulate the recording, retention and use of photographs by law enforcement.
The hearing featured testimonials from several key representatives, including Kimberly Del Greco, deputy assistant director of the FBI’s criminal justice information services division; Diana Maurer, director of homeland security and justice issues at U.S. Government Accountability Office; Dr. Charles Romine, director of information technology lab National Institute of Standards and Technology; Alvaro Bedoya, executive director of the Center on Privacy and Technology at Georgetown Law; Benji Hutchinson, senior director of NEC Corporation of America; and Jennifer Lynch, senior staff attorney at Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Del Greco discussed two FBI programs that leverage facial recognition, starting with Next Generation Identification Interstate Photo System (NGI-IPS), which allows the FBI and selected state and local law enforcement to search a database of over 30 million photos.
The agency has agreements with at least 17 states that allow it to request a FRT search of state driver’s license databases.
In addition, the FBI’s Facial Analysis, Comparison, and Evaluation (FACE) Services Unit compares the facial images of persons associated with open assessments and investigations against facial images available in state and federal face recognition systems.
Del Greco also discussed how FBI audits serve a critical role in identifying and mitigating risks associated with users of information systems not meeting policy requirements.
In his testimonial, Bedoya discussed how the Center on Privacy & Technology at Georgetown Law estimated that nearly one in two Americans is in a facial recognition database to which law enforcement has access.
Lynch emphasized that the Federal government needs to implement certain regulations to safeguard privacy issues regarding law enforcement’s use of facial recognition technology.
“Face recognition and its accompanying privacy and civil liberties concerns are not going away,” Lynch said in her testimony. “Given this, it is imperative that government act now to limit unnecessary data collection; instill proper protections on data collection, transfer, and search; ensure accountability; mandate independent oversight; require appropriate legal process before collection and use; and define clear rules for data sharing at all levels. This is important to preserve the democratic and constitutional values that are bedrock to American society.”
Previously reported, Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) filed a lawsuit against the FBI last November to force the agency to release all documents related to its plan to provide the Department of Defense with access to biometric information.
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Video từ vựng IELTS - Unit 35: Adverbs - Học Hay
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Từ vựng IELTS - Unit 35: Adverbs
Bài tập từ vựng IELTS Unit 35: Adverbs - Học Hay
1. Underline the seven adverbs in the dialogue below.
Examiner: Tell me about the house or flat you live in.
Candidate: I'm living in my aunt's flat at the moment. I've provisionally arranged to stay there until I complete my studies. It's a relatively small flat, approximately 70 square metres, and on the top floor of a four-storey building.
Examiner: How do you feel about living there?
Candidate: Ideally, I'd like a bigger flat, but it'll do for now. I wouldn't want to stay there indefinitely as it’s along commute to my university.
Examiner: Is the decoration or appearance of the place you live important to you?
Candidate: Not particularly. As long as it's clean and comfortable, I'm happy.
Examiner: When choosing things for your flat, is the appearance of an object more important to you than how well it works?
Candidate: Not necessarily. I prefer objects that are well designed. which to me, means things that are both functional and attractive.
2. Match the adverbs and expressions 1—7 below with the adverbs you underlined in Exercise 1.
3. temporarily/for the time being
4. without a fixed time limit
3. For each sentence 1—7 replace the expression in italics with the most appropriate adverb a-g. Listen to Track 28 to check your answers.
1. I didn't expect this - the prime minister has been elected for a second term.
2. I was intrigued that more young people voted in this election than in the previous one.
3. Yes, of course! I'd love to return to Africa some day.
4. People claim that travel broadens the mind.
5. I'm sure that cooking with natural ingredients is better for your health.
6. We cannot avoid the fact that the cost of fuel will rise.
7. I assume fewer people will travel by car if petrol becomes too expensive.
4. Listen to words 1—6 below on Track 29. Circle the vowel which is stressed and underline any vowels pronounced as a schwa. Say the words.
5. Listen to the examiner's questions in Exercise 1 on Track 30, pausing the CD after each question. Answer the questions in your own words using adverbs where appropriate.
Underline: provisionally, relatively, approximately, ideally, indefinitely, particularly, necessarily
Từ vựng IELTS theo chủ đề - Adverbs
You are going to practise Part 1 of the IELTS Speaking exam: introduction and interview.
You will hear the examiner introduce herself, ask you to confirm your identity, and ask you questions on a variety of topics. This part of the exam takes 4-5 minutes.
As you do this practice exercise, pause the CD after each question so that you can answer.
You may want to record yourself, assess your performance, and try again.
Đáp án gợi ý:
Examiner: Hello. My name is Susan Davie. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Student: Anna Delgado
Examiner: Thanks. Can I please see your identification?... Thanks, that’s great. I’m going to ask you some questions about yourself now. Tell me about your favourite film or television programme.
Student: A television programme I particularly like is a comedy about people who work in an office. It looks quite ordinary on the surface, but the characters are very funny. If you’ve ever worked in an office, you would understand the humour.
Examiner: How do you think television has changed since you were a child?
Student: There are a lot more television channels, so, supposedly, there is a lot more choice. But in fact many of the programmes today are very similar. In the past there were fewer programmes but more variety.
Examiner: Are there any types of programmes that you don’t like to watch?
Student: Absolutely. I really don’t like soap operas. I find the story lines completely unrealistic and I can never keep track of all the different characters and how they're related.
Examiner: I’d like to ask you a few questions about transport. How do normally travel to your work or place of study?
Student: I usually walk to work as my workplace is only two kilometres from my home. It takes me approximately 25 minutes to get there. However, if the weather is bad, I get a lift from my brother or my sister-in law.
Examiner: How do people in your country normally travel?
Student: More and more people own a car, so, inevitably, most people travel by car. Unfortunately, it’s not the healthiest or most environmentally friendly mode of travel, but it is convenient.
Examiner: How easy is it to get around in your country?
Student: It’s relatively easy to get around, especially by car. The road network is extensive and generally in a good state of repair. The exception is in the mountainous areas in the west, where the roads are comparatively rough and narrow.
Examiner: We’re now going to talk about places of interest in your country. What do you think is the most interesting building or monument in your country?
Student: Undoubtedly, the national museum. It was once a palace but it now houses the national art collection. It was built approximately 400 years ago and each room has a particular theme. My favourite room is designed around the theme of music and holds the museum’s collection of musical instruments.
Examiner: Do you prefer historic building styles to modern architecture?
Student: Not necessarily. I think there are a lot of interesting buildings being built these days. I like the way glass and steel can be used to create light airy spaces.
Examiner: To what extent do people in your country value traditional architecture?
Student: Generally speaking, people still prefer traditional architecture and the government has promoted the conservation of historic buildings. Not surprisingly, it’s very difficult to get permission to alter a traditional structure or construct a modern building in an old area.
#hochay #hoctienganh #hocanhvanonline #luyenthitienganh #hocgioitienganh #apphoctienganh #webhoctienganh #detienganhonline #nguphaptienganh #tuvungIELTS #vocabularyforIELTS #tuvungIELTStheochude
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The US Air Force has had a number of different missions over the years, but one that has been added recently is the protection of cyberspace. With the normal US Air Force missions that involve telecommunications and Satellite telemetry, the US Air Force has assumed the protection of the Internet and Cyberspace as one of its primary missions. The Air Force Satellite Telemetry specialist is a career where you are involved in various satellite and telecommunications areas in support of each of the different official US Air Force missions.
You will work with telegraph and microwave gear, maintaining and operating complex radio and radiotelephone gear. Your mission will be to make sure that the network and network systems remain in operations during battle and other harsh conditions, using backup equipment at times and responding to breaks in the system and system failures. The field of military satellite telemetry is fairly new and one that is very exciting. The Air force maintains personnel in the Satellite telemetry field to assist in a variety of satellite related missions. You will deal with many different systems that the Air force has, and deal with material of both classified and unclassified nature. You will work with other Air Force personnel to configure and maintain equipment in communication networks. You will keep working existing networks and systems and work with other personnel and Air Force staff to ensure that the networks keep in contact and are functioning correctly. You will be trained in the most modern satellite and electronic gear known to man. Working with ground based terminals you will access data that comes from satellites, as well as participating in equipment using microwaves and troposphere scatter, radio relays and direct radio communications. Following your advanced training you will be assigned to an Air Force command and begin dealing with equipment and procedures for satellite reconnaissance. You will attend basic training for 9 weeks, and learn different procedures related to Air Force Training and enlisted procedures. After basic training you will attend advanced training school learning the latest in state of the art electronics, and satellite information gear. You will often work with other members of the United States Military to safeguard the security of the United States, with satellite and electronic equipment.
You will work with satellite equipment including wide band satellite dishes, receivers, parabolic dishes and learn how to establish and set up links and networks in tandem using geo stationary satellites in orbit around the Earth.
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16-19 Tuition Fund Information
The purpose of this statement is to outline how Oldham Sixth Form College will use it’s 16-19 Tuition Fund allocation to support students who have had their learning disrupted due to COVID19. Examples of disruption that these students have faced / will face include assessments being deferred due to lockdown or self-isolation, falling behind in their learning due to long or multiple periods of self-isolation and not being able to complete external examinations due to positive COVID-19 cases.
The funding is provided to support small group tuition for students aged 16 to 19 in English, maths and other subjects that have been disrupted, including vocational and/or academic learning. Students aged 19 to 24 who have an education, health and care (EHC) plan are also eligible for support. All students must be on a 16 to 19 study programme and the funding should be used to support the tuition activity above and beyond the programmes of education already planned. It is for students who:
- have not achieved a grade 4 or 5 in English and/or maths
- have a grade 4 or above in English and/or maths, are from an economically disadvantaged background and would need catch-up support. These are defined as students from the 27% most economically deprived areas of the country based on the index of multiple deprivation.
How Oldham Sixth Form College will use the 16-19 Tuition Funding
Oldham Sixth Form College will use it’s allocation of funding through the provision of small group tuition across a range of subjects. Maths and English Intervention Tutors will be used to provide targeted support for those students who have not yet achieved a grade 4 in Maths and/or English in the first instance. Maths and English small group sessions will be run in addition to existing timetabled sessions and will aim to have a maximum of 5 students (7 in exceptional circumstances).
Funding will also be used to provide small group support for other vocational and academic subjects where learning has been disrupted. The small group provision for these subjects will be delivered by subject specialists to help address gaps in knowledge. Small group sessions will be run in addition to existing timetabled sessions and will aim to have a maximum of 5 students (7 in exceptional circumstances).
Funding will also be used to provide more capacity for Learning Support Assistants so that more 1-1 provision can be accessed by students with an Education, Health and Care (EHC) Plan, or with a Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND).
Oldham Sixth Form College is committed to ensuring the tuition fund is used in accordance with the Government’s guidance on the 16 to 19 tuition fund by:
- Producing this intent statement setting out how the fund will be used to support and prioritise the most disadvantaged students
- Publishing the intent statement on the College website
- Recording the use of the fund, including references to individual students who receive support, the needs of those students, the number of hours of tuition delivered and retain the evidence of the tuition provided
- Delivering the extra tuition and spend the allocated funds in the academic year 2021/22
- Notifying the Education Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) of any underspend from the fund for it to be reclaimed
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What treatment is used on a newborn with hyperbilirubinemia?
Phototherapy. Phototherapy is treatment with a special type of light (not sunlight). It’s sometimes used to treat newborn jaundice by lowering the bilirubin levels in your baby’s blood through a process called photo-oxidation. Photo-oxidation adds oxygen to the bilirubin so it dissolves easily in water.
Which drug is used in neonatal jaundice?
Phenobarbital may be administered prenatally in the mother or postnatally in the infant. In populations in which the incidence of neonatal jaundice or kernicterus is high, this type of pharmacologic treatment may warrant consideration.
What is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn?
Hemolytic Jaundice. The most common causes of hemolytic jaundice include (a) Rh hemolytic disease, (b) ABO incompatibility and (c) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and minor blood group incompatibility.
How do you normalize bilirubin levels in newborns?
Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include:
- Enhanced nutrition.
- Light therapy (phototherapy).
- Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg).
- Exchange transfusion.
What happens if newborn has high bilirubin?
High levels of bilirubin can travel to your baby’s brain. This can cause seizures and brain damage. This is called kernicterus.
Can antibiotics treat jaundice?
If jaundice is caused by an underlying health problem, other treatments may be needed. Causes include:- Infection (such as Group B Strep or a urine infection) in baby. Treatment is with antibiotics.
What are the causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
What causes hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn?
- Physiologic jaundice. During the first few days of life, babies aren’t able to get rid of much bilirubin.
- Breastfeeding failure jaundice.
- Breastmilk jaundice.
- Jaundice from hemolysis.
- Jaundice caused by poor liver function.
- Fiber optic blanket.
- Exchange transfusion.
Why do newborns get hyperbilirubinemia?
Infant jaundice usually occurs because a baby’s liver isn’t mature enough to get rid of bilirubin in the bloodstream. In some babies, an underlying disease may cause infant jaundice.
How can I lower my baby’s bilirubin at home?
Sunlight helps to break down indicrect bilirubin so that a baby’s liver can process it more easily.
- Place the child in a well-lit window for 10 minutes twice a day is often all that is needed to help cure mild jaundice.
- Never place an infant in direct sunlight.
How long does it take for bilirubin levels to return to normal in newborns?
If your baby has mild jaundice, her provider may recommend that you breastfeed your baby more often so that she has more bowel movements. This helps to get rid of bilirubin. Jaundice usually clears up within 2 weeks in formula-fed babies. It may last for more than 2 to 3 weeks in breastfed babies.
Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns?
Hyperbilirubinemia is primarily caused by underlying liver or biliary disease. Hyperbilirubinemia in newborns is caused by a delay in efficient clearance of bilirubin from the blood.
What do high bilirubin levels mean for newborns?
Symptoms of high bilirubin levels in newborns are skin and/or scleral jaundice . High bilirubin levels in a newborn means that the neonate is not processing red cell breakdown effectively or an underlying cause is responsible. The treatment for elevated bilirubin in adults depends on the underlying problems. Experts suggest avoiding alcohol.
Is the baby at risk for severe hyperbilirubinemia?
The baby has no known risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia. You grab a transcutaneous bilirubin measurement device, press down gently three times on the baby’s sternum, and receive a reading of nine milligrams per deciliter. Does this baby need treatment?
Why is bilirubin increased in newborns?
Newborns produce more bilirubin than adults do because of greater production and faster breakdown of red blood cells in the first few days of life. Normally, the liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestinal tract.
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Read 5093306 times
Connect me to:
Try a Papaya
Fruits, Desserts, and Other Sweet Foods
Summer Volume: 2000 Issue: 7(2) page(s): 17, 18, and 28
When was the last time you were seduced by a papaya? If you're a Toxotrypana curvicauda, that is a female fruit fly, chances are the green papaya's scent encouraged a rendezvous with a handsome suitor. If you enter into a talent contest with the papaya, you'll probably lose. This popular fruit is also used as a digestive aid, meat tenderizer, facial mask, and contact lens cleaner. The enzyme papain, found in papaya, is also an important ingredient in the brewing industry and in rubber manufacturing.
The Chinese call this fruit fan mu gua or foreign tree melon. It is also known as fan guaor foreign melon and wan shou guo for long life fruit. Worldwide, the most widespread name is that given by the English and Spanish, namely, the papaya. Its birthplace is ambiguous and may have originated in Central or South America, the West Indies, or the Caribbean. The name stems from the Carib word ababai meaning 'the fruit of the angels.' When Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies, he made an entry in his journal noting the physical strength of the natives who lived primarily on this melon-shaped fruit.
This delectable fruit belongs to the botanical division of family of Magnoliophyta, the class Magnoliopsida and the order Violales. The latter is the violet order of flowering plants consisting chiefly of shrubs and trees but also herbaceous plants. Violales have as many as twenty-four families, twelve considered core, of which Caricaceae is one with four genera and thirty or so species. Carica papaya, now popular in southeast Asia is one of the three genera of fruit that once were limited to tropical America.
Papaya plants are often referred to as trees, although their leafless and insufficiently woody trunks (which do not harden) prevent them from being classified as such. But what else can you call a slender, limbering stalk that rises as high as thirty-three feet in the air? Papaya plantations are one of my favorite agricultural landscapes. If you are lucky enough to see one you'll be inspired to raise your shoulders and giggle. The lean and lanky ladies and gents are void of leaves and branches from root to neck. At their summit, they display a comical spread of mammoth fernlike leaves, underneath which are suspended clusters of cylindrical-shaped fruit. This gives the 'tree' the appearance of being naked, except for the wearing of a hat.
Papaya plants can bear up to thirty fruits per year for three or four years, they usually die by the fifth year and must be replaced. New plants bear fruit within a year after planting, and they produce fruit year round. In tropical climates, plantations yield the highest production of fruit per acre and an income second only to the banana. The plants themselves can be male or female or bear both male and female flowers. These are called hermaphrodites, and these plants can also shift sex from male to female and vice versa.
The enormous popularity of this tropical treasure has made it a savvy and speedy traveler. Abundant East Indies plantations supplied seeds to the Philippine Islands and introduced seeds to Nepal in 1626. There is no record of papaya's first appearance in Japan or China prior to the 19th century, yet today it is most common in southeast China and valued for its fruit and for its many medicinal aspects.
In the Chinese system of medicine, papaya is neither warm nor cool. It is believed to stimulate circulation, relax joints and muscles, and improve the flow of breast milk in nursing mothers. For these lactating women, it is common to simmer five hundred grams of papaya and a pig's trotter and drink the resulting soup to increase their breast milk.
To diminish nausea and vomiting when pregnant, Chinese medical practitioners advise women to roast papaya leaves and crush the ashes to fine dust then dissolve three grams in a glass of water and drink this decoction two or three times a day. As an aid in healing renal colic, kidney stones, and gall stones, the recommendation is to combine thirty grams of male papaya flowers with fifteen grams of lard, simmer it and drink as soup. To cure athlete’s foot, according to Chinese medicine, combine one large papaya leaf, ten pomelo leaves, thirty grams of da feng gai also known as Blumea balsamifera and thirty grams of lu ying, which is Sambucus chinensis, then simmer them together in water. Wash the infected feet frequently with the resulting liquid.
The Chinese also use papaya to soothe aching muscles and stiff joints. For this they take a whole papaya, slice off its base, and scoop out seeds. They fill the cavity with rice wine, reattach the base firmly with toothpicks and simmer the whole fruit in warm water for an hour. The recommendation is to store this in a bottle and drink one to two tablespoons twice daily.
Papayas are pear-shaped, also oval-shaped, and they vary in weight from less than a pound to twenty pounds or more. In the United States, most fruits are from Hawaii, are pear-shaped, and dubbed Solo; they weigh just over a pound. Mexico offers the football-shaped Meridol or Maradol varieties; they weigh one to seven pounds. These varieties dominate Western markets, with the hermaphroditic plants bearing pear-shaped papayas and the male or female cross-pollinated plants bearing rounded or oval shaped ones.
The skin color of the papaya ranges from green to orange to golden yellow. Halved, the interior reveals a striking contrast of deep orange or rose flesh surrounding a cavity of black or dark gray seeds that resemble peppercorns. They are encased in a shiny gelatinous coating. Papaya is a fabulously versatile food that can complement many dishes, including beef, veal, pork, chicken, and seafood.
To experience the taste of paradise treat yourself to a raw, ripened papaya unaccompanied by food or condiments. Halve the papaya, remove its seeds, and scoop out the moist, sweet flesh with a spoon. Lacking acidity, it is enhanced by a drizzle of lime; but I prefer mine solo. Every time I eat one I am whisked away to paradise...and the airfare is great. Papaya is not only delicious, it is nutritious. One medium fruit weighing about two-thirds of a pound provides approximately thirty grams of carbohydrates, almost two grams of protein, more than six thousand international units of Vitamin A, seven hundred eighty milligrams of potassium, just under two hundred milligrams of Vitamin C, and only one hundred and seventeen calories. And, they are naturally low in sodium.
Pureed papaya serves as a base for marinades, ice cream, ices, or sherbet. Boiled unripened green papaya makes a great vegetable. Use it in one of the recipes prepared by Flavor and Fortune’s test kitchen editors that follow.
Papaya seeds, said to have digestive and diuretic properties, also cleanse the intestines. Their taste is too pungent to chew on more than a few. Alternatively, wash them in a colander to remove the pulp and spread them on a cookie sheet lined with parchment paper. Bake on lowest temperature until crisp and dry. Cool, place in pepper mill, and use them as you would black pepper.
Papaya owes its solid reputation as a meat tenderizer to papain, a proteolytic enzyme that breaks down muscle fiber and connective tissue proteins into smaller molecules. It is the active ingredient in commercial meat tenderizing preparations, but its effect is limited. It inactivates at refrigerator temperatures and when heated. Since it does not fully penetrate meat, food may be tender or mushy on the surface and tough at the center. Piercing meat to increase penetration is futile; the resultant loss of juices renders it more tough than had it not been pierced.
Papayas have embraced us for centuries, but only in the past several decades have we discovered their truly remarkable properties. As we continue to marvel at their myriad talents, there is one thing we certainly must do...try a papaya!
Francine Tormey is a freelance legal secretary who enjoys writing about food and nutrition. She has worked in private practice as a Licensed Massage Therapist and as a sales representative for a science publisher. She is completing a Master's degree in Creative Writing at Queens College.
|Papaya in Soup|
2 green papaya
2 large pieces rock sugar, or more or less, to taste
2 ounces white cloud ear fungus, soaked in cold water for one hour.
1 cup chicken stock
1. Peel both papaya and remove the seeds. Then dice the flesh into one-inch square-shaped pieces.
2. Bring pieces of sugar and one cup of cold water to the boil and simmer until sugar is totally dissolved.
3. Trim any tough center pieces away from cloud ear fungus. Then add them and chicken stock and another cup of cold water to the pot of sugar water and bring to the boil.
4. Pour this entire mixture into a heat-proof bowl and set in a steamer over two inches of simmering water. Add the papaya and steam for three quarters of an hour. Pour into small bowls and serve immediately.
|Chicken with Papaya|
2 Tablespoons corn oil
2 pounds chicken thigh meat on the bone, chopped into two-inch pieces
2 slices fresh ginger, cut into thin slivers
2 cloves garlic, sliced then cut into thin slivers
4 cups chicken broth
2 green papayas, seeded, peeled, and cut into one-inch pieces
2 Tablespoons thin soy sauce
1 Tablespoon oyster sauce
1 dash white pepper or 1 teaspoon dried ground papaya seeds
4 Tablespoons cornstarch mixed with an equal amount of cold water
1. Heat oil and fry chicken pieces, skin side down only until the skin is browned, then remove and set aside. Do only a few pieces at a time.
2. Fry ginger and garlic in the oil remaining in the pan until aromatic then return the chicken to the pan, add the broth, papaya pieces, and both sauces and simmer for forty-five minutes. Add the pepper or papaya seeds and the cornstarch mixture and cook over high heat until thick and clear, then serve in bowls as you would a stew.
|Spare Ribs with Papaya|
4 pounds spare ribs
2 Tablespoons hoisin sauce
1 teaspoon five spice powder
1 teaspoon chili paste with garlic, optional
3 Tablespoons dark or mushroom soy sauce
1 Tablespoon sugar
2 Tablespoons corn oil
1 green papaya, peeled and cut into large cubes
1 almost ripe papaya, peeled and cut into large cubes
1. Rub the spare ibs with hoisin sauce, five spice powder and the chili paste, if used. Set aside for half an hour. Then mix the soy sauce and sugar and rub them again, then let the ribs set another half an hour.
2. Heat oil and fry the ribs until brown on all sides; be careful not to burn them. Then add one cup of water and simmer uncovered for twenty minutes, then add the green papaya and continue to simmer for another twenty minutes. Add additional water only if and when none is left.
3. Add the ripe papaya pieces and cook ten more minutes, then serve.
Serves eight to ten persons.
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|Did you mean to convert||myriagram||to||quintal [French]|
How many myriagram in 1 quintal?
The answer is 4.895.
We assume you are converting between myriagram and quintal [French].
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
myriagram or quintal
The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram.
1 kilogram is equal to 0.1 myriagram, or 0.020429009193054 quintal.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between myriagrams and quintals.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 myriagram to quintal = 0.20429 quintal
5 myriagram to quintal = 1.02145 quintal
10 myriagram to quintal = 2.0429 quintal
20 myriagram to quintal = 4.0858 quintal
30 myriagram to quintal = 6.1287 quintal
40 myriagram to quintal = 8.1716 quintal
50 myriagram to quintal = 10.2145 quintal
75 myriagram to quintal = 15.32176 quintal
100 myriagram to quintal = 20.42901 quintal
You can do the reverse unit conversion from quintal to myriagram, or enter any two units below:
myriagram to fother
myriagram to packen
myriagram to stone
myriagram to tahil
myriagram to koyan
myriagram to mahnd
myriagram to teragram
myriagram to kiloton
myriagram to pund
myriagram to quarter (ton)
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!
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CBD roads resurfaced with used plastic
By David Schout
While excess plastic on the city streets usually attracts a range of angry complaints, the City of Melbourne’s latest innovation is by contrast an environmental positive.
The council has begun resurfacing two of the CBD’s business streets using recycled plastics otherwise destined for landfill.
By using items such as car bumper bars, a hybrid asphalt containing 50 per cent recyclable materials is now being laid on our streets.
Amid an ongoing recycling crisis throughout Victoria after China stopped importing foreign waste, the move is seen as an innovative way to reduce landfill.
“The paving on these historically significant streets will look exactly the same as any other street," Lord Mayor Sally Capp explained.
“The difference is that using plastic in the asphalt creates demand for recycled products.”
“We collect 11,000 tonnes of residential recycling each year. Using a mix of plastic to resurface our streets is one way we can support the circular economy and reduce landfill.”
The first road to be re-surfaced using recycled plastic was Flinders St, with works occurring on the stretch of road between Exhibition and Spring streets in October.
Works will continue next year on Spring St, between both Little Collins and Little Bourke, and Flinders and Collins.
Deputy Lord Mayor Arron Wood said the initiative was currently a trial – the results of which could see more sustainable asphalting in future.
“The City of Melbourne uses 10,000 tonnes of asphalt annually and we resurfaced eight kilometres of road last year,” Cr Wood said.
“This trial will help us understand whether it’s possible to use recycled plastic in more of our major projects.”
“This is an example of how we can work towards building a circular economy. By using recycled plastic and other recycled materials on our roads we’re creating more sustainable infrastructure and showing there are local markets for recycled materials.”
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| 0.921506
| 410
| 2.21875
| 2
|
Automotive Final Assembly Verification
Ensure all automotive components are present and correctly assembled using Cognex Deep Learning
Machine vision is used throughout the automotive component manufacturing process to rigorously monitor and catch quality defects. Final assembly verification has traditionally been done with human operators, as the various pieces of trim involved in final assembly introduce a high degree of complexity that challenges traditional machine vision inspections. Human inspectors verify that all parts, such as interior pieces like door trim, window switches, and door handles, are present and correctly assembled. Exterior checks for color, badges, headlights, and other components are also done at the final stage of car assembly. Human inspectors, though skilled at identifying varying parts as different models move down the line under changing lighting conditions, can be slow and inconsistent.
Cognex Deep Learning learns the finished appearance of the many car components to identify improperly placed parts. It is able to do this as accurately as a human inspector, but with the speed and reliability of an automated system. Using the location tool a user can build up a component library of trained features. This library of components can contain a wide range of parts, from badges to door handles, for the tool to locate and identify within the image. By adding a verification step using the location tool, the software can provide a pass or fail result based on all of the components that must be assembled. Using this approach, final assembly verification can now be automated.
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|
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| 0.932006
| 288
| 2.46875
| 2
|
Astelia Chathamica - Silver Spear - A strong architectural plant with large sword shaped upright silver leaves and clumping habit. Bears masses of orange berries in autumn, attractive to birds. Height 1.5m
The photo next to the ruler shows an example of the plant for sale (cm's) to give an idea of the size.
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EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TO THE ANXIETY OF PATIENT WITH CHEMOTERAPHY OF NASOPHARING CANCER IN CHEMOTERAPHY OF NASOPHARING CANCER IN CHEMOTHERAPY ROOM OF RSUD Dr. PIRNGADI MEDAN OF 2016
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Sidabutar, Asmi Naomi
MetadataShow full item record
AbstractAnxiety occurred when patient dealing directly to the threat of health and prosperity. Chemotherapy is classification of medical therapy that cause anxiety because there is threat on the physics and spiritual integrity of anyone. The anxiety is caused by fear, frustration, conflict or general respond to the pressure and unfamiliarity (the lack of information/communication from the nurse). The formulation of problem : is there effectiveness of therapeutic communication to the anxiety level of patient in take of NPC chemotherapy in chemotherapy room of RSUD Dr. Pirngadi Medan of 2016. The objective of this research is to study effectiveness of therapeutic communication to the anxiety level to the patient with NPC chemotherapy at RSUD Dr. Pirngadi Medan in 2016. This research is Quasy Experimental with one group Pretest-Posttest design in which on this design there is pretest, before comunication and posttest after communication and observed by questionnaire. The sample procedure in this research is accidental sampling. Based on result of research it indicates that majority after the therapeutic communication, the data without anxiety is 6 persons (60%) and the mild anxiety for 3 persons (30%) and medium anxiety for 1 person (10%).
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Be amended to satisfy a new requirement unless that requirement is inseparable from the existing letter contract. Any such amendment is subject to the same requirements and limitations as a new letter contract.
The contracting officer shall document the basis for using an exception to the fair opportunity process. If the contracting officer uses the logical follow-on exception, the rationale shall describe why the relationship between the initial order and the follow-on is logical (e.g., in terms of scope, period of performance, or value). In fixed-price incentive contracts, billing prices are established as an interim basis for payment. These billing prices may be adjusted, within the ceiling limits, upon request of either party to the contract, when it becomes apparent that final negotiated cost will be substantially different from the target cost.
Certain contracts are very complex and difficult to construct, while others are very simple – it all depends on the type of contract, the products or services the agreement involves, and other factors. A breach of contract occurs when one or more of the parties does not uphold their agreed-upon terms in the contract. For example, if you hired a contractor to remodel your bathroom, and they did not finish every aspect of the project as outlined in the contract, they would be in breach of contract. Conversely, if they completed the project , but you did not compensate them according to the contract, you would be in breach of contract. No matter the types of contracts your business uses, you’ll need some help managing them. Your business might not encounter each and every one of those contract types, but it’s your responsibility to be prepared for any that might come your way.
- Amendments to different types of business agreements happen when parties forget to include crucial clauses in the original document or when a party’s business situation changes.
- The contract will tie the subcontractors to the contractor, but they will not serve as a signatory like the contractor.
- It’s almost always recommended that if you’re entering into a contract, you do so in writing.
- On one hand, jurisdictions that were previously British colonies generally adopted English common law.
In Indian law, which like English law explicitly prefers awarding damages where this would be an adequate remedy, the Specific Relief Act 1963 codifies the rules surrounding specific performance and other remedies aside from damages. Relief available under the act is limited to recovery https://accountingcoaching.online/ of possession of property, specific performance of contracts, rectification of instruments, rescission of contracts, cancellation of instruments, declaratory relief, and injunctions. To recover damages, a claimant must show that the breach of contract caused foreseeable loss.
Types Of Contract In Procurement Management
Though the nature of a project is temporary, they are not performed in isolation. They work in a controlled environment and affected by Enterprise Environmental Factors and Organizational Process Assets . Generally, an incentive is a percentage of the savings that buyer and seller share. Scope Creep is an inherent drawback of a Cost-Reimbursable Contract when the requirements are unclear. The seller may try to increase the cost to increase the fee or reimbursement. I have seen contractors quarrel with project managers regarding the scope. They agreed initially but later argued on small issues to raise the change request.
For example, “A” receives Rs.50/- in return for which he promises to deliver certain goods to “B”. When consideration to one party to other is to pass subsequently to the maker of the contract, is said to be future consideration. “B” promises to pay the price after a fortnight, such consideration is future. The objectives of smart contracts are the reduction of need in trusted intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs, fraud losses, as well as the reduction of malicious and accidental exceptions. A number of American states have passed legislation expressly authorising the use of smart contracts, such as Arizona, Nevada, Tennessee, Wyoming, and Iowa. Unfortunately, GMP contracts force the party doing the work to absorb cost overages in the event the contract price maximum is exceeded. Guaranteed maximum prices are a common feature in construction contracts, and they’re best suited to projects with few unknowns.
Additional Party Roles
Amendments to different types of business agreements happen when parties forget to include crucial clauses in the original document or when a party’s business situation changes. For instance, contract amendments can help to change payment terms between a business and its suppliers.
- Essentially, a contract is a way of formalizing an agreement you make with another party.
- Contracts can technically be verbal, but they are incredibly hard to enforce that way.
- This type of contract is a hybrid of a cost-reimbursable and fixed-price contract.
- Certain contracts are very complex and difficult to construct, while others are very simple – it all depends on the type of contract, the products or services the agreement involves, and other factors.
- Situations like this are why project managers need to have a good understanding of a variety of contract types so that they can handle contract negotiations effortlessly.
- An accord is an agreement to accept some performance other than that which was previously owed under a prior contract.
These amounts represent a percentage of the material and labor costs, which cover the continuing costs of operation and the contractor’s profit. Contract incentives may reward a contractor for achievements, like avoiding safety incidents throughout a contract, completing a project ahead of schedule, or other quality-based metrics. Quite often, they are subtypes of cost reimbursement or fixed-price contracts.
What Are Contract Terms?
This means that as long as there is consideration for the promisee, it is immaterial who has furnished it. An act constituting consideration must have been done at the desire or request of the promisor. If it is done at the instance of a third party or without the desire of the promisor, it will not be good consideration. For example, “A” saves “B”‘s goods from fire without being ask him to do so. Although the European Union is fundamentally an economic community with a range of trade rules, there is no overarching “EU Law of Contract”. In 1993, Harvey McGregor, a British barrister and academic, produced a “Contract Code” under the auspices of the English and Scottish Law Commissions, which was a proposal to both unify and codify the contract laws of England and Scotland.
- In some American states, email exchanges have been recognised as binding contracts.
- If you’d like to form an agreement, all you need to do is come to a mutual understanding with the other parties involved in the transaction.
- Periodically, the owner can determine a duration of the project with a contractor, which must be performed to reduce the risk to a minimum.
- A voidable contract may be ratified either expressly or impliedly by the party who has the right to avoid it.
- In some common law jurisdictions, a distinction is made between contract carriers and common carriers .
- California-based small business attorney handling matters related to securities, mergers & acquisitions, corporate governance, and other business transactions.
An implied in-fact contract binds parties together through a mutual agreement and intent, but there are no expressed terms of the agreement, like ordering and paying for food at a restaurant. Everything from eating at a restaurant to buying a home includes some form of a contract. If Katie chooses not to pay for the medical care she received at the accident, this is considered unjust enrichment under the law. The doctor performed a service that benefited Katie, so the doctor should be compensated by Katie. If taken to court, Katie may owe restitution, and be ordered to pay the bill from the doctor. The Old French origin came from the word contract, which refers to an agreement between at least two people to do or not do something. The English word contract is also derived from the Latin word contractus, which means to draw together.
Unit Price Contract
Standard form contracts that are used in many business-to-consumer agreements leave little room for negotiations. For instance, non-disclosure agreements with former employees who know your trade secrets can be standardized to ensure that your company doesn’t have to develop different contracts every time. Operating a business without enforceable business agreements doesn’t work. Contracts provide guidelines on how to address any problems that may arise during the lifecycle of a business. Drafting the right contracts for various business scenarios can prove integral for a business, shielding it from legal loopholes that other parties in business deals may exploit. Before setting up shop, every business requires contracts that legally bind parties and ensure that the business is law-abiding.
The requirements in paragraph of this section do not apply when disclosure would compromise the national security (e.g., would result in disclosure of classified information) or create other security risks. Indefinite-quantity contracts limit the Government’s obligation to the minimum quantity specified in the contract. Expressly provides that the award amount and the award-fee determination methodology are unilateral decisions made solely at the discretion of the Government. The production point at which the firm target cost and firm target profit will be negotiated . A cost-sharing contract may be used when the contractor agrees to absorb a portion of the costs, in the expectation of substantial compensating benefits. A cost contract is a cost-reimbursement contract in which the contractor receives no fee. Retroactive price redetermination within the ceiling after completion of the contract.
Unenforceability implies that neither party may have recourse to a court for a remedy. Ineffectiveness arises when a contract is terminated by order of a court, where a public body has failed to satisfy the requirements of public procurement law. This remedy was created by the Public Contracts Regulations 2009, (SI 2009–2992).
Knowing which contract to use when is critical to ensuring a successful outcome in delivery, customer satisfaction, and profit. We’ve made things easier by compiling the eight most common types of construction contracts and detailing the pros and cons of each. A basic agreement should be used when a substantial number of separate contracts may be awarded to a contractor during a particular period and significant recurring negotiating problems have been experienced with the contractor.
The completion of the course must exist as a fact before the employer will be liable to the employee; when that fact occurs, the employer becomes liable. Illiteracy Illiteracy neither excuses a party from the duty of learning the contents of a written contract nor prevents the mutual agreement of the parties. An illiterate person is capable of giving real consent to a contract; the person has a duty to ask someone to read the contract to him or her and to explain it, if necessary. Illiteracy can, however, serve as a basis for invalidating a contract when considered in relation to other factors, such as fraud or overreaching.
I am licensed to practice in New York and Connecticut, and am a FINRA and NCDS Arbitrator. This entails reviewing, updating and drafting contracts such as employments agreements, asset purchase agreements, master services agreements, operating agreements and a variety of business and commercial contracts. Additionally, I assist clients with business strategies, contract disputes and arbitration. My diverse experience allows me to give my clients a well-rounded approach to the issues they face.
Contract Under Seal
There are different types of contracts, and each determines the rights and duties of both What are different Types of Contract? sides. A specific type of contract regulates the risks and expenses for the contractor.
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A kingfisher is a small- to medium-sized bird and includes the kookaburras. With around 80 species and a number of subspecies found throughout the world, kingfishers are believed to have originated in the northern hemisphere, but have now been naturalized across the globe. Generally all kingfishers share some similar characteristics, despite differences in behavior, feeding, size, and color. The main similarity is the head, which is large and somewhat exaggerated in comparison to the body. The beaks of the kingfishers are long, sharp, and streamlined, allowing for quicker movement through the air when striking at prey.
In the United Kingdom, there is just one native species, which is the Common Kingfisher. This species can also be found across the rest of Europe, parts of northern Africa, Japan, China, Thailand, India, and the Australasian islands. These birds are among the most widespread of the kingfishers, with a total of seven localized subspecies across the wide native range. The biggest variation among these birds is difference in plumage color; feeding and behavior tend to remain the same.
The plumage of this species is iridescent, meaning that instead of the colors being a uniform, pigment, the plumage — up close — is actually quite dull. In the sun light, the iridescent plumage appears to be bright and vibrant. The Common Kingfisher is characterized by its vivid cobalt blue and orange plumage; shades vary slightly among the subspecies, through a range of blues and greens.
This species does not generally migrate except in areas where winter temperatures result in waterways freezing. Since they mainly eat small fish, if the water freezes they cannot reach the food and are forced to migrate to warmer regions. Nesting in hollows and cavities along the banks of rivers and streams, these birds prefer to remain very close to a stable food supply.
One of the few species native to North America is the Belted Kingfisher. It has blue and white plumage, and, similar to its European cousin, feeds mainly on small fish. Unlike most other kingfisher species, these birds do not perch on overhanging branches before diving to catch prey, but instead, hover above the water.
Australia has ten different kingfisher species, which vary hugely, from the little kingfisher, which measures just 5 inches (12 cm), to the laughing kookaburra, which is the largest kingfisher in the world, measuring 18 inches (46 cm). Across the large number of different species, these birds inhabit a wide variety of terrains, from forests to open meadowlands. Some species, such as the Red-backed Kingfisher, native to Australia, live in arid and semi-arid regions. Despite the name, not all species rely on fish as their primary food source. Many species eat small mammals, reptiles, and insects.
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We’re away until January 3, but we’re reposting some of our favorite pieces from 2016. Enjoy your holiday!
Still from Adriano Celentano’s music video for “Prisencolinensinainciusol.”
You really can’t tell what a song is going to look like until you type it, and that fact itself is interesting to me. When you listen to a song, for instance, you don’t know whether its “stanzas” are in quatrains or tercets or what. The stanzas and line breaks you install when you type the lyrics simply were not there before you typed them. They were not in your head, and they were not really in the song either.
You discover all kinds of things. For example, I recently typed up the words to Cream’s “White Room” (1968). Before doing that, I didn’t know that the song does not rhyme. If someone had asked me if it rhymed, I would’ve had to sing it to find out. It somehow seems like it rhymes? But how is that possible.
I go around telling people that 99 percent of songs rhyme. Is that true? It might not be. Maybe songs all seem like they rhyme, but when you actually check … ?
Read More >>
Last / Next Article
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There are very few items in your home that are more important than smoke and CO (carbon monoxide) detectors for your family’s safety. As a landlord, I am constantly fascinated by the number of times I entered one of my rentals after tenants had moved out and the smoke detectors were removed from the ceiling, apparently because they were “chirping” (needed batteries). Really?
With very little cost and effort you can rest assured knowing that warning systems are in place to let you know when there is trouble. Start by taking a quick tour through your home and noting the types of batteries each detector uses and buy a package of each kind so you have them at the ready to change out every six months.
Reenergize for safety – It’s a good idea to synchronize changing your smoke and CO detector batteries with the changing of the clocks – you know Spring Forward, Fall Back. Once the new batteries are in, hit the “test button” to make sure the alarm is functioning properly. If it isn’t working properly, run (don’t walk) to your nearest hardware store and replace it. Vacuum dust off of the units and wipe clean if necessary.
I think we all know what smoke detectors are for and we should all have them just outside the doorway to the kitchen and at the doorway and inside each bedroom.
Click here to see a list of the best smoke detectors; https://www.safety.com/smoke-detectors/
For those of you that are not exactly sure what CO or carbon monoxide is – It’s a byproduct of burning carbon fuel like the natural gas in your stove and the gasoline in your car. Even small doses of carbon monoxide can cause permanent damage or death. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, and toxic gas that claims almost 430 lives a year.
To maximize your home’s security against high levels of carbon monoxide, place detectors in several key locations. Each level of your home should have at least one monitor. Don’t forget to include your basement and attic as levels of your home. Also near each bedroom. Make sure everyone in your home can hear the alarm sound—even if they’re asleep when it goes off. And of course next to attached garages. Cars release carbon monoxide when they’re running, and if a car is left running in your garage for too long, the gas can seep into your home.
Click here to see a list of the best CO detectors; https://www.safety.com/the-best-carbon-monoxide-detectors/
I hope this information helps you keep you loved ones safe in your home.
Do you have a need for commercial / industrial / retail buildings or land? Are you ready to buy or sell a home? We can help you with that… just call us at 702 SELL NOW or click on this link to my website http://www.702SellNow.com
Choose to have an amazing day….Jeff
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Quite a few left wing firebrands from the 1970s and 1980s have now been forgotten. Who can remember Red Robbo, Red Ted and, pictured below, Red Ron? Yes, such a person existed! Red Ron was Ron Brown, MP for Leith and fierce opponent of Margaret Thatcher. He got quite a reputation for being suspended repeatedly from the House of Commons, particularly on one occasion where he chucked the mace to the ground during a debate on the Poll Tax in 1988.
Brown had a touch of John Knox about him. If you look at the picture below of him confronting Thatcher hand raised, you could almost imagine Knox reproaching Mary Queen of Scots. The animosity would have been on a pretty similar level. In 1982, Thatcher visited Scotland where she knew her popularity was nosediving. In fact, this was the start of Scotland’s marked drift from the Tories only reversed in recent years. Brown confronted Thatcher but was rapidly bundled to the ground by police – despite being a sitting MP.
Well, he certainly ended up being a sitting MP after the police had finished with him!
In the polarised political atmosphere of the 1980s, leading left-wingers often had to be larger-than-life characters to withstand the torrent of abuse from the tabloids and the authorities. But this did sometimes leave them as flawed individuals. And not always as politically astute as they should have been – especially on foreign affairs. Brown’s visits to Libya and Afghanistan look spectacularly ill-judged in retrospect.
Brown was from a solidly working-class background. Then not so much of a novelty as it is today with parliament more socially exclusive than ever. As an electrician in his younger years, Brown suffered burns to his face and hands only repaired by plastic surgery. Undaunted, he began his political career in local government where he established a reputation for defying the party whips.
His career ended with a tawdry scandal involving an acrimonious break-up with a mistress where he trashed her flat. He was found guilty of criminal damage and fined. Then the Labour Party expelled him at a time when many militants were being shown the door by leader Neil Kinnock. This was the start of the party’s shift to the right and eventual adoption of Tony Blair’s ‘third way’. Brown ran as a candidate for the Scottish Socialist Party but failed to be elected.
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To situate a 1,000 car underground car park and transportation hub between lively social streets of Pera and the historical Galata created a great urban design and architectural challenge. The design responded with a contemporary interconnected curvature form with terraces that opens on the Golden Horn breathtaking view. Pedestrian first transit as well as creating roof garden for the public space utilized Istanbul’s best engineering, construction and design creativity. The park’s landscape continues into the parking entry level and bright colors are used to overcome the claustrophobic sense of parking lots. Central to the park is a wood silhouette walk that connects the terraces and offers a breath from the dense city as well as fantastic Golden horn panorama. Sishane responds to two necessities of urban spaces, car parking in the middle of the city and public area space where to hang out, meet or enjoy sunset. As a transit hub Sishane park intends to mold this two essential aspects of city life in one building, working a public space and transit hub for citizens as well for visitors.
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While the COVID-19 pandemic has brought a great deal of attention to the mighty efforts of first responders, the crisis also has increased demands placed on so-called last responders – funeral service workers. With fatalities topping up to 4,000 per day in the United States, working regular shifts of ten or more hours has become common for these professionals.
Curious as to what’s involved in a career in funeral and death care services? Here’s an overview:
Responsibilities of funeral and death care service workers
Morticians, undertakers, funeral directors, and others in this line of work obviously deal with dead bodies. Tasks include arranging transport of the deceased and preparing remains for the funeral and burial.
Duties, however, go well-beyond these actions. People in this occupation comfort families during an incredibly stressful time and attend to details to ensure the entire process goes smoothly. They might help write and post obituaries, go over ceremonial procedures and logistics, present choices as to vessels such as caskets and urns, and guide pallbearers through their responsibilities.
Funeral service workers also attend to administrative matters. They file death certificates and other legal paperwork with the proper authorities.
People in this field typically hold an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in funeral services or mortuary science. While exact classes vary by institution, common areas of study include:
- Anatomy and physiology
- Psychology and counseling
- Funeral service principles
- Funeral service pathology
- Funeral service management
- Funeral service law
- Restorative art
- Cultural diversity
- Communication and composition
A field experience or internship toward the end of the academic program enables students to obtain hands-on experience. This practical education proves helpful when going on the job market and when seeking licensure.
Obtaining a license
Most states require funeral service workers to hold a valid license. Obtaining one generally involves the following criteria:
- Being age 21 or older
- Graduating from accredited funeral service or mortuary science education program
- Passing a state and/or national board exam
- Completing one to three years of training under the supervision of a licensed funeral director or manager
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, funeral home managers earn a median annual wage of $76,350. Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers post a median yearly salary of $54,150.
Things to consider
A career in funeral services is not for everybody. Some individuals feel uncomfortable about the subject of death. Others believe working day in and day out around grieving people seems too depressing.
Those who choose to go into the occupation often express satisfaction in knowing that they are helping others through a difficult time. They want to provide a respectful good-bye to the deceased and assist loved ones in obtaining closure. Patience, compassion, professionalism, attention to detail, and good interpersonal skills serve a funeral service worker well.
Interested in learning more about working in funeral and death services? The American Board of Funeral Service Education compiled a list of Frequently Asked Questions that covers a variety of issues. Likewise, the National Funeral Directors Association offers information on getting started on this career path.
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Microscope & Essentials Bundle
Make Science Come Alive!
If you're going to make an investment in a school microscope, make sure you get one that your student will enjoy using.
Our Sonlight Curriculum-exclusive Ultra microscope includes the "extra options" that make using a microscope a pleasure instead of a frustration. Furthermore, we don't charge you extra for the "options"! They're all included in our standard, unbeatably low price!
Plus, with this Sonlight microscope set you also get a case, a USB digital eyepiece (so you can project your samples on a screen), and all the microscope supplies you'll need to get started right now.
- Microscopy Supplies KitAs with virtually everything we carry: we have done everything we can to make this a complete microscope science kit for hands-on learning, so you have to do as little shopping as necessary.Retail: $94.97
- Sonlight Ultra MicroscopeMake Science Come Alive! If you're going to make an investment in a microscope, make sure you get one that your student will enjoy using.Retail: $320.00
- Digital Microscope Camera EyepieceThe digital microscope eyepiece is a great and inexpensive way to upgrade just about any stereo or compound microscope into a digital microscope.Retail: $99.99
- Microscope Carrying CaseThis nylon carrying case is padded and has heavy duty straps and zippers down the side. Velcro straps adjust to securely hold most microscope sizes and models for safe transport or storage.Retail: $45.00
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Dosing of raw coal
production process flow in messebo cement factory - 11 Nov , Messebo Cement Factory was established with the following objectives: to become a.
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Vertical Raw Mill Operation - srisathyasaitech Vertical milling machines, vertical machining Find all the manufacturers in the Machining Centers,Vertical milling.
PROCESS DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR CEMENT MILL OPTIMISATION - CASE STUDY VK Batra*, , ♦ Operation of the mill in auto mode as far as possible.
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CEMENT RAW MILL OPERATION
A cement mill (or finish mill in North American usage) is the equipment used to grind the hard, nodular clinker from the cement kiln into the fine grey powder that is.
The ATOX Raw Mill is a highly efficient mill that grinds all types of raw materials - saving both space and energy while delivering outstanding performance.
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For several decades the cement industry has successfully utilized Vertical Roller Mills (VRM) for grinding of raw , vertical roller mill , ball mill operation has.
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MB5X Pendulum Roller Grinding Mill
MTW Trapezium Grinding Mill
LM Vertical Grinding Mill
LUM Ultrafine Vertical Grinding Mill
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South Jinqiao Area
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How A Larger Down Payment Impacts Monthly Payments*
*The payment is principal and interest only. To get the total monthly payment for down payments below 20%, add in your property taxes, homeowners insurance and private mortgage insurance .
In general, most homebuyers should aim to have 20% of their desired home price saved before applying for a mortgage. Being able to make a sizeable down payment improves your chances of qualifying for the best mortgage rates. Your credit score and income are two additional factors that will play a role in determining your mortgage rate.
Structural Mortgage Market Shifts: Increasing Loan Duration & Explicit Government Backing
While the stamp duty holiday was widely discussed, the UK also pushed through other structural shifts to the mortgage market in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis.
“In the UK, usually the longest term fixed mortgage you could normally get was five years. Boris Johnson has now. Nobody can pretend that this has anything to do with Covid, and in fact when Johnson announced it, his stated aim was to give young people access onto the housing ladder. This is a good example of how the magic money tree was discovered for Purpose A, i.e. Covid, and is being used for Purpose B, furthering social justice.” – Russell Napier
When governments guarantee loans they lower the risk of making the loans, which in turn increases the flow of capital into the associated market. That typically leads to faster appreciation.
Programs created to “help” people get into the market are initially effective, but after prices adjust to reflect said capital shifts and risk-free profits the market becomes structurally dependent on such programs & the incremental help they offer declines as prices rise.
The property market has been frenzied throughout the first half of 2021 with Rightmove stating the first half of the year has been the busiest since 2000. Average home prices across England, Wales and Scotland rose to £338,447, an increase of £21,389 or 6.7% since the end of 2020.
Budget For Mortgage Set
Mortgage set-up fees typically include the product arrangement fee and booking fee. To determine the mortgages annual interest calculation, lenders include valuation fees and redemption fees. The valuation fees are often referred to as the overall cost for comparison. When you apply for a mortgage, all your fees must be specified under the key facts illustration. This is a document prepared by the lender to outline the details of your mortgage and what they recommend during the early stages of application.
Take note of the following fees when you apply for a mortgage:
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What Is An Interest
An interest-only mortgage is a home loan that allows you to only pay the interest for the first several years you have the mortgage. After that period, you’ll need to pay principal and interest, which means your payments will be significantly higher. You can make principal payments during the interest-only period, but you’re not required to.
How To Get Your Finances Ready To Buy A House
Take stock of your finances to see if youre ready to apply for a mortgage. Make sure that you can provide evidence of at least two years worth of regular income, and figure out your total assets, debt and monthly expenses.
Check your credit reports. If you want to apply for new credit cards or other loans, keep in mind that these applications may add inquiries to your credit history and could lower your scores. Plan to apply for other types of credit well in advance of applying for a mortgage or wait until after youve closed on your home loan.Home affordability calculator
Ask lenders what information they need from you to issue a mortgage preapproval letter, and confirm that you have the documents on hand.
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How To Use The Mortgage Pre
The first and most important field to input is our mortgage pre-approval calculator is your income. If you are single, use your income. If you are a couple purchasing together then add your incomes together and input in this field.
Let me explain how to calculate your income . Scroll through here to see which applies to you…
Salaried Employee: If you are a salaried employee, then you would input your annual salaried income before income tax is paid.
Let’s say your salary is $6,000 per month. Then you would input $72,000 into the calculator.
Salaried plus bonuses: If you earn salary plus bonuses, then you have 2 options. You can just input your salary and not include your bonuses.
To include your bonus income, you must be with the same employer for at least 2 years. To include bonus income, a lender will use a 2 year average of your income. This average would be based on your T4 income or your Income Tax Return Notice of Assessments
Hourly Employees: If you are an hourly employee, then to calculate your annual income you would include your hourly rate and weekly guaranteed hours.
Let’s say your earn $25/hour. You are guaranteed 37.5hours per week. In this case, you would multiply $25/hour by 37.5hours per week and then multiply by 52 weeks. $25 x $37.5 x 52 equals $48,750 per year.
You would input $48,750 into the mortgage pre-approval calculator.
If you want more details about these, read this article that we wrote regarding self employed mortgage options.
What To Do If A Lender Refuses Your Mortgage Application
A lender could refuse you for a mortgage even if youve been preapproved.
Before a lender approves your loan, theyll verify that the property you want meets certain standards. These standards will vary from lender to lender.
Each lender sets their own lending guidelines and policies. A lender may refuse to grant you a mortgage if you have a poor credit history. There may be other reasons. If you dont get a mortgage, ask your lender about other options available to you.
Other options may include:
- approving you for a lower mortgage amount
- charging you a higher interest rate on the mortgage
- requiring that you provide a larger down payment
- requiring that someone co-sign with you on the mortgage
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Read Also: Does Rocket Mortgage Service Their Own Loans
Want To Pay Your Loan Off Quicker
With strong property prices, its not uncommon for people to take out loans extending beyond 25 years. However, with the rise of technology and automation, who knows what the world would look like in a quarter century? Paying extra on your home means your balance is lower today AND your balance is lower tomorrow. The earlier you make mortgage overpayments, the more interest expense you will save.
Making early overpayments reduces your balance for the duration of the loan. Just take note of early repayment charges . Some lenders allow you to overpay up to a certain amount before prompting early repayment penalty fees. These fees can range between 1% to 5% of your loan amount. Be sure to make qualified overpayments to avoid this extra cost.
Suppose you want to pay off your loan in 15 years. Your original mortgage has with a 25-year term. To estimate the overpayment amount you need to make, adjust the above calculator to 15 years. For example, a £180,000 loan structured over 25 years will see you pay £56,581.78 in interest over the life of the mortgage. However, if you pay off the loan within 15 years, your monthly payment would jump from £788.61 to £1,182.51. See the example in the table below.
Loan Amount: £180,000
The Bottom Line: Mortgage Calculators Can Help You Decide How Much House You Can Afford
Mortgage calculators are great for giving you an estimate of what you might expect when purchasing or refinancing a home. While not an official qualification, the act of using a calculator is a nice starting point.
If youre ready to take the next step and get started, you can do so online with Rocket Mortgage®.
Take the first step toward the right mortgage.
Apply online for expert recommendations with real interest rates and payments.
Read Also: Reverse Mortgage Manufactured Home
What Are My Options If The Result Is Less Than I Need
In this case, you may find that adjusting the loan term enables you to meet your requirements. Although it will mean repaying more in total over the course of your loan, the lower monthly repayments could help you to afford more than your initial result suggests.
Alternatively, you can experiment with different interest rates to get the best options delivered directly to you, click the Get the FREE Quote button to get in touch with lenders who will be able to assist you.
Percentage Of Income Toward Monthly Payment
While the 28% rule is a good starting guideline, there are other factors to think about. Lenders are legally obligated to learn about your assets, expenses and credit history before offering you a mortgage. How reliable your income is can also matter. If much of your earnings come from a source that varies from month to month, like commissions, a lender might not be willing to lend as much to you as it would to someone who earns a consistent salary.
Consider what you can comfortably afford to spend on a monthly basis without affecting other financial goals, such as saving for an emergency fund or investing toward retirement.
Recommended Reading: Can You Get A Reverse Mortgage On A Condo
What Is A Fixed
A fixed-rate mortgage is a home loan that has the same interest rate for the life of the loan. This means your monthly principal and interest payment will stay the same. The proportion of how much of your payment goes toward interest and principal will change each month due to amortization. Each month, a little more of your payment goes toward principal and a little less goes toward interest.
How Much Mortgage Refinance Can I Qualify For
Over the last few years, changes to mortgage financing rules have created confusion with many clients I speak with. If a client comes to me to refinance his or her home, then they ultimately want to know, “How much mortgage refinance can I qualify for?”
The amount of mortgage refinance you qualify for depends on 2 factors, your income and your home value. The maximum you can refinance your home, with an “A” lender, is 80% of the value. The next determining factor is whether you earn enough income to qualify for that amount.
Most financial institutions are governed by a branch of the government called OSFI, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions. These financial institutions are also governed by the National Housing Act which stipulates mortgage financing regulations.
Basically, the rules state that a financial institution can lend up to a maximum of 80% of the value of a home. If a financial institution wishes to lend more than 80% of the value, then mortgage loan insurance is required.
The rules were recently changed to state that no institution can obtain mortgage default insurance for a mortgage refinance. Therefore, 80% is the maximum financing available through most financial institutions.
In short, the first factor to determine how much you can qualify for is based on your home’s value.
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What Is The Mortgage Qualifying Calculator +
Our mortgage qualifying calculator was designed to help you determine how much you can borrow, how much income you need to qualify for your desired mortgage, and what your total monthly payment will be for the loan. The calculator uses information such as your mortgage rate, down payment, loan term, closing costs, property taxes, as well as homeowners insurance.
Determining the monthly mortgage payment that you qualify for is similar to determining the maximum mortgage loan you can afford. All you have to do is enter the value of your annual income and the length of your loan on the mortgage qualifying calculator, and it will display the monthly payment you should expect.
Yes, it is absolutely possible for you to get a mortgage on 20k a year. Assuming a loan term of 20 years with an interest rate of 4.5%, you would qualify for a mortgage that is worth $66,396, and a monthly payment of $467. Head on over to our mortgage qualifying calculator to find out what those amounts will be with different interest rates and loan terms.
With a total monthly payment of $500 every month for a loan term of 20 years and an interest rate of 4%, you can get a mortgage worth $72,553. Of course, this value might vary slightly, depending on the percentages of property tax and home insurance.
When Do Consumers Choose An Arm
Adjustable-rate mortgages , on the other hand, have interest rates that change depending on market conditions. ARMs usually start with a low introductory rate or teaser period, after which the rate changes annually for the remaining term.
ARMs come in 30-year terms that can be taken as a straight adjustable-rate mortgage with rates that change annually right after the first year. However, borrowers usually take them as a hybrid ARM, which come in 3/1, 5/1, 7/1, and 10/1 terms. For example, if you get a 5/1 ARM, your rate remains fixed for the first 5 years of the loan. After the 5-year introductory period, your rate adjusts every year for the rest of the payment term.
When does taking an ARM make sense? ARMs are usually chosen by consumers who plan to sell their house in a few years or refinance their loan. If you need to move every couple of years because of your career, this type of loan might work for you. ARMs usually have a low introductory rate which allows you to make affordable monthly payments, at least during the teaser period. Before this period ends, you can sell your home, allowing you to avoid higher monthly payments once market rates start to increase.
Also Check: 70000 Mortgage Over 30 Years
Next: See How Much You Can Borrow
You’ve estimated your affordability, now get pre-qualified by a lender to find out just how much you can borrow.
What will your new home cost? Estimate your monthly mortgage payment with our easy-to-use mortgage calculator.
- Award Ribbon
Use our VA home loan calculator to estimate payments for a VA loan for qualifying veterans, active military, and military families.
- Dollar Sign
Your debt-to-income ratio helps determine if you would qualify for a mortgage. Use our DTI calculator to see if you’re in the right range.
- Pig Refinance calculator
Interested in refinancing your existing mortgage? Use our refinance calculator to see if refinancing makes sense for you.
How To Use The Pre
Our pre-qualification calculator can provide an idea of what to expect before you talk to a lender. All we need are a few pieces of information about you and your finances:
Enter your annual income before taxes.
Enter the term of the mortgage youre considering.
Select your credit score range.
Tell us about your employment status.
Tell us if you have a down payment.
Tell us about past foreclosures or bankruptcy.
Enter your monthly recurring debt payments.
After completing each required field, youll see the loan amount we recommend, as well as a higher loan amount. We show two pre-qualification amounts because:
Different loans have different debt-to-income requirements. For example, conventional loans usually have stricter DTI requirements than FHA loans, insured by the Federal Housing Administration.
Its not always smart to borrow 100% of what a lender offers. The maximum loan amount is the most the lender is willing to loan you, not what makes sense for your budget. A higher loan amount will mean a higher monthly mortgage payment. Borrowing too much could make it difficult to ride unexpected financial bumps, such as a job loss or a big medical bill.
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How Long Youll Stay In Your Current Home
When you refinance, there are origination and other closing costs associated with taking out the new loan. Because of this, its important to have a decent idea of the number of years you might stay in the home.
Your time in the home will help you calculate the breakeven point and determine whether its worth it for you to do the refinance. For instance, if it takes you 2 years to break even in payment and interest savings after paying closing costs, you know you have to stay in the home longer than that for the refi to make sense.
The key here is to have an idea of your situation. If you have some sense of what your future plans might be, then you can sit down and do the math.
How To Use The Mortgage Affordability Calculator
To use our mortgage affordability calculator, simply enter you and your partnerâs income , as well as your living costs and debt payments. The calculator can estimate your living expenses if you donât know them.
With these numbers, youâll be able to calculate how much you can afford to borrow. You can change your amortization period and mortgage rate, to see how that would affect your mortgage affordability and your monthly payments.
Don’t Miss: What Does Gmfs Mortgage Stand For
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The future of payments in South Africa has been saved
The future of payments in South Africa
Enabling financial inclusion in a converging world
The financial services sector in South Africa has been undergoing unprecedented transformation. Ongoing modernisation and rapid developments in digital technologies are disrupting the sector, as well as enabling change in previously disconnected sectors, such as banking, telecommunications and retail. This has given rise to new market entrants and solutions actively shaping the payments space.
Although this convergence is giving consumers access to services in a user-friendly way, there is no meaningful change in consumer behaviour. Cash is still king and trust in digital payments is still lacking.
In this report, Deloitte Africa and Mastercard explore how to enable this convergence further, reduce the reliance on cash and encourage the use of digital payment methods. This could further increase financial inclusion in South Africa and thereby achieve more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
The report recommends four key levers for change to achieve this, focusing on:
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The MormonLeaks team is excited to announce release of Episode 06 at MormonLeaks.com.
Episode 06 focuses on the origins of the defining feature of Mormonism: belief in personal and prophetic revelation. We provide evidence implicating Sidney Rigdon, a man who suffered a brain injury as a child (Episode 3), as the likely source of the revelatory style unique to Mormonism and to the Mormon cannon. Accordingly, we choose as the icon for Episode 06 a 3D map of the brain of teenagers with early-onset schizophrenia, and we give Episode 06 the title “Thus Saith the Lord”.
Episode 06 shows that the poor grammar found in the 1830 Book of Mormon (since removed) can be attributed to the use of Appalachian English during the book’s dictation. Variations in its usage within the text give clues regarding the dictation process. We also present computer authorship attributions for Smith and Cowdery, and discuss their significance. Attributions are also provided for the Book of Commandments and for the Book of Moses. Unlike the Book of Mormon, the Book of Commandments appears to be the work of just three men. We show that Book of Moses is an extension of the process used to create the Book of Mormon and is likely a prequel for the Book of Ether (the story of the Jaredites in the Book of Mormon).
Institutional power is a major theme. Several lines of evidence suggest that Rigdon and Smith used revelations to control Cowdery and Harris. We also show how Rigdon orchestrated establishment of the Church of Christ, his sudden emergence as a co-equal partner with Smith, and his behind-the-scene role in commanding migration of early Mormon converts from New York to Ohio, where Rigdon had prepared receptive congregations. As Episode 06 closes, Smith and Rigdon are sharing the reins of power in Ohio.
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Today, most Americans don’t realize how vital the patent system is to their standard of living. But the founding fathers certainly did. That’s why they very consciously set out to construct the world’s first DEMOCRATIZED patent system that would do what no other patent system in the world had done before; stimulate the inventive genius of the common man… I would call for patience, because I believe history has shown that the system self-corrects and will likely do so again. But in our zeal for the perfect system, remember, the perfect is the enemy of the good. So be careful what you wish for.
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Starting a blog can be overwhelming.
Bloggers often neglect the most important things while starting a blog.
They rush things because they got a nice HostGator coupon to host their blog or someone gave them another nice offer.
While these things are nice. You can’t always jump in the pool and then learn to swim.
Starting a blog based business is quite similar. You need to prepare and make sure that you have everything figured out, at least most of it before you jump in.
I remember when I started off blogging, I was so excited it took me just 5 minutes to set up my blog.
And then I had no idea what I was going to write about or what I was going to do.
It took me only 2 months to shut down the blog.
It was a valuable lesson because, since then I always plan and the results have been much better.
I’ve outlined the process I followed and still follow every time I start a new blog.
Goals & Objectives
Your blogging goal depends on what you want to achieve and why. As a rule of thumb keep the goal simple and straightforward.
As your blog grows, you can set new objectives.
For example, a goal for a blog can be like:
- Earn $10,000 per month within 6 months.
- Grow Twitter following to 15,000 within a year
- Build a healthy fan-base of 2000 Facebook Fans within 3 months
- Build an email list of 25,000 Subscribers within 2 years
They key to setting perfect goals is to set a timeline that you hope to achieve it. If you do not do this you will not make the required amount of effort to reach your goals.
While goal setting is good and helps you know where you’re going. You still need to figure out what you’re going to do to get there.
The objective will tell you what you’re going to do with your blog to meet the set goals.
For example, an objective can be like:
- I am going to write quality articles daily.
- I’m going to engage in conversations and connect with Industry leaders.
- I’m going to create a unique product and sell it.
If you need further help understanding the difference between goals and objectives, check out this neat YouTube video.
YouTube Video Explaining Goals & Objectives
This is one of the important part of starting a blog business. Its essential that you plan what sort of a brand you would like to build. How you want the public to perceive your business.
This is something that would define you, so its essential that you take your time to create all the branding material that would portray you and your business the way want to.
While considering your blog branding, consider the following as they usually have an impact on your branding:
- The blog name
- The tagline.
- The site design
- Color palette
- Blog voice
Banding take a lot of time. But you will soon realize that your brand image begins to strand out.
Take ViperChill for example, his strategies made his blog posts go viral and soon he was the guy to follow to learn about traffic generation and viral traffic building.
There is no point in working so hard to build a successful blog business, branding and content if you are not going to market it.
Most bloggers fail and give up too quickly because they do not see any traffic or actual results.
This is because they never have a strong marketing strategy or plan.
In order for you to succeed both in the online and offline world you will need to come up with a strong plan.
Just like how you prepare an editorial calendar to write your article. (Get a copy of my editorial calendar here)
You should also prepare one to market them.
The next step is to figure out how you’re going to make money.
There are hundreds of monetization models for blogs. But you have to choose this very carefully depending on what you wish to achieve and it should be in line with your goals.
Some use advertisements, affiliate marketing and some even create their own products and sell them on their blogs.
Identifying your strengths can help you a great deal in figuring out what you can really do and achieve with your blog.
This is my most favorite part of the blog business. Blogging.
Blogging is a marketing tool that is used to get readers to your website or landing page to convert or sell.
But today, things are quite different we use blogging for quite a lot of things.
There is one thing about starting a blog that has not changed that is content creation.
Focus on writing quality articles that help your readers and draw them to your blog and make that your primary purpose.
Scalability & Growth Strategy
This step is when you have reached all the goals you have set.
Its now time to set goals that help you scale your business, improved results, more products may be.
The point is your business is growing and you need to have a scalability plan and ensure you can handling all the workload and clientele.
There are times that you might even have to hire additional resources to manage work.
I remember copyblogger starting off with just one guy. Today they have scaled up – multiple products, additional resources, larger office and more.
Blog business can be exciting if you have the passion and vision to grow.
If you have transformed your business or seen how a blog business plan can help let me know on twitter @zabrocofl
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Breastfeeding mothers should eat varied, balanced, and regular food. Nutrient-rich foods and additional vitamins and minerals are important.
Diet Of The Breastfeeding Mother: A Few More Calories If Desired
During breastfeeding, extra energy and supplements are expected to take care of a child with bosom milk. In the initial four months after your youngster’s introduction to the world, you will require around 500 calories each day, notwithstanding the essential prerequisite of around 2000 calories.
So on the off chance that you feel more eager because of breastfeeding, you can and should yield to this sensation of appetite now. For instance, the extra prerequisite of 500 calories each day or, for meat/wiener and fish, each week:
- 250 ml milk/day
- One cut of entire grain bread/day
- 200 g vegetables/day
- One piece of organic product/day
- Two teaspoons of oil, margarine, or spread/day
- 100 g meat or wiener/week (compares to a little schnitzel or three to five cuts of frankfurter)
- 100 g fish/week
This calorie expansion for the nursing mother’s eating regimen compared to average qualities and can shift to some degree from one individual to another. You are spot on with the off chance that you keep your weight or lose some weight gradually. Talk about this with your gynecologist also.
When the stores from pregnancy have been spent, for example, you have arrived at your beginning load from before pregnancy, you are free to eat somewhat more once more. Diets for weight reduction while breastfeeding is likewise firmly debilitated. They can influence breastfeeding and your wellbeing.
Also Read: Diet For Good Health
Nutrient-Rich Foods: The First Choice When Breastfeeding
If you put excessively or too minimally on the scales, this will decrease the milk creation and the energy content. Eating more doesn’t prompt expanded milk creation. You ought to eat enough and quality food as a result of the nutrients and minerals provided with the food.
It would help if you met your calorie necessities with supplement-rich food sources, for instance, vegetables, natural products, dairy items, lean meat, and entire grain items. Desserts, cakes, and so forth, then again, ought to just be delighted in little amounts. Albeit these items are high in calories, they don’t contain important nutrients and minerals.
Secure Valuable Carbohydrates
For sustenance, while breastfeeding, it is additionally fitting to take more than 50% of the vital energy through food sources that are wealthy in fiber and starch. Whole grain bread, entire grain pieces, earthy colored rice, entire grain pasta, and other oat dishes, vegetables (contingent upon resistance), potatoes, and soil products are portrayed by a high supplement thickness.
They ought to be a necessary piece of the eating regimen during breastfeeding and consistently on the nursing mother’s menu. The high fiber content of these items likewise forestalls obstruction and keeps you full more.
Add Protein As Well
For milk production, you also need more protein than others. Milk, buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, sea fish, legumes, nuts, and whole grains are best to meet these increased needs.
Bringing Vitamins And Minerals Into Balance
The supplement-rich food sources referenced above, to a great extent, cover both the energy prerequisite and the nourishing necessity in the eating regimen of the nursing mother. Nonetheless, it would help if you gave specific consideration to certain nutrients and minerals.
With regards to nutrients, the requirement for folic corrosive specifically increments during breastfeeding.
Here it would help if you conversed with your PCP or medical care proficient in taking a folic corrosive enhancement. Food varieties that are high in folic corrosive include tomatoes, cabbage (kale, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower), peas, spinach, sheep’s lettuce, whole grain bread, raw grain, wheat, oranges, strawberries, and grapes. With regards to minerals, you should watch out for iodine, calcium, and iron specifically.
Also Read: The Ideal Diet For Menopause
Increased Need For Iodine
The requirement for iodine is expanded during breastfeeding, and the iodine content of bosom milk generally relies upon your iodine supply. Since iodine inadequacy during breastfeeding – similarly to during pregnancy – can weaken the physical and mental advancement of the kid, a sufficient iodine supply is significant.
The utilization of ocean fish and marine creatures just as milk and dairy items adds to the iodine supply, as does the utilization of iodized salt. For instance, breastfeeding ladies are encouraged to burn through ocean fish for double seven days if conceivable, including ocean fish in some measure one time each week. The favored utilization of enormous ruthless fish, for example, fish or swordfish, isn’t prescribed because of the contamination.
For different food varieties, like bread and meat items, you ought to favor food sources made with iodized salt. As well as utilizing iodized salt and food sources containing iodine, breastfeeding ladies should take iodine tablets every day (100 μg iodine/day) after counseling their primary care physician. Note: Avoid taking different iodine-containing arrangements. We likewise prompt against burning-through dried green growth arrangements, as they can contain a great deal of iodine.
Milk As A Calcium Supplier
The requirement for calcium isn’t expanded during breastfeeding. However, for your well-being, you should ensure that you get sufficient calcium. Great wellsprings of calcium are milk and dairy items, a few vegetables (broccoli, kale, spinach, and fennel), and calcium-rich mineral waters (> 150 mg calcium for each liter). It is ideal to become accustomed to consistently eating around a large portion of a liter of milk (then again yogurt, buttermilk, and so on) and a couple of cuts of semi-hard cheddar.
Catch up on loss of iron
The iron necessity is likewise not expanded by breastfeeding. Be that as it may, the suggested admission is marginally higher than ordinary to compensate for the misfortune during pregnancy. Food sources containing iron are meat, a few grains (particularly millet, green spelt, and oats), bread, frankfurter items, and vegetables (spinach, salsify, carrots, fennel, sheep’s lettuce).
The iron from meat is more promptly accessible to the body than that from plants. Since nutrient C works on the assimilation of iron, it is a great idea to have a glass of squeezed orange with your dinner.
Drinking: Very Important In The Diet Of The Nursing Mother
You emit a lot of liquids with bosom milk. Accordingly, you should ensure that you drink bounty and routinely while breastfeeding. You should drink around two liters of liquids each day. It is ideal for drinking a glass each time you breastfeed. This might make it simpler for you to drink enough every day.
Regular water, mineral water, unsweetened homegrown and organic product teas are appropriate. Sage and peppermint tea are viewed as inhibitors of milk creation. It has not been experimentally demonstrated that extraordinary teas for milk creation truly advance milk creation. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you like these teas, you are free to savor them the suggested day-by-day amounts.
You should drink limited quantities of espresso and dark tea as a result of the caffeine they contain. Around a few cups a day, you do no damage. However, you ought to possibly be intoxicated in the wake of breastfeeding if conceivable. Likewise, note the caffeine content of colas, caffeinated drinks, and chilled teas.
Liquor hurts you and the child. Since liquor passes into milk, you ought to keep away from it while breastfeeding. Despite prevalent thinking, liquor doesn’t animatedly milk creation. It might even diminish it.
Vegetarian And Vegan Diet
A vegan diet with the utilization of dairy items and eggs can cover the dietary prerequisites during breastfeeding. Assuming you need to keep eating vegetarian while breastfeeding, you ought to guarantee that you have a sufficient stockpile of basic supplements. In any case, there are no kidding wellbeing hazards.
The good advancement of the youngster’s sensory system is especially influenced. As well as taking a nutrient B12 supplement on a drawn-out premise, you ought to guarantee that there is a sufficient stock of, particularly, basic supplements through braced food sources and arrangements. Notwithstanding counsel from a certified nutritionist, the inclusion of the supplements ought to be observed routinely by your PCP.
Avoid Unnecessary Food
If your kid experiences fart, you can test for yourself whether it will improve if you preclude vegetables like cabbage, leek, garlic, vegetables, or onions. Fundamentally, nonetheless, it isn’t important to keep away from beats and swelling vegetables.
Citrus organic products or certain vegetables, for example, tomatoes and cucumber, are more than once associated with being liable for an irritated base in children. Notwithstanding, this can’t be logically demonstrated. The equivalent applies here: give it a shot.
No Diets To Prevent Allergies
According to studies, avoiding certain (allergenic) foods during breastfeeding, for example, cow’s milk, eggs, fish, and nuts, has no discernible benefit in preventing allergies in children. Breastfeeding women should therefore not remove any food from their diet. Severe weight loss from diets should be avoided. This could result in an undersupply of important nutrients from these foods and cause damage to health.
|
<urn:uuid:e7c73f88-e505-4864-b6cd-250190f43aa9>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.cultfits.com/know-the-diet-while-breastfeeding/
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|
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| 0.9299
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|
Get ready for another day of internet-wide activism. This is billed as "The Day We Fight Back," with sites across the web joining a campaign to end mass surveillance programs from the National Security Agency.
The campaign was organized by public advocacy groups such as Demand Progress, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the American Civil Liberties Union, and Fight for the Future, working alongside tech companies such as Reddit, Namecheap, and Tumblr. With the protest, activists hope to not only push public opinion even further against the NSA, but also defeat the FISA Improvements Act, a bill sponsored by California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein. Demand Progress executive director David Segal says that although the bill is touted as reform legislation, it would actually codify many of the surveillance practices that activists oppose -- practices that have received added attention in recent months after ex-government contractor Edward Snowden began sharing NSA secrets with the press.
At least in spirit, today's protest resembles a successful 2012 campaign to stop the SOPA and PIPA anti-piracy bills, which critics argued were over-broad and would have allowed the government to censor the web. But it also honors the memory of Aaron Schwartz, the political activist and co-founder of both Demand Progress and Reddit, who took his life last year.
Although the campaign echoes the SOPA and PIPA campaign, which turned WIRED and countless other sites black two years ago, "The Day We Fight Back" isn't calling for sites to go dark. Instead, campaigners are urging sites to post a banner that includes an embedded web app that people can use to call their senators and representatives.
In place of the Feinstein bill, activists hope to pass the USA Freedom Act, a bill sponsored by Wisconsin Republican Jim Sensenbrenner in the House and Vermont Democrat Patrick Leahy in the Senate. The measure "ends bulk metadata collection, increases transparency, and ends the backdoor loop hole that allows the NSA to target Americans while pretending to target foreigners," Segal says.
Public opinion is divided on the NSA's activities. Although most Americans want to see Snowden tried for his admitted role in leaking classified data, most also disapprove of the NSA surveillance program, according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center and USA Today last month. But today's protest wants to shift things even further.
Demand Progress backed a campaign last summer to pass an amendment to a defense spending package that would have defunded the NSA's metadata collection program. The measure lost by only 12 votes. Segal believes the new bill has more traction, and credits online activism with helping make the original vote so close. Approval of the NSA's surveillance program has dropped from 48 percent in June 2013 to 40 percent in January 2014, while disapproval has risen from 47 percent to 53 percent, according to Pew.
Meanwhile, others are striving to keep surveillance in check with technical solutions. Tech companies have been accused of complacency in the NSA's surveillance, but their businesses may suffer if they lose public trust. Microsoft and Google, for example, are beefing up their encryption systems in an effort to win back trust.
At the same time, the open source software community has responded by creating a range of new tools designed to make spying more difficult, including the encrypted email client Mailpile, the secure social networks TRSST and Twister, and a platform for building Bitcoin-style applications called Ethereum. Some are even combining open source with politics. Developers backed by California Republican Representative Darrell Issa built Madison, an open source platform designed to get the public more involved in crafting policy.
As more people turn to the web to try to change politics, one fear is that campaigners will wear out internet users with activism fatigue. But Segal says he doesn't think people are getting burned out by calls to action. If anything, he says, the success of previous campaigns have energized and inspired more people to participate. "We think we have a great chance of winning," he says.
|
<urn:uuid:1e2d05bc-cc71-4861-9535-23dd83673b84>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.wired.com/2014/02/fight-back/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00264.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964759
| 808
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|
O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain
–Katharine Lee Bates
During our twenty-day road trip from Chicago to Monterey, California, down to Santa Monica and back across Route 66, my favorite patriotic song, America the Beautiful, came to mind. The topography constantly changed. From mountains, some still with snow, to lush valleys, to the hot, dry desert and ocean views, the landscape painted a beautiful backdrop for our trip. We’re sharing some of the scenic areas that we drove through in this video.
Editor’s Note: This article originally appeared in U.S. Long Cuts. We are merging U.S. Long Cuts with Midwest Wanderer, adding a “Beyond the Midwest” menu option.Read more
After you’ve toured the California coast along Monterey Bay, visited the world-class Monterey Bay Aquarium, shopped along Cannery Row and dined on Fisherman’s Wharf, take a drive inland a few miles to the Salinas Valley. Salinas Valley stretches a hundred miles north to south, sandwiched between the Santa Lucia and Gabilan mountain ranges. Fields of lettuce lay before you—neat rows of romaine, red leaf, green leaf and iceberg. Bright red, luscious strawberries dot other fields, or you may see celery, spinach or asparagus. You’re also bound to come across farm workers hand picking the produce and packing it right in the field. You’ve entered America’s “salad bowl,” where farmers grow over 40 vegetables and fruits, including over 80 percent of America’s lettuce. The best way to see the valley and to learn about how America’s produce is grown is on an agricultural tour with Ag Venture Tours.
Editor’s Note: This article originally appeared in U.S. Long Cuts. We are merging U.S. Long Cuts with Midwest Wanderer, adding a “Beyond the Midwest” menu option.
|
<urn:uuid:dfb0aac9-f169-4c76-9ae8-ee1bcabf7390>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://midwestwanderer.com/tag/salinas-valley/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.897724
| 439
| 1.796875
| 2
|
Modern cities increasingly compete on the basis of infrastructure, human capital and tax incentives to draw big, successful companies. Politicians and policymakers emphasize the benefits of luring innovators, but many lower- and middle-income inhabitants do not feel they share in the prosperity. Indeed, rising inequality of income, health and opportunity is most pronounced in big urban areas.
Automation continues to displace workers, and while the digital “gig economy” offers opportunities to make extra money, the vast majority of profits accrue to platforms like Uber and Airbnb rather than to gig workers themselves. This perception of hopelessness feeds urban anxiety and presents a dilemma which urban leaders cannot solve by drawing more corporate headquarters or well-paid tech workers.
Larry Keeley, a world-renowned expert on innovation and design, argued in a recent TEDx talk that cities – and the businesses that operate in them – need to think differently about how to bridge the opportunity gap while tapping into the human capital of struggling communities.
The lessons of Keeley’s presentations have implications not just for Chicago, the city for which his framework is designed, or just urban areas, but for the global issue of widening inequality and lack of opportunity. Companies have a vital interest in helping to address these issues, as they are also losing out when human potential goes unfulfilled.
Keeley, who leads Doblin, the design unit of Deloitte he founded, is a leading authority on companies that succeed in the digital “gig economy.” The emphasis of Keeley’s work is on how innovation has changed from being focused on product development to achieving scale via digital platforms. “Modern innovation is more about elegant integration than invention,” says Keeley. Similarly, the modern city needs to not just build new roads or apartment buildings but create an environment in which individuals can pool ideas and resources. Some of Keeley’s suggestions include:
- Enterprise zones where volunteers create local gig economies, independent of the big digital platforms
- “Cyber credits” that can be earned by communities through volunteer projects and then cashed in for government or business investment
- Designated public spaces for creative expression or entrepreneurial initiatives
Keeley’s concept of “designing for opportunity” aims to turn the drawbacks of the gig economy into tools for individual and community empowerment. In doing so, cities can transform despair and inequality into dynamic optimism in the ability to cooperate for personal success as well as the common good. Ultimately, governments and businesses must look to people rather than policies for the answer. The solution is to create a thriving marketplace in which people have the ability to shape their own destinies.
|
<urn:uuid:7968ae3e-470c-42ae-bdf6-b5008a22c1d1>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://sternspeakers.com/news/how-to-design-an-opportunity-city/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954149
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|
Background: It is unknown whether dietary recommendations for cancer prevention are applicable to the elderly. We analyzed WCRF/AICR recommendations in cohorts of European and U.S. adults ages 60 years and above. Methods: Individual participant data meta-Analysis included 362,114 participants (43% women), from seven prospective cohort studies, free from cancer at enrollment. The WCRF/AICR diet score was based on: (i) energy-dense foods and sugary drinks, (ii) plant foods, (iii) red and processed meat, and (iv) alcoholic drinks. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between the diet score and cancer risks. Adjusted, cohort-specific HRs were pooled using random-effects metaanalysis. Risk advancement periods (RAP) were calculated to quantify the time period by which the risk of cancer was postponed among those adhering to the recommendations. Results: After a median follow-up of 11 to 15 years across cohorts, 70,877 cancer cases were identified. Each one-point increase in the WCRF/AICR diet score [range, 0 (no) to 4 (complete adherence)] was significantly associated with a lower risk of total cancer [HR, 0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-0.97], cancers of the colorectum (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80-0.89) and prostate (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.97), but not breast or lung. Adherence to an additional component of the WCRF/AICR diet score significantly postponed the incidence of cancer at any site by 1.6 years (RAP, 1.6; 95% CI, 4.09 to 2.16). Conclusions: Adherence to WCRF/AICR dietary recommendations is associated with lower risk of cancer among older adults. Impact: Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention are applicable to the elderly.
|
<urn:uuid:5abe71f2-5a8a-4538-89e3-59102004aea9>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/adherence-to-the-wcrfaicr-dietary-recommendations-for-cancer-prev
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934136
| 417
| 2.125
| 2
|
The Biden administration continued to be pressed for answers Thursday over its handling of Haitian migrants who surged to Del Rio, Texas, this past week as more information comes out about where they are being sent now.
Among those questions are the outcomes for the migrants who have not been directly returned to Haiti. Multiple government officials told ABC News that they estimate the number of Haitians placed into removal proceedings and released in the U.S. -- with notices to report back to authorities -- is in the thousands. But the Department of Homeland Security has not provided an official count.
Officials said the department's data systems aren't set up for real-time reporting and that data reported by local Border Patrol units can change until it's finally tabulated -- that is why they have provided limited information about where the migrants are ending up.
"It can take a while for the data to settle in the system and for us to really understand what the numbers look like. That's a process of cleaning that can take a couple of weeks," one official said.
The DHS disclosed late Wednesday that more than 1,400 had been sent back on flights to Haiti in a series of flights this week. Department officials estimated that "several thousand" had returned to Mexico and about 4,000 remained at the Del Rio encampment.
White House press secretary Jen Psaki made clear at a briefing on Thursday that the migrants were being treated and processed just like any others who arrive illegally in the U.S.
"Our policy process has continued to be the same with Haiti as it is for anybody coming through in an irregular -- through a regular migration across our border," Psaki said.
Asked by ABC News about the types of detention alternatives used with the Haitian group, one DHS official described a combination of ankle monitors, cellphones with audio and facial recognition, as well as reporting over the phone.
"We seek to release all migrants with a notice to appear," the official said, referring to the court dates for those who aren't immediately expelled under public health orders.
The humanitarian aid organization for children UNICEF is estimating that more than two out of every three people sent back to Haiti from the southern border are women and children.
The organization, which is on the ground in Haiti providing relief to returned migrants, reported that many of the children are under the age of 10 and may have been born outside of Haiti.
The figures provided by UNICEF are an unofficial estimate of the removals UNICEF workers have observed so far. DHS has yet to release any information on the demographics of the population that was removed from Del Rio.
"Haiti is reeling from the triple tragedy of natural disasters, gang violence and the COVID-19 pandemic," Henrietta Fore, UNICEF executive director said in a statement Thursday. "When children and families are sent back without adequate protection, they find themselves even more vulnerable to violence, poverty and displacement -- factors that drove them to migrate in the first place."
DHS has also not provided full information on the makeup of the Del Rio camp. Officials on Thursday said about two-thirds of the group that gathered under the Del Rio bridge were part of families.
According to UNICEF, more than 40% of the Haitian migrants there at one point were children.
Additionally, about 2,300 state, local and federal personnel, including 150 medical professionals have been mobilized behind the humanitarian efforts. The Red Cross has provided more than 17,000 hygiene kits and World Central Kitchen has brought in more than 14,000 meals a day with other contributions coming from local volunteers.
|
<urn:uuid:a44b8f61-82c1-4649-b693-a7cf3dcdb6cc>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/haitians-ending-biden-administration-pressed-answers/story?id=80195456
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973575
| 731
| 1.578125
| 2
|
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