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In Seattle, Capital Heating, Cooling & Plumbing is in the middle of a long-term project for King County Transit. We’re pretty excited about this one—it tests our technical and collaboration skills and, at its conclusion, we will have upgraded a major heating and cooling system for the city’s main bus hub—an operation with its own vehicle maintenance infrastructure, paint shop, tire shop, and more. For this job, we’re swapping out all of the equipment and mechanical components for full HVAC systems in three of the facility’s most important buildings: the vehicle maintenance building, the the non-revenue vehicle maintenance building, and the tire mill. We’re also replacing their vehicle exhaust systems—a huge welding job. In other words, we’re helping Seattle heat and cool three important, decades-old buildings more efficiently. Chris Seversike, our project manager, is overseeing the removal and replacement of all rooftop equipment, duct work, and installing. (Cool tech side note: a water source heat pump is a hydronic—or water-powered—system that produces heated and cooled air, a system you can use in place of a conventional furnace. Environmentally, they’re pretty nifty: because they use less fuel, they’re better for the planet. They also make less noise than a conventional furnace. A couple of factors make this a tricky job, Chris tells us. First, the proximity of electrical wires overhead makes the use of some equipment and vehicles impossible; tall trucks won’t work for this site. Second, this is an important hub doing work that can’t stop just because the HVAC system is being replaced. Chris and his team are working closely with the client and with other trade teams to coordinate. To get it done, they’re sequencing the work: shutting down just one work bay at a time. As Chris says, it’s a study in coordination. Our hats are off to King County for making this happen. It’s a big job. But once it’s done, their employees will be working in healthier buildings with heating and cooling systems that run at a lower operating cost. And this more reliable, more efficient equipment will likely not need to be replaced for decades. Chris says the project is due to wrap up this August. Until then, he’s happy to be on this team. “We’re working with a lot of talented people. It takes a great team to make a remodel job like this successful.”	<urn:uuid:00502c05-7c81-4b49-9629-0646e4dfcd31>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://capitalheatingandcooling.com/commercial-project-king-county-transit-hub/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz	en	0.944037	538	1.75	2
An objective basis for morality can be found in an evolutionary account of its origin and development. Morality is a key factor in the success of human groups in competition or co-existence with each other.A group's moral code represents an increasingly rational pattern of behaviour derived from the collective experience of the group handed down from generation to generation. Group selection is a controversial idea for animal evolution but it is inescapable in accounting for human evolution under the influence of language and the accumulation of cultural patterns. Morality has an objective physiological and neurological basis in so far as it exists to moderate the expression of the array of genetically-derived emotional patterns. Emotions represent the combination of action tendencies (neural motor programs) with (physiologically-derived) affective concomitants. The relation between emotion, empathy and morality is important. Empathy (a special form of perception still largely unexplained) has a key role both in the formation and cohesion of human groups and in the observance within groups of a moral code. Ultimately observance of moral rules depends on recognition by each individual of an integrating purpose in his life. In so far as the moral code is directed towards achieving this integrating purpose, morality for the individual becomes objective. The paper offers an evolutionist approach to a rational, objective morality, of the individual and of the group - and of the group of groups. The classic evolutionary forces are still operating - famine, disease, population pressure, migration, natural catastrophes. Moral systems are also under continuous test from a rapidly changing political, social, cultural and technological environment, Evolving morality has to respond to the interaction between the changing environment and the continued - still necessary - existence of the 'primitive' behavioural patterns. Urban puts the fundamental question very clearly: "can any such purely mechanical and unconscious forces as those described by the term natural selection be conceived of as sufficient to explain the origin and development of moral customs and sentiments? Present opinion is overwhelmingly in the negative... the inadequacy, not to say the absurdity, of such an explanation". (Urban 100, 102) A number of aspects have to be considered: 1. What is 'morality'? 2. The relation of morality to evolution 3. Individual morality - the relation to emotion 4. Group morality - the relation to empathy 5. The motivation of morality: purpose 7. The relation of morality and language 8. The relation of morality and science "A moral being is one who is capable of comparing his past and future actions or motives, and of approving or disapproving of them" (Darwin 1871:88) "an Indian Thug conscientiously regretted that he had not strangled and robbed as many travellers as did his father before him" (Darwin 1871: 93) Some answer is given by these extracts from Darwin's discussion of morality in the Descent of Man. Morality consists of codes of behaviour which the members of a society feel they ought to follow but the content of codes can vary greatly. Morality is a specifically human attribute. Whilst ants, and some other animals, may appear to act in a way which resembles the following of a moral code, completely instinctive behaviour is something quite different from the observance of a moral code. Morality has to be distinguished from custom and manners on the one hand and law on the other, though morality may become 'fixed' as law, and custom or manners may come to have a sense of obligation attached to them. Why humans should have morality and animals do not (if they do not) leads one into the field of self-awareness, consciousness, tradition, language. In brief, the distinction between human morality and animal behaviour depends on the distinctiveness of human cognitive, linguistic and social abilities. The issues are similar to those which arise in discussing the relation between human language and animal communicative abilities. The content of morality cannot be sharply defined. For example, would one say that there is a morality of driving a car? Apart from law and highway codes, there is a sense of what is good driving practice and what is not; contravention may result in feelings of guilt or of anger at the contravener. Perhaps the 'imperious word, ought' (to adopt Darwin's phrase 1871: 70) best delimits the area of behaviour within which morality is found A more traditional approach to saying what morality is focuses on the vocabulary of morality: words such as good, bad, fair, right, wrong, just, should. must, will. This approach can lead to what Hare describes as the 'descriptivist' error - the idea that by listing the purely linguistic use of such words one can come to understand the nature and functioning of moral rules. Another traditional approach is in terms of values. Morality is treated as a subdivision of a more general subject of 'value' (Perry) which leads to discussion of relative values, the structure of values. the moral system rather than individual moral rules. Again this tends to become a purely linguistic discussion, not readily relatable to biology or evolution. Value itself is a slippery concept. Not surprisingly, I prefer to approach the subject in terms of morality as behaviour, of the individual, of the group or of the group of groups (international society). In this I share the view (of Kekes) that the emphasis placed in modern philosophical ethics on choice or will is misplaced. Goodness lies in the development of natural capacities, fostered by good tradition; what makes a tradition good is that it fulfils certain objective conditions: men have needs, determined by nature, which have to be fulfilled if they are to lead satisfactory lives. (Kekes 1989). Morality, is to be approached not in terms of an abstract 'good' or 'utility' or 'pleasure' but in terms of survival and a productive life, for the individual and for the group. There seems no doubt that, in a broad sense, morality has evolved and its significance has been in its contribution to survival.(Maxwell) But how should one deal with Urban's objection that natural selection, in its ordinary sense, surely could not have been the origin or promoted the development of moral customs and sentiments? Natural selection classically operates through the differential survival of more adapted individuals and their offspring. This has long been seen as a problem: "how within the limits of the same tribe did a large number of members become endowed with these social and moral qualities, and how was the standard of excellence raised?.. it seems scarcely possible... that the number of men gifted with such virtues... could be increased through natural selection, that is, by the survival of the fittest.... Although a high standard of morality gives but a slight or no advantage to each individual man and his children over the other men of the same tribe, yet.. an advancement in the standard of morality will certainly give an immense advantage to one tribe over another... a tribe [including men with self-sacrificing qualities]... would be victorious over most other tribes, and this would be natural selection.... A man.. roused to sacrifice his life for the good of others.. might... do far more good to his tribe than by begetting offspring with a tendency to inherit his own high character. (Darwin 1871: 163, 165) Darwin and later Julian Huxley both saw competition between groups as the main force in the evolution of human behaviour. "At all times throughout the world tribes have supplanted other tribes;... morality is one element in their success" (Darwin 1871: 166) Huxley: "The later history of mankind... has been one of the rapid rise and equally rapid extinction, not only of one group-unit after another, but of one type of group-unit after another....Natural Selection in man has fallen chiefly upon groups, not upon individuals, and differences in the nature and organisation of human groups are determined chiefly by what we can best sum up as differences of tradition in the widest sense of the term" (Huxley 47) Moral systems originated and advanced in human groups because of the operation of a process of group selection. Group selection is a controversial topic in relation to 'animal altruism' (Alexander and Tinkle) and the attack has extended to group selection in relation to humans. "We call this the group selection fallacy... which claims that selection has operated at a higher level than the individual... favouring traits that allow these large units to survive" (Trivers 1985: 67 ) Trivers based this largely on David Lack's treatment of the subject in relation to birds. "The most powerful argument against group selection is that it is unnecessary, because all the instances for which Wynne Edwards [Wynne Edwards 1966] invoked it can be satisfactorily explained, or seem likely so to be explained, through natural selection" (including kin selection)". (Lack 303) But whether this a sound basis for denying group selection as a force in human evolution is doubtful. Lack specifically ruled out the extension of the argument to humans. Indeed in an earlier book he invoked group selection as the basis for the evolution of ethical values: "For most people today, the greatest difficulty in natural selection is the origin of human values.... In this connection,... much of man's behaviour could have been evolved through its contribution to the survival of the group to which he belonged.... Natural selection could operate through selection of the tribe, pack or other social unit provided that, on balance, the social behaviour in question increased the chances of survival of the group, and hence of the individuals comprising it and their offspring" (Lack 1961: 120, 122) Clearly one must beware of what has been called 'zoomorphism' - the unthinking extension to humans of conclusions drawn from animal behaviour. Whether or not group selection can operate for groups of animals, it appears plausible, as many distinguished biologists have recognised, that it can operate in relation to humans. "An unequivocal rejection of group selection seems unwarranted...kin selection is simply a special case of group selection" (Barash 112, 114) "Mendelian populations, rather than individuals, are the units of natural selection and adaptation" (Dobzhansky 79) "There is a great deal of evidence that human cultural groups, as wholes, can serve as the target of selection... This form of selection is of such special importance because, in contrast with individual selection, cultural group selection may reward altruism and any other virtues that strengthen the group, even at the expense of individuals" (Mayr 79-80) Morality could advance as a consequence of the selective survival of human groups which developed behaviour better adapted for defence of the group and also for the maintenance of peace, order and coherence within the group. The readiness of individual members of the group to observe whatever were the moral rules of the group would be reflected in the pattern of gene-frequencies in the group. Wilson has quoted experiments with dogs (Scott and Fuller) showing the ease with which selection can over a short period mould behaviour. There seems no reason why over prolonged periods patterns of behaviour, conformity, docility, in a human group would not come to reflect genetic as well as non-genetic influences. One can speculate about likely stages in the development of morality - a possible evolutionary sequence. The stages proposed below are based on ideas presented in later sections that individual morality exists to control expression of genetically- based emotions and that group morality operates via empathy (which allows one to see the group as an extension of oneself) to regulate, in relation to the group, expression of transferred emotions (those originally motivating the individual's own behaviour). 1. Vertebrate or earlier - set patterns of action - motor programs - pre-wired sequences for a variety of situations (rapid response) 2. Appropriate physiological preparations for the execution of action patterns, which can be seen as precursors of later emotional accompaniments to action 3. For humans before the development of language, there would be unself-conscious action patterns plus feelings, that is, a range of emotions. 4. With increasing ability to remember past events and action, to classify present situations and to predict future events, situations or processes. there would be increased subtlety in the modification of the pre-set action patterns 5. The emergence of language would result in increased ability to record and recall the past, to communicate past experience to others,and to forecast to others the likely future. The expression of action patterns would be further modulated in the light both of one's own experience and memory and of the experience and memory of others. This would allow the prescription of behaviour, primarily from parent to child, and a broader formation of 'tradition'. 6. Group selection would lead to 'survival of fittest' tradition between groups, that is, the formulation of adaptive 'moral' codes both for the individual and for the group, based on the collective, accumulated, transmitted experience of the group. 7. Survival of the group would be dependent on the regulation of group-structure (young-old, male-female), on the extent of communication within the group, and on group behavioural patterns generally. Groups otherwise equal in physical and intellectual abilities would survive in competition by having a 'better' moral code. If morality evolved in this way, to serve the maintenance of group structure and group survival, it is hardly surprising that many central moral issues have related to sexual behaviour or killing, both in the distant past and at the present time (capital punishment, abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality). At the beginning of the evolutionary sequence leading to the development in humans of individual and group moral codes, there are the primitive action programs, the primitive repertoire of behaviours associated with the emotions. Darwin(1872) suggested that emotional expressions are evolutionary remnants of previous adaptive behaviour, persisting (even uselessly) in a mild form (e.g. snarling as a sign of aggression).Later theorists of emotion agree with Darwin on the primordial character of the emotions: emotions are more primitive than cognitions. "The very first living organisms had to emote... These actions are still part of the human behavioural repertoire". (Plutchik 305) Most of the behaviour patterns and facial expressions discussed find clearly similar counterparts in animals. (Frijda ) Emotions serve an adaptive role in helping organisms to deal with key survival issues posed by the environment. The adaptations are both internal (physiological preparations for action) and external (behaviour related to key events in the environment). Th adaptations represent tentative solutions to problems (Plutchik); our emotions are the product of our evolutionary-biological heritage (Izard); emotions must serve a purpose for survival. (Frijda) But how should one describe and categorise emotions more specifically? Historically, the descriptive literature of emotions is large and according to William James: "one of the most tedious parts of psychology.... as far as the 'scientific psychology' of the emotions goes,... I should as lief read verbal descriptions of the shapes of the rocks on a New Hampshire farm as toil through them again" (James 448) However we can all be our own experts on the emotions; we can, if we wish, observe and identify our own emotions as we experience them. There is great uniformity between individuals and across cultures in the phenomena of the different emotions. The appearance in all languages of words like angry, afraid, and happy suggests that the words represent universal experiences. There is no sharp dividing line between 'reflexive' or 'intuitive' behaviour and emotion (Izard). "'Needs' [hunger, thirst and the like] resulting from the spontaneous vegetative processes of the body are... closely related to, and sometimes practically indistinguishable from, another kind of attitudes or sets such as fear or rage, which, though usually caused by some sensory perception, also consist of a disposition for a certain range or type of actions... It would be difficult to decide whether the sexual urge provoked by a sensory impression is in this sense a 'need' or an 'emotion'... Both [needs and emotions] involve not only a disposition of the organism towards a certain class of actions but also a special receptivity for certain classes of stimuli". (Hayek 97) Emotions are accompanied by bodily changes and often by incipient bodily action. Darwin traced the emotions as expressed in man back to the emotions as expressed in animals of many different kinds - "even insects express anger, terror, jealousy and love by their stridulation". (Darwin 1872: 349) He described the typical bodily action which, for example, accompanies rage: "The body is commonly held erect ready for instant action.... the teeth are clenched or ground together... Few men in a great passion... can resist acting as if they intended to strike or push the man [with whom they are enraged] violently away. The desire, indeed, to strike often becomes so intolerably strong that inanimate objects are struck or dashed to the ground... "(1872: 239) But, Lorenz adds, "even highly irascible people... will refrain from smashing really valuable objects, preferring cheaper crockery" (Lorenz 240). Emotion is associated with a tendency to specific action, a readiness for that action but the action may be moderated or wholly restrained. Every emotion has characteristic triggering situations. Expression of the emotions varies in terms of the stimulating situation and of cognitive and experiential factors. It is this variability in the expression of the emotions, from the full execution of the pattern of action associated with the emotion to as little as a transient facial expression that provides the link between emotions and morality. J.Z.Young has pointed out that "cognition and emotion are never wholly separate, because of the interaction of brain processes" (Young 76. See also Ortony, Clore and Collins). The cumulative experience of the individual, his learnt interpretation of situations associated with particular emotions and the collective experience of his group, as formulated in moral prescriptions, determine what pattern of action will in fact be associated with experience of particular emotions. Whilst there has been ample description and classification of emotions, the academic study of emotion has until quite recently been limited and not very satisfactory: emotion has been termed 'one of most confused areas of psychology'. However, in the last few years a more scientific approach has been developing, based on the idea that what matters in emotion is not so much the feeling as the action tendency characteristic of the emotion. 'Action tendency' and 'emotion' are one and the same thing; inner experience is to a large extent awareness of action tendency, of desire to strike, or to flee. (Frijda, Izard) The essential function of emotion is to be sought in its organising effects. This new approach moves on to consider the neural basis for emotion as a provisional pattern of action. "The vital link in the emotion process is that between the situational meaning structure and modes of readiness action change; the links must be largely pre-established by the structure of the organism, in many instances pre-wired links to pre-wired programs" (Frijda 470). Discrete emotions can be differentiated in terms of their neurophysiological underpinnings, their facial patterns, and their experiential-motivational characteristics.(Izard 128) These ideas have been made more specific in the form of motor theories of emotion such as that of Nina Bull. Plutchik [quoting from Nina Bull's 'Attitude Theory of Emotion'] 'Emotion is conceived of as a sequence of neuromuscular events in which a postural set or a preparatory motor attitude is the initial step'. Bull and her associates using hypnotised subjects found consistent bodily postures reported when certain emotion words such as fear, anger, disgust, triumph or depression were suggested. The subjects could not change their emotional feelings unless their postures were allowed to change. Skeletal muscle activity as well as visceral activity was found to be involved in emotional feelings and different emotions had different postures or impulses to action associated with them. (Plutchik 353-354). Though the research was carried out some years ago, there has been neglect of motor factors and no adequate recognition of the importance of the muscular or motor system in emotions. (Zajonc 90) If, on this view, emotions are only the affective concomitants of specific action-tendencies produced by modifiable pre-wired motor programs and what matters is not so much the feeling but the specific action program, then one can see why emotions were at the origin of the development of morality. Morality operates on the (universal) range of emotions in the human and on the different impulses to action (response) which flow from these emotions. It seeks to modify the absolute and relative strength of the different emotions and to modify the links of the emotions to action (or other response or expression of the emotions) and to influence perception of the emotion-triggering situations. Moral rules seek to control the parameters of the programs. Much behaviour, particularly in more primitive times, is emotional in origin. Where action is emotionally indifferent, pragmatic or purely habitual, there is no need for moral regulation. But where action is emotional in origin (the result of very ancient patterns of defence, attack, desire etc), morality can operate to avoid the otherwise maladaptive effects, for the individual or for the group. There is no need to command 'Honour thy father and thy mother' unless there is an emotion which may lead to not honouring the father and the mother. By its relation to the emotions, morality has a physiological and neurological basis.But the content of the moral rules is also increasingly rational, reflecting the cumulative successful experience of the group. Members of the group acquire the moral rules perhaps by a process analogous to 'imprinting' (Eibl- Eibesfeldt); the individual applies the system pre-rationally, experiencing it as a system of obligation (habit plus a sense of guilt: see Lorenz on the behaviour of his greylag goose Martina 1966: 58). No society is healthy or creative or strong unless that society has a set of common values that give meaning and purpose to group life (Kekes 1980). Empathy is seen both as the foundation of the unity of feeling which forms an aggregation of individuals into a coherent group and as the source of the effectiveness of the group's code of behaviour, the group morality. Empathy is a term with a broad meaning. There are a number of forms of behaviour or experience which can be treated as aspects of empathy or as involving empathy: sympathy, liking, imitation, reflection, assimilation, identification, love. In particular, there is no very sharp distinction between empathy and sympathy, though writers have attempted to separate the two by arbitrary definition. Much of earlier discussion of sympathy related in fact to what we now would treat as empathy. The convenient practice is to use the term empathy to cover the whole range of similar capabilities by which one individual is able to appreciate the feelings and point of view of another, or of a group to which he belongs. Sympathy has been enormously written about in books on ethics (William James) largely as a result of the emphasis placed on sympathy by Hume: "No quality of human nature is more remarkable, both in itself and in its consequences. To this principle we ought to ascribe the great uniformity we may observe in the humours and turn of thinking of those of the same nation. The minds of men are mirrors to one another; they reflect each others' emotions". (Hume 366) "Hatred, resentment, esteem, love, courage, mirth and melancholy; all these passions I feel more from communication than from my own natural temper and disposition". (Hume 414) Empathy is a widespread phenomenon in the animal world: flocking, schooling, mobbing. It is said to be essential for group behaviour: "If group behavior is to function in an organised way, there must be empathic signalling of emotional states so that survival-related actions can be taken in concert". (Plutchik 1987 41) In human society, a number of factors can contribute to the unity of the group, physical similarity, language, contiguity but empathy is essential, whether or not the other factors are present. "Our consciousness flows into and out from the societies to which we belong, and the boundaries of our personal identity are affected to a similar extent. The survival of our societies becomes as important to us as the survival of our selves because our societies are part of ourselves" (Allott 1990: 57-58) In the broad sense given to it, empathy is not separately acquired or the product of a particular evolutionary process. It appears to be a fundamental, primordial aspect of perception, part of the process by which one relates one's current perception to the already formed structure of one's experience. According to Edith Stein [an early writer on the subject who became a Carmelite nun and died in Auschwitz], "Empathy is a kind of act of perceiving sui generis... the experience of foreign consciousness in general... This is how man grasps the psychic life of his fellow man". (Stein 1970: 11) The scientific exploration of the process of empathy has not got very far; some think it cannot be explained. (Wispé). Others think that motor mimicry is primitive empathy (Bavelas) and if we could explain imitation we would be on the way to explaining empathy. William James illustrates this: "This man [Campanella]... was very expert in mimicking such as were in any way remarkable. When he had a mind to penetrate into the inclinations of those he had to deal with, he composed his face, his gesture, and his whole body, as nearly as he could, into the exact similitude of the person he intended to examine; and then carefully observed what turn of mind he seemed to acquire by the change" (William James [quoting Burke] 464) "When I walk behind someone... and imitate as accurately as possible his gait and carriage, I get the most curious impression of feeling as the person himself" (William James [quoting Fechner] 464) The quotations relating to Campanella and Fechner indeed suggest a close relation between bodily posture and action and the perception of the feelings of others. It seems that there is something more surprising and subtle about perception than has yet been realised - something still to be discovered. We seem able to structure ourselves to reproduce the emotional and mental patterning of another, a transfer or transduction of the other, which in its extreme form becomes complete identification with the other. There is general agreement that empathy (sympathy) has an important relation to morality. "To discover the true origin of morals... we may begin with considering anew the nature and force of sympathy. We shall not doubt that sympathy is the chief source of moral distinctions [including] our sympathy with the interests of society".(Hume 628, 668) "Empathy plays a central role in the model of morality". (Feinberg and Strayer 392) However, group morality manifests itself in a number of different forms. Group morality can be seen as a Chinese-box of moralities: individual, mother/child, nuclear family, extended family, clan/tribe, nation, inter-nation. The content of group morality may apply to individuals within the group in relation to themselves (e.g. temperance, modesty), or to individuals in relation to each other (avoiding anger, spite), or to the group as a collectivity in relation to individual members of the group or of other groups, or in relation to other groups as collectivities. The content of morality at these different levels will be different; the essential difference flows from the mortality of the individual human being in contrast with the (potential) immortality of the group. In our attitude towards the collective situation and actions of the group, we primordially extend to the group the emotions and impulses to action which originally related to ourselves as individuals. Moral sensibility appears to be related inversely to the level at which a moral code is applied. The moral system of the nation-state is more primitive than that of the individual, of the family or of subsidiary social groups (local governments, companies, clubs, parliaments). One might term this the principle of 'inverse morality'. Besides being an essential element in the felt unity of the group, empathy plays a principal role in the observance of group morality. In a group, morality is not optional. Usually, by some form of empathetic 'imprinting', the individual as a child will have introjected the morality of the group. The group will act against contraventions of the moral code in ways which depend on the importance to the group of the particular aspect of the code which has been contravened. Disapproval by the group of the contravention of the moral code will be felt by the individual concerned as an effect of his empathetic attachment to the group. Beyond this, morality may be 'fixed' as law. Many of the acutest controversies in modern jurisprudence are about the relationship of law and morality. (Allott 1980) In the last resort, law (or at any rate criminal law) draws its authority from the moral code operative in the group. Empathy, as such, does not of course determine the content of the moral code in any group. As the discussion of the relation of morality and evolution has suggested, a group's moral code in the long run must be related to the behaviour needed for the group to survive in competition with other groups, including behaviour aimed at maintaining the order and unity of the group. The moral code - the behavioural patterns of the group - ultimately are the product of the nature of the competition between groups. Competition between groups may take a variety of forms. It may be by elimination, suppression or absorption of competing groups. More profitably, competition may be by imitation or identification with competing groups or by self-remoulding. Competition then becomes a contest of form-changing systems. The content of group morality is progressively more rationally related to the real features of the world of competing groups. What actually survives if a group survives, is a stable pattern of behaviour, and in the early evolution of groups a stable pattern of genetic variation. Modern issues of importance which cannot be explored here are the moral relations of inter- penetrating groups and the accommodation of apparently conflicting moralities of groups at different hierarchical levels. Emotions are primary motivations of behaviour (Tomkins 3), moral codes exist principally to exert control over action flowing from emotions; empathy is a major factor in the acquisition and observance of moral rules. But beyond this use of the term 'motivation', there is the much more topical question why the individual should accept a particular moral code or any moral code. Is ethics, as a practical matter, dead or dying, along with traditional religion? Both 'motivation' and 'purpose' are controversial terms, often misused or misunderstood. "To make an explanatory appeal to purpose... is regarded by some psychologists as at best tender- minded and at worst a capitulation to 'the subjective, anthropomorphic, hocus-pocus of mentalism' (Boden 1 quoting Boring) and rejection of 'motivation' as a term has been equally common. Nevertheless in the context of morality 'motivation' and 'purpose' are useful words. Observance of moral codes may once have been, may in many cases still be, almost unconscious or mechanical but once humans become conscious or self-conscious about morality, they are bound to ask what is the justification for the moral rules, for the current moral code, or any moral code? Why should the individual restrict his absolute freedom or limit his own pleasure? For the observance of moral rules has a cost in lost immediate satisfactions. A vigorous attack on traditional morality has been in progress for a considerable time. In the 19th century there was the polemic of Nietzsche: "The essence of all morality is that it is an enduring constraint; we are fastened in a straitjacket of duties from which we cannot struggle free. Morality today in Europe is a morality of the herd, a morality of slaves".(Nietzsche 122, 164, 210). More recently, the attack has taken a less emotive form: "Once one has grasped that morality is the product of a long, directionless process which has its being solely in its adaptive nature for humankind (taken individually), then we must accept that morality is simply a subjective phenomenon, with no being or reality outside the human dimension". (Ruse 37) One can list various types of motivation which do, or may, lead individuals to accept and seek to observe the morality of their group. There may be childhood imprinting of the moral rules of the family or group, leading to a prerational application of the code, operating rather like post-hypnotic suggestion - automatic moral responses to predetermined situations. A variant or support of this takes the form of religious endorsement of moral principles - religious sanctions reinforcing introjected moral reflexes. Or morality may be rationalised as the pursuit of happiness, pleasure or utility - high level ethical theories perhaps rather than practical motivations. Or moral behaviour may result from prudence or superstition - following the rules for fear of something worse (like Lorenz's goose, Martina). More generally, moral behaviour may flow from a desire for a worthwhile, productive life, a rational desire of the individual to survive and avoid bodily or mental damage. This may be associated with empathetic identification with the group, its survival and prosperity. The association of religion and morality is an ancient one. "Men have created in the world innumerable sorts of gods. And this fear of things invisible is the natural seed of that which everyone in himself calleth religion". (Hobbes 81). Breasted, the Egyptologist, described the ancient Egyptian idea of the Last Judgment as 'the dawn of conscience' (Johnson 15). "The judgment takes place before Osiris and his forty two assessors. In front of Osiris a balance is set up attended by the god Anubis, while the wise Thoth calculates on his scribe's palette the result of the weighing of the dead man's heart against Truth. If the result of the weighing was satisfactory the deceased was entitled to life and happiness in the kingdom of Osiris ; but if the test was unsatisfactory, the deceased was destroyed by the 'devourer of the dead', a monster waiting by the side of the balance, a mixture of crocodile, lion and hippopotamus".(Cerny 88) Other religions have followed the same pattern. The decline of religion has weakened this type of motivation: "In its death-throes we see religion clinging to morality, whose mother it would like to pretend to be. In vain! - genuine morality is dependent on no religion, although religion sanctions and thereby sustains it".(Schopenhauer 197). Despite Schopenhauer, religion and its relation to morality still seem quite vigorous. Hobbes took an essentially pragmatic view of morality and law. "These are the Laws of Nature, dictating Peace, for a means of the conservation of men in multitudes. There be other things tending to the destruction of particular men, as drunkenness and all other parts of intemperance which may therefore also be reckoned amongst those things which the Law of Nature hath forbidden. The final cause, end or design of men (who naturally love liberty and dominion over others) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves (in which we see them live in commonwealths) is the foresight of their own preservation" (Hobbes 120, 128) On this view, one can see moral codes as a pre-scientific formulation of rules for the achievement of a satisfactory life for the individual and the group, based on a continually improving perception of the nature and situation of the human being and the human group; morality is thus necessary both for the individual and the group. Evolving morality is a process of revising the Manual - the Encheiridion of Epictetus - for the best management both of the individual and of the group. Besides change there has also been continuity.There has been great uniformity of ideals of personal morality over an immense period from the era of the Egyptians and Hammurabi, in different religions, in distant countries and in different forms of society. The mass of traditional morality is in practice still valid despite the changing and extending possibilities of action resulting from improved communications, advancing technology and changing economic organisation. The vast majority of individuals in any group in fact continue to observe, or seek to observe, the morality of the group and to judge others by the same moral code. The objective necessity of morality has been demonstrated by life over many generations. However it is not open to immediate rational demonstration. Morality is concerned with remote consequences. The problem is that we have no easy way of seeing the long-term or otherwise distant consequences of following or not following moral rules or showing the consequences for ourselves, for our family or for the group to which we belong. What can we say to the immoralist who claims total moral freedom, who asks: Why not lies? Why not intemperance? Why not promiscuity? Why not theft or fraud? Why not murder? Why not cruelty? One answer may be: In the absence of morality, you are in a world of powerful, clever, unpredictable animals. Only by understanding others can you protect yourself. Others in the group will only be predictable to the extent that they follow the same moral rules and are moved by the same emotions. A group's morality is concerned not only with how an individual should judge his own action but with how other members of the group, and the group collectively will judge the individual's actions and respond to them. Judge your own action so that you are not judged by others. Others will do unto you what you do unto them. So do not do unto them what you would not want them to do unto you. An individual who rejects the morality of the group rejects empathetic membership of the group and empathetic recognition by others of his membership of the group. He becomes a moral parasite living on the morality of the group which he does not observe. To him a different level of morality will apply - the more primitive kind of morality applied to those not members of the group, to outlaws and outcasts. By asserting your unlimited moral freedom, you risk losing your own freedom. Besides the immoralist, there is the pessimist who can find no justification for morality because everything is painful, hopeless and doomed. So Hartmann argues (following Schopenhauer) that the existence of the actual world is due to an irrational act of unconscious will; that pains exceed pleasures; satisfaction is brief but dissatisfaction is enduring; evils are chosen to avoid greater evils; there is no prospect of material improvement in the future but rather of increased misery. His practical conclusion is that we should aim at the negation of the will to live, not simply each for himself but universally, by working towards the end of the world process and the annihilation of all so-called existence. (Sidgwick 282-283) The pessimist asks why be moral, when acting morally or acting non-morally all comes to the same set against the blackness of the human situation. Though few may be as extreme as Hartmann, many adopt a similar but weaker version: "Life is short. What difference does it make? What other people may think of you does not matter. Enjoy yourself while you can". Beyond the content of morality, the possible motivations for morality, there remains the issue of the integrating purpose underlying the conscious observance of moral rules, the relation of morality to the limitations of human life. If we can identify an integrating purpose, then morality - as a way of conducting life to achieve the purpose - becomes rationally defensible. According to William James, the physical sciences lead to "the notion of a purposeless universe, in which all the things and qualities men love are but illusions of our fancy attached to accidental clouds of dust"(James 667) But science is a form of our ignorance as much as it is a form of our knowledge. To seek to confine the totality of existence to the sketch-outline offered us by science is a mistake about the character of science and about the significance of human evolution. In the absence of consciousness, the course of the world is in fact purposeless and meaningless because purpose and meaning are attributes of consciousness. Once consciousness has evolved with its power to simulate or model the future, purpose or meaning is introduced into the world. Expectations about the future become part of present reality and affect the process of present reality, of which the human brain with all its abilities is a part. As Lorenz puts it, man is the one creature capable of reflection, of seeing himself in the frame of reference of the surrounding universe.(Lorenz 252) We are in an extraordinary situation - reflecting ourselves, reflecting each other and reflecting existence that includes us. The excitement of our brief individual existence is the opportunity we are given to take part in what is and to comprehend as much as we can of the immensity in time and space. There is nothing necessary or predictable about the universe - it could all be quite other. We happen to be part of this particular pattern. It is inevitable that we should search for a purpose. "Men have an absolute need for an interpretation of life".(Schopenhauer 96). What should the purpose or direction be? Mere preservation of ourselves or of our species is nothing special. Every living thing, throughout the world, seeks to continue in being. Without mind, reproduction, birth, life and death, could go on for ever with no more significance than the rain falling or the wind blowing. With the human mind, we have been given a privileged point of view, an observatory. From this high tower we can look for a more universal purpose. The evolutionary process which has led to consciousness has created the possibility of purpose and direction not only for ourselves as individuals but also for our species and indeed for all life(Huxley xii). For the individual, purpose must be related to the situation in which the individual finds himself. "To our amazement, we suddenly exist, after having for countless millennia not existed; in a short while we will again not exist, also for countless millennia; our consciousness is as it were a lightning-flash momentarily illuminating the night"(Schopenhauer 51). The essential situation of the individual is consciousness and mortality. For the individual, the purpose must be to find something, construct something between nothing and nothing, Not name or fame but some contribution. Not 'a footprint in the sands of time' rapidly swept away but a structure, a pattern resulting from the individual's life, suitable to be preserved in the rocks of time. At the minimum to make some difference, not just to be recognised, rewarded or renowned in the ephemeral present. Rather than being an interchangeable, featureless atom, each individual can contribute an enduring element of pattern, a physical pattern, a thought-pattern or a behavioural pattern to last within the group, the potentially immortal group. If he is guided by this integrating purpose, each individual can look for a fragment of real immortality. If purpose for the individual is thought of in this way, then morality becomes rational and necessary. Its content will be determined by the over-riding purpose. The rules of morality which the individual observes must then be such as to help to preserve both the individual himself for long enough to make his distinctive contribution and also the group to which he looks for his fragment of immortality. Actions become right or wrong, good or bad, objectively. Two important questions remain: How best could one deepen the scientific understanding of morality? How could the account of the evolution of morality in this paper be applied at the inter- societal level? These are large questions; comment can only be very tentative. Language and morality are related organically and by analogy. Language is a source of group unity and difference; language codifies and transmits moral rules. Language is also a parallel evolutionary/cultural process to morality: acquisition, change, dialects, genetic relation, universals and potential universality. We should exploit the parallelism: insights from systematic study of the origin and development of language should be applied to the much less-disciplined study of the origin and development of morality. Language has a motor/perceptual substructure (Allott 1989 (a)) and so also has morality through its relation to emotion and empathy. Diversity of moralities is as prominent a feature of the world as diversity of languages (Allott 1989 (b) and also has to be explored. There already is an international Language Origins Society (LOS). Perhaps there should also be an international Morality Origins Society (MOS). Science has a similarly complex relation to morality. There is a widespread feeling that ethics as a subject is not to be taken seriously, and that value judgments have little status in a world in which the weightiest pronouncements are those which can claim the stamp of scientific authority. (Almond 129) On the publication of The Origin of Species it was believed that for the first time a really scientific ethics could now be erected. John Morley went so far as to say "The next great task of Science is to create a religion for humanity" (quoted by Huxley 235). More recently, the sociobiologists have shared the desire to relate science and morality. "A science of sociobiology, if coupled with neurophysiology, might transform the insights of ancient religions into a precise account of the evolutionary origin of ethics and hence explain why we make certain moral choices instead of others at particular times."(Wilson 129) Du Nouy looked for "the transformation of moral ideas into facts that can be assimilated to scientific phenomena since they are linked to evolution". (Du Nouy 227) Perhaps these aspirations are not completely vain. Science can also be seen as a system of increasing rationality, as a direct influence on morality via technology, as the means for exploring the physiological and neurological substructure of morality and even as in itself a system of international moral values, the scientific virtues: truth, patience, industry, clarity, prudence, open-mindedness, generosity, humility. There is a natural transition from study of morality in terms of its relation to language and science to the issue of the future of morality at the inter-societal level. Waddington's (1942: 18) view that whatever morality evolution has produced so far must be 'good' is not constraining. The reality is that there is no world-wide system of morality. At the highest (inter-societal) level, the content of the morality is most impoverished. Individuals acting in the name of nation-states follow patterns of behaviour very different from those they would observe in their relations with fellow-citizens. Darwin and many others over the centuries have deplored this. However, pious hopes for change have not been realised. Lorenz's description still fits parts of the international scene: "Our extramundane observer.. would unavoidably draw the conclusion that man's social organisation is very similar to that of rats which, like humans, are social and peaceful beings within their clans, but veritable devils towards all fellow-members of their species not belonging to their own community" (Lorenz 204) How could the analysis of the evolution and development of morality be applied at the inter-societal level? The paper has argued that morality exists to modify the expression of basic emotions and that it depends directly on empathy between members of the group. Emotions expressed in action in inter-state relations are essentially the primitive emotions found in every individual - but there is no similar empathetic sense necessarily operating between nations which speak different languages and have different histories. The motivation for a superior moral code is less impelling between nations than within small communities. Death is inevitable for the individual but not so obviously inevitable for the nation. Nevertheless there are signs of an incipient international morality. Whilst the young often ignore or dismiss traditional moral rules, "whether they recognise it or not, they have not renounced values - they have merely found a new focus for them. A whole new range of issues has displaced the old as subjects for moral reasoning and moral reaction: race, environment, human rights, terrorism and political oppression." (Almond 129) People in many countries would now agree that, as a general principle, disputes between nations 'ought not' to be settled by warfare; mankind 'ought not' to pollute the environment, to destroy other species, to destroy the forests, to destroy the ozone layer, to be unnecessarily cruel to other living things. Because of technology, television, ease of travel, the development of English as a universal language, there is now the possibility that empathy can extend across nations and continents, producing "a new solidarity, unaware of distance, of mountains, of oceans". (Du Nouy 260). But this potential international morality still lacks the motivation and sense of purpose which can give life to individual and group morality. Group selection, while it may in the long run produce 'better' moral codes for the individual and the group, has no obvious application at the level of the world-system, the group of all nations. Or perhaps we should see in the forms taken by incipient international morality referred to above, the motivation and purpose which can make inter-societal morality a reality. The new force is not group selection but species selection. If absence (or deficiencies) of a world inter-societal moral code can now threaten the existence of the human race - and it can: nuclear catastrophes, AIDS, destruction of the ozone layer, poisoning of the seas and the forests - then there is reason to construct a world moral code, and reason to make sure that it is observed. At the level of the group of all groups, the human race, as well as at the level of the individual, morality could become objective. And this world-objective morality would reside not in the institutions, the bureaucracies, the apparats, but in the individual. The many levels of morality, stretching up to the morality between societies, between states, would be integrated within the individual consciousness. Alexander, Richard D. and Donald W. Tinkle eds. (1981) Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent research and new theory. New York: Chiron Press. Allott, Antony (1980) The Limits of Law. London: Butterworth. Allott, Philip (1990) Eunomia: New order for a New World. Oxford: OUP. Allott, Robin. (1989) The Motor Theory of Language Origin. Lewes: Book Guild. Allott, Robin. (1989). Diversity of Languages and the Motor Theory. In Studies in Language Origins III. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Almond, Brenda. (1990) Seven Moral Myths. Philosophy, 65, 129-136. Barash, David P. (1982) Sociobiology and Behavior. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Bavelas, Janet B. ET AL. (1987) Motor mimicry as primitive empathy. In Empathy and its Development. ed. by Nancy Feinberg and Janet Strayer, pp. 317- 338. Cambridge: CUP. Boden, Margaret A. (1978) Purposive Explanation in Psychology. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press. Bull, N. (1952) The Attitude Theory of Emotion. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph. No. 81. (1952) Cerny, Jaroslav. (1952) Ancient Egyptian Religion. London: Hutchinson. Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man. Reprint with introduction by J.T. Bonner and R.M. May. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP. Darwin, C. (1965) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. With a Preface by Konrad Lorenz. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Dobzhansky, T. (1951) Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia UP. (3rd ed). du Nouy, Lecomte. (1947) Human Destiny. New York: Longmans. Green & Co. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1975) Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. 2nd Edition. New York: Holt Rinehart. Feinberg, Nancy and Janet Strayer. eds (1987) Empathy and its Development. Cambridge: CUP. Frijda, Nico H. (1986) The Emotions. Cambridge: CUP. Hayek, F. A. (1952) The Sensory Order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Hobbes, Thomas. (1909)1651]. Leviathan. Reprint with Essay by W.G.P. Smith. Hume, David. (1739) A Treatise of Human Nature. [Reprinted (1969) ed. by E.C. Mossner. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Huxley, Julian. (1926) Essays of a biologist. London: Chatto and Windus. Izard, Carroll E. (1977) Human Emotion. New York: Plenum. James, W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology: Volume 2. [1950 reprint New York: Dover] Johnson, Paul. (1979) Is there a moral basis for capitalism? Encounter October (1979) 15-22, Kekes, John. (1989) Moral Tradition and Individuality. Princeton UP. [Reviewed by H.O. Mounce in Philosophy 65: 234-236 April (1990) Lack, David. (1961) Evolutionary theory and Christian belief. London: Methuen. Lorenz, Konrad. (1966) On Aggression. Translated by Marjorie Latzke. London: Methuen. Maxwell, Mary. (1984) Human Evolution: A Philosophical Anthropology. London: Croom Helm. Mayr, Ernst. (1989) Towards a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Nietzsche, F.1951. Par-dela le bien et le mal. Translation (with Introduction) by G. Bianquis of Jenseits von Gut und Boese . Paris: Union Generale d'Editions. Ortony, Andrew, Gerald L. Clore and Allan Collins. (1988) The Cognitive Structure of the Emotions. Cambridge: CUP. Perry, Ralph Barton. (1954) General theory of Value: Its Meaning and Basic Principles Construed in Terms of Interest. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP Plutchik, Robert. (1987) Evolutionary bases of empathy. In Empathy and its Development. ed. by Nancy Feinberg and Janet Strayer, pp. 38-46. Cambridge: CUP. Ruse, Michael. (1987) Evolutionary model and social theory: Prospects and problems. In Schmid, Michael and Franz M. Wuketits. eds. Evolutionary Theory in Social Science. pp. 23-47. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Schopenhauer, F. [no date]. Essays from Parerga and Paralipomena. Trans. by Mrs. Rudolf Dircks with an Introduction. London: Walter Scott. Scott, John Paul and John L. Fuller. (1965) Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Sidgwick, Henry. (1902) Outlines of the History of Ethics. Indianapolis: Hackett. Stein, Edith. (1970) On the Problem of Empathy. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Trans. by Waltraut Stein of Zum Problem der Einfühlung [Originally published (1917) Tomkins, S.S. (1970) Affect as the primary motivational system. In Feelings and Emotions. ed. M. Arnold. New York: Academic Press. Trivers, Robert. (1985) Social Evolution. Menlo Park, Ca.: Benjamin/Cummings. Urban, Wilbur Marshall. (1931) Fundamentals of Ethics. London: Allen & Unwin. Waddington, C.H. (1942) Science and Ethics. London: Allen & Unwin. Wilson, Edward O. (1975) Sociobiology The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP. Wispé, L. (1987) Foundations of empathy. In Empathy and its Development. ed. by Nancy Feinberg and Janet Strayer, pp. 34-51. CUP. Wynne Edwards, V.C. (1986) Evolution through Group Selection. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Zajonc, Robert B. and H. MARKUS. (1984) Affect and Cognition. In Emotions, cognition and behaviour. ed. by Izard, Carroll E., Jerome Kagan and Robert B. Zajonc, pp. 73-102. CUP.	<urn:uuid:54beb28c-456f-45d4-9b5e-c115e6c25c6e>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://cogprints.org/3242/1/morality.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00055-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938666	11,865	3.203125	3
A fun shape and rainbows mark this Herkimer Diamond crystal. A sharp fracture, 97% healed, divides the crystal, making it part cloudy, part clear. The clear area yields many rainbows across several facets (or faces). This point has much better clarity than the pictures reflect. A rainbow occurs when light is refracted by the prismatic effect of inclusions. Metaphysical inclined persons believe a rainbow crystal will bring rainbows into ones life; assisting in dealing with negativity. The cloudy area of this Herkimer Diamond has a smoky hue to it. Both double terminations are present, and the way the shape of the gemstone is skewed makes them chisel tips. This type of termination is defined by a flat edge rather than a 'point' and a bit more rare. The overall energy of this Herkimer Diamond crystal has good will and a yin yang quality. Tip: View your Herkimer's from different angles and in different lighting conditions to get the full extent of it's rainbows. Sometimes it seems the mood of the Herkimer Diamond crystal will reflect the rainbows it is willing to show.	<urn:uuid:b47161a6-ae50-44c6-90d4-c1b6d66ee6c7>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.herkimercrystalsonline.com/b_06_30x25x18_rain_crystal.shtml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.910042	239	2.1875	2
Prints vs discs vs USB/flash/thumb drives?? The many ways to share photos keeps increasing! Back in the day, the only way to get photos was to order prints from your professional photographer. But with technology moving rapidly it’s hard to keep up. I love this marketing piece from Yanman Photography. It really proves how much technology can change, not just from decade to decade but from year to year. One of the best sellers at Neil Enterprises is the cd/dvd folios. But as technology advances we must too. New slim laptops do not come with disc drives anymore. Same with televisions, at one time they had built in DVD players but that’s not the case anymore. What these new devices do have is usb ports for flash drives. So Neil Enterprises is preparing for the days ahead and now offering flash drive boxes. You can check them out here: http://www.neilenterprises.com/flashdriveboxes.aspx Are you thinking about making the switch? Or are you one of those few photographers that still doesn’t offer digital files? (And there’s nothing wrong with that.) Halloween is about a month away! Many photographers completely overlook this holiday. It is considered a holiday, right? Whether you’re a candy corn lover or not, Halloween is one of the most photographed days of the year. Parents and children alike break out the silly costumes on this day. Capturing these memories is something you don’t want to miss out on. Ways to cash in on Halloween: - See if there are any special events nearby (usually hosted by schools or park districts) that need a freelance photographer - Hold mini sessions where parents can bring their kids in costume - Contact local costume stores to see if they’re looking to update their ads with new photography - Go cheesy and offer “spooktacular” savings for a limited time on future sessions Since the crazy busy holiday season will be here before you know it, take this opportunity to RELAX, get one of those pumpkin flavor somethings that are currently being offered! Summer is almost over! Day camps are ending but school has yet to begin. The kids are starting to literally bounce off the walls. This is a great project for both you and your kids. Have them help you create this roll of film as an art project. Once it’s completed it becomes a great prop to use during fun photo session or as a unique piece of decor in your photo studio. This post is from Photojojo. Find out the detailed instructions and view the original post by clicking here. So what are you going to do with your slurpy tumbler? TREND WATCH: Is chevron the new stripes? Chevron by far is one of the hottest prints of 2012 — at least so far, it is only March! It is everywhere. Home decor, like blankets and rugs to accessories like cell phone cases and handbags. Even on apparel like skirts and shirts! And last but not least paper products like invitations and now finally QUICKSTITCH EMBROIDERY PAPERS! Chevron picked up a lot of steam when Missoni for Target launched in September 2011. It put the once exclusive pattern in the hands of everyday shoppers. Since then generic chevron patterns are popping up everywhere. And now Neil Enterprises has jumped on the trend. Last week we posted a great project from our friends at Photojojo on how to take regular boring old photos and turn them into works of art that you can color in. (Click here to read it.) As we mentioned you can take the project one step farther and insert your creations into photo products from Neil Enterprises. Check out these cool items we created! You can get really wild and crazy by changing people’s hair color and the color of their clothes. Notice how the girls in the photo were originally wearing black or white but in the drawing their clothes turned into green, purple, and pink! This easy to do craft project makes a wonderful Mother’s Day gift, which is right around the corner. Are you tired of using the same boring photo inserts in your acrylic blanks? Looking for a new creative way to use Neil photo products? How about using your photos to create pages you can color in! This is an innovative take on craft projects. What kid doesn’t want to color in themselves. If you’re looking for an activity that also doubles as a Mother or Father’s Day gift, this is it! Note: This blog entry is coutresy of Photojojo and was originally posted here: Create Coloring Book Pages Using Photos! Imagine a world where you can color on your friend’s faces and not get in trouble for it. Now you can by making your own coloring book out of photos! With a little help from your photo editor, you’ll be able to turn your very own snaps into a stack of ready-to-be-colored in images. You may not be able to control the color of your photos while you’re taking pics, but with our coloring book tutorial, you’ll have the power to make your photos any little color you want. Also, your friends will thank you for not taking a sharpie to their face in real life. - Photoshop or a similar photo editing software - A photo with an easy to see subject - Non-photo paper - Crayons or any coloring medium of your choice Step 1: Gather The Troops! Over exaggerated open mouth photos are highly encouraged–nobody wants a snooze-fest of a coloring book. Step 2: Hey I Almost See It! First make sure your foreground color is set to black (those 2 colored squares towards the bottom left of your document in the tool panel). Go to the “Filter” menu and go to the sub menu “sketch” there should be a “photocopy” option there. Depending on what version of photoshop you are running the “photocopy” filter may be in a different sub menu–don’t fret! Most versions have this filter so you might have to a do a lil searching. It’s ok though, think of it as an exciting adobe scavenger hunt! (You like scavenger hunts, right? Yeah, we thought so). Once you go to the “photocopy” menu you’ll get 2 slider bars, one for “detail” and one for “darkness”. Each photo is different and unique (just like you!) so there is no real science between picking which numbers will look best for your photo. Slide the sliders over till you get a result that looks similar to the photos below. Don’t worry about a “psychedelic” background or those pesky lil specs that may appear on your friend’s faces, we’ll get rid of those we promise. Step 3: Out Darn Spots! Go to the brush tool and make it white. Simply color in the background and go over any unsightly spots and gnarly shapes. You can also do the same thing with the black areas. We colored in this little guy’s stylish shades with the black paint brush to make it look more “hey you can’t see his eyeballs, this makes him mysterious and cool” and less “hey, where did the rest of their glasses go? Is that why they were on sale?” Step 4: Time For The Refrigerator Art Gallery! (Awww Yeaaah) When done coloring in your way awesome coloring book pages you can slap those bad boys to the fridge. Everyone knows only thee best art work gets to be showcased in the refrigerator art gallery. We here believe that your coloring book is so grand that it deserves to grace those giant white doors that is your fridge. Also while you’re there you can grab a snack and take a nap–all that coloring really works up an appetite and wipes you out!	<urn:uuid:c9d7b593-3b55-4dfc-8341-3cd72dfd58a2>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.theneilreport.com/blog/category/new-ideas/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00073.warc.gz	en	0.931227	1,738	1.578125	2
Eccl 1-3 Solomon spent much of his time musing over many topics and came away thinking that all this striving is futile, fleeting, and incomprehensible (J.MacArthur). Yet Solomon kept going back to his drawing board with this phrase “I said in my heart; I searched in my heart; and I turned my heart.” That is where we all have to go as we wander this life; go back to the source, the heart of the matter. And when he did that, he concluded that God has set eternity in man’s heart. He drew two conclusions: serving God is our highest calling, and God has made everything beautiful in its time. So what to do? If you want to be wise and if you want to understand God’s ways, ask Him. James 1:5 “But if anyone is deficient in wisdom, he should ask God, who gives to all generously and without reprimand, and it will be given to him.” Remember, “God is the Father of Lights and bestows good gifts to His children.” [Matt 7:7]	<urn:uuid:a438978a-dfea-475c-ae6d-3f30877c372f>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://sonshinesjournal.com/2022/07/21/ponderings-from-the-wisest-man/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00078.warc.gz	en	0.977677	233	1.929688	2
One of my favorite web-sites is Forgotten New York, where obscure or hidden pieces of old infrastructure are placed into the context of It is harder to do in Just west of the Rose Quarter Max stop on These rails are something much older. They lead back to a time when three cities; The Oregon Railway & Navigation Company's shops at Albina in the 1880s. The chimney still exists today, next to Union Pacific's Albina diesel facility. The arrival of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company (controlled by the transcontinental Northern Pacific Railroad) in 1883 was a watershed time in With a connection to the rest of the country’s rail system, At the time, Ben Holladay, the "Stagecoach King". In 1873, construction of his Oregon & California Railroad got bogged down in the mountains south of Roseburg, forcing him to sell his interests to Henry Villard, who would eventually connect Portland to the east with the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company. The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company built through Sullivan’s Gulch and established yards, shops and a company town at Albina. Despite Ben Holladay’s fondest wishes, a passenger terminal was planned on the west side of the river, and necessarily, a bridge across the In granting a franchise across the river, the City of Construction began in July 1887. The bridge opened for rail traffic a year later on July 11, 1888. It soon became known as the “ A year and a half later, construction began nearby on Grand Central Station, now known as Union Station. "Union Depot" taken from above the upper deck of the Steel Bridge, near Hoyt Street, circa 1911. The upper deck the The track and cobblestones showing through the pavement are on the The east end of the old Steel Bridge. The ridges in the pavement were caused by the collapse of the rotted streetcar track's ties. Old cobblestones are to the right. The bridge then crossed Portland’s first electric street railway line, operated by the Willamette Bridge Railway, entered service Friday November 1st 1889, on the Steel Bridge. The route began at Third and Two years later, the Smithson Block, which now houses the Widmer Gasthouse pub, was built at the intersection. The initial mile and a half long line gave birth to what, through expansions and corporate consolidations would become the great pre-World War I Portland Rail Light & Power system. “In a few minutes the words, “All right, go ahead,” was spoken, when the young man manipulating the lever, turned on the subtle fluid, and away the car sped. It ran rapidly and with scarcely any jar. There was none of that jerky motion so common to the horse, steam or cable car. “How very smooth she runs,” every body exclaimed when the car got fairly under way and went spinning across the big bridge.” - The Oregonian, Saturday November 2, 1889, describing the electric-powered streetcar trip. Car #20 of the “A carriage containing Mr. and Mrs. William Sheehy of When Ben Holladay was not building railroads, buying legislators or entertaining the ladies, he was buying land, a lot of it, in His Holladay Addition ran west from Years later, in the early 1950’s, Portlanders would decide they needed a sports complex, an idea which would evolve into Memorial Coliseum. In a conflict that Ben Holladay would certainly have understood, there was a dispute over which side of the river the complex would be built on. In 1956 the issue was decided by the voters in a referendum that favored of the east side by a margin of 303 votes. Memorial Coliseum’s eventual location between the Broadway and It bordered the vital jazz club scene along William’s Avenue, described vividly in “Jumptown, the Golden Years of Portland Jazz” by Robert Dietsche, with nightspots such as the Dude Ranch, (where Lois Armstrong would play), the Savoy, the Frat Hall and Lil Sandy’s. The demolition of the area was the first of three hammer blows to Portland’s African-American neighborhoods (followed by the placement of Interstate 5 through North Portland and destruction of much of old Albina in the re-development that accompanied the building of Emmanuel Hospital). It is widely rumored that “those-in-the-know” bought up property in the neighborhood before it was known to be the future site of the Coliseum, then sold the land at great profit to the city. The area around Holladay Street in the 1940s. The red dot indicates the location where the rails and cobblestones are showing through the pavement today. The line of paved over tracks can be traced to where the old Steel Bridge met East Portland. The grain elevator is still in place, with additional silos. Of the neighborhood very little remains. Like the original The Gerding’s Lyrical Precedent... A few years ago when I first heard about the Brewery Blocks redevelopment, I began to worry about the old I was relieved when the building was saved. A fun evening spent watching “West Side Story” finally allowed me to see it from the inside. Portland Center Stage has done a wonderful job. With its gorgeous interior, environmental innovation and historic setting, the Bob and Diana Gerding Theater at the Armory is a fine example of preservation and re-use. Strangely enough, it is not the first theater in Below is the Lyric Theater at 133 Seventh (Broadway after 1913) on the corner of Seventh and	<urn:uuid:2dcaf6ff-d9a6-483c-878c-486987753b77>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.cafeunknown.com/2006_11_01_archive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961129	1,194	2.328125	2
Your browser does not support this video. SQL 2012 Developer, Part 02: Stored Procedures with expert Don Kiely In this course we’ll start by looking at stored procedure features and the benefits of using them. Then you’ll learn about the syntax of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement, and some of the options for using stored procedures, including input and output parameters, return values, and results sets. You’ll also learn how to debug these code modules, as well as shape the results when executing a stored procedure. Then you’ll learn about a special kind of stored procedure, a trigger. A trigger runs automatically in response to changes to your data, letting you enforce complex business rules and perform other actions. You’ll learn about the different kinds of triggers as well as some risks in their use, then we’ll get into the details of creating and using triggers effectively.Course Outline	<urn:uuid:249eb97b-4844-41a7-a197-8ac325de8330>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.learnnowonline.com/trailer/scd2/sql-2012-developer-stored-procedures	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00134-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.910717	193	2.9375	3
Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) During the late 1960s, many economists began to question the over-reliance of governments and agencies on narrow, exclusively GDP-based, measures of economic welfare. It was at this time that the adverse environmental effects of uncontrolled economic growth began to be considered, prompting the search for a wider measure of welfare, not exclusively based on raw GDP figures. Nordhaus and Tobin In 1972, Yale economists William Nordhaus and James Tobin introduced their Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW)* as an alternative to crude GDP. MEW took national output as a starting point, but adjusted it to include an assessment of the value of leisure time and the amount of unpaid work in an economy, hence increasing the welfare value of GDP. They also included the value of the environment damage caused by industrial production and consumption, which reduced the welfare value of GDP. MEW can be seen as the forerunner of later attempts to create a sophisticated index of sustainable development. *Nordhaus, WD and Tobin, J (1972) Is Growth Obsolete? Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research, no 96, New York. The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), develops MEW by adjusting GDP further by taking into account a wider range of harmful effects of economic growth, and by excluding the value of public expenditure on defence.	<urn:uuid:fce31b6c-6914-4953-afa9-80df74fc6c19>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/global_economics/measure_of_economic_welfare_mew.html/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00077.warc.gz	en	0.946309	290	3.53125	4
Research: Enzymes in late-phase laying hens Combined Chinese/US researchers studied the effect of enzyme preparation on egg production, nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities and pancreatic enzyme messenger RNA expression of late-phase laying hens This experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary inclusion of an enzyme preparation including phytase, xylanase, cellulase, α-amylase and acidic protease on egg production, nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities and pancreatic enzyme mRNA expression. Three hundred and sixty ISA Brown laying hens were randomly allocated to two groups with 6 replicates of 30 birds each and fed a maize-soybean meal diet with or without enzyme supplementation (ES) from 60 to 68 wk of age. There were no differences in hen performance between the two groups. The coefficient of total tract apparent retention (CTTAR) of ether extract (EE) was increased by ES. Birds fed the diet supplemented with enzymes tended to have higher lipase and protease activity in duodenal and jejunal digesta than control birds. There were no significant effects of ES on pancreatic enzyme activities. The mRNA expression of amylase in pancreas tended to be downregulated by ES as compared with the control group, whereas that of pancreatic trypsinogen was not affected. It is concluded that ES did not affect productive performance of laying hens, but improved nutrient retention and tended to increase enzyme activities in the intestinal contents. The tendency for lower pancreatic amylase mRNA expression with ES, not coupled with a reduction in pancreatic enzyme activities suggests that amylase expression may be regulated not only at transcriptional level but also at post-transcriptional level. To comment, login here Or register to be able to comment.	<urn:uuid:6433bb07-b699-4a26-b810-f3296be6df7a>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.poultryworld.net/Broilers/Nutrition/2012/3/Research-Enzymes-in-late-phase-laying-hens-WP010076W/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00523-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949058	375	2.125	2
The vast majority (87%) of teens aged 13 to 16, have not had sexual intercourse. Most (73%) have not been sexually intimate at all. Seventy-four percent say they have not had sex because they made a conscious decision not to. As many (75%) have not because they believe they are too young. Many say they abstain because they fear the potential consequencespregnancy (74%), STDs (71%), parents reaction (65%). While just more than half say it is because they havent met the right person yet (54%), few say it is because of a lack of opportunity (21%). Four in 10 (42%) say they have not because of religious or moral beliefs. please read the full transcript here Reading this report should stifle claims by religious groups and others that say our teens are being corrupted by explicit sexual references in televison and movies, but it probably won't. If anything this study shows just how intelligent teens are in expressing their understanding and practices regarding sex. Teens are most likely to say they talk often to their friends about sex and sexual relationships (62%). Four in 10 (41%) also say they talk with their parents often. Teens are much less likely to speak with school and religious leaders.	<urn:uuid:55795fef-8aaa-465b-959c-9ca0211f1e94>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://crooksandliars.com/2005/01/19/915	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00671.warc.gz	en	0.978388	255	2.28125	2
Looking ready to uproot and scuttle across the landscape, these folding bamboo houses are designed to be a sustainable, quick-to-assemble answer to the problem of shelter after natural disasters. (Thanks to Ecofriend for the story). Plastic shower curtains never clean properly, and they’re simply adored by mildew. A much better option is a hemp shower-curtain – and we’re delighted to see one here at Eco Home Furniture Design Ideas. Not only is it made sustainably, it’s anti-mildew and can be washed properly. Bye bye nasty plastic. Half an hour from my house is the biggest swath of common land in my city – and it’s overrun with brambles, perfect for jam, fruit pies and part of my morning fruit & yoghurt mix. What’s in your neighborhood? Johanna Smith at The Huffington Post has a few suggestions for getting started with urban food foraging (for free!). It’s impossible to look at Giant Panda Cubs without saying “Awww”. Ditto the rest of these babies successfully born in zoos around the world, lending hope to the idea that while we learn to rebuild and maintain their habitats, we can also support endangered species in captivity. Victory gardens are all about saving cash – so it’s sad to see that San Fransisco mayor Gavin Newsom is shelling out thousands of dollars a week to protect the garden in Civic Centre Plaza from the homeless, the drunk and the bladder-racked. The world’s first walking house – solar and wind powered, trudging along at a non-breakneck speed of 200 feet an hour, this wacky invention (see at Life In The Fast Lane) is perhaps a triumph of vision over practicality. But a step in the right direction? It’s an uncomfortable experience to look unblinkingly at where our food comes from – and Crunchy Domestic Goddess give her thoughts following a recent high-profile feature on Oprah. As she says, the point isn’t scare tactics – it’s informed choice. The more we know, the more we can act on. Have a great weekend, one and all!	<urn:uuid:648847ee-2b9d-468c-b9b3-88f2e7a4677f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://ecosalon.com/eco_links_to_green_your_weekend-7/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00465-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.919051	467	1.601563	2
Term - Skew \|Skew\|\|SWPP Photographic Glossary\| Tuesday 16th August 2022 During printing or scanning, the content of a page are almost never exactly vertical, which referred to as being skewed. De-skewing is a process where the computer detects and corrects the skew in an image file. Information provided by: SWPP	<urn:uuid:08c578fa-5d04-4239-869c-31034155d3f0>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://swpp.co.uk/glossary/skew.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00669.warc.gz	en	0.92079	109	2.34375	2
When the term ends, so does the food support that schools offer- such as Breakfast Clubs, After School Clubs or food parcels. For some families, the 6-week long summer holidays can be a challenging time when food insecurity becomes an acute issue. In response to this, FareShare South West is preparing for a very busy summer in 2019, more than doubling the food we get into children’s holiday projects across the region. We are aiming to redistribute enough surplus food for over 30,000 meals- and we need to work in partnership to make this happen. In Bristol, where 1 in 4 children are estimated to be at risk of hunger, we are working with another local charity called Feeding Bristol to extend our impact as much as possible and remove barriers to food distribution. Set up in 2017, Feeding Bristol provides a platform for driving a collaborative, city-wide approach to reducing food insecurity. They work with all sectors of the city (business, charity, public sector and faith), supporting local charities, grassroots projects and organisations to deliver long-term solutions towards zero hunger. Working with Feeding Bristol will allow us to: - Communicate our offer of food support to more Bristol projects - Secure significant financial support from Bristol businesses - Facilitate catering hubs and chefs to bridge the gap for projects who cannot prepare meals in-house - Source volunteers to get more food direct to partner projects Andy Street, Founder and Chair of Feeding Bristol, said: “Feeding Bristol was set up with the overarching vision of a zero-hunger city. To make this a reality we need to bring all sectors of our city together, including working with established local charities to extend and join up existing solutions. Working with FareShare South West as the key food provider, we can help remove barriers to food provision in front line projects, ensuring Bristol is doing the maximum to stop children going hungry this summer.” Through working with Feeding Bristol along with around 40 local holiday projects in Bristol alone such as Bristol Playbus, Youth Moves or Ambition Lawrence Weston, we hope to have a far greater impact on the Holiday Hunger issue this summer. Our partnership with Feeding Bristol runs in parallel with our normal summer operations, which extend well beyond Bristol across Bath, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Somerset.	<urn:uuid:ef0e99c7-4586-445c-8ff4-1faa152b14a3>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://faresharesouthwest.org.uk/activeate-working-in-partnership-to-tackle-holiday-hunger/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00066.warc.gz	en	0.941117	475	1.640625	2
PM greets countrymen on Bangabandhu’s birth centenary DHAKA, March 16, 2020 (BSS) – Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina today extended her heartiest greetings to the countrymen, expatriate Bangladeshis and people of the world on the birth centenary of Bangabandhu and National Children’s Day. In a message on the eve of the day, she said Mujib Year has been declared from March 2020 to March 2021 to highlight the life and work of Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to the mass people. The premier said the birth centenary celebration of the architect of independent Bangladesh and the greatest Bangalee of all times will begin with a grand opening ceremony tomorrow. Along with Bangladesh, Mujib Year is being celebrated globally with the initiative of the UNESCO, she added. She paid her deepest homage to the Father of the Nation. She also paid her respect to all the martyrs of the August 15, 1975. The premier said Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib was born in Tungipara village of Gopalganj subdivision [now district] of the then Faridpur district on March 17, 1920. From his childhood he was fearless, indomitable brave and kind, she said, adding Bangabandhu was conscious about politics and people’s rights. Sheikh Hasina said the key aim of the long political life of this world leader who had keen memory and farsighted vision was to liberate the Bengali nation from the chains of subjugation, and ensure a developed life by freeing people from the curse of hunger, poverty and illiteracy. Terming Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as a legend, she said Bangabandhu got involved in active politics while studying at Islamia College in Kolkata. The premier said after the famine of 1943 and the communal riots of 1946 in Kolkata, young Sheikh Mujib with his classmates and colleagues devoted himself in humanitarian activities in the affected areas daring his life. After the partition of India, he returned from Kolkata and got admitted into the University of Dhaka, she said, adding that discriminatory attitudes towards the people of the East Bengal by the elite rulers of the just-liberated Pakistan hurt Bangabandhu. In the meantime, she said, attacks were made on his mother tongue Bangla. Bangabandhu came forward in the struggle to establish the status and dignity of Bangla language, Sheikh Hasina said. In 1948, ‘Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad (State Language Movement Council)’ was formed on Bangabandhu’s proposal by Chhatra League, Tamaddun Majlish and other student organizations- On March 11 in 1948, Bangabandhu was arrested while observing a strike to materialize the demand for recognition Bangla as the state language, she said. The premier said Bangabandhu was imprisoned thrice between 1948 and 1949 and he was continuously in jail from 1949 to 1952. Both while in and out of jail, the Father of the Nation had led the Language Movement, she said. During the incident of killings of language movement activists on 21 February 1952, Bangabandhu was observing hunger strike in jail, the premier added. In continuation of the language movement, she said, all major movements of Bangalee nation including United Front elections in 1954, anti-Ayub Movement in 1958; the Education Movement in 1962, the Six-Point movement in 1966, the Agartala Conspiracy Case in 1968, the Mass Upsurge in 1969, the General Elections in 1970 and the War of Liberation in 1971 were led by the Father of the Nation, The charismatic personality and influential leadership of Bangabandhu united all the freedom-aspiring Bangalees during the Liberation War. “As a result, we got an independent, sovereign Bangladesh. The entity of the Bangalee nation got flourished,” she said. Sheikh Hasina said Bangabandhu was not only a leader of the Bangalees, he was also the leader of all oppressed-exploited arid deprived people of the world in establishing their rights and emancipation. She said Bangabandhu was imprisoned at least 3,053 days during the British and Pakistani regimes just for the cause of establishing the rights of the people. It can be said that prison was his second home, the premier said. In order to strengthen Awami League as political organization, he voluntarily resigned from the cabinet in 1957, she added. The premier said the historic 7 March speech of Bangabandhu has been recognized by UNESCO as a world documentary heritage, Bangabandhu was awarded Juliot Curie Peace Award in 1973 for his outstanding contribution to the world peace. She said the Indian Allied forces returned home just within three months of independence under the prudent leadership of the Father of the Nation. A total of 126 countries recognized independent Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina said. During his tenure, she said, Bangabandhu enacted many laws and promulgated ordinances, many of which were ahead of their time, including the law for land and maritime boundaries to run the state. Under his directions and supervision, a secular, rights-based and equality prioritizing Bangladesh Constitution was adopted in mere 10 months, she added. The premier said Bangabandhu boldly faced major challenges of nation building by establishing a people-centric balanced public administration, resumption of the communication network and infrastructure destroyed during the Liberation War, rehabilitating the refugees and the violated women, controlling the law and order situation, repatriating the stranded Bangladeshis from Pakistan and rebuilding all the national, institutions by freeing those from the grips and influence of collaborators of the Pakistani forces. Bangabandhu started trials of the war criminals, she said, adding that the Father of the Nation signed the historic Land Boundary Agreement with India. “Five-Year Plan for economic development was formulated. The GDP growth rate reached 7 percent. Within three years, Bangabandhu turned Bangladesh into a Least Developed Country (LDC) from a war-ravaged country. In order to maintain good relations with all the countries in the world, he adopted the foreign policy based on the principle of ‘Friendship to all, malice to none’,” Sheikh Hasina said. She said Bangabandhu made Bangladesh a dignified country in the world through ensuring the country’s membership to the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), among others. When Bangabandhu was moving forward with an aim to building a Golden Bangladesh facing all obstacles, the defeated and anti-liberation war clique assassinated the Father of the Nation along with most of his family members on 15 August 1975, the premier said. She said a black law titled ‘Indemnity Ordinance’ was enacted to prevent justice to one of the most shameful killings in the history and to give immunity to the killers. After coming to power in 1996 with the people’s mandate, the Awami League government repealed the black law and started the trial of Bangabandhu murder case. With the execution of the verdict of the trial, the nation got rid of the stigma, Sheikh Hasina added. She said since 2009, the successive governments of Bangladesh Awami League have relentlessly been working to improve living standards of people. In the meantime, Sheikh Hasina said, Bangladesh has achieved outstanding socio-economic progress, It has fulfilled the requirements for graduating from least developed country to developing one. Child and maternal mortality rates have drastically come down and life expectancy has risen to 73 years while literacy and economic growth rates have grown rapidly, she added. “We have established ‘Digital Bangladesh’. Youths have been provided with modern information -technology instead of arms. The scope of education for girls has been widened and women empowerment has been ensured at all levels. We have modernized the Madrasa education and made it job-centric,” the premier said. She said trials of war criminals are going on and several verdicts have already been executed. “The rule of law has been established. Stability has been ensured by rooting out terrorism and putting an end to the culture of strikes,” Sheikh Hasina said, adding that the long-awaited Land Boundary Agreement with India has been implemented. “We have resolved maritime disputes with India and Myanmar. Villages are being equipped with all civic amenities. Many mega projects such as 100 Special Economic Zones, more than 28 Hi-Tech Parks, Bangabandhu Satellite-2, deep seaport, Padma Bridge, LNG terminals,. Expressways and Nuclear Power Plants, among others, are being implemented,” she said, adding that the country is moving forward. “Today, we have become a self-respecting country in the world holding our heads high,” the premier said. She said: “By formulating and implementing our ‘Vision-2021’, ‘Vision-2041’ and ‘Delta Plan-2100’, we have been working tirelessly to build a hunger-poverty free developed-prosperous Bangladesh as envisioned by the Father of the Nation.” The premier said in the birth centenary of Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, let us all resolve to take Bangladesh to even higher heights in the International arena; let us determine to transform Bangladesh into a safe and peaceful home for our next generation.	<urn:uuid:bca3b706-3b49-49dc-b08c-6535d5ca58de>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://wp.bssnews.net/?p=363092	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00277.warc.gz	en	0.95817	2,024	1.703125	2
28 september 2013 The basic elements of and the relation between water and climate are highlighted and further discussed together with their mutual coherence. The MOOC will cover six main topics: - Global water cycle: In this module you will learn to explain the different processes of the global water cycle. - Water systems: In this module you will learn to describe the flows of water and sand in different riverine, coastal and ocean systems. - Water and climate change: In this module you will learn to identify mechanisms of climate change and you will learn to explain the interplay of climate change, sea level, clouds, rainfall and future weather. - Interventions: In this module you will learn to explain why, when and which engineering interventions are needed in rivers, coast and urban environment. - Water resource management: In this module you will learn to explain why water for food and water for cities are the main challenges in water management and what the possibilities and limitations of reservoirs and groundwater are to improve water availability. - Challenges: In this module you will learn to explain the challenges in better understanding and adapting to the impact of climate change on water for the coming 50 years. Every module is made by an expert, so you will learn from different professors. Although the different topics are taught by different professors the course line is clear and will be explained and connected by our anchor man. Examples in the environment will be given by Max, our reporter on location. The course consists of knowledge clips, movies, exercises, discussion and homework assignments. The course will be finished by an examination. Learn more and register at the edX website P.S. To register for a MOOC when working with a Windows operating system, please use internet browsers Internet Explorer 9, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. Watch the course video Follow the duck Would you like to know how the river Rhine develops on its way from Switzerland to the Netherlands? For the MOOC Water and Climate, Max Radermacher set out with an oversized rubber duck. Together they travelled the course of the Rhine from Switzerland to Rotterdam. Their findings will be presented to MOOC Water and Climate students during the online lecture.	<urn:uuid:39c8130b-0315-45ad-a744-ff41a83bc48b>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.gebiedsontwikkeling.nu/artikelen/introduction-to-water-and-climate/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00677.warc.gz	en	0.915555	454	3.515625	4
Zimbabwe has launched gold coins to be sold to the public in a bid to tame runaway inflation that has further eroded the country’s unstable currency. The unprecedented move was announced by the country’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, to boost confidence in the local currency. The coin is called ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ which refers to Victoria Falls in the local Tonga language. The coins will have liquid asset status so that they could be easily converted to cash and locally and internationally tradable. The cost of one coin was $1,824 at the time of launch. Over the years, Zimbabwe has tried a variety of methods to get the situation under control as a result of the severe levels of inflation it has been experiencing for the previous ten years. Trust in Zimbabwe’s currency is low after people saw their savings wiped out by hyperinflation in 2008 which reached 5 billion, according to the IMF. - Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. - The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. - A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. It was once known as the “Jewel of Africa” for its great prosperity.	<urn:uuid:31ae334a-e048-40c9-b562-dbba3d8e1237>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/zimbabwe-launched-gold-coins-as-legal-tender-to-tackle-inflation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00671.warc.gz	en	0.969416	333	2.25	2
The CA-6000 Spine Motion analyzer was used to measure the lumbar spine's range of motion (ROM). One hundred and four asymptomatic volunteers were examined to obtain normal values for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. A detailed error analysis was conducted to investigate the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the measurement equipment, the differences between passive and active examination, the effects of stretching exercises before examination, and the diurnal changes related to lumbar spine ROM. Subjects were divided into groups by age and gender. Values for each group were compared with respect to age and gender. The measurements were found to be consistent and repeatable. Stretching exercises were observed to increase ROM. Passive examination was recommended to achieve maximum ROM. ROM was observed to increase during the course of the day. A normative database was established showing significantly decreased motion as age increased, but no gender differences were discovered. The validity of the axial rotation values due to fixation difficulties is questioned.	<urn:uuid:dfbcc531-b367-4d8a-9c2d-aa3964477ccf>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00298413?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6c7514bf-51fa-4180-a592-7fbc108de1f3	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz	en	0.980514	205	1.71875	2
PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA WITH SOLID-PSEUDOPAPILLARY FEATURES. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNT), also known as islet cell tumors, make up very small fraction of all pancreatic neoplasms1. Based on the function of pancreatic hormone secretion, PNTs are generally divided into functioning and non-functioning categories. The former includes insulinoma (beta cell), the most common type, and glucagonoma (alpha cell), gastrinoma (G cell), vipoma (VIP-producing cells). Most of beta cell tumors are benign while the majority of others including non-functioning ones are malignant 1, 2, 3. Depending on their growth patterns, PNTs are also divided into solid, gyriform and glandular patterns1, 2. Rarely, as presented in the current case, the tumor may show pseudopapillary features with fibrovascular core at the center and neoplastic cells at the peripheral. Tumor cells are usually composed of small relatively uniform cuboidal cells with centrally located nuclei and acidophilic finely granular cytoplasm. Evidence of invasion of tumor into peripancreatic tissue and adjacent organs is only reliable feature for the malignancy 1, 2, 3, 4. Differential diagnosis of the PNT over other pancreatic tumor such as duct carcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumor etc. usually does not present significant problems because each type displays distinct features. The challenge is to distinguish it from solid-pseudopapillary tumor (SPTs) especially when the PNTs show areas of solid-pseudopapillary features (Figs. 5, 6, 7) as described in the current case. Distinguishing between these two types of tumors is clinically important because the SPTs usually have much better prognosis, even with a large tumor burden or with metastases 4, 5. Solid-pseudopapillary tumor (SPT), also known as papillary and solid epithelial neoplasm, papillary cystic neoplasm/cystic solid papillary carcinoma, and Gruber-Frantz tumor, is often found in young women 1, 2, 3, 4. Grossly it is usually large and soft with cystic foci. Areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are often seen. The tumor is often encapsulated with an occasional infiltrative boarder. Microscopically the tumor cells shows distinctive feature of pseudopapilla with central vascular cores , covered with several layers of epithelial cells, most of which have ovoid and folded nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. Perivascular areas usually show significant myxoid degeneration and sometimes with cyst formation 1, 2, 3. Large numbers of eosinophilic globules are sometimes present. Occasional aggregates of histocytes and cholesterol clefts can be seen. Immunohistochemically these tumor cells have been reported to express both exocrine and endocrine hormones including chymotrypsin, trypsin, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), which makes the differential diagnosis even harder from the neuroendocrine tumors.1, 2, 3 A recent study by Notohara, E. et al compared extended the immunohistochemical profile of 19 cases of SPTs and 20 cases of PNTs and found a very useful panel of immunohistochemical stains that can distingusih these entities in most of the difficult cases4. As simplified in the table below, SPTs are usually strongly and diffusely positive for CD10, CD56 and vimentin, and weakly and focally positive for synaptophysin and pan-CK, and negative for chromogranin. In contrast, PNTs are strongly and diffusively positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, pan-CK, CD56 and negative for vimentin and CD10. The immunohistochemical profile for the current case best fits into PNTs even though the tumor cells showed typical solid pseudopapillary features. In summary, we have presented a case of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma with unusual solid pseudopapillary features, which raised an interesting and challenging differential diagnosis with solid pseudopapillary carcinoma. We have showed that a panel of immunohistochemical stains is essential to reach a correct diagnosis. Contributed by Zhengbin Lu, MD, Anthony J. Demetris, MD	<urn:uuid:7092746e-3b40-49ef-aef6-f251c1423ee0>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case339/dx.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.903549	958	2.5625	3
view a plan This non-objective art lesson shows how history influences art and how art illustrates nouns Art, Language Arts, Social Studies 5, 6, 7, 8 Title – Non-Objective Art By – Paula Hrbacek Primary Subject – Art Secondary Subjects – Language Arts, Social Studies Grade Level – 5 to 8 Objective: The students will understand how art is influenced by current events. The students will use their knowledge about nouns to create a work of art. Materials: Your choice. Lecture: Art is influenced by the events that are going on at that time. In the 1970’s, at the same time as Martin Luther King Jr., the Black Panthers, and the equal rights movement for women, there was another change going on. The curriculum for the public schools was changed. New Math was introduced. Schools experimented with workstations and open classrooms. Paddling was done away with. Another change was made by the English teachers. At that time, a noun was defined as a “person, place or thing”. Grammarians argued that this definition was not complete because it did not include things like emotions, desires and thoughts. If you can put the word “the” in front of it, it is a noun. So, the definition was changed to “a person, place, thing or idea”. Artists thought about this issue, and asked themselves “how do you paint an idea?” If you paint a person, that is a portrait. If you paint a place, that is a landscape. If you paint a thing, that is a still life. The first painting to capture an emotion at a masterpiece level (masterpiece is like the hall of fame; it’s the best of the best) was “The Scream”. The reason it is a masterpiece is because the artist used counter-clockwise eye movement to create an uneasy feeling in the viewer. Our society is organized in a clockwise manner. When we look at the clock, we go clockwise. When we come to a four-way stop, we go clockwise. When we deal cards, or pass the potatoes, we go clockwise. This painting makes your eyes move counter-clockwise, and although the movement isn’t big enough for you to feel, it creates a feeling that something is wrong, but you don’t know what. Well, no matter how good you are at anything, someone will always have something to say about it. Other artists looked at this painting, and noted that it still had a person, and a place. If there are four different types of nouns, then there must be four different types of art to go with it. This was the beginning of non-objective art. This movement used paint in a new way, without painting any objects of any kind. The idea is to capture an emotion or idea through the brush strokes and use of color. Think of an emotion or idea, and try to capture that feeling without using any objects. Write the emotion or idea on the back of the sheet for your assessment. E-Mail Paula Hrbacek !	<urn:uuid:3684e884-3e1e-4442-9868-94872459d878>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://lessonplanspage.com/artlassmdblackhistorynonobjectivenounart512-htm/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95831	670	3.609375	4
Wen-ji Dong, Ph.D. Research Focus: Cardiac Muscle Biology and Mechanics; Protein Chemistry and Engineering; Fluorescence Technique Development; Biosensor for Biological and Cellular Applications; Fluorescent Material Developments for Solar Energy Harvest Applications; and Novel Solar Concentrator Research and Applications The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering 1505 Stadium Way, Room 105 P.O. Box 646515 Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6515 Office: VBR 271 / 109 Wegner Hall Office Phone: 509-335-5798 Lab: McCoy North 201 (Tel: 509-335-5937) Adjunct Faculty member of WSU College of Veterinary Medicine’s Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience Department Postdoctoral and Ph.D. Graduate Students Zhiqun (Cindy) Zhou King Lun (Allen) Li Bohlooli Ghashghaee, Nazanin Visiting Scholars and Undergraduate Student Assistants Research in my lab is multi-disciplinary. The primary objective of our research is to understand the Ca2+ switching mechanism of cardiac myofilament in healthy and diseased hearts. Cardiac muscle contraction is initiated by Ca2+ binding to cardiac troponin C triggering a series of functional structural changes within the thin filament. These serious structural transitions are regulated by both Ca2+ binding and cross-bridge cycling, and modulated by protein phosphorylation and cardiomyopathy mutations. A full understanding of these mechanisms is critical for research efforts to prevent, diagnose, and treat myocardial diseases. In our research we use various fluorescence spectroscopic approaches, including FRET, to acquire detailed functional, structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic knowledge associated with those thin filament structural transitions at the level of single regulatory unit, the fully reconstituted thin filament preparations and the chemically skinned muscle fibers. These studies will provide insights into mechanistic alterations of cardiac regulation in diseased heart, which may ultimately lead to design a fluorescence assay to screen drug candidates of Ca2+ sensitizer, a promising therapeutic drug for treatment of heart failure. The second objective of our research is to design and develop various sensors for biological and cellular research and future clinical applications. One example is to develop an ultra-sensitive assay to establish PKA-phosphorylated cTnI (p-cTnI) in blood serum samples as potential cardiac biomarker for early heart disease detection. The third objective of our research is to develop novel luminescent materials and approaches for solar energy harvest applications, including wavelength-shifting materials and novel solar concentrators. Dr. Dong received a B.S. in chemistry in 1982, an M.S. in inorganic chemistry in 1985 from Lanzhou University, P.R. China. He received a scholarship from British Council of United Kingdom for studies at the University of London, England and obtained a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1992. From 1993-1994 he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Western Ontario, Canada. He moved to the University of Alabama at Birmingham where he was a Research Fellow of the Muscular Dystrophy Association from 1994–1996; a Research Instructor from 1996–2001; and a Research Assistant Professor from 2001–2005. He joined the faculty of Washington State University as an Assistant Professor in the Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and IPN in 2006 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2010. - Schlecht, W., et al., Fluorescence based characterization of calcium sensitizer action on the troponin complex. Chemical biology & drug design, 2016. 87(2): p. 171-181. - Pulcastro, H.C., et al., Increased titin compliance reduced length-dependent contraction and slowed cross-bridge kinetics in skinned myocardial strips from Rbm20?RRM mice. Frontiers in Physiology, 2016. - Li, Y., et al., A structurally modified perylene dye for efficient luminescent solar concentrators. Solar Energy, 2016. 136: p. 668-674. - Li, K.-L., et al., Sarcomere length dependent effects on the interaction between cTnC and cTnI in skinned papillary muscle strips. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2016. 601: p. 69-79. - Keles, E., et al., Recent progress in nanomaterials for gene delivery applications. Biomaterials Science, 2016. 4(9): p. 1291-1309. - Li, Y., J. Olsen, and W.-J. Dong, Enhancing the output current of a CdTe solar cell via a CN-free hydrocarbon luminescent down-shifting fluorophore with intramolecular energy transfer and restricted internal rotation characteristics. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2015. 14(4): p. 833-841. - Li, Y. and W.-J. Dong. Estimating the theoretical limit of the power conversion efficiency of a luminescent solar concentrator device from the perspective of Shockley-Queisser limit. in Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 2015 IEEE 42nd. 2015. IEEE. - Chen, W., et al., A specific nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of aziridines as a unique platform for the construction of hydrogen polysulfides sensors. Organic letters, 2015. 17(11): p. 2776-2779. - Schlecht, W., et al., FRET study of the structural and kinetic effects of PKC phosphomimetic cardiac troponin T mutants on thin filament regulation. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2014. 550: p. 1-11. - Li, Y., et al., Rational design of tetraphenylethylene-based luminescent down-shifting molecules: photophysical studies and photovoltaic applications in a CdTe solar cell from small to large units. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2014. 16(47): p. 26193-26202. - Li, Y. and W.-J. Dong. Theoretical modeling on luminescent down-shifting process: A Discussion on luminescent molecule design. in 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC). 2014. IEEE. - Li, K.-L., et al., In situ time-resolved FRET reveals effects of sarcomere length on cardiac thin-filament activation. Biophysical journal, 2014. 107(3): p. 682-693. - Jayasundar, J.J., et al., Molecular dynamics simulations of the cardiac troponin complex performed with FRET distances as restraints. PloS one, 2014. 9(2): p. e87135. - Jacroux, T., et al., Cationic isotachophoresis separation of the biomarker cardiac troponin I from a high-abundance contaminant, serum albumin. Electrophoresis, 2014. 35(14): p. 2029-2038. - Zhou, Z., et al., Structural and kinetic effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related mutations R146G/Q and R163W on the regulatory switching activity of rat cardiac troponin I. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013. 535(1): p. 56-67. - Yang, Z., et al., Structure control classification and optimization model of hollow carbon nanosphere core polymer particle based on improved differential evolution support vector machine. Applied Mathematical Modeling, 2013. 37(12): p. 7442-7451. - Rieck, D.C., et al., Structural basis for the in situ Ca 2+ sensitization of cardiac troponin C by positive feedback from force-generating myosin cross-bridges. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2013. 537(2): p. 198-209. - Na, T., et al., Disease-causing R1185C mutation of WNK4 disrupts a regulatory mechanism involving calmodulin binding and SGK1 phosphorylation sites. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 2013. 304(1): p. F8-F18. - Li, Y., T. Ren, and W.-J. Dong, Tuning photophysical properties of triphenylamine and aromatic cyano conjugate-based wavelength-shifting compounds by manipulating intramolecular charge transfer strength. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2013. 251: p. 1-9. - Li, Y., et al., Increasing the power output of a CdTe solar cell via luminescent down shifting molecules with intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013. 6(10): p. 2907-2911. - Jacroux, T., et al., Enzymatic amplification of DNA/RNA hybrid molecular beacon signaling in nucleic acid detection. Analytical biochemistry, 2013. 432(2): p. 106-114.	<urn:uuid:7305db20-7432-4608-b66d-115ba43f5933>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://voiland.wsu.edu/faculty/WDong.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00248-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.797288	1,955	1.585938	2
Three new grants will put Maryland teens and teachers in NIH research labs. Three new grants totaling nearly $1.6 million from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) will enable dozens of Maryland high school students to do research in National Institutes of Health (NIH) laboratories. Science teachers also will benefit from support for NIH research internships and training in advanced life sciences such as microbiology, physiology and genetics. The awards include: - $785,000 over 3.5 years to the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) for a student internship program at NIH. - $680,000 over 3.5 years for summer internships at NIH for MCPS middle and high school science teachers. - $100,000 over 3.5 years for student internships at NIH and for teacher training and curriculum development of advanced science courses at Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, Md. Both grants to MCPS extend successful internship programs developed by the school system and supported by HHMI since 1990. Each year approximately 17 high school sophomores and juniors from schools throughout Montgomery County are selected from nearly 100 applicants. They take a summer course in laboratory principles, techniques and practices, then work side-by-side with NIH scientist-mentors throughout the school year. At the year's end, they present their research findings at a symposium at HHMI headquarters in Chevy Chase, Md. Approximately 10 teachers are chosen each year to participate in six weeks of laboratory research at NIH during the summer. When they return to their schools, they develop instructional units to share what they have learned with their students and fellow teachers. Teachers may return to NIH for a second summer to continue their research and develop additional instructional units. "HHMI's ongoing support has enabled us to stimulate many students' interest in science careers and to enhance the science literacy of all our students," says Sandra Shmookler, special assistant for the Montgomery County schools. The special one-time award to Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Greenbelt, Md., is HHMI's first grant to an individual school, as well as the Institute's first science education grant in Prince George's County. The largest high school in Maryland, Eleanor Roosevelt serves as both a science and technology magnet school and as a comprehensive high school for students living in its district. It has a student body that is nearly 72 percent minorities, including 58 percent African American. "This grant will give our teachers the time and resources to work together creatively to bring about truly innovative change," says Gerald Boarman, principal at Roosevelt. Since 1988, HHMI has awarded more than $150 million for elementary and secondary school science education. The Institute's grants programs comprise the largest private initiative to enhance the quality of science education in U.S. history.	<urn:uuid:d9730002-4aec-42bc-a392-7f78b3995849>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.hhmi.org/news/16-million-new-grants-local-schools	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00097-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958052	563	2.28125	2
The Huffington Post's Living section joins Mothers Day Every Day, a joint campaign of the White Ribbon Alliance and CARE, in a daily countdown to Mothers Day with special voices working to help save the lives of mothers and newborns around the world. Mothers Day Every Day is advocating for more progress and investments toward safe pregnancy and healthy babies because when women survive childbirth, they give birth to healthier families, communities, and nations. On Mother's Day, we look for ways to thank our Mom. We buy cards and gifts in honor of everything she's given us -- the love, comfort, security and health. This year, we urge you to consider giving something more -- a gift that could help save the life of a mother or child - and help make a difference in the world in which we live. Investing in women and families globally is one of the best ways to secure a safe and healthy world for all. Progress is being made, but hundreds of thousands of women are still dying each year due to complications developed during pregnancy and childbirth. Millions more suffer debilitating illnesses and lifelong disabilities. By joining together this Mother's Day and throughout the year, we can help turn these horrific statistics around. The vast majority of maternal deaths are avoidable when women have access to vital health care before, during and after childbirth. Access to basic services like clean water, sanitation and skilled health workers are proven to significantly increase maternal and infant survival rates. By investing in affordable measures to improve maternal and newborn health, we can also achieve other important health and security outcomes. These investments not only save women and babies at risk during pregnancy and childbirth; they are also investments in health workers and health systems that can provide education, vaccines and interventions to reduce other problems like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Moreover, when women survive childbirth, the benefits are exponential: their children are more likely to survive past age five, be educated, vaccinated and contribute to the peace and stability of their countries. In short, healthy mothers create healthier families, communities and nations. One of our goals is to increase the investment by the US government on global health, which now is a mere 0.2 percent of its overall budget. Maternal health is one of the best indicators of global health systems; investments can have a tremendous impact. By doing so, we would not only benefit from increased moral standing and goodwill, but we also help create a safer, more stable world. There's an enormous connection between security and health. Millions of women and girls live in poverty, experience gender discrimination and are subject to violence, abuse and exploitation. The result is a continuing cycle of oppression and abuse. We have the power to break this cycle and invest in women. Through our collective work at UNICEF and the Commission on Smart Global Health Policy, we know that global investments and the efforts of organizations around the world are working, but more needs to be done. We also know that this crucial issue cuts across gender, politics and areas of expertise. Celebrating women by ensuring they survive chilbirth matters to everyone: men and women, public and private sector, Democrats and Republicans, the US and the rest of the world. And so last year when the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood (WRA) and CARE launched Mothers Day Every Day, the unprecedented bipartisan campaign for healthy moms and newborns globally, we signed on as co-chairs. This year, we continue our work to give mothers a gift with global impact this year. We joined a bipartisan group of Mothers Day Every Day Advisors last week to send a letter to Congress requesting robust funding for maternal and child health programs in this year's budget. To accelerate progress, we need smarter resources and smarter power, not just from governments, but from people who collectively can make a powerful impact. So this year, let your voice be heard. While you are thinking what to get for your Mom for Mother's Day, consider gifts that are smart global investments; that help save the life of a mother or child. Let's honor all Moms and families by giving something that could have a more meaningful, long-lasting impact and help make a safer world for all children. Together we can make sure the gift of motherhood is a gift for all. Secretaries Veneman and Shalala are the Co-Chairs of Mothers Day Every Day. Check out the rest of our Countdown to Mothers Day series: HuffPost Lifestyle is a daily newsletter that will make you happier and healthier — one email at a time. Learn more	<urn:uuid:a509cbb3-77e6-41b9-8d37-9df9f5b26ce9>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ann-veneman/mothers-day-invest-smart_b_556915.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947099	921	2.5	2
Find the best medical centre for chronic illness: three tips to know! Is one of your loved ones suffering from a chronic illness that is causing them much discomfort? Perhaps you yourself are experiencing an illness like so. If this is true, then it is important to seek help right away. There are many people nowadays who tend to ignore their health problems thinking very little of them. This is a major mistake that you must avoid if you want to look after your wellbeing. When it comes to illnesses such as diabetes or kidney problems, it is important to seek the most appropriate medical aid. This will usually call for the service of a professional health medical centre. In order to treat your illness as it should be, you must make your way to a professional medical centre today. When you want to do so, there are a few details that you must keep in mind. Therefore, here are the top three tips to know when you want to find the best health medical centre for your needs! The major benefits! There are many reasons as to why these specialized practice centers are popular in today’s world. You must first gain awareness on the many benefits of making this visit. Whenever your health is challenged by a certain illness, it is important to first seek professional consultation as this helps to determine the problem. In order to receive such precise consultation, visiting a professional health centre is a must. Unlike many amateur health clinics, a professional health medical centre will offer you the best service and focused attention towards your health issues. The doctors and specialists will create your very own treatment plan with the help of the latest technology and medical advancements. In order to enjoy all of these exciting benefits, you must visit the best health clinic in town! Perform your own research There are many different ways in how you can find a professional health medical center for chronic illness. One of such major ways in through research methods. Nowadays, there are many health facilities to be found in a single town. In order to find the best and most professional facility, you must consider a number of details. By conducting a research, you can easily identify a well reputed and experienced health care facility. To find the best elanora doctor regarding your medical needs, you must book an appointment with a well facilitated clinic that consists of the best specialists regarding chronic illnesses. Visit their professional website Almost every specialized health medical facility will maintain a professional and informative website. Any individual who is interested in gaining awareness on the centre can easily access this website. There will be much useful information that you can gather on this website. You will find contact information, blogs as well as much more details that will help you to make your appointment today. If you are experiencing certain doubts in this situation, browsing through the website will bring you a sense of peace.	<urn:uuid:fac82308-7fc6-4dae-9cb4-a04143483575>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.urac.com.au/2022/01/05/find-the-best-medical-centre-for-chronic-illness-three-tips-to-know/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00265.warc.gz	en	0.971718	566	1.609375	2
Unicorn sorcery, also called unicorn sorcery or maybe unicorn spells is absolutely not a whole new form of spellcraft that is certainly gathering popularity for current times. It really has been utilised for hundreds of years by just masters of magic and also other mystical practitioners. The concept of unicorn remarkable is dependent on the reality that unicorns are often with honor, charm and additionally virility. Unicorns stand for your purity along with whiteness that a number of persons choose in their relationships. That you’re performing unicorn miracle, planning that will you understand the value of unicorns because the most famous unicorns are classified as the unicorns which include conspicuously inside Bible. Unicorns are usually described simply because smallish, fabulous insects together with sharp ears. They are simply reportedly typically the sons with Who, which is a fantastic brief description associated with just how the vast majority of unicorns will be and in what way these people connect with the relationship to make sure you God. Unicorns experience sensational buildings that will help individuals generate the eye connected with people. As an illustration, unicorns is often rather robust with regards to securing folks coming from wicked spirits. Unicorns likewise have the capability to convey aided by the http://annapurnafoodsuk.com/index.php/2020/06/27/agen-resmi-ioncasino/ unicorn horns. They can deliver people today ideas of love, health, achieving success, well-being together with peace. Unicorns usually are supposedly extremely animals in addition to being believed that the actual unicorns are responsible for many all natural disasters. In other countries, unicorns are also employed because the designs associated with power in addition to wealth. To illustrate, unicorns are often used to stand for a fabulous woman or man that’s high plus famous. Unicorns may also be deemed to be a mark associated with magic. Many individuals assume unicorns may well thrown means concerning customers and may explanation them great harm. Unicorns will also be thought of as everyone predators which should bring fortune that will who owns any animal.} Unicorns may be regarded as a symbol of electric power, large choice in addition to happiness. The actual unicorns will often be seen which has a overhead about thorns or maybe bearing jewels all around ones own necks. Unicorns are often considered to be a symbol of sperm count not to mention tend to be exhibited on gardens and gardens. Unicorns have also been regarding many forms in protection. This unicorn is commonly involving protection from condition, detrimental systems and then negative thoughts as well as an indication of cover vs damaging luck. If you need to educate yourself regarding any unicorn, there are tips over the internet plus there is a good amount of publications offered that will help you find out about the unicorn. You’d like for more information about unicorns than the unicorn mean handbook in which You should is without a doubt’All the Unicorn Magician’s Hidden knowledge ‘, published by Joanna Hanway.	<urn:uuid:33ee71be-c04f-4418-9dee-bc3e8a74a414>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://gcheg.ache.org/2020/12/08/learn-more-on-the-subject-of-unicorns-and-then/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz	en	0.962996	619	1.914063	2
Money laundering refers to the process of concealing the source of legally and illegally and grey area obtained monies. The methods by which money may be laundered are varied and can range in sophistication. To maintain our integrity as a leading online and mobile payments platform, Cofred is legally bound by the laws of the Republic of Ghana following the enactment of the Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2008 (Act 749), the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2008 (Act 762) and the subsequent passage of the Anti-Money Laundering Regulations, 2011 (L.I.1987) to give necessary attention to the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. Our Approach To Detect You may find that you are asked to confirm your identity and other personal details. Cofred has established special verification systems involving your bank account or payment card to prove your identity. To safeguard the integrity of our payment system, your Cofred account may also be subject to periodic transaction limits depending on your user status. You could be asked to confirm your identity whether you are applying to be a new customer or have been a customer for some time. While our identity verification systems are designed to minimise any inconvenience for you, the verification process may take several days to complete. Our Reasons To Detect Crime and terrorism need cash. Criminals turn the "dirty" cash made from drug trafficking, smuggling, and robbery into clean money by using false identities or taking the names of innocent people - like you. Making sure that people are who they say they are is essential in the fight against crime and terrorism. This does not mean in any way that suspicion is falling on you. Any information about your identity is held confidentially and will help stop your identity being used falsely. Helping Governments and Authorities The Ghana Government and all organizations involved in financial services are all united in their determination to stop the spread of financial crime as part of the international effort to crack down on financial crime - protecting us all against crime and terrorism. Your co-operation is vital to the successful fight against crime and terrorism. The laws of the Republic of Ghana requires:	<urn:uuid:0b47a4b1-e31e-4c9f-a73f-a416e5c79333>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://cofred.com/aml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00147-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947888	432	1.601563	2
Seventeen Teams to Do Battle in DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials; Event Created in Response to Fukushima Nuclear Disaster in 2011 December 13, 2013 Call it a friendly college rivalry - among robots. Two robotics squads - a team organized by Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and a separate WPI group participating as part of a 10-team college consortium - will square off in a pitched battle next week in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Robotics Challenge (DRC) Trials. The event will take place Dec. 20 and 21 at the Homestead-Miami Speedway in Homestead, Fla. The competition pits 17 robotics teams from around the world against each other with an eye toward paving the way for humanoid robots that can help respond to man-made and natural disasters. DARPA officials say the DRC was created after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan, in March 2011, which created an environment that was too hazardous for people to enter. The teams have been busy programming and training robots for this event. In one corner is Team WRECS, which stands for WPI's Robotics Engineering C Squad. The team, featuring 23 WPI members, has been programming an Atlas humanoid robot that stands 6'2" and weighs 330 pounds. The team, which christened its robot WARNER (WPI's Atlas Robot for Nonconventional Emergency Response), is also being assisted by nine members from Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. In the other corner is DRC-HUBO, a 5-foot humanoid robot that is being prepared for the competition by a team led by Drexel University; the team includes three WPI robotics professors and several WPI students, as well as students and faculty from nine other colleges. The robots must perform a number of autonomous and semi-autonomous tasks mandated by DARPA. They will be required to drive a utility vehicle, travel dismounted across rubble, remove debris blocking an entryway, open a door and enter a building, and climb an industrial ladder and traverse an industrial walkway. The robots must then use a tool to break through a concrete panel, locate and close a valve near a leaking pipe, and replace a component such as a cooling pump. Teams will be awarded a maximum of four points for each task for a total potential of 32 points. Matt DeDonato, a 2009 WPI graduate and leader of Team WRECS, said the group has been busy putting WARNER through its paces. The team acquired the $2 million humanoid robot from Boston Dynamics in July after being one of the top finishers in the preliminary DARPA Virtual Robotics Challenge. "In the short time that we have had WARNER, the team has taken a robot that could barely walk and transformed it into a machine that can drive a car, climb a ladder, use power tools, and perform many more human-like tasks," said DeDonato. Meanwhile, Dmitry Berenson, assistant professor of computer science and robotics engineering at WPI, is leading WPI's research group for the DRC-HUBO team. Berenson noted that WPI's role on the team is to enable the robot to close the valve. "We had our basic approach hammered out over the summer, and since then it's been a lot of testing and debugging," said Berenson. "We ran remote tests over the Internet to connect to Drexel in order to simulate being in the trailer on competition day." Berenson said the biggest challenge he has faced "…is dealing with the open-endedness of our task. Until very recently we didn't know where the valve would be or how big it would be, so our approach was built on autonomous planning, which could deal with most reasonable valve locations automatically. The user tells the autonomous planner which valve to turn and by how much." Both teams have garnered support from a number of professors. Co-principal investigators for Team WRECS are Michael Gennert, professor of computer science and director of WPI's Robotics Engineering program; Taşkin Padir, assistant professor of robotics engineering; along with CMU professor Christopher Atkeson. Meanwhile, Sonia Chernova, assistant professor of computer science and robotics engineering at WPI; and Rob Lindeman, associate professor of computer science, have supported Berenson. As many as eight qualifying teams will receive up to $1 million each from DARPA and have a year to prepare for the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals in December 2014. To read more about the 17 teams that have qualified for the DRC Trials, visit DARPA's web site. To track WARNER's journey to Florida and the competition itself, follow @WPI_WARNER on Twitter. To follow DRC-HUBO, visit http://dasl.mem.drexel.edu/DRC/ To watch the DRC Trials in limited live streaming, visit http://www.youtube.com/darpatv. About Worcester Polytechnic Institute Founded in 1865 in Worcester, Mass., WPI is one of the nation's first engineering and technology universities. Its 14 academic departments offer more than 50 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science, engineering, technology, business, the social sciences, and the humanities and arts, leading to bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. WPI's talented faculty work with students on interdisciplinary research that seeks solutions to important and socially relevant problems in fields as diverse as the life sciences and bioengineering, energy, information security, materials processing, and robotics. Students also have the opportunity to make a difference to communities and organizations around the world through the university's innovative Global Perspective Program. There are more than 35 WPI project centers throughout North America and Central America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe.	<urn:uuid:2b4b2a8e-3a54-4fbc-97f4-2ee80bc73034>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2013/12/16/a-robotics-showdown-worcester-polytechnic-institute-sends-two-squads-to-national-competition/3317/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00522-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952692	1,195	2.28125	2
What percent of the military is female 2020? U.S. Military Demographics \|Demographic Variable\|\|Active Duty\|\|Reserve and Guard\| \|Dual- Military Marriages\|\|6.7%\|\|2.6%\| What percentage of air force pilots are female? You can’t be what you can’t see. Of the 10,964 pilots in the U.S. Air Force today, only 708—just 6.5 percent —are women. The majority fly mobility aircraft and fewer than 3 percent fly fighters. What percent of the military is female 2019? According to the Defense Department, women now make up 20 percent of the Air Force, 19 percent of the Navy, 15 percent of the Army and almost 9 percent of the Marine Corps. Women now make up approximately 10 percent of the current veteran population, the fastest-growing demographic. What branch of military has the most females? The Air Force has the highest percentage of women and the Marine Corps the lowest. The Army has the highest percentage of African-American women; the Marine Corps has the highest percentage of women of Hispanic origin. n.a. n.a. Who has the strongest military in the world? China has the strongest military in the world, scoring 82 out of 100 points in the index, it noted. Who has the largest military in the world? In 2021, China had the largest armed forces in the world by active duty military personnel, with about 2.19 active soldiers. India, the United States, North Korea, and Russia rounded out the top five largest armies respectively, each with over one million active military personnel. Do the Thunderbirds have a female pilot? Major Michelle Curran, call sign “Mace,” is the only female fighter pilot on the Thunderbirds, the Air Force’s demonstration team. Can a girl be a pilot in the Air Force? IAF now allows female candidates to join them as flying Officers! Yes, now girls too may join the flying branch of IAF (for flying Helicopters and Transport Aircraft, not fighter jets)! This article will reveal all the necessary details like- entry scheme, educational qualifications, age limit etc. Is there any female fighter pilots? Air Force Capt. Emily “Banzai” Thompson had never conducted a combat sortie before deploying to Al Dhafra Air Force base in the United Arab Emirates. Now, she is the first woman to ever fly the F-35A Lightning II in combat. Why do soldiers have 2 dog tags? The U.S. Army changed regulations on July 6, 1916, so that all soldiers were issued two tags: one to stay with the body and the other to go to the person in charge of the burial for record-keeping purposes. Are female soldiers allowed in combat? The 1994 rescinding of the 1988 “Risk Rule” allowed women to serve in all positions except those engaged in direct ground combat roles; subsequently, women have been able to serve in almost all Air Force and Navy positions since the mid-1990s, save for submarines and some small vessels. What is the male to female ratio in the army? The Air Force, with 20.9 percent women, and the Marine Corps, with 6.3 percent women, stand out, with the highest and lowest female shares. The Army, with 13.5 percent women, and the Coast Guard, with 12.5 percent women, have similar gender profiles. How do female soldiers pee? The female urinary diversion device (FUDD) allows you to urinate discreetly while standing up or leaning back. You can urinate with minimal undressing – just unbutton your pants. Which military branch is the hardest? If we’re talking about in terms of education, the Air Force is the hardest to get into. But if we’re talking about physical fitness requirements marines are the toughest. Air Force is almost considered as regular non military job. But they’re all as equally important as any other job. What is a female Marine called? When the Marines began recruiting women reservists seven months ago, the Corps decided that its uniformed women would carry no telescoped name like WACs, WAVES or SPARS; they would be Marines. But ” women Marines ” is a lip-twisting phrase. “She- Marines ” (TIME, June 21) was frowned on, too.	<urn:uuid:0269b86b-c599-415e-805b-645ed7753344>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://visitmilitarybases.com/air-force/how-many-women-are-in-the-air-force.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00677.warc.gz	en	0.935266	974	1.96875	2
Ronnie: Tasmanian Songman is the heartwarming story of musician, storyteller and craftsman, Ronnie Summers as he recalls the freedom of growing up Cape Barren Island and how the music passed on by his uncles and the island’s old fellas has shaped his life. Ronnie draws on a childhood working the mutton-bird islands, a ‘kangaroo court’ prison term as a bewildered teenager, and then turning to alcohol after the death of his baby son. It wasn’t until later in life that he discovered he was part of the Tasmanian Aboriginal community. At last, guided by the power of his ancestry, he was able to turn his life around. Born an ‘Islander’—not Aboriginal, not white—he had been without race. Ronnie: Tasmanian Songman documents his struggle for a place in his own country, and echoes and amplifies that of the Tasmanian Aboriginal community. The book includes a CD featuring the music of Cape Barren Island - a unique blend of Cajun, Blues, Country & Folk now recognised as a rare example of Australian musical folklore. A defining piece of Indigenous culture and literature and music all between two covers, it is essentially a Tasmanian book through and through, it is a wonderful book.—Bob Brown, Senator of Tasmania Get a copy now from your favourite trusted store Further search options Links are configured to offer you a 1-click search. Explore more Aboriginal books Most viewed books Heard of these? - Yatdjuligin - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nursing and Midwifery Care - Buried Country - The Story of Aboriginal Country Music - Different White People: Radical Activism for Aboriginal Rights 1946-1972 - Salt Creek - Country Women and the Colour Bar - Yorro Yorro - Deadly D & Justice Jones: The Search - Settlers, Servants and Slaves - The Oldest Foods on Earth - The Politics of Identity - Who Counts as Aboriginal Today?	<urn:uuid:18c08ca9-5ae0-4ba0-a178-471d4455d029>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/books/people/ronnie-tasmanian-songman	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00196-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945649	431	2.328125	2
Joomla eLearning LMS began operation in 2006. It was developed by a group of experienced content management professionals who worked basically in the e-learning unit of Joomla. Today, Joomla LMS King is focused on e-learning support, maintenance, and development of all e-learning systems based on Joomla. There are mostly four divisions of employees in any LMS developing unit. The first unit of employees focuses on improving and maintaining high quality services for the system. The second division is charged with the responsibility of integrating Joomla services and developing custom made solutions targeted to meet clients learning and teaching demands. The third unit comprises of the support team while the final division is the marketing and sales unit. With more than 1000 customer base spread across 34 countries of the world, Joomla eLearning LMS King is gradually becoming the mainstay in learning management systems. There is now a new update to its learning management systems. Joomla LMS can now be integrated with all editions of Joomla CMS, which includes several other functional improvements. There is new and improved SCORM compatibility. There are features such as forum integration, latest edition of Community Builder, compatibility fixes. Moreover, it is open source software. Kings Joomla eLearning LMS comes in free trial version, standard version, and pro version. The price of the pro version depends on the number of additional features tailored for specific needs. * global question pool; * Advanced user management * Custom user roles and permissions * Advanced reporting * High priority support For those who want to try out the product before committing themselves financially, there a demo site which is available for users. This integrated system is perfect for educational institutions. It can handle several tasks simultaneously such as media management, file sharing, chat, emails, and other aspects of managing E-learning applications. It is now very easy to perform user profile management, track time, import features, and manage wizards with no difficulty. With its Joomla 3 compatibility, experts in various fields can easily develop courses and training materials for their learners. There is no longer a barrier to E-learning as LMS king has breached that barrier with the introduction of the most comprehensive, yet user friendly learning management system. It provides an excellent platform for educators and learners to meet online and create discussion classes. Read all 1 Reviews / Write A Review	<urn:uuid:8c2dec64-3958-4ae0-b99f-b84dcf872ab0>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.king-products.net/index.php/blogs/joomla-lms-introduces-some-special-features-for-a-perfect-e-learning-experience.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00674.warc.gz	en	0.952674	489	1.507813	2
Many Bank of America accounts require a $100 minimum starting deposit to be opened. Standard Term CDs demand a minimum deposit of $1,000. What Is a Savings Account and How Do I Open One? - In order to open the most basic Bank of America checking account, a $25 minimum initial deposit is required, while a $100 minimum deposit is required for the other two categories of checking accounts. They do, however, each have their own monthly cost and, depending on the account that you have, each have their own manner of waiving the monthly BoA banking fee. - 1 Can I open a bank account with no money? - 2 Do you need a deposit to open a Bank of America account? - 3 What do you need to open a bank account at Bank of America for the first time? - 4 Does Bank of America have monthly fees? - 5 Do you have to keep a minimum balance at Bank of America? - 6 Is Bank of America free? - 7 Is Bank of America a good bank? - 8 What is the best bank to open an account? - 9 What bank has no monthly fees? - 10 Can I open a bank account online without going to the bank? - 11 How much money do I need to open a Chase bank account? - 12 Can we open a bank account online? Can I open a bank account with no money? The quick answer is that sure, it is possible. If you pick a bank that does not need a deposit, you will not be required to make one when opening a bank account. There are a few internet-only banks and banks that offer online banking that do not require a deposit to be made. Do you need a deposit to open a Bank of America account? Deposits made at the beginning of the process Bank of America, for example, needs a $25 initial minimum deposit for the most basic checking account it offers, but the more feature-rich Bank of America Interest Checking account requires a $100 initial minimum deposit for the account with the most features. What do you need to open a bank account at Bank of America for the first time? The number associated with your Social Security number. Your current residence address may be found here. Your e-mail address is required. Your Bank of America account number or debit card number in order to make your initial deposit into your new Bank of America account. What you should bring to your appointment is as follows: - Proof of legal residency in the United States. - One primary picture identification card - One secondary photo identification card Does Bank of America have monthly fees? Fees for Bank of America’s Checking Account There are monthly maintenance fees associated with Advantage SafeBalance Banking®, $12 monthly maintenance fees associated with Advantage Plus Banking®, and $25 monthly maintenance fees associated with Advantage Relationship Banking®, however only Advantage Relationship Banking yields interest. 4 Do you have to keep a minimum balance at Bank of America? Maintain a daily balance of at least $1,500 in your Bank of America Basic Checking account to avoid fees. Is Bank of America free? Bank of America discontinues its free checking option, which served as a safety net for low-income customers: The Two-Way The bank is nearing the end of a years-long phaseout of eBanking, which was its only remaining option for avoiding costs without maintaining a monthly minimum balance. There have been fears that the change will have the greatest impact on low-income users. Is Bank of America a good bank? Who Is the Best Candidate for Bank of America? Customers who choose convenience over higher interest rates may consider Bank of America as their best option. The service may be particularly beneficial for consumers that wish to: Bank with a well-established institution that offers a wide range of deposit and loan options. What is the best bank to open an account? The best checking accounts for January 2022 are as follows: - Heritage Bank has the best overall rate - Navy Federal Credit Union has the best rate for members of the military and veterans - Ally Bank has the best high-yield rate for mobile apps. NBKC Bank is the best bank for no or low costs. LendingClub Bank is the best bank for limitless ATM charge refunds. What bank has no monthly fees? Which financial institutions provide no-fee checking accounts? No monthly cost and just a few minor fees may be found at Axos Bank, nbkc bank, Charles Schwab Bank, Discover Bank, and Capital One 360, among other institutions. Can I open a bank account online without going to the bank? Is it possible to open a bank account without physically visiting the bank? Yes, you may create a bank account entirely online, without ever having to visit a physical office of the bank. You may also manage your account totally online if you have a bank or account that is completely online. How much money do I need to open a Chase bank account? When it comes to Chase checking accounts, what is the bare minimum balance? When opening a Chase checking account, there is no requirement for a minimum balance. You must, however, fund the account within 60 days of it being established. Maintaining a minimum balance on various accounts is one method of avoiding service costs on those accounts. Can we open a bank account online? When it comes to Chase checking accounts, what is the required minimum balance? To open a Chase checking account, there is no minimum balance requirement. In order to keep the account active, you must fund it within 60 days after its creation. Keep a minimum amount on your account, since this might help you avoid paying service fees on some accounts.	<urn:uuid:3ed71d8b-6277-4bc2-bac7-f440b5420ead>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.poplargrovestatebank.com/bank-tips/how-much-to-open-a-bank-of-america-account-perfect-answer.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00076.warc.gz	en	0.924681	1,180	1.960938	2
In the complicated world of Medicare, companies known as MACs (Medicare Administrative Contractors) actually run the business of Medicare payments and also set policy (under defined rules) as to what procedures are covered in their area of control. One such company, Novitas, is currently seeking to limit access to vertebral augmentation or kyphoplasty, a life-saving procedure that has been around for decades. It’s no surprise that the company Novitas is actually owned by Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, a private insurance company. This company controls and profits from the administration of Medicare services in the following states: Arkansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi. I’m not going to dive into Novitas and the scary world of the overlap of private and public healthcare administration. I’m mostly going to stick with the procedure at issue and the crazy-wrong proposed changes. If you want the links to comment on this proposed LCD, you can skip to the end of the article. Kyphoplasty has been around since the turn of the millennium. It is, quite simply, the closest thing we have to a miracle cure for a condition in spine. It is a minimally invasive procedure with a tiny incision that uses a mechanical device to create a cavity in the fractured bone, and then bone glue (polymethylmethacrylate) is injected to stabilize the fracture. So in a way, it’s like putting a support structure or cast inside the vertebral body. The success of kyphoplasty lies in how well it works, how minimally invasive it is and recovery time. The medical literature estimates from controlled studies tend to run in the 93-95% success rate. There is simply no other spine procedure in medicine with that type of success rate for patients in severe pain. The incision is less than a quarter of an inch because the procedure is done entirely through a needle smaller around than a number 2 pencil. As a result recovery time is minimal because from the patient’s perspective it’s more like a minor biopsy than a surgery. Furthermore, the pain relief comes with an extremely low complication rate. Estimates of significant complications run in the 1 in 3,000-6,000 range in most studies. As a result, kyphoplasty/vertebral augmentation is the single most well-studied procedure in spine. There are around 2,000 English language peer reviewed articles. In these, there are absolutely no well-designed, randomized controlled studies that show kyphoplasty doesn’t work. Recent Literature Controversy And Aftermath As with any new procedure, there has been some debate with success rates in the early literature as best practices have been developed. The longer this procedure has been around, it has become apparent that the majority of perceived failures of kyphoplasty are due to inexperience by the evaluating or treating physician. Most commonly this is due to either missed diagnosis or technical error. For example, a doctor who uses imaging to diagnose the fracture and does not examine the patient can easily treat the wrong level or leave other fractures untreated. One of the most common technical problem leading to perceived failure of kyphoplasty is not injecting enough bone glue, a common problem with a related procedure, vertebroplasty. There is some confusion in the literature because a pair of poorly designed and since downgraded studies were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2009 by Buckbinder and Kallmes. These studies only looked at vertebroplasty and not a kyphoplasty. Part of the problem with the studies is that many of the patients assigned to not have vertebroplasty ended up deciding to have it, but it didn’t go the other way. That really fudges the scientific validity of the statistics in a problem called “cross-over.” Cross over was so one-sided (from suffering with no pain relief to having vertebroplasty) that it doesn’t take a genius to see which patients got pain relief. Moreso, the authors proportedly used a placebo ‘sham’ procedure which was NOT a sham procedure. Most opponents of kyphoplasty will refer to the NEJM articles, but these studies did not look at kyphoplasty, only vertebroplasty. Further, neither study showed that vertebroplasty was ineffective or worse than the ‘placebo.’ After the NEJM articles were published, there was a steep drop in the number of these procedures being done. This resulted in more patient deaths. Two key studies, one in 2017 and one in 2019 proved that kyphoplasty saves lives in the Medicare population. In 2017, Kevin Ong et al did a deep dive on the results of this effect in an article published in Osteoporosis International titled “Were VCF patients at higher risk of mortality following the 2009 publication of the vertebroplasty sham trials?” In this study, they looked at the entire CMS (Medicare) dataset. They identified over 2 million patients who were diagnosed with vertebral fracture. What they found is a significant drop in the number and proportion of patients treated. This was associated with statistically significant increase in deaths in these patients. Furthermore, in looking at the entire dataset, they found that the 10 year survival rate of patients diagnosed with a vertebral compression fracture was only 15%. That is, 85% of these patients will die in the next decade. Those who were treated with kyphoplasty had a 19% lower risk of death. In December 2019, Hirsch, et al, published a groundbreaking study in the American Journal of Neuroradiology entitled “Number Needed To Treat With Vertebral Augmentation To Save A Life.” This study looked at the 10 year dataset and compared mortality of untreated patients and patients treated with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty. What they found was astonishing and no seen in any other spine procedure that Medicare covers. The Hirsch paper found that for every 15 patients treated with kyphoplasty, one life was saved in the first year. At 5 years, that number was just 12 kyphoplasties to save one life. That means that not only is kyphoplasty a clear-cut life-saving procedure, its benefit improve with additional time after treatment. Summary and Proposed Coverage Changes For 3 decades, the clinical practice has been to treat VCF with kyphoplasty based on symptomatology as determined by physical examination. This is a highly successful (95% success rate) procedure with a very low complication rate (significant complications in the 1 in 3,000-6,000 range) that has significantly improved pain, function, quality of life and has extended the life of millions of osteoporotic patients worldwide. As a result, vertebral augmentation is the single most well studied procedure in spine. There are around 2,000 English language peer reviewed articles. In these, there are absolutely no well-designed, randomized controlled studies showing inferiority or non-superiority of balloon kyphoplasty relating to sham or placebo. As such, including vertebral augmentation with cavity creation in what appears to be an LCD directed to vertebroplasty is inappropriate. They are two clinically distinct procedures with overlap. - Add the requirement of a “multidisciplinary consensus” (including neurologists who do not perform nor generally refer for the procedure). - Require outpatients to fail a ‘periosteal injection’ before kyphoplasty. - Limit kyphoplasty to the first 6 weeks after onset of pain. The requirement of a panel consensus is unheard of in routine practice. Most patients have difficulty even getting it to be seen by a specialist performing this procedure in six weeks and often waits for specialists including neurologists can be up to six months. There is no logical reason for this change. There is no such requirement for spinal fusion or so-called spinal cord stimulator placement although these are highly more invasive, life changing and more expensive procedures. These requirements, if they go through, would provide an impediment to treatment in this life-saving procedure. The requirement for periosteal injections is completely unfounded in the literature. In my decades of experience with vertebral augmentation, I have never known anyone to use periosteal infiltration for pain from vertebral fracture except in the ICU setting. It’s just not appropriate, and it doesn’t work. It gives only short-lived pain relief and increases costs unnecessarily. Most significantly, the proposed restriction to treatment in the first 6 weeks after injury further places an undue and unrealistic burden on the patients themselves. Most patients are unable to get in to see a provider who accepts Medicare and performs the procedure within the 6 weeks. A typical scenario is an elderly patient who lives alone and suddenly is forced into immobilization without a caregiver at home. These patients have difficulty getting to appointments and arranging a driver. The even bigger problem with this proposal is timing. In best practice, almost every VCF patient should have some period of conservative care prior to kyphoplasty. This proposed time restriction will limit providers from giving additional conservative care and will likely have an unintended consequence of creating an artificial ‘race against the clock’ to fix a fracture – resulting in unnecessary procedures. To set a time on acute on chronic fracture age would make the spine the ONLY bone in the body where treatment of a fracture is limited in this way. There is absolutely no literature evidence for limiting the timing of the fracture treatment, the requirement for periosteal infiltration or the requirement for multidisciplinary consensus. Lastly on this point – and most significantly – the literature shows there are no outcomes tied to timing of a fracture that have ANY STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (see Rand/UCLA criteria). If the proposed LCD goes into effect as is, it will result in the following: - Novitas will be encouraging medically unnecessary and experimental procedures (periosteal infiltration) at taxpayer expense. - Undue burden and restriction to access will occur for our most vulnerable patients. - As proven by peer-reviewed evaluation of the entire CMS dataset, actual deaths of Medicare beneficiaries will occur and, unfortunately, a so-called ‘death panel’ will go from the stuff of conspiracy theory to reality. The blame will rest squarely upon those in the MAC. Lastly, many of my fellow physicians were shocked that another MAG, MGS, unilaterally pushed these changes through reversing completely what they had agreed to in a conference call with providers in 2019. It certainly makes it look like there is a purposeful move to exclude treating physicians from decision making process. So what is at work here? It’s hard to know, but there is one possibility that particularly concerns me as a physician as a US citizen. Private insurance companies administer MACs and this LCD goes along with trends that we have seen private payors forcing through. Given the out of touch verbage in this LCD and the decision by MGS to completely ignore the consensus agreed upon in the conference call, this suggests a corrupt process and blatant disregard for lawful administrative procedure. Basically, is seems that these companies are trying to ramrod these changes through against the advice of physician experts and the only reasonable explanation for that is corporate profits. Given the overlap in ownership interests between the private companies and MACs, this suggests a blatant attempt to limit access to this life saving procedure for purely fiscal purposes. I hope that my suspicions about the private payors are wrong, but I believe in trust and verify. Novitas is currently in the process of accepting public comments on this proposed change. If you or a loved one have osteoporosis, have received life-saving kyphoplasty or are concerned with what these limits might due to your neighbors, I would encourage you to comment during this public comment period. Feel free to use any of the wording or points that I have used, although it will mean more if you use your own words. The comment period started on 12/26/19 and ends 2/8/2020. You can email your comments to [email protected] The proposed policy can be found here: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/lcd-details.aspx?LCDId=38493&ver=12&Cntrctr=All&UpdatePeriod=865&bc=AAAAEAAAAAAA& – James Webb, MD	<urn:uuid:5a01088b-b9f7-444e-a5ba-cdd2af9dad06>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.drjameswebb.com/out-of-state-insurance-company-attempting-to-limit-access/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00072.warc.gz	en	0.955342	2,634	2.265625	2
« FöregåendeFortsätt » Under my burden groan'd; which rais'd in me How came we ashore? necessary to moisten them before they can be ironed, which is always done by sprinkling; this operation the maidens universally call degging. Reed. 2 An undergoing stomach.] Stomach is pubborn resolution. So Horace, “ -gravem Pelida ftomachum." STEVENS. 3 Some food we had, and some fresh water, that A noble Neapolitan, Gonzalo, Master of this design,) did give us;] Mr. Steevens has suggested, that we might better readhe being then appointed; and so we fhould certainly now write: but the reading of the old copy is the true one, that mode of phraseology being the idiom of Shakipeare's time. So, in the Winter's Tale: This your son-in-law, “ Is troth-plight to your daughter." Again, in Coriolanus: waving thy hand, “ Which often, thus, correlling thy ftout heart, “ Now humble as the ripest mulberry, “ That will not hold the handling; or, say to them,” &c. MALONE. I have left the passage in question, as I found it, though with flender reliance on its integrity. What Mr. Malone has styled “ the idiom of Shakspeare's time," can scarce deserve so creditable a distinction. It should be remembered that the instances adduced by him in support of his position, are not from the early quartos which he prefers on the score of accuracy, but from the folio 1623, the inaccuracy of which, with equal judgment he has censured. The genuine idiom of our language, at its different periods, can only be ascertained by reference to contemporary writers whose Rich garments, linens, stuffs, and necessaries, Would I might Now I arise: works were skilfully revised as they passed through the press, and are therefore unsuspected of corruption. A sufficient number of such books are before us. If they supply examples of phraseology resembling that which Mr. Malone would establish, there is an end of controversy between us: Let, however, the disputed phrases be brought to their test before they are admitted; for I utterly refuse to accept the jargon of theatres and the mistakes of printers, as the idiom or grammar of the age in which Shakspeare wrote. Every grofs departure from literary rules may be countenanced, if we are permitted to draw examples from vitiated pages; and our readers, as often as they meet with restorations founded on such authorities, may juftly exclaim, with Othello,-“Chaos is come again.” Steevens. 4 Now I arise :] Why does Profpero arise? Or, if he does it to ease himself by change of posture, why need he interrupt his narrative to tell his daughter of it? Perhaps these words belong to Miranda, and we should read: Mir. Would I might But ever see that man! -Now I arise. Pro. Sit still, and hear the last of our sea-sorrow: Prospero, in p. 13. had directed his daughter to sit down, and learn the whole of this history; having previously by fome magical charm disposed her to fall asleep. He is watching the progress of this charm; and in the mean time tells her a long story, often asking her whether her attention be still awake. The story being ended (as Miranda fupposes) with their coming on shore, and partaking of the conveniences provided for them by the loyal humanity of Gonzalo, The therefore first expresses a wish to see the good old man, and then observes that she may now arise, as the fory is done. Prospero, surprised that his charm does not yet work, bids her fit ftill; and then enters on freih matter to amuse the time, telling her (what she knew before) that he had been her Sit still, and hear the last of our sea-sorrow. pray you, sir, Know thus far forth. By accident most strange, bountiful fortune, Now my dear lady,“ hath mine enemies Brought to this shore: and by my prescience I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious star; whose influence If now I court not, but omit,' my fortunes Will ever after droop.--Here cease more questions; Thou art inclin'd to Neep; 'tis a good dulness, tutor, &c. But soon perceiving her drowsiness coming on, he breaks off abruptly, and leaves her fill fitting to her Numbers. BLACKSTONE. As the words " now I arise”-may signify, now I rise in my narration,” “now my story heightens in its consequence," I have left the passage in question, undisturbed. We still say, that the interest of a drama rises or declines. STEEVENS. princes—] The first folio reads,-princesse. HENLEY. Corrected by Mr. Rowe. MALONE. 6 Now my dear lady,] i. e. now my auspicious mistress. STEEVENS. 7-I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious flar; whose influence " There is a tide in the affairs of man, Omitted, all the voyage of their life " Is bound in shallows and in miseries.” MALONE. : -'tis a good dulness,] Dr. Warburton rightly observes, that this sleepiness, which Prospero by his art had brought upon Miranda, and of which he knew not' how soon the effect would begin, makes him question her so often whether she is attentive to his story. JOHNSON. And give it way; - I know thou can'st not choose. [MIRANDA sleeps. Come away, servant, come: I am ready now; Approach, my Ariel; come. Enter ARIEL. Ari. All hail, great master! grave fir, hail! f come To answer thy best pleasure; be’t to Ay,' To swim, to dive into the fire, to ride On the curl'd clouds; ? to thy strong bidding, task Ariel, and all his quality.' Pro. Hast thou, spirit, Perform'd to point* the tempest that I bade thee? Ari. To every article. 9 All hail, great master! grave fir, hail! I come To answer thy beft pleasure; be't to fly, &c.] Imitated by Fletcher in The Faithful Shepherdess: tell me sweetest, “ Through the rising waves,” &c. 'Henley. * On the curl'd clouds;] So, in Timon-Crisp heaven. STEEVENS. ! - and all his quality.] i. e. all his confederates, all who are of the same profession. So, in Hamlet: " Come, give us a taste of your quality.” See notes on this paffage. STEEVENS. * Performd 10 point-] i. e. to the minutest article. are you all fit? I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak, cursors O'the dreadful thunder-claps, & more momentary And fight-out-running were not: The fire, and cracks Of sulphurous roaring, the most mighty Neptune Seem'd to besiege, and make his bold waves tremble, Yea, his dread trident shake." Pro. My brave spirit! - now on the beak,] The beak was a strong pointed body at the head of the ancient gallies; it is used here for the forecastle, or the boltsprit. JOHNSON, 6 Now in the waist,] The part between the quarter-deck and the forecastle. · JOHNSON. 7 Sometimes, I'd divide, And burn in many places;] Perhaps our author, when he wrote these lines, remembered the following passage in Hackluyt’s Voyages, 1598: " I do remember that in the great and boyfterous or storme of this foule weather, in the night there came upon “ the toppe of our maine yard and maine-mast a certaine little light, much like unto the light of a little candle, which the Spaniards call the Cuerpo Santo. This light continued aboord our “ ship about three houres, flying from mafte to maste, and from top to top; and sometimes it would be in two or three places at once." MALONE, Burton says, that the Spirits of fire, in form of fire-drakes and blazing stars, “ oftentimes fit on thip-mafts," &c. Melanch. P. I. $ 2. P. 30. edit. 1632. T. WARTON. “ 'Vant couriers of oak-cleaving thunderbolts.” STEEVENS. , Yea, his dread trident shake.] Left the metre should appear defective, it is necessary to apprize the reader, that in Warwickshire and other midland counties, Jhake is still pronounced by the common people as if it was written-haake, a disfyllable. FARMER.	<urn:uuid:696e4b4c-b4e2-4f7c-9b34-a284f23c1787>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://books.google.se/books?id=D5oNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=%22any+ftrange+beaft+there+makes+a+man+:+when+they+will+not+give+a+doit+to+relieve+a+lame+beggar,%22&dq=editions:NYPL33433074896394&lr=&hl=sv&output=html_text	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00668.warc.gz	en	0.948984	2,071	1.617188	2
ages six weeks - 12 months Our infant program is focused on the care and development of the child. We provide a safe and nurturing environment where your infant can grow, explore, and discover. It is during these first formative months that your child will receive the attention needed to develop a sense of trust and confidence with the staff that cares for them every day. Ready to get started? THE PERFECT BALANCE OF LEARNING AND PLAY Our teachers create a unique and stimulating environment through the use of play, music, language repetition, stories, blocks, toys, movement, and outside activities. Our teachers use teachable moments to encourage learning and independence, while each young child is given the opportunity to explore using all of their senses.	<urn:uuid:e77abdb8-183c-47ee-b6b8-f298b1a4122d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://happyfacesprepschool.com/programs-classrooms/infant-program/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00268.warc.gz	en	0.933807	156	1.75	2
Hanukkah: A Great Miracle Happened Here Rabbi Ismar Schorsch and Host Larry Josephson talk about the history, rituals and meaning of Hanukkah, and its importance in our time. Chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, Rabbi Ismar Schorsch explains that Hanukkah is really about a Jewish civil war, a war between assimilated, Hellenized Jews and a pious band of zealots, the Maccabees. The well-known "miracle of the oil," occurs at the end of the story, after the Temple has been retaken by the Maccabees, and rededicated and cleansed. The program also includes music for Hanukkah.	<urn:uuid:db213586-1ca4-4844-8cf0-7d1a11af08e0>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://wcpn.ideastream.org/programs/radio-specials/hanukkah-a-great-miracle-happened-here	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00479.warc.gz	en	0.957275	154	2.546875	3
Volvo Vadis Software SAFE istheinterface between VADIS and the databases and handles the file transfer between the databases and VADIS. The software archive The software archive contains all the software produced by Volvo. Volvo has software updates to fix this as well as flare 2-3 shifts ... adaptive learn procedure on a Volvo requires a VADIS, (Volvo factory scanner), to put the TCM in the “Control Module Adaptation“mode. Some vehicles do not have this function available and will need to have the TCM software ... Standing for Volvo Aftersales Diagnostic and Information System, VADIS is basically an industrial PC which can be connected to a Volvo car by means of a VCT2000 adapter unit, and can be used to read out diagnostic information from the vehicle and download new software to it. Since VADIS itself does not ... VCT2000 was developed as a communication tool between VADIS and vehicles for the introduction of the ... It is mandatory to have the DiCE tool to comply with Volvo standards, and begin work on model year ... This cable is used for DiCE software updates, self-tests and fault tracing. This is carried out via VADIS vehicle communication. NOTE: For cars with Volvo On Call, the battery negative lead must be disconnected first. ... VADIS reads off the new control module identity which is required to order the correct software NOTE: Key codes must be ... Includes Mobile Technician Program REFERENCE: Special tool bulletin no. 111-A//VADIS/VIDA repair instruction This TechNote supercedes the previous TNN 30-04 dated 10-11-05. It is used for downloading software from VADIS to the vehicle, reading off DTCsandto perform other diagnostics for various electronic control ... It is fully compatible with the diagnostic software version 1.3 from Volvo FCR. Volvo FCR isa software program that turns your PC intoa sophisticated ... To check if SWFID 600 has been downloaded into the car, ONE of the following unique software pan numbers should readout from the TCM via VADIS shown. ... appears prior to startup alerting the driver that the vehicle is in Transport Mode. Use VADIS to set ... Volvo has used serial communication before for communication between master and slave modules on the ... The system handles: • Text and warning messages in the DIM The software is implemented in the DIM and ... This code is intended to detect if the CEM has the wrong software, but is more common for a network ... Note that the VADIS oscilloscope is not useful (too slow sampling rate) for detailed CANbus data ... VOLVO for life, Volvo Cars of North America, LLC. Technical Service Please read, initial and circulate: ... Other sites you could try: Find videos related to Volvo Vadis Software	<urn:uuid:6193b52b-986e-4309-8879-59e908c4662c>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://printfu.org/volvo+vadis+software	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.884443	596	1.507813	2
Cataract Surgeon in Fort Myers Cataract surgery today is precise, painless and safe. If you are looking for a highly qualified cataract surgeon in Fort Myers, Cape Coral, or elsewhere in Lee County, get in touch with Elmquist Eye Group today to schedule an evaluation with Dr. Sarah Eccles-Brown or Dr. Yasaira Rodriguez and get more information about cataract treatment. Both surgeons are board certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology and a fellows of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, specializing in general ophthalmology and cataract surgery. Drs. Eccles-Brown and Rodriguez, along with board certified optometrists, Kate Wagner, OD, and Nina Burt, OD, provide a full spectrum of eye care services and can handle all of your family’s vision needs. Cataracts are most common among people over age 65, but they can also occur in younger people. According to the National Eye Institute, over 24.5 million Americans aged 40 and older are affected by cataracts. Some cataracts result from conditions like diabetes, certain types of medications, such as prednisone and corticosteroids, and other problems. There are also congenital cataracts that are present at birth. The symptoms of cataracts include: - Cloudy or blurred vision - Difficulty seeing at night or in low light - Increased sensitivity to light - Halos and glare around lights - Colors seem faded or yellowed - Needing brighter light for reading and other activities - Frequent eyeglass prescription changes - Double vision in one eye If you think you may have a cataract that is affecting your normal everyday activities, it may be time to have a cataract evaluation and to consider having it removed so that you can get back to enjoying life. Here are answers to some of the most common questions we are asked about cataract surgery. Q: Does cataract surgery hurt? Thanks to anesthetic eye drops which numb the eye and medications that can help you relax, most patients undergo cataract surgery with little to no discomfort. Q: Will you put me to sleep for the surgery? No. Cataract surgery takes very little time, so it’s not necessary for you to be put to sleep. Instead, the eye will be numbed, and you will be awake for the surgery. Q: If I have cataracts in both eyes, can I have surgery on both at the same time? Only one eye can be operated on at a time, but surgery on the second eye can often be done within a few weeks after the first surgery. Q: How long does the surgery take? Cataract surgery usually lasts less than 10 minutes. However, there are some pre-surgery preparations and a short recovery period afterward, so you may be in the surgery center for up to two hours. Q: Can I drive immediately after cataract surgery? You will not be able to drive yourself home after surgery. Your vision will most likely be blurry for a short time and you will have to make arrangements for someone to drive you home. Each person heals differently, but most people see well enough to drive the day after their cataract surgery. Q: When will I be able to resume my normal activities? Most patients are able to resume reading and watching TV by the next day and can return to work within two days to one week. Ask your doctor if you have questions about exercise and other activities. As you evaluate cataract surgeons in the Fort Myers area, we encourage you to meet with one of our surgeons. They would be delighted to answer any questions you may have and help you decide on the best treatment option for your unique eyes. Call us today at (239) 936-2020 to schedule an appointment.	<urn:uuid:8cbb858c-7e62-44d5-a2d9-b724677cb895>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://elmquist.com/cataract-surgeon-fort-myers.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00075.warc.gz	en	0.951913	807	1.601563	2
Cut chicken into 8–10 pieces. Pat dry with absorbent paper. Heat oil in a pot. Sauté onion, garlic and ginger until fragrant, then add ground turmeric, made first into a paste with a little water. When oil rises in the pot, add chicken pieces and cook until brown with no pink showing. Add water to reach to half of chicken. Season with salt and pepper. Bring to the boil, then add potatoes. Turn down heat to simmer until chicken and potatoes are tender. Add coconut milk. Stir constantly until stew returns to a gentle boil to prevent milk from curdling. Taste to adjust seasoning, if necessary. Serve with white rice and salted egg cucumber salad. When reference is made to “thumb-sized” knobs of root spice, it means that the exact amount of spice is not critical. Just add as you like. Recipe from Home Cooked: Modern Asian Recipes, By Sylvia Tan, Published by Marshall Cavendish International. Click here to buy the book. For top tips on protecting you and your family when preparing raw meat and poultry, visit Food Safety in the Home and view the full Food safety at home video.	<urn:uuid:0aa643ed-6436-4aab-a5d6-a1a3f1b2ade0>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://realfood.tesco.com/recipes/turmeric-chicken-.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00093-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931157	247	1.75	2
Penile washing directly after sex increased the risk of acquiring HIV: circumcision effective for men in high prevalence populations no protective effect in gay men Simon Collins, HIV i-Base Several studies adding to the already important data showing the effectiveness of male circumcision on a population level in areas of high HIV prevalence. The oral session on this subject is available online, and slides are available to download. Effectiveness, and cost effectiveness is recognised [2, 3], and sessions also focused on how to safely integrate this with other prevention programmes. Useful data on other aspects of transmission were also detailed at IAS. Firstly, analysis of an Australian cohorts of gay men did not show circumcision to have a protective or negative impact on risk of HIV tranmission. This is probably related to the limited numbers of participants who are exclusively active or passive. A second important study, presented by Frederick Makumbi from Makerere University, Kampala, and colleagues, produced evidence from a sub-study of the Rakai circumcision study, that men who washed their penis immediately after sex (within three minutes) were at significantly higher risk of catching HIV compared to men who didnt wash, or who delayed washing by at least ten minutes. This information challenges common sense, and believed sense, and common practice. 2552 HIV-negative uncircumcised men enrolled in the control arm of a male circumcision study were also interviewed about post-coital penile hygiene (washing the penis after sex, use of a dry cloth or washing or both) and the time from intercourse to cleansing after sex. In almost 4400 follow-up intervals during which men reported being sexually active, men reported post-coital cleansing with all partners in over 80% of occassions. Although HIV incidence among men reporting cleansing with all partners (1.69/100py) compared to those never cleansing (1.22/100py) was higher, this was not statistically significant (adj.RR=1.20; 95%CI: 0.42-3.38). However, among those reporting post-coital cleansing with all partners, 49.2% cleaned within 3 minutes. HIV incidence was significantly higher among those reporting cleansing within 3 minutes (2.32/100 py), compared to those reporting a delay of more than 10 minutes (0.39/100py, adj.RR= 0.13; 95%CI: 0.03 0.54). HIV incidence was also higher among those reporting washing-alone (2.20/100 py), than those reporting use of a cloth and washing (1.04/100 py) and those using a cloth-alone (0.55/100 py, c2 for trend p=0.0442). A trend to increased risk with borderline significance was shown with increased wetness of washing. Four mechanisms were proposed to explain these findings: i) that the acid pH of vaginal secretions may impair HIV survival ii) that the use of water with a neutral pH, may facilitate viral survival and possible infectivity, iii) that washing of any kind, or use of soap, may contribute to micro ulceration that facilitates infection, and iv) that delayed cleansing may reduce viral infectivity by prolonged exposure to acidic vaginal secretions. While limitations include difficulties of self-report sexual practices and lack or detail (on use of soap, type of soap and washing etc), these finding deserve further study on both a clinical and epidemiological level. Other recent studies showed an increased risk for HIV in women who cleansed using soap or water , but a protective effect for circumcised men who washed. Unless stated otherwise, references are to the 4th IAS conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Sydney, 2007. - Male circumcision: the cutting edge of prevention. Oral abstract session WEAC1. - Londish G, Murray J. Mathematical modelling of male circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa predicts significant reduction in adult HIV prevalence even when it is limited to certain age groups. Abstract WEAC104. - Auvert B. Cost of the roll-out of male circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa. Abstract WEAC105. - Kigozi G, Gray R, Wawer M et al. The safety of adult male circumcision in HIV-infected and uninfected men in Rakai, Uganda. Abstract WEAC101. - Templeton DJ, Jin F, Prestage GP et al. Circumcision status and risk of HIV seroconversion in the HIM cohort of homosexual men in Sydney. Abstract WEAC105. - Makumbi FE, Gray RH, Wawer M et al. Male post-coital penile cleansing and the risk of HIV-acquisition in rural Rakai district, Uganda. Abstract WEAC1LB. - McClelland SR et al. Vaginal washing and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among African women: a 10-year prospective study. AIDS 2006, 20:269273. - Meier SA et al. Independent Association of Hygiene, Socioeconomic Status, and Circumcision With Reduced Risk of HIV Infection Among Kenyan Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr & Volume 43, Number 1, September 2006.	<urn:uuid:a0cfebed-bff4-4a7a-b862-2f5f42cd8773>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://i-base.info/htb/2212	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00274.warc.gz	en	0.919026	1,256	2.203125	2
ITU is to host a workshop - Greening the Internet - 17 November 2009 in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, as part of 4th IGF (Internet Governance Forum A key component of the economic stimulus agenda in US, Japan, Europe and other regions, is investment in broadband, so Greening the Internet and addressing climate change is a major concern. Internet based-applications can unleash many opportunities for real solutions to climate change, such as smart homes , smart appliances , smart transportation and smart energy grids . Many companies today are already recognizing that going Green makes good business sense. The ICT industry has been making progress in energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy, and best practices can be already shared. Even new technologies such as NGN , are innately green compared to their predecessors. ITU-T’s Study Group on Environment and Climate Change examines how to measure and reduce the impact of ICTs on the environment in order to help advance the Green ICT agenda. At its last meeting, the Study Group consented a standard describing an energy-efficient universal charging solution (UCS) for mobile phones, but also digital cameras and other devices with micro-USB interfaces. Greening the Internet, will examine new Internet trends, the potential impacts on climate change and the ways in which the Internet can evolve in an environmentally-friendly manner. Panelists are Joseph Alhadeff, VP for Global Public Policy at Oracle Corporation ; Catherine Trautmann , Member of the European Parliament; Catalina McGregor , Founder and Deputy Champion of the Green ICT CIO/CTO Council of the UK Government; George Sadowsky , Director of ICANN, Alice Munyua of the Kenya ICT Action Network ; Tony Vetter of the International Institute for Sustainable Development and Nezar Sami of Nile University The workshop will be opened with a keynote message given by Malcolm Johnson , Director of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau, and moderated by Arthur Levin, Head of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Policy Division Speakers’ biographies and information on logistics and registration are posted on the website of the workshop A meeting of the Dynamic Coalition on Internet and Climate Change (DCICC) will take place one day earlier, on 16 November 2009. The DCICC is an open body of 29 members committed to moderating the environmental impact of the Internet, seeking new ways to embrace the power of the Internet for reducing greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, and enabling transformation in line with the objectives set and to be set under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ). Meeting and Coalition are open to governments, private sector, standards development organizations, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, researchers, vendors, network operators, academia and other bodies. A draft agenda is available on the DCICC website 17 November 2009: Greening the Internet: Workshop website 16 November 2009: Meeting of the Dynamic Coalition on Internet and Climate Change: Website	<urn:uuid:998ae094-48ff-4490-aa53-86533f077b96>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/default,date,2009-11-03.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00149-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.888061	627	2.515625	3
Home economist Martha Logan tells the story of a husband who enjoys showing off his carving ability. She demonstrates how to carve 21 popular cuts of meat, grouped into five categories. Examples include chicken, steaks and roasts. Directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis. With William Kerwin (Joe); Harvey Korman (Al). October 10, 2012 Meat cutting skills featuring the OTHER Martha.. In this fascinating short, Harvey Korman (!!) and William Kerwin (who both starred in early Herschell Gordon Lewis movies) show their wives how to cut meat. And we have ALL the meat here for ya folks, Steaks, roasts, chicken, turkey, ham.. you name it. They get their advice from a home expert by the name of Martha... Logan who chirps away while sawing away into a leg of lamb, is really something here. Show this to your next PETA party. Really, I dare ya.	<urn:uuid:22e6aac0-a1f1-4cf2-a52b-e3387de3f68a>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://archive.org/details/0657_Carving_Magic?start=473.5	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9212	193	1.625	2
National Institutes of Health scientists and their colleagues have found evidence of the infectious agent of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the eyes of deceased CJD patients. The finding suggests that the eye may be a source for early CJD diagnosis and raises questions about the safety of routine eye exams and corneal transplants. Sporadic CJD, a fatal neurodegenerative prion disease of humans, is untreatable and difficult to diagnose. Prion diseases originate when normally harmless prion protein molecules become abnormal and gather in clusters and filaments in the body and brain. Scientists hope that early diagnosis of prion and related diseases—such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia with Lewy bodies—could lead to effective treatments that slow or prevent these diseases. Scientists from NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) collaborated on the research with colleagues from the University of California at San Diego and UC-San Francisco. About 40 percent of sporadic CJD patients develop eye problems that could lead to an eye exam, meaning the potential exists for the contamination of eye exam equipment designed for repeat use. Further, cadaveric corneal transplants from undiagnosed CJD patients have led to two probable and three possible cases of disease transmission, the researchers say. Previous studies have shown that the eyes of CJD patients contain infectious prions, though the distribution of prions among the various components of the eye was not known. To address this question, the scientists recruited 11 CJD patients who agreed to donate their eyes upon death. The researchers found evidence of prion infection throughout the eyes of all 11 deceased patients using real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), a highly sensitive test NIAID scientists developed that detects prion seeding activity in a sample as evidence of infection. The RT-QuIC test is used in clinical settings to diagnose sporadic CJD in people. The researchers will continue their work to evaluate accessible eye components or fluids as feasible diagnostic testing sources. They also plan to use other RT-QuIC tests to evaluate the eyes of patients with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia with Lewy bodies to determine whether infectious proteins from those disease processes are present. - Acute Flaccid Myelitis Task Force formed as confirmed case count tops 100 - North Carolina: Chickenpox outbreak reported at Asheville school - Naegleria fowleri/ Jordan Smelski Foundation interview with Steve Smelski on Facebook Live - Anthrax detected in sheep on Swan Hill farm - Oral sleeping sickness drug, fexinidazole, approved by European agency - Flu shots for children: Four in 10 parents base their decisions on what they read and hear	<urn:uuid:7450a84d-4bbf-4f61-873f-444ef1c0b045>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://outbreaknewstoday.com/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-research-suggests-eye-may-source-early-diagnosis-68029/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00071.warc.gz	en	0.912877	576	3.03125	3
Parents and the Path to Paradise Issue 90 March 2012 In March, mothers and women come under focus. But the Qur’an has been singing their praises for centuries. March is the month of International Women’s Day, and in many countries the month of Mother’s Day too. They have got me thinking about how we deal with both motherhood and parenthood within Muslim communities. We all know the famous sayings from the blessed Prophet that is commonly quoted, “Paradise lies beneath the feet of the mother.” Another story is about when the Prophet was asked which parent to obey, he replied “Mother”, then “Mother”, once more “Mother” and only then “Father”. And the beautiful saying in which God expresses His love for human beings in the way a mother loves her child, describing His love as seventy times greater than a mother’s love. It gives a divine shimmer to the care with which a mother nurtures her child. These religious edicts weigh heavily on children, but they are just as much a responsibility on mothers to ensure they convey the Divine message to their children. If Paradise is beneath a mother’s feet, then the duty to provide a peaceful environment that offers contentment and joy is part of our responsibility. I speak as a new mother here, reflecting in the very first instance on my own home and my own child’s upbringing. If my child is to flourish under the shadow of my love, then I need to explore what that love means, and how to deliver it to my child. There are no easy answers. However, it is important to stress that a mother is not alone in bringing up a child. No father today can shirk his parental duties; no father can, as in times past, say, “that is the mother’s job.” Children are hugely influenced by the father, and the best role model of this is of course the blessed Prophet himself. His relationship with his daughter Fatima offers us clues on the softer skills of parenting. He referred to her affectionately as, “the mother of his father”, thereby elevating her status and ensuring his respect for her was clear to her. He would stand when she entered the room. How many fathers do you know would do that? Would they, instead, dispatch her off to the kitchen and berate her if the house has not been tidied? It is enlightening to explore the parent-child role models we have in the Qur’an. Prophet Noah feels deeply that his son is going astray and attempts to save him in the Ark, but is commanded by God to leave him to his own fate. It is understandable that parents wish to employ their wisdom to guide their children away from what they perceive are mistakes. That is why these stories are important for parents, crucial in explaining that parents must make best efforts to guide their children, but must ultimately allow them to make their own choices. In an environment where parents may find themselves in a new culture, a culture which their children, however, feel at home in, parents may wish to tightly control their child’s decisions, but this is not the Islamic way. Prophet Muhammad advises, “The child is the master for seven years; and a slave for seven years and a vizier for seven years.” This indicates that by the time the child reaches the mid teenage years they became a parent’s advisor, support, ally, and friend. The Prophet continues, “If he grows into a good character within 21 years, well and good; otherwise leave him alone because you have discharged your responsibility with God.” It is a hard lesson for parents, especially after a lifetime’s sacrifice. However, this trust in our children and their choices is of utmost importance. Ultimately, this trust that we have brought up our children as best we can depends on trust in God — tawakkul. We can return to the Qur’an to see the trust that Moses’ mother places in God as she sends her baby in a reed basket along the Nile, into the very arms of Pharaoh. Yet God reunites them. Our children live in different times to our own, and therefore need different skills to succeed materially and spiritually. The best we can do is love them, guide them, and prepare them not for our world, which is passing, but for the world in which they will live. Shelina is the author of Love in a Headscarf, and writes a blog at www.spirit21.co.uk	<urn:uuid:cebf42cc-ee09-4296-bde5-5203cf4a3637>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.emel.com/article?id=95&a_id=2658	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00227-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978565	959	2.046875	2
Protein cargo appears to traverse the bacterial cell membrane through a large, water filled channel Bacteria have plenty of things to send out into world beyond their own boundaries: coordinating signals to other members of their species, poisons for their enemies, and devious instructions to manipulate host cells they have infected. Before any of this can occur, however, they must first get the shipments past their own cell membranes, and many bacteria have evolved specialized structures and systems for launching the proteins that do these jobs. Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics A watert passage: The pump, a single-molecule machine, (yellow coils) carries proteins through the cell membrane (pink and dark blue). Within the pump, the researchers found a large water-filled channel (light blue), a natural environment for hydrophilic proteins. Researchers at The Rockefeller University have determined the structure of a simple but previously unexamined pump that controls the passage of proteins through a bacterial cell membrane, an achievement that offers new insight into the mechanics that allow bacteria to manipulate their environments. The results were published in Nature on July 23. “This pump, called PCAT for peptidase-containing ATP-binding cassette transporter, is composed of a single protein, a sort of all-in-one machine capable of recognizing its cargo, processing it, then burning chemical fuel to pump that cargo out of the cell,” says study author Jue Chen, William E. Ford Professor and head of the Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics. “This new atomic-level structure explains for the first time the links between these three functions.” Of the many types of molecules cells need to move into and out of their membranes, proteins are the largest. PCATs specialize in pumping proteins out of the cell, and, because they are single-molecule machines that work alone, or with two partner proteins in some bacteria, they are the simplest such systems. Each PCAT molecule has three domains, each in duplicate: one recognizes the cargo by a tag it carries, and cuts off that tag; another binds to and burns ATP, a molecule that contains energy stored within its atomic bonds; and the third forms a channel that spans the cells membrane. Previous work had examined the structure of the first two domains, but the structure of the third, had remained a mystery, along with the details of how the components function together. “At this point, we have no idea how many PCATs exist, although we expect they are numerous, because each specializes in a specific type of cargo. For this study, we focused on one we called PCAT1, which transports a small protein of unknown function,” says first author David Yin-wei Lin, a postdoc in the lab. “To get a sense of how PCAT1 changes shape when powered by energy from ATP, we examined the structure in two states, both with and without ATP.” The team, which also included Shuo Huang, a research technician who is now a graduate student at Georgia Institute of Technology, purified and crystalized the PCAT1 protein from the heat-loving bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. To determine the structure of the crystals, they used a technique called X-ray diffraction analysis, in which a pattern produced by X-rays bounced off the crystallized protein can be used to infer the structure of the molecule. The first structure, determined without ATP, revealed a striking feature: a large, water-filled central channel, a natural environment for a water-loving, or hydrophilic, protein. Two side openings into this channel were guarded by the cargo-recognizing domain, acting as a sort of ticket taker. Sites on this domain would recognize and clip off the cargo’s tag, before ushering the protein into the channel. When ATP is present, they found that the side entrances close, freeing the cargo-recognizing domain to move from its station outside of them. In addition, the ATP-binding domains at the bottom of the channel inside the cell come together. The researchers also saw the water channel shrink, leading them to hypothesize that energy from ATP allows PCAT1 to change conformation in such a way that it pushes its cargo out. This suggests that PCAT1 uses a strategy commonly seen in transport proteins known as alternate access, in which one end of the channel is open while the other closes. However, they qualify that PCATs that transport much larger proteins may function differently. “By visualizing the structure of this pump, we have been able to determine the details of a transport pathway that, in its simplicity, is fundamentally different from the more complex systems that have been closely studied before. This new information adds to the understanding of how cells send out proteins in order to interact with their environment,” Chen says. Wynne Parry \| newswise Ion treatments for cardiac arrhythmia — Non-invasive alternative to catheter-based surgery 20.01.2017 \| GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH Seeking structure with metagenome sequences 20.01.2017 \| DOE/Joint Genome Institute An important step towards a completely new experimental access to quantum physics has been made at University of Konstanz. The team of scientists headed by... Yersiniae cause severe intestinal infections. Studies using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a model organism aim to elucidate the infection mechanisms of these... Researchers from the University of Hamburg in Germany, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, have synthesized a new superconducting material by growing a few layers of an antiferromagnetic transition-metal chalcogenide on a bismuth-based topological insulator, both being non-superconducting materials. While superconductivity and magnetism are generally believed to be mutually exclusive, surprisingly, in this new material, superconducting correlations... Laser-driving of semimetals allows creating novel quasiparticle states within condensed matter systems and switching between different states on ultrafast time scales Studying properties of fundamental particles in condensed matter systems is a promising approach to quantum field theory. Quasiparticles offer the opportunity... Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair. As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners... 19.01.2017 \| Event News 10.01.2017 \| Event News 09.01.2017 \| Event News 20.01.2017 \| Awards Funding 20.01.2017 \| Materials Sciences 20.01.2017 \| Life Sciences	<urn:uuid:315513d9-2ade-4886-9c2a-0b07e6d20f18>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/atomic-view-of-cellular-pump-reveals-how-bacteria-send-out-proteins.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.927947	1,535	3.09375	3
Photo Army’s new spy Blimp over Jersey. “The “hybrid” airship takes off like a plane and uses helium to stay aloft” CREDIT: Northrop Grumman SOURCE: USA Today: Online from USA Today Aug 08, 2012 By Michael Winter, USA TODAY After a two-month delay, the Army’s high-tech spy blimp has made its maiden flight, over the New Jersey Shore. The football-field-size airship — Long Endurance Multi-Intelligence Vehicle, in Army parlance — was put through its paces for 90 minutes Tuesday evening at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, a military spokesman confirmed to our Gannett colleagues at the Courier News. . . . . Read Complete Report	<urn:uuid:12e7c93d-08f0-44b3-a4c4-8e72e573fe0d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://thehollowearthinsider.com/archives/7250	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00467.warc.gz	en	0.891457	167	1.507813	2
Despite what you believe, snooping on your emails, your personal chats, the websites you visit online and even the pictures you share may be a lot easier than what you think. Look around you. There are enough privacy-breach horror stories floating around each day. Photos getting hacked, user data being tracked, private information being stolen and emails being spied upon. That’s why VPN services have become a critical part of an internet user’s toolset. You absolutely cannot leave it to chance anymore even while browsing casually, let alone accessing websites or services which are deemed illegal by law enforcement authorities in your country. A VPN allows you to virtually geo-shift your location making it seem like you are accessing the website from a different place altogether, thereby unlocking the website. Does that sound like you are trying to game the system? If you didn’t know yet, then Facebook is banned in China, Australians cannot access Netflix and the Indian government recently blocked access to more than 2000 websites. Whatever happened to the good old internet which was meant to be free, uncensored and private? For those who are unaware or new to this, a VPN is an acronym for a Virtual Private Network. It is provided in the form of desktop software or an online service which allows you to connect to the internet a discreet fashion by encrypting your traffic. So, if you are on a public Wi-Fi, using a VPN ensures that nobody will be able to snoop on your activities. Irrespective of your intended use, it pays to have a reliable VPN service with you at all times. But with tons of VPN services in the market, each one branding and projecting itself as the holy grail of online security, it pays to tread with caution and being aware of what separates a good service from a poor one. Let’s quickly walkthrough some of the features that make a VPN service a reliable one for online security, sharing files anonymously and unblocking some of the websites which are blocked due to coerced censorship. The server locations All VPN services will advertise the number of servers they have in different locations around the world. These are typically called ‘Exit Servers’ and you will be allowed to choose one of these servers to logon to the internet. All your traffic will then be routed via that server in the destination country that you choose. Without getting overly technical, the more the number of exit servers, the merrier it is. A quality VPN service has more than 1000-2000 servers at least. The Company Location Where is the VPN provider located? Are they located in the UK or in the US or some other part of the world? The location is critical because they may have to comply with the local law enforcement agencies when it comes to turning over any user related data. The rule of thumb as advocated by privacy experts is that if a country has data retention laws, then it’s usually not a good idea to use any VPN service registered as a corporate entity in that country. Data Logging Policies Depending on where the company is based out of, it may log all your activities internally, may not log anything at all or may create temporary usage logs which are deleted after a short time frame. Before you sign up with any VPN provider, be aware of what details they collect. Read their privacy policies and know your options beforehand. It goes without saying that the safest bet is a company that does not log anything. Last but not the least; look for at least L2TP/IPSec or OpenVPN encryption protocols in the VPN service. Some services also provide you with a private DNS server which may be helpful in some scenarios. If you are looking for the best VPN service in the market currently, then here are the top five options for you to consider. This is not an exhaustive list of the VPN services in the market. But after carefully analyzing their features, pricing and their privacy policies, these come across as the best choices. PIA or Private Internet Access is one of the most reliable VPN service providers that has a bunch of server options and also offers some very useful tools in addition. The best part is their affordable pricing which offers complete value for money. Price: $6.95 per month on a monthly contract and $39.95 for an annual subscription for five licenses (devices) Server Locations: With 3341 servers in 25 countries, Private Internet Access gives you the maximum number of choices in exit servers. UI: Extremely minimalistic and clutter-free UI which makes it a cinch to use. A one-click-activation system allows you to get started in seconds. Data Logging: Private Internet Access has a zero logging policy. You can be rest assured that your surfing data will remain hidden from prying eyes and snoops. Encryption: PPTP, L2TP/IPSec and OpenVPN Tools: Ad blocking, One click termination for all applications connected to the internet in case of a VPN failure. Anonymous Payment option: Bitcoin Verdict: Private Internet Access is one of the top VPN providers in the market currently. Their server speed, download speed, support for P2P and huge number of servers, clubbed with a cost effective price tag make them a reliable choice for all types of internet users. Headquartered in Panama which screams freedom from NSA snooping, NordVPN is one of the most popular VPN services in the world despite its slightly expensive pricing. After all, it serves one of the most important purposes that people use a VPN for. Price: $11.95 for a monthly subscription and $69 for an annual subscription for up to 6 devices. You may not be able to connect all six to the same server though. Server Locations: 724 servers in 57 countries. NordVPN is seconded by only IPA in the number of servers. But NORD clearly offers almost double the variety in countries. UI: Clean and intuitive user interface that makes it easy to select the server, type of connection and also groups together the best choices for streaming video, TOR over VPN and they even offer a Double VPN. Data Logging: No compulsory data logging policy. This is a privacy advocate’s dream come true. This is also one of the reasons why NordVPN is so popular. Encryption: IKEv2/IPsec, OpenVPN, PPTP, L2TP and AES-256-CBC double VPN Tools: No ad blocking. Anonymous Payment Option: Bitcoin Verdict: NordVPN is in the second position only because IPA has an advantage with competitive pricing. Else, it is on par with my #1 pick and is clearly one of the best services in the business. KeepSolid VPN unlimited is one of those services that almost grabbed the #1 position in this list. It has everything that you’d want from a VPN service. There are tons of server options, it is fast, secure and offers multiple flexible payment plans. Price: Want to wet your toes before you make the plunge? KeepSolid VPN gives you six different subscription choices starting with a weekly plan priced at $1.99, $4.99 for a monthly plan, $8.99 for three months and $24.99 a year. They also have a 10 day trial option which makes them one of the cheapest VPN services in the market. If those don’t work for you, they also offer a personal VPN server and a lifetime membership for $129.99. Server Location: For the pricing, their server choices are elaborate. You can pick from 300 servers in 50 different countries. These include some very rarely seen destinations like Slovenia, Isle of Man, Croatia and more. UI: The only minor letdown that put KeepSolid VPN behind some of the other options here is a sluggish user interface that mars the overall experience. This difference is only notable if you are talking specifics and speed mind you. For a casual internet surfer, it may not seem like a huge factor. Other than this, it supports file sharing only in four of its servers which is a limitation. Data Logging: KeepSolid does not log or collect any user activities. Encryption: Apart from the standard encryption protocols, KeepSolid also offers a double encrypted server and one that connects to TOR ensuring you complete anonymity. Tools: They provide a personal VPN in any country of your choice, a clean IP which is not used by proxy services and hence is less likely to be flagged or blocked (ideal for using Netflix or BBC) and a service called KeepSolidWise which will mask VPN traffic as https traffic instead. Also, they provide VPN extensions for Chrome and Firefox. Anonymous Payment Option: Bitcoin Verdict: With great pricing options, plethora of server choices and a bunch of impressive tools, KeepSolid VPN is a good all-round package. Unless you are hung up on a faster and cleaner UI or file sharing across all servers, there is no reason to not consider it as one of the best options. ExpressVPN is one of the most impressive VPN services in this list. If pricing is not a deciding factor for you, then it almost trumps Private Internet Access as the best VPN service in this list. It also offers a ’30 day No questions asked’ money back guarantee which is the best in the industry. Price: Priced at $12.95 for a monthly subscription, it does sound pricey especially when you compare it with the $4.99 a month from KeepSolid and $6.95 for Private Internet Access. It is billed at $99.95 for an annual subscription for 3 devices. Server Location: They have servers in 87 countries including Africa and some countries in the Middle East. They certainly score above some of the others in Geographical diversity. UI: The User Interface is uncluttered and non-messy. Most of the tasks like connecting to servers, switching servers, selecting streaming services over VPN and geo-switching can be accomplished with a couple of clicks. Data Logging: ExpressVPN does not log your browsing history, IP address or your DNS queries. So, you can be rest assured that your browsing habits are safe from snoops. Encryption: PPTP, L2TP/IPSec, SSTP, and OpenVPN (TCP and UDP) Tools: ExpressVPN is the only VPN service in the world to offer an onion website for sign up. This is a completely encrypted site that can only be accessed via the TOR browser further enhancing your anonymity and allowing people to bypass censorship. It also offers a Network Lock which is akin to a Kill switch that interrupts any internet connection that is not routed via the VPN. Other tools include stealth servers in Hong Kong and a Smart DNS Anonymous Payment Option: Bitcoin Verdict: Express VPN may seem a tad pricey but offers a good blend of services and tools. The servers are fast, support streaming, P2P and is backed by a 30 day money back guarantee. Despite having a very funny brand name, Hide My Ass or HMA is one of the oldest and most popular VPN providers in the world. It is my #5 pick in the list of best VPN services because of a slightly higher price tag and a logging policy which may not be in your best interests, especially if you are trying to evade the eyes of government snoops. Price: $9.99 if you choose a monthly subscription and $59.88 when paid annually for two licenses (devices) Server Locations: HMA has 940 servers in 190 countries. While they offer more location choices to select a server, the number of servers in each country is limited. They are one of the few service providers to offer a server in Uganda and other parts of Africa. UI: HMA has a very colorful but simple user interface that is extremely easy to use. Everything from connecting to servers to switching servers on the fly is effortless. Data Logging: They do log data and have submitted sensitive data to government authorities before (The LulzSec Incident). They are based in London and a UK court order could have them turning over anything that authorities need. Having said that, I cannot condone any illegal activity carried out using any VPN software. Encryption: L2TP, PPTP and OpenVPN Tools: No ad blocker or special tools. Anonymous Payment Option: Starbucks or other similar gift cards Verdict: Despite a few niggles, HMA is a great choice for a newbie looking for a simple and effective VPN service with servers in almost every country in the world. It does not match the features of our top picks but it’s definitely a competitor in the list of best VPN services. These are the top 5 VPN services in the business. Take your time and do your research before signing up with any VPN provider. I hope this helps you in your decision making process. Kindly Reminder: If you have any question regarding how to choose & use VPN, please live chat with YooCare online expert for help. Published by Andrew Gonzalez, last updated on January 4, 2017 10:45 am \| How to Guides	<urn:uuid:ebc833e6-0bfa-4d4a-aa2f-fc1253b637ba>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://blog.yoocare.com/best-5-vpns-review/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941843	2,709	2.15625	2
20 years of lab studies in mice, and human observational data, suggest that the adult pneumococcal vaccine might be protective against heart attack and stroke. A new study aims to put these claims to the test. The Australian Study for the Prevention through Immunisation of Cardiovascular Events (AUSPICE) is currently recruiting 6000 men and women aged 55 to 60 years across six centres; Newcastle, Gosford, Canberra, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The study is recruiting through Medicare, so keep an eye on the post if you think you might be eligible to participate. - John Attia - Norman Swan, presenter - Joel Werner, producer A popular class of medication associated with cognitive decline, getting to know your gut bugs, and vaccinating against heart attack and stroke In this episode	<urn:uuid:1e2b1c53-cf15-4996-9005-efe5d150ac6a>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/a-vaccination-for-heart-attack-and-stroke/7395712	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00269.warc.gz	en	0.917182	169	2.03125	2
Stories on the Instagram social network are one of the most effective tools to make the marketing process on Instagram easier. In the rest of this article, we are trying to give you ideas and tips that can help you design your story’s content. We all know by now that the Instagram social network is suitable for new businesses. You can set up a business page with the lowest costs in this space. In the following, according to the Instagram algorithms, you can slowly go through the process of progress. One of the essential tools you need to progress in this space is content for stories. What is a story? Stories are short-term notifications that disappear after twenty-four hours. Of course, you can keep them as highlights on your page forever. These special features of the story have made it the most suitable option for various actions. If you have experience in the field of activity on Instagram, you know how much stories can help the development of a thread. If you want to attract followers, you can use stories to communicate with people and attract contacts for yourself. Using the story format correctly can have incredibly positive effects on your page. What are the capabilities of Instagram in the field of content production for stories? We told you that stories have a great impact on the development of your business. But you might ask yourself which features in the story tool have made this part of Instagram so popular. You can use various features on this platform to create content for your story. Each of these features can somehow improve your business and help you. Let’s explore some of these together. You can have a poll in your Instagram story. Surveys make you interact with the audience and can create a good feeling in the audience’s subconscious mind. With a survey, you can ask your audience for their opinion on a topic. Next, you can take or not take action based on the statistics you have. It makes the audience feel that they influence your decisions and that their opinion is important to you. This issue can have a great impact on your progress. Use of the calendar Among the other features that Instagram has provided to users in the content creation field for their stories are the countdown and day count features. For example, if something happens in the next few days, you can share it with your contacts using this day counter. This topic can cause excitement in the audience. question and answer Another option in the Instagram story is the question and answer option. If you are looking for content for a story, you can ask a question related to your business and ask users to interact. You should try as much as possible to ask interesting questions to get more answers from your audience. In the following, you can republish the answer of your contacts in the form of a story and react to their answer. It will allow you to interact well with your customers and contacts and convey your views to the audience. At first glance, this method may not seem so effective; But in the long run, it can show your opinions, beliefs, and mentality about various subjects. So if you are looking to introduce your thoughts to the audience, this method can help you to a great extent. You can use quizzes to create content for your story. This feature is one of the most amazing features of the Instagram story available to you in the form of a story. You can ask your audience four-choice questions. In this situation, the right option will be displayed for the contacts by clicking on the answers. You can add a link to your story. Another feature that you can use when creating content for a story is the ability to add a link to the story. You can use this method to add a link to content or a site to your story. In this situation, you can make much progress on your site using the story platform or earn money by getting ads. Ability to add location Another feature that is available to you when creating content for a story is to add a location. In this situation, you can share the location of the desired place to provide complete information to your contacts. The ability to tag people while creating content You may intend to include the IDs of people active on Instagram in your content. In this situation, you can have these IDs in your story without special problems. You can even use this feature for exchange and promotion to complete the exchange process. You can even tag work pages in your story to have good guidance for your audience. Examining some ideas in the field of creating content for the story After talking about the features that Instagram has provided you in the story platform, it is better to check some ideas. These ideas will help you attract contacts to you more easily. Content production in the form of storytelling To convey step by step the process of producing a product or the occurrence of an event to your audience, you can use the storytelling method. In this way, you display an event step by step completely for your contacts. Each stage has unique features, and you can use different tools for each story. For example, you can use this method for how to cook a meal, define a memory, how to produce a product, and publish various events over some time. Note that this method of creating content for the story has many fans and is very attractive to the audience. These types of stories do not have many specific categories and can publish your daily events. If something happened to you during the day that you think is regular with your activity and is attractive to the audience, you could describe it however you want; Publish it in any specific format. These stories should not be placed next to your storytelling stories. Publication of quotations One of the other things that can help you in creating content for your story is the publication of quotes. Anyway, you know famous and expert people in your field of activity and expertise. These experts have spoken words that can appeal to your audience. You can display these words in the form of stories for the audience and positively impact them. In some cases, sharing a short motivational quote from a famous person can keep a person’s energy high throughout the day. It can make that person feel good about your page and content. Many people usually have good reactions to these quotes. In addition to this, you can show yourself more professionally by using quotes. The fact that your audience sees that you research famous and expert people and consider their words important can make you known as an expert and professional person in the eyes of your audience. This issue can affect the progress of your page. Notification of the publication of a post in the story Another thing that can be included in the list of ideas for creating content for a story is announcing a post’s publication. Many of you have seen stories where you have come across the phrase “new post.” In many cases, when you publish a post, many of your followers will not see the published post. In this situation, the feedback rate of your post will decrease. In addition, the information you put in the post will be hidden from the view of many followers. A few hours after the publication of the post, when you get enough views, you can publish a story and in this story, publish your post to the audience. In this situation, the chance of your post being seen increases, and this issue can make you inform all your followers about the publication of a new post. This method is an effective method that can help you to progress your page faster. Short notifications in the story If you are actively selling a product on your page, you can use a story to introduce a new product. Stories in this field can have amazing effects on your page and help you convey information to your audience more easily. You can also use stories to inform about short news and provide discounts and festivals. Fortunately, Story has an amazing feature in the field of information, and it can help you, along with appropriate information, no longer need to delete additional and annoying information. You all know how popular the social network Instagram has become. To progress in this platform, you must pay attention to various factors and elements. It would help if you made the most of all the features and tools included in this social network to achieve your desired goal. On Instagram, you can make significant improvements at the lowest cost.	<urn:uuid:0f8346dd-b485-410e-89f2-cbc78546af68>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://ded9.com/content-creation-ideas-for-stories/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00277.warc.gz	en	0.952465	1,708	1.515625	2
PhD. in Mathematics Norm was 4th at the 2004 USA Weightlifting Nationals! He still trains and competes occasionally, despite his busy schedule. I want to show you an example of a tangent equation. I have tangent of x over 4 or equals -1. This equation is also different because this is our first example where we’ve got something other than just x of the variable inside the tangent function and I actually want to show you how to deal with that. I like to make little substitution and turn in into a simple trigonometric function, so I’m going to call this x over 4 theta and that will give me tangent of theta equals -1. So first I’m going to look for angles theta that satisfy this equation and then I’ll re-substitute x over 4 for theta in the very end. When I’m looking for angles whose tangents is -1, I turn to the unit circle and I draw myself an angle. Actually you can draw yourself a line because remember that the tangent of an angle represents, for example the tangent of this angle represents the slope of segment OP. So what we are looking for is an angle that gives us a terminal side with slope -1. Now the point that we are looking for pi root 2 over 2 combine negative root 2 over 2 and this corresponds to negative pi over 4. This is precisely the answer that you would get if you use inverse tangent. Theta equals inverse tangent of -1 that’ll give you negative pi over 4. So that answer being the principle solution of our equation, now unlike sine and cosine there’s actually going to be one solution per period of tangents so this negative pi that’s our only principle solution. And so to get the rest of them we use periodicity of tangent. And that’s where tangent is different again. Tangent has period pi so to get all the solutions I need to say theta equals minus pi over 4 plus n pi. So you could add any integer of multiple of pi to negative pi over 4 and get another solution if I add a single pi I get negative pi over 4 plus pi 3 pi over 4 and if you look at the unit circle that’s this angle. And so on you could add another pi, 2 more, as many as you like or subtract. So this represents all the solutions to the equation tangent of theta equals -1 but remember we made a substitution, theta equals x over 4. So x over 4 equals negative pi over 4 plus nPi to get the final solutions for x we multiply everything by 4 and we get x equals negative pi plus 4 n pi and that’s our final solution.	<urn:uuid:7375d92b-c19c-47ef-833f-c6659b56b2da>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.brightstorm.com/math/trigonometry/advanced-trigonometry/solving-trigonometric-equations-problem-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00269.warc.gz	en	0.905775	586	3.515625	4
It was a public event of the highest calibre: the unveiling of a monument to composer Richard Wagner on 1 October 1903. The impressive sculpture, and the huge painting to go with it, had been commissioned by Ludwig Leichner, a manufacturer of cosmetics and former opera singer. It was a good example of how the industrial bourgeoisie had stepped into the shoes of the old aristocracy, not only as patrons of the arts, but also in their desire to parade their grandeur. Leichner made his riches by inventing and then producing lead-free stage make-up. To record the spectacle in Berlin’s Tiergarten and decorate his company headquarters, the industrialist turned to the highly reputed court painter Anton von Werner (1843–1915). For five years the artist worked on this space-filling canvas, which is more than three metres wide. It is a key feature in the Berlinische Galerie’s collection, as it represents the dominant style around 1900 – and is the very antithesis of the modernist trends that began to emerge in Berlin at that turn of the century. While the impressionists, for example, were capturing moods of light with flickering dabs of paint, Werner depicted the solemn scene with almost photographic precision. The monument shines bright in the mild autumn sun, but at least as important are the many celebrities from political, industrial and cultural life portrayed here by the artist. Unveiling of the Richard-Wagner Monument in the Tiergarten Öl auf Leinwand 227 x 312,3 cm Erworben aus Mitteln der Stiftung DKLB und aus Mitteln des Senators für Wissenschaft und Kunst, Berlin 1975 The larger-than-life marble statue of the composer is enthroned on an ornate plinth. In sublime pose, his gaze lost in the distance, Richard Wagner clenches his right hand into a fist. It rests on a pile of musical scores – an energetic gesture that Anton von Werner underpins in his canvas by the use of light and shade. The monument was made by Gustav Eberlein, a highly successful sculptor of the day. It stylises Wagner, surrounded by his operatic characters, as a musical hero. This reflected the zeitgeist and taste of the years around 1900. There are far more than a hundred guests assembled around the monument to Richard Wagner. They have all turned out in their finest clothes, befitting the occasion: the gentlemen in uniform or tails, the ladies tight-laced and lace-trimmed with elaborate hats. The person detached from the crowd at the foot of the plinth is the very man who commissioned the monument and the painting, Ludwig Leichner. He bows slightly as he indicates the statue of the composer. Behind him stand a group or eminent Berlin artists, among them Gustav Eberlein, who built the monument. To the right Prince Eitel Friedrich, son of Kaiser Wilhelm II, greets the patron of the arts. Anton von Werner was the very personification of art and art policy under Kaiser Wilhelm II. He made his name with historical paintings representing important events in great detail. From 1875 until his death in 1915, Werner directed the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, as well as exercising other important offices. His views on art matched the conservative tastes of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Neither the Kaiser nor his court painter had any time for incipient modernism.	<urn:uuid:ab14254e-89d4-41c8-91a0-0c4a74698cd6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://berlinischegalerie.de/en/collection/specialised-fields/spotlight/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00676.warc.gz	en	0.95134	726	2.578125	3
In 1963, Howard S. Becker gave a lecture about deviance, challenging the then-conventional definition that deviance was inherently criminal and abnormal and arguing that instead, deviance was better understood as a function of labeling. At the end of his lecture, a distinguished colleague standing at the back of the room, puffing a cigar, looked at Becker quizzically and asked, What about murder? Isn’t that really deviant?” It sounded like Becker had been backed into a corner. Becker, however, wasn’t defeated! Reasonable people, he countered, differ over whether certain killings are murder or justified homicide, and these differences vary depending on what kinds of people did the killing. In What About Mozart? What About Murder?, Becker uses this example, along with many others, to demonstrate the different ways to study society, one that uses carefully investigated, specific cases and another that relies on speculation and on what he calls killer questions,” aimed at taking down an opponent by citing invented cases. Becker draws on a lifetime of sociological research and wisdom to show, in helpful detail, how to use a variety of kinds of cases to build sociological knowledge. With his trademark conversational flair and informal, personal perspective Becker provides a guide that researchers can use to produce general sociological knowledge through case studies. He champions research that has enough data to go beyond guesswork and urges researchers to avoid what he calls skeleton cases,” which use fictional stories that pose as scientific evidence. Using his long career as a backdrop, Becker delivers a winning book that will surely change the way scholars in many fields approach their research.	<urn:uuid:4fc33f5b-dd30-4e5a-83a5-be230bf725a7>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/what-about-mozart-what-about/9780226166490-item.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00049-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959959	334	3.0625	3
Amazon Basin: size as compared to Texas The size of the Amazon River basin in relation to the U.S. state of Texas. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later.	<urn:uuid:15e82056-0288-482f-ae9e-da2f79bc58f2>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://www.britannica.com/place/Amazon-Basin/images-videos/The-size-of-the-Amazon-River-basin-in-relation-to/16368	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00333-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.8519	57	1.664063	2
Most patients know it is important to protect their skin from the sun, but what about their eyes? Eye damage from the sun can affect surface tissues and internal structures such as the cornea and the lens. Short term eye damage from the sun can cause a temporary but painful burn to the cornea called photokeratitis. Long term eye damage may cause cataracts, pterygium, pinguecula, and cancer. Children are especially vulnerable to sun damage to the eyes. Almost half of the time an adult spends outside during his/her lifetime is spent during childhood years. Children are more likely to suffer sun damage to the eyes because the lenses on their eyes are thinner, allowing more of the damaging rays to reach the retina at the back of the eye. The good news is that patients can prevent eye damage from the sun with UV protection incorporated into eyeglasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses. Contact lenses can incorporate UV-blocking optical materials that can offer added protection because they can filter out UV rays that stray past hats and sunglasses. CooperVision offers contact lenses with a UV tint, but remember to use these handy sun protection tips for more complete UV protection: - Wear sunglasses with UV protection - Use sunscreen - Wear a wide brimmed hat - Stay out of the sun - Make sure kids are protected too If patients have questions about eye conditions related to sun damage, they should talk to an eyecare professional. Patients can locate an eyecare professional here .	<urn:uuid:8010d7a6-7672-4743-a5f5-f23344e7b676>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://coopervision.com/practitioner/blog/contact-lenses-and-sun-protection	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930875	306	3.5	4
Documents and Kernels¶ In the Jupyter architecture, kernels are separate processes started by the server that run your code in different programming languages and environments. JupyterLab enables you to connect any open text file to a code console and kernel. This means you can easily run code from the text file in the kernel interactively. Right-click on a document and select “Create Console for Editor”: Once the code console is open, send a single line of code or select a block of code and send it to the code console by hitting In a Markdown document, Shift Enter will automatically detect if the cursor is within a code block, and run the entire block if there is no Any text file (Markdown, Python, R, LaTeX, C++, etc.) in a text file editor can be connected to a code console and kernel in this manner.	<urn:uuid:5f049607-8a26-41ee-924c-be06ac80be46>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user/documents_kernels.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00077.warc.gz	en	0.85544	196	2.671875	3
The White House has abandoned its attempts to pressure Israel to halt Jewish settlement construction as a means to kickstart peace talks after three weeks of failed negotiations. The collapse of the talks is a frustrating blow to the Obama administration which offered billions of dollars in financial and diplomatic inducements to persuade the Israeli prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, to agree a three-month construction moratorium during which the Americans intended that the Israelis and Palestinians would reach an outline agreement on borders and put the settlement issue to rest. The Palestinians demanded a halt to settlement expansion during peace talks as a litmus test of Netanyahu's intent because they say Israel uses negotiations to buy time while moving Jewish settlers in to the occupied territories. Officials said the talks foundered, in part, on Israeli resistance to American pressure to concentrate on agreeing the borders of a Palestinian state during the three-month negotiation window offered by a construction freeze. Netanyahu wanted Israel's demands for security guarantees, such as continued control over the Jordan Valley, to be addressed first. The Obama administration believes an agreement on borders would largely negate the settlement issue because Israel would then be free to build in those areas that it will retain but will have little incentive to continue expanding its colonies on the Palestinian side of the frontier. But without a deal, settlement construction would again emerge as a major sore. Netanyahu was also refusing to put the American proposal to his cabinet without written guarantees that Washington was not prepared to give, including what amounted to US endorsement of the Israeli claim to be able to build freely for Jewish settlers in occupied East Jerusalem. Earlier, the Israeli defence minister, Ehud Barak, told a parliamentary committee that the talks had gone nowhere. He added that negotiations with the Palestinians "are of utmost priority for Israel and we must aspire to make them happen". Netanyahu's apparent unwillingness to even put the issue to his cabinet will further frustrate the US administration which has been doubtful of his professions of commitment to reaching an agreement with the Palestinians, again made with unusual enthusiasm during a visit to Washington in September. On that occasion, the Israeli prime minister insisted that he was prepared to make "painful concessions" and called the Palestinian leader, Mahmoud Abbas, his "partner in peace". It is not clear where the White House goes from here but the US secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, is expected to outline the administration's approach in a policy speech later this week. US officials have suggested that their efforts will now concentrate on the core issues of drawing up borders and addressing Israel's demand for security guarantees, although no one is predicting a swift breakthrough. Negotiators from both sides are expected to visit Washington next week for consultations on how the stalled talks could proceed, according to an American official quoted by Reuters. Washington had offered the Israelis a range of inducements in an attempt to persuade Netanyahu to agree to a construction freeze, including $3bn worth of fighter jets and a promise to veto any UN resolution calling for immediate recognition of a Palestinian state. The failure of the Israeli government to respond to the US offer had dragged on for several weeks. The exposure of state department cables through WikiLeaks and the forest fires in northern Israel added to the delay. Direct talks began in September but broke down within weeks when an earlier 10-month freeze on building in West Bank settlements expired. Abbas repeatedly said his negotiators would not resume talks without a further freeze. The Palestinians may now be encouraged to press for a UN Security Council vote on recognising a Palestinian state based on pre-1967 borders. In the past few days, Brazil and Argentina have recognized a de facto state in moves which have angered the Israelis.	<urn:uuid:9a373bf6-4047-4908-b4b1-8e3bda9501af>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/08/us-middle-east-peace-talks	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968771	736	1.8125	2
A bank in trouble negotiates with its regulatory authorities and other banks for support, but is refused a bail out and closes abruptly, sparking a global contraction as its obligations are left unhonoured. Investors stop trusting international capital markets, which freeze and need a quick injection of liquidity. The date: September 2008? No, June 1974. The collapse of a little known bank in Germany shocked the international banking system, suspended international dollar clearing in New York and exposed a lack of coordination among national supervisors and regulators. The failure of Herstatt bank happened in the middle of a rash of bank collapses in the summer of 1974 across the US and Europe. Volatile exchange rates combined with fraud and excessive risk-taking to bring down globalising banks such as Hersatt and Franklin National in the US. Many others were rocked by substantial losses, including branches and subsidiaries of Lloyds Bank, UBS and NatWest. Unlike 2008, the crisis did not go global, since the banks’ losses were relatively small and markets soon recovered. Franklin National was nursed by the US authorities until its remaining assets could be sold off to a European consortium. Lloyds quickly restored the losses from a rogue trader in its Lugano Switzerland branch and recovered its reputation. But the events of that year had lasting effects on the governance of international banking and identified systemic weaknesses that remained unresolved by 2008. The 1974 crash exposed the vulnerability of national banking systems to imprudent banking habits in an increasingly globalising network. In the early autumn, the central bank governors of the richest economies in the world came together to calm markets, share best practice, and to consider creating an early warning system that would prevent future crises. But the warning system never happened, instead downgraded to an informal sharing of gossip. Instead, the committee spent its first years exchanging details of their national practices and trying to ensure that all banks were supervised by at least one national authority. Rules incur costs for banks so supervision needs to be coordinated to avoid banks slipping into unsupervised and risky territories, and to make sure that there are no gaps between national regulators. Despite the strong rationale for some form of multilateral oversight because of the vulnerability to cross-border contagion in the context of globalised financial markets, national regulators have been stubbornly resistant to giving up their sovereignty in the years since the first warning tremor in the globalised financial system. 1974 represented the beginning of sustained efforts to develop a coordinated framework for international banking supervision. But these efforts to agree minimum international standards failed to prevent the 1982 sovereign debt crisis that nearly brought down the global banking system, or the 1990s emerging market financial crises, or the 2008 global financial crisis. In 1999 the Financial Stability Forum took up the effort to bring G7 national regulators together, but ten years of meetings failed to forestall the global financial crisis. Some reforms are taking place piecemeal at national level (for example Dodd Frank in the USA and the Financial Services Act in the UK) and through the EU’s banking union proposals. However, earlier plans in the 1980s for a European banking union faltered on the inability of national systems to be standardised or for national interests to be undermined. This does not bode well for similar proposals in Brussels today. It’s not as though the relevant actors disagree on basic goals. Since 1974 there has been a general consensus on the need for collective effort to ensure solvency and liquidity in international banking by coordinated and comprehensive supervision and regulation of this global industry. But the landscape remains fractured and confusing. As we reflect on the uneven progress made to shore up the global financial system, it is worth remembering that many of the key weaknesses and obstacles have been recognised and grappled with over several decades. The design of new solutions needs to bear this long and disappointing history of international banking supervision in mind.	<urn:uuid:2682f733-f90d-49be-bd13-115ce2ccc191>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://theconversation.com/bankings-future-depends-on-learning-lessons-from-the-past-18211	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00468.warc.gz	en	0.951797	783	2.78125	3
Rugs are a versatile flooring option for your home. They change the mood and appearance of a room. They are also useful for reducing noise. You may have a hard floor in your new house, so you may decide to buy a rug to cover it. In this case, there are several factors you need to consider when choosing a rug. Here are some of the reasons you should buy one for your floors. Here are some of the benefits of rugs: The word “rug” probably comes from the Old Italian “carpita,” which means “to pluck or card”. It was first used as a floor covering in the 1400s, and later as a table or bed covering. By the 1500s, the word rug was used to refer to a coarse fabric. In addition, the word is derived from the pre-German word, “rawwa,” which means “grass.” The term “rug” has various meanings, depending on the origin of the word. The word was likely derived from the Old Latin “carpa”, which means “pluck” or “card.” This word had been used for a variety of purposes, including floor and wall coverings. Then, in the mid-15th century, English speakers began using the word to refer to a coarse fabric. The name ‘rug’ is believed to derive from the pre-German word, ‘rogg.’ The term eventually became a floor mat. In the early 19th century, the history of Oriental Rug making in Southern Africa started in Swaziland. Greek entrepreneurs employed Pakistani nationals to train local Swazis. In 1982, operations were relocated to eZibeleni township, which was part of the Transkei Bantustan. In 1986, the company’s name changed to Xhosa Carpets, after the local Xhosa tribe. The company then became Ilinge Crafts, which is now located 20 km northeast of Queenstown. A rug’s border design is made up of three elements. The main band is usually wider than the field and is called the main band. The outer and inner guard stripes are subordinate bands that are usually on either side of the main band. They may be the same or different than the central band. In the early 19th century, the word rug came to mean a floor mat. The term has a long and varied history. Oftentimes, it refers to a large, flat area. Despite its rich history, the history of Oriental Rug making in Southern Africa is not yet completely clear. The term “carpet” has a Latin origin, but was subsequently adopted by the Greeks as an English-language word. It refers to a textile made of a wool, silk, or cotton thread. Its name has many origins. The Persian word, for instance, is named ‘carpetes’, which means “carpet.” Historically, a rug’s origins are unclear. Its name derives from the Old Norse word “carpio,” which means “pluck.” This word also comes from the pre-German word “rawwa,” which means “skin.” The word has also been referred to as an opium plant, which is not the same as an opium bush. In Southern Africa, the history of the making of Oriental Rugs in Southern Africa began in the mid-19th century. A rug’s name is derived from its border design. Unlike carpets, rugs can be classified according to their origins. In fact, there are 44 classifications for nursing homes. The term “carpet” was most likely coined by the Italians, and it means “a rag.” The word’s name is related to its origins in Latin. Its word is a derivative of the Latin word ‘carpe’ and is a synonym for rags. In Southern Africa, the history of Oriental Rug making is complex. The name is derived from the Old Latin word “carpo”, which means “to pluck.” The word was first used for floor coverings in the 1400s, then later came to be used for bed and table coverings. In the early nineteenth century, the word rug was used for floor mats. There are many types of rugs that are handmade in southern Africa. While both carpets and rugs are traditionally used in the same context, the definition of a carpet varies widely. In some sources, a carpet is a carpet that is woven from wall-to-wall. In other sources, a rug is simply a piece of cloth that has been laid on the floor. It is made from a pile of wool, and is typically made in a small area. It can be used for decoration as well as for floor covering.	<urn:uuid:cd47dfaa-2b11-464e-8259-fca69b045003>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.kcsanpedro.org/the-history-and-benefits-of-rugs/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz	en	0.983908	1,039	2.3125	2
telephone call recorder Active In SP Joined: Apr 2010 29-05-2010, 03:48 PM Telephone call recorder.pdf (Size: 246.37 KB / Downloads: 203) Today telephone has become an integral part of our lives. It is the most widely used communication device in the world. Owing to its immense popularity and widespread use, there arises a need for call recording devices, which find application in call centers, stock broking firms, police, offices, homes, etc. Here we are describing a call recorder that uses very few components. But in order to understand its working, one must first have the basic knowledge of standard telephone wiring and a stereo plug. In India, landline telephones primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has two wiresâ€tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the negative one. And together they complete the telephone circuit. In a telephone line, voltage between tip and ring is around 48V DC when handset is on the cradle (idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming call, a 20Hz AC current of around 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line. The negative wire from the phone line goes to IN1, while the positive wire goes to IN2. Further, the negative wire from OUT1 and the positive wire from OUT2 are connected to the phone. All the resistors used are 0.25W carbon film resistors and all the capacitors used are rated for 250V or more. The negative terminal of ËœTo AUX INâ„¢ is connected to pin 1 of the stereo jack while the positive terminal is connected to pins 2 and 3 of the stereo jack. This stereo jack, in turn, is connected to the AUX IN of any recording device, such as computer, audio cassette player, CD player, DVD player, etc. Here we shall be connecting it to a computer. When a call comes in, around 90V AC current at 20Hz is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line. This current is converted into DC by the diodes and fed to resistor R1, which reduces its magnitude and feeds it to LED1. The current is further reduced in magnitude by the resistor R2 and fed to the right and left channels of the stereo jack, which are connected to the AUX IN port of a computer. Any audio recording software, such as AVS audio recorder (available at: avs4youAVSAudio- Recorder.aspx), Audacity audio recorder (audacity.sourceforge. net/), or audio recorder ( audio-toolaudio_recorder_for _free.html), can be used to record the call. When a call comes in, one needs to launch the audio recording software and start recording. For phone recording, simply connect the stereo jack to the AUX IN port of the PC. Install the audacity audio recorder (different versions are available for free for different operating systems at audacity. sourceforge) on your PC. Run the executable audacity file. In the main window, you will find a dropdown box in the top right corner. From this box, select the AUX option. Now you are ready to record any call. As soon as a call comes in, press the record button found in the audacity main window and then pick up the telephone receiver and answer the call. Press the stop button once the call ends. Now go to the file menu and select the ËœExport as WAVâ„¢ option and save the file in a desired location. You may change the value of resis- tor R2 if you want to change the output volume. you can use a variable resistor in series with R2 to vary the volume of the output. The recorded audio clip can be edited using different options in the audacity software. You can assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a small cabinet. Use an RJ11 connector and stereo jack for connecting the telephone set and computer (for call recording). Telephone cords can be used to connect to the phone line and the circuit. Use of a shielded cable is recommended to reduce disturbances in the recording. These can also be reduced by increasing the value of R2 to about 15 kilo-ohms. w w w. e f y m a g . c o m Use Search at http://topicideas.net/search.php wisely To Get Information About Project Topic and Seminar ideas with report/source code along pdf and ppt presenaion Joined: Jul 2011 28-01-2012, 02:57 PM telephone call recorder SEMESTER VI ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.doc (Size: 187.5 KB / Downloads: 48) Telephone is one of the most widely used communication device in the world.they are preferred to be efficient and convenient.By the increased use of telephones,there arise a need for call recording hardwares. It has many applications in call centres,stock brocking firms,police control rooms,Households,offices,etc… The Telephone Call Recorder(TCR) is an electronic device which can be used for recording incoming as well as outgoing calls for desired time.It uses a simple and cheap circuit having certain components like resistors,diodes,RJ-11 connector,stereo Jack ,etc.. GENESIS OF IDEA There are plenty of reasons to record a telephone conversation. One of the most fun may be recording a call to customer service for purposes of maintaining your own quality assurance. A more popular reason for recording a phone call is to save both sides of the call as a recorded performance or interview. The podcasting craze brings a flood of questions about call recording to my inbox on a regular basis, so it's time to address the idea of call recording in a way that outlines both the recording options and the methods for recording a call. There are many applications associated with Call Recording Techniques.More Efficiently they are used in Call Centres and Stock Broking Firms,Households,Offices Police Control Rooms,Reservation Stations, Booking Offices ,etc. Some of them are briefed as; • Banking: Record wire transfers for verification and security purposes.Here in Banking offices there are call recording devices so as produce security measures.These security measures includes Proper authorization of account Holders and delegates of the desired Bank and also for security locks for safe locks,etc. • Improve customer service The great benefit of recording calls in a customer service situation is to allow the sharing of the telephone experience across the customer services team. It may be that one particular team member has a better closure ratio or is better at up-selling than the others. It may be that one team member has better empathy with a customer complaint and therefore convinces that customer to stay or even buy more as a result of being satisfied. There are many varied situations where positive sharing of best practice is very beneficial •Record transactions of value We may not all appreciate it, but most of us undertake important high-value transactions over the telephone. It may vary from a simple in principal gentlemen's agreement, the giving of professional advice or the formal placement of an order using our credit card. You may also simply wish to pass on a message without writing it down, in which case, record the message and email it!. • Comply with industry regulations A growing number of financial services industries are mandated to record calls. Medical and legal advice lines are also primary targets due to the high levels of compensation involved where 'professional advice' given is reported to be at fault. Insurers who provide professional indemnity insurance may insist calls are recorded in order to lower insurance premiums. Premium rate telephone services are regulated in many countries as the caller needs to be aware of the growing cost of extended calls and generally cannot be seen to be encouraged to stay on the call for an extended period.	<urn:uuid:e0e1a37d-38cb-41b8-8198-8fcb3c5903b8>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://report-downloads.info/topic-telephone-call-recorder	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923492	1,653	2.234375	2
Want to know keep up-to-date on what's happening in Victoria? Subscribe to our daily newsletter: Victoria’s 19-kilometre pressurized sewage sludge pipeline is designed not to rupture, but that doesn’t mean it’s not impossible When Victoria officially cuts the ribbon on its new $775 million sewage treatment project, the benefits of wastewater treatment will also come with the non-zero chance that, at some point in the future, a section of the city could be struck with a substantial spill of pressurized sewage. It wouldn’t just be regular sewage, either, which is mostly flush water. It would involve a hyper-concentrated sludge of human waste saturated with infectious agents and toxic chemicals. One of the signature elements of Victoria’s new sewage treatment infrastructure is a 19.3 km long Residual Solids Conveyance Line that would link together the newly built McLoughlin Point Wastewater Treatment Plant with Hartland Landfill. The city’s raw sewage will first go to McLoughlin for treatment, and then any stubborn leftovers will be piped to the Hartland Landfill for final processing. According to the latest update by the Capital Regional District, who are overseeing the project, over 12 kilometres of pipe has been laid as of September 13, 2019. “Residual solids” or “biosolids” are the technical term for what is colloquially known as “sewage sludge.” Basically, it’s a solid paste made from almost everything that is ever flushed down the toilet or poured down the drain. According to Environment Canada, the end result is a mix of human feces and “high concentrations of pharmaceutical/personal care products, industrial chemicals and metals.” Interestingly, those metals may include gold, thanks in part to Goldschlager drinkers and the occasional swallowed wedding ring. Victoria’s sludge will be piped along a largely rural route, but it will nevertheless pass within a block of Esquimalt High School, through Gorge Park and past both Camosun College’s Interurban Campus and the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. “No one would accept an oil pipeline along this route,” wrote one skeptical Times Colonist letter writer in 2016, adding “is a pipeline carrying what they are euphemistically calling ‘residual solids’ more acceptable?” Project planners have been fully cognizant of the delicateness of pumping concentrated sewage under 19 kilometres of Greater Victoria, and official CRD literature touts the line’s durability, noting that it’s meant to withstand disasters and is composed of earthquake-proof materials. “The RSCL is designed to meet stringent post-disaster design requirements. This means it is designed to remain operational following a major earthquake,” CRD Senior Manager Andy Orr told The Capital. Victoria’s distilled droppings will make their final journey through pipes made of ductile iron. Although touted for its strength and flexibility, the pipe is about the same as those used in the construction of the region’s water main pipes. In widespread use for more than 50 years, ductile iron is certainly not immune to failure or rupture. A comprehensive 2018 study out of Utah State University, in fact, found that Canadian ductile iron pipes have a higher failure rate than any other type of pipe except for cast iron. The pipe will also be pressurized. Although it does not have a uniform pressure, at the pipeline’s various pumping stations the pressure “is similar to the pressure of the municipal drinking water system, and the pipes are sized accordingly,” said Andy Orr. According to CRD regulations, water pipes are designed to move liquid pressurized at 60 psi during peak demand times. This means that, at pumping stations at least, Victoria’s sewage sludge could be brought to a pressure similar to the air inside a bicycle tire. To rein in the damage in the event of a rupture, Victoria’s sewage sludge line was built with an automatic system to halt flow if it detects a change in pressure. A similar safeguard is routinely used on oil and gas pipelines. “The RSCL will be controlled 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Pipe operation would be automatically halted in the event of an alarm, based on change in flow or pressure, and incident response procedures would be immediately initiated. Pipe operation would only be resumed following investigation,” writes CRD’s qualifications for the project. While the chance of failure is low, particularly in the pipeline’s opening years before corrosion begins to set in, waterlines composed of similar piping have been known to burst in the past and cause temporary flooding. In July in Ketchikan, Alaska, a 30-year-old ductile iron water pipe burst due to corrosion, spilling out 14,000 gallons of water per minute before the rupture was repaired. The spill quickly caused a sinkhole that was large enough to swallow a car. The Residual Solids Conveyance Line will also be subject to all the usual perils that can force a pipe apart. Abrupt changes in pressure are one of the main reasons for breaches in sewage pipes. These can occur due to conditions within the pipes or external factors like sudden impacts. On September 24, 2012, a minor car crash on Douglas and Chatham St. sent a shockwave into the ground known as a “water hammer” which fractured the main line leading to flooding. Unlike water however, which can simply be drained away, a broken Residual Solids Conveyance Line has the potential to impose a miniature biological disaster if it breaks. In the case of an outdoor spill, it’s reasonable to assume that the entire contaminated area would have to be evacuated and a waste disposal team called in. Sewer grates would need to be covered to prevent the toxic feces from contaminating the groundwater. The smell, naturally, would be far-reaching. A procedure document on sewage spills by the Australia’s Redland City, for instance, notes that “for large spills it may be necessary to construct an impervious embankment of earth, brick, stone or other suitable material to retain liquid.” “Contaminated soil, sand or lawn should be allowed to degrade naturally as microbes will be inactivated within several days of exposure to UV radiation from sunlight,” it read. And Redland is only referring to regular sewage, not sewage sludge. Any workers sent to deal with the sludge spill would have to be clad in protective body suits and gas masks. According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, raw sewage contact could potentially lead to contracting microbes like E. Coli, hepatitis or tetanus. And again, any leaked sludge couldn’t simply be drained away through normal channels. Depending on the severity of the flood, vacuum trucks could be required to suck the sludge off the streets and then truck it manually to Hartland Landfill. Once as much of the solid waste as possible is retrieved, workers then would have to blast the surrounding area with a heavy dose of chemical solutions. Alaska’s Department of Environmental Conservation, for one, suggests dealing with the aftermath of a sewage spill by roping off the contaminated area for at least 24 hours and treating it with highly caustic materials such as chlorine or hydrated lime. With paid membership, every penny goes directly to helping our newsroom continue its work and helps our team grow and expand our coverageBecome an Insider	<urn:uuid:c7b00f84-4ff5-48f8-ba8b-ddf3f1cddfa1>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.capitaldaily.ca/news/crd-residual-solids-conveyance-line-sewage-wastewater	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00471.warc.gz	en	0.94565	1,592	2.875	3
The spleen is located in the upper left abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, and posterior to the stomach. It is similar to a lymph node in shape and structure but it is much larger. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which extends inward to divide the organ into lobules, the spleen consists of two types of tissue called white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp is lymphatic tissue consisting mainly of lymphocytes around arteries. The red pulp consists of venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of lymphatic cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Blood enters the spleen through the splenic artery, moves through the sinuses where it is filtered, then leaves through the splenic vein. The spleen filters blood in much the way that the lymph nodes filter lymph. Lymphocytes in the spleen react to pathogens in the blood and attempt to destroy them. Macrophages then engulf the resulting debris, the damaged cells, and the other large particles. The spleen, along with the liver, removes old and damaged erythrocytes from the circulating blood. Like other lymphatic tissue, it produces lymphocytes, especially in response to invading pathogens. The sinuses in the spleen are a reservoir for blood. In emergencies such as hemorrhage, smooth muscle in the vessel walls and in the capsule of the spleen contracts. This squeezes the blood out of the spleen into the general circulation.	<urn:uuid:3ef6daeb-346b-412b-b5e8-b0008a3308f0>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/lymphatic/components/spleen.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00487-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94241	311	3.96875	4
You’ve probably heard the story of David versus Goliath, and you’ve probably heard all kinds of applications of that story such as how to face the giants in your life, how to fight by faith, etc. Most of the sermons we preach from the story revolve around the victory of the little teenager against the big giant, and most of the life applications we hear are from this angle as well. Don’t miss the opportunity to learn some lessons from Goliath along the way though. For example… Nobody Is Invincible Except for God You can be hurt. You can topple. You can fail. And yes, you’re capable of all kinds of evil and sin if you don’t guard your life. Don’t believe me? listen to Paul in 1 Corinthians 10:12, “If you think you are standing strong, be careful, for you, too, may fall into the same sin.” (NLT) Nobody Gets Away with Blasphemy Nobody. There’s a sense of “getting away with it” for the moment, but a just, holy, and jealous God will certainly handle the matter of blasphemy in eternity. Pride Goes Before Destruction… … and a haughty spirit before a fall. (Proverbs 16:18) The bigger they are, the harder they fall, and the more puffed up we are, the easier it is for our bubble to burst. Swords Don’t Always Win Against Slingshots We often come out against people with the swords of our words or actions. We can wield them well and cut deep, but swords are rarely called for in the Christian life – just ask the Apostle Peter. You can learn a lot from David. You can learn a lot from Goliath too, no matter how big you think you are!	<urn:uuid:86e5b995-1de4-4a1f-8d4c-6fd31c73249b>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://brandonacox.com/living/take-a-lesson-from-goliath/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00283-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928256	391	2.03125	2
Cookbooks have come a long way from the mere instruction manuals they once were. Though hundreds of how-to-cook primers are churned out yearly, the category of “cookbook” has expanded to include books that are not simply about cooking, but also about food: eating, growing, gathering and preserving it; looking at it; thinking about it. Food can serve as a lens through which to tell a story, demonstrate scientific principles, give a history lesson or showcase aesthetics. And books make excellent gifts: They’re readily available and so easily wrapped! (This is a real consideration for butterfingered gift-givers.) Local bookstores pad their cookbook sections this time of year, so you have a good chance of locating most of these titles at a store near you; if you can’t find them at Ye Olde Barns-and-Boarders, even the more obscure titles can be delivered in time for Christmas Day, if you’re willing to plump for the shipping. Both Borders and Barnes & Noble offer store inventory information on their websites – enter your ZIP code, and if it’s available locally, you can reserve a copy. If the book you want is not in stock in your area, Amazon can ship some titles by Dec. 24 so long as you order before 6 p.m. on Dec. 23. If you see something on this list that appeals, order now and you’ll still be a magical holiday elf hero. Noma , René Redzepi: Like Alinea or A Day at El Bulli, for most people the point of Noma isn’t cooking … it’s looking. Redzepi’s Copenhagen restaurant, Noma, is a temple to pure local ingredients, many foraged from the Danish countryside. Perfect for cooks who like to dream that they might someday serve “vegetable field with malt soil and herbs” or “salsify and milk skin, truffle puree.” The Geometry of Pasta , Caz Hildebrand and Jacob Kenedy: As much a graphic design tour de force as a cookbook, this black-and-white knockout combines history, kitchen science and easy-to-pull-off pasta recipes. Jelly With Bompas and Parr , Sam Bompas and Harry Parr: Yeah, yeah, cake pops are the new cupcakes: I say let’s move away from cake altogether and start a jello movement. This book is an artful guide to all things jiggly and tasty. Heston’s Fantastical Feasts , Heston Blumenthal: This is not a cookbook, but a chronicle of the artistry of a mad genius. Blumenthal describes such feats as baking an actual “pie of four-and-twenty blackbirds” and creating a “lobster cappuccino” with a drip coffeemaker … after the microwave lobster Thermidor failed. The Essential New York Times Cookbook , edited by Amanda Hesser: A compendium of recipes published in the New York Times spans 150 years and functions as a culinary history of America, as well as a great resource for meal planning. Kansha: Celebrating Japan’s Vegan and Vegetarian Traditions , Elizabeth Andoh: Written by an American who has lived in Japan for 40 years, this book demystifies Japanese techniques and ingredients; recipes focus on using the entire vegetable. A good buy for anyone looking to eat green. The French Menu Cookbook , Richard Olney: Among American food writers, Olney’s depth of knowledge and identification with French cookery is second only to Julia Child’s. This book, which arranges recipes in 32 well-thought-out menus, makes a perfect gift for those who weren’t sated by 2009’s Julia-fest. Appetite for Reduction , Isa Chandra Moskowitz: A book of lower-calorie dishes from the punk-rock princess of vegan cooking. Sandwich: A Global History , Bee Wilson: Reaktion Books’ Edible series is devoted to exploring the history of one foodstuff per book – soup, curry, hamburgers and a dozen more. They’re small (5 inches by 8 inches) and fairly inexpensive ($11 on Amazon), and a stack of them would please any food nerd. I chose Sandwich because that’s my particular white whale, but Caviar and Whiskey would be a festive combination, especially if accompanied by a bottle or jar of either substance. Keys to Good Cooking , Harold McGee: McGee, like a kitchen Einstein, explains the chemical processes behind browning, rising and other practical magic. He’s where Alton Brown gets all of his material, so any fan of Good Eats will enjoy this mind-blower. Ratio , Michael Ruhlman: Known to food-TV viewers chiefly as Tony Bourdain’s running buddy, Ruhlman is actually a thoughtful and meticulous chef. Here he lays out a system that abolishes the need for recipes, arming the home cook with a series of equations that unlock the proportions in which to combine basic ingredients for an infinite number of dishes. Understanding these basic ratios – how much liquid to fat to flour for bread dough as opposed to biscuit dough, for instance – is a freeing experience. Toast: The Story of a Boy’s Hunger , Nigel Slater: A memoir of childhood remembered through food: his mother’s burnt toast, the Cadbury and CaraMacs bought with pocket money, his stepmother’s dinner-party casseroles. The author’s awakening to food as more than sustenance is familiar ground to anyone for whom eating and cooking nourish the soul as much as the body. Life Is Meals: A Food Lover’s Book of Days , James and Kay Salter: James Salter and his wife Kay share the fruits of 30 years of living well in this volume of recipes, anecdotes, historical notes and advice. Topics covered range from how to recognize a good waiter to descriptions of great meals in literature to recollections of picnics with minor royalty. Oranges , John McPhee: I recommended it last year; I’m recommending it this year; I recommend it every year. The defining masterpiece of literary journalism, nominally a history of oranges. You live in Florida, right? Buy it. Subscribe now to get the latest news delivered right to your inbox.	<urn:uuid:1c40a90e-25cf-43ca-9698-89b21db6b1f3>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.orlandoweekly.com/orlando/eat-read-cook/Content?oid=2304234	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.919869	1,370	1.570313	2
Presenting a full-color, beautifully illustrated book that combines various lacemaking techniques and patterns with the craft of fan-making. A short history of lace and patterns with instructions showcase some of the best lacemaking around today.... Paperback: 128 pages Publisher: Batsford (June 30, 2003) Product Dimensions: 7.8 x 0.5 x 10 inches Amazon Rank: 3543546 Format: PDF ePub TXT ebook reviews: This book is for someone who has a working knowledge of bobbin lacemaking. If you're exploring lacemaking on your own and looking for an in-depth how-to, this isn't for you. There are bobbin pricking patterns and some instruction, but without a teach... - Lace for Dolls and Dolls' Houses: Over 45 Decorative Patterns in Bobbin & Needlelace pdf - Download Lace for Dolls and Dolls' Houses: Over 45 Decorative Patterns in Bobbin & Needlelace pdf - Lace for Dolls and Dolls' Houses: Over 45 Decorative Patterns in Bobbin & Needlelace txt - 978-0713480573 epub - Download Ann Collier epub - Download Ann Collier ebooks - Download Crafts, Hobbies and Home pdf books Download The unamental techniques o classic brea baking pdf at bangstokurog.wordpress.com Read Lenore kanel oems ebook estleitsumatigh.wordpress.com Read Tony arsons the oen secret ebook abbayebaire.wordpress.com Read Rankins heidilicious ebook allceabkushiplor.wordpress.com Here Nil on fire nil series pdf link 1945 a novel The nature o the syche A lullaby of love for mila personalized book bedtime story sleep book bedtime stories sleep stories gratitude stories personalized books personalized baby gifts Download Strega nona book pdf at allnaezomenae.wordpress.com I'm currently working on the plans for a 4 llama/30 day N/S fly fishing trek up the JMT. This book h... Overcoming Anxiety gives a lot of helpful information and instruction on how to use several techniqu...	<urn:uuid:4aa666c1-ec75-425a-9794-fc0945abcdfa>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://banderillero.duckdns.org/post/lace-for-dolls-and-dolls-houses-over-45-decorative-patterns-in-bobbin-needlelace	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00269.warc.gz	en	0.756572	500	1.773438	2
Dragon has got a surprise for his mate Lenny: a slave. 'Shall we have a go at getting him under our thumb?' the young Master asks . He doesn't have to wait long for an answer. Lenny can hardly wait to get the slave under his feet. First of all, the loser's tongue has to take meticulous care of both Masterboys' dirty trainers. While he's doing that, the slave has to hold his mouth wide open so that Dragon can spit in some thick snot. 'Say thank you' demands the Master after he's deposited his snot into the slave's mouth. Not just the loser's sense of taste but also his sense of smell is given a hard test. The lads make him take in the stink from their trainers and from their socks . Young Master Lenny takes more and more delight in humiliating the loser. He tells the slave to take his socks off for him. Lenny really enjoys having a guy who is obviously much older than he is licking his feet and sucking his toes. And of course Master Dragon's feet also demand to be given a through massage by the slave's, tongue. While all this is going on, the slave has to take his Masters' sweaty socks into his mouth and give them a good chewing. Later on , the loser has to lie down on his back while the Masterboys sit on him and force their feet into his face. This clip focuses on hot foot action. Which slave doesn't dream of being given the chance to lick Dragon and Lenny's feet?	<urn:uuid:69c647a1-fafd-493c-af77-88dcb1d665d4>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.badmasterboys.com/en/clips/extrem/schaus-dir-an-alter.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00035-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988642	314	1.625	2
Intel Corporation today introduced five new Intel Atom processors and Intel Centrino Atom processor technology for Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) and embedded computing solutions. The 45nm Intel Z5xx series includes the Intel Atom processor (formerly codenamed "Silverthorne") plus a single-chip with integrated graphics called the Intel System Controller Hub that enables PC-like capabilities and long battery life in smaller devices that can fit in your pocket. Manufacturers around the world are planning to ship Intel-based MIDs beginning this summer. Formerly codenamed "Menlow," Intel Centrino Atom processor technology includes the company's first-ever Intel Atom processor (formerly "Silverthorne"). The processor – Intel's smallest and the world's fastest chip under 3 watts – has a thermal design power range1 of 0.65 to 2.4 watts (versus 35 watts for today's typical laptop), average power range2 of 160-220 milliwatts (mW) and idle power range3 of 80-100mW. The Intel System Controller Hub is a ground-up, highly integrated low-power solution that features advanced low-power 3-D graphics features, hardware accelerated 720p and 1080i HD video decode capabilities, Intel High Definition Audio, and a combination of PC and handheld I/O capabilities such as PCI Express, USB Host and Client, and SDIO. Intel Centrino Atom processor technology also enables manufacturers to integrate a range of wireless connectivity options, including Wi-Fi, WiMAX and cellular data. The new Intel Atom processors promise us an exciting Summer and Fall of new cool portable devices. The Intel Atom Z500 starts at $45 per 1000 unit pricing. The top of the line Atom Z540 with 1.86Ghz sells for $160 in per 1000 unit price. Via the Intel site.	<urn:uuid:876b8fd4-cf11-4394-9cf3-89dcf2933df5>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.i4u.com/19850/intel-announces-z510-z520-z530-and-z540-atom-cpus	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00265-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.856091	377	1.671875	2
Roblox Develop Tutorial. Roblox, the roblox logo and powering imagination are among our. Roblox developer console tutorial 156.4m views discover short videos related to roblox developer console tutorial on tiktok. Continue to the developer hub. Learn from a wide set of tutorials, connect with other developers, get platform updates, browse our api references, and much more. Move, scale, and rotate game object. He And His Team Are Always Looking For Ways To Increase The. Call out that students will create and customize the game to their own vision (e.g. Will create other scripts, like one to change a part's color. We will go through how to config the different areas of the kit in this video like swor. Add Simple Scripts To Modify Game Behavior. Hello, i am 'sbob' and i am a roblox developer. Roblox studio is the tool used on roblox to make games. Create a roblox account and install roblox studio. Explain That Students Will Be Adding The Core Gameplay Mechanics Of The Adventure Game Today: Using a tool to collect items, selling items, and upgrading their spaces to collect more items. How to import custom characters from blender or maya. Jenny(@sadlymm2), viktor(@viktor.mp4), ham(@ham4415yt), jenny(@sadlymm2), ask any questions in q&a(@akinero_chan), luckymatg(@luckymatg2),. Use The Terrain Generator To Create Interesting Landscapes. In this video, i teach you many roblox studio beginner's tips and how to use roblox studio!credit to crykee for the roblox studio thumbnail art!my plugins:ht. Learn how to add pre‑built and custom animations to your game. Explore detailed lesson plans, challenges and teaching resources, along with. Learn How To Create Engaging Experiences Through Our Wide Set Of Tutorials And Api Reference Materials. Move, scale, and rotate game object. Talk with other developers, discuss platform updates, and recruit fellow collaborators. Today i will be showing you the basics of evercyans advanced rpg kit.	<urn:uuid:79fba0af-fc9c-487b-86d7-17bd19f141ef>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://optina.info/roblox-develop-tutorial/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00272.warc.gz	en	0.771541	479	1.664063	2
There are lots of great sites with good information for the preparedness community; here are just some: https://prepperzero.com/ Discusses various topics related to the prepper community. http://blogsurvivalgear.com/Popular survival gear and emergency preparedness website for up to date news, info and supplies https://www.survivingprepper.com/ Friends, sharing and learning, one prep at a time https://www.armsbearingcitizen.com/ Pretty much all you need to know about survival firearms https://www.realitysurvival.com/ Tons of articles and videos all about prepping https://www.freedompreppers.com/ – Because you never know when the day before is the day before, prepare for tomorrow. https://theruraleconomist.blogspot.com/2014/08/getting-prepared-for-beginners-16-don.html: A great place to start on the road to preparedness https://www.dailycollapsereport.com/ – M.D. Creekmore’s new website with important news that affects YOU. www.mybudget360.com – economic news for troubled times. www.SurvivalCentral.net - Radio network devoted to all things survival. moderncombatandsurvival.com - lots of articles on how to make do in times of trouble. patriotrising.com – Freedom -Liberty – Awareness & Preparedness – News & Opinion https://artofsurviving.com – New site for all things survival knifeup.com – compendium of knife laws and article about the sharp-edged instrument Survivalpulse.com – Daily Survival/Prepper links from around the Web Thehomeforsurvival.com – Doomsday prepping at its finestArmageddonOnline.org– An amazing amount of news you can use by a crew that has it all there for you! Survival and Prosperity – www.MyFamilySurvivalPlan.com – news and advice for the preparedness community Prepper Dashboard -Words of wisdom on all things preparedness Survivalpunk.com – Survival with a punk attitude! survivalblog.org – the Other Guy, but with lots of important info on survival Family Disaster Dogs – this site tells you how to train your dog for search and rescue, and more Wilderness Survival Techniques – all you need to know to make it out in the wild Rethinksurvival.com – suburban family preparedness Savage Expedition Gear -all things paracord! Apocalyptic Fiction – reviews of what’s happening in your favorite disaster shows and other apocalyptic fiction Teotwawki Blog – survival tips and kit-making contests, plus lots more Off Grid Survival – all sorts of articles about living off the grid Prepper Website – a compendium of all the best information, frequently updated Modern Survival Blog– survival news that exposes “Big Brother” and everything that goes along with it Movin’ On Out – informative blog by the Prepared Canadian SHTF Blog – gear reviews, survival how-to, and more Something Wicked Comes – real-life tales of the apocalypse to come https://pantryparatus.com/blog – awesome family preparedness blog The Survival Podcast – the one and only Jack Spirko! A.N.T.S. – American’s Networking To Survive – Tim French and organized prepper unity Magnified View – politics, current events, and some plain ol’ common sense Backdoor Survival– Gaye Levy, aka Survival Woman, family preparedness advice https://www.survivalistnow.com- personal and home security advice https://survivalandbeyond.net– Ed Corcoran, editor of Survivalist Magazine, lots of survival info	<urn:uuid:c4e12317-aa00-4dbb-b634-5e2f2668c96f>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://www.doomandbloom.net/wp-content/wp_fast_cache/www.doomandbloom.net/blogroll/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00148-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.784962	817	1.765625	2
Ibuprofen Dose Calculator Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is also known as NUROFEN, FENPAED. - USE PARACETAMOL FIRST TO REDUCE FEVER AND PAIN IN CHILDREN - Ibuprofen may be more effective when taken without food, with similar tolerability - Dose according to weight rather than age; ibuprofen is not recommended for infants less than 6 months - Ibuprofen is as or more efficacious than paracetamol (relatively small difference), and is equally safe - Appropriate therapeutic doses are remarkably free of adverse effects but long-term safety is unknown When to treat Fever and Pain in my child? - Use paracetamol if the child appears distressed or unwell - Use ibuprofen (Nurofen, Fenpaed) if there is no response to paracetamol - Do not routinely use paracetamol and ibuprofen together at the same time, or alternately - Regardless of which analgesic/antipyretic, use only if necessary for the shortest period of time to control symptoms. Paracetamol or Ibuprofen (Nurofen, Fenpaed)? - Paracetamol has analgesic (pain relief) and antipyretic(reduces fever) but no anti-inflammatory activity; it is less irritant to the stomach than Ibuprofen. - Ibuprofen (Nurofen, Fenpaed) has anti-inflammatory effects, and may be more effective than paracetamol in pain reduction in diseases in which inflammation is a major cause of tissue injury, such as juvenile rheumatic arthritis. - There is a relatively small difference in analgesic and antipyretic efficacy or adverse effects between paracetamol and intermittent oral dosing of ibuprofen. - For children without underlying medical conditions, or with underlying medical conditions that are not inflammatory in nature, beginning treatment with oral paracetamol is preferred because of its long track record of safety. - DO NOT USE BOTH PARACETAMOL AND IBUPROFEN COMBINATION/ALTERNATING REGIMES. If the decision is made to use a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for a child , ibuprofen is preferred because it is equally effective and has fewer adverse effects than other NSAIDs. - Onset of action less than60 minutes - Peak effect (decline in temperature of 1-2°C) in 3-4 hours - Duration of action is 6-8 hours - Dose according to weight rather than age - Gastrointestinal disturbances including discomfort, nausea, diarrhoea, and occasionally bleeding and ulceration - IgE-mediated allergic reactions e.g. allergic rhinitis, rash, urticaria; and other severe hypersensitivity reactions e.g. angioedema and bronchospasm. N.B. caution in children with history of hypersensitivity to any NSAID i.e. attacks of asthma, angioedema, urticaria, rhinitis - Worsening of asthma, either acutely or as a gradual worsening of symptoms. Children with asthma should preferably use paracetamol - Renal function impairment; caution children with cardiac impairment - Aseptic meningitis; rare but children with connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus may be especially susceptible Calculate Ibuprofen (100mg in 5ml) dose Enter your Child's weight - Try paracetamol first. - Do not give if your child is less than 6 months old - Do not combine/alternate with paracetamol	<urn:uuid:2190f591-aa85-4f7d-b9e2-1a2aced97ce5>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.eastmed.co.nz/ibuprofen-nurofen-dose-calculator-for-children.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.876456	812	2.96875	3
The Darcys Give a Ball : A Gentle Joke, Jane Austen Style Queen Victoria is on the throne, and the children of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy of Pride and Prejudice are young adults. Their son falls in love with the daughter of the unbearable clergyman, Mr. Collins, and Elizabeth’s dear friend Charlotte. There are other problematic romantic entanglements for the younger generation, eventually resolved at a climactic ball, but the prospect of Elizabeth and Darcy having to adjust to Mr. Collins as their son’s father-in-law is what pulled me into the story. Unexpectedly, Charlotte is the novel’s most fully developed character, lending depth to what otherwise would be a lighthearted romance. When she chose marriage to the absurd and self-important Mr. Collins rather than impoverished spinsterhood, she insisted that her chances for happiness were “as fair as most people can boast on entering the married state.” How does she feel about her bargain many years later? Elizabeth Newark provides a convincing and moving answer to that question. There is, of course, a whole subgenre of Austen sequels by modern admirers. Though I love Pride and Prejudice, this is the first “Jane Austen style” novel I have read. True to Austen in spirit as well as style, it far exceeded my expectations.	<urn:uuid:dd0aa0ad-0520-4637-940d-a4cfb5e6345b>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://historicalnovelsociety.org/reviews/the-darcys-give-a-ball-a-gentle-joke-jane-austen-style/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957531	289	1.835938	2
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell is a conservative Republican. Senator Barbara Boxer is a liberal Democrat. So the fact that they’ve worked together to come up with a plan to fund highway spending for the next three years might seem like a good thing, a rare moment of bipartisanship in a Congress riven by ideological hostility. And, in fact, you could see the thousand-page bill they’ve produced as, in the words of the Times, “real progress,” except for one thing: their complicated, jury-rigged plan is only necessary because of the continued refusal by Congress to embrace the obvious, economically sensible solution to highway funding, namely raising the gas tax. The federal gas tax is, as it should be, a key source of funding for highway spending. Currently, the tax is 18.4 cents per gallon. The problem is that it has been 18.4 cents per gallon since 1993. And since the cost of building and, above all, repairing roads has risen substantially in the past twenty-two years, because of inflation and because the federal highway system is deteriorating, while the revenue from the gas tax hasn’t risen nearly as much, Congress has had to find other ways to make up the difference. In recent times, those fixes have all been short term, which is why the Boxer-McConnell plan, which would fund spending for three entire years, seems to some like a real improvement. The problem is that the funding mechanisms the plan relies on are as gimmicky and haphazard as ever. The bill would raise money by, among other things, lowering the dividend rate paid to banks in the Federal Reserve system, raising certain customs fees, increasing collection rates on unpaid taxes, and selling off a hundred and one million barrels of oil from the country’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Some of these may, on their own, be reasonable ideas—although, if you’re going to have a Strategic Petroleum Reserve, you should probably only sell oil from it for strategic reasons, not just because you want to raise some cash. But they are, for the most part, stopgap measures, meaning that Congress won’t be able to rely on them the next time around. And, from an economic perspective, paying for operating expenses by selling off assets is not a good way to manage your money. What’s especially infuriating about the bill is that we already have, in the gas tax, an ideal tool for raising money to pay for highway repairs. It’s a user tax: if you don’t drive you don’t pay it, and if you drive less it costs you less. It helps to correct, at least mildly, a clear market failure: people who drive don’t pay the full costs of the externalities they create, including the wear and tear they put on roads, the pollution they emit, and the congestion they help produce. And while certain taxes disincentivize, to some degree, things we like (such as work or investment), the gas tax, by raising the cost of driving, gets us less of things we don’t like (pollution, carbon emissions, and road wear). That’s why even conservative economists, like Gregory Mankiw, have been ardent advocates of gasoline taxes. This is also an excellent moment to raise the gas tax, since oil and gas prices are so much lower than they were, making any price increase at the pump more palatable to drivers. Members of Congress have tried to get Washington to do the logical thing. Last year, Republican Senator Bob Corker and Democratic Senator Chris Murphy worked together on a bill that would have increased the gas tax by twelve cents over two years and then indexed it to inflation, in an attempt to insure that it kept pace with infrastructure needs. The plan wasn’t perfect (in order to make the hike palatable to conservatives, it made some temporary tax breaks permanent), but it was well considered, and would have made the value of today’s tax roughly equivalent to what it was in 1993. But the bill never even came up for a vote. The fundamental problem, of course, is that raising taxes, no matter how economically sensible those taxes might be, is anathema to a huge swath of the Republican Party. (It’s hardly a coincidence that the last gas-tax increase came in 1993, just before the G.O.P.’s Contract with America transformed Congress.) And Republican resistance, in turn, makes it harder for Democrats to vote for tax increases, at least those that affect ordinary citizens, because they know that Republican challengers will use their votes against them. Indeed, the refusal of Congress to raise the gas tax is the ultimate expression of how reflexive and irrational the resistance to taxes has become. Opposition to higher income taxes has some theoretical justification: higher marginal rates discourage people from working more and investing. Seen in one light, they’re a penalty for success. But no such argument exists against the gas tax: all it does, in essence, is ask drivers to pay for the roads they use. It’s not even fair to say that keeping this tax at its current level is a check on big government, since most federal highway spending now goes toward rebuilding and repairing roads—maintenance that even conservatives recognize we must do. Highway revenue has to be raised somehow. Congress should show some political spine, discard the Rube Goldberg funding schemes, and stop treating all taxes as bad ones.	<urn:uuid:24a20b5b-5f87-4c2a-84db-5eb50bb2cc74>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/raise-the-gas-tax-already	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964503	1,136	1.84375	2
1 January 2000 \| 383 Downloads \| .pdf \| 269.82 KB \| Health, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar This report, the seventh in the series, contains information about the aquatic animal health status of seventeen states in the Asia-Pacific region. Creative Commons Attribution. The Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease report provides information about the status of aquatic animal disease in 21 participating states in the Asia-Pacific region. The diseases covered in the report are reviewed annually by the Asia Regional Advisory Group on Aquatic Animal Health. The report was first published in the second quarter of 1998. It is a joint activity between NACA, FAO and the OIE Regional Representation (Tokyo).	<urn:uuid:be158326-f945-41bb-b048-9a0e6ff10ed6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://enaca.org/?id=620&title=quarterly-aquatic-animal-disease-report-january-march-2000	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00670.warc.gz	en	0.876453	175	2.21875	2
LS4 file extension - Lumion exported full scene What is ls4 file? How to open ls4 files? File type specification: The ls4 file extension is related to Lumion, a visualization solution for AEC professionals by Act-3D. The ls4 file is generated by the program when the user selects the File → Export Full Scene option. The default software associated to ls4 file type: Company or developer: Lumion is an essential tool for everyone who wants to visualize their building designs. It produces impressive, high quality videos very quickly and is extremely easy to master. List of software applications associated to the .ls4 file extension Recommended software programs are sorted by OS platform (Windows, Mac OS X etc.) and possible program actions that can be done with the file: like open ls4 file, edit ls4 file, convert ls4 file, view ls4 file, play ls4 file etc. (if exist software for corresponding action in File-Extensions.org's database). Click on the tab below to simply browse between the application actions, to quickly get a list of recommended software, which is able to perform the specified software action, such as opening, editing or converting of the ls4 files. - Open ls4 file - Create ls4 file - Export ls4 file	<urn:uuid:3d498d6a-6455-408b-afa4-f7a4bca4ed7b>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.file-extensions.org/ls4-file-extension	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00091-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.870651	277	1.59375	2
Photographers love Flickr because it’s a vibrant social community with a wide variety of photo-sharing options. But because Flickr is so rich with features, it can be challenging to figure out how to complete everyday tasks like downloading photos. Luckily, downloading photos from Flickr is quite easy once you learn a few valuable tricks. You’ll need to have access to a computer, as the mobile app isn’t capable of handling these functions. Downloading From Your Photostream 1Log into your Flickr account. Launch the Flickr website in your web browser and sign in with your username and password. 2Select the photos you want to download. Your photos are available in two different areas: - Click “Camera Roll” to view all of your photos. Clicking a photo will add it to the “pile” of photos to be downloaded, shown at the bottom of the screen. To add an entire batch of photos to the download pile, click “Select All” next to the date the photos were added. - If you use Flickr albums to store your photo and want to download an entire album, click “Albums,” then select an album to download. 3Click “Download” at the bottom of the screen. Now you’ll be downloading the photos you’ve added to the download pile. A different pop-up message will appear depending on how many photos you’ve selected: - If you’ve selected one image, the message will say “Download 1 photo.” Click the message box to choose where to save it on your computer. The download will begin. - If you’ve selected multiple photos (or an entire album), the message will say “Download zip.” Click the message to create a single zip file, then choose a folder to save your zip file. When the download is complete, locate the zip file. - Windows users, double-click the zip file, then click “Extract” to unpack the images. - Mac users can double-click the zip file to extract the images to the current folder. Downloading From Someone Else’s Photostream 1Open a Flickr photo you want to download. Not all users make their photos downloadable. You’ll know a photo can be downloaded if you see a downward-pointing arrow beneath the photo on the right side. 2Click the downward-pointing arrow to see image size options. A short list of image sizes available for download will appear. To see an even longer list, click “View all sizes.” - The higher the resolution, the larger the image. - If you don’t see many higher resolutions, the image may just be small, or the owner of the image has chosen not to share all sizes. 3Click an image size, then click the Download link. The download link will say something like “Download the Large 1024 size of this photo,” though the actual text depends on the selected image size. 4Choose a location to save your image. Select a folder, then click “Save” to download the image. Using Flickr Downloadr in Google Chrome 1Install Flickr Downloadr. Flickr Downloadr is a reliable app that allows you to search for and download images from Flickr. The app requires the Google Chrome web browser but can be run on Mac, Windows or Linux systems. - Open the Chrome Web Store and locate Flickr Downloadr. - Click “Add to Chrome,” then confirm by clicking “Add app.” 2Launch Flickr Downloader in Chrome. In the address bar of Chrome, type chrome://appsand press ↵ Enter. Click the Flickr Downloadr icon. 3Click the house icon to launch the search. In the search field, type a keyword/topic, a Flickr user’s account name, or the name of a Flickr group. Click the magnifying glass to begin your search. 4Select photos to download. If you searched for a user or group, click “People” or “Groups” at the top of the app to view your results. If you searched for a keyword/topic, remain on the “Photos” tab to browse your results. - Clicking a photo adds it to your download pile. If you change your mind about a photo, click it again. - To select all photos you’ve viewed thus far in the search results, click the square icon beneath the photos. 5Click the arrow icon to begin your download. Choose a file size at the bottom of the screen (“Original” is the highest quality available) and then click “Choose Folder” to select a download location. Click “OK,” then click the download arrow to begin the download. - Each image will be downloaded separately so there’s no need to unzip any files. - If a user has not enabled the original size of their images to be downloaded, Flickr Downloadr will fetch the next best possible quality photo. Why am i receiving a whole file with extra pics, that do not relate to pic I am clicking to download?wikiHow ContributorIt sounds as though you may have other photos inadvertently selected. Is it possible to download the photos without a Yahoo account or the Flick downloader?wikiHow ContributorYes, click the download button and wait for the drop down menu with the size options to pop up. Hover over the one you want and opposite click, select "save link as" and there you have it. - Using another person’s image for commercial use could violate the law unless it’s licensed for the public domain. Only use images which have a Creative Commons license. To determine whether or not a photo is public domain, open the photo in Flickr, read the license message directly beneath the date the photo was taken, and then click on that link to read about that type of license. Sources and Citations - ↑ https://help.yahoo.com/kb/SLN7291.html - ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/15/technology/personaltech/how-to-download-a-batch-of-photos-on-flickr.html - ↑ http://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/mac-software/how-zip-unzip-compress-files-mac-3458501/ - ↑ https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/flickr-downloadr/fpmonoglnknhfnfgeopdjmhpilpejedj - ↑ http://chrome.google.com - ↑ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ In other languages: Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 224,798 times.	<urn:uuid:a0b7af33-3309-4609-8162-5acefeccd6e3>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.wikihow.com/Download-Images-from-Flickr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00520-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.813616	1,462	1.773438	2
Google’s Advanced Technology and Projects (ATAP) group is working with Levi’s to develop interactive fabrics that would allow the wearer to use their phone just by tapping or swiping their clothes. Items would connect to a wearer’s mobile phone through simple gestures which would send a wireless signal to the device to activate a certain functionality, such as silencing phone calls or sending a text message. “Project Jacquard makes it possible to weave touch and gesture interactivity into any textile using standard, industrial looms,” ATAP explains. “Everyday objects such as clothes and furniture can be transformed into interactive surfaces. This is possible thanks to new conductive yarns, created in collaboration with our industrial partners. “Jacquard yarn structures combine thin, metallic alloys with natural and synthetic yarns like cotton, polyester or silk, making the yarn strong enough to be woven on any industrial loom. Jacquard yarns are indistinguishable from the traditional yarns that are used to produce fabrics today. “Using conductive yarns, bespoke touch and gesture-sensitive areas can be woven at precise locations, anywhere on the textile. Alternatively, sensor grids can be woven throughout the textile, creating large, interactive surfaces. We developed innovative techniques to attach the conductive yarns to connectors and tiny circuits, no larger than the button on a jacket. “These miniaturised electronics capture touch interactions, and various gestures can be inferred using machine-learning algorithms. Captured touch and gesture data is wirelessly transmitted to mobile phones or other devices to control a wide range of functions, connecting the user to online services, apps or phone features.” A video by Google describes Project Jacquard in more detail: “LEDs, haptics and other embedded outputs provide feedback to the user, seamlessly connecting them to the digital world,” the group continues. “Connected clothes offer new possibilities for interacting with services, devices and environments. These interactions can be reconfigured at any time. Jacquard is a blank canvas for the fashion industry. “Designers can use it as they would any fabric, adding new layers of functionality to their designs, without having to learn about electronics. Developers will be able to connect existing apps and services to Jacquard-enabled clothes and create new features specifically for the platform. “We are also developing custom connectors, electronic components, communication protocols and an ecosystem of simple applications and cloud services.” “Levi’s has always stayed true to our iconic products, while continuing to introduce innovations that address the current challenges of modern life,” says Paul Dillinger, head of global product innovation at Levi’s. “In our hyper-digital world, people constantly struggle to be physically present in their environment while maintaining a digital connection. The work that Google and Levi’s are embarking upon with Project Jacquard delivers an entirely new value to consumers with apparel that is emotional, aspirational and functional. “We’re really proud to be the first official partner for Google’s Project Jacquard and we’re excited for the possibilities it brings.”	<urn:uuid:c76e9766-0adf-410e-ad4e-cd2e63394b76>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.nfcworld.com/2015/06/01/335628/project-jacquard-google-and-levis-collaborate-on-interactive-clothing/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.903384	661	2.5625	3
The surge of natural gas production in the U.S. has opened several doors that many didn't think were previously economically feasible: Manufacturers are reconsidering a move back to the U.S. for cheap energy prices, using natural gas as a transportation fuel is not a joke, and we're even debating the merits of exporting natural gas. One thing is certain: Our ability to extract shale gas has given the U.S. a competitive advantage that could potentially hold for a decade. According to panelists at the 2013 Energy Forward conference at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business, only China has a shot at effectively producing from shale gas in the next 10 to 15 years. Let's look at how the U.S. will keep that position for that long and one policy that will prevent others from doing the same. 1. Risk for new projects is lower The ability to effectively tap shale resources is the culmination of two drilling techniques almost 100 years in the making, starting with the test of the first horizontally drilled well in Texas back in 1929. When horizontally drilled wells are combined with hydraulic fracturing -- a well completion technique pioneered by Mitchell Energy (now part of Devon Energy (NYSE:DVN)) back in the mid '90s -- we are able to effectively drill into a tight gas formation, break the shale, and extract the gas. After 15 years of testing and optimizing the technique, meaningful shale gas production finally took off in 2009. By then, companies had become adept at identifying high-potential locations and decreasing operating costs. The combination of all this expertise lowers the risk of drilling a dud well than in other shale deposits around the world. So when a company wants to grow its natural gas production, it is much more likely to look at U.S. shale than others. Both Chevron (NYSE:CVX) and ConocoPhillips (NYSE:COP) have announced that they intend to shift their capital expenditures more toward the U.S. than in riskier plays abroad, and the lower risk associated with drilling the the U.S. is a large part of that decision. 2. Infrastructure is in place U.S. energy infrastructure is one of the most extensive pipeline networks in the world. Total U.S. pipeline in 2010 was almost equivalent to the rest of North America, South America, and Asia combined. This means that, in comparison with other countries, it takes only a marginal amount of pipeline infrastructure in the U.S. to connect a gathering system from a new shale play with the existing system. Much of the shale deposits in the U.S. have been centered in the Midwest, with a large concentration around Texas and Oklahoma. Since much of this region was already a major oil and gas production region before shale discoveries, the pipeline infrastructure was already in place. Pipeline capacity has been weakest in the Northeast, where no major production had previously taken place. With the Marcellus and Utica shales in the Pennsylvania and Ohio region emerging as major gas-producing regions, several companies are putting big money into the region. The crown jewel of this region's development is Enterprise Products Partners' (NYSE:EPD) ATEX pipeline. This $1.3 billion, 1,200-mile pipeline will move ethane, a valuable product used in chemical refining, to the Gulf Coast refiners that have developed a specialty in refining this product. This pipeline is an example of how our pipeline infrastructure provides the U.S. with a much more fluid market where supply and demand can be more readily met. Also, this expansive delivery system allows for natural gas to be priced by market demand rather than indexed to oil, as it is in many other countries, which in turn has lowered gas prices throughout the shale gas boom. 3. We export cheap energy One of the best primers for investment in shale gas extraction was the high energy prices back at the beginning of the financial collapse in 2008. With oil, coal, and gas flirting with all-time price highs and the the largest natural import bill in U.S. history, it was well worth the high costs for exploration and production companies to tap shale gas resources. Today, it's a different story. We have reduced natural gas imports by 200 billion cubic feet per month, and the prices have converted several power plants, coal's largest customer, to use gas instead. Not only has this deflected all that gas back into the global market, but it has also sent U.S. coal overseas. In 2012, Peabody Energy (NYSE:BTU) saw a 13% reduction in U.S. coal generation use and exported 120 million tons of metallurgical and thermal coal. The combination of these moves has severely brought down the price of coal around the world and caused several shale gas candidates -- Europe, China, and India -- to increase their coal consumption. With U.S. coal hitting foreign markets, it lowers energy generation costs, which also lowers the incentive to drill for shale gas. As long as energy prices remain modest for these countries, the rate of return for shale gas in these other countries will be low and will be less attractive for oil companies to produce there. What a Fool believes The regulatory framework and infrastructure in the U.S. has fostered shale gas like no other place in the world. It is so lucrative that many foreign oil companies have started to form joint ventures in the U.S. to learn how to drill for shale. Also, with America creeping back toward being energy self-sufficient, it is reducing the costs of fuels so exploration abroad isn't as economically feasible. Certainly this will help U.S. coal exports, but it could also help create a favorable environment for U.S. LNG exports. So as long as we continue to produce energy cheaply in the U.S., we may remain on top of the shale gas game for quite some time. The Motley Fool recommends Chevron and Enterprise Products Partners and owns shares of Devon Energy. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools don't all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.	<urn:uuid:37dd7d39-58e8-4e4a-b62f-4ef39f1c25b3>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/04/15/how-coal-is-keeping-the-us-atop-the-natural-gas-ga.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962065	1,276	2.328125	2
- Cartels — Market definition — Market power — European Union The chapter discusses the attribution of liability in cartel cases from three angles: direct attribution of liability, parental liability, and successor liability. The first angle concerns questions such as the conditions under which the conduct of employees or consultants that are directly involved in a cartel can be imputed to a particular legal entity. The second angle deals with the extent to which legal entities that are not directly involved can assume liability for the cartel conduct of a related legal entity. The third angle concerns the attribution of liability in cases where corporate restructuring or corporate transactions have taken place between the time of the participation in the cartel and the date of the decision by the Commission. These topics are discussed by Frank Wijckmans (contrast, Brussels) from a private practitioner’s perspective and by André Bouquet (Legal Service, European Commission) from the angle of a public enforcer. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full to access all content.	<urn:uuid:2447e3f9-d509-45c8-9f59-9c73bd1a3227>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://oxcat.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199698202.001.0001/law-ocl-9780199698202-chapter-7?prd=OCL	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00272.warc.gz	en	0.915688	222	1.789063	2
Natural England, that country's independent adviser on the natural environment, approved the expansion last week. It now is up to the country's Secretary of State to approve the additions. The potential to extend the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales national parks has been considered for a number of years. Natural England took over statutory responsibility for designating protected landscapes in 2006 and continued a major study of possible new areas around the two parks. Detailed assessments have been made of three criteria for inclusion -- the natural beauty of the proposed extensions, the opportunities that they provide for open air recreation, and the desirability of looking after them as national parks. Impact assessments have helped identify the environmental, social, economic and recreational impacts that designation would be likely to bring. Since 2009, two phases of face-to-face and online consultation have been conducted to ask for views from the public, local communities, statutory agencies, interested organisations and local authorities. Over two-thirds of respondents said they were in favour of extending the national parks and there was widespread consensus that the proposals met the criteria, Natural England officials said in a release. “The Board’s decision to proceed towards the designation of the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales National Parks is the result of many years of detailed assessment work and public consultation," said Poul Christensen, who chairs the organization. "It represents an important opportunity to ensure that these special landscapes are looked after for future generations to enjoy. The decision to designate these areas is subject to confirmation by the Secretary of State and we look forward to presenting our recommendations to her in due course.” The proposed variation to the Yorkshire Dales National Park includes: to the north, parts of the Orton Fells, the northern Howgill Fells, Wild Boar Fell and Mallerstang; and to the west, Barbon, Middleton, Casterton and Leck Fells, the River Lune and, part of Firbank Fell and other fells to the west of the river. The proposed variation to the Lake District National Park includes: to the east, an area from Birkbeck Fells Common to Whinfell Common; and to the south an area from Helsington Barrows to Sizergh Fell, and part of the Lyth Valley.	<urn:uuid:e898311d-4b5b-49e9-b3dc-c38992b32858>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2011/10/boundaries-two-englands-national-parks-targeted-grow-combined-193-square-miles8829	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00279-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953002	465	2.171875	2
Q. By faith, I am a believer as you know. There is a guy who frequently posts on a forum I belong to that history says the Gospels were not written by the authors listed (Mathew, Mark, etc) and continues to bash me and others who discuss Biblical research and facts, claiming that “real world” history proves otherwise. I was hoping you could point me in a direction outside the apologetics world for facts to dispute his claims, knowing you have far more knowledge on this than I do. Any help you could provide would be greatly appreciated. A. The “real world” history this person is talking about must have been written by people trying to prove the Bible wrong, because the authorship of the Gospels is pretty well documented. We have to decide whether to take their word for what happened in the past, or believe the Word of God. People like Josh MacDowell, Simon Greenleaf, and CS Lewis all started out as unbelievers trying to prove the Bible wrong, but their studies led them to change their minds and become part of the “apologetics world.” It’s happened countless times. The evidence is there for any one who wants to examine it and can be easily confirmed. I’d advise you to let this go and move on. All the facts in the world won’t force someone who has his mind made up like this to change it, because his decision is based in emotion, not logic. Psalm 14 begins, “The fool says in his heart, there is no God.” Even a fool can’t say that logically, with his intellect, because the evidence to the contrary is overwhelming (Romans 1:18-20). So he has to say it emotionally, with his heart, as if denying God’s existence will make it so. It’s very difficult to successfully use logic against an emotional position. The best thing to do is pray that God will soften the person’s heart, like He has done for so many other non-believers who sincerely studied His word, even when they began as skeptics determined to prove it wrong.	<urn:uuid:d3318754-0287-4294-8f72-7535e8a953c8>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://gracethrufaith.com/ask-a-bible-teacher/help-me-prove-the-bible-is-authentic/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98451	451	1.851563	2
Women are changing the perception of what it means to be a barber. Many people think barbers are only men and are not afraid of getting their hands dirty. But that’s not true anymore because so many women are becoming professional barbers and looking for their place in the industry. Women can be just as good as men regarding hair cutting, styling, and colouring. The only thing that will stop us from being successful is ourselves. If we believe in ourselves, then nothing can stop us from achieving our goals, no matter how impossible it seems at first. We have to keep pushing forward until we reach our destination, even if we fall on the way there because there will always be someone who will pick us up again and help us continue our journey towards success. We should not let anything stop us from pursuing our dreams because no matter how small it may seem, every dream has the potential to become something big someday if we just put our hearts into it and work hard enough until we achieve what we want out of life. These lady barber quotes are mainly attributed to women who established their shops. When they become successful, they share it in quotes. Here are the most famous lady barber quotes to motivate you. Lady Barber Quotes I am a barber, and I’m also a woman, but that’s not my point. My point is that being a woman doesn’t make me any less capable of working as a barber than any other man who works as one. 1. I like to be the first person to tell you that I’m a lady who is a barber. I like to be the first because it puts me in a position of power, and I like to be in the positioning of power. 2. I am a lady barber, and I am not here to prove that women can do anything men can do (we can), but rather explain why we should be allowed into male-dominated spaces without having our gender questioned. 3. I am a lady barber, a woman who knows the art of cutting hair—a professional who wants to make sure that you look great when done with your haircut. 4. As a lady barber, I will advise you on maintaining your hairstyle by yourself because I know what works best for you! 5. A lady barber is not only good at doing haircuts but also at making conversation and having fun during the process! If you have any doubts about your haircut or style, a lady barber will be there to help you out! 6. I am a lady barber; I love my job because I w people every day and make them feel good about themselves. I love my job because I get to make people feel good about themselves, which makes me feel good too! 7. I love that I get to be myself here — there are no boundaries or limits to what I can do with my hair. I love what I do, and I am very good at it. I have been blessed with a lot of talent and learned my craft well. I am not just a lady barber but also a lady artist. 8. When you sit down in a lady barber’s chair, you’re here for one reason: You want me to make your life easier. If you can do that for people and make their lives easier, then that’s what we’re all about here as a lady barber. 9. As a lady barber, I offer haircuts for men, women and children of all ages. I also specialise in wedding parties and proms. If you need help deciding what kind of style would look best on you or your child, I can give you suggestions based on your face shape or personal style preferences. 10. As a lady barber, I love working with children because they are so much fun to be around! Kids come in with lots of energy, so they always make me laugh when they run around the shop while their parents get their hair done! It’s important to let them have fun while getting their haircut, so don’t feel nervous about sitting still in one spot for long periods! 11. I’m a lady and a barber; I’m not a beautician. I don’t just do haircuts; I also create masterpieces! I don’t just cut hair; I make it look nice. I don’t cut hair. I carve heads. 12. If a lady barber tells you to keep quiet, you have the right to remain silent, shut up and sit down. If you’re going to go bald, go big or go home. 14. I’m a lady barber, not a beautician. I can shave you under your chin. Do you want to look like a man or a boy? What do you want? A trim or something more radical?” 15. I’m a lady barber; I cut hair. I don’t care if you’re a man, woman, or child. I’m not here to judge you; I’m here to make you look good. 16. A haircut is just a haircut. It’s a conversation starter, but what comes after that is what matters. I’m here for you as much as I am for myself and my family — because we’re all in this together. 17. I’m a lady barber. It’s what I do. Well, it’s not like I’m a hairdresser. I don’t want it to look like I’m trying too hard. I want it to look like I tried enough. 18. I sometimes have bad hair days, but I don’t think I’ve ever had a bad haircut day. The best thing about being a barber is that I meet so many different people every day. And when they leave here, they leave happier than when they came in. 19. I enjoy the camaraderie of my fellow barbers and stylists, as well as our customers. We are like family here at the shop, and we all work together to create beautiful hairstyles for everyone who comes into the shop. 29. I’m a lady, and I’m a barber. It’s important to love what you do and do what you love. People are always surprised that I’m a woman in the barbershop. When they find out, they’re like ‘Wow!’ 30. As a lady barber, I love working on hair because it allows me to make women feel good about themselves. You see their faces change when they leave the shop feeling beautiful. 31. I cut hair, and I’m a lady. It’s a woman thing. Boys want to touch your hair; girls want to be like you. You can’t go wrong with a clean-cut and good colour. 32. If you can’t get it right the first time, try it later. Hair grows back. The best haircut is the one that makes you look good, not me. 33. As a lady barber, I don’t know how people expect me to cut their hair when they’re just sitting there looking at me with that expression. This is my chair, these are my scissors, and this is the way I like it. 34 I’m a lady barber, and I’m not going to be the only one nervous. You’re going to be nervous too. Do you want a haircut? Or do you want me to sit here? Your hair looks nice now, but wait until you see what I do with it in a few minutes. 35. I’m not just a barber; I’m a lady barber. You know, the people that come in here are so cool. It’s like I’m part of their family. They’re like my little brothers and sisters. It’s just amazing how they treat me. 36. My job as a lady barber makes me happy to see people leave with a smile. I love my job because it allows me to help others look their best and feel great about who they are or what they want to be tomorrow! 37. I’m not a barber; I’m a lady barber. A haircut makes you look better. If you feel good about yourself, it shows. 38. A good haircut can make your day better, and a bad one can make it worse. 39. I think when women come into the shop, they know they will get their hair cut by a woman. They know that they are going to get advice from another woman on what they should do with their hair or what they shouldn’t do with their hair, and that’s something that we have in common with each other, too – that we like doing things to our hair and we like doing things to other people’s hair. 40. The best thing about being a lady barber is that nobody can mess up your hair because there’s nothing worse than a bad haircut. 41. Having the right barber is something you can’t put a price on. Let me take care of you today. I’m a lady barber who specialises in a modernised take on classic cuts. I can’t wait to look after your hair. 42. I have a degree in the art of cutting hair. My education is important because I am a very good barber, and I have always wanted to go back to school and get more education to help my clients with their hair issues even better than I already do. 43. Often, people come in here with damaged hair, and they want someone who can fix it without damaging it further, so we work together to make sure that happens. 44. I’m a barber. I cut hair, and j is also a lady. I’m not a therapist, a priest or a life coach. I don’t know how to solve your problems. I can make you look better, though. 45. I love my job as a lady barber. 46. I know how to cut hair; I know how to shave. I know how to cut a man’s face and make him look good. And I know how to give a woman the haircut that she wants. I’m an artist, and I am a lady barber! 47. I’m very proud of my profession. And I don’t want it taken away from me by some guy who has no idea what he’s doing cutting hair. If you’re going to do it, do it right or don’t. 48. Lady barbershops are where you’ll find a healthy dose of sisterhood and a dash of girl power. The lady with great hands, a sharp mind, and a razor-sharp wit. 49. Barbering is my creative outlet. I get to help other girls feel beautiful like I want to feel when getting my haircut. There’s nothing I love more than making my clients feel good, inside and out. 50. I am a lady; I cut hair. I care about you. I listen to your problems. I make you look & feel bomb. You tell me what you want, and I give it to you. I teach & mentor other barbers and customers how to do/use products to achieve the same results! Can a woman be just as good at a job as a man? Yes, they can. And also, your gender does not define your dreams. No matter what you choose, remember to love what you do! I hope you enjoyed this little collection of lady barber quotes.	<urn:uuid:34db98df-762e-465c-876c-9211230eda96>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://motivationandlove.com/lady-barber-quotes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00670.warc.gz	en	0.960149	2,511	1.515625	2
Even as Red Hat, IBM, and Novell dominate Linux kernel development efforts, the increasing popularity of Linux on smartphones and mobile devices have encouraged wireless companies like Nokia and Samsung to get involved. While corporate giants such as IBM, Novell,and Red Hat continue to play a significant role in Linux kernel development, wireless companies and their suppliers are rapidly stepping up, according to a report from the Linux Foundation. The Linux Kernel Development report , released Dec. 1, examines how fast it's growing and the developers contributing to the project. Since the paper's last update, in August 2009, there have been 1.5 million lines of code added to the kernel, at the rate of 9,058 lines added, 4,495 lines removed, and 1,978 lines changed every day, said Linux Foundation's Amanda McPherson, one of the report's three authors. The other authors were Novell's Greg Kroah-Hartman and LWN.net's Jonathan Carbet. More mobile and embedded companies are participating and sponsoring the Linux Kernel, according to McPherson, listing wireless companies like Nokia, Texas Instruments, and Renasas. Red Hat, IBM, and Novell remain the three largest corporate sponsors for kernel development, but the list also includes Samsung, Sony and AMD. "This certainly should not be a surprise given the rise of Linux usage in devices over the last few years," wrote McPherson. With the growing popularity of Google's Linux-based Android operating system for smartphones and other mobile devices and the excitement surrounding Intel 's and Nokia's joint MeeGo project for tablets, Linux is becoming a key player in the mobile market. All top smartphone makers, excluding Nokia and Apple, have at least one Android phone in their product lineup. Nokia is expected to rollout a slew of MeeGo devices Over 6,100 individual developers from over 600 companies have contributed code to the kernel since 2005, according to the Linux Foundation. The number of developers, participating companies, and the rate code is being added, have been increasing steadily for each release since 2008, according to the report. According to the report, "over 70 percent of all kernel development is demonstrably done by developers who are being paid for their work." Significant features were added to the 2.6.30 release of the kernel in 2009, including Btrfs, perf, and ftrace. The report found that less code was submitted for the latest 2.6.35 release, and the number of developers has also dropped slightly. There's a "step back from the frenzied activity" of the 2.6.30 release, according to the report. There were 11,989 patches for 2.6.30, compared to a mere 9,801 patches for the 2.6.35 release, according to the report. While acknowledging that development rates are "naturally variable" and that kernel development rate has often dipped over time, the authors noted that since 2.6.30, several long-term projects have been completed. The projects include the ext4 and btrfs filesystems, ftrace and perf events subsystems, and the reimplementation of the graphics layer. "Rates of change will naturally slow as the finishing touches are put on these developments," the authors wrote. "The pace of kernel development as a whole can be expected to increase as developers take on new challenges in the future," said the authors. On average, a new release of the kernel is released every 8 to 12 weeks, or on average, about 81 days. The most recent kernel version, 2.6.35, was released in August.	<urn:uuid:87988b8a-3d96-493a-8d01-9fe6814c3ca4>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Linux-and-Open-Source/Nokia-Samsung-Increasing-Support-for-Linux-Kernel-Development-318900	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00323-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956451	758	1.867188	2
Budget Constraint Framework For most of us, the idea of scarcity and trade-offs is something we experience in a very real way when it comes to our own budget constraints. Most of us have a limited amount of money to spend on the things we need and want. Another kind of budget constraint is time. For instance, as a student, you only have twenty-four hours in the day to study, eat, sleep, and check Facebook. An hour spent studying economics is an hour that can’t be used for sleep or play (or something else). As a result, you have to make choices and trade-offs. In economics, a budget constraint refers to all possible combinations of goods that someone can afford, given the prices of goods, when all income (or time) is spent. Take the following example of someone who must choose between two different goods: Charlie has $10 in spending money each week that he can allocate between bus tickets for getting to work and the burgers he eats for lunch. Burgers cost $2 each, and bus tickets are 50 cents each. Figure 1, below, shows Charlie’s budget constraint ($10) and all the possible combinations of burgers and bus tickets he can afford if he spends all his money. The vertical axis in the figure shows burger purchases, and the horizontal axis shows bus ticket purchases. If Charlie spends all his money on burgers, he can afford five per week. ($10 per week/$2 per burger = 5 burgers per week.) But if he does this, he won’t be able to afford any bus tickets. This choice (zero bus tickets and 5 burgers) is shown by point A in the figure. Alternatively, if Charlie spends all his money on bus tickets, he can afford 20 per week. ($10 per week/$0.50 per bus ticket = 20 bus tickets per week.) Then, however, he will not be able to afford any burgers. This alternative choice (20 bus tickets and zero burgers) is shown by point F. The slope of the budget constraint is determined by the relative price of burgers and bus tickets. If Charlie is like most people, he will choose some combination that includes both bus tickets and burgers—that is, he will choose one of the points along the budget-constraint line that connects points A and F. Each point inside or on the budget constraint shows a combination of burgers and bus tickets that Charlie can afford. (A point inside the curve is definitely an option—it just means that Charlie isn’t spending all his money.) Keep in mind that the curve represents the maximum number of burgers and bus tickets he can buy. Any point outside the constraint is not affordable, because it would cost more money than Charlie has in his budget. The budget constraint clearly shows the trade-off Charlie faces in choosing between burgers and bus tickets. Suppose he is currently at point D, where he can afford 12 bus tickets and 2 burgers. What would it cost Charlie for one more burger? It would be natural to answer $2, but that’s not the way economists think. Instead, they ask: How many bus tickets would Charlie have to give up to get one more burger, while staying within his budget? The answer is four bus tickets. That is the true cost to Charlie of one more burger. A budget-constraint diagram like the one above, with just two goods—burgers and bus tickets—is simple and not very realistic. After all, in an economy like ours (and Charlie’s), people choose from thousands of goods. However, economists use graphs and models to illustrate that every choice has an opportunity cost, which is the point that carries over to the real world. In the budget constraint framework, all decisions involve what will happen next: What quantities of goods will you consume? How many hours will you work? How much will you save? Choices made or costs in the past are not taken into account. The budget constraint framework assumes that sunk costs—costs incurred in the past that can’t be recovered—should not affect the current decision. Suppose you pay $8 to see a movie, but after watching the first thirty minutes, you decide that it’s awful. Should you stick it out and watch the rest because you paid for the ticket, or should you leave? The money you spent on the ticket is a sunk cost, and unless the theater manager is feeling generous, you won’t get a refund. But staying for the rest of the movie means paying an opportunity cost in time. Your choice is whether to spend the next ninety minutes suffering through a rotten movie or do something—anything—else. The lesson of sunk costs is to forget about the money and time that is irretrievably gone and to focus, instead, on the costs and benefits of current and future options. A sunk cost is water under the bridge, so to speak. For people and organizations alike, dealing with sunk costs can be frustrating and difficult. For one thing, it often means admitting an earlier error of judgment. Many companies find it hard to give up on a new product that’s doing poorly because they’ve invested so much time and money in the product development and launch. But the lesson of sunk costs is to ignore them and make decisions based on what will happen in the future.	<urn:uuid:cd90e114-fab1-4bec-87b2-2983733d1f87>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-macroeconomics/chapter/reading-budget-constraints-and-choices/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00667.warc.gz	en	0.956731	1,106	3.515625	4
Internal Medicine Infectious Diseases Research The Infectious Diseases Division is home to a range of research programs that aim to improve the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Specific research focuses include the care and treatment of HIV and AIDS, HIV coinfection with tuberculosis or hepatitis C, global health (in particular the immunogenicity and risks of current polio vaccines), transplant infectious diseases, hospital epidemiology, and biofilms and microbial adherence. Research undertaken by the division receives support from a number of sources, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Doris Duke Foundation. The EVMS Infectious Diseases Division has several unique features that provide a variety of research opportunities for trainees and faculty. These include the EVMS Center for the Comprehensive Care of Immune Deficiency (C3ID), where >2000 HIV-infected individuals receive comprehensive HIV care, and our affiliation with Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, where 100 renal transplants, 10-25 heart transplants, and 50 new VAD implantations are performed annually. Both C3ID and Sentara Norfolk General Hospital have electronic medical records that can be utilized for retrospective studies. Furthermore, collaboration with the EVMS Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology allows for laboratory-based research projects.	<urn:uuid:ff890c5c-69f5-41e9-b35e-7073f74f53f4>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.evms.edu/education/centers_institutes_departments/internal_medicine/fellowships/internal_medicine__infectious_disease/curriculum/research_opportunities/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00116-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.910035	254	2.171875	2
When life lets you down, it can feel like your heart has been ripped out. Experiencing abuse, the death of loved one or an unwanted separation can leave you wondering if you will ever be whole again. Shattered dreams can crush your spirit and cause heartbreak so strong that you are convinced you could die from it. You may never replace the loss of a childhood or a relationship. You may have to find some new dreams. But one thing is for certain, and that is unless you allow your heart to heal you will never be far from grief and fear. There was a point in my life that I felt I had been so hurt by others that I couldn’t envisage trusting, let alone loving, ever again. But living in this state of brokenness was like being in an emotional prison. I was resigning myself to a life sentence of nursing old wounds. The trepidation of attachment made me put up the barriers of mistrust and hostility. I alternated from thinking, ‘I’m never going to let anyone near me’, to ‘I’m going to hurt them, before they hurt me’. Relentless self-pity kept me trapped in a vicious cycle of hopelessness. “Just like moons and like suns, With the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still I’ll rise.” ~ Maya Angelou My turning point was the realisation that life goes on. I could choose to stay with the pain of the past or rise above it. There were days when I thought my tears would never stop and the heartache would never ease. But it was only through experiencing my vulnerability that I could be emotionally restored. Over time faith filled me with the promise that I could be freed from the captivity of my mind and gave me hope of a loving future. It gave me the courage to take the risk that the unthinkable would happen – that I would be hurt again. Of course I have been hurt many times since, but the scars of my heart are reminders of its strength. My healing heart means I can get up when I fall. I can smile after the tears. And I can look to the future because of my past not despite of it. As long as I have a heart I can heal. And as long as I can heal I have a heart. What does a healing heart mean to you? Top image thanks to JCSpock http://www.etsy.com/listing/59126689/mixed-media-art-rising-heart-5×7-print Bottom image thanks to Amanda Cass http://www.redbubble.com/people/theartoflove/works/8989590-making-a-fresh-start?c=27861-art-from-the-heart	<urn:uuid:06ea52dc-1513-4b3e-89a9-68df7694b91d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://carolynhughesthehurthealer.wordpress.com/tag/emotional-prison/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00666.warc.gz	en	0.959542	594	1.898438	2
1.1. General characteristics of the work 1.2. Definition of the term «Verbals» II. Main Part Chapter 1 Grammatical overview of English verbals 2.1.1. General characteristics of English verbals 2.1.2. The Infinitive 2.1.3. General characteristics of Participles 2.1.4. The Gerund Chapter 2 Syntax and Semantics of English Verbals 2.2.1. The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence 2.2.2. Infinitive constructions 2.2.3. Syntax and semantics of participles 2.2.4 Predicative constructions with the participles 2.2.5. Syntactical role of the Gerund 2.2.6. Constructions with the Gerund 2.2.7. Control exercises on verbals using 1.1 General characteristics of the work The theme of my qualification work sounds as following: “Syntax and Semantics of Verbals in English”. This qualification work can be characterized by the following: 2. Actuality of the theme. Verbals are the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexico-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech. The mixed features of these forms are revealed in the principal spheres of the part-of-speech characterisation, i.e. in their meaning, structural marking, combinability, and syntactic functions. The processual meaning is exposed by them in a substantive or adjectival-adverbial interpretation: they render processes as peculiar kinds of substances and properties. They are formed by special morphemic elements which do not express either grammatical time or mood (the most specific finite verb categories). They can be combined with verbs like non-processual lexemes (performing non-verbal functions in the sentence), and they can be combined with non-processual lexemes like verbs (performing verbal functions in the sentence). This is the very problem of the verbals in English grammar. So, standing on such ground, I consider that this problem is actual enough to be investigated. 3. The tasks and aims of the work. 1. The first task of my work is to give definition to term “verbals”. 2. The second task is to characterize each type of verbals from grammatical point of view. 3. The aim of third is to describe syntactical functions of each verbal. 4. The last task is to describe constructions with this verbals and their semantic meaning. 4. The novelty of the work. I consider that the novelty of the work is revealed in new materials of the linguists which were published in the Internet. One more novelty is that I will include in this work some control exercises on verbals using, which I had worked out and approbated during my pedagogical practice. 5. Practical significance of the work. In my opinion the practical significance of my work is hard to be overvalued. This work reflects modern trends in linguistics and I hope it would serve as a good manual for those who wants to master modern English language. Also this work can be used by teachers of English language for teaching English grammar. 6. Ways of scientific investigation used within the work. The main method for compiling our work is the method of comparative analysis, translation method and the method of statistical research. 7. Fields of amplification. The present work might find a good way of implying in the following spheres: 1. In High Schools and scientific circles of linguistic kind it can be successfully used by teachers and philologists as modern material for writing research works dealing with English verbals. 2. It can be used by teachers of schools, lyceums and colleges by teachers of English as a practical manual for teaching English grammar. 3. It can be useful for everyone who wants to enlarge his/her knowledge in English. 8. Linguists worked with the theme. As the base for my qualification work I used the works of such world-known linguists as V. Kaushanskaya, B.I.Rogovskaya, B.A.Ilyish, Gordon E.M., O.Jespersen and others 9. Content of the work. The present qualification work consists of four parts: introduction, the main part, conclusion and bibliography. It also includes the appendix where some interesting Internet materials, tables, schemes were gathered. Within the introduction part, which includes two items we gave the brief description of my qualification work (the first item) and gave general notion of the term “Verbals”. The main part of our qualification work includes several items. There I discussed such problems as main features of English verbals, their syntactic functions, described their role sentence, and semantical meanings of constructions with verbals. In the conclusion to my qualification work I tried to draw some results from the scientific investigations made within the main part of my qualification work. In bibliography part I mentioned more than 20 sources of which were used while compiling the present work. It includes linguistic books and articles dealing with the theme, a number of used dictionaries and encyclopedias and also some internet sources. 1.2 Definition of the Term “Verbals” The words of every language fall into classes which are called Parts of Speech. Each part of speech has characteristics of its own. The parts of speech differ from each other in meaning, in form and in function. One of the parts of speech is the Verb. According to content, the verb can be described as word denoting action, the term “action” embracing the meaning of activity (to walk, to speak, to play, to study, process (to sleep, to wait, to live), state (to be, to like, to know), relation (to consist, to resemble, to lack) and the like. According to form, it can be described as a word that has certain grammatical features that are not shared by other parts of speech; they have the category of tense, aspect, voice. According to the function, verb can be defined as a word making up the predicate of the sentence. The English Verbs can be divided into two main groups, according to the function they perform in the sentence – the finite forms and non-finite forms. The finite forms have the function of the predicate in the sentence and may also be called the predicate forms. The non-finite or non-predicative forms can have various other functions. These forms are also called the verbals. The non-finite forms or the verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verbs do not express person, number or mood. Therefore, they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verbs the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ from those of the finite verb. There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund, and the infinitive. In Russian there are also three non-finite forms of the verb, but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language. In English the verbals have the following characteristic traits: a) They have a double nature: nominal and verbal. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective; the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristics of a verb with those of a known. b) The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute like those of the finite verbs, but relative. The form of a verbal does not show whether the action it denotes refers to the present, past or future. It shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it. In the sentence a verbal may occur. a) singling (without accompanying words) Eg. She went away smiling. – Она ушла, улыбаясь. Readingisoutofquestion, Ican’tfixmyattentiononbooks. – О чтении не может быть и речи, я не могу сосредоточить свое внимание на книгах. b) in phrase (i.e. with one or several accompanying words – an object or an adverbial modifier to the verbal). The phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the sentence. A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction. Between the elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not include a noun or pronoun expressed by a verbal. Eg. Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter. – Чтобы не тревожить сестру, он ничего не сказал ей об этом. c) in predicative constructions. Eg. She heard him open the door and go out the yard. – Она услышала, как он открыл дверь и вышел во двор. All the verbals can form predicative constructions. They consist of two elements: a nominal (noun or pronoun) and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive). The verbal element stands in predicate relation to the nominal element. That is to say it stands in the subject and the predicate of the sentence. It most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence. Eg. The sat down to supper, Jerry still talking cheerfully. – Они сели ужинать; Джери продолжал весело разговаривать. “Jerry still talking cheerfully” is a predicate relation to the noun Jerry, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. II. Main Part Chapter 1 Grammatical Overview of English Verbals 2.1.1 General Characteristics of English Verbals The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the finite verb. There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive. In Russian we also have three non-finite forms of the verb, but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language (причастие, деепричастие, инфинитив). The characteristic traits of the verbals. The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows: 1. They have a double nature, nominal and verbal. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective; the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristicsof a verb with those of a noun. 2. The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute (likethose of the finite verb), but relative; the form of a verbal doesnot show whether the action it denotes refers to the present pastor future; it shows only whether the action expressed by the verbalis simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it. 3. All the verbals can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions consisting of two elements, a nominal (noun or pronoun) and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive); the verbal element stands in predicate relation to the nominal element, i.e. in a relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence. They sat down to supper, Manston still talking cheerfully. (Hardy) Они сели ужинать; Мэнстон продолжал весело разговаривать. Manston still talking cheerfully, is a predicative construction with a participle: the participle talking stands in predicate relation to the noun Manston, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. In the sentence a verbal may occur: (a) singly, i.e. without accompanying words. She... went away smiling. (Dreiser) Она... ушла, улыбаясь. Reading is out of the question — I can't fix my attention on books. (Collins) О чтении не может быть и речи — я не могу сосредоточить свое внимание на книгах. To decide is to act. Решить — значитначатьдействовать. (b) in phrases, i.e. with one or several accompanying words (an object or an adverbial modifier to the verbal). The phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the sentence. A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction: between the elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not include a noun or pronoun denoting the doer of the action expressed by a verbal. The windows of the drawing-room opened to a balcony overlooking the garden. (Mansfield) Окна гостиной выходили на балкон, с которого был виден сад. She tried to tranquillize him by reading aloud. (Gaskell) Она пыталась успокоить его тем, что читала ему вслух. Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter. (Hardy) Чтобы не встревожить сестру, он ничего не сказал ей об этом. (c) in predicative constructions. My mistress being dead..., I had to look out for a new place. Так как моя хозяйка умерла, мне пришлось искать другое место. There is no mistake about his being a genius. (Shaw) Не может быть никакого сомнения в том, что он — гений. She heard him unbar the door and go out into the yard. (Hardy) Она слышала, как он отодвинул засов и вышел во двор. The infinitive representing an action in its most general form is often treated as an initial form of the verb , but from the point of view of some linguists the infinitive developed from the "Verbal noun,' which in course of time became verbalized, retaining at the same time some of its nominal properties. Thus in Modern English the infinitive, like the participle and the gerund, has a double nature, nominal and verbal. 1. The nominal character of the infinitive is manifested in its syntactic functions. The infinitive can be used: (a) as the subject of a sentence. To go on like this was dangerous. (Galsworthy) (b) as a predicative. Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night. (Hardy) (c) as an object. I have never learnt to read or write. (Collins) 2. The verbal characteristics of the infinitive are as follows: (a) the infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object. He ... began to feel some curiosity ... (Eliot) (b) the infinitive can be modified by an adverb. I cannot write so quickly. (c) the infinitive has tense and aspect distinctions; the infinitive of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English the infinitive has the following forms: \|\|to be written \|\|to be writing \|\|to be being written \|\|to have written \|\|to have been written \|\|to have been writing \|\|to have been being written The tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive. Like the tense distinctions of all verbals those of the infinitive are not absolute but relative. 1. The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or future. I am glad to meet you. (Dreiser) I was glad to see Mr. Paul. (Ch. Bronte) Mr. Forsyte will be very glad to see you. (Galsworthy) 2. The Continuous Infinitive also denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb, but it is an action in progress. Thus the continuous infinitive is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form, expressing both time relations and the manner in which the action is presented. They happened, at the moment, to be standing near a small conservatory at the end of the garden. (Collins) В этот момент они как раз стояли около небольшой оранжереи в конце сада. 3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. "I'm glad to have seen you," he said. (Dreiser) «Я рад, что повидал вас», — сказал он. An intimate friend is said to have dined with him that day. (Hardy) Говорят, что в этот день у него обедал его близкий друг. After such verbs as to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope used in the Past Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was not carried out. I meant to have gone there. Я собирался пойти туда (но не пошел). I meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a Christmas-box, Sam. I'llgiveityouthisafternoon, Sam. (Dickens) Я хотел подарить вам пять шиллингов на рождество, Сэм; я подарю их вам сегодня, Сэм. The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive. I had meant to go there. He had meant to marry me. (Eliot) Он имел намерение жениться на мне. Some English grammarians prefer the latter construction. Note. — The idea, however, is often expressed in the following way: I meant to go there, but never did. 4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted a certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form. For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. (Jerome) Дней десять мы, казалось, питались только холодным мясом, печеньем и хлебом с вареньем. The voice distinctions of the infinitive. The infinitive of transitive verbs has special forms for the Active and the Passive Voice: It is so glorious to love and to be loved... (Stone) Так прекрасно любить и быть любимым. In sentences with the construction there is the infinitive of some verbs can be active or passive without any change in the meaning: There's no time to lose. (Dreiser) There is no time to be lost. (Eliot) There is nothing to fear (to be feared). The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive). In Modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle to . In Old English to was a preposition used with the infinitive in the dative case to indicate purpose (to writenne meant 'in order to write'). Later on to was re-interpreted as the formal sign of the infinitive and came to be used not only to denote purpose but in other cases as well. Still there are cases when the so-called bare infinitive (the infinitive without the particle to) is used. They are as follows: 1. After auxiliary verbs. I don't understand the meaning of this passage. We shall go there at once. 2. After modal verbs except the verb ought. If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has (Wilson) 3. After verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to feel etc. In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room. (Hardy) Через несколько минут они услышали, что он поднимается но лестнице в свою комнату. I never saw, you look so before. (Hardy) Я никогда не видел, чтобы вы так хорошо выглядели. I felt my heart jump. (Heym) Я почувствовал, что у меня ёкнуло сердце. The verb to be after the verb to feel is used with the particle to: I felt this to be very true. (Dickens) Я чувствовал, что это совершенно верно. 4. After the verb to let. Let us be the best friends in the world! (Dickens) 5. After the verb “to make” in the meaning of 'заставлять' and the verb “to have” in the meaning of 'заставлять, допускать, велеть'. What makes you think so? (Carter) Что заставляет вас так думать? I... had them take my baggage. (Hemingway) Я... велел им взять мой багаж. The verb to have in the meaning of 'допускать' is chiefly used after the modal verbs will and would in negative sentences. I will not have you call him Daniel any more. (Trollope) Я не допущу, чтобы вы продолжали называть его Даниэлем. 1 would not have you think that I am selfish. (Trollope) Я не допущу, чтобы вы считали меня эгоистом. 6. After the verb to know when its meaning approaches that of to see, to observe (the verb to know never has this meaning in the Present Indefinite). I have so often known a change of medicine work wonders. (Shaw) Я так часто замечала, что перемена лекарства творит чудеса. In this case, however, the particle to is sometimes used: I have never known her to weep before. (Cronin) Я никогда, раньше не видел, чтобы она плакала. After the verbs ‘to hear’, ‘to see’, ‘to make’ and ‘to know’ in the Passive Voice the to-Infinitive is used. He was heard to mention your name several times. Слышали, как он несколько раз упомянул ваше имя. They were seen to leave the house early in the morning. Видели, что они рано утром вышли из дома. The child was made to obey. Sir Pitt Crawley was never known to give away a shilling or to do a good action. Никто никогда не видел, чтобы сэр Питт Кроули дал кому-нибудь шиллинг или сделал доброе дело. 7. After the verb to bid. I bowed and waited, thinking she would bid me take a seat. (E. Bronte) Я поклонился и подождал, думая, что она предложит мне сесть. The verb to bid is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech. 8. After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but. You had better go to bed and leave the patient to me. (Shaw) Вы бы лучше легли спать и оставили пациента на моем попечении. I would rather not speak upon the subject. (Hardy), Я бы предпочел не говорить на эту тему. I would sooner die here, .at your feet ... than see you married to such a one as that. (Trollope) Я предпочел бы умереть здесь, у ваших ног ..., чем видеть вас замужем за таким человеком. 1 cannot but think so. (Trollope) Я не могу не думать так. There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait. Единственное, что ему оставалось, — это наблюдать и ждать. She does nothing but make scenes from morning till night. (Shaw) Она только и делает, что устраивает сцены с утра до ночи. I looked long at that picture, and could not choose but look. (Ch. Bronte) Я долго смотрела на эту картину и не могла не смотреть на нее. ‘Had better’, ‘would rather’, ‘to do nothing but’ belong to colloquial English, whereas cannot but and cannot choose but are characteristic of elevated style. 9. In sentences of a special type (infinitive sentences) beginning with why. Why not come and talk to her yourself? (Reade) Почему бы нам самой не прийти поговорить с ней? The particle to is often used without the infinitive if it is easily understood from the context. He and his three men could not defend Rollingen even if they wanted to. (Heym) Он и трое его солдат не могли бы оборонять Роллинген, даже если бы захотели. The particle ‘to’ may be separated from the infinitive by an adverb; this is the so-called split infinitive. It is hardly ever used in colloquial English. He was unable, however, to long keep silence. (Galsworthy) Он был, однако, не в состоянии долго молчать. 2.1.3 General Characteristics of Participles The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character. There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle. These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice. Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed: (a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped beforeadding the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing. (b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel renderinga short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before addingthe suffix -ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit—admitting. A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel — travelling. (c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying. A final у is not changed before adding the suffix -ing: to comply — complying, to deny — denying. The formation of Participle II. According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs. 1. Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in -e. to want —wanted The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced: [ıd] after t, d: wanted [wɔntıd], landed [lændıd] [d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels: opened ['əupənd], played [pleıd]; [t] after voiceless consonants except t: The following spelling rules should be observed: (a) Final у is changed into i before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant. to carry — carried у remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel. to enjoy — enjoyed (b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. to stop —stopped Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel. to occur —- occurred Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong, to appear — appeared Final l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed: to compel — compelled 2. Irregular verbs. Here belong the following groups of verbs: (a) verbs which change their root vowel. to sing —sang — sung (b) verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Participle II. to speak —spoke —spoken (c) verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or -t. to sell —sold —sold (d) verbs which change their final -d into -t. to send —sent —sent (e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle II. to put — put — put (f) verbs whose forms come from different stems. to be — was, were — been to go — went — gone (g) special irregular verbs. to have — had — had to make — made — made to do —did —done (h) defective (anomalous) verbs. can — could may — might will — would shall — should 3. Mixed verbs, their Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle It is of the irregular type: to show — showed — shown As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier. (Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc. E.g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished apartment.) I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (DuMarnier) (attribute) Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше. And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (attribute) Затем она открыла книгу па титульном листе и посмотрела на имя, написанное ученическим почерком. The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows: 1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object. Opening the door, he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy) 2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb. Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out. (Thackeray) Deeply affected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett) 3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitiveverbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle Ihas the following forms: \|\|having been written The tense distinctions of the participle. Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative. Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future. When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can't help laughing. When reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn't help laughing. When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter. He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy) Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа. Me returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy) Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка. Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte) Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали. Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring tono particular time. The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy) После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая вела) в Бат. Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees..., began to eat and drink. (Dickens) Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить. They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together.(Walpole) Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в школе. It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, lie went up to a smith's shop. (Hardy) Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он подошел к кузнице. Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy) Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу. Participle II has no tense distinctions; ithas only one formwhich can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; thelatter case is morefrequent. His sister's eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy) Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением, заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер. I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (DuMaurier) Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее. In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time. He is a man loved and admired by everybody. The voice distinctions of the participle. Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice. When writing letters lie does not like to be disturbed. Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out. Having written some letters he went to post them. Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible. Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e. g. a broken glass, a caged bird. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent [unction in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf. 2.1.4 The Gerund The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I. As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows: 1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative. They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT) I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT) The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE) 2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition. I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway) 3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun. "I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement," he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy) «Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он тетушке Энн. Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy) Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней? The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle: 1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object. 1 had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift) 2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb. She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy) 3. The gerund has tense- distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows: \|\|having been written There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways: (a) by a noun. Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield) Танцы еще не начались. (b) by an infinitive. She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence) Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано. It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy) Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло. (c) by “деепричастие”. And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (DuMaurier) И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел. On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. (Dickens) Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку. (d) by a subordinate clause. He regretted now having come. (Galsworthy) Теперь он сожалел, что пришел. It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser) Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят. After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins) После того как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи, он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла. The tense distinctions of the gerund. The tense distinctions of the gerund; like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative. 1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future. He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens) Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая. She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy) Она шла, не поворачивая головы. 2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb. She denies having spoken with him. Она отрицает, что говорила с ним. He was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett) Ему было стыдно, что он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень слабое. However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after, and, without. I don't remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy) Я не помню, чтобы я когда-нибудь слышала эту легенду. You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins) Вы должны извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам раньше. I thank you for restraining me just now. (Ch. Bronte) Я благодарен вам за то, что вы сейчас помогли мне сдержаться. On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade. . (Collins) The Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above mentioned verbs and prepositions. He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy) Он не помнил, чтобы когда-нибудь был в этой комнате. The voice distinctions of the gerund. The gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the passive voice. He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to. (Maugham) Он не любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чтение. It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning. "The slums want attending to, no doubt," he said. (Galsworthy) «Без сомнения, трущобами надо заняться», — сказал он. He realized that his room needed painting. Он понял, что его комнату надо покрасить. Differences Between Gerund and the Participle/Verbal Noun The gerund and the participle. In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty. Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object, and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions is always preceded by a preposition. There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle used as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking-stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table, etc. If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the mg-form: e.g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing child, etc. However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts. The gerund and verbal noun. The gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are as follows: \|\|Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character— nominal and verbal. \|\|The verbal noun has only a nominal character. \|\|The gerund is not used with an article. The verbal noun may be used with an article. The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of bureaucrats. (Fox) I want you to give my hair a good brushing. (Hardy) \|\|The gerund has no plural form. The verbal noun may be used in the plural. Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. (Ch. Bronte) The gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object. He received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. (Priestley) A verbal noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the preposition of. Meanwhile Gwendolen was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper. (Eliot) The gerund may be modified by an adverb. Drinking, even temperately, was a sin. (Dreiser) The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective. He (Tom) took a good scolding about clodding Sid. (Twain ) Chapter 2 Syntax and Semantics of English Verbals 2.2.1 The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence The infinitive can be used in different syntactic functions. A single infinitive occurs but seldom: in most cases we find an infinitive phrase, i.e. an infinitive with one or several accompanying words. The infinitive as a subject. To doubt, under the circumstances, is almost to insult. (Ch. Bronte) Сомневаться при таких обстоятельствах — это почти означает нанести оскорбление. То acquire knowledge and to acquire it unceasingly, is the first duty of the artist. (Thurston) Приобретать знания, и приобретать их непрерывно, — вот первый долг художника. From these examples we can see that the infinitive as a subject can be rendered in Russian by an infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause. Though the infinitive as the subject sometimes precedes the predicate, cases when it follows the predicate are far more common; with the infinitive in the latter position, the sentence opens with the introductory it, which serves as an introductory subject. The introductory it is not translated into Russian. It is useless to discuss the question. (Eliot) Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос. It was pleasant to be driving a car again. (Braine) Было приятно снова вести машину. The infinitive as a predicative. My intention is to get into parliament. (Trollope) Моя цель — пройти в парламент. The infinitive can also be used as part of a predicative. The abode of Mrs. Betty was not easy to find. (Dickens) Жилище миссис Бетти было нелегко найти. The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate. (a) With modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs expressing modality the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate. We must not leave him by himself any longer. (Dickens) The train was to leave at midnight. (Hemingway) (b) With verbs denoting the beginning, duration, or end of an action the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. Imprisonment began to tell upon him. (Dickens) Before daylight it started to drizzle. (Hemingway) The infinitive as an object. Leila had learned to dance at boarding school. (Mansfield) After the verbs to allow, to order, to ask, to beg, to request, to implore, to teach, to instruct we often find two objects, one of which is expressed by an infinitive. After waiting some time, Mrs. Clements ... ordered the cabman to drive back to her lodgings. (Collins) He asked me to walk in. (Collins) The infinitive used as an object can be preceded by the introductory object it. The introductory object is not translated into Russian. He found it utterly impossible to leave the spot. (Hardy) Он считал совершенно невозможным покинуть это место. The infinitive as part of a complex object. I never saw you act this way before. (Dreiser) Я никогда раньше не видел, чтобы вы так поступали. The infinitive as an attribute. The use of the infinitive as an attribute is far more extensive in English than in Russian: in Russian it modifies only abstract nouns, whereas in English it modifies both abstract and class nouns, indefinite pronouns (somebody, something, anybody, anything, etc.), ordinal numerals and the adjective last. The infinitive as an attribute is rendered in Russian by an infinitive (chiefly after abstract nouns), by a subordinate clause or by a finite verb serving as the predicate of a simple sentence (after ordinal numerals and the adjective last). I have not had time to examine this room yet. (ConanDoyle) У меня еще не было времени осмотреть эту комнату. Bathsheba was not a woman ... to suffer in silence. (Hardy) Батшеба была не такая женщина, которая стала бы страдать молча. The infinitive used as an attribute often has a modal significance — it expresses an action thought of as obligatory or possible. I've got my wife and little boy to look after. (Dreiser) У меня есть жена и ребенок, о которых я должен заботиться. There must be a lot of things in this world to make you very unhappy. (Thurston) В этом мире, должно быть, много такого, что может сделать вас несчастным. Tess was no insignificant creature to toy with and dismiss. (Hardy) Тэсс была не такое незначительное существо, с которым можно поиграть и бросить. Sometimes the infinitive used as an attribute implies a more or less prominent idea of purpose. Here is a nice book to read before going to bed. Вот книга, которую хорошо почитать перед сном. Here is a charming little cottage to spend the summer in. Вот очаровательный коттедж, is котором можно хорошо провести лето. The infinitive as an adverbial modifier. (a) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of purpose. Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to stay within. (Heym) Законы были созданы не для того, чтобы их нарушать, а для того, чтобы им подчиняться. The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose can be introduced by in order and so as. Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. (Heym) Иногда отступают для того, чтобы вновь перейти в наступление. (b) The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of result. This chiefly occurs after adjectives modified by the adverbs enough and too. His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest. (Heym) Глаза у него были достаточно зоркие, чтобы позаботиться о собственной выгоде. The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result is also to be found in sentences of the following type: He was so weak as to be unable to work. Он был так слаб, что не мог работать. As the above examples show the result expressed by the infinitive is often negative. (c) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of comparison (manner); in most cases with an additional meaning of purpose. In this function it is introduced by the conjunction ‘as if’ or ‘as though'. She nervously moved her hand towards his lips as if to stop him ... (Dickens) Она нервно протянула руку к его губам, как будто хотела остановить его. (d) The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. She was driven away, never to revisit this neighbourhood. (Ch. Bronte) Она была вынуждена уехать и больше не вернулась в эти места. I am sorry to have raised your expectations, Mr. Blake, only to disappoint them. (Collins) Мне очень жаль, что я пробудил в вас надежду, мистер Блейк, только для того, чтобы затем отнять ее. Some grammarians maintain that in sentences of this type the infinitive performs the function of an adverbial modifier of result (consequence). The infinitive as parenthesis. Well, to cut a long story short, they thought it would be more economical to live at the villa. (Maugham) Короче говоря, они решили, что будет дешевле жить на вилле. Не was rude, to say the least of it. On был груб, чтобы не сказать больше. In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the infinitive: (1) the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction; (2) the Subjective Infinitive Construction; (3) the or-to-Infinitive Construction. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. In translating the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction into Russian we nearly always use a subordinate clause. He's a wonderful teacher and I've never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. (Wilson) Он замечательный учитель, и я никогда не видел, чтобы он вышел из себя или рассердился из-за чего-нибудь. However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-he-Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence. ... the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations. (Heym) ... от ночных бомбежек старые степы содрогались до самого основания (бомбежки заставляли стены содрогаться). 1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc. I haven't heard anyone call me. (Wilde) Я не слышал, 'чтобы кто-нибудь меня звал. I saw Brown enter the room. (Braine) Я видел, как Браун вошел в комнату. After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II. I saw the fire slowly conquered. (Collins) Я видел как пожар постепенно потушили. If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used. He saw Fleur coming. (Galsworthy) The verb to see is followed by a clause and not by the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction when it is not really a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to understand'. I saw that he did not realize the danger. Я видел (понимал), что он не сознает опасности. After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases. I saw that he was pale. When the verb to hear is not a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to learn', 'to be told', a clause or a gerund (and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive) is used. I hear that he left for the South (of his having left for the South). Я слышал (мне сказали), что он уехал на юг. 2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc. After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction the verb to be is generally used. (This restriction does not apply to the verb to expect.) The use of this construction after most verbs of mental activity is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style. I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. (Hardy) Я знаю, что вы самое честное и безупречное существо из всех, когда-либо живших на свете. I believe him to have no conscience at all. (Hardy) Я считаю, что у него совершенно нет совести. After verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom. The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before.(Hardy) Доктор установил, что его сердце перестало биться два часа тому назад. Note, — With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive. Boldwood thought her beautiful. (Hardy) She found the subject rather interesting (Dickens) You consider yourself an impressive person, eh? (Shaw) 3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report. The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one. Врач сказал, что рана легкая. She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence. Она заявила, что это самый непослушный ребенок на свете. 4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: ‘to want’, ‘to wish’, ‘to desire’, ‘to mean’, ‘to intend’, ‘to choose’ (in the meaning of 'хотеть'). I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens) Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли пообедать со мной. I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night. (Dickens) Я очень хотел, чтобы эти книги были возвращены сегодня. She desired me to follow her upstairs. (Ch. Bronte) Она велела, чтобы я пошла за ней наверх. 5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expression denoting feeling and emotion: ‘to like’, ‘to dislike’, ‘to love’, ‘to hate’, ‘cannot bear’, etc. I dislike you to talk like that. Я не люблю, когда вы так говорите. I hate him to be flogged. (E. Bronte) Я терпеть не могу, когда его бьют. I cannot bear you to speak of that. (Eliot) Я не могу выносить, когда вы говорите об этом. 6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc. Here we find the Objective with the Infinitive only if the object is expressed by a noun or pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer and to have. Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. (Dickens) Мистер Мердль приказал, чтобы экипаж был готов рано утром. She ... had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips. (Trollope) Она никогда не позволяла себе произносить имя Джона Гордона. Не ordered the boy to be put to bed. The teacher ordered the room to be aired. After such verbs as "to order" and "to allow" the Infinitive in the Active Voice can be used only when these verbs are followed by an object denoting a person who is ordered or allowed to do something. The dean allowed the secretary to change the time-table. Here we find two direct objects and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Such sentences as "the dean ordered to change the time-table" are impossible in English whereas in Russian they are widely used. So when translating such sentences into English we use the objective with the Infinitive Construction where the Infinitive is in the Passive Voice. The dean allowed the time-table to be changed. Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul. Мистер Домби неохотно разрешил (позволил скрепя сердце) Флоренс играть с Полем. She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room. (Collins) Она позволила мистеру Франклину отвести себя обратно в комнату. From these examples we see that the verb to suffer, when followed by the Objective with the Infinitive, is rendered in affirmative sentences by ‘неохотноразрешить’, ‘позволить’ (скрепясердце). In negative sentences it is rendered by ‘допускать’. The verb to have denotes permission only in negative sentences; it is very close in meaning to the verb to suffer and is translated in the same way. 7. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of 'заставить'). to cause (in the meaning of 'заставить', 'распорядиться'), to get (in the meaning of 'добиться'), to have (in the meaning of 'заставить; сказатьчтобы'). Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head. (London) Легкие шаги по гравию заставили его повернуть голову. The noise caused her to awake. От шума она проснулась (шум заставил ее проснуться). Site caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsworthy) Она распорядилась, чтобы ему послали телеграмму. 8. Though the infinitive as a rule is not used with verbs requiring prepositions, the Objective with the Infinitive is widely used with the preposition ‘for’. Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or upon (after the verb to rely). I rely on you to come in time. Я рассчитываю, что вы придете вовремя. I rely upon you not to go over to the opposition. (Dickens) Я рассчитываю, что вы не перейдете на сторону противника. The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The Subjective Infinitive Construction (traditionally called the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens) Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня. The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice: 1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc. Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily. (Dickens) Слышно было, как смеется Боб Сойер. The rider was seen to disappear in the distance. Видно было, как всадник скрылся вдали. If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used. Tess's father was heard approaching at that moment. (Hardy) В этот момент они услышали, что подходит отец Тэсс. 2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to knew, to expect, to believe, to suppose. He was thought to be honest and kindly. (Dreiser) Его считали честным и добрым человеком. My father ... was considered by many to be a great man. (GowandD'Usseau) Многие считали моего отца незаурядным человеком. 3. With the verb to make. Little Abraham was aroused... and made to put on his clothes ... (Hardy) 4. With Verbs to say and to report. The gods had given Irene dark-brown eyes and golden hair, which is said to be the mark of a weak character. (Galsworthy) Боги наделили Ирэн темно-карими глазами и золотистыми волосами, что, как говорят, является признаком слабости характера. From these examples we can see that in translating sentences containing the Subjective Infinitive Construction after verbs in the Passive Voice a complex sentence is mostly used: its principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личноепредложение). After verbs in the Passive Voice the Subjective Infinitive-Construction is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make; with these verbs the Subjective Infinitive can be found both in fiction and in colloquial language. The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the word-groups to be likely, to be sure, and to be certain. The parish is not likely to quarrel with him for the right to keep the child. (Eliot) Приход вряд ли будет оспаривать у него право содержать этого ребенка. Sentences of this kind are rendered in Russian by a simple sentence with a modal word. Note the difference between: He is sure to come. He is sure of coming. Он уверен, что он придет. The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following pairs of synonyms: to seem and to appear; to happen and to chance (the latter is literary); to prove and to turn out. They seemed to have quite forgotten him already. (Hardy) Они, казалось (по-видимому), уже совершенно забыли его. Her eyes appeared always to gaze beyond, and far beyond. (E. Bronte) Ее глаза, казалось, всегда были устремлены куда-то далеко-далеко. Mrs. Cowperwood, in spite of the difference in their years, appeared to be a fit mate for him at this time. (Dreiser) Несмотря на разницу в возрасте, миссис Каупервуд в этот период его жизни, по-видимому (казалось), была для ,него подходящей женой. The infinitive in sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction cannot refer to a future action except with verbs and word-groups whose meaning allows of it: to expect, to be sure (certain), to be likely. We are sure to come at the heart of the matter. (Dickens) Мы обязательно доберемся до сути дела. Не is expected to give us an answer to-morrow. Ожидают, что он даст нам ответ завтра. The for-to-Infiriitive Construction. The for-to-lnfinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for. In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used. The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be: 1. Subject (often with the introductory it). For me to ask would be treason, and for me to be told would be treason. (Wilson) Если бы я спросила, это было бы предательством; если бы мне сказали, это было бы предательством. I sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser) Я часто думаю, что стыдно людям тратить на это так много денег. That was for him to find out. (Eliot) Выяснить это должен был он. 3. Complex object. Me waited for her to speak. (Hardy) Он ждал, когда она заговорит. He asked for the papers to be- brought. I am very anxious for Mr. Headstone to succeed in all he undertakes. (Dickens) Мне очень хочется, чтобы мистеру Хедстону удавалось все, за что он берется. The best thing for you to do is to bide here with your load. I'll send somebody to help you. (Hardy) Самое лучшее, что вы можете сделать, — это подождать здесь с вашей поклажей. Япришлюкого-нибудьпомочьвам. There was really nothing for him to do but what he had done. (Dreiser) Ему действительно ничего не оставалось делать, кроме того, что он сделал (единственное, что ему оставалось сделать, было то, что он сделал). 5. Adverbial modifier: (a) of purpose. Here's the thermometer: they've left it for the doctor to see instead of shaking it down. (Shaw) Вот термометр; его не стряхнули, чтобы доктор мог посмотреть температуру. Не stepped aside for me to pass. (DuMarnier) Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я могла пройти. (b) of result. The pleasure of accompanying you was too great a temptation for me to resist. (Collins) Удовольствие сопровождать вас было так велико, что я не мог ему противиться. But he had consented, and it was too late for him now to recede. (Trollope) Но он уже дал согласие, и теперь было поздно отступать. With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive. 1 am glad (pleased) to have got a ticket for the concert. I am glad to have seen you. (Dreiser) I am very sorry to have done a man wrong, particularly when it can't be undone. (Dickens) In other cases a clause is used with to be glad and to be sorry. I am glad you got a ticket for the concert. Syntax and Semantics of Participles Participle I as an attribute. Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие. The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted. Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен. We admired the stars twinkling in the sky. Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе. In some cases Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause. He came back and stood --resolute on the steps leading down to the street. (Cusack) Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на улицу. In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in preposition and in postposition, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifies, and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words. The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy) Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж. Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words. They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hichens) Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию. Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July sunlight at five o'clock fell just where the broad staircase turned. (Galsworthy) Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот широкой лестницы. Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute. There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home... which interested him greatly. (Dreiser) Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких кварталах, от его нового дома. Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used attributively. Attention should be paid to the fact that Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; therefore, it often happens that when in Russian we have причастие in English we find a finite verb. Such is the case with the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени expressing priority; it is rendered in English by an attributive clause. Татьяна, с великим равнодушием переносившая до того мгновения все превратности своей жизни, тут, однако, не вытерпела, прослезилась. (Тургенев) Tatiana, who had until that momentborne all the ups and downs of her life with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into tears. '' (TranslatedbyDomb) Бульба повел сыновей своих в светлицу, откуда проворно выбежали две красивые девки-прислужницы, прибиравшие комнату. (Гоголь) Bulba bade his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence two pretty serving-wenches, who bad been arranging the room, ran out. (Translated by Baskerville) A clause, not a participle, is generally used in English even when the Russian действительное причастиепрошедшеговремениexpresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Базаров закурил трубку и подошел к ямщику, отпрягавшему лошадей. (Тургенев) Bazarov lit his pipe and went up to the driver who was unharnessing the horses. (Translatedby С. Garnett) Матушка, знавшая наизусть все его обычаи..., всегда старалась засунуть несчастную книгу подальше. (Пушкин) My mother, who knew all his habits, used to thrust the obnoxious volume into some remote hiding-place. (Translated 'by J. and T. Litvinov) Occasionally, however, in rendering the Russian действительное причастие прошедшего времени, a participle is used in English. This is often the case when действительное причастие прошедшего времени refers to no particular time. Заря уже занималась на небе, когда Соломин постучался в калитку высокого забора, окружавшего фабрику. (Тургенев) Dawn was already beginning in the sky when Solomin knocked at the gate in the high fence surrounding the factory. (Translatedby С Garnett) Потом он обратил внимание посетителей на висевшую над его головой картину, писанную масляными красками. (Тургенев) Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hanging above his head, painted in oils. ('Translated by C. Garnett) In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i.e. it acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually separated by a comma. It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north aisle. (Hardy) Это был вход в большой фамильный склеп, простиравшийся под северным приделом храма. Participle I as an adverbial modifier. All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier. Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие несовершенного вида; Participle I Perfect expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian деепричастие совершенного вида. In some cases Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause. Participle I can be an adverbial modifier: (a) of time. Approaching Malta Street, Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those years in Brighton. (Galsworthy) Приближаясь к Мальта Стрит в Сохо, Сомc с удивлением думал о годах, проведенных в Брайтоне. Having closed the drawing-room door on him, Isabel awaited a little, absorbed in her own thoughts. (Collins) Закрыв за ним дверь гостиной, Изабелла подождала немного, погруженная в свои мысли. As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, "to seize, to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. In Russian деепричастие совершенного вида is used in such cases. Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him. (Eliot) Анна..., услышав его шаги, побежала вниз по лестнице встретить его. Arriving there the visitor found everything that should be found at old manors. (Coppard) Приехав туда, гость нашел все то, что обычно находят в старых поместьях. Entering her room that evening, Elfride found a packet for herself on the dressing-table. (Hardy) Войдя вечером в свою комнату, Элфрид нашла на туалетном столе сверток. If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used. …it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet, to survey with pride an original willow pattern tea service. (Cronin) Экхарт мог, пока он одевался, с гордостью любоваться чайным сервизом с настоящим китайским рисунком. While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove. (London) Дожидаясь, когдазакипитвода, оннаклонилсянадпечкой. Participle I Indefinite of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Clauses of the type 'Когда он был ребенком...,' 'Когда он был в Ленинграде...' may be translated When a boy.... When he was a boy..., When in Leningrad..., When he was in Leningrad. .. (b) of cause. Being of a more slender figure than Mr. Jarndyce, and having a richer complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger. (Dickens) Так как мистер Скимпоул был стройнее мистера Джарндайса и так как цвет лица у него был лучше, он выглядел моложе. Having been a little in that line myself, I understood it. (Shaw) Так как я сам раньше некоторое время работал в этой области, я понимал это. (с) of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function Participle I Indefinite is mostly used. She balanced herself on the curbstone and began to walk carefully, setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps. (Heym) (adverbialmodifierofmanner) Она встала на край тротуара и осторожно пошла вперед, переступая с пятки па кончики пальцев и считая свои шаги. Gwendolyn was silent, again looking at her hands. (Eliot)(adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances) Гвендолин молчала, разглядывая свои руки. It is not always easy to discriminate between an adverbial modifier of manner and an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. He has been in three revolutions fighting on the barricades.(Shaw) Он принимал участие в трех революциях, сражаясь па баррикадах. (d) of comparison. In this function Participle I is introduced by the conjunction as if or as though. This was said as if thinking aloud. (Gaskell) Это было сказано так, как будто он думал вслух. ... he was still on his guard, as though waiting for a furtherquestion from me. (DuMarnier) Он все еще был настороже, словно ожидая, что я задам ему еще один вопрос. Participle I as a predicative. In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in Russian by an adjective. The effect of her words was terrifying. Впечатление, произведенное ее словами, было страшно. The whole damned day had been humiliating. (Priestley) Весь этот ужасный день был унизительным. Participle I as part of a complex object. I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs. (Galsworthy) Я видел, как этот молодой человек и его жена разговаривали с нами па лестнице. Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate. Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below. (Hardy) Вскоре они услышали, что через комнату вниз прошел еще кто-то. Participial phrase as parenthesis. Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used in this function. Generally speaking, I don't like boys. (Dickens) Вообще говоря, я не люблю мальчиков. Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life. (Collins) Судя по внешности, мистер Баумор был человек преждевременно состарившийся и измученный тяготами жизни. Participle II as an attribute. When used as an attribute Participle II of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian страдательноепричастиеor действительноепричастиеof some verbs ending in -ся, е. g. a broken chair (сломанныйстул), a broken cup (разбитаячашка), a newspaper published in Moscow (газета, издаваемая в Москве), the problem discussed at the meeting (вопрос, обсуждавшийсянасобрании). Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in preposition (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words). He answered through the locked door. (Wells) Он ответил через закрытую дверь. They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps. (Eliot) Они свернули в большую оранжерею, красиво освещенную китайскими фонариками. Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian действительное причастиеor to an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves (увядшиелистья), a withered flower (засохшийцветок), a retired colonel (отставнойполковник), a fallen star (упавшаязвезда), the vanished jewels (пропавшиедрагоценности). An attribute expressed by Participle II may be detached; in .this case it often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier: The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing of the bell. (ConanDoyle) Экономка вышла из своей комнаты, привлеченная неистовым звоном колокольчика. Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) ascended to his new room. (Dreiser) Сопровождаемый отцом и Стеджером (в сопровождении отца и Стеджера), он поднялся в свою новую комнату. Participle II as an adverbial modifier. In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause. Participle II can be an adverbial modifier: (a) of time. When guestioned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious about her brother-in-law. (Crohin) Когда Энни стали расспрашивать, она дала понять..., что беспокоится о своем шурине. (b) of condition. It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if discovered, would bring them into the police court. (Cronin) To, что он предлагал, было ужасно: это было нарушение закона, и, если бы оно открылось, их отдали бы под суд. (c) of comparison. As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. (Galsworthy) Он плакал, словно его мучили внутренняя борьба и сомнения. Mr. Kantwiseshook his head as though lost in wonder and admiration. (Trollope) Мистер Кэитуайуз покачал головой, словно переполненный чувством удивления и восхищения. (d) of concession. ... her spirit, though crushed, was not broken. (A. Bronte) ... хотя она и была подавлена, она не была сломлена. Other grammarians view of the analysis of such word-groups as when questioned... , if discovered... , as if torn..., though crushed... is different. They consider such word-groups to be elliptical clauses and not participial phrases. Participle II as a predicative. In spite of himself, Val was impressed. (Galsworthy) На Вэла это произвело впечатление, помимо его воли. The inner gate was locked, and the lodge closed. (Dickens) Внутренние ворота были заперты, и помещение привратника закрыто. Participle II as part of a complex object. She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed. (Collins) Она нашла, что я ничуть не переменился, а я нашел, что она изменилась. Predicative constructions with the participle In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the participle: (1) the Objective Participial Construction; (2) the Subjective Participial Construction; (3) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction; (4) the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. The Objective Participial Construction. The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily. (Hardy) Ей было слышно как на соседней койке тяжело дышит ее мачеха. The participle breaking is in predicate relation to the noun “stepmother”, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Russian. The Objective Participial Construction may be found: (a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc. Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser) Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи. 1 heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle) She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy) She found him waiting for her at her journey's end... (Dickens) I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins) (b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand. I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot) Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером. (c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used. The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett) Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро. (d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used. In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject' of the sentence. ‘Thus had the piano tuned’ means 'I made someone tune the piano'. I had my coat altered. Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его). He ... had several bottles of wine brought ... (Dreiser) Ему ... принесли несколько бутылок вина. In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used: Why don't you have your hair waved? (DuMaurier) Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)? Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle. The wounded man had his leg amputated. Раненому ампутировали ногу. The Subjective Participial Construction. The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение). The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. They were heard talking together... (Collins) This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception. The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy) Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence. The door and window of the vacant room being open, welooked in. (Dickens) Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее. In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier: (a) of time. The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son'sletter. (Collins) Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына. This duty completed, he had three months' leave. (Hardy) Когда эта работа была закончена, он получил трехмесячный отпуск. (b) of cause. It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs (Dickens) Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх. A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it, Clare, went out. (Hardy) Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр вышел. (с) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used. He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome) Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним. One morning he stood in front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the glass. (Dreiser) Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к стеклу. (d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing. Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow. Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра. Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of conciliation is left. Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает, не остается никакой надежды на примирение. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастныйоборот. They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe. (Lindsay) Они снова шли вперед; Хью спокойно покуривал свою трубку. The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground. (Dickens) Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon. Grandcourt... rose and strolled out on the lawn, all the dogs following him. (Eliot) Mr. Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate business to do. (Dickens) Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup of coffee. (Maltz) Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly green after the rain of the night before. (Dreiser) He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the door. (Eliot) 2.2.5 Syntactical Role of the Gerund The gerund may be used in various syntactic functions. A single gerund occurs but seldom; in most cases we find a gerundial phrase or a gerundial construction. 1. The gerund as a subject. Talking mends no holes, (proverb) Разговоры не помогают в беде. Waiting for the Professor was a lame excuse for doing nothing. (Heym) To, что мы ждали профессора, было слабым оправданием тому, что мы ничего не делали. The gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases the sentence opens with the introductory it (which serves as an introductory subject) or with the construction there is. It's no use talking like that to me. (Shaw) Бесполезно говорить со мной в таком тоне. There was no mistaking the expression on her face. (Collins) Выражения ее лица нельзя было не понять. There is another view according to which it is the subject and the rest of the sentence is the predicate. 2. The gerund as a predicative. The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed. (Collins) Единственное средство от такой головной боли, как у меня, — это лечь спать. 3. The gerund as part of a compound verbal predicate. (a) With verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate. We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc. (Ch. Bronte) Мы хотим поехать в Швейцарию и подняться па Монблан. Joseph could not help admiring the man. (Heym) Джозеф не мог не восхищаться этим человеком. (b) With verbs denoting the beginning, the duration, or the end of an action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. She began sobbing and weeping. (Dickens) In the night it started raining. (Hemingway) Bathsheba continued walking. (Hardy) Tom went on whitewashing. (Twain) 4. The gerund as an object. The gerund may be used as a direct object and as a prepositional indirect object. I simply love riding. (Galsworthy) (direct object) Я просто обожаю кататься верхом. She enjoyed singing and playing to him. (London) (directobject ) Ей доставляло удовольствие петь и играть для него. Predicative constructions with the gerund form a complex object as they consist of two distinct elements, nominal and verbal. Perhaps you wouldn't mind Richard's coming in? (Dickens) (complexobject) Может быть, вы не будете возражать против того, чтобы вошел Ричард? Aunt Augusta won't quite approve of your being here. (Wilde) (prepositionalcomplexobject) Тетя Августа будет не очень довольна тем, что вы здесь. 5. The gerund as an attribute. In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. Swithin protruded his pale round eyes with the effort of hearing. (Galsworthy) Суизин широко открыл свои бесцветные круглые глаза, стараясь услышать разговор. Не was born with the gift of winning hearts. (Gaskell) Он родился с даром покорять сердца. 6. The gerund as an adverbial modifier. In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, manner, attendant circumstances, cause, condition, purpose and concession; the most common functions are those of adverbial modifiers of time, manner, and attendant circumstances. (a) As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the prepositions after, before, on (upon), in or at. After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room. (Cronin) Me was to have three days at home before going back to farm. (Galsworthy) Он должен был пробыть три дня дома, прежде чем возвратиться на ферму. On reaching Casterbridge he left the horse and trap at an inn. (Hardy) Приехав в Кастербридж, он оставил лошадь и экипаж в гостинице. In the function of an adverbial modifier of time the gerund sometimes competes with the participle. George, on hearing the story, grinned. (Galsworthy) Джордж, услышав эту историю, усмехнулся. The four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of the library. (Eliot) Все четыре девочки, услышав, что он говорит в передней, выбежали из библиотеки. After reaching the second landing ... I heard a sound of quiet and regular breathing on my left-hand side. (Collins) Дойдя до второй площадки лестницы, ... я услышал с левой стороны спокойное и ровное дыхание. Reaching the door of the room occupied by Cowperwood and Aileen, she tapped lightly. (Dreiser) Дойдя до двери комнаты, которую занимали Каупсрвуд и Эйлин, она тихонько постучала. (b) As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the prepositions by or in. She startled her father by bursting into tears. (Gaskell) Она напугала своего отца тем, что расплакалась. The day was spent in packing. (DaMaurier) День прошел за упаковкой вещей. (c) As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is preceded by the preposition without. She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing it. (Dreiser) Это была женщина не блестящая, не энергичная, но она была очень спокойна и величественна, сама того не зная. (d) As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for. ... one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot) ... одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев. (e) As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the preposition without. He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. (Shaw) Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают. (f) As an adverbial modifier of cause the gerund is used with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to. I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of my time abroad. (Eliot) Я чувствую себя лучше оттого, что долго прожил за границей. I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. (Coppard) Я не смел присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить себя в глупое положение. (g) As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by the preposition in spite of. In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her. The above examples show that the gerund preceded by one and the same preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of condition; with the preposition in, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause. The Russian не + деепрнчастие may correspond to the English without + Gerund or not + Participle. It usually corresponds to not + Participle if it is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of cause. He зная адреса мисс Бетси, Давид не мог ей написать. Not knowing Miss Betsey's address, David could not write to her. (cause) If не + деепричастие is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances and of condition, it generally corresponds to without + Gerund. Давид уехал из Лондона, никому ничего не сказав. David left London without telling anybody about it. (attendantcircumstances) Мальчики не могли уходить из Салем-Хауса, не спросив разрешения. The boys could not leave Salem House without asking for permission. (condition) 2.3.2 Constructions with the Gerund Predicative constructions with the gerund. Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun. I don't like your going off without any money. (Maltz) Мне не нравится, что вы уходите без денег. Here the gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund. The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways. 1. If it denotes a living being it may be expressed: (a) by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun. His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard's coming back to us in an excited state. (Dickens) Его дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричард в чрезвычайно возбужденном состоянии. Do you mind my smoking? (Hardy) Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я курил? (b) by a noun in the common case. I have a distinct recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct prize! (Wilde) Я отлично помню, что леди Чильтерн всегда получала награды за примерное поведение. Thus in Modern English there are two parallel constructions of the type: Fancy David's courting Emily and Fancy David courting Emily. These two constructions may be used indifferently, but sometimes there is a slight difference in meaning: in the first example the action (the verbal element of the construction) is emphasized, whereas in the second the doer of the action (the nominal element of the construction) is emphasized. Occasionally examples are found where the nominal element of the construction is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case. I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. (DuMaurier) Надеюсь, вы простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил. There are cases when the nominal element of the construction, though denoting a living being, cannot be expressed by a noun in the possessive case, but only by a noun in the common case, namely when it consists of two or more nouns or when it is a noun modified by an attribute in post-position. I object to Mary and Jane going out on such a windy day. He felt no uneasiness now in the thought of the brother and) sister being alone together. (Eliot) Его теперь не смущала мысль о том, что брат и сестра остались вдвоем. Did you ever hear of a man of sense rejecting such an offer? Слышали ли вы когда-нибудь, чтобы разумный человек отказался от такого предложения? 2. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun. I said something about my clock being slow. (DuMaurier) Я сказала, что мои часы отстают. Peggotty spoke of my room, and of its being ready for me. (Dickens) Пеготти говорила о моей комнате и о том, что она уже приготовлена для меня. 3. The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something. I insist on both of them coming in time. Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя. Again Michael... was conscious of something deep and private stirring within himself. (Galsworthy) Майкл опять почувствовал, что в его душе шевельнулось что-то глубокое и затаенное. Some grammarians recognize the existence of two separate constructions: the gerundial construction (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun) and a construction with a half gerund (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the common case, a pronoun in the objective ease, or a pronoun which has no case distinctions). A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc. His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. (Aldington) To, что он был иностранец, бывший неприятель, было уже плохо. Her thoughts were interrupted at last, by the door opening gently. (Reade) Ее мысли были наконец прерваны тем, что дверь тихонько открылась. The use of the gerund. In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive. In the following cases- only the gerund is used: 1. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave off, to mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help, and some others. He avoided looking at Sabina. (Wilson) Он избегал смотреть на Сабину. …she burst out crying. (Collins) We all burst out laughing. (Braine) She denied having been at the station that evening. (Gaskell) Она отрицала, что была в тот вечер на станции. ... he enjoyed thinking of her as his future wife. (Eliot) ... ему доставляло удовольствие думать о ней как о своей будущей жене. Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment. (Dickens) Извините, что я па минуту оставлю вас в темноте. Fancy finding you here at such аи hour! (Hardy) Я даже и представить себе не мог, что застану вас здесь в такое время! Forgive my speaking plainly. (Hardy) Простите, что я говорю так прямо. 2. With the following verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look -like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give- up the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and some others. They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. (Heym) Меня обвиняют в том, что я имел дело с немцами. It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married to-day. (Stone) Теперь было ясно, что Авраам никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они поженились сегодня. You did not approve of my playing at roulette. (Eliot) Вы не одобряли того, что я играла в рулетку. All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. (Eliot) Все счастье моей жизни зависит от того, полюбите ли вы меня. I don't feel like going out. (Wilson) Мне не хочется выходить, 3. With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, 1 to be proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others. Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky's having married Rawdon. Сэр Питт Кроули не знал, что Бекки вышла замуж за Родона. I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally incapable of speaking to any one human being. (Collins) Я чувствовал, что я физически не в состоянии оставаться на одном месте и морально не к состоянии говорить с кем бы то ни было. 1 am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde) Я очень люблю, когда на меня смотрят. You are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help his escape. (Heym) Вы действительно виновны в том, что способствовали побегу немецкого офицераю The gerund and the infinitive. With a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to intend, to like (dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect, to start, to stop. The young man began turning over the pages of a book. (Priestley) At length she began to speak softly. (Eliot) She continued standing near the piano. (Eliot) She continued to look at him... (Dickens) It is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form. With some verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate, to like (dislike), to prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the gerund being more appropriate to a general statement. The child was not afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid to remain alone on such a stormy night. Ребенок (вообще) не боялся оставаться один, но он боялся остаться один в такую бурную ночь. I was always afraid of losing his goodwill. (Liewellyn) Я всегда боялся потерять его расположение. Gwendolen answered rather pettishly-, and her mamma was afraid to say more. (Eliot) Гвендолен ответила несколько раздраженно, и ее мать побоялась продолжать разговор. Don't forget shutting the windows when you leave home. He забывайте закрывать окна, уходя из дому. Don't forget to shut the window when you leave home, it is very windy to-day. He забудьте закрыть окно, когда будете уходить из дому; сегодня очень ветрено. I don't like interrupting people. Я не люблю отрывать людей от дела. I don't like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. Мне не хочется мешать ему, он, кажется, очень занят. With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the gerund to the past. I remember seeing the book in many bookshops. Я помню, что видел эту книгу во многих магазинах. Remember to buy the book. He забудьте купить эту книгу. With the verb to stop the infinitive and the gerund have different syntactical functions. The gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. They stopped talking when he came in. (Galsworthy) Когда он вошел, они перестали говорить. The infinitive has the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose. She stopped to exchange a few words with a neighbour. (Dickens) Она остановилась, чтобы поболтать с соседкой. 2.2.7 Control exercises on verbals using a) Write down the ing-form (Gerund) of the following verbs. 1. spell - ____________________________________ 2. discover - _________________________________ 3. copy - ____________________________________ 4. chase - ___________________________________ 5. hug - _____________________________________ b) Complete the sentences using infinitive constructions. 1. My father taught me (dance / how) 2. We haven't decided yet (put / the bed / where) 3. She was explaining (use / the gadget / how) 4. I forgot to ask (pick him up / where) 5. I wondered (address / him / whether) or not. c) Fill in the gerund as the subject of the sentence. 1. (fly) to London has become rather cheap. 2. (smoke) is prohibited at petrol stations. 3. (swim) is good for your health. 4. (travel) is one of my hobbies. 5. (cycle) is impossible on this sandy ground. d) Decide whether to use Infinitive (with/without to) or Gerund. 1. I enjoy go/to go/going on holiday. 2. He used to live/living in the country. 3. She is used to live/living in the country. 4. I am tired of wait/to wait/waiting. 5. Ellen made me laugh/to laugh/laughing. 1. spell - spelling 2. discover - discovering 3. copy - copying 4. chase - chasing 5. hug - hugging 1. My father taught me how to dance. 2. We haven't decided yet where to put the bed. 3. She was explaining how to use the gadget. 4. I forgot to ask where to pick him up. 5. I wondered whether to address him or not. 1. Flying to London has become rather cheap. 2. Smoking is prohibited at petrol stations. 3. Swimming is good for your health. 4. Travelling is one of my hobbies. 5. Cycling is impossible on this sandy ground. 1. I enjoy going on holiday. 2. He used to live in the country. 3. She is used to living in the country. 4. I am tired of waiting. 5. Ellen made me laugh. Gerund or Infinitive? 1. I remember _____ Simon at the Max Planck Institute. b. to meet d. to meeting 2. Did you remember _____ the letter? b. to post d. to posting 3. I'm not used _____ up this early. b. to get d. to getting 4. I used _____ to the pub a lot. b. to go d. to going 5. I regret _____ Magda about my new girlfriend. b. to tell d. to telling 6. Mrs Jarmołowicz, I regret _____ you that your credit limit has been exceeded. b. to inform d. to informing 7. Stop _____ this dreadful noise at once! b. to make d. to making 8. I wanted to stop _____ some pirate CDs, but we didn't have enough time. b. to buy d. to buying 9. Look, it's starting _____ . b. to rain d. to raining 10. I started _____ English when I was twenty-one. b. to learn d. to learning 1. Is there anything in that new magazine worth _____. a) to read 2. Although I was in a hurry, I stopped _____ to him. a) to talk 3. I really must stop ______. a) to smoke 4. Would you mind ______ the front door? a) to close 5. You should remember ______ him. He’ll be at home. a) to phone 6. Do you enjoy ______? a) to teach 7. All parts of London seem ______ to different towns and epochs. a) to belong 8. Why have you stopped? Go on ______. a) to read 9. The teacher asked us some questions and went on ______ us about the climate of England. a) to tell 10. When we had finished ______ the waiter brought the bill. a) to eat 11. My elder brother went to college, and I hope ______ there too. a) to go 12. My car needs a service badly, and Tom offered ______ me with it. a) to help 13. Avoid ______ and you’ll feel better soon. a) to overeat 14. I can’t help ______ about that awful accident. a) to think 15. The Brains want ______ Boston this week. a) to leave for b) leaving for 16. I’ll always remember ______ you for the first time. a) to meet 17. I decided ______ my holiday in France. a) to spend 18. I enjoy ______ very much. a) to travel 19. We might manage ______ a lot of interesting places there. a) to visit 20. I dislike ______ around in the car. a) to tour 1 b 6 b 11 a 16 b 2 a 7 a 12 a 17 b 3 b 8 b 13 b 18 b 4 b 9 a 14 b 19 a 5 a 10 b 15 a 20 b Gerund and Preposition Exercise Complete the sentences by using a preposition and the words in brackets. Remember that verbs should be put into the gerund form as they follow a preposition. 1. Stephen decided on chicken instead -- (order/steak). 2. I'm interested -- (watch/film) by Ken Loach. 3. He apologised -- (be/late). 4. I certainly can't blame you -- (not/want) to come. 5. Magda's thinking -- (study/England). 6. We are really very excited -- (hike/Andes) this coming summer. 7. Simon isn't really used -- (walk/work). 8. We thanked them -- (drive/us/home) after the football game. 9. Could you please tell me who is responsible -- (accept/applications)? 10. I'm sure she has a good reason -- (not/be/here). 1. of ordering steak 2. in watching a film 3. for being late 4. for not wanting 5. about/of studying in England 6. about hiking in the Andes 7. to walking to work 8. for driving us home 9. for accepting applications 10. for not being here In the present qualification work we attempted to investigate the verbals, such part of speech formed from a verb that does not function as a verb. We chose the verbals as the theme of our qualification work because we interested in it. We used different kind of references to investigate the adjective. In other words, we mentioned that we studied the main aspects of English verbals: grammatical characteristics, their syntactical role, their semantics, and rule of correct use of English verbals. A verbal is a part of speech formed from a verb that does not function as a verb. Verbals are sometimes referred to as non-finite verbs, meaning they do not, as finite verbs do, agree in person, number, and tense with a subject. Verbals do not take a subject; however, they can take a direct object or indirect object, and can be modified like verbs. There are three types of verbals: gerunds, participles, and infinitives. An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing. An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the infinitive. A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen. A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund. The present material can be used at the lessons of grammar, practical course of English language, lexicology, and speech practice in both: universities and English classes at schools. This paper can help to create the teaching aids, textbooks, etc. Teachers and students might use the results of the present work for the further investigations. 1. Каушанская В.Л. и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке). 1973 M. 2. Kaushanskaya et. al. A Grammar of the English Language (practice book) L.,Prosveshcheniye 1967 3. Ganshina and Vasilevskaya. English Grammar. M., 1953 4. Khaimovich B.S., Rogovskaya B.I. A Course in English Grammar. 1966 p 5. Воронцова Г. Н. Очерки по грамматике английского языка. М., 1960 6. Ilyish B.L., “The Structure of English Language” M. 1971 7. Jespersen. O. Essentials of English Grammar. N.Y., 1938 8. Бархударов Л. С., Штелинг Д. А. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1960 9. Bryant. M. A Functional English Grammar. Boston, 1945 10. Barber. Linguistic change in Present-Day English. Edinburgh, 1964 11. Ермолаева Л.С. Очерки по сопоставительной грамматике германских языков. – М.,1987. 12. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. – М.,1981. 13. Blokh M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. – M.,1983. 14. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнениями и ключами. М, 1997 15. Зятковская Р.Г. Суффиксальная система современного английского языка. – М., 1971. 16. Смирницкий А.И. Иностранные языки в школе. 1987 17. World Book Encyclopedia Vol.1 NY. 1993 The full list of works and authors is mentioned in bibliography to this qualification paper Ilyish B.L. “The Structure of English Language” M., 1971, p.178 В.Л. Каушанская и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке). 1973 M., c. 159 В.Л. Каушанская и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке). 1973 M. С. 161 Шахматов А.А. Синтаксис русского языка. Вып, 11, Л., 1977, p.43 Каушанская и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке) с. 195 Rarely used. See John Millington-Ward. Peculiarities in English. London, 1987, p 250 Ganshina M., Vasilevskaya N., English Grammar, M., 1973, p.213 Ganshina M., Vasilevskaya N., English Grammar, M., 1973, p.214 Бархударов Л. С., Штелинг Д. А.. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1960, с.135 Зятковская Р.Г. Суффиксальная система современного английского языка. – М., 1971. – 187 c. Зятковская Р.Г. Суффиксальная система современного английского языка. – М., 1971. – 188 с. World Book Encyclopedia Vol.1 NY. 1993 p.298 Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c.98 B.S. Khaimovich, B.I. Rogovskaya. A Course in English Grammar. 1966 p. 98 Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c. 101 Ilyish B.L. “The Structure of English Language” M., 1971, p.215 Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c. 119 Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода (статус, проблемы, аспекты). М., 1988. c. 120 B.S. Khaimovich, B.I. Rogovskaya. A Course in English Grammar. 1966 p. 127 The example is borrowed from A Modern English Grammar by O. Jespersen p.219 Ilyish B.L. “The Structure of English Language” M., 1971, p.159 В.Л. Каушанская и др. Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке). 1973 M. C. 176 Ilyish B.L. “The Structure of English Language” M., 1971, p.161 Смирницкий А.И. Иностранные языки в школе. 1987, p. 116	<urn:uuid:fdfa72e4-532a-47bf-804b-fe6ba563bd87>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-178997.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00081-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.678654	44,446	3.40625	3
A South African biotech firm said Thursday it has produced the first mRNA Covid vaccine made on the continent using Moderna’s sequence and that it will be ready for clinical trials in November. Cape Town-based Afrigen Biologics and Vaccines is leading the pilot project, backed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the COVAX initiative, to tweak Moderna’s shot. “At laboratory scale we have a vaccine that we now need to test,” Afrigen’s managing director Petro Terblanche, told AFP, adding that the first shot was ready during the second week of January. Tests on animals will start next month, “but the human studies will only start around November 2022,” she said after meeting a group of officials sponsoring the project. Afrigen researchers sequenced the publicly available genetic code that Moderna used to make their vaccine, made the DNA and the RNA, and produced their own shot. “We are the first to take the sequence developed by Stanford University and used by Moderna for their great vaccine, to design and develop a vaccine produced at laboratory scale,” she said. And “we have completed the process from the design to a final formulation, but it’s small scale, but it’s a good start, it’s a fabulous start,” the laboratory chief said. “This is the first yet very important step in empowering low- and middle-income countries to create a fully integrated vaccine production sector.” She spoke after the UN-backed global Medicines Patent Pool gave the firm a 39 million euro ($45 million) grant. Their mRNA vaccine can be kept at warmer temperatures, making it easier to store in low- and middle-income settings. The original jab requires expensive -25°C to -15°C refrigeration. ‘Health security, vaccine equity’ Charles Gore, MPP’s executive director, said in a statement that his organisation was “delighted to support Afrigen and its African partners to greatly expand local manufacturing capacity and reduce today’s gross inequity.” The grant will cover the technology transfer hub’s work for five years, through 2026. The French government funds the MPP’s activities linked to the hub. “We will keep supporting this project… it’s a very important one for the world and for Africa,” the French ambassador to Pretoria, Aurelien Lechevallier, said after touring the lab. The MPP is an international organisation that supports development of medicines for low- and middle-income countries. Set up in July, the tech transfer hub will train other countries and hand out production licences to poor nations left out in the race for the life-saving shots. “Its aim is to allow for greater and more diversified vaccine manufacturing capability, strengthen African regional health security and respond more equitably” to the current and future pandemics, a statement said. Africa is the least vaccinated continent in the world. More than a year after the world’s first Covid shot was administered and two years into the pandemic itself, just 11.3 percent of Africans have been fully immunised. The problem has exposed Africa’s huge dependence on imported vaccines and its tech weakness compared with Europe, China and the United States. To date only one percent of the vaccines used in Africa are produced on the continent of some 1.3 billion people, which has reported some 239,000 Covid deaths since the start of the pandemic. Other players involved in the Cape Town hub set up in July are Biologicals and Vaccines Institute of Southern Africa (Biovac), the South African Medical Research Council, and Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC).	<urn:uuid:68e76725-458a-4947-97a6-2c0e9597f3a1>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.channelstv.com/tag/moderna/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00677.warc.gz	en	0.938565	816	2.15625	2
Welcome to the Patrician Society! The Patrician Society provides help for elderly people on fixed incomes, homeless persons, parents who receive public assistance while caring for children, residents of boarding homes, recently unemployed and underemployed family breadwinners and others in need. We have been serving the economically marginalized community in the greater Norristown since 1981. The Patrician Society of Central Norristown functions as a nonprofit, nonsectarian organization designed to meet the basic human needs of economically disadvantaged adults, children and families in our community. The Patrician Society will utilize volunteer workers whenever possible and will solicit private and public monetary and in-kind resources for use in the conduct of its programs. Policy of Non-Discrimination The Patrician Society is committed to ensuring that no individual shall, on the basis of race, national original, gender, age, religion or handicap be excluded from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination in any program or activity of the organization. EMERGENCY FOOD CUPBOARD – Provides grocery baskets for eligible household on a monthly basis. H.U.M.A.N. PROGRAM – Assists qualified families with funding for Housing, Utilities and Medical Aid. SUMMER DAY CAMP – Offers six one-week sessions for boys and girls ages 5-11.	<urn:uuid:8c8832ae-8414-4264-9409-3d4e70c23292>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://patriciansociety.org/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.909871	284	1.515625	2
In 2013 Arthritis Research UK now Versus Arthritis set up the Barbara Ansell National Network for Adolescent Rheumatology (BANNAR). The purpose of BANNAR was to create a network of professional people, both clinicians (doctors) and researchers, who work in adolescent rheumatology to oversee all the rheumatology research being conducted in this area. BANNAR also wanted to get young people and their families more involved with research. One of BANNAR’s projects is the Young People’s Opinions Underpinning Research (YOURR) project, of which you may have heard of, or even been a part of. The YOURR project has two main parts: - To conduct research with young people to understand their research priorities i.e. what research do young people think is most important in rheumatology? - To set up a Young Person’s Advisory Group to get young people with rheumatic conditions involved in rheumatology research. In 2015- July 2016 BANNAR worked with the Public Programmes Team, now Vocal (a not-for-profit organisation based in Manchester) to conduct 16 focus groups across the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) with young people aged 10-24 with rheumatic conditions. These focus groups were the first part of the YOURR project looking at research priorities. The results of this research have now been published and are available here: http://rdcu.be/tTzU In July 2016 BANNAR and Vocal started the Young Person’s Advisory Group, and this website is the Group’s official website. The group’s first meeting was held on 15th October 2016 in Manchester. Since this meeting the Group members have voted to name the group ‘Your Rheum’.	<urn:uuid:bd28b49a-ccd3-4b94-8aa1-9d4592a01769>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://yourrheum.org/background-of-the-bannar-ypag/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00477.warc.gz	en	0.953545	388	2.1875	2
Fourth-quarter real gross domestic product ( GDP) growth was revised to 1.7% from a preliminary 1.4% reading and an initial 0.2% reading. The consensus forecast was a 1.5% increase. The upward revision came from smaller declines in business fixed investment and imports, and slightly less inventory run-off. The data was also boosted by yet another surprise in consumer spending. Real consumption is now reported to have grown at a 6.1% rate in the fourth quarter, versus 6.0% in the previous report and 5.4% initially. The GDP price index was unrevised at a 0.1% decline. Business fixed investment was down 11.4%, slightly less than the 13.1% decline previously reported. Exports were revised to a 10.9% drop. In all of 2001, the economy grew at a 1.2% rate. The third quarter of 2001 showed the only decline in GDP since the recession in 1991. The picture for the real economy continues to look stronger. S&P now expects 5% growth in the first quarter, stronger than Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan's recent remarks would suggest. No Fed action is likely until late summer.	<urn:uuid:4346de17-8a69-48bf-9c2e-75c46a2950e5>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2002-03-27/gdp-revised-higher	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00169-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972208	249	1.523438	2
Psych experiments show that we tend to overvalue objects that we possess – according to a coffee mug experiment, we would be willing to sell one that we have at a certain price, but others would not be willing to pay that same price. What happens when the object is a non-human family member? When negotiating the sale of their home, one Australian family was willing to give up their cat Tiffany to the new homeowners for $140,000 (about $120K in US dollars). Some readers of the article announcing this exchange felt their pets were priceless, while others pointed out that cats are territorial and may not tolerate moves. Don’t expect some cats to reciprocate your affectionate feelings – according to one medical examiner, cats will consume your lips and other edibles should you expire in your home. Sweet dreams, kitty owners.	<urn:uuid:8f33caf6-371a-4146-84e3-99edc52f95cd>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://orgtheory.wordpress.com/2014/10/22/ka-ching-kitty/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965127	172	2.21875	2
A Microsoft/MRBI survey has discovered that while most Irish PC users are aware that it is illegal to copy software, many condone the practice because they believe software is expensive. Microsoft recently commissioned MRBI to survey 1,000 Irish adults, almost two thirds of whom (615 people) are in full-time employment. The individuals were spread across nine different industry sectors. Everyone surveyed used a PC daily and 89pc of them were aware that it was crime to copy software. Most respondents recognised that illegal software had few positive benefits, but felt it common practice due to the perceived cost of the original software. Only 24pc of the people surveyed saw software copying/piracy as having a direct link to potential job losses in the IT industry. Despite a widespread awareness that software needs a licence per user, most people surveyed accepted the prevalence of copying activity. Some 63pc felt that piracy was most common among large companies. Some 52pc of the survey respondents accepted that the illegal copying of software was widespread in this country. They felt that penalties that exist are seen as cash fines only and across the board no real fear of being caught exists. Many of the respondents saw it as a software industry issue and were unaware that investigations today, often in conjunction with the Business Software Alliance, involve the gardaí. There have been several high profile raids on Irish businesses in the past three years. The survey’s respondents felt that tackling the problem was the industry’s responsibility, not that of the users themselves. Microsoft Ireland’s licensing and compliancy manager Donna Gibson found the results and people’s general apathy towards piracy disturbing. She told siliconrepublic.com: “People should have respect for intellectual property rights because they impact on society as a whole.” “We estimate that if privacy was brought down substantially, from today’s rate of 42pc to 20pc, 5,000 additional jobs could be created in the IT industry. Ireland is setting itself up to be a knowledge economy, but this tolerance for software piracy is undermining the stance of the economy going forward. Software piracy also has direct links with organised crime, whereby the revenues from illegal software sales money could go back into drug trafficking and terrorism. It also puts legitimate businesses at risk and reduces potential tax revenues,” Gibson said. By John Kennedy	<urn:uuid:ce16264c-d0dd-4e72-ad1c-a9289beeaaf2>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/most-irish-it-users-condone-illegal-software-piracy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00075-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974124	479	2.09375	2
Cut several parchment papers into squares about 8x8cm and set aside. In a medium sized saucepan, place the butter, sugar, water, apple cider and salt and bring to a boil over medium heat. Once it starts to boil remove from the heat. Add the flour all at once, and mix well with a wooden spoon until the flour is combined in the wet mixture. Return the saucepan back on the stove, on medium heat and let it cook while constantly stirring for 2 minutes. Do not move away from this process! Transfer the cooked dough to a large bowl or to your mixer, let it cool for a couple of minutes. Once slightly cooled, start adding the eggs one at a time, making sure that each egg is fully incorporated in the dough before adding another. If the dough starts to divide after adding the egg, no worries, it's normal, just keep beating. Fill a large pot with vegetable oil, pour enough oil so that the crullers have enough space to cook in, about 7 cm. Heat the oil to about 170°C; you want the oil to be hot enough so that you reduce the cooking time avoiding that they get soggy, but at the same time you don't want the oil too hot that it burns the outside and leaves the inside raw. For the glaze, in a small bowl, whisk together the icing sugar with the apple cider. Add an extra tbsp until you've achieved your desired consistency. Place the dough in a piping bag, fitted with an open star nozzle. Pipe out circles on the previously cut parchment papers. Drop the cruller with the parchment paper facing up in the oil. Once it's starting to cook remove the parchment paper and let the cruller continue to cook for about 2 minutes on each side, until they are nicely golden in colour. Drain the crullers from excess oil on some paper towels, dip them into the glaze and place them on a cooling rack. Serve immediately and enjoy!	<urn:uuid:a8e0af3f-3b30-4838-9fd8-acc08c49d602>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://apronandwhisk.com/wprm_print/recipe/3764	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00071.warc.gz	en	0.941394	409	1.523438	2
The Great Irish Famine Normal Price: $62.95 Your Price: $56.66 AUD, inc. GST Shipping: $7.95 per order You Save: $6.30! (10% off normal price) Plus...earn $2.83 in Boomerang Bucks Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply Great Irish Famine by Cormac O Grada Book DescriptionThe Irish Famine of 1846-50 was one of the great disasters of the nineteenth century, whose notoriety spreads as far as the mass emigration which followed it. Cormac O'Grada's concise survey suggests that a proper understanding of the disaster requires an analysis of the Irish economy before the invasion of the potato-killing fungus, Phytophthora infestans, highlighting Irish poverty and the importance of the potato, but also finding signs of economic progress before the Famine. Despite the massive decline in availability of food, the huge death toll of one million (from a population of 8.5 million) was hardly inevitable; there are grounds for supporting the view that a less doctrinaire attitude to famine relief would have saved many lives. This book provides an up-to-date introduction by a leading expert to an event of major importance in the history of nineteenth-century Ireland and Britain. Buy Great Irish Famine book by Cormac O Grada from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books. Book DetailsISBN: 9780521557870 (216mm x 138mm x 7mm) Imprint: Cambridge University Press Publisher: Cambridge University Press Publish Date: 28-Sep-1995 Country of Publication: United Kingdom Books By Author Cormac O Grada Famine, Paperback (August 2010) Famine remains one of the worst calamities that can befall a society. Mass starvation - whether it is inflicted by drought or engineered by misguided or genocidal economic policies - devastates families, weakens the social fabric, and undermines political stability. This title traces the history of famine from the earliest records to today. Tears from Iron, Hardback (April 2008) The massive drought/famine that killed at least ten million people in north China during the late 1870s remains one of China's most severe disasters and provides a window through which to study the social side of a nation's tragedy. This book presents the history of a horrific famine that took place and focuses on cultural responses to trauma. Ireland's Great Famine, Paperback (July 2005)» View all books by Cormac O Grada Discussing the topics associated with Ireland's Great Famine of 1846-52, this title contains essays that include: trends in living standards before the famine; the impact on landlords; the characteristics of famine mortality; the market for potatoes; the role of migration as disaster relief; and the New York Irish in the wake of the famine. » Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Great Irish Famine book by Cormac O Grada and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!) Bestselling Books: Our Current Bestsellers \| Australia's Hottest 1000 Books \| Bestselling Fiction \| Bestselling Crime Mysteries and Thrillers \| Bestselling Non Fiction Books \| Bestselling Sport Books \| Bestselling Gardening and Handicrafts Books \| Bestselling Biographies \| Bestselling Food and Drink \| Bestselling History \| Bestselling Travel Books \| Bestselling School Textbooks & Study Guides \| Bestselling Children's General Non-Fiction \| Bestselling Young Adult Fiction \| Bestselling Children's Fiction \| Bestselling Picture Books \| Top 100 US Bestsellers Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088 © 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687 For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.	<urn:uuid:d563dad3-f2bd-4527-b500-0be2090c5d60>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.boomerangbooks.com.au/Great-Irish-Famine/Cormac-O-Grada/book_9780521557870.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00160-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887817	932	3.3125	3
Youth Voter Registration Day at All NYC High Schools Aims to Reverse Dismal Youth Turnout in Upcoming Elections When New York City officials visited select high schools across the city in 2016 and helped students register to participate in the upcoming election, the effort drew a substantial gain in eligible young voters. In fact, the number of 18-year-olds registered to vote citywide spiked by more than 50 percent. This time around, however, Student Voter Registration Day in New York City high schools will be even larger. In 2016, city officials helped 8,500 18-year-olds register to vote at 62 high schools. This year’s Voter Registration Day, which takes place on May 21, will go down at all high schools — of which there are more than 500 — citywide. Voter registration forms will be given to all students who are 18 or will be on Election Day — an estimated 110,000 students in total. “Our goal as educators is to help our kids become active, knowledgeable, and engaged citizens,” Schools Chancellor Richard Carranza said in a statement. “Expanding Student Voter Registration Day to every high school citywide is an important step towards that goal.” Inspired by National Voter Registration Day, the NYC event kicked off in 2015 to help young people become civically engaged. Along with being encouraged to register to vote, students learn about the importance of civic participation. Similar to national trends, voter turnout among young adults in NYC is dismal, especially in years without presidential contenders on the ballot. Last year, for example, just 13.5 percent of New Yorkers 18 to 29 years old cast a ballot during the mayoral election. Eligible students who register on time are able to vote in the federal primary election on June 26, the state primary election on September 14, and the general election on November 6. “We need youth in the forefront of democracy, so that they can harness the power of their voices and make a difference on the issues they care about,” declares a resource guide designed to prepare educators for the event, which is presented by the mayor’s office, the city council, the education department, the New York Immigration Coalition, and NYC Votes — a voter engagement initiative by the NYC Campaign Finance Board. “Young people are making their voices heard like never before and it’s up to us to help them connect the issues they care most about to voting,” Onida Coward Mayers, director of voter assistance at NYC Votes, said in a statement. An education department spokeswoman didn’t make an official available to comment for this article. The day’s activities aim to make civic engagement relevant to young adults by highlighting some issues that affect them, like student financial aid, jobs, housing, gun control, and immigration reform. The event will reach out to noncitizens unable to vote by highlighting alternative forms of civic engagement. Get stories like these delivered straight to your inbox. Sign up for The 74 Newsletter	<urn:uuid:823cc124-3dea-408a-bb23-06908aa2573a>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.the74million.org/youth-voter-registration-day-at-all-nyc-high-schools-aims-to-reverse-dismal-youth-turnout-in-upcoming-elections/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00073.warc.gz	en	0.954782	620	2.359375	2
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — A new Missouri law taking effect next week could impact thousands of individuals with a criminal record. The state is greatly expanding who qualifies to get their record wiped clean. Malekia Morton is a proud mom of two, but she admits she’s made some mistakes. “I committed a lot of things when I was younger, and as I’m now an adult trying to change my life and everything, it’s very, very hard,” Morton said. Morton caught a felony tampering conviction seven years ago. Ever since, finding housing and a job has been tough. “I would just like if I made a mistake in the past to give me a chance in the future to change because how do you expect someone to change if you keep on closing doors on me, if I’m trying to do better with my life?” she said. Morton is thrilled that Missouri is set to expand its expungement program. Under current law, only 13 offenses are eligible to be wiped off your record, and offenders often have to be clean 20 years to even apply. The new law, which takes effect Jan. 1, creates a process to seal more than 1,900 eligible offenses, and you only have to wait three years to apply for misdemeanor expungement and seven years for felonies. “I feel like I’ll be able to do me a great career like I always wanted to do, and I don’t have to worry about the barrier of my past hindering me with my future,” Morton said. “It’ll be exciting for me and my kids to see mommy’s doing well and she don’t have to work through those hoops anymore.” Beyond the Conviction Building Brighter Futures said expungement has been easy in Kansas for years, and Missouri is now catching up. The nonprofit is working to raise funds and find partners to help eligible ex-offenders fund the legal costs to apply for expungement. The group said sealing old criminal records will help with the two biggest barriers many ex-cons now face: finding housing and jobs. “We might drop down to two percent unemployment rate because there’s jobs out there,” said York Wilson with BTC Building Brighter Futures. “It’s just the fact of people having records or having things to hinder them, that they won’t be able to get the job. So people will be more employable, and it’ll be better for the community.” Wilson thinks with more former felons finding work, it’ll also help drop crime and lessen the burden to everyone with fewer people landing back in jail and fewer folks relying on social services to get by. You can learn more about Missouri’s new expungement law and read the entire bill here.	<urn:uuid:1ad2a7b7-8c2e-46cc-bc48-e102f6e3f6f4>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://fox2now.com/news/trending/new-2018-missouri-law-makes-it-easier-to-get-criminal-records-expunged/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00276.warc.gz	en	0.956887	615	1.6875	2
Working Together to Provide Stroke Education and Improve Stroke Care in Our Community Working Together to Provide Stroke Education and Improve Stroke Care in Our Community Stroke is the No. 4 cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States. Education can lead to quick action to reduce or even prevent the damage caused by stroke. In 2009, RMH began the journey toward achieving primary stroke center certification by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. This certification ensures that a healthcare facility is providing exceptional, evidence-based care for patients in their community who experience a stroke. One of the requirements for obtaining the certification was staff and community education. RMH clinical educator Cristy Long, R.N., along with two other RMH clinical educators, was assigned the job of developing the curriculum to educate the nursing staff at RMH on strokes. Long's nursing unit also was selected to become the Certified Stroke Unit at RMH. As part of Long's work toward her master's degree in clinical education from JMU, she engaged her expert contacts at JMU to help develop the educational program. In three of her classes in 2010, she worked on different aspects of stroke education. In Dr. Linda Hulton's class, she performed evidence-based research regarding the need for a stroke center. In Dr. Patty Hale's class, she developed the needs assessment and class curriculum to educate staff, and in Dr. Judith Rocchiccioli's class, she developed the community education program, which she later used as her practicum. "My classes and my instructors were very valuable resources," Long said. To date, over 250 RMH nurses have become NIH Stroke Certified. Long and other nurses also performed education in the community on the risk factors of stroke, signs and symptoms of stroke and the importance of calling 911 for immediate medical attention. A goal for the RMH stroke team in 2011 was to design an educational conference for staff and the community. The team collaborated with the JMU Nursing Program to provide an educational opportunity for RMH professional staff, area nursing students and EMS providers. A team of RMH and JMU representatives planned the conference. The team included Cristy Long, stroke unit clinical educator; Phyllis Anderson, CCU clinical educator; Carlissa Blosser, ED clinical educator; Hilda Taylor, JMU Nursing Dept.; Vicki Martin, JMU Nursing Department; and Janet Marshman, RMH Stroke Coordinator. Emily Akerson, associate director, Institute for Innovation in Health and Human Services, and affiliate faculty, Department of Nursing, was instrumental in providing support and resources for the conference. On Oct. 5th, 2011, the conference, "Because One Stroke is Enough: Stroke Conference for Healthcare Professionals," was offered with the support of the collaboration between RMH and JMU Nursing Program. Speakers included Dan Chehebar, D.O., RMH neurologist and medical director of the stroke program at RMH, The RMH stroke team includes, front from left, Stroke Medical Director Dr. Dan Chehebar, Neurology; Carlissa Blosser, RN, Education; Cristy Long, RN, Education; Stroke Coordinator Janet Marshman, RN, Quality and Patient Safety; Channing Fox, Decision Support; and back from left, Judy Jenkins, Rehab Services; Pam Wilkins, Pharmacy; Helen Simmons, RN, Heart and Vascular; and Phyllis Anderson, RN, Education. along with JMU professors and outside experts in the field of stroke. More than 100 clinicians, students and EMS professionals attended the day-long conference. Three different tracks were offered to pull a broad cross-section of the community: one for nursing and nursing students; one designed for EMS providers, and one for rehabilitation professionals. A highlight of the conference was having a community stroke survivor and a JMU student who was a stroke survivor talk about their experiences in a personal way. In mid-March 2012, RMH was surveyed by representatives of the Joint Commission and, within 24 hours, received notification that it had been designated as an Advanced Primary Stroke Center News and Events - Wednesday, October 10, 2012 Transformation of Care: A New Way of Thinking About Healthcare Delivery 5 - 8pm JMU Festival Conference - Five Years of Fostering Innovation Together: A Report from the JMU-RMH Collaborative Read the Report - PowerPoint Presentation from the 5 Year Anniversary Celebration	<urn:uuid:f062a062-2571-461b-9c79-0232064fc9c3>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.jmu.edu/rmh-jmu/newsarchive/strokeeducation.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957867	921	2.0625	2
These Reindeer themed centers are perfect for December! 5 literacy and 5 math centers are included that are at a “just right” level for kindergarten! All centers include a color and black and white ink-saver version. Almost all of the centers include a recording sheet (only roll and cover games do not)! You can also get these centers in a money-saving bundle: Kindergarten Themed Math and Literacy Centers for the Year Bundle Literacy centers included: - Feed the Reindeer (letter sounds or medial vowels) - Ending Sounds Match - Rhyming Reindeer - Spin and Cover (letter sounds and word families) - Rainbow Sight Words Math centers included; - Number Sense - Making Ten - Clip and Compare - Shake and Spill to make 10 - Spin One More	<urn:uuid:f3732e17-7d57-4dc3-9fef-3687bce6d4f4>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://natalielynnkindergarten.com/product/reindeer-math-and-literacy-centers-for-kindergarten/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00065.warc.gz	en	0.875846	180	1.992188	2
The Miss Black Africa UK pageant was founded in 2011. The pageant was formed with the sole purpose of giving young African girls born or living in the United Kingdom a platform to showcase not only their beauty but most importantly their culture, talent and creativity. The pageant is highly competitive and seeks to bring out those leadership qualities in women. The winner becomes a goodwill ambassador for Miss Black Africa, charged with designing and implementing a charity program based on their Pageant Platform. The foundation thereby supports the winner in executing their platform in serving humanity and making our world a better place. Over the last two years, our Queens have devoted their time to charity work in the UK and Africa. In addition to charitable giving, this pageant aims at promoting African culture, tourism and lifestyle to the wider world. The competition is part of the Miss Black Africa Pageant and Charity Awards. In addition to the beauty competition, the Grand Finale is a Charity Award ceremony recognising individuals and organisations that have in one way or another contributed immensely to a good cause. Watch last year’s contestants feature in ‘Be The Hope’ Music Video For more information visit:http://missblackafrica.com	<urn:uuid:299ed4ee-2540-492f-89f5-4bd3e04eb146>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://ladybrille.com/nollywood-actress-ini-edo-designer-adebayo-jones-to-judge-the-2013-miss-africa-uk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00268.warc.gz	en	0.953128	240	1.5	2
The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) released preliminary data for August 2014 world copper supply and demand in its November 2014 Copper Bulletin. According to preliminary ICSG data, the refined copper market balance for the first eight months of 2014 indicated a production deficit of 544,000 metric tons (mt). This compares with a production surplus of 42,000 mt in the same period of 2013. In the first eight months of 2014, world usage is estimated to have increased by around 12% compared with that of the same period of 2013, supported by strong apparent demand in China and a shortage of high-grade scrap that led to the use of more cathode by semiconductor manufacturers. Chinese apparent demand increased by 21% based on a 27% increase in net imports of refined copper. Excluding China, world usage increased by 5.5%, supported mainly by apparent usage growth of 11% in the European Union (EU) and 10% in Japan, as well as by growth of 8% in other Asian countries (excluding China and Japan) and 9% in the Middle East/North African region. Usage in the United States remained flat. World mine production is estimated to have increased by around 3% in the first eight months of 2014 compared with mine production in the same period of 2013. World refined production is estimated to have increased by around 8% in the first eight months of 2014 compared with refined production in the same period of 2013: primary production was up 7% (including 9% growth in production from concentrates and 1.7% from SX-EW) and secondary production (from scrap) was up 10%. Based on the average of stock estimates, Chinese bonded stocks increased by around 35,000 mt in the first eight months of 2014 from the year-end 2013 level. Stocks declined by around 380,000 mt in the same period of 2013. In the first eight months of 2014, the world refined copper balance adjusted for Chinese bonded stock changes indicated a deficit of around 510,000 mt compared to a deficit of around 340,000 mt in the same period of 2013. The average LME cash price for October was $6,739.20/mt, down from the September 2014 average of $6,872.23/mt. The 2014 high and low copper prices through the end of September were $7,439.50/mt (January 2) and $6,434.50/mt (March 20), respectively, and the year-to-date average was $6,920.67/mt. As of the end of October, copper stocks held at the major metal exchanges totaled 285,851 mt, a decline of 220,653 mt from stocks held at the end of December 2013. Compared with the September levels, stocks were up at LME and SHFE and down at Comex. For more information, contact the International Copper Study Group at www.icsg.org.	<urn:uuid:e2154589-4fd5-4181-88a0-9e75999f7288>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.e-mj.com/departments/markets/4805-copper-market-moves-into-deficit.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960518	599	1.90625	2
"COME SEE US: Tourism in Iowa continues to grow steadily, with almost 30 million people visiting state tourism destinations last year. The $258 million the industry generated for state and local governments in 2005 was up 3.2 percent from the year before, and overall Iowa tourism revenues were up 7 percent. Travel and tourism combined generated $5.4 billion in Iowa in 2005, according to the Iowa Tourism Office." Here are the questions those numbers raise in my mind: 1. Was that really "30 million people" or an unknown number of people who made 30 million visits? There's a big difference. 2. How does the Iowa Tourism Office define "tourism" and "tourists"? How many of those people (or those visits) were from out-of-state and how many from Iowa? I have nothing against Iowans getting to know their state's attractions. But it's not what I think of as "tourism" -- in the economic sense that states with beaches or mountains bring tourist dollars into the state that, but for those attractions would not be there. When Iowans spend their discretionary vacation dollars in Iowa it avoids the dollar drain of their spending them out-of-state. But it's not bringing anything into the state that wasn't here already (and wouldn't have been spent here on something else anyway). 3. How does it define "travel" (as in "travel and tourism combined generated $5.4 billion")? Does that include every city bus fare we pay, and every gallon of gas we buy? I have nothing against the "tourism industry." And when it comes to Iowa's economic development every little bit helps. But, as I've written elsewhere, I think it's a mistake to think that tourism will ever bring to Iowa the dollars that we can better generate by playing to our strengths. See Nicholas Johnson, "Iowa: A Great Place to Live But I Wouldn't Want to Visit There," October 15, 2006. _______________Technorati tags: TIF, TIFs, taxes, economic development, corporate welfare.	<urn:uuid:d1914cb0-7c09-40f3-9756-34efde8196e5>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://fromdc2iowa.blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97596	433	1.8125	2
The New Year had past. It was January the 1st. ‘Breaking News just in, Earth Scientist Mark Webster has just shared with us the unremarkable year were about to have. According to him we are not expected to reach 2010, in fact he said we were not expected to reach the end of the week. Here’s he’s story. ‘I have been working on this project for over 10 years. I have a remarkable team which have made impressive discoveries and through the previous studies that have happened were1 00% sure this will to. We have found that Global warming as hit it’s end, during this week it will enforce its great power and show us what its got, so all I can offer is prepare for the worst’ ‘Thanks for that Mark You heard it here first on Washington@5, that’s all we have for now, we will be back tomorrow at 5, goodbye’. The world was at its peak. The news spread so fast it was known within 20 minutes throughout towns. I had set off huge ciaos. What’s the point of doing anything? You might as well have the last days of life the best you ever had, but that didn’t come to people minds yes that came to some minds but also impact came to others. Shops all over the globe were robbed and smashed up. People were killed ever 5 seconds. A day past and yet nothing happened. Except some people living on the edge wondering whether to step out there door’s in case they were killed. Another day went by and yet nothing, just the usual days, Rain, Sunshine, thundering, lightning. It was when the third day hit the world was blaming Mark Webster for the ending of the world. Telling them what was about to happen made them destroy mankind them sleves not nature. Little did they know what was going on when doing this? Had people known that no speck of rain and dropped and that the sun was the hottest it had been for years. Little did they know the sea was dreadfully rising slowly? It was not until the 4th of January did they realise. Forest fires were set by the scorching sun and the sea had risen to 30 cm covering New York’s bed. Now it was happening. The panicking kicked in. The world was so frightened they had no reason how to prepare for it. The night grew and storms unleashed turning the sea into a monster. Lighting struck killing thousands of people and the sea was rising even more. 5th of January and it was getting closer to the end. The afternoon nervously settled in. The people were waiting for the next event to come anxiously hoping it would stop. Huge bulging hale stones frashed the way into the earth. They were the size of tennis balls. They smashed through buildings citizen’s houses and through people’s bodies. 6th of January families prayed, linked together, holding each other close and never wanted to let go. Not long before the suppose final day. Amazingly the sea had return to its place and the days returned as normal. Could it of ended people thought. The people of the world were so happy that it stopped and believed it ended, but disaster’s leave with a bang. 12am came. Town bells rang and then the earth began to shake. It didn’t stop 10 minutes going onto 15 minutes than 30 minutes it ended. The hold world was broken. Big huge cracks were made. They were so deep they cracked to the core. The core’s magma flowed up the crack’s splashing out like a water fountain. It was coming the end. All they needed now was a huge wipe-out. There was. The sea rose so high it seemed like it was touching the sky. It just travelled round the world killing everything in its path. EVERYTHING. 2014. The sea had dried up. The world just seemed like a desert. There were no humans at all, not one, but they were organisms and cells. Which had created something? Something that was here before us. Dinosaurs. Yes they were walking the earth again. Could this be the world starting all over?	<urn:uuid:6757a233-b6ad-49de-84eb-f8d0ff580f73>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://myths.e2bn.org/mythsandlegends/userstory3308-2009.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00497-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.991564	879	1.742188	2
"Unto us a child is born, unto us a Son is given." As Jesus Christ is a child in his human nature, he is born, begotten of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary. He is as truly-born, as certainly a child, as any other man that ever lived upon the face of the earth. He is thus in his humanity a child born. But as Jesus Christ is God's Son, he is not born; but given, begotten of his Father from before all worlds, begotten—not made, being of the same substance with the Father. The doctrine of the eternal affiliation of Christ is to be received as an undoubted truth of our holy religion. But as to any explanation of it, no man should venture thereon, for it remaineth among the deep things of God—one of those solemn mysteries indeed, into which the angels dare not look, nor do they desire to pry into it—a mystery which we must not attempt to fathom, for it is utterly beyond the grasp of any finite being. As well might a gnat seek to drink in the ocean, as a finite creature to comprehend the Eternal God. A God whom we could understand would be no God. If we could grasp him he could not be infinite: if we could understand him, then were he not divine." Veiled in flesh the Godhead see; Hail th’incarnate Deity, Pleased as man with man to dwell, Jesus, our Emmanuel. (Charles Wesley, "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing") A worshipful Christmas to you all!	<urn:uuid:3af7d55b-1944-4420-8f91-88b7ace54936>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.desiringgod.org/articles/veiled-in-flesh-the-godhead-see	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00465-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977437	334	1.75	2

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