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Powers of Attorney
Staying in control
A Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) is a legal document that lets you (the 'donor') choose trusted people ('attorneys') to make decisions on your behalf.
Having an LPA lets you plan what you want another person to do for you in the future, should you become incapable of making decisions about your own affairs. Your attorneys must always act in your best interests and follow any instructions you give them about making decisions.
There are two types of LPA:
Property and Financial Affairs
This LPA covers your money and property. You don't have to own your own home or have a lot of money to make this type of LPA. It can be used on your behalf, with your consent, as soon as it's registered. However, you can state that it will only be used if you don't have mental capacity.
Health and Welfare
This LPA covers your personal and health care. This type of LPA can only be used if you don't have the mental capacity to make decisions yourself.
You can use it to let your attorneys decide about your daily routine, such as what you wear and eat, moving into a care home or getting help from social services. You can also give your attorneys the power to refuse or agree to any medical treatment you may need to stay alive, if ever you are unable to make that decision. If your attorneys don't have that power, doctors would decide.
You may wish to make one or both types of LPA.
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There are no weapons of mass destruction and President Bush knows it. Otherwise, how can he say this:
Saddam Hussein was a threat to America and the free world in '91, in '98, in 2003. He continually ignored the demands of the free world, so the United States and friends and allies acted. And one thing is for certain -- and this is for certain: Saddam Hussein is no longer a threat to the United States and our friends and allies.
Considering that A) the administration believes Saddam Hussein is still alive (and directing attacks against American troops, which seems to imply a threat right there); B) that he stole a lot of money before leaving and; C) that he had weapons of mass destruction which we still can’t find; Saddam Hussein seems like a greater threat than ever. Unless, that is, the administration doubts A or C.
Knowing this administration’s usual tactics, it seems unlikely that Saddam Hussein’s death wouldn’t be shouted from the rooftops by Paul Wolfowitz, Don Rumsfeld and Dubya. Therefore, we can only conclude that the administration doesn’t believe that there was any great threat of weapons of mass destruction in the first place.
Remember Colin Powell holding up that little vial of baking soda (or whatever) and saying that “less than a teaspoon of dry anthrax” was deadly? How many teaspoons could a rich, crazy dictator on the run have with him?
The only way that the Bushies could possibly say that Hussein isn’t a threat is if they didn’t believe he was a real threat in the first place.
P.S.: As I've said before, though, I desperately hope that weapons are found there because it's bad for the U.S. if they aren't.
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http://ujszo.com/online/panorama/2016/12/04/mit-kezdjunk-a-migracioval - Hungarian news portal ujszo.com reports: According to experts, migration is expected to rise on the global level.
Hungarian weekly Figyelo writes about the possible outcomes of the upcoming elections in Austria and its likely effects on European politics. The article carries expert commentary from Anton Pelinka, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Program.
Hungarian weekly 168 Ora interviewed Szabolcs Pogonyi, assistant professor at CEU’s Department of Nationalism Studies, about the voting habits of Hungarians living outside of Hungary, and how the 2004 referendum on dual citizenship affected this habit.
Due to copyright regulations, the article is available in the weekly (11.24.2016. pp.22-24. Halaszavazatok).
http://www.klubradio.hu/cikk.php?cid=200470&id=16 - In its daily foreign press review, Hungarian Klub Radio lists the report of German Public Radio about Viktor Orban and his policies against the refugees. The report includes expert commentary from Anton Pelinka, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Department, who argues that the Hungarian PM’s views reflect not only populist but religious convictions too.
http://www.szombat.org/politika/2000-fos-mintan-indul-szociologiai-felmeres-a-magyarorszagi-zsidosagrol - Hungarian news portal szombat.org interviewed Andras Kovacs, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Program, about the monumental sociological research that had just started in Hungary about the identity of Hungarian Jews.
Hungarian weekly Magyar Narancs asked Anton Pelinka, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Department for expert commentary on the recent elections in Austria.
Due to copyright regulations the article is available in the weekly (5.19.2016. pp.22-23. A baranyborbe bujt farkas)
http://www.szombat.org/hirek-lapszemle/a-holokauszt-oktatasa-meghatarozza-a-tarsadalom-tortenelemszemleletet - Hungarian news portal szombat.org reports: At a conference organized by the National Educational Library and Museum on April 14 that discussed practices and theory of teaching the Holocaust, Andras Kovacs, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Program, emphasized the importance of educating the new generations about the Holocaust but also highlighted a recent...
Hungarian daily Delmagyarorszag reports: According to Andras Kovacs, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Program, one of the most important questions about the Holocaust is how Germany and German society managed to face its involvement in the Holocaust.
Due to copyright regulations, the article is available in the daily (4.16.2016. p.10. Beleorultek a katonak a bunukbe).
Hungarian weekly 168 Ora reports: On March 17 a CEU international conference entitled “The historical churches and the Holocaust in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania 1920-1945” discussed the results of a three-year research about the role of churches in the events leading up to the Holocaust. The event was organized by the Civitas Europica Centralis Foundation and the CEU Jewish Studies Program.
Due to copyright regulations, the article is available in the weekly 168 Ora (3.24.2016. p.6. Az egyhazak felelossege)
Further coverage items:
http://www.kultura.hu/emlekezes-multrol - Hungarian news portal kultura.hu reports: Maria Kovacs, professor at CEU’s Nationalism Studies Department participated in the book launch of “Belated Obeisance - Jurist Victims of the Holocaust” (Kesei fohajtas – a holokauszt jogasz aldozatai) on March 7 at the Hungarian Bar Association. Central European University also supported the publication of the book.
Further coverage items:
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Tuesday, June 14, 2011
Guest post by Kathleen Kole, author of Breaking Even
Please help me welcome author Kathleen Kole, who wrote the wonderful book Breaking Even and is talking about the type of heroines she likes to write about. Thanks to Chick Lit Blog Tours for putting this together.
The type of heroines I favor to tell stories about in my writing. In previous commentary I have written that when I make the commitment to tell a story, I feel as though it is my character’s - not mine. As well, and of paramount importance, I must feel some sort of connection to the tale; otherwise, I just cannot tell it. I must feel inspired, energized if you will, to bring to life a character and their journey.
With that said, while I adore and celebrate the many facets of the female personality, it seems the heroines I connect to and derive the greatest enjoyment from are those who demonstrate strength.
Strength, I am aware, can be defined in a myriad of ways. In my novels, strength in my female characters always relates to their emotional fiber. It can be demonstrated via compassion, the ability to laugh at life, anger, honesty, the list goes on. The common element every one of those emotions delivers, and that which I desire for my heroines, is the opportunity for the discovery of their inner fortitude. If they can face the circumstances of their lives, regardless of the paths they travel during their journeys, and grow into more confident and self-aware versions of themselves, I will joyously tell their stories. And, on the flip side, if they cannot... well, I’ll probably pass.
It seems simple, I am aware, but what can I say? I try to live up to the ideal I set forth for my heroines. Willing to say who and what inspires me and, all the while, possess the inner fortitude to be at peace within myself so as to accept if someone sees it another way.
Where to find Kathleen:
The blurb for Breaking Even: Meet Penelope Whittaker, an accountant. A sensible, do things the right way, soon-to-be-married accountant. Penelope is engaged to the wonderful, kind and caring Ben Miller … a man she has known forever.Enter Single Dad. While on a school run, Penelope accidentally locks her keys in her car. A seemingly boring event, until she is offered aid by a very handsome (hubba, hubba) and personable Single Dad. Shaken by the encounter, or, more to the point, shaken by her reaction to the encounter, Penelope tries to put it where it belongs: on a shelf marked “Chance Encounters”.
Life has different plans. Just when Penelope thinks she has blown the whole encounter out of proportion, and made much out of nothing, she is thrown together by chance (or fate?) with Single Dad. Suddenly, he’s a part of her life and, even though Penelope knows it can only cause trouble, she is helpless to stop it. Besides, she doesn’t want to. At least, not until she finds out the unsettling truth about Single Dad.
Penelope is confused. Her family, friends and, most importantly, her fiance, Ben, even more so. Will she be able to find her footing and go back to where she used to be, safe in her carefully structured world? Or, will she take the path of redefining herself, possibly leaving Ben behind?
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Our mission is to advance fundamental discoveries in biosciences for the benefit of people and the environment.
The research activities at the Institute of Biotechnology are carried out in independent research groups joined into three research programs. The programs consist of several multidisciplinary research teams focusing on a specific area of molecular biology, cell biology or biotechnology.
Explore the Research Program pages to find our research groups by program and the Director's laboratory.
We operate in a wide scientific landscape from plants and microbes to diverse mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates and from molecular pathogenesis and ecology to the treatment of human diseases. Our researchers are also active in developing cutting-edge life science research infrastructures.
Research in BI spans from fundamental research to applied biotechnology and includes cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics; morphogenesis, stem cells and regeneration; plant, animal, microbial genomics and evolution; and structure and function of viruses and cellular protein complexes. Our researchers have been very successful in obtaining ERC grants and Academy of Finland Center of Excellence funding.
BI has pioneered the development of Finland’s life science research infrastructures and currently houses core facilities for biological imaging, proteomics, protein crystallization, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), NMR, genomics, and bioinformatics.
The research findings are actively applied for the benefit of society through valorization of innovations and spinout companies. Several success stories including Herantis Pharma Ltd and Mobidiag Ltd originate from the Institute.
The Institute of Biotechnology is a home to about 75 postdocs and 75 PhD researchers. Take a look and see if we can offer what your career needs!
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Smog disasters are becoming more and more frequent and may cause severe consequences on the environment and public health, especially in urban areas. Social media as a real-time urban data source has become an increasingly effective channel to observe people׳s reactions on smog-related health hazard. It can be used to capture possible smog-related public health disasters in its early stage. We then propose a predictive analytic approach that utilizes both social media and physical sensor data to forecast the next day smog-related health hazard. First, we model smog-related health hazards and smog severity through mining raw microblogging text and network information diffusion data. Second, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN)-based model to forecast smog-related health hazard with the current health hazard and smog severity observations. We evaluate the performance of the approach with other alternative machine learning methods. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to integrate social media and physical sensor data for smog-related health hazard forecasting. The empirical findings can help researchers to better understand the non-linear relationships between the current smog observations and the next day health hazard. In addition, this forecasting approach can provide decision support for smog-related health hazard management through functions like early warning.
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SM2: Tips before You Begin Using Social Media Marketing
Social media marketing is one of the most powerful tools business owners have access to. It allows you to connect with your audience. You can engage and build a community around your business. Business owners can also use it to learn more about their audience so they can better meet their needs.
It’s enough to make you want to jump right in, right? However, before you create a profile page and start marketing on your favorite social media site, there are a few steps to take and considerations to make.
Identify Your Purpose and Goals
Why are you using social media and what do you hope to accomplish? There are many different reasons to use social media. You may use it to sell products, to build your opt-in list, or to drive traffic to your landing page. Do you want to generate new leads or build relationships with your existing prospects and clients? Consider both long-term and short-term goals.
For example, if you want to build your opt-in list with social media marketing, how much do you want to achieve by the end of this month and what are your three-year goals? Setting the right goals for you and your business will help you create a social media marketing strategy that’s effective and productive.
Identify Tactics to Support Your Goals
There are different tactics to consider based on your business goals. For example, if you want to drive people to your opt-in page then you may want to hold a contest or sweepstakes that motivates people to sign up. You may want to create a content marketing strategy specifically for social media that identifies you as an authority and promotes your opt-in offer. Once you’ve identified the correct tactics, create an action plan and timeline.
Identify Your Brand Message
What message do you want to convey on your social media page(s) and how do you want to communicate it? Keep in mind that your message and brand should support your other branding efforts. However, your approach can be different on social media.
Finally, assess your resources and leverage technology. Identify the tools and technologies that can help you achieve your social media marketing goals. For example, there are services that automatically publish a link to your blog post on all of your social media accounts. There are also plug-ins that can be added to your website or blog that help visitors connect with you on social media. Use technology to help you achieve your social media marketing goals.
[wpc_complete_button course=”social media 101″]
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How to keep a condenser capsule clean and dry
Preventative maintenance of condenser mics is such an important topic and often so easy to do, that I ask you to read the following, and add your own tips to it. It may save you money over capsule restoration or replacement!
Wouldn't a wind-screen do the job?
It would do an excellent job to keep microphone specialists employed with capsule cleaning jobs!
Please use wind socks/screens only when nothing else will do to prevent popping or wind noise from exciting the capsule. Wind socks are made of open-cell plastic foam which starts deteriorating within 1-2 years after manufacture; thereafter its disintegration accelerates. Fine foam dust and flakes will quickly penetrate through the screen and be deposited all over the (electrostatically charged and therefore attractive) capsule area. The final stage of this material is that of a semi-liquefied goo, and then the fun begins...
Try this test with your windscreen: rub your fingers against it over a white piece of paper. If foam dust is deposited on the paper, throw the screen away. It will be harmful to the capsule, and be more costly to use than to replace.
The best, cheapest (free) and all around easiest way to preventing a condenser capsule from deteriorating is the good old plastic bag from your supermarket's produce or cereal/candy department (you may have to look a little harder for a bag that is made of a bit thicker plastic material, but it will last longer.)
Just put the bag over the mic on the stand, if you cannot tear down the recording set up for positioning reasons. Then, after the session is finished, permanently store the mic in this bag inside its proper case. No need to seal the bag tight. You can let the mic breathe.
If humidity in the room was excessive, you would already have had moisture back- down on the capsule, so no need to worry if the bag fits too tightly. If anything, a bag over a warm tube mic will force redistribution of the higher humidity sitting on the capsule towards the drier amp region of the mic, so the bag will somewhat act as a capsule dehumidifier.
The main idea of the bag over the capsule is that of a physical barrier- to prevent the electrostatically attractive capsule from sucking in particles from as far as six feet away, and letting these contaminants act like salt crystals which catalyze fog formation: If there is any amount of a dirt layer, it becomes that much easier for moisture to form droplets and start a conductive path to short out the two plates of the condenser (diaphragm and backplate.)
Silica-Gel bags are an excellent way of drying an overly humidified capsule, but only if you tightly restrict the volume of humid air getting to the moisture-hungry silica crystals.
Placing a silica bag next to the mic grill without otherwise restricting its access to air may be well intended, but is useless: Silica is so hygroscopic that any access to unlimited amounts of air will neutralize the silica within minutes. So here, then, is the proper way to dehumidify a condenser capsule:
First, dry the Silica bag as directed, usually printed on its side. I place it in a conventional oven or toaster oven, set to ca. 350-400
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Home / Blogs / Breakfast on the Bay- June Recap
July 2, 2021
Breakfast on the Bay is a signature live talk Summer series that celebrates the companies, communities, and conservationists who live, work and play in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Thank you to our generous donors, this event is free and supports 50-years of on the ground work in Forests, Agriculture, Green Infrastructure, and Stewardship and Engagement.
Breakfast on the Bay kicked off with a celebration of Native Plants! Joined by Beth Ginter, Executive Director of Chesapeake Conservation Landscaping Council, our staff experts Jordan Gochenaur and Laura Toddshared a vast presentation about the benefits of planting native, how to plant native, and their impact on the health of the Bay. They offered a handful of incredible resources including Native Plant Safari Cards and the Native Plant Center.
Next, we celebrated the history of the Bay with Dr. Walt Boynton at the Annapolis Maritime Museum. The talk included what the John Smith diet is, the dramatic change in subaquatic vegetation and oysters, and the impressive data that supports the resilience of the Chesapeake Bay.
You can watch the replay for both of these events on our YouTube channel. We look forward to hosting River and Trail Outfitters, Bobby Whitescarver and Jeanne Hoffman (and Val!), and Alewerks Brewing Company this July. If you are interested in other Breakfast on the Bay talks, you can visit our events to see the full list of talks and register for each one!
(443) 949 0575
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You may not recognize Varetta Dillard, Tiny Grimes and the Rockin’ Highlanders or The Dominoes. But they were scheduled performers at what’s widely considered the first major rock ‘n’ roll concert.
Now-legendary DJ Alan Freed had been finding success with playing rock ‘n’ roll on Cleveland’s WJW AM radio station, and decided to hold a live dance event with some of their show’s featured musicians.
On March 21, 1952, the Moondog Coronation Ball was held in an arena of 10,000. But when more than double that amount showed within an hour, police shut it down. Cleveland hasn’t stopped rocking since that day.
– Alex Simon, The 100 Companies
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This book provides an authoritative, yet accessible guide to the philosophy of education, its scope, its key thinkers and movements, and its potential contribution to a range of educational concerns. The text offers a balanced view of three key dimensions: first, in giving an equal weight to different styles and modes of philosophy; second, by including past and present perspectives on philosophy of education; and third, in covering both the general “perennial” issues in philosophy and issues of more contemporary concern.
Chapter 32: Philosophical Questions about Learning Technologies
Philosophical Questions about Learning Technologies
In Experience and Nature, John Dewey (1925) described philosophy as creating a ‘ground-map of the province of criticism’ (Dewey, 1925, LW1:308309), thus providing a useful metaphor for our task in this chapter, which is to discuss the questions that philosophy of education might raise about technology in education. If we want to think critically about such questions, a ground-map can help define the territory of interest; its boundaries, regions, and topography; its climate, resources, and scarcities; and any particular points of interest that should attract our attention.
Our chapter consists of six parts. In the first, we discuss some (1) definitional issues that will help us to know which regions are part of our territory. The next ...
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President Obama signed a bill into law entitled “Blue Alert” that will protect POLICE. Yes the same POLICE that have been murdering unarmed BLACK MEN and WOMEN by the hundreds. Smh…
Via American Thinker:
After spending years igniting racial fires and fueling nationwide anti-cop protests, President Obama hopped the fence on Tuesday to sign a billprotecting police officers. Coming a day after his Camden, New Jersey speech where he referred to police in military riot gear as resembling an “occupying force,” the turnaround was head-spinning. Shortly before the Camden speech, Obama vowed to act on his 21st-century task force’s recommendations to ban the Pentagon’s sale of certain military gear to local and state law enforcement agencies.
Without much media coverage, the next day Obama signed the Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu National Blue Alert Act of 2015 into law, with the families of two slain policemen standing behind him in the Oval office.
The Act establishes a communications system within the Department of Justice to issue warnings of “an imminent and credible threat that an individual intends to cause the serious injury or death of a law enforcement officer.”
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Rahu in Virgo gives fine aspirations. It is an ideal position for poets and writers, but not for business people, as it is too idealistic and not sufficiently practical. This position of Rahu is not good for marriage; physical love is non-existent, but on the other hand there may be much platonic or idealistic love. There is an entire absence of anything mean; the mind endeavours to free itself from matter, and this does not always benefit the pecuniary position. The native does not view life in its true perspective, and will therefore have to contend with the problems of existence. Success comes nevertheless after a long delay. There may be a fortunate and wealthy marriage, which will turn out happily if helped by good aspects of Venus and the Moon. Failing this, the position often indicates celibacy.
Ketu in Pisces is again a sign of deceit in love, and of infidelity. The native unconsciously indulges in gossip which is detrimental to him. The position also brings physical and moral sufferings, brought about through the native himself. A general indolence is indicated, which can be modified by a good aspect of Mars. Stability in matters connected with the affections will never exist.
Rahu in the sign of discrimination and purity shows these are the qualities that will lead to growth and progress in this life. The hidden ‘Christ within’ must be expressed through service. Ketu in Pisces would show past tendencies of escapism, copping out of responsibility; and it would be easy to follow that pattern in this life, for the tendency could be there unless the rest of the chart showed differently. Senses and sensuality have been strong in the past; now the higher senses must prevail.
The object here is crystallization. The individual has to overcome past life superstitions which now impede his growth and see clearly the truth of all things before him. Prior tendencies to be dependent on others as well as to swim in the self-pity of non-achievements are strong obstacles to be dealt with and surpassed in the current life.
The individual must make every attempt not to allow himself to become bewildered amidst the maze of confusion that clouds his inner vision. Strongly conscious of trying not to hurt other people, he spends much effort to develop the ability to say what he really feels. In essence, his weak spot is hurting himself, even though he will have many opportunities in this life to know better.
He must work to build his confidence, from which he ultimately learns that nothing happens in his life until his goals and objective are clearly defined. In past incarnations, this individual was deceived by many through his over-compassionate tendency to fall for sob stories. Now, he still cringes at the sight of suffering, strongly feeling the emotion of other people’s pain. He thereby allows external sorrows to drain him of his strength, until he reaches the point where he’s had enough. Then the realization that his soft heart is his weak spot pushes him to his Virgo Rahu, where he begins to develop the ability to discriminate between what is truly worthy of his sympathy and what is indeed fantasy!
He spends much time in the current life sifting through his value systems, discarding all that is uimportant, so that he may ultimately develop a filtering system which will enable him to make critical judgements without being swayed emotionally.
This incarnation is to teach him how to swim out of the pea soup he has fallen into; and what never ceases to amaze him is the fact that so subtle was his slipping into illusion that actually he never saw it happen.
He must try to avoid escapism and daydreaming at all costs, for in the end these weaken him to the point that he may forget how to function on the physical earth plane. From past incarnations his intuition uis unusually strong and accurate, but with it comes the Piscean depressions stemming from a sensitivity to other people’s disappointments.
In learning the karmic lesson of not to depend, he ultimately discovers that all those hs desired to lean on eventually come to lean on him. He constantly has to pull out of events, circumstances and relationships whose very heaviness cloud his vision. His own pity for other people can lead him into positions in which he spreads himself too thinly. Hating to tell people what they don’t wish to hear, he develops the art of subtlety.
One of his biggest lessons in this life is to develop the ability to say ‘no’ and mean it, for the softest plea from a tear-stained eye has always made him go back on his word. Well, he knows his own weaknesses, and it is through this knowledge that he can develop his greatest strength. By the refusal to be swept off his feet by emotion, he gradually swims his way out of confusion.
Many with this Nodal position have been through past-life persecution experiences, and as a result they develop a deep understanding of the pain of others. Still, they can be deceived by others, almost as if their inner gentleness becomes confused with weakness to the point of inviting again in this life the very persecution they are running from.
They have the ability to carry deep hurts within them for many years. Yet from time to time the build-up eats away at their nervous system.
Here the Virgo Rahu can act as a savior by cueing them into the diet and health conditions which will bring the most benefit.
These Nodes are especially helpful in the fields of medicine and healing, where the past-life carry-over of a strong compassion for humanity, coupled with a fresh desire for perfection, can be readily expressed. Idealism is high, but the soul’s memory of a lack of self-confidence brought about by so much past persecution makes it difficult for the individual actually to believe that he can reach his ideals. He has constantly to fight the tendencies he feels towards giving up. Ultimately it is the great wisdom learned through the bitter lessons of the Pisces Ketu that redeem him. For no matter how difficult conditions get, he still clings to his rainbow dream where peace and love rule the world.
He is highly critical of others when he sees them falling short of the perfected ideals he knows they are capable of reaching. He has to learn to put into practical use the essence of his own ideas which he has always vaguely felt but has been unable to verbalize. To the extent that this continues, he feels misunderstood. In times of need, he truly wishes for others to help him, yet he feels that it wouldn’t be fair to ask for such help. Instead, he keeps seeking out people with depth, silently hoping that they who can see through him will care enough to fathom his problems.
Constantly seeking warmth in others, he turns stone cold when in the company of coarse or crude individuals. One of the most beautiful things about the Pisces Ketu is that as the years go by he is afforded the opportunity to develop forgiveness for all those who have hurt him in this life as well as in past incarnations
These Nodes represent the clouds and the sunshine, the illusion and the real. Always seeking some better state, this individual eventually comes to learn why other people suffer so much. Until he learns this, he goes far out of his way at the risk of hurting himself to help any and all who suffer.
His current life karma is to strive for purification and perfection in himself, while tolerating with gentleness weakness in others. This brings him his biggest lesson - self-discipline! He must learn clearly when to let the water run, when to shut it off and when to alter its course.
He must not overlook details, for it is often the Piscean lack of attention to detail that causes him to miss the clarity of understanding he is seeking. By developing a clear perspective, he can start to avoid the tendency to excess that he has brought with him into this life.
If he is to be happy, his life must be dedicated to service rather than secretly wishing others to drown his past sorrows. His biggest lesson of all is never to doubt the purity of his objectives.
This individual is starting to make things work on the earth plane. In past lives, he developed an intuitive understanding of the nature by which man and machine function, but now he is confronted with putting this knowledge to use, rather than daydreaming about some future far-off moment when all his dreams might come true. He must be careful to make all times the present as well as all places here; for only through living in the here and now is he able to funnel into crystalline form the vast reservoirs of essences which he has accumulated through all his lifetimes.
He is to become the focusing lens on a form projector which contains millions upon millions of blurred negatives. Yet through his Rahu, he is capable of refining each one so that ultimately no knowledge he has ever acquired will be wasted. In effect, this is a rather frugal Node position. Here also the mind and life become as a machine, with all the separate parts forming an integral part of the whole. When any part of the life is not functioning properly, it must be immediately repaired or discarded.
The life is geared to striving to raise efficiency and order out of the sea of the Piscean whirlpool. Much prior life work was spent in renunciation. Now only vague memories remain. In this life, the individual must learn to display the perfected ideals he ahs achieved through giving up all but his appreciation of the Divine Essence.
The house position of the Ketu indicates the area in which a past incarnation reached Cosmic Understanding. The house position of the Rahu shows the area through which crystllization can now bring that understanding into material reality.
You need to learn to work. Your Pisces Ketu may reply ‘Yeah, but that means giving up my privacy’.
Your problem may be your inability to analyze feelings.
Possible reasons for this problem: excessive tolerance of unacceptable behavior from others; faulty reasoning; a tendency to gloss over flaws; a tendency to help others while letting your own life disintegrate; escapist tendencies; your early upbringing having led to a ‘you owe me’ attitude; your sense being over-active, overwhelming your logic.
Possible solutions: Channel your fantasies into creative work - poetry, fiction, psychology, etc.. Learn to rule your senses instead of letting them rule you. Learn to lie skillfully. Shun human contact as much as possible. Over-eat, drink too much, get stoned.
Health problems are a frequent manifestations of the Virgo Rahu - Pisces Ketu imbalance. These may be physical or mental, real or imagined. Both fear of people and excessive dependency are common - sometimes simultaneously. Compulsive over-eating or an obsession with thinness can be a manifestation. Occasionally I’ve seen this position in what I call the spiritual or psychological hypochondriac who drifts from guru to soothsayer to therapist looking for someone capable of solving his or her problems for him or her. Invariably, there’s a craving for happiness; however, the client can’t generally define what this happiness would entail, except to say there would be ‘no more problems’. Well-being improves when the Virgo Rahu’s potential for objectivity and practicality is channeled into some sort of meaningful work.
Some signs of an over-developed Pisces Ketu are: excessive daydreaming; constant requests for help; a ‘too sweet for words’ façade; strange attitudes towards work; little control over emotions; masochistic or morbid tendencies; overall discontentment with his or her lot in life; shallownes and game-playing; moodiness; and a tendency to attract chaotic conditions and disorganized people.
Rahu in Virgo dreams of being the trusted second-in-command without whom things would fall apart. He or she wants to be a policy-maker or manager, or at least the chief executive’s right-hand person. He or she wants to be known as someone who can’t be deceived or boondoggled. This is generally a quiet person whose feelings are more important than logic in terms of outlining a direction in life. Instead of a policy-maker, he or she is generally a dreamer whose dreams seldom become realities. He or she lacks - or at least hasn’t developed - the analytical abilities inherent in the Virgo Rahu. He or she is vague about goals and vaguer still about how to realize them.
Antidotes for Virgo imbalance: Typing is a very helpful antidote, since it encourages neatness and order. The study of history is recommended if there’s aptitude along these lines. Gardening is a very good antidote. Weiting should be encouraged, with inspirational writing, social commentary, and ideas stressing reform being especially good. Public speaking should also be encourageed, with literary, analytical, scientific, and gardening topics being favored. Should there be no aptitude along these lines, an alternative topic should be sought according to the overall chart.
If career advice is sought, secretarial work is an obvious choice; however, few male clients are likely to find this attractive, no matter how much aptitude they have. Other good choices would be bookbinding, statistical work, historical work, work in a stationary store, and writing of any type. If the client is young enough and capable of receiving proper training, law or paralegal work might be considered. Again, you’d want to look for additional corroboration from the rest of the chart.
When Rahu is in Virgo in the twelfth or first house, there are usually problems connected with a lo self-image or a negative outlook on life. There’s often a history of restriction of some sort. In these cases, it would be a good idea to suggest professional counselling if the problems are severe. reading such as ‘I’m OK - You’re OK, Assagioli’s writings, and much of the literature on Gestalt Therapy (especially Fritz Perls’ writings) might also be helpful.
Certain hobbies could prove to be both enjoyable and beneficial as antidotes. Among these are music, bicycling, walking, and many types of volunteer work. Crafts of various types might also be considered if according to the client’s aptitudes. It’s common for clients in these categories to have no idea what they might be interested in - let alone good at - so you should be prepared to spend a fair amount of time exploring along these lines.
Previous incarnation for this person was quite a mediocre life. He did not have many opportunities because he could not properly identify them and use them. All he had was a great sense of instincts in that life. In this lifetime, he may not explicitly believe in inner instincts, as his logic and synthesis are well-developed. He would want to achieve things entirely by their use. However, as a fail-safe mechanism, he has been given the gift of ‘insight’ to things which he can use when in great need. Discrimination is one of his major enemies, and he often makes decisions based upon pre-discrimination. He has been given many opportunities in this life, but, at the same time, he has to achieve them very methodically. Thus, he cannot just skip and go on to the next game in life.
One challenge is how to relate your emotionally sensitive perceptions to the world in a way that becomes creatively positive and bridges both spiritual and physical realities. You tend to depend on others to define your life direction, perhaps through earlier social and parental conditioning, which also shapes your self-image.
Your weak spot is emotions. You will be highly compassionate, feeling the world’s suffering and pain due to empathic attunement to others’ anguish. This may inspire efforts to minimize pain for others, and will even be displayed through tact and diplomacy, often controlling what you say, feel, and think. You try to remold yourself to avoid giving offence to others; but in so doing, you can damage your integrity and become confused by ignoring the messages of your feelings. A combination of sympathetic sensitivity and inner / outer evasion can weaken and distort your energies and strength of identity, leaving you open to exploitation by unscrupulous characters.
Emotions will dominate judgements and decision-making; and you need clarity as to your real needs, desires, and thoughts. Saying ‘no’ to others poses problems, and you are easily undermined when others appeal to your vulnerable emotions and persuade you to change your mind. Self-assertion is required when you are confronted by others. Acknowledge the equal importance of your individuality, and be less passive and self-sacrificial in attitude.
Escapism, daydreaming, and fantasies attract, and you may retreat into an ideal and perfect inner world where all is good. This is the conflict between illusions and external reality which reflects the interplay between the Virgoan dream of perfection and the Piscean dream of idealism. A misapplication of these impair your ability to deal with the real world.
You can contribute to society when you work with your strengths, which emerge from an idealistic vision applied in daily life to benefit others. You may develop service concepts which embrace an understanding of how to serve, when to serve, how to receive from others, and how to recognize those you can benefit.
You may display idealism but, until you achieve self-confidence, may limit opportunities to manifest ideals, or even give up making the effort. Yet it will be the lessons learned from these struggles which strengthen you. Often disillusionment is a most effective teacher; the challenge is to continue to maintain your dream of peace and love ruling the world, despite the painful struggle. You have to live your vision, beliefs, and principles in the outer world; they have no reality if they remain as dreams. They need testing in the crucible of daily experience. Your sensitivity, spirituality, and vision of the ideal world need grounding; even in a small way, it is a step forward.
Facing conflict between illusion and reality, you always seek a better state for yourself and others. Much enlightenment can come when you realize why people suffer so much, but in this you also find the key to your own suffering. The deeper your self-understanding, the less you need to rely on others. The more you test your beliefs in real life, the more ideals can emerge in pragmatic and practical activity. You may find that directed imagination - perhaps through creative visualization techniques - especially benefits your self-healing transformation. Within the Virgoan service impulse of working for the community is a potential path which corresponds to the Piscean vision of fulfillment for all.
The mutable Earth sign, Virgo, calls for mobility, fluidity, and flexibility. In contrast to Leo, we should total up everything of real value in our life, and discard the pomp and circumstance. We must come to terms with the community in which we live and with the environment as a whole. The ‘You’ is clearly emphasized here.
Leo also lays emphasis on the ‘You’, but in Leo we are free to make an impression on the world. Virgo is a serving sign, in which we are in a weak position and more or less at the mercy of others. Society has the last word, and our partner tells us what to do. When the Node is in Virgo, we even have to let the world decide what good we are and assign us a place - not the place we may dream of occupying, but the one for which we are suited. Conformity and adaptability are keynotes of Virgo. Now, to have to knuckle under can be very tiresome, not to mention painful. For this reason, we find many Virgoans grumbling about the miserable circumstances they had to endure.
Of course, a readiness to fit in and find one’s proper place must not lead to identity loss - as can happen with hard aspects to the Node. Then one would end up in a state of alienation and become nothing and nobody.
The Node in Virgo should make us willing to adopt a positive approach to the people around us, and to see and understand what they really need before giving them what we have to offer. In the Virgoan Node, helping and serving are essential forms of expression of an active and practical love for others.
To Be Continued ...
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WASHINGTON (AP) - The head of the International Monetary Fund says the officials managing Europe's debt bailout fund should consider providing financial support directly to European banks that need more capital reserves.
IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde said Thursday that supplying more capital directly to European banks could help ease the debt crisis.
Speaking at a news conference to open three days of meetings on the global economy, Lagarde noted that the banks can now receive bailout money only from European governments. She said that officials should change that so banks could receive money directly from the European bailout fund.
She said this would provide more flexibility in combating the financial crisis and move the European economy "towards stronger and better integration."
At the same time, Lagarde said she thinks the IMF's resources to help Europe manage its debt crisis and other financial threats will be "significantly increased" because of pledges that countries have been making.
In a TV interview later, Lagarde said she'd received commitments of $320 billion in additional support so far. She told Bloomberg Television that she expected more commitments before Saturday, when the IMF's spring meetings will end.
The boost to IMF resources is a major issue for the spring meetings of the 188-nation IMF and its sister lending agency, the World Bank. Before policy committees of both agencies meet Saturday, finance officials and central bank presidents of the Group of 20 major economies will hold two days of talks starting Thursday night.
Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke will represent the United States at the meetings of the G-20. The G-20 includes traditional powers such as the United States, Japan and Germany and fast-growing emerging markets such as China, Brazil and India.
Last week, Lagarde scaled back her IMF fundraising target. She said that a $500 billion goal she had set in January could be reduced because of steps Europe has taken and stronger growth globally. She declined to specify how much less funding the IMF needs.
Japan said this week that it's prepared to contribute $60 billion. And three European countries - Denmark, Norway and Sweden - promised a combined $26 billion.
Europe had previously set a target of providing $150 billion from the 17 nations that share the euro common currency and $50 billion from non-eurozone nations.
The United States has declined to provide additional loans to the IMF, preferring to keep pressure on Europe to do more to manage the debt crisis.
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Poetry off the Shelf: Natasha Trethewey
Tuesday, February 5th, 7:00 PM
61 West Superior Street
This event is free on a first come, first served basis. Doors open 30 minutes before a program. Programs typically last one hour.
When she was named the 19th United States Poet Laureate in June, 2012, Natasha Trethewey was among the youngest poets appointed to the post, the first African American since Rita Dove, and the first Southerner since Robert Penn Warren held the office in the 1980s. Born in Gulfport, Mississippi, she is the author of four collections of poetry, including Native Guard, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 2007, and Thrall, her latest volume of verse. She has also published Beyond Katrina: A Meditation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and has a memoir coming out this year. Librarian of Congress James Billington has written that Trethewey’s poems “dig beneath the surface of history—personal and communal, from childhood or from a century ago—to explore the human struggles we all face.” Native Guard, for example, draws its title from an unsung regiment of African American soldiers who were commissioned to watch over Confederate prisoners of war, while some of the poems in Thrall explore mixed-race marriage from both cultural and personal perspectives. Among Trethewey’s many other honors are fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as the Cave Canem Prize for her first collection, Domestic Work. Trethewey holds the Phillis Wheatley Distinguished Chair in Poetry at Emory University.
Special guest Natalie Richardson of Oak Park, Illinois, will introduce Natasha Tretheway. Seventeen-year-old Natalie is one of five young poets nationwide to be selected for the National Student Poets Program, a partnership between the President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers. National Student Poets are selected for work that exhibits exceptional creativity, dedication to craft, and promise; they serve for a year as national poetry ambassadors.
Co-sponsored with the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
A group exhibition featuring work by Poetry magazine cover artists depicting the mythical creatures Pegasus and mermaids from poetry immemorial. Artists include Lise Haller Baggesen, Ana Benaroya, Lilli Carré, Alexander Cohen, Stephen Eichhorn, Carson Ellis, Clay Hickson, Tony Fitzpatrick, Krista Franklin, Julia Goodman, Jenny Kendler, Kate McQuillen, Jessie Mott, Julie Murphy, Diana Sudyka, and Shoshanna Weinberger.
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To the director on the lower octave.*+ A melody of David.
12 Do save [me],*+ O Jehovah, for the loyal one has come to an end;+
For faithful people have vanished from the sons of men.
2 Untruth they keep speaking one to the other;+
With a smooth lip+ they keep speaking even with a double heart.*+
3 Jehovah will cut off all smooth lips,
The tongue speaking great things,+
4 Those who have said: “With our tongue we shall prevail.+
Our lips are with us. Who will be a master to us?”
5 “Because of the despoiling of the afflicted ones, because of the sighing of the poor ones,+
I shall at this time arise,” says Jehovah.+
“I shall put [him] in safety from anyone that puffs at him.”+
6 The sayings of Jehovah are pure sayings,+
As silver refined in a smelting furnace* of earth, clarified seven times.
7 You yourself, O Jehovah, will guard them;+
You will preserve each one from this generation to time indefinite.
8 The wicked ones walk all around,
Because vileness is exalted among the sons of men.+
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Calling All Kids
The Women’s Association of Morristown Medical Center (WAMMC) Channel 65, Calling All Kids®, Committee has been working to expand and create a new format for story time. The expansion aims to animate the stories and provide young audience members with an exciting visual. Moreover, an introduction, ending, as well as appropriate accreditation, will be added to each new story.
To make this happen, WAMMC TV approached Fairleigh Dickinson University (FDU) and was consequentially connected to the FDU Film and Animation Department.
The stories were videoed using the fully equipped campus film studio. FDU staff were so enthusiastic about the project that they organized an internship using film and animation students to produce two stories, ‘Clifford, the Big Red Dog’ and ‘Hi, Fly Guy’, from Scholastic Books. The rights had previously been obtained for these stories, as well as many other children’s books, to read and animate for Calling All Kids®. The committee now organizes a preproduction plan, which includes casting new readers, students, and WAMMC TV volunteers.
The process has been wonderful from beginning to end. The finished test videos, once approved, should be the first of many to come, for the Calling All Kids® channel. The committee hopes to include animation, music, comedy and educational stories using the new format.
(Pictured) Debbie Potter, WAMMC TV committee member
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- Updated (as of May 2016) information provided by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office on funding for Israeli and Palestinian NGOs for the years 2015/2016, can be found here.
- The British government provides millions of pounds annually, through direct and indirect funding processes, to highly politicized NGOs (non-governmental organizations) that operate in the UK, Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza.
- The recipient organizations receive direct funding through annual grants from the Department for International Development (DFID), Embassy in Tel Aviv, and Consulate in Jerusalem.
- Indirect NGO funding comes from church aid frameworks like Christian Aid and other groups, including Oxfam-GB, that receive significant funding from the UK government.
- UK funding is generally aimed at “support[ing] efforts to achieve a two-state solution, that sees a viable Palestinian state existing in peace and security alongside Israel.” In correspondence with NGO Monitor, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) stated: “The UK Government does not support the BDS movement,” and “we have been very clear that the boycotts movement is not productive… it could be deeply corrosive.”
- In contrast to these objectives, the British government partners with and supports NGOs that undermine peace efforts and increase tensions. For instance, some UK-funded organizations pursue partisan and divisive agendas, are heavily involved in “lawfare” and BDS (boycott, divestment and sanctions) campaigns, and employ the rhetoric accusing Israel of “apartheid,” “ethnic cleansing,” and “war crimes.”
- In June 2016, the UK House of Commons held a debate on the government’s external aid spending. A central theme of the debate was the spending allocated for issues related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In a number of the speeches, NGO Monitor’s research and analysis was cited. A major point of contention between members of the leading parties centered on the massive funds allocated to the Palestinian Authority as well as NGOs in both Israel and the PA.
UK Projects in the West Bank and Gaza: Limited Transparency
- The Department for International Development (DFID – UK Aid) partners with and provides funds to Christian Aid, Medical Aid for Palestinians (MAP), Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), and other humanitarian NGOs.
- Information on projects funded by the Department for International Development (DFID – “UK Aid”) is available in a projects database. However, local NGO recipients, which receive UK funds via international organizations, appear anonymously as “civil society organizations / NGOs.” (“Supplier Name Withheld”). Additionally, details on grants to Palestinian NGOs no longer appear on the website of the British Consulate in Jerusalem. NGO Monitor emails to the Consulate received no response.
Direct UK Funding of Israeli and Palestinian NGOs
(according to submissions to the Israeli Registrar of Non-Profits)
|Rabbis for Human Rights||2015||Consulate- UK||337,046||Promoting Human Rights through legal work in the Israeli Military Justice system
|2014||Consulate- UK||50,000||Legal work of the NGO
|B'Tselem||2013||Embassy- UK||326,160||Supporting the video project
|2012||Embassy- UK||88,330||Supporting the video project
|Gisha||2015||Embassy- UK||164,197||Promoting the right of freedom of movement in the Palestinian territories
|2014||Embassy- UK||171,584||Promoting the right of freedom of movement in the Palestinian territories
|Embassy- UK||166,659||Promote the right for work in the Palestinian territories
|2013||Embassy- UK||405,973||Promoting the right of freedom of movement in the Palestinian territories
|Yesh Din||2015||Embassy- UK||334,927||Lands Project
|2014||Embassy- UK||567,808||Land Project
|Embassy- UK||272,029||Lands project and Law enforcement
|2013||Embassy- UK||608,840||Lands Project
|Terrestrial Jerusalem||2014||Consulate- UK||163,211||Jerusalem monitoring project
|Embassy- UK||145,192||Jerusalem monitoring project
|2013||Embassy- UK||450,561||Jerusalem monitoring project
|2012||Embassy- UK||35,332||Jerusalem monitoring project
UK Funding for Norwegian Refugee Council
- DFID has provided the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) with two grants totaling £6 million (FY10/11-14/15) for an extensive legal advocacy project targeting Israeli policy in East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
- This massive DFID funding, which is in turn transferred by NRC to Israeli and Palestinian NGOs, is being used to pursue hundreds of legal cases aimed at influencing Israeli policies, to lobby for international sanctions against Israel, and to support international campaigns of demonization.
- A lawyer affiliated with the NRC program stated that the objective of these cases are an attempt to “try every possible legal measure to disrupt the Israeli judicial system… as many cases as possible are registered and that as many cases as possible are appealed to increase the workload of the courts and the Supreme Court to such an extent that there will be a blockage.” (emphasis added)
- As of May 2013, UK funding financed 677 cases that received “full legal representation at the relevant court/administrative body.”
- The information available on the British government’s Development Tracker website reflects limited transparency. Details on the NGO recipients of funding disbursed by NRC are “withheld.” Additionally, NRC’s “low visibility policy” suggests a deliberate attempt to prevent public scrutiny and to avoid accountability vis-à-vis the Israeli democratic process.
Indirect Funding for Political Advocacy NGOs
The British government also provides indirect funding to Israeli and Palestinian NGOs via British aid organizations, such as Christian Aid and Oxfam GB, which channel government funds to local NGOs.
All Articles about United Kingdom
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What has been gratifying about this week’s responses has been how they have built on my thoughts about the unions, driving further into their potential as builders of a human rights culture. But at the same time, you have not allowed me to drift into some kind of romantic nostalgia for a long lost unionised ‘Golden Age.’
Richard Buck was first off with the push for multinational unions as a response to the fact (as he so eloquently expressed it) that ‘the most precious asset in the world economy, people, seems to have the least value.’
Richard is right to revive that wonderful old slogan ‘Workers of the World Unite!’ These days we need a truly universal human rights movement to make this possible – as long as we are determined to see ‘human rights’ as a term that absolutely necessitates recognition of the right of workers to organise. Its amazing how many human rights people have a blind spot on this – a part of their liberal (selective) mind set I suppose. But Lee in his post on South America in general and Columbia in particular reminds us, if we needed reminding, of simply how much has to be done here.
- ‘hats off’ to the wonderful International Labour Organisation which as Alice Donald reminds us is already doing valuable work on extending union rights and which has long been in the forefront of innovation in the rights’ field
- Congrats too to those interest groups fighting deunionisation around the world: we need to recognise these as front line human rights workers (and fighting bad faith unions as well, as Duygu reminds us is often necessary as well)
- And Bob Crow is right too when he points Guardian readers to the International Transport Workers’ Federation as his industry’s way of fighting management shifts to cheaper, more vulnerable labour.
Christina reminds us of the difficulty of all this – ‘the minute you have effective unions the rules are changed’. Sure the struggle is hard, and there is no guarantee of success. But one thing human rights activists need is gleefully to re-engage with the idealism of the past…. And this ‘visionary ideal for the role of unions’ (Duygu) is something I think we should fight hard for.
Duygu’s ‘attractive and alluring’ past and Christina’s ‘long time ago’ can also be tomorrow!
Winning Back Trust
Paul Bernal asks a key question: ‘how can the image of trade unions be rehabilitated in the eyes of the public?’ Craig Valters shares this concern as well, as do others of you to varying degrees. (Lee: ‘It is seen as one greed (shareholders) against another greed (workers)’.)
Let’s not deny there is a massive issue here. The trade unions have been rightly sectional; it is not their job to govern (as track ten made clear). But maybe this sectionalism has in the past gone too far – or become too threatening to power. Either way – whatever the reason – the unions have a job to do in re-engaging the public.
What is against them is rampant deunionisation and casualisation. In this rush to the bottom, travellers resent those not forced to join the same escalator down into penury and exploitation – instead of saying to unionised labour ‘we want to be like you’ (strong; powerful, prosperous) they say ‘why can’t you be more like us’ (weak, vulnerable, insecure). I talked about this feeling in my common track on asylum and foundations and it applies equally here. A society that does not respect its own people will never make social progress.
So how to counter this problem:
- fight hard to subvert the way in which we have become used to the market as a kind of entrenched common sense. Say and say again that profit and exploitation are not as normal as breathing: Craig is very good on this. I’ll come back to it when I get on to religion. (Its because faith leaders like Archbishop Rowan Williams and Pope Benedict XVI so unequivocally refuse to accept this common sense that I have such a lot of time for them.)
- rediscover the virtues of solidarity, both within and also across industries. And solidarity too between the worker and the consumer, at least to the extent of engaging with the consequences for non-strikers of actions taken — there is something to what Lee says when he castigates the unions for making so little effort to reach out beyond ‘the converted’.
- challenge media ownership rules fighting to ensure fair play. Big business has too often been able to rely on free speech rights to protect from public view their calculated anti-union actions, both within their own industry (Wapping and all that) and outside.
- Work hard on the ‘smaller day-to-day work of assistance’ (Lee) building the trust that will make the large scale action not seem ‘less fundamental and more opportunistic’ (Lee again).
- And finally, deserving of its own headline,
Use New Technology Creatively
Plenty from you of great interest here. Paul is a fan and a proponent of imaginative deployment of these new resources, working to ensure that ‘freedom of association and assembly … [are] …. translated into the UK internet context’. Richard recalls the successful use of new media techniques by Barack Obama and (before him) Howard Dean.
Yes, Craig is right to warn us against the risks of transience, of the sheer fluidity of the web.
We all agree, I think, that it has to be part – a big part – of any reforging of union identity – as do old-fashioned physical engagement (Alice) and also connections ‘with social movements and other civil society formations’ (Alice again).
This is where the big point about human rights comes in, indeed where the whole rationale of this project comes back into play. What other narrative thread can bind such disparate progressive elements of our culture together? Give them solidarity, a sense of mutual respect, a broad message?
Not religion, for sure.
Not even traditional social democracy these days, much less socialism.
Its because I think human rights properly understood as progressive politics and shorn of its addiction to law is best placed to pull this off that I have become an advocate of this (particular) (progressive) (I say authentic) human rights story.
And Bob Crow?
Well maybe we need more not fewer Bob Crows, causing chaos on the way to a fairer future, one in which the common sense of today (casualisation; exploitation; insecurity) are viewed as quixotically barbaric as the child labour and slavery of old.
‘What A Week!’
That’s how Christina put it and how right she was: not only the Irish case, but Wikileaks, the students and much else besides. I start this week’s track with the Irish case, and I’ll need to come back to Wikileaks. Also f you haven’t yet read Johann Hari’s scary story it’s a reminder of how strongly the state can resist protest when it threatens to be effective.
Human rights are rarely out of the news; in this project we are all working together to try to make overarching sense of them.
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Coastal Processes and Systems (MARS5001)
UNIT OF STUDY
This unit of study explains the major coastal processes and systems of relevance to coastal zone management. These include beaches, barriers and dunes; estuaries and inlets; and coral reefs. The interactions between these processes and systems that are of most relevance to coastal management are highlighted, including coastal hazards such as beach erosion. Anthropogenic impacts are also analysed. This unit includes an introduction to numerical modeling of coastal processes and systems using state-of-the-art modeling tools. The unit is presented in lectures and field excursions, the latter enabling each system to be examined first hand.
Our courses that offer this unit of study
- Graduate Certificate in Environmental Science
- Graduate Certificate in Marine Science and Management
- Graduate Diploma in Environmental Science
- Graduate Diploma in Marine Science and Management
- Master of Environmental Science
- Master of Environmental Science and Law
- Master of Marine Science and Management
- Master of Wildlife Health and Population Management
Further unit of study information
One 2 hour lecture, one 1 hour tutorial per week
Assignment, presentation and quiz (100%)
Faculty/department permission required?
Unit of study rules
This unit assumes a sound understanding of scientific principles, HSC level mathematics and understanding of basic statistics.
Study this unit outside a degree
If you wish to undertake one or more units of study (subjects) for your own interest but not towards a degree, you may enrol in single units as a non-award student.
If you are from another Australian tertiary institution you may be permitted to underake cross-institutional study in one or more units of study at the University of Sydney.
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Thevetia or oleander is acknowledged by different names in different parts of world like be-still nuts in Hawaii, cascaveleria in Brazil, cerebra Thevetia in India, yee tho in Thai, lucky nut is West Indies etc. Oleander itself consist of two plant species – Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) belonging to family apocynaceae or dogbane.
Thevetia is an evergreen shrub or tree, having funnel shaped bright yellow or sometimes orange-red colour flowers which is a most attractive feature and therefore it is utilised mostly for landscaping. It is planted as ornamental plant in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical regions, tolerates most soils and is drought tolerant.
Characteristics of Thevetia
Thevetia belongs to class of cardio tonic glycoside .Almost all parts of plants are utilised for therapeutic purposes although they are associated with toxic effects like plants produces milky latex which is highly poisonous.
Seeds kernels consist of phytosterolin and glucoside, thevetin, nerrifolin, acetylnerrifolin, thevefolin, cerebrine, peruvoside and ruvoside and fatty oil constituting more than 60% of the kernel. Seeds consist of around 60-65% oil and 40-45% of protein.
Oils physical properties like saponification value 120-125% and 0.24-0.25% of unsaponified matters makes it promoting factor for production of soap and also its production cost is less as it does not require any bleaching of oil and also having good leathering property. Researches have also showed that it is heat stable and no changes in physicochemical properties and parameters like iodine value, peroxy value and saponification value were recorded on heating at temperature of 180 C, 200 C, and 220 C.
Health Benefits of Thevetia
As discussed earlier almost all parts of plants are utilised for therapeutic purposes. The milky sap consists of thevetin that act as heart stimulant but in its natural form it is toxic. Thevetia is mostly used for the treatment of cardiac insufficiency. Seeds are having cardio tonic, abortifacient, purgative, insecticidal and for treatment of dropsy and rheumatism. Latex of plant is applied to sores and tooth cavities, tincture of bark is used as s bitter, tonic and cathartic aqueous extract is applied to boils, blisters and skin diseases.
Treatment of congestive heart failure : Thevetin is associated with cardio tonic activity. It inhibits Na-K-ATPase enzyme which is responsible for exchange of Na+ and K+ cation between extracellular and intracellular cell wall. Oleandrin binds to proteins causing it to lose its function. After entering of Na+ during depolarisation it cannot be transported back to extracellular membrane, this facilitates the transport of other proteins and therefore useful for treating cardiomyocytes.
Treatment of cancer : Oleandrin and oleadrigenin inhibits proliferation of tumour cells and stimulate apoptosis of cells. Studies have proved its invitro potential for cancers of colon, leukaemia, prostrate, and pancreas. Oleandrine also increases cascase 3 activity in radio damaged tumour cells and thus induces radiation induced apoptosis. Long term use shows positive potential for the treatment of leiomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, prostate cancer or breast cancer. Root paste is generally applied to tumours.
Other uses of Thevetia
- In soap industry
- In cooking oil and making of grease and lubricants- due to its thermally stable property.
- Biological pest control-Thevetia seed oil was used to make paints with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal properties. The paint exhibited inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureous, bacillus subtilis and candida albicans. Thevetia oil paint acts as self-preservative and thus protects woods from subterranean termite attacks.
- In livestock feed formulation
- Development as biodiesel
Adults (18 yrs. of age or more) – In patients with congestive heart failure it is recommended to ingest 1.8-3.2 mg by mouth as initial dose followed by average daily dose of 0.6mg/day.
Toxics Effects Associated with Thevetia
Thevetia causes both GIT and cardiac effects. The gastrointestinal effects include diarrhoea (which may contain blood), nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Effects on heart includes Tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrythmia, premature ventricular contraction or AVblockage .Effects on CNS are also observed that includes drowsiness, tremor ,seizures, collapse and coma may lead to death. On topical administration it may cause skin irritation, eye inflammation and allergic reactions characterised by dermatitis.
Management of Oleander Poisoning
The patient should be immediately admitted to hospital. The treatment usually depends on severity of poisoning and it involves immediate Gastric Decontamination, and correction of arrhythmia and electrolyte balance. The continuous monitoring of ECG at least for 24hrs and of electrolyte and potassium level should be done.
Ensure adequate air ways and ventilation. Dehydration can be corrected by giving normal saline and antiemetic can be used in case of severe vomiting. Electrolyte imbalance If serum potassium level exceeds 6mmol/l gives 50ml of 50% glucose and 10 units of soluble insulin IV. Administration of IV calcium may lead to cardiac arrhythmia; therefore its use should be avoided in treating hyperkalaemia . Avoid rectal or oral administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin as it may lead to hypokalaemia when used along with digoxin-specific antibody fragments.
Gastric decontamination- Earlier vomiting or performing gastric lavages were used for the treatment of poisoning but it may lead to hypovolemic. Use of activated charcoal for absorbing plant toxins is more preferred in treatment of poisoning. Correction of arrhythmia-Bradycardia (<40 bpm) or hypotension (systolic pressure <70mmHg) can treated by administering bolus dose of atropine (2-3mg) or else give small bolus dose of atropine (0.3-0.6mg) or and infusion (mg/h) to maintain heart rate around 70-80bpm.
Ventricular arrhythmia should be treated by administering phenytoin or lidocaine. Phenytoin should be infused slowly IV at a rate of 50mg/min until the dysrhythmia is under control. You can increase dose of phenytoin upto 1000mg/kg. Lidocaine can be administered at a dose of 1mg/kg IV bolus followed by continuous IV infusion of 1-4 mg/min.
The use of anti-digoxin FabIV is best preferred for treatment of oleander poisoning as it binds with oleander and reduces its blood concentration. Administer around 400mg over 20mins followed by 400-800mg for 4-5 hrs. By infusion.
If anti-digoxin FabIV is not available, Use fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase (FDP) as antidote at a dose of 50mg/kgIV. FDP is produced from glucose by phosphofructokinase (PFK) during glycolysis and is broken down to pyruvate. In poisoning conditioning, Hypotension interferes with ATP production during glycolysis due to the production of lactate which inhibits rate limiting PFK enzyme. Thus FDP helps in production of ATP when PFK is inhibited.it also chelates calcium and stimulate Na-K-ATPase enzyme.
Although benefit to risk ratio is less in Thevetia, it can be useful for treating cardiac insufficiency when taken in appropriate dose level. Many of the researches are carried on in developing antidotes for oleander poisoning as antidigoxin FabIV is very expensive.
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“Doing Business” – Untangling The Complicated Extra-Provincial Registration Requirements
I often get calls from clients asking what they require in order to do business in a particular province. Often these questions come from international clients who wish to do business in Canada, but we also have questions from businesses who operate in a particular province but wish to “do business” in another province.
Unfortunately, the quick answer is the dreaded “it depends”. Typically, to “carry on business” in a particular province in Canada, you need to be incorporated in that province or have a business license to operate in that province. If your company is already incorporated in a different jurisdiction (another province or foreign country), then you would need an Extra-Provincial License.
But what is considered “carrying on business”? Each province has legislation (whether their corporate statute or a specific extra-provincial corporations statute) that provides a definition of what is considered “doing business”.
For example, in Ontario, the Extra-Provincial Corporations Act says that an extra-provincial corporation (i.e. not an Ontario corporation) carries on business in Ontario if,
(a) it has a resident agent, representative, warehouse, office or place where it carries on business in Ontario;
(b) it holds an interest, otherwise than by way of security, in real property situate in Ontario; or
(c) it otherwise carries on business in Ontario.
Of course, subparagraph (c) is the dreaded catch-all provision.
The statute goes on to say that an extra-provincial corporation does not carry on its business in Ontario by reason only that
(a) it takes orders for or buys or sells goods, wares and merchandise;
(b) offers or sells services of any type,
by use of travellers or through advertising or correspondence.
Each province has its own definition of what is considered “doing business”. There is no hard and fast rule and each situation must be analyzed to determine if an Extra-Provincial License is appropriate.
The process (and disbursement costs) for obtaining an Extra-Provincial License in each province varies as well.
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2 Answers | Add Yours
A Cartesian plane can be divided into 4 parts known as quadrants based on the value of the x and y co-ordinates. Starting from the top right quadrant which is the first quadrant in a clockwise manner:
- In the first quadrant the x and y co-ordinates are positive.
- In the second quadrant the x co-ordinate is positive and the y co-ordinate is negative.
- In the third quadrant both the x and y co-ordinates are negative
- In the fourth quadrant the y co-ordinate is positive and the x-coordinate is negative.
In case any of the co-ordinates is 0, the point lies on the axes.
The position of the point in the Cartesian plane can be determined using the sign and value of the x and y co-ordinates.
To locate any point in Cartesian system of coordinates we have to know the pairs of coordinates (x,y).
The Cartesian plane is divided in 4 quadrants by the x and y axis.
The point may be found in one of the 4 quadrants of the Cartesian plane.
To determine the exact location of a point, we'll have to know the values of its coordinates.
If the point is located in the 1st quadrant, the values of x and y will be both positive.
If the point is located in the 2nd quadrant, the values of x will be negative and the values of y will be positive.
If the point is located in the 3rd quadrant, the values of x and y will be both negative.
If the point is located in the 4th quadrant, the values of x will be positive and the vallues of y will be negative.
The coordinates, which may be positive or negative, are found with respect to the quadrants of Cartesian plane.
We’ve answered 319,210 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Jonathan Mercer reviews the evidence against the “credibility” argument:
For their part, the French were indeed worried, but not because they doubted U.S. credibility. Instead, they feared that American resolve would lead to a major war over a strategically inconsequential piece of territory [bold mine-DL]. Later, once the war was underway, Acheson feared that Chinese leaders thought the United States was “too feeble or hesitant to make a genuine stand,” as the CIA put it, and could therefore “be bullied or bluffed into backing down before Communist might.” In fact, Mao thought no such thing. He believed that the Americans intended to destroy his revolution, perhaps with nuclear weapons.
Similarly, Ted Hopf, a professor of political science at the National University of Singapore, has found that the Soviet Union did not think the United States was irresolute for abandoning Vietnam; instead, Soviet officials were surprised that Americans would sacrifice so much for something the Soviets viewed as tangential to U.S. interests [bold mine-DL].
It shouldn’t be surprising that allied and hostile governments saw U.S. involvement in these conflicts in this way. I find it amazing that U.S. policymakers can convince themselves that their credibility is so frequently in jeopardy when it isn’t. Of course, “credibilty” is most often cited as a reason for military action when there are no other credible reasons for war. It is the preferred pretext that hawks use to make unnecessary wars important for U.S. security, and it is a favored tool of demagogues that want to embarrass an administration without taking responsibility for the foolish policy they are supporting. Invoking the danger of lost “credibility” is almost always a scare tactic designed to make people stop thinking about the absurdity of the proposed policy and to worry about other, unrelated problems that will somehow be made worse if the bad policy isn’t implemented.
The Vietnam example is a sobering one. To this day, there are far too many people in the U.S. that believe that the U.S. hurt its position internationally by leaving Vietnam when it did, just as there are today Iraq war dead-enders that think the U.S. should have kept soldiers in that country indefinitely. As far as the would-be defenders of U.S. “credibility” are concerned, the U.S. cannot withdraw from unnecessary wars for fear of appearing to lack “resolve,” and it must launch unnecessary wars in order to demonstrate it. In the end, the fixation on “credibility” is just a bludgeon that hawks use to promote their preferred policies. The fear of lost “credibility” has led the U.S. into several conflicts that it could have easily avoided, and it has prolonged some of the conflicts the U.S. was already in far longer than necessary, yet somehow this false idea holds enormous power over the minds of people in government and the media. If it didn’t, there wouldn’t have been such a surge in pro-war commentary over Syria that relied so heavily on this unfounded belief in the importance of “credibility.”
P.S. Mercer makes a relevant comment on Syria later in the article:
Those who argue that reputation and credibility matter are depending on strategists to be simple-minded, illogical, and blissfully unaware of recursion. And if Assad is illogical, then calibrating U.S. foreign policy to elicit particular responses from him is pointless.
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Fr.: jet astrophysique
A very fast moving, → collimated beam of → ionized gas at high temperatures associated with most classes of compact objects that spin and/or accrete matter from their surroundings, such as → protostars, → X-ray binary systems, and, at a larger scale, with → active galactic nuclei, → gamma-ray bursts, and → quasars. In general, jet sources host → accretion disks and are associated with → magnetic fields. Astrophysical jets, despite their different physical scales and power, are morphologically very similar, suggesting a common physical origin. For example, in one extreme, → active galactic nuclei jets have typical sizes ≥ 106 pc, velocities near that of light c, and parent sources (→ massive black holes) with masses 106-9 Msun and luminosities ~ 1043-48Lsun; while in the other extreme, → young stellar objects jets have typical sizes ≤ 1 pc, velocities ≤ 10-3 c, and emerge from low mass protostars with masses ~ 1 Msun and luminosities (0.1-2 × 104) Lsun. Jets play an important → feedback role in the evolution of their host systems. See also: → jet launching.
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Tuesday, November 29, 2011
The Huron River is swelling. The intermittent precipitation the area has received since Sunday has caused the mighty Huron to surge within 40 cm (1.25 ft) of flood stage. The river is forecast to crest at 5 m (16.30 ft) at 7:00 pm tomorrow. That's a whole 10 cm (0.30 ft) above flood stage. As you can see on the map below, many of the rivers in the area have discharges that are currently above the 90th percentile (black circles) for discharges in the last 95 years.
The continued inundation is also creating some flooding issues around town. As you can see the Main Valley in the Arboretum is turning into a shallow river.
Posted by Ben Connor Barrie at 2:28 PM
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Senior year of high school is one of invaluable memories but also, quite possibly, a lot of stress.
It’s fleeting, and while you’re just now in your first weeks, before you know it, you’ll be attending your commencement ceremony. Within that time frame, though, you’ll be applying to colleges – an important step that will critically affect your future.
Here, then, are some college search tips for rising high school seniors from a recent high school graduate – me.
First of all, don’t limit yourself. Explore various colleges, and don’t limit your search because of location or other factors. College offers the opportunity to step out of your comfort zone, so take full advantage of that but ensure your choice is a college you can picture yourself at for the next four years.
Don’t base your college decision on its “price tag” – worry about finances later. There are numerous grants, scholarships and student loans that can assist in paying for college, so what’s important is that you select a college to suit your personality and needs.
Even if you’re undecided about your major, search through the majors list of the colleges you plan to apply to. Make sure that the college offers the major you may be interested in. Even if you already have plans for your major, still browse through the list to see that the college offers majors you may consider switching to, if needed. Researching now can save a lot of time and hassle in the future in case you have to transfer because your college does not offer the major you later decide to pursue.
Talk to students who attend the college you are interested in. Especially consider contacting friends who have graduated and are attending the college. Even if you do not have any personal contacts at the college, ask either a college’s student tour guide or some type of student body representative. Current students offer more accurate answers regarding the student experience than an admissions officer can provide.
For questions other than the student experience, contact the college directly. Either call or email the admissions staff, which easily can answer your questions. Also, when calling, remember to ask the name of the person you talked to, for future correspondence!
Create a list or perhaps a type of chart. After performing extensive research, it’s easy to confuse colleges, so jot down some notes. Take note of specifics that interest you, some basic facts about the college, admission statistics, special programs, and even financial-aid packages.
Keep deadlines in check! With homework and projects due, it’s easy to forget about deadlines, so print out a calendar and highlight deadline dates or set reminders on your smartphone. Applications will be due at various dates, and during the process, there will be numerous other forms due. It’s important to meet those deadlines to avoid compromising your admission chances.
Also remember to use each college’s net price calculator. Although it does not provide definite figures, the net price calculator provides an estimate of what you might have to pay based on your family’s income. Most net price calculators also provide details about the financial-aid package and break down the total cost and allocate certain amounts that will be potentially paid by various sources such as grants, federal work study, loans and so forth.
One of the most important resources during your college application process will be your high school counselor. I credit my high school counselor with helping me to complete my applications and making sure I ended up at a college I most certainly can see myself at for four years. So don’t be afraid to schedule an appointment and ask for assistance; that’s what they’re there for, after all! High school counselors can alleviate a lot of the tension during the application process, can answer a variety of your questions and can direct you to numerous scholarships and scholarship search sites!
Above all, don’t lose yourself in the college application process. It undoubtedly becomes stressful, but it’s important to remember to enjoy yourself, as well. This is your senior year, the last year to create valuable high school memories, and the last year you will be spending time with the people you’re used to seeing every day.
Cherish this year and its memories, remind your friends of how important they are to you, and thank your school staff and other mentors who have helped you thus far.
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Previous Commission on Cancer studies from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) have examined time trends in stage of disease, treatment patterns, and survival for selected cancers.
The most current (1991) data for gastric cancer are described here.
Three Calls for Data have yielded a total of 16,992 case reports of gastric cancer for 1985,1986, and 1991, from hospital cancer registries across the U.S. Results.
Gastric cancer was the 15th most frequent cancer reported to the NCDB.
The proportion of all reported cancers that were gastric in the two time intervals studied were essentially the same.
In 1991,20.8% of the cases were reported in minorities.
Only 46% of gastric cancer cases were staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer system in 1985 to 86, compared with 77% in 1991.
More advanced stages were reported for younger patients, but less advanced stages were noted in the Asian population.
Of all patients reported, 41.4% had no reported cancer-directed surgery, 41.1% had partial or hemigastrectomy, and 6.7% had total gastrectomy.
Improvements in treatment will emerge allowing survival to serve as a better guide for the quality of care in the future.
In the interim, the frequency of American Joint Committee on Cancer staging in patient charts and the fraction of patients with Stages I and II as opposed to Stages III and IV disease may serve as measure of how quickly these cancers are being diagnosed.
Cancer 1995 ; 75 : 1734-44.
Mots-clés Pascal : Tumeur maligne, Estomac, Homme, Epidémiologie, Incidence, Age, Sexe, Ethnie, Stade clinique, Modalité traitement, Pronostic, Survie, Base donnée, Echelon national, Etats Unis, Amérique du Nord, Amérique, Appareil digestif pathologie, Estomac pathologie
Mots-clés Pascal anglais : Malignant tumor, Stomach, Human, Epidemiology, Incidence, Age, Sex, Ethnic group, Clinical stage, Application method, Prognosis, Survival, Database, National scope, United States, North America, America, Digestive diseases, Gastric disease
Notice produite par :
Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
Cote : 95-0396151
Code Inist : 002B13B01. Création : 01/03/1996.
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SERO PARIS is a fashion label based in Paris, led by Séro OH,
a finalist at the International Talent Support 2016.
The label tries to incorporate the Zeitgeist into garments
to draw a self-portrait of our time.
Mostly, inspired by contemporary art and subculture,
SERO wants to reflect this era
by plating layers of the most representative elements
of current phenomenon onto garment.
The brand casts doubt on custom and social conventions,
distorts(twist) and deconstructs the codes
that have been branded onto garments,
that expresses occupational clusters, social classes, and gender discrimination.
These are ultimately re-composed in disorder -
a deliberate provocation of our fixed ideas
in order to explore the innate meanings of clothing,
and to a greater extent, our being.
By challenging the absolute (conventional) standard of beauty,
it tries to disrupt the order of rank
that has settled between the author and the audience.
Let the Collective intelligence decide
what true beauty is by struggling with each other..
This study forfeitures the imposing aura of the fashion industry
and demolish the boundaries of authority
between main-stream culture and our daily life.
Power should be possessed by the people,
and not in the hands of few.
SERO tries to communicate, discuss and struggle
with real-life scenes by connecting to modern youth life-style
to create a social movement.
SERO aims at an equal society
through the consciousness of responsibility.
SERO supports the originality of each person
and SERO wants a society
where people respect each other as precious existences.
Don’t be afraid to be different ,
nothing is out of orbit .
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Understanding pretexting and six recommendations to protect yourself from pretexters: Internet ScamBusters #197
Today we'll answer the question: What's New With Identity Theft? We'll focus on pretexting, and also include some info on a new identity theft standards group.
Let's get going with today's info on identity theft and pretexting...
What's New With Identity Theft? Pretexting.
Imagine getting a phone call from someone from a reputable sounding research firm asking you to participate in a survey. The questions they ask seem harmless, including the name of your phone company, investment firm, and even your pet's name.
In reality, you may have just been a victim of pretexting.
Pretexting is the practice of getting your personal information, such as your Social Security number (SSN), telephone records, bank or credit card numbers, or any other information, under false pretenses. In other words, a pretexter pretends they are someone else to obtain your personal information.
Pretexters use many different tactics to get your personal information. One of the most common forms of pretexting is when someone claims they are from a survey firm, and they ask you a few questions, as in the example above.
Pretexters claim to be representatives from many different types of organizations -- not just survey firms. For example, pretexters may also claim to represent banks, government agencies, local law enforcement agencies, Internet Service Provides (ISPs), and many others.
The pretexter's goal is to obtain personal information about you, such as your SSN, your bank or credit card account numbers, mother's maiden name, information contained in your credit report, or the existence and size of your savings and investment portfolios.
After getting your answers, the pretexter may call your financial institution pretending to be you or someone with authorized access to your account. The pretexter may, for example, claim that he's forgotten his checkbook and needs information about his account.
The concept of pretexting has become much more widely known in the past couple of weeks in conjunction with the boardroom scandal at Hewlett-Packard. HP has admitted that it hired a private investigator who was able to get phone records of HP board members by using a contractor who pretended to be the board members to obtain the detailed phone logs.
It has been widely reported that the contractor also used pretexting to get the phone records of nine reporters.
Pretexters often sell the data they've collected to "data brokers," who may sell it to private investigators, or to scammers who want to commit identity theft.
Often, once they know which bank or brokerage firm you use along with your SSN, they can often access your account just by figuring out your password -- which unfortunately is often the victim's pet or child's name.
The concept of pretexting is certainly not new. For example, in 1992, ComputerWorld magazine reported that scammers used pretexting to obtain individual data from the Social Security Administration by calling when the computers were down.
Pretexters are using increasingly sophisticated methods, including using electronic devices that show false phone numbers on caller ID systems, and paying companies to make calls for them to disguise the true origin of the pretexting call.
In fact, scammers today also use pretexting to get info from call centers at banks, phone companies, and other financial institutions to gain access to personal sensitive info.
You might be wondering: isn't pretexting illegal? There is a law in the US, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. According to the Federal Trade Commission, this act makes it illegal for anyone to:
- "use false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or documents to get customer information from a financial institution or directly from a customer of a financial institution.
- "use forged, counterfeit, lost, or stolen documents to get customer information from a financial institution or directly from a customer of a financial institution.
- "ask another person to get someone else's customer information using false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or using false, fictitious or fraudulent documents or forged, counterfeit, lost, or stolen documents."
In addition, the Federal Trade Commission Act also basically prohibits pretexting for sensitive consumer information.
Unfortunately though, the boundaries of these laws are ambiguous. Although the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is limited to financial data, it's unclear whether it also applies to pretexters who obtain non-financial data. Further, some pretexters claim that if the info isn't used illegally, then the law does not apply.
Although there may be legal questions, there is no dispute about how easy it is to obtain sensitive personal financial and non-financial information.
How is pretexting related to identity theft? Pretexters can either use the information themselves or sell your info to scammers who then open new accounts, order products, borrow money, etc. For example, they may open new bank accounts, order a new cell phone, obtain a new credit card, or get a loan in your name.
Six Recommendations to Protect Yourself from Pretexting
- Don't give out your personal information on the phone, via email or snail mail unless you've initiated the contact or unless you're sure it's safe. Pretexters are especially interested in information such as your SSN, mother's maiden name, pet or child's name, bank, brokerage and credit card account numbers, and phone company.
- Never use your pet's name (or children's name) as a password.
- Ask your financial companies about their policies for preventing pretexting.
- Be VERY careful if you answer surveys -- and certainly don't give out any personal information to anyone who calls on the phone or asks via email. If you do answer survey questions, use common sense and don't give out any information that could be sold or used by pretexters.
- Tell your family and friends about the dangers of pretexting. You may want to share this ScamBusters issue on pretexting with them.
- Finally, follow all the other advice we've shared with you on identity theft. You can find out more about identity theft here.
What's New With Identity Theft? New Standards.
Last week, the American National Standards Institute, along with AT&T, the Better Business Bureau, Citi, ChoicePoint, Dell, Intersections Inc., Microsoft, Staples Inc., TransUnion and Visa U.S.A. teamed up to create the Identity Theft Prevention and Identity Management Standards Panel (IDSP).
The IDSP is a resource where organizations can get standards and guidelines to help them prevent and respond to identity theft.
The IDSP has two main functions:
1) "it will endeavor to identify and catalogue in one place any existing, broadly-applicable identity theft and fraud prevention standards and guidelines;" and
2) "it will identify areas where updated or new standards are needed."
It is certainly a step forward that this kind of resource has been created. The downside is that they estimate it will take 12 to 18 months to have their own set of requirements and best practices available. For more info, visit ANSI.
That's all for today -- we'll see you next week.
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Some of the most popular automated software building and testing tools used by developers have not been designed with security in mind and can open the door for attackers to compromise enterprise networks.
These so-called continuous integration (CI) tools allow developers to automatically create software builds when code changes are contributed by developers to a central repository. The creation of these builds, which are used for quality control, is coordinated by a CI master server based on predefined rules and done on CI slave machines.
If hackers manage to access a CI master server, they can steal proprietary source code, but also gain the ability to execute commands on all the machines that operate as CI slaves, security researcher and penetration tester Nikhil Mittal said Friday in a presentation at the Black Hat Europe security conference in Amsterdam. "This access could be used for lateral movement to get access to more machines."
In fact, Mittal said that he has never seen a penetration test so far where unauthorized access to a CI tool didn't result in administrative access to the whole network domain.
That's because most CI tools are insecure in their default configuration and certain user roles allow the execution of PowerShell commands and scripts with system privileges. Chances are high that the token for a domain administrator can be found in a process running on one of the CI slave machines.
Mittal tested three open-source CI tools called Jenkins, CruiseControl and Go and two proprietary ones called TeamCity and Hudson. He found default insecure configurations and exploitable features in all of them.
He demonstrated several attacks that could result in command execution on underlying machines, the opening of reverse shells and the theft of sensitive data like database and Git credentials, SSH keys and more.
The researcher found many instances of CI server deployments that are directly accessible from the Internet and do not even require authentication.
Out of the top ten software development companies in the world, at least 5 had such services exposed, he said.
As common problems across all tested CI tools, Mittal found: minimal security in default configurations, missing security controls like brute-force protection, the ability to run commands and scripts on the OS by non-administrative users, the ability to remove all security measures if a build agent is running on the master server, insecure storage of credentials and SSH keys and unauthenticated remote access.
In order to protect these systems, the researcher recommended that no build executor should ever run on the master CI server, restricting the user privileges who can configure build steps, securing the admin dashboard, not exposing the CI tool to the Internet unless absolutely necessary, not providing read privileges to anonymous users and preventing users from using their usernames as passwords.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christianity
CHRISTIANITY, the religion which accepts Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, embracing all who profess and call themselves Christians, the term derived from his formal title (χριστός, i.e. the anointed). Within this broad characterization are found many varieties of cult, organization and creed (see Church History). Christianity is classed by the students of the science of religion as a universal religion; it proclaims itself as intended for all men without distinction of race or caste, and as in possession of absolute truth. In fact, Christianity has been widely accepted by varied races in very different stages of culture, and it has maintained itself through a long succession of centuries in lands where the transformations in political structure, the revolutions in social conditions, and the changes in science and philosophy, have been numerous and extreme.
Beginning in Asia, Christianity extended itself rapidly throughout the Roman empire and beyond its borders among the barbarians. When the Empire in the 4th century adopted it, its cult, organization and teaching were carried throughout the western world. The influences and motives and processes which led to the result were many and varied, but ultimately in one way or another it became the religion of Europe and of the nations founded by the European races beyond the seas and in the northern part of Asia called Siberia. Beyond these bounds it has not greatly prospered. The explanation of the apparent bounding of Christianity by Europe and its offspring is not, however, to be found in any psychological peculiarity separating the European races from those of other continents, nor in any special characteristic of Christianity which fits it for European soil. For not only were its founder and his disciples Asiatics, and the original authoritative writings Semitic, but Asiatic tribes and nations coming into Europe have been readily converted. Missions in Asia too have achieved sufficient success to prove that there exists no inherent obstacle either in the gospel or in the Asiatic mind. Moreover, Christianity was once represented in Asia by a powerful organization extending throughout Persia and central Asia into India (see Persia). Mutatis mutandis, the same applies to Africa also, and Christianity still survives in both continents in the Coptic, Abyssinian and Armenian Churches. The explanation is rather to be sought in the political condition of the early centuries of the Christian era, especially in the rise of Mahommedanism. This may be regarded indeed as a form of Christianity, for it is not more foreign perhaps to the prevailing type than are some sects which claim the name. It exerted a strong influence upon Europe, but its followers have been peculiarly unsusceptible to missionary labours, and even in Europe have retained the faith of the Prophet. In the limitations of the Roman empire and in the separation of East and West consequent upon its decline, Christianity, as a dominant religion, was confined for a thousand years to Europe, and even portions of this continent for centuries were in the hands of its great foe. The East appeared as the Mahommedan dominions, and beyond these the continents of Asia and Africa were so dimly discerned that little reciprocal influence was felt. Thus the development of the two great civilized portions of the race in Europe and Asia followed independent lines in religion as in all else; and Africa, excepting its northern border, was left untouched by the progress of enlightenment.
Not only is Christianity thus the religion of a wide variety of races but across the divisions there cut other lines. In its organization Christianity exists in three great divisions, Roman, Greek and Protestant, and in various ancient sects in the Orient. The Roman Catholic and Greek divisions of the Christian Church are homogeneous in organization, but in Protestantism certain denominations are national, established by differing governments, and others are independent of governmental aid, making a large number of differing denominations. Some of these divisions are mutually antagonistic, denying to each other the name of Christian and even the hope of salvation.
According to a second classification, Christianity may be placed among the “individual” religions, since it traces its origin, like Islam and Buddhism, to an individual as its founder. This beginning is not in the dimness of antiquity nor in a multitude of customs, beliefs, traditions, rites and personalities, as is the case with the so-called “natural” religions. It is not implied that in the formation of the “natural” religions individuals were not of great importance, nor, on the other hand, that in individual religions the founder formed his faith independently of the community of which he was a part; but only that as undoubted historic facts certain religions, in tracing their lines to individuals, thereby acquired a distinctive character, and retain the impress of their founder. Such religions begin as a reform or a protest or revolt. They proclaim either a new revelation, or the return to an ancient truth which has been forgotten or distorted. They demand repentance and change of heart, i.e. the renouncing of the ordinary faith of the community and the acceptance of a new gospel. Thus demanding an act of will on the part of individuals, they are classed once more as “ethical” religions. To be sure, the new is built upon the old—in part unconsciously—and the rejection of the faith of the past, however violent, is never thoroughgoing. In consequence the old affects the new in various ways. Thus in Buddhism the presuppositions which Buddha uncritically took over work out their logical results in the Mahāyāna, so that great sects calling themselves “Buddhist” affirm what the Master denied and deny what he taught. Christianity takes Judaism (see Hebrew Religion) for granted—rejects it in part as a merely preparatory stage, in part reinterprets it, and does not submit what it accepts to rigorous scrutiny. As a result the Old Testament (see Bible) remains not only as the larger part of the Christian canon, but, sometimes, in some churches, as obscuring its distinctive truth. Moreover, in the transference of Christianity from the Jewish to the Greek-Roman world again various elements were taken into it. More properly perhaps we might consider the Greek and Roman civilization as the permanent element—so that the relationship to it was not different from the relationship to Judaism—in part it was denied, in part it was of purpose accepted, in still larger part unconsciously the Greek-Roman converts took over with them the presuppositions of their older world view—and thus formed the moulds into which the Christian truth was run. Here again, in some instances the pre-Christian elements so asserted themselves as to obscure the new and distinctive teaching.
Christianity, regarded objectively as one of the great religions of the world, owes its rise to Jesus of Nazareth, in ancient Galilee. (See Jesus Christ.) By reverent disciples his ancestry was traced to the royal family of David, Relation with Judaism.and his birth is ascribed by the church to the miraculous act of God. His life was spent, until the beginning of his public ministry, in humble circumstances as the son of a carpenter and his wife, Joseph and Mary. Of Joseph we hear nothing after the boyhood of Jesus, who followed the same trade, supporting himself and perhaps his mother and younger brothers and sisters. Of this period we have only a few fragmentary anecdotes and a stray reference or two. At thirty years of age he appeared in public, and after a short period (we cannot determine how long, but possibly eighteen months) he was crucified, upon the accusation of his countrymen, by the Roman authorities. He was without technical education, but he had been carefully trained in the sacred books, as was usual with his people. Belonging neither to the aristocracy nor to the learned class, he was one of the common people yet separate from them—a separation not of race or caste or education, but of unique personality.
His career is understood only in the light of his relations to Judaism (see Hebrew Religion). This faith, in a peculiarly vivid fashion, illustrates the growth and development of religion, for its great teachers in the highest degree possessed what the Germans call God-consciousness. The Hebrew national literature centres in the thought of God. It is Yahweh who is all and in all, the father, the leader, the hope, the hero of his people. No other national literature is so continuously and so highly religious. Another factor gives it still greater interest for the student of religion,—in it the progress of religious thought can be traced, and the varying elements of the religious life seen in harmony and in conflict.
In the early period the Hebrew religion was of the ordinary Semitic type. In its ancient stories were remnants of primitive religion, of tabu, of anthropomorphic gods, of native forms of worship, of magic and divination, of local and tribal cults. Out of these developed, by the labours of the prophets, a religion of high spirituality and exalted ethical ideals. According to it God demands not ritual nor sacrifice nor offerings. He does not delight in prayers and praise, but he demands truth in the soul and bids man to walk humbly and deal righteously and mercifully with his brother (Micah vi. 6-8; Isa. i. 2-20). He requires kindness, forgiveness and loving sacrifice from all to all (Isa. lviii. 3–12). This conception of God revealed itself as so essential to the prophets that their intense national feeling was modified. God would not deliver Israel because it was his people, descended from Abraham, his chosen, but he would punish it even more severely than the other nations because it denied him by its sins (Amos iii. 1-2). Yet Israel would not be destroyed, for a spiritual remnant, loving and obeying God, would be saved and purified (Ezek. xxxvi.-xxxvii.). Thus Israel survived its misfortunes. When the national independence was destroyed, the prophetic teaching held the people together in the hope of a re-establishment of the Kingdom when all nations should be subject to it and blessed in its everlasting reign of righteousness and peace (Isa. xlix., lx.).
Some of the prophets associated the restoration of the Kingdom with the coming of the Messiah, the anointed one, who should re-establish the line of David (Isa. ix. 6 f., xi. 1 f.; Micah v. 2; Ezek. xxxiv. 23, xxxvii. 24; Zech. ix. 9; Ps. ii. 72). Others said nothing of such a one, but seemed to expect the regeneration of Israel through the labours, sufferings and triumphs of the righteous remnant (Isa. liii., Ezek. xxxvi.-xxxvii.). By the strong emphasis upon righteousness, the tribal Lord of Israel was revealed as the universal God, of one relationship to all men. This monotheism was not primarily cosmological nor metaphysical, but ethical. The Jews showed little capacity for abstract reasoning and never pursued their inquiries to the discovery of ultimate principles. Thus they did not develop a systematic cosmology, nor formulate a system of metaphysics. Their religion was pre-eminently “theocratic”; God was thought of as King, enthroned in heaven and supreme. In the beginning as a tribal deity his powers were limited and he was involved in the fortunes of his people. But as the conception of Yahweh was deepened and broadened, and, especially after the development of ethical monotheism, not only was he believed to possess power sufficient to ensure the triumph of his chosen people, but to be the creator and ruler of all things in heaven and on earth, the God whom all peoples should worship and obey.
But the prophetic teaching was obscured in part by the nationalism of the prophets themselves, who exalted Israel as at once God’s instrument and the peculiar object of his love; and in part by the triumph of a legal-ritualistic sacrificial system. In the downfall of Jerusalem, the experiences of the exile in Babylon, and the return to Judaea, the nation was transformed into a church. Apart from the brief Maccabaean period, the intense patriotism of the people centred in the ecclesiastical organization. As a result, cult and organization and code hardened, forming a shell which proved strong enough to resist all disintegrating tendencies. Inevitably the freedom, spirituality and universality of the prophetic teaching were obscured. In the 1st century a.d. the national and priestly elements controlled; doubtless many individuals still were faithful to the purer prophetic message, though also zealous for the system of ritual and sacrifice, but for the ruling majority ritualistic service was the chief thing, justice, purity and mercy being subordinate. Hence in their view all who did not participate in the national worship and conform to the national usages were outcasts. The triumph of Israel was to be accomplished by the miraculous power of a Messiah who should descend out of heaven. His coming was delayed, in part by the opposition of demons, in part by the failure of the people to obey the law. This law embraced both moral and ceremonial elements derived from varied sources, but in the apprehension of the people it was all alike regarded as of divine origin. It was to be obeyed without question and without inquiry as to its meaning, because established by God. It was contained in the Sacred Scriptures (see Bible: Old Testament), which had been revealed by God supernaturally, and its meaning was set forth by schools of learned men whose interpretations were authoritative. The conception of salvation was mingled with ideas derived from the East during and after the period of captivity. The priesthood held still the ancient ideas. Salvation was for the nation, and the individual was not necessarily participant in it. Life after death was disbelieved or held as the existence of shades. There could be no resurrection of the body and no immortality (in the Greek sense). With these beliefs were associated a certain worldliness and want of fervour. The more actively and aggressively religious party, on the other hand, adopted the belief in the resurrection of the body, and in the individual’s participation in the Messiah’s kingdom; all the pious would have their share in it, while the wicked would be outcast. But these doctrines were variously conceived. By some the Messianic kingdom was thought of as permanent, by others as intermediary, the external kingdom being transcendent. So too some thought of a literal resurrection of the body of flesh and blood, while others thought that it would be transformed. The rudiments of some of these ideas can be found in the prophets, but their development took place after the exile, and indeed for the most part after the conclusion of the writings accounted canonical. Thus too the belief in a kingdom of demons held a large place in the mind of the people, though the references to such evil beings are almost absent from the sacred writings of the Old Testament. Again it is to the East that we must look for the origin of these ideas.
Jesus completed the prophetic teachings. He employed the old phraseology and imagery, but he was conscious that he used them in a new sense, and that he preached a new gospel of great joy. Jesus was not a historian, a critic or a The teaching of Jesus.theologian. He used the words of common men in the sense in which common men understood them. He did not employ the Old Testament as now reconstructed by scholarship or judged by criticism, but in its simple and obvious and traditional sense. And his background is the intellectual and religious thinking of his time. The ideas of demons and of the future, of the Bible and many other traditional conceptions, are taken over without criticism. So the idea of God which he sets forth is not that of a theologian or a metaphysician, but that of the unlearned man which even the child could understand. Yet though thus speaking in untechnical language, he revolutionized his terms and filled them with new meaning. His emphasis is his own, and the traditional material affords merely the setting for his thought. He was not concerned with speculative questions about God, nor with abstract theories of his relationship to the soul and to the world. God’s continual presence, his fatherly love, his transcendent righteousness, his mercy, his goodness, were the facts of immediate experience. Not in proofs by formal logic but in the reality of consciousness was the certainty of God. Thus religion was freed from all particular and national elements in the simplest way. For Jesus did not denounce these elements, nor argue against them, nor did he seek converts outside of Israel, but he set forth communion with God as the most certain fact of man’s experience and as simple reality made it accessible to every one. Thus his teaching contains the note of universality—not in terms and proclamations but as plain matter of fact. His way for others to this reality is likewise plain and level to the comprehension of the unlearned and of children.
For him repentance is put first, for how vastly changed is the conception of the religious life! The intricacies of ritual and theology are ignored, and ancient laws which contradict the fundamental beliefs are unhesitatingly abrogated or denied. He seizes upon the most spiritual passages of the prophets, and revives and deepens them. He sums up his teaching in supreme love to God and a love for fellow-man like that we hold for ourselves (Mark xii. 29-31). This supreme love to God is a complete oneness with him in will, a will which is expressed in service to our fellow-men in the simplest and most natural relationship (Luke x. 25-37). Thus religion is ethical through and through, as God’s inner nature, expressed in forgiveness, mercy, righteousness and truth, is not something transcendental, but belongs to the realm of daily life. We become children of God and he our Father in virtue of a moral likeness (Matt. v. 43-48), while of any metaphysical, or (so to speak) physical relationship to God Jesus says nothing. With this clearly understood, man is to live in implicit trust in the divine love, power, knowledge and forgiveness. Hence he attains salvation, being delivered from sin and fear and death, for the divine attributes are not ontological entities to be discussed and defined in the schools, but they are realities, entering into the practical daily life. Indeed they are to be repeated in us also, so that we are to forgive our brethren as we ask to be forgiven (Matt. vi. 12; Luke xi. 4).
As religion thus becomes thoroughly ethical, so is the notion of the Messianic kingdom transformed. Its essential characteristic is the doing of the Father’s will on earth as in heaven. Jesus uses parable after parable to establish its meaning. It is a seed cast into the ground which grows and prospers (Matt. xiii. 31-32). It is a seed sown in good ground and bringing forth fruit, or in bad ground and fruitless (Luke viii. 5-8; Mark iv. 1-32). It is a pearl of great price for which a man should sell all that he possesses (Matt. xiii. 44-46). It is not come “with observation,” so that men shall say “lo here and lo there” (Luke xvii. 20-21). It is not of this world, and does not possess the characteristics or the glory of the kingdom of the earth (Luke xxii. 24-26; Mark x. 13–16). It is already present among men (Luke xvii. 21). Together with these statements in our sources are still mingled fragments of the more ordinary cataclysmic, apocalyptic conceptions, which in spite of much ingenious exegesis, cannot be brought into harmony with Christ’s predominant teaching, but remain as foreign elements in the words of the Master, possibly brought back through his disciples, or, more probably, used by Jesus uncritically—a part of the current religious imagery in which he shared.
It is often declared that in these teachings there is nothing new, and indeed analogies can be found for many sayings; yet nowhere else do we gain so strong an impression of originality. The net result is not only new but revolutionary; His originality.so was it understood by the Pharisees. They and Jesus spoke indeed the same words and appealed to the same authorities, but they rightly saw in him a revolutionist who threatened the existence of their most cherished hopes. The Messianic kingdom which they sought was opposed point by point to the kingdom of which he spoke, and their God and his Father—though called by the same sacred name—were different. Hence almost from the beginning of his public ministry they constantly opposed him, the conflict deepening into complete antagonism.
Jesus has already been termed unique, one of the common people yet separated from them, and this description applies to the breadth, depth and reality of his sympathy. In the meagre records of his life there is evidence that he deemed no form of suffering humanity foreign to himself. This was not a mere sentiment, nor was his sympathy superficial, for it constituted the essential characteristic of his personality—“He went about doing good.” In him the will of the Father for the redemption of the race was incarnate. This led him into the society of those outcasts who were condemned and rejected by the respectable and righteous classes. In contemptuous condemnation he was called the friend of the outcasts (Matt. xi. 19; Mark ii. 16–17), and on his part he proclaimed that these sinners would enter into the Kingdom of Heaven before the self-righteous saints (Matt. xxi. 31). Even the most repulsive forms of disease and sin drew from him only loving aid, while he recognized in all other men who laboured for the welfare of their fellows the most intimate relationship to himself. These constituted his family, and these were they whom his Father will bless.
Jesus recognized his unique position; he could not be ignorant of his powers. Even the prophets had spoken in the name of God; they accepted neither book nor priesthood as authoritative, but uttered their truth as they were inspired to speak, and commanded men to listen and obey. As in Jesus the whole prophetic line culminates, so does its consciousness. Reverent toward the Holy Scriptures, he spoke not as their expositor but with a divine power which invests his words with immediate and full authority. The prophets use the formula, “Thus saith the Lord,” but he goes beyond them and speaks in his own name, “Amen, I say unto you.” He knew himself as greater than the prophets, indeed as him of whom the prophets spoke—the Messiah. Only through this self-consciousness can we explain his mission and the career of his disciples. The prophets up to John foretold the coming of the kingdom (Matt. xi. 11–13; Luke xvi. 16), but Jesus opened its doors and made possible entrance into it. Where he is there it is, and hence those who follow him are God’s children, and those who refuse his message are left outside in darkness. He is to sit as enthroned, judge and king, and by him is men’s future to be determined (Matt. xxv. 31 f.; Mark xiii. 26). Indeed it was his presence more than his teaching which created his church. Great as were his words, greater was his personality. His disciples misunderstood what he said, but they trusted and followed him. By him they felt themselves freed from sin and fear—and under the influence of a divine power.
Though his claims to authoritative pre-eminence thus took him out of the class of prophets and put him even above Elijah and Moses (Mark ix. 2-7; Luke vii. 28; Luke x. 23-24), and though naturally this self-assertion seemed His Messianic claims.blasphemous to those who did not accept him, yet as he had transformed the traditional notion of the kingdom, so did he the current thought of the Messiah. The pre-eminence was not to be of rank and glory but of service and self-sacrifice. In his kingdom there can be no strife for precedence, since its King comes not to be ministered unto but to minister and to give his life in the service of others (Mark ix. 33 f., x. 42-45). The formal acknowledgment of the Messiah’s worth and position matters little, for to call him Lord does not ensure entrance into his kingdom (Matt. vii. 21-23). It is those who fail to recognize the spirit of sympathy and self-sacrificing service as divine and blaspheme redeeming love, who are in danger of eternal sin (Mark iii. 28-29). All who do the will of the Father, i.e. who serve their fellows, are the brethren of Christ, even though they do not call him Lord (Mark iii. 31-35; Matt. vii. 21): and those are blessed who minister to the needy even though ignorant of any relation to himself (Matt. xxv. 37-40). Finally, membership in his own selected company, or a place in the chosen people, is not of prime importance (Mark ix. 38-40; Luke xiii. 24-30).
Jesus also refuses to conform to the current ideas as to the establishment of the kingdom. He wrought miracles, it is true, because of his divine sympathy and compassion, but he refused to show miraculous signs as a proof of his Messianic character (Mark viii. 12). The tradition of the people implied a sudden appearance of the Messiah, but Jesus made no claims to a supernatural origin and was content to be known as the son of Joseph and Mary (Mark vi. 3-4). His kingdom is not to be set up by wonders and miraculous powers, nor is it to be established by force (Matt. xxvi. 52). Such means would contradict its fundamental character, for as the kingdom of loving service it can be established only by loving service. And as God is love, he can be revealed not by prodigies of power but only by a love which is faithful unto death.
Even the disciples of Jesus could not grasp the simplicity and profundity of his message; still less could his opponents. When the crisis came, he alone remained unshaken in his faith. He was accused of blasphemy to the ecclesiastical authorities and of insurrection to the civil rulers. He was condemned and crucified. His followers were scattered every man to his own place as sheep without a shepherd. Of his work nothing remained, not a written word, nor more than the rudiments of an organization. The decisive event, which turned defeat into victory and re-established courage and faith, was the resurrection of Jesus from the dead and his reappearance to his disciples. Our sources will not permit the precise determination of the order or the nature of these appearances, but in any case from them arose the faith which was the basis of the Christian Church and the starting-point of its theology.
The death of Jesus as a criminal, and his resurrection, profoundly aroused the belief and hopes of the little group of Jews who were his followers. His person and mission assumed the first place in their affections and their thinking. He had been to them a prophet, mighty in word and deed, but he now becomes to them the Messiah, Christ. It is not his word but his person which assumes first place, and faith is acceptance of him—crucified and risen—as Messiah. Hence his followers early acquire the name Christians from the Greek form of the word. With this emphasis upon the Messiah the Jewish element would seem to be predominant, but as a matter of fact it was not so. The earlier group of disciples, it is true, did not appreciate the universality of the teaching of Jesus, and they continued zealous for the older forms, but St Paul through his prophetic consciousness grasped the fundamental fact and became Jesus’ true interpreter. As a result Christianity was rejected by the Jews and became the conquering religion of the Roman empire. In this it underwent another modification of far-reaching consequence.
In our earliest sources—the epistles of St Paul—Christ is the pre-existent man from heaven, who had there existed in the form of God, and had come to earth by a voluntary act of self-humiliation. He is before and above all things. Christianity and Greek thought.By him all things exist. In the Johannine writings he is the Son of God—the Logos who in the beginning was with God—of whom are all things—who lightens every man—and who was incarnate in Jesus. Here the cosmological element is again made prominent though not yet supreme, and the metaphysical problems are so close at hand that their discussion is imperative. Even in Paul the term Messiah thus had lost its definite meaning and became almost a proper name. Among the Greek Christians this process was complete. Jesus is the “Son of God”; and the great problem of theology becomes explicit. Religion is in our emotions of reverence and dependence, and theology is the intellectual attempt to describe the object of worship. Doubtless the two do not exactly coincide, not only because accuracy is difficult or even impossible, but also because elements are admitted into the definition of God which are derived from various sources quite distinct from the religious experience. Like all concepts the meaning of religious terms is changed with a changing experience and a changing world-view. Transplanted into the Greek world-view, inevitably the Christian teaching was modified—indeed transformed. Questions which had never been asked came into the foreground, and the Jewish presuppositions tended to disappear. Especially were the Messianic hopes forgotten or transferred to a transcendent sphere beyond death. When the empire became Christian in the 4th century, the notion of a kingdom of Christ on earth to be introduced by a great struggle all but disappeared, remaining only as the faith of obscure groups. Immortality—the philosophical conception—took the place of the resurrection of the body. Nevertheless the latter continues because of its presence in the primary sources, but it is no longer a determining factor, since its presupposition—the Messianic kingdom on earth—has been obscured. As thus the background is changed from Jewish to Greek, so are the fundamental religious conceptions.
The Semitic peoples were essentially theocratic in their religion; they used the forms of the sensuous imagination in setting forth the realities of the unseen world. They were not given to metaphysical speculation, nor long insistent in their inquiries as to the meaning and origin of things. With the Greeks it was far otherwise. For them ideas and not images set forth fundamental reality, and their restless intellectual activity would be content with nothing else than the ultimate truth. Their speculation as to the nature of God had led them gradually to separate him by an infinite distance from all creation, and to feel keenly the opposition of the finite and the infinite, the perfect and the imperfect, the eternal and the temporal. To them, therefore, Christianity presented itself not primarily as the religion of a redemption through the indwelling power of a risen saviour, as with Paul, nor even as the solution of the problem how the sins of men could be forgiven, but as the reconciliation of the antinomy of the intellect, indicated above. The incarnation became the great truth: God is no longer separated by a measureless distance from the human race, but by his entering into humanity he redeems it and makes possible its ultimate unity with himself. Such lines of thought provoke discussion as to the relationship of Jesus to God the Father, and, at a later period, of the nature of the Holy Spirit who enters into and transforms believers.
Greek philosophy in the second century a.d. had sunk for the most part into scepticism and impotence; its original impulse had been lost, and no new intellectual power took its place; only in Alexandria was there a genuine effort made to solve the fundamental problems of God and the world. Plato had made God accessible to the highest knowledge as the transcendent idea, remote from the world. For Aristotle, too, God in his essence is far above the world and at most its first mover. The stoics, on the other hand, taught his immanence, while the eclectics sought truth by the mingling of the two ideas. They accomplished their purpose in various ways, by distinguishing between God and his power—or by the notion of a hierarchy of super-sensible beings, or in a doctrine which taught that the operations of nature are the movement of pure spirit; or by the use of the “Word” of “Wisdom,” half personified as intermediate between God and the world. While these monotheistic, pantheistic doctrines were taught in the schools, the people were left to a debased polytheism and to new superstitions imported from the Orient; the philosophers themselves were by no means unaffected by the popular beliefs. Mingled with all these were the ancient legends of gods and heroes, accepted as inspired scripture by the people, and by philosophers in part explained away by an allegorical exegesis and in part felt increasingly as a burden to the intelligence. In this period of degeneracy there were none the less an awakening to religious needs and a profound longing for a new revelation of truth, which should satisfy at once the intellect and the religious emotions.
Christianity came as supplying a new power; it freed philosophy from scepticism by giving a definite object to its efforts and a renewed confidence in its mission. Monotheism henceforth was to be the belief not of philosophers only but even of the ignorant, and in Jesus Christ the union of the divine and the human was effected. The Old Testament, allegorically explained, became the substitute for the outgrown mythology; intellectual activity revived; the new facts gained predominant influence in philosophy, and in turn were shaped according to its canons. In theology the fundamental problems of ontological philosophy were faced; the relationship of unity to multiplicity, of noumenon to phenomena, of God to man. The new element is the historical Jesus, at once the representative of humanity and of God. As in philosophy, so now in theology, the easiest solution of the problem was the denial of one of its factors: and successively these efforts were made, until a solution was found in the doctrine of the Trinity, which satisfied both terms of the equation and became the fundamental creed of the church. Its moulds of thought are those of Greek philosophy, and into these were run the Jewish teachings. We have thus a peculiar combination—the religious doctrines of the Bible, as culminating in the person of Jesus, run through the forms of an alien philosophy.
The Jewish sources furnished the terms Father, Messiah, Son and Spirit. Jesus seldom employed the last term and St Paul’s use of it is not altogether clear. Already in Jewish literature it had been all but personified (cf. the Wisdom of Solomon). The doctrine of the Trinity.Thus the material is Jewish, though already modified doubtless by Greek influence. But the problem is Greek. It is not primarily ethical nor even religious, but it is metaphysical. What is the ontological relationship between these three factors? The answer is given in the Nicene formula, which is characteristically Greek. By it we perceive how God, the infinite, the absolute, the eternal, is yet not separated from the finite, the temporal, the relative, but, through the incarnation, enters into humanity. We further see how this entering into humanity is not an isolated act but continues in all the children of God by the indwelling spirit. Thus, according to the canons of the ancient philosophy, justice is done to all the factors of our problem—God remains as Father, the infinitely remote and absolute source of all; as Son, the Word who is revealed to man and incarnate in him; as Spirit, who dwells even in our own souls and by his substance unites us to God.
While thus the Greek philosophy furnished the dialectic and the mould for the characteristic Christian teaching, the doctrine of the Trinity preserved religious values. By Jesus the disciples had been led to God, and he was the central fact of faith. After the resurrection he was the object of praise, and soon prayers were offered in his name and to him. Already to the apostle Paul he dominates the world and is above all created things, visible and invisible, so that he has the religious value of God. It is not God as abstract, infinite and eternal, as the far-away creator of the universe, or even as the ruler of the world, which Paul worships, but it is God revealed in Jesus Christ, the Father of Jesus Christ, the grace and mercy in Jesus Christ which deliver from evil. Metaphysics and speculative theories were valueless for Paul; he was conscious of a mighty power transforming his own life and filling him with joy, and that this power was identical with Jesus of Nazareth he knew. In all this Paul is the representative of that which is highest and best in early Christianity. Speculation and hyperspiritualization were ever tending to obscure this fundamental religious fact: in the interest of a higher doctrine of God his true presence in Jesus was denied, and by exaggeration of Paul’s doctrine of “Christ in us” the significance of the historic Jesus was given up. The Johannine writings, which presupposed the Pauline movement, are a protest against the hyperspiritualizing tendency. They insist that the Son of God has been incarnate in Jesus of Nazareth, and that our hands have handled and our eyes have seen the word of life. This same purpose, namely, to hold fast to the historic Jesus, triumphed in the doctrine of the Trinity; Jesus was not to be resolved into an aeon or into some mysterious tertium quid, neither God nor man, but to be recognized as very God who redeemed the soul. Through him men were to understand the Father and to understand themselves as God’s children. Thus the doctrine of the Trinity satisfied at once the philosophic intelligence of scholars and the religious needs of Christians. Only thus can its adoption and ultimate acceptance be explained. Its doctrinal form is the philosophic statement of beliefs held by the common people, who had little interest in theology, but whose faith centred in Jesus. It marks the naturalization of Christianity in the Greek world for the common people who believed in Christ, and for the philosophers who justified the faith to reason.
The historic and religious values of the doctrine of the Trinity may be illustrated by way of contrast. The Mahāyāna systems are the union of Buddha’s teaching with the forms of the Brahman philosophy. The historic Buddha—the man Gautama—is taught as only one of a limitless series of incarnations or (better) appearances. For his life on earth with his material body was only an appearance, a seeming, a phenomenon, and simultaneously with its activities the true Buddha existed unmoved and eternal. Thus the way was opened for other apparitional Buddhas, and different sects take different ones as the objects of faith and worship. Moreover, our true nature is also Buddha. The conscious life of all men is apparitional and illusive. Salvation is the comprehension of this fact, and in the apprehension of our essential oneness with the absolute. Hence the way of salvation is by knowledge. In the Mahāyāna gnosticism was triumphant, and the historic values of Gautama’s teaching and personality are lost. The Mahãyãna illustrates in part what would have followed the triumph of gnosticism in Christianity, for not only would the historic value of the life and teaching of Jesus have been lost, but with it the significance of humanity.
It is apparent that such a doctrine as the Trinity is itself susceptible of many explanations, and minds differently constituted lay emphasis upon its different elements. Especially is this true as its Greek terminology was translated into Latin, and from Latin came into modern languages—the original meaning being obscured or disguised, and the original issues forgotten. For some the first thought of God, the infinite and ultimate reality lying beyond and behind all phenomena, predominates. With these the historic manifestation of Jesus becomes only a guide to lead us to that immediate apprehension of God which is the end of theology, and to that immediate union with God which is the end of religion. Such an end is accomplished either by means of pure thought or by a oneness of pure feeling, giving as results the theological or philosophical construction of the concept God, or a mystical ecstasy which is itself at once immediate, inexplicable and indescribable. On the other hand, minds of a different and more concrete character so emphasize the distinctions God, Son and Holy Spirit, that a tritheistic construction appears—three individuals in the one Godhead: these individuals appearing, as for example in the Father and the Son, even in opposition to each other. In general we may say then that the Trinity takes on four differing aspects in the Christian church: in its more common and easily apprehended form as three Gods, in its ecclesiastical form as a mystery which is above reason to be accepted by faith, in its philosophic form as the highest reason which solves the ultimate problems of the universe, and finally, as a mode by which the spirit through an emotional content enters into communion with God himself.
To some Christians the doctrine of the Trinity appeared inconsistent with the unity of God which is emphasized in the Scriptures. They therefore denied it, and accepted Jesus Christ, not as incarnate God, but as God’s highest creature by whom all else was created, or as the perfect man who taught the true doctrine of God. The first view in the early Church long contended with the orthodox doctrine, but finally disappeared, and the second doctrine in the modern Church was set forth as easily intelligible, but has remained only as the faith of sects relatively small in number.
Allied with the doctrine of God which seeks the solution of the ultimate problem of all philosophy, the doctrine of salvation has taken the most prominent place in the Christian faith: so prominent, indeed, that to a large portion of believers The doctrine of the cross.it has been the supreme doctrine, and the doctrine of the deity of Jesus has been valued only because of its necessity on the effect of the atonement. Jesus alone of the great founders of religion suffered an early and violent death, even the death of a criminal. It became therefore the immediate task of his followers to explain this fact. This explanation was the more urgent because under the influence of Jewish monotheism the rule of God was accepted as an undoubted presupposition, so that the death of Jesus must be in accordance with his will. The early Church naturally used the terms and phrases of the prophets. He died the death of a criminal, not for his sins, but for ours. Isaiah liii. was suggested at once and became the central explanation: Christ is the suffering servant who is numbered with the transgressors and who bears the sins of many.
Jesus faced this problem perhaps before the opening of his ministry, certainly from his break with the ecclesiastical authorities. As his violent death drew near, his words indicated how he preserved his deep faith unshaken while yet recognizing the seeming failure of his mission. He devotes himself more exclusively to the little body of his faithful friends and commits his mission to them. As his work is sealed by his death his body is broken and his blood is shed for them. Through this is to come the victory which is denied to his life, as the seed cast into the ground and dead brings forth fruit. Our hints are few of Jesus’ teaching, but this much, at least, we cannot doubt unless we suppose that death took him unawares, or that his explanation of the impending fact took on some un-Jewish form; and further, that the earliest tradition misrepresents him. But these hypotheses do not commend themselves, and we accept the tradition that Jesus taught that his death was an atonement for others.
Beyond this the gospel does not go. Why vicarious suffering is needed, or why the God who is the loving Father does not simply forgive, as in the parable of the prodigal son, is not asked. For after all it is not theory which is central, but the fact of the death, and the reason assigned is simply “for others.”
In St Paul we find the beginnings of explanation, indeed of two explanations, and in the Epistle to the Hebrews the whole sacrificial system is found to culminate in Christ, of whom all priests and sacrifices are symbols, so that they are abolished with the coming of the great reality.
In the Greek world further questions are raised and the thought of the death as a ransom is prominent. To whom was the ransom paid? For a thousand years the answer was “to the devil.” He had gained control of man by man’s sin, and Christ set man free. God then, who is love, delivers us from evil through Christ, who pays the penalty of our transgression to the enemy of God and man. There were other theories also, indeed the germs of all later theories existed even in the second century, but this one prevailed. The heretic Marcion taught a variant, namely, the existence of two Gods, one of the Old Testament of law, the other of the New Testament of grace. Christ, unjustly condemned by the God of law, is given as reparation for all men who put their trust in him. From Anselm’s time (12th century a.d.) this theory of Marcion’s is held as orthodox in substance but is made monotheistic in form. St Anselm denied that any penalty was due to the devil, and in terms of feudal honour restated the problem. The conflict here is in God himself, so to speak, between his immutable righteousness and his limitless grace. In the sacrifice of Jesus these are reconciled. This doctrine of St Anselm’s attaches itself readily to texts of St Paul, for his teachings contain undeniably the vicarious propitiatory element.
These theories have to do with the being to whom the ransom is paid or the sacrifice offered. Another group of theories deals with the effect of the death of Christ upon the sinner. One of these is the so-called governmental theory, wherein the death of Christ is set forth as for the sake of good government, so that the forgiveness of sins shall not be thought a sign of laxity. Again, by other theologians the death of Jesus is extolled because of the moral influence it exerts, since Christ’s devotion unto death incites a like devotion in us.
Excepting in relatively narrow circles these theories have been seriously studied only by professed theologians. That Christ died for us, and that we are saved by him, is indeed the living truth of the Church in all ages, and a false impression of the fact is given by dwelling upon theories as if they were central. At best they bear only the relationship of philosophy to life.
Another explanation, or (better) system of beliefs, has been far more influential in the Church. Belief in mysterious powers attached to food, feasts, ceremonial rites and sacred things is all but universal. Primitive man seldom connects sacrifice with notions of propitiation, indeed only in highly ethicized religions is the consciousness of sin or of guilt pre-eminent. Sacrifice was believed to exert an influence on the deity which is quasi-physical, and in sacrificial feasts God and worshipper are in mysterious union. Sometimes, indeed, such contact with deity is thought to be dangerous, and the rites indicate avoidance (tabu), and sometimes it is thought desirable.
So universal are such ideas that the problem in particular religions is not their origin but their form. In the Old Testament repeatedly they are found in conflict with the prophetic ideals. Sometimes the prophets denounce them, sometimes ignore them, sometimes attempt to reform and control them. Jesus ignores them, his emphasis being so strong upon the ethical and spiritual that the rest is passed by. In the early Church, still Jewish, the belief was in the coming of a mysterious power from God which produced ecstasy and worked wonders. St Paul also believes in this, but insists that it is subordinate to the peaceable fruits of righteousness. With the naturalization of the Church in the Gentile world ethical ideas became less prominent, and the sacramental system prevailed. By baptism and the Lord’s Supper grace is given (ex opere operato), so that man is renewed and made capable of salvation. Already in the 2nd century baptism was described as a bath in which the health of the soul is restored, and the Lord’s Supper as the potion of immortality. Similar notions present in the ethnic faiths take the Christian facts into their service, the belief of the multitude without essential change remaining vague and undefined. While the theologians discussed doctrine the people longed for mystery, as it satisfied their religious natures. By sacraments they felt themselves brought into the presence of God, and to sacraments they looked for aid. Many sacraments were adopted by portions of the Church, until at last the sacred number seven was agreed upon.
As the way of salvation was modified, so too was the idea of salvation: the dream of a Messianic kingdom on earth, with its corollary the resurrection of the physical body, faded away, especially after the Roman empire adopted The concepts of salvation.Christianity; It was no longer the Jewish nation against the heathen empire, for the Jewish nation had ceased to be, and the empire and the Church were one. Salvation henceforth is not the descent of the New Jerusalem out of heaven, but the ascent of the saints to heaven; for the individual it is not the resurrection of the body but the immortality of the soul. So Jesus is no longer Christ or Messiah, but the Son of God. These terms again are variously interpreted: heaven is still thought of by many under the imagery of the book of Revelation, and by others it is conceived as a mystical union of the soul with God through the intelligence or of feelings. Yet the older conceptions still continue, Christianity not becoming purely and simply Greek. Again and again individuals and groups turn back to the Semitic cycle of hopes and ideas, while the reconciliation of the two systems, Jewish and Graeco-Roman, becomes the task of exegetes and theologians.
These hopes and theories of salvation, however, do not explain the power of Christianity. Jesus wearied himself with the healing of man’s physical ailments, and he was remembered as the great physician. Early Christian literature is filled with medical terms, applied (it is true) for the greater part to the cure of souls. The records of the Church are also filled with the efforts of Jesus’ followers to heal the diseases and satisfy the wants of men. A vast activity animated the early Church: to heal the sick, to feed the hungry, to succour the diseased, to rescue the fallen, to visit the prisoners, to forgive the erring, to teach the ignorant, were ministries of salvation. A mighty power impelled men to deny themselves in the service of others, and to find in this service their own true life. None the less the first place is given to the salvation of the soul, since, created for an unending existence, it is of transcendent importance. While man is fallen and by nature vile, nevertheless his possibilities are so vast that in comparison the affairs of earth are insignificant. The word, “What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul?” comes to mean that the individual soul outvalues the whole world. With emphasis upon God as creator and ruler, and upon man as made in God’s image, endowed with an unending existence, and subject to eternal torture if not redeemed, the concept of personality has been exalted at the expense of that of nature, and the future has been magnified at the expense of the present. Thus a future heaven is man’s true home, and theology instead of philosophy or natural science is his proper study.
Indeed, intellectual interest centred in religion. Natural science was forsaken, except in so far as it ministered to theology. Because the Old Testament contained references to the origin and the objects of the universe, a certain amount of natural science was necessary, but it was only in this connexion that it had any value. By Augustine’s time this process is complete. His writings contain most of the knowledge of his age, but it is strictly subordinate to his theological purpose. Hence, when the barbarians submerged southern Europe, theology alone survived. The Church entered upon a new task. In the beginning Christianity had been the teacher of religion to highly civilized peoples—now it became the civilizing agent to the barbarians, the teacher of better customs, the upholder of law and the source of knowledge. The learned men were monks and priests, the universities were Church institutions, and theology was the queen of the sciences.
The relation of cult to creed is still undetermined. Theoretically the first depends on the second, for its purpose is twofold: the excitation of worthy religious emotions and the attaining of our desires; and how shall these objects be Theology and worship.attained unless we know him whom we worship and to whom we pray? But it is plausibly maintained that the reverse is true, namely, that theology rests on cult. In the beginnings of consciousness instinctive reactions precede definite thoughts, and even in mature life thoughts often follow acts instead of preceding them. Our religious consciousness is simply our ordinary consciousness obeying its laws. So unpurposed does cult grow up that it combines many elements of diverse origin, and is seldom precisely and wholly in accordance with the creed. No doubt the two interact, cult influencing creed and creed modifying cult—cult, perhaps, being most powerful in forming the actual religious faith of the multitude. Cult divides into two unequal parts, the stimulation of the religious emotions and the control of piety. In the Church service it came early to centre in the sacrament of the Eucharist (q.v.). In the earliest period the services were characterized by extreme freedom, and by manifestations of ecstasy which were believed to indicate the presence of the spirit of God; but as the years went by the original enthusiasm faded away, the cult became more and more controlled, until ultimately it was completely subject to the priesthood, and through the priesthood to the Church. In the Roman communion the structure of the sacred edifice, the positions and attitudes of the priest and the congregation, the order of service, emphasize the mystery and the divine efficacy of the sacrament. The worshipper feels himself in the immediate presence of God, and enters into physical relations with him. Participation in the mass also releases from guilt, as the Lamb of God offered up atones for sin and intercedes with the Father in our behalf. Thus in this single act of devotion both objects of all cults are attained.
As the teaching and person of Jesus were fitted into the framework of the Greek philosophy, and the sacraments into the deeper and broader forms of popular belief, so was the organization shaped by the polity of the Roman Pollty.empire. Jesus gathered his group of followers and committed to it his mission, and after his resurrection the necessities of the situation brought about the choice of quasi-officials. Later the familiar polity of the synagogue was loosely followed. A completer organization was retarded by two factors, the presence of the apostles and the inspiration of the prophets. But when the apostles died and the early enthusiasm disappeared, a stricter order arose. Practical difficulties called for the enforcement of discipline, and differences of opinion for authority in doctrine; and, finally, the sacramentarian system required a priesthood. In the 2nd century the conception of a Catholic Church was widely held and a loose embodiment was given it; after the conversion of the empire the organization took on the official forms of the empire. Later it was modified by the rise of the feudal system and the re-establishment of the modern European nationalities (see Church History).
The polity of the Church was more than a formal organization; it touched the life of each believer. Very early, Christianity was conceived to be a new system of law, and faith was interpreted as obedience. Legalism was joined with Penance.sacramentarianism, doubling the power of the priest. Through him Church discipline was administered, a complete system of ecclesiastical penalties, i.e. penance, growing up. It culminated in the doctrine of purgatory, a place of discipline, of purifying suffering after death. The Roman genius for law strengthened and systematized this tendency.
The hierarchy which centres in the pope constitutes the Church of which the sacramental system is the inner life and penance is the sanction. It is thus a divine-human organization. It teaches that the divine-human Son of God established it, and returning to heaven committed to the apostles, especially to St Peter, his authority, which has descended in an unbroken line through the popes. This is the charter of the Church, and its acceptance is the first requisite for salvation; for the Church determines doctrine, exercises discipline and administers sacraments. Its authority is accompanied by the spirit of God, who guides it into truth and gives it miraculous power. Outside the Church there are only the “broken lights” of man’s philosophy and the vain efforts of weak human nature after virtue.
Christianity in its complete Roman development is thus the coming of the supernatural into the natural. The universe falls into these orders, the second for the sake of the first, as nature is of and for God. Without him nature at its The completed doctrine of the Roman Church.highest is like a beautiful statue, devoid of life; it is of secondary moment compared even to men, for while it passes away he continues for ever. He is dependent, therefore, not upon nature, but upon God’s grace for salvation, and this comes through the Church. In the book of Revelation the New Jerusalem descending from heaven to the earth may be taken as a symbol of a continuing process: the human receives the divine, as the Virgin Mary received the Holy Spirit and brought forth Jesus, perfect man and perfect God. Thus the Church ever receives God and has a twofold nature; its sacraments through material and earthly elements impart a divine power; its teachings agree with the highest truths of philosophy and science, yet add to these the knowledge of mysteries which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive; it sanctifies human relationships, but the happiness of earth at purest and best is only a shadow of the divine bliss which belongs to the redeemed soul. Hence man should deny the world for the sake of the other world, and the title “religious” belongs distinctly to the monastic and priestly life. Theology is the queen of the sciences, and nothing should be taught in school or university which contradicts its conclusions. Moreover, nothing should be done by the state which interferes with the transcendent interest committed to the Church. Thus the Church touches and controls all realms of life, and the cycle is complete. It began as separate from the world and proscribed by it; next it adapted itself to the learning, the customs and the polity of the world. Finally it asserted its mastery and assumed sovereign power over all. The Church in its completed form was the outcome of a long development; if the seed was Jewish the environment was Gentile. Into the full tree were gathered the effects, not only of the initial energy, but of the forces of earth, air, water and sun. The Roman Church expressed the beliefs and answered the needs of the people, and this explains in part both its forms and its power, its long continuance and wide supremacy.
The Church was never completely successful in unifying its organization. In part it shared the destiny of the Roman empire, and with it fell into two parts, East separating from West. Indeed the East never really acknowledged The Eastern Church.the Roman primacy nor shared in its development, and it still remains apart. With characteristic oriental conservatism it claims the title of “Orthodox,” and retains the creed and organization of the early Church. In general its conception of the relation of the world to the super-world is identical with that of the Roman Church, though somewhat less defined, as its organization is less complete. It has remained in the second stage mentioned above; established, as in Russia, by the empire, it is dependent upon it and in alliance with it. In the Mahommedan dominions it has been recognized as a state within the state, and in these communities faith and patriotism are one.
The idea of the Roman Church was imperfectly embodied at the best; the divine gift was in earthen vessels. The world was never completely cast out; indeed the Church became the scene for ambition and the home of luxury and pleasure. The Reformation.It was entangled also in the political strife of the feudal ages and of the beginning of modern empires. Its control of the sciences embroiled it with its own philosophers and scholars, while saints and pure-minded ecclesiastics attempted, without success, its reform from within. Finally, through Luther, the explosion came, and western Christendom broke into two parts—Catholic and Protestant.
Protestantism in its primary principle is the return to primitive Christianity. The whole development which we have traced, culminating in the ecclesiastical-doctrinal system of the Roman Church, is regarded as a corruption, since foreign and even heathen elements have been brought in, so that the religion established by Christ is obscured or lost. For Protestants the Bible only now becomes the infallible, inspired authority in faith and morals. Interpretations by the Fathers or by the councils are to be taken only as aids to its understanding. With this principle is associated a second, the liberty of the individual; he reads the sacred Scriptures and interprets them for himself without the intervention of priests or church; and he enters by faith in Christ into communion with God, so that all believers are priests. Here may be noted a fundamental difference in the psychology of religion, since in the Roman Church the chief appeal is to the emotions, while in the Reformed it is to the intelligence. Yet this appeal to the intelligence is not rationalism: the latter makes reason the supreme authority, rejecting all which does not conform to it; the Bible is treated like any other book, to be accepted or rejected in part or in whole as it agrees with our canons of logic and our general science, while religion submits to the same process as do other departments of knowledge. But in Protestantism reason and the light of nature are in themselves as impotent as in the Roman Church. The Bible interpreted by man’s unaided intelligence is as valueless as other writings, but it has a sacramental value when the Holy Spirit accompanies its teaching, and the power of God uses it and makes the soul capable of holiness. In all this the supernatural is as vividly realized as in the Roman Church; it is only its mediation which is different.
These principles are variously worked out in the different churches and variously expressed. In part because of historical circumstances, the divergence from the older systems is more marked in some Protestant churches than in others, yet on the whole these two principles determine cult and in part organization. As in the Roman Church cult centres in the mass, so in the Reformed Church it centres in the sermon. The Holy Spirit, the determining factor in the religious life, uses the Bible as his means,Protest-
antism. and calls the intelligence into action. The clergyman is primarily the preacher, renewed by God’s power and enlightened by the Spirit, so that he speaks with divine authority. The ancient Jewish prophetic office is revived, yet with a difference: the ancient prophets acknowledged no external authority, but the Protestant preacher is strictly subordinate to the Scriptures of which he is the interpreter. Beside the sermon the sacraments are observed as established by Christ—two in number, baptism and the Lord’s Supper. But these do not exert a quasi-physical or magical influence, ex opere operato. Unless there be faith in the recipient, an understanding of the meaning of the sacrament and an acceptance of it, it is valueless or harmful. Prayer and praise also are effective only as the congregation intelligently join in them; hence they are not to be solely by a priest nor in a strange tongue, as the clergyman is simply the leader of the devotions of the people. In large portions of the Church also opportunity for the free expression of the religious experience of the laity is found.
The emphasis upon the believer and his freedom from all external authority do not result in a thoroughgoing individualism. Luther clearly held to the unity of all Christians, and Protestants are agreed in this. For them, as for the Roman Church, there is a belief in a catholic or all-embracing Church, but the unity is not that of an organization; Christians are one through an indwelling spirit; they hold the same faith, undergo the same experience and follow the same purpose. This inner life constitutes the oneness of believers and forms the true Church which is invisible. It expresses itself in outward forms, yet there are not two Churches visible and invisible, but only one. The spiritual experience of the individual utters itself in words, and desires association with others who know the same grace. There is formed a body of teaching in which all agree, and an organization in which the common experience finds expression and aid. While then membership in this organization is not primary, it assumes a higher and even a vital importance, since a true experience recognizes the common faith and the common fellowship. Were it to refuse assent to these, doubt would be thrown upon its own trustworthiness.
Historically these principles were only in part embodied, for the Reformation was involved in political strife. The Reformers turned to the government for aid and protection, and throughout Europe turmoil and war ensued. In consequence, in the Protestant nations the state assumed the ultimate authority over the Church. Moreover, in the early days of the Reformation the Catholic Church charged it with a lawless individualism, a charge which was seemingly made good by an extreme divergence in theological opinion and by riots in various parts of the Protestant world. The age was indeed one of ferment, so that the foundations of society and of religion seemed threatened. The Reformers turned to the state for protection against the Roman Church, and ultimately as a refuge from anarchy, and they also returned to the theology of the Fathers as their safeguard against heresy. Instead of the simplicity of Luther’s earlier writings, a dogmatic theology was formed, and a Protestant ecclesiasticism established, indistinguishable from the Roman Church in principle. The main difference was in the attitude to the Roman allegiance and to the sacramentarian system. There was thus by no means a complete return to the Bible as the sole authority, but the Bible was taken as interpreted by the earlier creeds and as worked into a doctrinal system by the scholastic philosophy. Thus Protestantism also came to identify theology with the whole range of human knowledge, and in its official forms it was as hostile to the progress of science as was the Roman Church itself.
Many Protestants rebelled against this radical departure from the principles of the Reformation and of Biblical Christianity. To them it seemed the substitution of the authority of the Church for the authority of a living experience and of intellectual adherence to theological propositions for faith. The freedom of the individual was denied when the state enforced religious conformity. Thus a struggle within Protestantism arose, with persecutions of Protestants by Protestants. Moreover, many failed to find the expression of their faith in the official creed or in the established organization, and Protestantism divided into many sects and denominations, founded upon special types of religious experience or upon particular points in doctrine or in cult. Thus Protestantism presents a wide diversity in comparison with the regularity of the Roman Church. This we should expect indeed from its insistence upon individual freedom; yet, notwithstanding certain notable exceptions, amid the diversity there is a substantial unity, a unity which in our day finds expression in common organizations for great practical ends, for example in the “Bible Societies,” “Tract Societies,” the “Young Men’s Christian Associations,” “Societies of Christian Endeavour,” &c., which disregard denominational lines.
The coming of the northern peoples into the Roman world profoundly modified Christianity. It shared indeed in the dreariness and corruption of the times commonly called the “dark ages,” but when at last a productive period Christianity and the modern world.began the Church was the first to profit by it. Since all educated men were priests, it assimilated the new learning—the revived Aristotelianism—and continued its control of the universities. In the 13th century it was supreme, and Christianity was identified with world systems of knowledge and politics. Both were deemed alike divine in origin, and to question their validity was an offence against God. Christianity thus had passed through three stages in politics as in science. At first it was persecuted by the state, then established by it, and finally dominated over it; so its teaching was at first alien to philosophy and despised by it, next was accepted by it and given form and rights through it, and finally became queen of the sciences as theology and ruled over the whole world of human knowledge. But the triumph by its completeness ensured new conflicts; from the disorder of the middle ages arose states which ultimately asserted complete autonomy, and in like fashion new intellectual powers came forth which ultimately established the independence of the sciences.
In the broadest sense the underlying principle of the struggle is the reassertion of interest in the world. It is no longer merely the scene for the drama of the soul and God, nor is man independent of it, but man and nature constitute an organism, humanity being a part of the vaster whole. Man’s place is not even central, as he appears a temporary inhabitant of a minor planet in one of the lesser stellar systems. Every science is involved, and theology has come into conflict with metaphysics, logic, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, zoology, biology, history and even economics and medicine. From the modern point of view this is unavoidable and even desirable, since “theology” here represents the science of the 13th century. As in the political world the states gained first the undisputed control of matters secular, rejecting even the proffered counsel of the Church, and then proceeded to establish their sovereignty over the Church itself, so was it in the empire of the mind. The rights gained for independent research were extended over the realm of religion also; the two indeed cannot remain separate, and man must subordinate knowledge to the authority of religion—or make science supreme, submitting religion to its scrutiny and judging it like other phenomena. Under this investigation Christianity does not appear altogether exceptional. Its early logic, ontology and cosmology, with many of its distinctive doctrines, are shown to be the natural offspring of the races and ages which gave them birth. Put into their historical environment they are freed from adverse criticism, and indeed valued as steps in the intellectual development of man’s mind. Advanced seriously, however, as truths to-day, they are put aside as anachronisms not worthy of dispute. The Bible is studied like other works, its origins discovered and its place in comparative religion assigned. It does not appear as altogether unique, but it is put among the other sacred books. For the great religions of the world show similar cycles of development, similar appropriations of prevalent science and philosophy, similar conservative insistence upon ancient truth, and similar claims to an exclusive authority.
With this interest is involved an attitude of mind toward the supernatural. As already pointed out, nature and super-nature were taken as physically and spatially distinct. The latter could descend upon the former and be imparted to it, neither subject to nature nor intelligible by reason. In science the process has been reversed; nature ascends, so to speak, into the region of the supernatural and subdues it to itself; the marvellous or miraculous is brought under the domain of natural law, the canons of physics extend over metaphysics, and religion takes its place as one element in the natural relationship of man to his environment. Hence the new world-view threatens the foundations of the ecclesiastical edifice. This revolution in the world-view is no longer the possession of philosophers and scholars, but the multitude accepts it in part. Education in general has rendered many familiar with the teachings of science, and, moreover, its practical benefits have given authority to its maxims and theories. The world’s problem is not only therefore acute, but the demand for its solution is wider than ever before.
The Roman Catholic Church uncompromisingly reasserts its ancient propositions, political and theological. The cause is lost indeed in the political realm, where the Church is obliged to submit, but it protests and does not The attitude of the Roman Church.waive or modify its claims (see the Syllabus of 1864, paragraphs 19 ff., 27, 54 and 55). In the Greek and Protestant churches this situation cannot arise, as they make no claims to governmental sovereignty. In the intellectual domain the situation is more complex. Again the Roman Church unhesitatingly reaffirms the ancient principles in their extreme form (Syllabus, paragraphs 8-9-13; Decrees of the Vatican Council, chapter 4, note especially canon 4-2). The works of St Thomas Aquinas are recommended as the standard authority in theology (Encyc. of Leo XIII., Aeterni Patris, Aug. 4, 1879). In details also the conclusions of modern science are rejected, as for example the origin of man from lower species, and, in a different sphere, the conclusions of experts as to the origins of the Bible. Faith is defined as “assent upon authority,” and the authority is the Church, which maintains its right to supremacy over the whole domain of science and philosophy.
The Greek Church remains untouched by the modern spirit, and the Protestant Churches also are bound officially to the scholastic philosophy of the 17th century; their confessions The Greek and Protestant Churches. of faith still assert the formation of the world in six days, and require assent to propositions which can be true only if the old cosmology be correct. Officially then the Church identifies Christianity with the position outlined above, and hostile critics agree to this identification, rejecting the faith in the name of philosophic and scientific truth.
On the other hand there are not wanting individuals and even large bodies of Christians who are intent upon a reinterpretation. Even in the official circles of the Church, not excepting the Roman Church, there are many scholars who find Com-
promises.no difficulty in remaining Christian while accepting the modern scientific view of the world. This is possible to some because the situation in its sharp antithesis is not present to their minds: by making certain compromises on the one side and on the other, and by framing private interpretations of important dogmas, they can retain their faith in both and yet preserve their mental integrity. A large literature is produced, reconciling science and theology by softening and compromising and adapting; a procedure in accordance with general historical development, for men do not love sharp antagonisms, nor are they prepared to carry principles to their logical conclusions. By a fortunate power of mind they are able to believe as truths mutually inconsistent propositions.
Thus the crisis is in fact not so acute as it might seem. No great institution lives or dies by logic. Christianity rests on great religious needs which it meets and gratifies, so that its life (like all other lives) is in unrationalized emotions. Reason seeks ever to rationalize these, an attempt which seems to destroy yet really fulfils. As thus the restless reason tests the emotions of the soul, criticizes the traditions to which they cling, rejects the ancient dogmas in which they have been defined, the Church slowly participates in the process: silently this position and that are forsaken, legends and beliefs once of prime importance are forgotten, or when forced into controversy many ways are found by which the old and the new are reconciled: the sharpness of distinctions can be rubbed off, expressions may be softened, definitions can be modified and half-way resting-places afforded, until the momentous transition has been made and the continuity of tradition is maintained. Finally, as the last step, even the official documents may be revised. Such a process in Christianity is everywhere in evidence, for even the Roman Church admits the modern astronomy. So too it accepts the changes in the world of politics with qualified approval. In the Syllabus of 1864 the separation of state and church was anathematized, yet in 1906 this separation in the United States was held up as an example to be followed by the French government. In the Protestant Churches the process is precisely similar. No great church has yet modified its articles of religion so as to admit, for example, that the Garden of Eden was not a definite place where Eve was tempted, yet the doctrine is contradicted with approval by individuals, and the results of modern science are accepted and taught without rebuke. In all this the Church shows its essential oneness with other organizations of society, the government, the family, which are at once deeply rooted in the past, and yet subject to the influences of the present. For Christianity is by no means wholly intellectual, nor chiefly so. It would be fully as true to facts to describe this religion as a vast scheme for the amelioration of the condition of humanity. In education, in care for the sick, the poor, the outcast, it has retained the spirit of its Lord. Though it has at times denied this spirit, been guilty of crimes, persecutions, wars and greed—still the Church has never quite forgotten him who went about doing good, nor freed itself from the contagion of his example. No age has been so responsive to the needs of man as our own; whatever doubts men have as to the doctrines or the cults there is an agreement wider than in the past in the good works whose inspiration is a divine love.
Yet the intellectual crisis cannot be ignored in the interest of the practical life. Men must rationalize the universe. On the one hand there are churchmen who attempt to repeat the historical process which has naturalized Theories of development.the Church in alien soils by appropriating the forces of the new environment, and who hold that the entire process is inspired and guided by the spirit of God. Hence Christianity is the absolute religion, because it does not preclude development but necessitates it, so that the Christianity that is to come shall not only retain all that is important in the Christianity of the past and present but shall assimilate new truth. On the other hand some seek the essential Christianity in a life beneath and separable from the historic forms. In part under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, and in part because of the prevalent evolutionary scientific world-view, God is represented under the form of pure thought, and the world process as the unfolding of himself. Such truth can be apprehended by the multitude only in symbols which guide the will through the imagination, and through historic facts which are embodiment of ideas. The Trinity is the essential Christian doctrine, the historic facts of the Christian religion being the embodiment of religious ideas. The chief critical difficulty felt by this school is in identifying any concrete historic fact with the unchanging idea, that is, in making Jesus of Nazareth the incarnation of God. God is reinterpreted, and in place of an extra-mundane creator is an omnipresent life and power. The Christian attainment is nothing else than the thorough intellectual grasp of the absolute idea and the identification of our essential selves with God. With a less thorough-going intellectualism other scholars reinterpret Christianity in terms of current scientific phraseology. Christianity is dependent upon the understanding of the universe; hence it is the duty of believers to put it into the new setting, so that it adopts and adapts astronomy, geology, biology and psychology. With this accomplished, Christianity will resume its ancient place. Consciously and of purpose the attempt is made to do once more what has been done repeatedly before, to restate Christianity in the terms of current science.
From all these efforts to reconstruct systematic theology with its appropriations of philosophy and science, groups of Christians turn to the inner life and seek in its realities to find the confirmation of their faith. They also claim oneness with a long line of Christians, for in every age there have been men who have ignored the dogma and the ritual of the Church, and in contemplation and retirement have sought to know God immediately in their own experience. To them at best theology with its cosmology and its logic is only a shadow of shadows, for God reveals himself to the pure in heart, and it matters not what science may say of the material and fleeting world. This spirit manifests itself in wide circles in our day. The Gordian knot is cut, for philosophy and religion no longer touch each other but abide in separate realms.
In quite a different way a still more influential school seeks essential Christianity in the sphere of the ethical life. It also would disentangle religion from cosmology and formal philosophy. It studies the historic development of the Church, noting how element after element has been introduced into the simplicity of the gospel, and from all these it would turn back to the Bible itself. In a thorough-going fashion it would accomplish what Luther and the Reformation attempted. It regards even the earliest creeds as only more or less satisfactory attempts to translate the Christian facts into the current language of the heathen world. But the process does not stop with this rejection of the ancient and the scholastic theology. It recognizes the scientific results attained in the study of the Bible itself, and therefore it does not seek the entire Bible as its rule of truth. To it Jesus Christ, and he alone, is supreme, but this supremacy does not carry with it infallibility in the realm of cosmology or of history. In these too Jesus participated in the views of his own time; even his teaching of God and of the future life is not lacking in Jewish elements, yet none the less he is the essential element in Christianity, and to his life-purpose must all that claims to be Christianity be brought to be judged. To this school Christianity is the culmination of the ethical monotheism of the Old Testament, which finds its highest ideal in self-sacrificing love. Jesus Christ is the complete embodiment of this ideal, in life and in death. This ideal he sets before men under the traditional forms of the kingdom of God as the object to be attained, a kingdom which takes upon itself the forms of the family, and realizes itself in a new relationship of universal brotherhood. Such a religion appeals for its self-verification not to its agreement with cosmological conceptions, either ancient or modern, or with theories of philosophy, however true these may be, but to the moral sense of man. On the one hand, in its ethical development, it is nothing less than the outworking of that principle of Jesus Christ which led him not only to self-sacrificing labour but to the death upon the cross. On the other hand, it finds its religious solution in the trust in a power not ourselves which makes for the same righteousness which was incarnate in Jesus Christ.
Thus Christianity, as religion, is on the one hand the adoration of God, that is, of the highest and noblest, and this highest and noblest as conceived not under forms of power or knowledge but in the form of ethical self-devotion as embodied in Jesus Christ, and on the other hand it meets the requirements of all religion in its dependence, not indeed upon some absolute idea or omnipotent power, but in the belief that that which appeals to the soul as worthy of supreme worship is also that in which the soul may trust, and which shall deliver it from sin and fear and death. Such a conception of Christianity can recognize many embodiments in ritual, organization and dogma, but its test in all ages and in all lands is conformity to the purpose of the life of Christ. The Lord’s Prayer in its oldest and simplest form is the expression of its faith, and Christ’s separation of mankind on the right hand and on the left in accordance with their service or refusal of service to their fellow-men is its own judgment of the right of any age or church to the name Christian. This school also represents historic Christianity, and maintains the continuity of its life through all the ages past with Christ himself. But this continuity is not then in theological systems or creeds, nor in sacraments and cult, nor in organization, but in the noble company of all who have lived in simple trust in God and love to humanity. It is this true Church of the spirit and purpose of Jesus which has been the supreme force for the uplifting of humanity.
Christianity has passed through too many changes, and it has found too many interpretations possible, to fear the time to come. Thoroughgoing reconstruction in every item of theology and in every detail of polity there may be, yet shall the Christian life go on—the life which finds its deepest utterance in the words of Christ, “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and thy neighbour as thyself”; the life which expresses its profoundest faith in the words Christ taught it to pray, “Our Father”; the life which finds its highest rule of conduct in the words of its first and greatest interpreter, “Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus our Lord.”
Bibliography.—Detailed bibliographies accompany the separate articles on subjects connected with the Christian religion and Church. In the following list a selection is given of books on the wider and general subject:—
Extent and Growth.—D. Dorchester, The Problem of Religious Progress (revised ed., 1894); S. Gulick, The Growth of the Kingdom of God (1895); James S. Dennis, Christian Missions and Social Progress (1906).
Prophets of Israel.—Rudolf Smend, Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte (2nd ed., 1899); A. B. Davidson, Old Testament Prophecy (1903); Karl Budde, Religion of Israel to the Exile (1899); W. Robertson Smith, The Prophets of Israel and their Place in History (1899); A. F. Kirkpatrick, Doctrine of the Prophets (3rd ed., 1901); Beruk Duhm, Die Theologie der Propheten (1875).
Judaism.—Emil Schürer, History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1890); C. G. Montefiore, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (2nd ed., 1893); W. Bousset, Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (2nd ed., 1906).
The Life and Teaching of Jesus.—Hans Heinrich Wendt, The Teaching of Jesus (1892), 2 vols.; Oskar Holtzmann, The Life of Jesus (Eng. trans., 1904); Paul Wernle, Beginnings of Christianity, 2 vols. (1903–1904); T. Crawford Burkitt, The Gospel History and its Transmission (1906).
The Beginnings of Christianity.—Ernst von Dobschütz, Christian Life in the Primitive Church (Eng. trans., 1904); A. C. McGiffert, The Apostolic Age (1900); Carl Weizsäcker, The Apostolic Age (Eng. trans., 1897); Otto Pfleiderer, Das Urchristentum (1902).
The Expansion of Christianity.—Edwin Hatch, “The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church,” the Hibbert Lectures, 1888 (1890); Adolf Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries (Eng. trans., 1904); Sir W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire (1893).
The History of Church and of Dogma.—Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma (Eng. trans., 1895); Reinhold Seeberg, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (1895, 2 vols.); Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom (3 vols., 1881, 3rd ed.).
The Roman Church.—Joseph Wilhelm and Thomas B. Scannell, Manual of Catholic Theology (1906); J. A. Moehler, Symbolism (trans. 1844); Thomas Aquinas, The Summa (Eng. trans., 1907); William Ward, The Ideal of a Christian Church (1844).
The Greek Church.—“The Creeds of the Greek and Russian Churches,” in Schaff, Creeds, vol. ii. pp. 275-542; and J. Michalcesu, Die Bekenntnisse und die wichtigsten Glaubenszeugnisse der griechisch-orientalischen Kirche (Leipzig, 1904).
Protestantism.—John Calvin, Institutio Religionis Christianae, (1536; Eng. trans., 1816); Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology (3 vols., 1872); Ernst Troeltsch, Die Absolutheit des Christentums und die Religionsgeschichte (1902); First Principles of the Reformation, or the Ninety-five Theses and the Three Primary Works, trans. by Henry Wace and C. A. Buchheinz (1883).
Christianity in the Modern World.—Andrew D. White, Conflict of Science with Theology (2 vols., 1896); D. F. Strauss, Der alte und der neue Glaube (1872; Eng. trans., 1873); A. J. Balfour, The Foundations of Belief (1897); J. Ward, Naturalism and Agnosticism (1899).
Modern Adaptations of Christianity.—William Adams Brown, Christian Theology in Outline (1906); Augustus Sabatier, Religions of Authority and the Religion of the Spirit (1904); J. A. Zahm, Evolution and Dogma (1896); John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845); Edward Caird, The Evolution of Religion (1893); Otto Pfleiderer, Philosophy of Religion (Eng. trans., 1888, especially volumes 3 and 4); Newman Smyth, Old Faiths in New Lights (1879), Through Science to Faith (1902); Henry Drummond, The Ascent of Man (1894); William Ralph Inge, Christian Mysticism (Bampton Lectures, 1894); Wilhelm Herrmann, The Communion of the Christian with God (1895); George William Knox, Direct and Fundamental Proofs of the Christian Religion (1903); Albrecht Ritschl, Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung (1900).
Modern Definitions of Christianity.—Alfred Loisy, The Gospel and the Church (1904); Adolf Harnack, What is Christianity? (1901); William Adams Brown, The Essence of Christianity (1902); Ernest Troeltsch, Das Wesen des Christentums; J. Kaftan, Das Wesen der christlichen Religion (2nd ed., 1888); J. Caird, The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity (1899). (G. W. Kn.)
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Holiday Safety Tips for Kids and Dogs
Family gatherings during the holidays are the source of fond memories for many. The dog may not enjoy these events as much as the rest of the family. Changes in routines, crowded rooms, unattended food and excited children can often lead to miscommunication between the family dog and guests. Even a normally calm and docile pet may become agitated enough to bite under the extreme circumstances of a boisterous family celebration. Supervision may be lax if each adult thinks that another is watching the children. Children are the most likely victims of dog bites in this situation.
Doggone Safe offers the following tips:
- Put the dog in his crate with a stuffed KONG or favorite chew toy, at least during the most hectic times – guests arriving and leaving as well as dinner preparation and serving.
- Assign one adult to be in charge of the dog, to watch for signs of stress and to protect from unwanted attention from children. This adult should have no other responsibilities or duties.
- Assign one adult to each toddler with no other duties required.
- Signs of stress include:
- The dog yawns or licks his chops.
- The dog shows the white part of his eye in a half moon shape.
- If the dog shows any of these signs, turns away, gets up and walks away or tries to hide from a child who is trying to pet him, then he wants to be left alone. Put the dog in his crate or in a room away from the guests with a favorite chew toy or stuffed KONG.
- Do not allow visiting children to hug the dog. Dogs don’t like hugs and kisses. Even if the dog tolerates this under normal circumstances he may not tolerate this from strangers or in a high stress situation with lots of noise and people.
Signs of an imminent bite include the following:
- The dog freezes and becomes very still, with his mouth closed. He may be staring intensely at the person who is bothering him and may growl. This dog is a few seconds away from a bite.
- The dog growls or raises the fur along his back.
- If you have multiple dogs, consider kenneling them, crating them or keeping them in another room during large gatherings.
- Supervise at all times.
We would like to thank Joan Orr M.Sc from Doggone Safe for the wonderful holiday tips!
Joan Orr M.Sc. is a scientist and internationally recognized clicker trainer, member of the Clicker Expo Faculty (2003-2011) and content creator for the Karen Pryor Academy for Animal Training and Behavior. Joan is a co-founder and president of Doggone Safe, a non-profit organization dedicated to dog bite prevention. Joan has co-created the dog bite prevention board game Doggone Crazy!, the “Be a Tree” bite prevention education program for school children and the Clicker Puppy DVD. Joan has many published articles on dog bite prevention, the promotion of force-free training and understanding dog body language and has received many awards.
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"Do you not know that God's kindness to you is an invitation to you to repent?" - Rom. 2:4
Forty years ago this year I experienced a profound, life changing conversion...
But it was only the beginning. Since then... Well, as I look back, all I see is infidelity and failings more numerous than I would like to relate. I've dedicated this year to the work of conversion, since time is short, the day is far spent... although I don't like to admit it.
Anyway, I found the following, which might help me to be more intent upon trying to remove the log in my own eye, as opposed to my misguided attempts to remove the speck from my brother's eye...
"If you want to be a true, zealous son of the Church, you can do so in fulfillment of the commandments of the Gospel in regard to your neighbor.
Do not dare to convict him.To correct your neighbor in this way is not an act of faith, but of foolish zeal, self-opinion and pride. Poeman the Great was asked, 'What is faith?' The great man replied that faith consists in remaining in humility and showing mercy; that is to say, in humbling oneself before one's neighbors and forgiving them all discourtesies and offences, all their sins.
Do not dare to teach him.
Do not dare to condemn or reproach him.
As foolish zealots make out that faith is the prime cause of their zeal, they must express themselves in humility regarding our neighbors and in mercy towards them. Let us leave the work of judging and convicting people to those persons whose shoulders is laid the duty of judging and ruling their brethren.
'He who is moved by false zeal', said St. Isaac the Syrian, 'is suffering from a severe disorder. O man, you who think to use your zeal against the infirmities of others, you have renounced the health of your own soul. You had better bestow your care on the healing of yourself, and if you want to heal the sick, know that the sick need nursing, rather than reprimand... 'You who are strong ought to bear with the failings of the weak' (Rom. 15:1) ... 'Correct a sinner in a spirit of meekness and gentleness.' (Gal. 6:1)" - The Arena
Art: Christ liberating the prisoners of Dachau. This is behind the altar in the Resurrection chapel built by the Russian Orthodox Church on the grounds of Dachau. I posted it because I like it and it expresses a certain hope and confidence in the Divine Mercy, and the power of the Resurrection.
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In more than a century of baseball history, there is only one player who has won the most championship rings -- Yogi Berra. He has ten of them, in fact. One for each and every finger.
In Ten Rings, Yogi, for the first time, tells the stories behind each of those remarkable championship seasons, spanning 1947 through 1962, baseball's golden years. It was a time when players played for the love of the game, working as maître d's and salesmen and pipe-fitters in the off season to put food on the table, a time when dynasties were born and baseball became the national pastime. And what a pastime it was.
With Yogi Berra at their heart, Casey Stengel's Yankees took on their heralded archrivals: the Cleveland Indians, the New York Giants, the Brooklyn Dodgers, and, of course, the Boston Red Sox. And with those teams were Yogi's constellation of contemporaries, a who's who of the Hall of Fame: Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Sandy Koufax, Willie Mays, Duke Snider, Roy Campanella, Stan Musial, Ted Williams, Jackie Robinson, Phil Rizzuto, and many, many others.Each season brought its own drama. In 1947, Yogi the rookie struggled behind the plate, and his unlikely physique -- knock-kneed and barrel-shaped -- made him the target of a cruel media that wondered whether he even looked like a Yankee and nicknamed him “The Ape.” But the name calling didn't faze Yogi. After all, he said, he didn't have to hit with his face. And he had the last laugh. In 1949, Bill Dickey came out of retirement to, as Yogi said, “learn me his experiences” and mold him into the Hall of Fame catcher he would become. Then came a string of five consecutive Yankees World Series championships, which no other team in history has ever matched. The year 1951 was Joe DiMaggio's final season . . . and Mickey Mantle's first. In 1956 there was Don Larsen's perfect game in the World Series. And it's all brought to life by the man who witnessed it.
Ten Rings is a one-of-a-kind story told by a one-of-a-kind guy, the beloved Yogi Berra.
About Yogi BerraSee more books from this Author
In this breezy effort, New York Yankees legend Berra shares stories behind his 10 World Series championships.| Read Full Review of Ten Rings: My Championship Se...
An aggregated and normalized score based on 7 user ratings from iDreamBooks & iTunes
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The alveolar or postalveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the palatal clicks, making a hollower sound than those consonants.
|IPA Number||178, 202|
|Unicode (hex)||U+01C3 U+0297|
source · help
|Voiced alveolar click|
|Alveolar nasal click|
source · help
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ǃ⟩. The symbol is not an exclamation mark in origin, but rather a vertical bar with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, ⟨ʗ⟩ (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of ⟨ʗ⟩ may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of ⟨ǃ⟩. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨k⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨k⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular alveolar clicks. Common alveolar clicks are:
|Trans. I||Trans. II||Trans. III||Description|
|⟨k͜ǃ⟩||⟨ᵏǃ⟩||⟨ǃ⟩||tenuis alveolar click|
|⟨k͜ǃʰ⟩||⟨ᵏǃʰ⟩||⟨ǃʰ⟩||aspirated alveolar click|
|⟨ɡ͜ǃ⟩||⟨ᶢǃ⟩||⟨ǃ̬⟩||voiced alveolar click|
|⟨ŋ͜ǃ⟩||⟨ᵑǃ⟩||⟨ǃ̃⟩||alveolar nasal click|
|⟨ŋ͜ǃ̥̥ʰʰ⟩||⟨ᵑǃ̥ʰʰ⟩||⟨ǃ̥̃ʰʰ⟩||aspirated alveolar nasal click|
|⟨ŋ͜ǃˀ⟩||⟨ᵑǃˀ⟩||⟨ǃ̃ˀ⟩||glottalized alveolar nasal click|
|⟨q͜ǃ⟩||⟨ǃ⟩||tenuis alveolar click|
|⟨q͜ǃʰ⟩||⟨ǃʰ⟩||aspirated alveolar click|
|⟨ɢ͜ǃ⟩||⟨ǃ⟩||voiced alveolar click|
|⟨ɴ͜ǃ⟩||⟨ᶰǃ⟩||alveolar nasal click|
|⟨ɴ͜ǃ̥ʰʰ⟩||⟨ᶰǃ̥ʰʰ⟩||aspirated alveolar nasal click|
|⟨ɴ͜ǃˀ⟩||⟨ᶰǃˀ⟩||glottalized alveolar nasal click|
The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right.
In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for alveolar clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, ⟨ǃ⟩, or on the Latin ⟨q⟩ of Bantu convention. Khoekhoe and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter.
Features of postalveolar clicks:
|!Kung||nǃan||[ᵑǃáŋ] = [ʗ̃áŋ]||'inside'|
|Hadza||laqo||[laǃo] = [laʗo]||'to trip'|
|keqhena||[keǃʰena] = [keʗʰena]||'to be slow'|
|henqee||[ɦeᵑǃeʔe] = [ɦeʗ̃eʔe]||'dead leopard'|
|teqqe||[teᵑǃˀe] = [teʗ̃ˀe]||'to carry'|
|Sandawe||gqokomi||[ǃ̬okomi] = [ʗ̬okomi]||'greater kudu'||may have a slapped release: [ǃ̬͡¡okomi] = [ʗ̬͡¡okomi]|
|Sotho||ho qoqa||[hoǃɔǃɑ] = [hoʗɔʗɑ]||'to chat/converse'||Contrasts with murmured, aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks. See Sotho phonology|
|Xhosa||iqanda||[iǃanda] = [iʗanda]||'egg'||Contrasts with murmured, aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks|
|ǃXóõ||ǃqhàà||[ǃ͡qʰɑ̀ː] = [ʗ͡qʰɑ̀ː]||'water'||An aspirated linguo-pulmonic stop|
|Zulu||iqaqa||[iːǃáːǃa] = [iːʗáːʗa]||'polecat'||Contrasts with murmured, aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks.|
|Percussive alveolar click|
In Sandawe, alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual percussive component is ⟨¡⟩ in the extensions to the IPA; a slapped click is therefore transcribed ⟨ǃ͡¡⟩ or ⟨ǃꜞ⟩ (or ⟨ʗ͡¡, ʗꜞ⟩). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are [ǃ͡¡, ǃ͡¡ʰ, ᶢǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡, ᵑǃ͡¡ˀ] (or [ʗꜞ ʗꜞʰ ʗ̬ꜞ ʗ̃ꜞ ʗ̃ꜞˀ]).
Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of Gan Chinese (from Ningdu county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and Jilin), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with /ŋ/ in Gan and until recently began with /ŋ/ in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone),
where the /ŋ/ onsets are all pronounced [ǃ̃¡].
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Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization Theory, Algorithms, and Applications with MATLAB
By: Amir Beck (author)Paperback
Only 1 in stock
The three pillars of optimization theory - theoretical and algorithmic foundation, familiarity with applications, and the ability to apply theory and algorithms to actual problems - are combined in this book, which rigorously and gradually builds the connection between theory, algorithms, applications, and implementation. Readers will find more than 170 exercises that deepen and enhance the reader's understanding of the topics. The author includes several subjects not typically found in optimization books, including optimality conditions in sparsity-constrained optimization, hidden convexity, and total least squares. It also offers a large number of applications, such as circle fitting, the Fermat-Weber problem, denoising, clustering, and orthogonal regression. Theoretical and algorithmic topics are demonstrated by the MATLAB toolbox CVX and a package of m-files posted on the book's website. This book is intended for students of mathematics, computer science, and engineering at the advanced undergraduate level plus.
Amir Beck is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. He has published numerous papers, has given invited lectures at international conferences, and was awarded the Salomon Simon Mani Award for Excellence in Teaching and the Henry Taub Research Prize. He is on the editorial board of Mathematics of Operations Research, Operations Research, and the Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications.
Preface; 1. Mathematical preliminaries; 2. Optimality conditions for unconstrained optimization; 3. Least squares; 4. The gradient method; 5. Newton's method; 6. Convex sets; 7. Convex functions; 8. Convex optimization; 9. Optimization over a convex set; 10. Optimality conditions for linearly constrained problems; 11. The KKT conditions; 12. Duality; Bibliographic notes; Bibliography; Index.
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9781611973648
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
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Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly
© Copyright 2013 - 2017 WHSmith and its suppliers.
WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36
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Fox, Adam 1964-
FOX, Adam 1964-
Born 1964. Education: Holds M.A. and Ph.D. degrees.
Author and educator. University of Edinburgh, School of History and Classics, lecturer, 1994—.
Newling History Prize, Jesus College, Cambridge, 1986; Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship, Harvard University, 1987-1988; research fellowship, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1991-1994; Whitfield Prize, Royal Historical Society, 2000, Katharine Briggs Award, Folklore Society, 2001, Longman/History Today Award, 2002, all for Oral and Literature Culture in England, 1500-1700.
(Editor, with Paul Griffiths and Steve Hindle, and contributor) The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, St. Martin's Press (New York, NY), 1996.
(Editor) The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1850, Manchester University Press (New York, NY), 2002.
Contributor to publications such as Past and Present, Historical Journal, and Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.
WORK IN PROGRESS:
The Age of Revolution: England, 1643-1689 (with Steve Pincus), part of "The New Oxford History of England" series; The Foundations of Modern Social Science, a monograph.
Historian and author Adam Fox researches and writes on topics relevant to literacy, oral communication, and writing in the history of Britain. Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700 offers "an excellent and compendious contribution to the historical study of English vernacular culture," commented Jonathan Roper in Folklore. "A substantial work of social history, it is the result of a vast amount of background reading," Roper observed. Fox posits that in early English society, there was a considerable interaction between speech, script, and print, and "early modern Englishmen lived in a fundamentally literate environment," remarked Jo Ann H. Moran in Albion.
Characteristics of oral and written speech helped shape the individual and cultural identities of the early English, Fox suggests. Dialects gave people a "sense of identity and attachment to their region or district," commented R. A. Houlbrooke in the English HistoricalReview. Different occupations and geographical areas had their own dialects, which in turn let the speakers of those dialects identify more closely with their colleagues and countrymen. Each part of the country also displayed its own adages, sayings, stories, and related types of cultural and conversational bon mots. These sayings transmitted a vast trove of accumulated wisdom to new generations, while keeping that same wisdom alive for those who needed to hear it again.
In this environment, oral culture interacted with and was profoundly influenced by written and printed sources. Printing of the Bible and collections of proverbs, as well as printed editions of important legends and stories from throughout England, "helped to spawn a mass of new local associations on which enduring oral traditions were to be based," Houlbrooke noted. Oral tradition was itself challenged by the permanence that print allowed, fixing versions of stories in place for successive readers. The development of customary law and various legal systems necessitated the ability to record in writing charges or accusations made within the legal system. "In each case, painstaking research in many types of sources enables Fox to tell us far more than we might have thought it possible to know about the permeation of text into popular culture and the contribution of oral tradition to publication and print," stated Kevin Sharpe in the Times Literary Supplement. Fox "concludes that early modern England was a far more literate culture than many early modern historians have understood, and that prior ideas of a dichotomous oral (less elite) versus literate (more elite) society cannot begin to [accurately] frame a society where oral and literate modes of communications blended and reinforced one another at all levels of society," Moran commented.
"Adam Fox has written a most illuminating and thought-provoking account of his important subject, illustrated with an immense number of telling, pertinent, and memorable examples," Houlbrooke stated. Roper commented that Fox "has produced a wonderful, thought-provoking book, packed with detail, that should be read by everyone interested in traditional culture in the early modern period." David Cressy, writing on the H-Net Reviews web site, called the book "a solidly crafted piece of work, deeply researched and skillfully written."
Fox also served as coeditor of the scholarly collection, The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1850. The book offers "a useful collection of essays on the significance of oral culture in Britain" during 350 years of the country's history and development, wrote Felicity Heal in the English Historical Review. Fox and coeditor Daniel Woolf provide an introduction that reviews the relevant theories of British oral culture. Other contributors cover a variety of oral traditions in depth, including Gaelic-language preaching, Scottish genealogy, oral tradition in English rural culture, English reformers' use of oral tradition, and more. The editors "are almost obsessively anxious to show the interpenetration of the written and spoken word, and to indicate that cultural flow was not necessarily from the latter to the former," Heal observed.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:
Albion, winter, 2002, Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz, review of Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700, p. 639.
Economic History Review, November, 1997, Tim Harris, review of The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, p. 836.
English Historical Review, April, 1999, Robert Shoemaker, review of The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, p. 440; April, 2002, R. A. Houlbrooke, review of Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700, p. 389; February, 2004, Felicity Heal, review of The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1850, p. 201.
Folklore, April, 2004, Jonathan Roper, review of Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700, p. 112.
Journal of Historical Geography, January, 1998, Phil Harrison, review of The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, p. 109.
Labor History, February, 1999, James Epstein, review of The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, p. 118.
Social History, January, 1998, Malcolm Gaskill, review of The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, p. 104.
Times Literary Supplement, July 13, 2001, Kevin Sharpe, review of Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700, p. 30.
H-Net Reviews Web site,http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/ (December, 2001), David Cressy, review of Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700.*
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Careers in Early Childhood Education
Graduates of Chemeketa's Early Childhood Education degree and certificate programs may find employment at Head-Start programs, child care centers, parent cooperative preschools, private preschools and kindergartens. Public schools hire graduates as teaching assistants and parents hire graduates as nannies. Some graduates also start their own in-home childcare and preschool programs.
Typically, the beginning wages of graduates are higher than for individuals in this field without degrees.
Starting wages in Oregon with -
- Early Childhood Certificate: $7.50 to $10 per hour
- Associate's Degree: $10 to $15 per hour
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics wage and salary jobs in the child care services industry are projected to grow about 15 percent over the 2008-18 period, compared with the 11 percent employment growth projected for all industries combined.
Work Settings and Roles
Public and Private Care and Education Programs
- Teacher Aide/Assistant
- School-Age Program Leader
- Assistant Teacher
- Head/Lead Teacher
- Educational Assistant
- Resource Teacher or Specialist
Family Education Programs
- Home Visitor
- Family Support Specialist
- Parent Educator
- Family Child Care Provider
Helping children grow, learn, and gain new skills can be very rewarding. Preschool teachers and child care workers often improve their own communication, learning, and other personal skills by working with children. The work is sometimes routine; however, new activities and challenges mark each day. Child care can be physically taxing, as workers constantly stand, walk, bend, stoop, and lift to attend to each child's interests and needs. Individuals working with children must be constantly alert, anticipate children's needs, and utilize appropriate and effective guidance techniques.
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Friday, June 1, 2007
Operations: A Greater Voice
With the support of manufacturers, helicopter operators are gaining influence in regulatory debates in Europe.
IN EUROPE, CIVIL AND MILITARY SALES OF HELICOPTERS are jumping. New technology and procedures are coming. There’s a pilot shortage (always a good sign). Perhaps most startling though, the authorities are listening to the rotorcraft point of view.
The civil market in Europe has great potential coming from market demand and a combination of technology and rule changes that will allow rotorcraft to challenge the scourge of light aviation in Europe — bad weather. The Galileo/European Geostationary Overlay Service (EGNOS) satellite navigation system is designed to offer the potential of precision instrument approaches to anywhere. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is probably more helicopter-aware than any previous civil aviation authority in Europe.
"The helicopter world is just frantic at the moment," said Peter Norton, long-time military and civil helicopter pilot and CEO of the British Helicopter Advisory Board. "There’s so much going on."
He cites as an example SESAR, the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research program. It aims to improve efficiency by a factor of three and safety by a factor of 10, reduce air traffic management costs by 50 percent a flight, and trim environmental effects by 10 percent.
The initiative had been focused on airlines, Norton said. "Getting a word in for general aviation — including helicopters — has been difficult."
Now, the British board has joined the SESAR consortium as the representative of the European Helicopter Assn. (EHA). "We are injecting rotorcraft needs, including tilt-rotor," Norton said. "We’re getting our needs into their documents."
Run by Eurocontrol, the SESAR consortium includes roughly 50 members representing airports, airspace users, suppliers, air traffic systems, military services, research centers, and professional associations.
EADS, the parent of Eurocopter, has been lending its support to rotorcraft efforts, giving the helicopter association a complete view of the necessary papers. "It’s producing a much more positive view of the needs of rotorcraft," said Norton.
The EGNOS is slated to be functioning next year. When it is up and running, rotorcraft should have the ability to navigate point-to-point in 4D. "We’ll get the ability to perform IFR approaches to any location. This goes hand in glove with full icing clearances for rotorcraft," said Norton.
Eurocopter’s senior vice president of research and development, Bernard Rontani, said "Icing clearance will become the standard for large rotorcraft." It is already available on the Eurocopter EC225, the NHIndustries NH90 and Sikorsky Aircraft’s S-92.
The improved navigation capabilities should allow rotorcraft to work in parallel with airliners without interfering at all, Norton said. "We’re looking for simultaneous, non-interfering approaches at existing airports. We’re pushing hard to get this into the SESAR project. It’s very important to our future."
The United Kingdom has been a leader in European rotorcraft developments for several reasons — offshore oil and gas exploration and support, the freedom that rotorcraft enjoy to land anywhere that’s safe with nothing more than the landowner’s permission, a vibrant business and private flying community, and a homegrown manufacturer, to name just four. Opportunities are seen in the 2012 Olympics being held in London.
Norton said London needs more heliports. The capital of the country and the financial capital of the world has just one and its yearly movements are capped at 12,000. "The Olympics in 2012 will generate a huge amount of traffic into the airports around London," Norton said. "We need one, or preferably two, more heliports to support the growing needs of the business community and the Olympics."
He said London needs a full-scale heliport allowing IFR operations with about 2,600 ft (800 m) of runway. London City Airport is considering adding helicopter operations. Its position on the east side of The City, London’s financial district, would make a heliport there ideal.
Industry in the United Kingdom and Europe is working with manufacturers, with EASA, and the national aviation authorities to advance rotorcraft. Norton said, "I see a huge co-operation and its very positive."
An initiative to reduce the accident rate for private pilots has been started by the United Kingdom They are prone to flying into the ground when navigating in poor weather, often just following the GPS. The British advisory board has worked with the Civil Aviation Authority to introduce more restrictive limits for VFR flight.
Minimum visibility for VFR is now 0.9 mi (1,500 m) and the rule wording has been changed to "with the surface in sight." Previously pilots could fly over clouds so long as they could see ground in the distance. Last year, there was only one fatal civil helicopter accident in the United Kingdom and that was a commercial flight.
Aviation security might cause problems for rotorcraft. The European Commission introduced a rule, EC23/20, that member states had to adopt for aviation. It’s aimed at commercial operations of aircraft over 22,046 lb (10 tonnes).
Two years ago, the U.K. Transport Dept. put out a proposal to reduce this to 6,020 lb (2.73 tonnes) and apply it to all aircraft. This could cause major problems for helicopters. A pickup in someone’s garden might require a passenger metal detector and team of security screeners.
The operator would need the same security at every intermediate landing. The British advisory board worked very closely with the department to protect the flexibility of helicopters. As a result, EC23/20 is being revised. The board is pressing for a separate regime for helicopters.
The helicopter community has been successful at providing input to regulators throughout the European aviation community.
The executive director of EHA, Jan Willem Stuurman, said, "EASA knows we are here and we get invited to top meetings. I’m on the EASA advisory board, which is mostly fixed-wing, but EHA is there. EASA is open to input about rotorcraft. And we’re still dealing with the Joint Airworthiness Authorities in the transition to EASA."
Input to EASA regulations will be ongoing. "These are living documents," said Stuurman. The Helicopter Sub-Sectorial Team "is the most prestigious helicopter committee and is still under JAA responsibility. Hopefully, it will continue under EASA. We have a good relationship with Eurocontrol. We are fully recognized as a participant."
And what of the more distant future? Right now, Stuurman said, "the helicopter/tilt-rotor study group is making progress. After five years, the group gave its findings to the International Civil Aviation Organization air navigation committee."
Some years ago, HAI and EHA formed the International Federation of Helicopter Associations. "That’s how we were able to put our best people into the helicopter/tilt-rotor study group to rewrite ICAO Annex 6/Part 3, covering the operational part of helicopter flying." All national and regional rules are based on ICAO rules. "If you can influence ICAO rulemaking, that’s very good," he said.
Norway needs to choose a search-and-rescue (SAR) helicopter to replace its AgustaWestland Sea Kings. The NH90 was to have taken this role until late deliveries of the aircraft ordered for its navy and coast guard provoked cancellation of the optional SAR aircraft. The NH90 is still a candidate, but it will have to compete once again with Sikorsky’s S-92 and AgustaWestland’s EH101.
France has a long-standing need for a heavy lifter, although it has never made it to the stage of an official requirement. Eurocopter wants to build a heavy lifter if it can get a group together to meet this military requirement. The VR-26 main gearbox of Rostvertol’s Mi-26 could form the basis of such an aircraft.
In addition to the conversion of eight HC Mark 3 Chinooks to battlefield-lift aircraft and the acquisition of six EH101 Merlins from Denmark, the U.K. Defense Ministry is continuing to work on the Future Rotorcraft Capability program to meet long-term needs for battlefield-support helicopters. This includes plans to launch a competition for a new medium-lifter helicopter early in 2008.
Sweden and Finland have talked on and off about acquiring attack helicopters and this possibility is strengthening, although there is no indication of numbers or which types would be considered. Sweden did start a tendering process, but chose not to proceed.
Belgium must choose whether to exercise an option for two more NH90s in addition to the eight that it placed on firm order in late April. It has ordered four NFH maritime NH90s and four TTH tactical battlefield transport ones.
Italy is expected to buy 16-20 Boeing CH-47F Chinooks to be built in a production agreement reached this year between Boeing and AgustaWestland. These are to replace the aging Chinooks Italy already operates.
Italy’s CH-47Cs are reaching the end of their service lives. Because they are not D models, Italy does not have the option of having them remanufactured to the CH-47F configuration, as the U.S. Army is doing. So to maintain its medium-lift capability, Italy must by new aircraft. Orders are expected in next year or in 2009.
AgustaWestland was selected earlier this year to negotiate a contract to sell 51 A129 Mangusta International tactical reconnaissance and attack helicopters to Turkey in an order worth more than Euro 1.2 billion ($1.6 billion). This places the Mangusta in a strong position for further orders in Europe and possibly Asia. Turkey most likely will become the first Islamic member of the European Union and could play a pivotal role in East/West relations.
The NH90 program is a triumph of European co-operation and perhaps a precursor of joint European rotorcraft projects which must have strong sales potential in the Americas.
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In the beginning was the Word,
and the Word was with God,
and the Word was God.
He was in the beginning with God.
All things came into being through Him,
and apart from Him
nothing came into being that has come into being.
There was the true Light which, coming into the world, enlightens every man.
He was in the world, and the world was made through Him, and the world did not know Him.
He came to His own, and those who were His own did not receive Him.
But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God,
even to those who believe in His name, who were born, not of blood
nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God.
And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory,
glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth. John 1:1-14
So Jesus was saying to those Jews who had believed Him, “If you continue in My word,
then you are truly disciples of Mine; and you will know the truth, and the truth will make you free.” John 8:31-32.
Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life;
no one comes to the Father but through Me. John 14:6.
Sanctify them in the truth; Your word is truth. John 17:17
Jesus said, “My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the Jews. But now my kingdom is from another place.” “You are a king, then!” said Pilate. .Jesus answered, “You are right in saying I am a king. In fact, for this reason I was born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone on the side of truth listens to me.” Pilate asked. “What is truth?” John 18:36-38
If we could have listened in on the above conversation between Pilate and Jesus,
I am convinced that there would have been a sarcastic tone in Pilate's question:
“What is truth?”
Do you believe Jesus is the truth and that we can stand on His Words?
What are the fundamental truths in the Bible that are the foundation of your beliefs?
Can we believe what Jesus says, or not?
Many who profess to be Christians do not take Jesus words and the Bible literally. They would like to view the Bible in the same way that they view the US Constitution … information to be considered. If they agree with it, fine. If not, they will adjust the truth to fit in with whatever makes sense to them … and the next thing you know, a million babies are being aborted in America every year.
Well as wrong as this line of thinking is, in regards to our constitution, it is many times worse when we talk about using this type of thinking when reading the Bible. Although I believe the constitution was not intended to be amended to meet the changing whims of society; it was created by men and is subject to amendments.
The Bible on the other hand, was inspired by God and is presented as the never-changing absolute truth of the all-knowing, ever-present, all-powerful creator of the universe, who never lies and is never wrong. The Word of God is infallible and inerrant. This is a core belief that sets Christianity apart from all other religions. The Bible is not the teachings of good men but rather God speaking through men by the leading of the Holy Spirit. Without this belief, that God’s Word is truth, our belief system loses its power, and our faith would be destroyed.
Additionally, any other belief, religion, philosophy or creed would be equally valid if there were no Bible inspired by the Creator. With no biblical basis of truth, the Bible would be reduced to just so many words, or another self help book. The truth would be reduced to the wisdom of men and each of us would be the god of his own life, discerning good and evil.
When carried to this end, Christianity is reduced to the same level as atheistic thought. I think we can all see where this would end up … total chaos. But beyond the foolishness of this chaos, the idea ignores the fact that there is eternal truth, principles which are self evident and absolutely true, whether we believe them or not. This was clear to me long before I became a Christian.
What has led us to this confusion? Some time ago, Josh McDowell said that most evangelical Christian youth in the United States no longer believe in absolute truth. “In 1991, 52% of our born again church kids said there is no absolute truth. In 1994, 62%. In 1999, 78%, and in 2002, 91 percent of our born again church kids said there is no absolute truth. Can you believe how horrible this is? The primary cause of this problem is the influence of secular education and secular media since the 1960’s.” It is amazing to see how much impact that 40 hours a week for 16 years will have on a young person’s belief system. Can you imagine where we would be without Biblical teaching?
The same broken down educational system that produced a politically correct attitude in our Attorney General Eric Holder, that won’t allow him to say that Islamic terrorist bombers might be Islamic terrorists, has been brainwashing our children with babble for over 50 years: “There is no right or wrong. There are no moral absolutes. Everything is relative. Everyone’s beliefs are equally valid. All paths lead to god. Each person needs to decide what his truth is. The end justifies the means. Everything is okay in moderation. There is no god.” … and many other false beliefs. The idea of separation of church and state which was promoted by mostly socialists and atheists has resulted in a values neutral public education system where naturalism and atheistic views are free to rule the day.
But that is not all. The church has become weak. The seeker friendly philosophy has opened the door to many new Christians, but at what cost? Watered down Christianity? At our local mega church, the teaching and the music is no longer religious to the point that I can hardly tell if I am in a church anymore. The number one church in America is led by a motivational speaker, Joel Osteen, who says “teaching the word is not his gift.” I must admit, I enjoy his messages. They are uplifting and encouraging, but I also like a Big Mac and fries.
And recently Rick Warren, the number one pastor in America said, “the future of the world is religious pluralism, and we must learn to get along … “we need to encourage those (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) who are about the common good.” I must say he made some very good points about working together to help the sick and needy but the church can do that without pandering to non-Christian religions.
And then he said; “let me give you my definition of a fundamentalist. Fundamentalism actually started out as a good term among Christians in the early 20th century. It was a word which meant a Christian believer dedicated to the fundamentals of the Bible: Jesus is the way to heaven; the Bible is the word of God, things like that. The word has been hijacked now to basically mean a radical or a terrorist or something like that. Here is my definition of a fundamentalist: A fundamentalist is anybody who stopped listening. That’s a fundamentalist”
He then goes on to explain that there are Islamic, Christian, Jewish, Secular, and atheist fundamentalists. That is a total insult to those of us who are still committed to standing on the fundamental truths of the Bible.
Warren may be doing great things with the millions a year he makes from his book, and he has ideas that are filled with church growth success principles, but I think he bumped his head on this one.
It is not a wonder that 90% of Christians don’t believe in the fundamentals of the Christian faith, with statements like that from our church leaders. It is now clear why he did not ask Obama the tough questions on abortion, when he had the chance. He is more focused on the common good, than he is concerned with confronting evil.
Contrary to this false teaching, millions of Christian fundamentalists are still listening to the only one that matters: Jesus Christ. We are still standing on the fundamentals of the Christian faith. We have no desire to pretend that Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and other false religions are doing anything other than leading people away from God.
Political correctness has no place in committed Biblical Christianity. If me ... not listening to false religions, crooked politicians, and the false teachings of the world is his definition of a Christian who stopped listening: then I am guilty and proud of it … I am a Christian Fundamentalist. But the truth is not that we actually stopped listening; but rather we strongly oppose the message. I apologize if I sound angry, but this should be just cause for all believers to become angry. I'm just surprised he didn't slam the tea party movement as well.
So, that leaves us with these questions: “What is truth?” Do you believe Jesus is the truth, and that we can stand on His Words? What are the fundamental truths in the Bible that are the foundation of your beliefs? Can we believe what Jesus says, or not?
As far as believing Christians being labeled as radicals by the world, and grouped with the other undesirables that the sincere pastor listed above, it is of little concern.
Jesus warned us: “If the world hates you, you know that it has hated Me before it hated you. “If you were of the world, the world would love its own; but because you are not of the world, but I chose you out of the world, because of this the world hates you. “Remember the word that I said to you, ‘A slave is not greater than his master.’ If they persecuted Me, they will also persecute you; if they kept My word, they will keep yours also. “But all these things they will do to you for My name’s sake, because they do not know the One who sent Me. “If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin, but now they have no excuse for their sin. “He who hates Me hates My Father also John 15:18-23
Nicodemus said to them, “Our Law does not judge a man unless it first hears from him and knows what he is doing, does it?” They answered him, “You are not also from Galilee, are you?
My answer? ... Yes, and I'm proud of it! God Bless you my Friends, Bob
In order to better expand upon the topic of truth, This post has been reprinted from Paradox Principles 5/15/2010
often contradict the wisdom of the world. Since we have been programmed by the world ... we have come to accept these worldly ideas as truth ... but when we consider God’s perspective ... we come to understand ... "the Lord's ways are not our ways"
Don't just read these writings ... meditate and pray over God's Word ... Listen to the Holy Spirit ... and be transformed by renewing your mind. He who died on our behalf wants you to ... allow the love of Christ to control you ... so that you might become ... the righteousness of God in Him.
Be an Ambassador of Christ ... with a ministry of reconciliation. Share God's eternal Truth and Love ... with everyone He brings into your path.
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Semester-long Course of Czech Language for Foreigners
In addition to Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral Degree study programmes, Metropolitan University Prague offers an intensive semester-long course of Czech for Foreigners within its Lifelong Learning Programme. The course guarantees high-quality instruction and is designed for applicants who would like learn Czech in order to attend university study programmes in the Czech Republic that are taught in Czech.
The classes are based on communicative approach and the instructors are recruited from the ranks of university professors and professional language instructors. The structure of the course is designed to ensure rapid improvement of its participants.
- at least 70% attendance in classes
Successful Completion of the Course
- minimum result of 60% in the final examination - the participant can understand written and spoken Czech, speak and write on the B1/B2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Contents of the Course
- grammar, conversation, vocabulary, specific terminilogy, basic facts and figures of the Czech Republic (culture, history, and current issues)
- culture-oriented field trips enabling the participants to practice the acquired language skills in real-life situations
- opportunity to attend courses of another foreign language of the participant's choice (English, French, German, Russian, or Spanish) throughout the academic year and two selected specialised courses in Czech or in English offered at MUP in the summer semester
Important: Participants of the Lifelong Learning Programme are not, pursuant to Section 60, Article 3 of Act no. 111/1998 Coll., on Higher Education Institutions and on Modification and Amendment of Other Acts, as amended (Higher Education Act), students within the intention of the Higher Education Act. Therefore, if applying for a long-term Visa to the Czech Republic, the purpose of stay should be "other" and its specification, for instance, „education – preparation for further studies in the Czech Republic“.
Academic Year Schedule 2016/2017
- academic year 2016/2017: 1. 10. 2016 - 30. 9. 2017
- recommended arrival to the Czech Republic: at the latest by 30. 1. 2017
- beginning of instruction: 13. 2. 2017
- end of instruction: 26. 5. 2017
- retake examinations: by 30. 9. 2017
Organisation of Instruction
- 15 weeks
- every working day 4 x 45 mins (detailed timetable will be specified in February 2017)
- individual approach
Place of Instruction
Certificate of Completion
- MUP Certificate attesting to the acquired language level – the Certificate is recognised as equivalent to the entrance examination in the Czech language at MUP and it raises chances when applying for admission to other higher education institutions or when seeking employment; or
- confirmation of attendance in case of failure to complete the final examination
Bc. Ivana Grospietschová
mobile: +420 724 357 280
- duly completed application form to study within the framework of Lifelong Learning Programme including the motivation questionnaire in one of the following languages: Czech, English, French, German, Russian, or Spanish - application deadline by 10 February 2017; in case of applicants who are required to apply for Visa by 30 November 2016
- payment of the administrative fee for operations relating to the admission procedure
- basic knowledge of Czech – the course is designed for pre-intermediate and intermediate applicants
Completed secondary or tertiary education - legally attested (certified/notarised) copy of high-school/university diploma or its equivalent in case of education completed abroad - is required for enrolment in the course.
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Collaborating over videoconference makes you both less creative
Idea to Value
APRIL 29, 2022
Researchers have found that Zoom, Teams and other videoconference tools can stifle creativity. According to a new research study just published in Nature , collaborating with someone using screens instead of sitting face to face resulted in both participants being less creative.
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Damages to our car, caused by driving through a pothole are quite varied. As many as half a million in insurance claims are filed every year for pothole related damages.
The most obvious damage affects the vehicles tyres. The force on your tyres when it enters a pothole is no longer evenly distributed and the weight begins to shift. Any damage occurs when the tyre actually exits the pothole. If severe enough, this force can misshape or rupture your tyre and can even bend the rim. Most modern rims are made of our aluminium instead of steel which puts the tyre at even more risk.
Other immediate damages include scratches, dents and leaks.
Not all damage from potholes is immediate; certain components can weaken overtime. Areas such as your car's suspension and the vehicle's wheel alignment can shorten the life of your tyres, steering components and shock absorbers.
Colchester Avenue, Penylan, Cardiff,CF23 9AP
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01633 280 111
We can carry out a FREE Safety Check on your suspension and wheel alignment which also includes a 25 point health check. This check is designed to make you aware of any such problems so you can keep up with your vehicles maintenance.
Call a Lookers Peugeot service advisor today to confirm your booking. Click here for the contact details for Lookers Peugeot Cardiff or Lookers Peugeot Newport.
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Rapid technological advances are transforming the world of work, bringing both opportunities and challenges. As the world is transforming towards a digital society, the skills and infrastructures needed to meet the future's labour demands need to be upgraded. What does the need for digital skills mean? How can these new skills help local businesses and communities move forward? What is the digital skills gap? How is it affecting our local economic development? What are the challenges and opportunities in the context of a changing world of work and education? Are labour market policies adapting to meet these new challenges and opportunities, especially for youth? What are the emerging skills needed? How can local governments ensure and promote the acknowledgement of these skills throughout their population?
This Expert Panel was part of the program "Focus Sessions #1 - Local actions tackling global challenges".
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Category: Travel & Holiday Guides|
The author of the book: Judith Bamber
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 692 KB
Edition: Random House USA Inc
Date of issue: 23 October 2012
Description of the book "Fodor's See It London":"The practical illustrated guide"--Cover.
Reviews of the Fodor's See It LondonUp to now about the ebook we have Fodor's See It London comments consumers haven't however remaining their particular overview of the game, or otherwise see clearly however. Although, for those who have already check this out book and you're able to make their own discoveries convincingly require you to spend your time to go away an evaluation on our website (we can publish both equally negative and positive evaluations). Basically, "freedom regarding speech" All of us totally helped. Your current responses to reserve Fodor's See It London : other audience can determine of a guide. These support could make people additional Usa!
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As goddess of wisdom and battle, Athena naturally has a soft spot for the brave and wily Odysseus. She helps him out of many tough situations, including his shipwreck in Book
She also often helps Telemachus—as when she sends him off to Pylos and Sparta to earn a name for himself—but she has the most affection for Odysseus. Athena is confident, practical, clever, a master of disguises, and a great warrior, characteristics she finds reflected in Telemachus. Her role as goddess of the womanly arts gets very little attention in The Odyssey. Penelope works at the loom all the time but rarely sees Athena, and then usually only in dreams.
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The team of two students representing Grand Rapids Community College and the United States of America were declared the winners of the 2017 Nations’ Cup International Student Culinary Competition in an awards ceremony on Saturday.
The awards ceremony was hosted at the Applied Technology Center at GRCC which followed dinner with courses from each of the six countries represented during the event. Team USA was represented by GRCC culinary students Ally West and Kaylee Mulder.
The Nations’ Cup is a biennial event which is structured like famous television show “Iron Chef.” Competitors from Barbados, Canada, Italy, Mexico, Scotland and the United States were presented with mystery ingredients and given a limited amount of time to turn them into five-star gourmet fare.
The first day of competition featured a series of appetizers, pasta and a fish/shellfish mystery boxes. The second day was comprised of wild game, poultry and dessert mystery boxes. The final day of the competition was the dinner which featured a six course meal, one course from each competing nation.
The competition was judged by an international team of culinary experts: Josef Huber from Austria, the executive chef at Amway Hospitality Corp.; Ian MacDonald from Scotland, executive chef for the St Andrews Links; Josue Villalvazo from Mexico, a chef at Instituto Culinario de Mexico in Mexico, and chef Angus Campbell from the United States and a retired GRCC culinary professor.
This year’s win marks Team USA’s second win since the event was founded in 2005, with a previous win in 2009 in the third edition of the Nations’ Cup.
West and Mulder were unavailable for comment.
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<urn:uuid:cf877813-abc2-4c59-836a-0f0446ee0ff5>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://thecollegiatelive.com/2017/10/team-usa-wins-nations-cup/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00267.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960641
| 343
| 1.515625
| 2
|
Cosmo Energy Holdings Co. will begin importing crude oil from the United States in mid-February, becoming the first Japanese firm to do so after the U.S. government lifted a four-decade ban on oil exports in December, industry officials said Tuesday.
Washington’s move increases Japan’s options for procurement and is expected to help stabilize supplies. The country currently relies heavily on imports from the politically unstable Middle East.
Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Motoo Hayashi said in December that Washington’s lifting of the ban will aid the “stable supply of energy resources and the strengthening of national security” for Japan.
The officials speaking Tuesday said Cosmo Oil plans to begin shipping around 300,000 barrels of crude oil, including shale oil, in mid-February. The supplies come from a range of sources, including an extraction site in Eagle Ford, Texas.
The crude will be delivered to its refineries in Chiba and Mie prefectures in mid-April, where it will be turned into gasoline and other petroleum products.
The ban on American oil exports was aimed at ensuring stable supplies there.
|
<urn:uuid:b6fde1f7-dad4-468c-9cd8-34d3177c8be8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/01/19/business/corporate-business/cosmo-energy-first-japanese-energy-firm-import-u-s-oil/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951476
| 235
| 1.554688
| 2
|
PURPOSE: The objective was to determine the efficacy of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as an adjunct therapy in pediatric community acquired pneumonia.
METHODS: This is an experimental single blinded randomized controlled trial conducted to 40 children admitted because of community acquired pneumonia. Group A (VCO group) received intravenous Ampicillin plus 2 ml/kg/day of virgin coconut oil orally taken for a maximum period of three days and Group B received intravenous Ampicillin alone. After the observation period, they were evaluated as to good clinical response or treatment failure. The time to normalization of respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, proportion of patients with adverse effect and overall duration of hospitalization were determined. The outcome was analyzed using the t-test, Chi-square or Fischer's exact test.
RESULTS: The VCO group had 1 treatment failure while the control group had 2 treatment failures but this was not statistically significant. The respiratory rate of the VCO group significantly normalized earlier than the control group [32.6 hrs (SD=21.73) vs 48.2 hrs (SD 17.62); p= 0.017]. More patients under the control group were still noted to have crackles at 72 hours compared to VCO group [12/20 (60%) vs 5/20 (25%) p =0.025]. VCO supplementation resulted in earlier time to normalize temperature (18.8 hrs vs 24.6 hrs; p 0.299) and oxygen saturation (60.9 hrs vs 74.15 hrs; p 0.48) and shorter hospitalization (75.9 hrs vs 91.85 hrs; p 0.391) than the Control group but was not statistically significant. Forty percent developed soft stools, 5 % had vomiting and 55 % had no adverse effect with VCO supplementation.
CONCLUSION: Virgin coconut oil is an effective adjunct therapy for pediatric community acquired pneumonia in accelerating the normalization of respiratory rate and resolution of crackles.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The use of interventional measures such as VCO as an adjunct therapy can improve management of this problem.
DISCLOSURE: Gilda Sapphire Erguiza, None.
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<urn:uuid:e8697ae4-8e64-4efd-9afc-057bcf6a959c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1094904
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00150-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952308
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| 1.5625
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|
In an analysis of Duo’s dataset of Android phones used as a second factor in two-factor authentication, we found that 60 percent were vulnerable to these attacks, as they didn’t have an Android monthly security patch update installed on their phones in January 2016. That’s when Google rolled out a patch to the first attack (CVE-2015-6639).
Yesterday, Gal announced and demonstrated another serious attack on the same group of affected phones, resulting in a bypass of the phone’s full disk encryption. To execute this, an attacker could exploit CVE-2016-2431—also discovered by Gal—to break through the levels of trust and privileges that are intended to ensure only legitimate code can access secret material, such as DRM or disk encryption keys.
This attack was patched in the May security update. Duo Labs recently analyzed our dataset again to measure how many of these phones would be vulnerable to the most recent attack because they haven’t installed the May update.
Compared to 60% of Android phones that were vulnerable to the Android attack in January, the security posture of our dataset has improved slightly, with 57% of Android phones vulnerable to the latest attack.
One of the most popular phone models in our dataset, Galaxy S6, improved significantly from 0% patched (January update) to 75% patched (May update, including all prior updates). With 75% of Galaxy S6s up-to-date, Duo Labs puts it up on the same pedestal as the Nexus series, which were also around 75% patched. Improvement in the security posture of the Galaxy S6 has a substantial impact on overall results, as it dominates our dataset of over 500,000 phones.
Galaxy S5 phones showed a similar, though less dramatic improvement, going from 0.2% patched to 45% patched. Given these improvements in the security stance of Samsung phones, we’re hopeful that Samsung will continue this trend of rolling out security updates at a rapid rate.
Duo recommends that users patch your phones, which is no surprise. If your manufacturer has not yet made patches available, put some pressure on them to do so. As always, we find the only Android devices that we can recommend without major reservations are Nexus and, now, Samsung devices, provided they keep releasing those security updates quickly.
For IT and security folks reading this who are about to have strokes thinking of all the personal devices hitting business applications and VPNs on their corporate networks, we state once again the importance of having visibility and insight into the security health of those devices.
Using an endpoint visibility solution, you can detect any devices (managed and unmanaged) that may be missing important security updates before they access your applications, and set policies to block vulnerable devices from putting your data at risk. That way, you can identify and quickly notify users that may not realize their Android phones are vulnerable to these attacks.
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<urn:uuid:22e4bca5-08fe-44ad-8f9c-5ef3d1868de4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://justamp.blogspot.com/2016/07/more-than-half-of-android-phones.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95005
| 594
| 1.6875
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|
Uninsured patients in Greece will not longer be able to have regular drugs, laboratory tests and screenings free of charge or against a small percentage of payment from the own pocket if these are prescribed by private doctors. The decision goes into effect from 1. July 2022.
Following a series of reactions especially by chronic ill and doctors associations, the Ministry has compiled a list of exceptions.
The Ministry of Health announced that from July 1, the prescription for the uninsured will be done only through the doctors of the public health structures and not by private doctors as it was valid until now.
According to the ministerial decision, the following categories of uninsured citizens (mostly with chronic illnesses) are excluded from the new measures the health ministry applies to suppress expenditure to the most vulnerable ones
a. Uninsured young people up to 18 years old.
b. Uninsured patients with mental or emotional disability, autism, Down syndrome, bipolar disorder, depression with psychotic symptoms, cerebral palsy or severe and multiple disabilities confirmed by the public committees (KEPA) with a percentage of 80% and above, for any condition.
c. The uninsured patients with diseases, included in List B of No. ΔΥΓ3 (α) / οικ. 104747 / 26-10-2012 (Β ‘2883) joint decision of the Ministers of Health and Labor and Social Affairs on the amendment and rewording of the joint ministerial decision no. Φ.42000 / οικ.2555 / 353 / 28-2-2012 ( Government Gazette 497 / Β / 2012) “List of diseases, the drugs of which are administered with reduced or zero participation of the insured”, as amended by no. Φ.42000 / οικ. 12485/1481 / 6-6-2012 joint ministerial decision (Government Gazette 1814 / Β / 2012) “, as amended and in force from time to time, as well as the uninsured patients suffering from the syndrome of immune deficiency (AIDS).
d. The prescription of all vaccines without exception to all uninsured citizens.
In the above exclusively listed cases, the prescription of medicines, therapeutic action and diagnostic examinations will be done by all the doctors certified in the Electronic Prescribing System (EPS) doctors who serve in structures of the National Health System.
For the uninsured patients who do not belong to the excluded categories mentioned above, the prescription via the obligatorily electronically prescribed formulations, if it is done by the private doctors, and not in the public structures, is done with an indication of patient participation 100%.
PS Do not wonder if you see long queues outside the understaffed public hospitals and health centers, it will be the insured who will wait for a doctor to prescribe medicine and diagnostic checks.
Uninsured can be long-term unemployed, self-employed, those who have applied for pension and wait its approval, people with disabilities who cannot work. Also those who have paid long years of social security but are out of the labor market for whatever the reasons.
Welcome to my neo-liberal Greek world.
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<urn:uuid:6fc22d59-2d71-4678-9732-9ea886ebbd89>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2022/05/31/uninsured-patients-prescription-drugs-tests-public-facilities-exceptions/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00474.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937676
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|
High-end connection for rapid large-volume data transfer
In this age of “big data”, the rapid exchange of data between research institutions and computing centres is essential. The Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) is playing a pioneering role by becoming the first institution in Switzerland – apart from the major research facility CERN – to have a 100 gigabit per second (Gbps) connection to SWITCH, the Swiss Education and Research Network. SWITCH began to renew and extend its fibre-optic network two years ago in order to speed up the optical transmission of data. Now, 100 gigabits of data per second can be transmitted over the SWITCH network on up to 88 channels. A modernised, 1000-kilometre-long fibre-optic loop running from Geneva to Zurich then to Lugano and back to Geneva recently went live.
Five times faster than before
CSCS will make good use of this new infrastructure to serve scientific institutions: thanks to the 100 Gbps connection, the computing centre in Lugano can now transmit five times more data than before. A volume of data equivalent to two-and-a-half DVDs can be sent down the line every second. For domestic users, who generally have a connection of only 50 to 100 megabits per second, it would take 600 times longer to send a single DVD, i.e. about 10 minutes. With its new fibre-optic connection, CSCS is well equipped to cope with the ever increasing volumes of data. Big data is becoming a more important issue now that large-scale research projects like the Large Hadron Collider at CERN are generating and analysing enormous volumes of data, for example in the search for the Higgs boson particle. With increasingly high-performance supercomputers, it is possible to run more detailed high-resolution calculations and simulations to resolve challenging questions in areas such as materials research, physics or Earth sciences.
Even better services
In Switzerland, CSCS is currently second only to CERN in terms of the transfer of scientific data: according to Daniel Bertolo from SWITCH, CSCS accounts for about 5 to 10 per cent of the SWITCH network usage. Currently, most of the research institutions carrying out computing operations at the CSCS currently only have a 10 Gbps connection for data transfer. However, with the new high-speed connection to CSCS, several of these research institutions can use the full capacity of their connections at the same time. CSCS expects there to be other benefits for users too: for example, those who store their data at the computing centre should be able to access it more easily and quickly. “Having a good connection to data traffic is absolutely essential for our user lab if we are to provide outstanding and reliable services,” says CSCS Director Thomas Schulthess.
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<urn:uuid:7431cb5d-26e8-4d7f-80e4-f56196a1e77c>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.hpc-ch.org/cscs-going-to-100-gigabit-internet-connection/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00266.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936521
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| 2.875
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Someone shot a link to the blog about a guy who was taking Gary Taubes to task on various issues. Link to that here. Well…actually, that link is to the blog, not the specific post I wanted. Well, anyway, James’ original post had a list a greivances with Gary Taubes stuff, one of which was a statement that really left me scratching my head, that insulin was anorexic. James Kreiger said insulin reduces the sense of appetite! Now, this seemed both counter intuitive and completely against the research looking at insulin, leptin and hunger. High insulin seems to dysregulate appetite control mechanisms and it is what allows peopel to literally eat themselves to death. Mat Lalonde did soem poking around and just shot me this email:
Someone pointed you to some blog where someone was saying that insulin was a satiety hormone (made animals stop eating). This initially made no sense. I got the answer. Old school insulin research experiments involved injecting insulin into the brains of animals. They would inject one large dose of insulin and noticed that it made the animals stop eating. However, this is an acute response. Most hormones have acute and chronic responses. Acute exposure of the brain to insulin blunts hunger because it clears dopamine from the brain, which signals the end of a meal. The brain becomes insulin resistant upon chronic exposure to insulin. The chronically high levels of insulin that result interfere with the satiety hormone leptin, which makes the body think it is starving and causes the animal to eat more.
In Good Calories, Bad Calories Taubes pulls together two very interesting scenarios. One is calorie restricted in which individuals are at similar calorie intake as the Ansel Keys starvation studies, yet these individuals are NOT hungry. This is in stark contrast to the Ansel Keys folks. The difference? Taubes example was of calorie restriction plus low carb and therefore low insulin. The net result being low to no sense of hunger as compared to the literally starving Ansel Keys (calorie restricted, but high carb) group. Another interesting point by Taubes related the study of folks eating over 10,000 calories per day…folks who were sickened and distended from the amount of food they had to eat…yet were STILL HUNGRY! High insulin, even in a hyper caloric state, can bypass satiety centers in the brain.
This is nothing new. Hyperinsulinism causes some very odd things to happen. Cardiac enlargement is caused in part by elevated IGF (insulin like growth factor) due to a reduction in IGF binding protein under conditions of elevated insulin. This left ventricular enlargement can lead to congestive heart failure and interestingly, a situation of IGF RESISTANCE in the cardiac tissue which may be a precipitator to more advanced cardiac events.
Anyway, the self anointed “BS-Detective” cherry-picked this notion that insulin is anorexic, and then failed to look that the whole picture. When you look at his blog roll you see a list of characters who do not much like Taubes, paleo or anything they have not generated. BS detective? Hmmm…
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<urn:uuid:248dc994-aba4-47bb-901f-b1f5029c4756>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://robbwolf.com/2010/02/04/insulin-anorexic/?replytocom=8827
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00067.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955866
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|
Between Netflix dramas and bad press, working in Congress might seem like a walk in the park. Filibusters and government shutdowns tend to dominate the headlines. In fact, in 2021, the House of Representatives was scheduled to work just 166 out of 261 work days. In addition, while congressmen receive generous pension plans and generous healthcare insurance, they’re not raking in their full salary after leaving office. They do, however, receive some income after they retire.
Are you trying to get together your own retirement savings? Speak to a financial advisor today.
How Much Do Congressmen Make Before Retirement?
Most senators and representatives make an annual salary of $174,000. Those in leadership make a bit more. For example, the speaker of the House makes $223,500 and majority and minority leaders in the House and Senate make $193,400. Congressmen earn this annual salary for the duration of their terms. Senators serve six-year terms, while members of the House serve for two years. There are no term limits on either part of Congress.
Members also get allowances to pay their staff and cover office and travel expenses. Senators’ average allowance recently was $3,738,775, while representatives’ was $1,382,139. Congressmen are also able to deduct $3,000 a year for the living expenses they accrue while they’re away from their home states or congressional districts.
Senators and representatives’ salaries may seem high, but they’re actually on par with the salaries of esteemed professionals in the private sector, like doctors or lawyers. Plus, Virginia mortgage rates and the cost of living in D.C. are notoriously high. Members of Congress have not received a raise since 2009; prior to that, they were making $169,300 a year.
What Are Congressional Pensions Like?
Congressmen don’t reap their annual salary for life. They do receive generous retirement benefits though. The Atlantic estimates that when former House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) retired he received an $86,000 annual pension.
A senator or representative’s retirement benefits are based on their plan, age and how long they served. No member of Congress is eligible for his or her pension unless he or she has served for at least five years. To collect their full pensions, congressmen must either be at least 62, be at least 50 with 20 years of service or have 25 years of service at any age.
By federal law, senators and representatives cannot earn their full salary in retirement. The most a congressman can earn after the leave office is 80% of their final salary. However, he or she would have had to have served 67 years to earn that top percentage.
What Retirement Plan Options Do Congressmen Have?
Prior to 1984, the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) covered all senators and representatives. In 1987, the Federal Employees’ Retirement System (FERS) replaced that plan. FERS is comprised of Social Security, basic annuity and the Thrift Savings Plan investment account. FERS automatically covers congressmen who began serving after September 30, 2003. Congressmen who began serving prior to that date may choose between FERS, CSRS, Social Security or some combination of those options.
The annuity amount is based on the highest three years of a member’s salary, which is then multiplied by a congressman’s years of service and an accrual rate. The accrual rate under CSRS is 1.5%, though this can jump to 2% after 10 years. Under FERS, the accrual rate is 1% for the first 20 years and 1.1% for each year after.
Why Do We Pay Congressmen?
Congressional compensation has always been a contentious issue. The founding fathers initially thought that the federal government did not need to compensate members of the government, who were typically well-to-do.
At first, under the Articles of Confederation, states compensated congressmen for their service and the amount congressmen received varied. A state could suspend a congressman’s salary if it became dissatisfied.
But later, the founding fathers changed their minds. In an effort to centralize government powers and to more equally compensate congressmen, the founding fathers decided to begin compensating congressmen from the federal treasury. In 1789, members of the Senate and the House began making $6 a day for each day they were in session, which was typically between four to five months a year.
Congressmen continued earning that rate for roughly the next 25 years, until Congress passed the Compensation Act of 1816, which changed congressmen’s compensation from $6 a day to $1,500 a year. Congress ended up repealing the law amid public outrage. But annual salaries later returned and have remained the norm since 1855.
Senators and representatives make a good living and often have generous retirement benefits. However, congressmen are not paid their full salary for life, though their pensions are generous. As a result, they still have to save for retirement like everyone else. Congressmen aren’t eligible for pensions unless they’ve served at least five years. To collect their full pensions they must meet set age and terms of service requirements. The pensions of senators and representatives can never exceed 80% of their final salary.
Retirement Savings Tips for You
- If you don’t have plan to pay attention to your retirement savings, consider enlisting the help of a financial advisor. Finding a qualified financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three financial advisors who serve your area, and you can interview your advisor matches at no cost to decide which one is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
- Try to start saving as early as possible. The longer congressmen serve, the more they can receive in retirement. The same goes for civilians: The sooner you start saving for retirement, the more work compound interest can do for you.
Photo credit: ©iStock.com/MikeyLPT, ©iStock.com/Image_Source_, ©iStock.com/pinkomelet
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|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
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|
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en
| 0.972102
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|
File Input - Signed JAR Applet
Hello, I have been having quiet some trouble trying to solve my problem.
I have a type of game applet that I have been developing.
In the long run, the applet is going to be hosted on my server in an HTML file.
The applet is compressed into a JAR along with all the files and images needed.
I am trying to open a text file that is in the JAR, read it, and use the content accordingly.
When I test the signed JAR applet locally on my machine, in an HTML file, it works flawlessly every time.
When I upload the signed JAR to my server and then try to load it in an HTML file, it throws a "File Not Found" exception.
All the other images load, they are also compressed in the JAR.
I even tried placing copies of the file outside of the jar in the same directory, and still no luck.
My objective is to be able to have the applet hosted on my web server, and it be able to find the file that is either compressed in the JAR, or located in the same directory as the applet.
My code to open the "file".
File file = new File("level1.txt");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(file);
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<urn:uuid:f5829b5a-4d7d-4e26-9283-78be65693eb4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://www.java-forums.org/java-applets/24613-file-input-signed-jar-applet-print.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00345-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952928
| 281
| 2
| 2
|
What's in a blockchain?
In this article, we set out the background to blockchain, explain its technological foundations and practical implications, and highlight its potential applications.
Blockchain technology offers a way to people who may not know each other to trust each other through a record that is based upon the approval of everyone involved. This result is achieved by the innovative use of cryptography and distributed ledger technology.
When transferring a tangible asset, such as an apple, from one person to another, we usually validate the transaction through taking possession of the physical good. But with digital goods, which are intangible, usually reproducible at very low costs and ubiquitous (not tied to one place and found everywhere at the same time), the correct allocation of goods to the respective owner is more difficult.
So allocation requires a more sophisticated system of authentication in order to prevent the double-spending of digital money or double-selling of goods. This can be achieved by blockchain technology, which – through the innovative use of cryptography and distributed ledger technology – makes it impossible to double-spend digital goods that are being stored on the blockchain, such as paying twice with bitcoins.
Throughout history, transactions have been facilitated with instruments of trust, such as paper money, land registries, letters of credit or banking systems. Trust is created by the parties relying on a trusted third party or an intermediary, eg for paper money a central bank or for real property a responsible land registry authority.
Trust is also often backed by regulatory supervision. Economically, the trust facilitated by these intermediaries comes at a price: currency exchange costs, the time it takes for third-party validation, risk of fraud and cyberattacks, etc.
Avoiding these flaws, cutting transaction costs and providing accessibility is where blockchain technology shines. The decentralised, open and cryptographic nature of the blockchain allows people to trust each other and to directly transact peer-to-peer, making intermediaries and third parties obsolete.
What’s under the hood?
Blockchain technology is based on the idea of a distributed ledger. Imagine a ledger (a traditional accounting book) continuously being kept, monitored and updated simultaneously by multiple divisions within a corporation or even external parties, such as external auditors, the tax authority etc. The books are digitally stored and each contains the entire data of the account. In practice, this means each blockchain participant holds an entire copy of all transactions being stored on this ledger.
Each block on the blockchain (comparable to one journal entry on a ledger) contains a number of valid transactions, eg data of a payment made or received, and a reference to its predecessor block via a so called 'hash value', which is a unique value computed as a result of the contents of the predecessor block.
The predecessor block again contains the hash value of its respective predecessor block and so on, reaching all the way back to the first block (or journal entry). This linking mechanism is what chains the blocks together, maintains the integrity of the chain and prevents manipulation.
Traditional ledgers can be altered retrospectively but this is impossible on the blockchain, since the latest block (or journal entry) contains data of the prior one, making it basically immutable. Moreover, the blockchain, due to being publicly available, provides irrefutable proof of any prior transaction and a clear allocation to an individual ID at any given time (a 'wallet identifier').
As ownership is attributed to an individual ID rather than our personal data (name, address, etc.), transactions on the blockchain provide for quasi-anonymity. However, when signing up for certain bitcoin services (such as trading platforms), one might be required to provide personal data for verification purposes imposed by banking and financial services regulation.
Can the blockchain be hacked or deliberately modified?
If one participant tried to alter a prior transaction, for example by changing information in a prior block on the blockchain, the respective hash value stored on its successor block would also have to change. Its successor's block value would have to change as well as a result of this change, and so on until the last block.
As the latest copy of the blockchain is stored in parallel with all participating entities and the hash values are cross-checked between all nodes when a new block is added to the blockchain, the blockchain system would note the modification prior to the update. Thus, the modified block would not be cleared in the system to become part of the updated blockchain.
To succeed, a potential attacker would have to modify the block and all subsequent blocks not only on their own copy of the blockchain but also on at least half of the copies stored with all the other network participants before the next blockchain update takes place. This is usually done every few minutes.
Why half? Adding a new block needs the agreement of a simple majority of all participants, ie if the blockchain copies between participants differ (for whatever reason), the system chooses to update the copy of the blockchain that is the same with most of the participants.
If a participant tried to add an invalid transaction to the blockchain, eg in the case of cryptocurrency, trying to transfer more currency than is attributed to their wallet identifier, this would be automatically recognised by the other blockchain participants (as it does not match the prior blocks on the blockchain) and the modified block would not become part of the updated blockchain.
This safeguard also prevents trying to store the same transaction a second time on the blockchain. This also would only work if the fraudulent participant manages to change more than half of the copies of all participants before the next blockchain update takes place.
So the blockchain can be regarded as secure via the principle of decentralised consent of all participants.
What happens during a power or network outage?
Like the internet itself, the blockchain depends on functioning global networks and reliable power supplies.
As the blockchain is distributed on all participating computers, a regional power outage would not interrupt the process of updating the blockchain and so it is pretty robust.
But due to overall reduced networking computing power, transforming transaction data into blocks might slow down, resulting in slower confirmation and handling of transactions. And of course the blockchain participants subject to the power outage cannot conduct any transaction while without electricity.
If a local copy of the blockchain gets lost due to a power outage, once power is restored, the latest version of the blockchain held by the majority of the participants is automatically downloaded again.
What are current applications? What's the potential?
Blockchain technology is the basis for many current applications, like cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, authentication systems (like Everledger for diamond identification or Bitproof) and digital asset management (like Colu or Ascribe).
The technology could also potentially be applied to the transfer of intangible goods, ensuring privacy by design, access controls or public registries.
Introduction to blockchain
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<urn:uuid:97035e97-ae9d-41aa-a126-14b194a7e93f>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.freshfields.us/insights/campaigns/technology-quotient/fintech/whats-in/whats-in-a-blockchain/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00067.warc.gz
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en
| 0.928239
| 1,378
| 3.5
| 4
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The 3316M1 is designed with a unique patented technology and employes an 'silver window' on the top cover of the accelerometer housing, which provides oxygen access to the crystal at high temperatures while maintaining the unit's hermetic sealing.
Key features of the miniature high temperature accelerometer includes:
- lightweight cubic design, weighing only 5g and a height of 9.8mm
- sensitivity between 1 and 2 pC/g and with 10,000 Hz upper frequency response
- 10-32 tapped hole and 10-32 radical connector
- high frequency response
- hermetically sealed
Due to its miniature size, the 3316C series has ground connection to the housing. It is therefore recommended to use the model 6998 or 6989 (single triaxial, respectively) isolated mounting blocks in order to isolate the sensor from the mounting surface.
Additional recommended accessories for the 3116C include the model 6946A and 6979A hardline cable assemblies and model 4752B in-line charge amplifier.
The Dytran 3316M1 miniature high temperature accelerometer is durable and has a broad operating temperature range, making this model ideal for automotive vibration studies, exhaust system analysis, engine vibration studies and Environmental Stress Screening (ESS).
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<urn:uuid:33169c36-1da0-44cc-b1ef-d39f9fa85168>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.ferret.com.au/c/Metromatics/Metromatics-releases-new-Dytran-miniature-high-temperature-accelerometer-n1830785
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00343-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.868775
| 259
| 1.765625
| 2
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television programmes focusing on events that attract media attention and high ratings
- Event theatre
noun 1. spectacular and extravagantly-mounted theatrical productions collectively
[ih-ven-choo-uh l] /ɪˈvɛn tʃu əl/ adjective 1. happening at some indefinite future time or after a series of occurrences; ultimate: His mistakes led to his eventual dismissal. 2. depending upon uncertain events; contingent. /ɪˈvɛntʃʊəl/ adjective 1. (prenominal) happening in due course of time; ultimate: the eventual outcome was his defeat adj. 1610s, from French éventuel, […]
[ih-ven-choo-al-i-tee] /ɪˌvɛn tʃuˈæl ɪ ti/ noun, plural eventualities. 1. a contingent event; a possible occurrence or circumstance: Rain is an eventuality to be reckoned with in planning the picnic. 2. the state or fact of being ; contingent character. /ɪˌvɛntʃʊˈælɪtɪ/ noun (pl) -ties 1. a possible event, occurrence, or result; contingency n. 1759, “a possible […]
[ih-ven-choo-uh-lee] /ɪˈvɛn tʃu ə li/ adverb 1. finally; ultimately; at some later time: Eventually we will own the house free and clear. /ɪˈvɛntʃʊəlɪ/ adverb 1. at the very end; finally 2. (as sentence modifier) after a long time or long delay: eventually, he arrived “ultimately,” 1670s, from eventual + -ly (2).
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<urn:uuid:53f63629-ba59-4d30-aa44-33767d82d4c0>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/event-television/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00355-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.887865
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| 2.15625
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- Less product handling and exposure
- Less cleaning
- Continuous process monitoring - PAT
- Less manpower
- Lower production cost
- Quick return on investment
Mode of operation
> Continuous Granulator CoriMix® CM
High speed mixer designed to intermix liquid or pasty components into dry powder. The high shear force introduced by the granulating tools generates a uniform wet granulate structure.
> Continuous Fluid Bed Dryer WFP
The dryer uses traditional and practice proven fluid bed technology. While beeing dried, the product is simultaneously transported by the airflow through the dryer. At the end of the machine the dry granulate is discharged for further downstream processes.
The granulator and the dryer are the heart of the Lödige continuous wet granulation line – a complete production line from powder components to the tableting-ready granulate. The line also includes dosing units, mixers, sieves and the overall control system.
Thanks to the continuous operation the product is handled only at the beginning and end of the production line. In between it passes from one machine to the other, from one process step to the next – without handling and product exposure. Less operator interaction results in a safer process and a reduction of manpower. Continuous operation also means short downtimes and less cleaning. The continuous operation allows to produce the same product at much lower cost.
Main products – amongst others - are well known analgesics as well as antibiotics.
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<urn:uuid:2d65f0ed-98d8-4ffd-bab4-49a45b713ce1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.powtech.de/en/ausstellerprodukte/powtec16/product-1565993/continuous-wet-granulation-line
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.924318
| 300
| 1.523438
| 2
|
Impact of GST on Indian real estate sector
The long-awaited revolutionary tax has finally been introduced. GST seeks to transform India with its “One Nation, One Market, One Tax” principle, and all signs indicate that India’s real estate sector won’t be left out of the transformation.
The real estate sector is one of the most pivotal sectors of the Indian economy. It is the largest employer in the economy after agriculture, contributing an average of 5-6 percent to the GDP — a contribution that is set to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30 percent over the next 10 years. By one account, the sector will be worth a staggering $180 billion in revenues by 2020.
In the past, the real estate industry was embroiled in disputes due to ambiguity in provisions as well as multiple taxation. GST is expected to simplify taxation compliance and have a positive impact on the industry as a whole.
Impact on real estate buyers & investors
Under the earlier law, buyers were liable to pay taxes depending on the construction status of the property, i.e., whether the property was under construction or complete. When purchasing a property under construction, a buyer was subjected to the payment of VAT, service tax, stamp duty, and registration charges. Properties purchased after completion were exempt from VAT and service tax, and only stamp duty and registration charges were payable. Moreover, the state where the property was located was also a relevant consideration because VAT, stamp duty, and registration charges — all being state levies — varied from state to state.
The biggest takeaway is that GST is a simple tax that applies to the overall purchase price. All properties under construction will be charged at 12 percent of the property value. This excludes stamp duty and registration charges. For completed properties, the earlier provisions will continue and buyers will pay no indirect tax on sale of ready-to-move-in properties.
Impact on developers
Previously, developers were liable to pay customs duty, central excise duty, VAT, entry taxes, etc. on construction material costs. They also had to pay a 15 percent tax on services like labor, architect fees, approval charges, legal charges, etc. Eventually, this tax burden was transferred to the buyer.
Under the new regime, however, the changes in construction costs are not as difficult. For instance, cement will now be taxed at the rate of 28 percent under GST. This is higher than the current average tax rate of approximately 23-24 percent, but a lot of additional taxes charged over the average rate will now be subsumed under GST. Iron rods and pillars used in the construction of buildings are now charged at the rate of 18 percent, which is less than the previous average rate of 19.5 percent.
Furthermore, the reduced cost of logistics will result in a reduction of expenses as well. The input tax credits will also help in increasing profit margins. A developer will be entitled to take input credits on the sale of property under construction against the taxes that are paid by the buyer. All this is expected to bring down the project cost to the developers, and the developers will have to pass on the benefit of the price reduction to the buyer.
Prior to GST, a huge percentage of each real estate project expenditure went unrecorded in the books. GST will cut down this percentage due to cloud storage of invoicing. The real estate sector will also benefit with the new tax law having a positive effect on all ancillary industries since this sector has a stimulating demand for more than 250 ancillary industries.
Input Service Distributor (ISD) concept
Under GST, an ISD concept has been proposed for transferring the tax credit of input services between two or more locations. Any supplier of goods or services can be considered an ISD. An ISD can transfer credit for all types of GST, including CSGT, SGST, or IGST. Further, an ISD can be any supplier of goods or services. Considering the possibility of multiple state registration, an ISD could be used as a tool to ensure optimal utilization of head office related credit, resulting in actual cost reduction. Furthermore, assesse of a reasonable size having ISD facility will have to file 61 returns in a year.
Compliance requirements are bound to increase in the GST era, however, so businesses will need to gear up. All assesses (including composite dealer) will now be required to file annual returns on or before 31st December following the relevant financial year. Moreover, assesses must file annual returns for each registered branch and warehouse. There is a mandatory audit requirement by Chartered Accountant or Cost Accountant where the registered entity’s aggregate turnover during financial year crosses Rs 1 crore. In cases where an audit is mandatory, the annual returns need to be accompanied by a copy of the audited annual account and reconciliation statement that reconciles annual returns audited accounts.
Need for automation
Considering the new compliance challenges for the real estate industry under GST, businesses will need to bring appropriate changes to their IT systems in order to be GST compliance ready. Furthermore, the Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act, 2016, will usher in an altogether new need for automation.
Automation will provide a huge array of benefits, including timely compliance, report generation, comparison of reports, decision making, cost-effectiveness with reduced staff, technical and online support, and more. Businesses that adopt Avalara’s GST Cloud solution will be in the best position to successfully navigate the challenges ahead.
Avalara is an experienced application service provider (ASP) and partner of authorized GST Suvidha Providers (GSPs). To understand how our cloud-based application Avalara India GST can help you with GST compliance automation, contact us through https://www.avalara.com/in/products/gst-returns-filing.
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<urn:uuid:ffdf7a57-bf73-4f1b-9653-91abcb2ec63f>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.avalara.com/blog/en/apac/2017/09/impact-gst-indian-real-estate-sector.html
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Information and discussion on all aspects of British photographic history
The V&A is holding a major exhibition to explore the contribution of Julia Margaret Cameron's contributions to the art of photography. Cameron (1815-1879) was one of the most important photographers of the nineteenth century. Criticised in her lifetime for her unconventional technical approach, she is now celebrated as a pioneering portraitist. 2015 will mark the bicentenary of Cameron’s birth and 150 years since her first museum exhibition – the only one in her lifetime – held at the South Kensington Museum (now the V&A) in 1865. Drawing on the V&A’s significant holdings, which include photographs acquired directly from Cameron and letters she wrote to Henry Cole, the museum’s founding director, this exhibition will explore Cameron’s innovative contributions to the art of photography.
The exhibition will tour internationally before and after its presentation at the V&A November 2015-February 2016 to the following venues:
The accompanying catalogue will be published by MACK in association with V&A Publishing.
Marta Weiss, Curator
Erika Lederman, Factory Project Cataloguer
Add a Comment
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<urn:uuid:2263362e-647c-489a-9b87-2fef7ea39c31>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://britishphotohistory.ning.com/profiles/blogs/exhibition-julia-margaret-cameron-a-bicentenary-exhibition
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz
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| 0.939022
| 245
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|SS Junius Smith|
|Career (United States)|
|Owner:||War Shipping Administration (WSA)|
|Operator:||Cosmopolitan Shipping Co.|
|Ordered:||as type (EC2-S-C1) hull, MC hull 2505|
|Awarded:||23 April 1943|
|Builder:||St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company, Jacksonville, Florida|
|Laid down:||11 October 1944|
|Launched:||14 November 1944|
|Sponsored by:||Mrs. Henry A. Davis, Jr.|
|Completed:||22 November 1944|
|Fate:||Laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas, 14 April 1949|
|Status:||Sold for scrapping, 30 November 1965, withdrawn from fleet, 14 January 1966|
|General characteristics |
|Class & type:||
|Length:||441 ft 6 in (135 m)|
|Beam:||56 ft 10.75 in (17.3419 m)|
|Draft:||27 ft 9.25 in (8.4646 m)|
|Speed:||11.5 knots (21.3 km/h)|
|Capacity:||10,800 long tons deadweight (DWT)|
SS Junius Smith was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Junius Smith, an American lawyer that founded the British and American Steam Navigation Company, who is often considered the "Father of the Atlantic Liner".
Junius Smith was laid down on 11 October 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2505, by the St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company, Jacksonville, Florida; she was sponsored by Mrs. Henry A. Davis, Jr., the wife of the foreman of railroad transportation at St. Johns River SBC, and was launched on 14 November 1944.
She was allocated to the Cosmopolitan Shipping Co., on 22 November 1944. On 14 April 1949, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas. She was sold for scrapping, 30 November 1965, to Southern Scrap Material Co., Ltd., for $48,929.79. She was removed from the fleet, 14 January 1966.
- "St. John's River Shipbuilding, Jacksonville FL". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 16 October 2010. http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/stjohnsriver.htm.
- Maritime Administration. "Junius Smith". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/ShipHistory/Detail/2826.
- Davies, James (May 2004). "Specifications (As-Built)". p. 23. http://www.ww2ships.com/acrobat/us-os-001-f-r00.pdf.
- "SS Junius Smith". http://usmaritimecommission.de/query.php?datalist=1&typeofquery=Name%20of%20Ship&valueofquery=Junius%20Smith&code=B2505a.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
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<urn:uuid:ede180a2-8629-4679-9f69-e42888f0da8d>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/SS_Junius_Smith
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© apple General | April 24, 2020
Macs with Apple chips on the horizon
Apple Inc. is planning to start selling Mac computers equipped with its own main processors as soon as next year.
The computer giant is reportedly working on several Mac processors based on the A14 processor that will inhabit the next iPhone model. The processors are supposed to be much faster than those in both the current iPhone and iPad, according to unnamed sources reported by Bloomberg. The same sources are also claiming that Apple is planning the release of at least one Mac with its own processor in 2021 and said that the initiative to develop several proprietary chips, which will result in more Mac models no longer possessing Intel chips. In a lead-in move to making its own chips, Apple bought a majority of Intel’s modem business last July for USD 1 billion and settled a long legal dispute with another of its chip supplier’s, Qualcomm Inc., concerning patent licensing practices. Bloomberg sources also said that Apple’s current Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Apple’s partner for iPhone and iPad processors, will be tapped to build the new Mac chips, with components based on a 5-nanometer production technique. The size is the same that Apple will use in the next iPhones and iPad Pros, one of the sources said. Apple, Intel and TSMC spokespersons all declined to comment on the Bloomberg story.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://evertiq.com/news/48144
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| 0.960532
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| 1.960938
| 2
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Posted on January 10, 2013 by Flames
An anthology of ways to use Cortex Plus from MWP’s award-winning Leverage & Smallville RPGs: hacks, settings, and options!
HACKER’S GUIDE HISTORY
For years, fans have enjoyed games powered by Margaret Weis Productions’ award-winning Cortex Plus system. From the embroiled teenaged drama powered by Smallville to the high-tech heist hijinks of Leverage, and the comic book action of Marvel Heroic Roleplaying, the community has embraced these games and made them their own. Many have taken the rules from each licensed game and adapted them to a wide variety of settings, genres, and play styles.
In the spring of 2010, MWP sent out a call to its growing community for the best “hacks” of the Cortex Plus system. They asked creators, amateurs, and professionals alike to share new mechanics, settings, and entirely new games from the bones of existing games. Over 20 different authors contributed their own ideas to the project, which was dubbed the Cortex Plus Hacker’s Guide.
Timing, as they say, is everything. The massive undertaking of creating the Marvel Heroic Roleplaying game forced MWP to put the Hacker’s Guide on the backburner. That is, until today.
MWP wants to put a little twist on how they produce the Cortex Plus Hacker’s Guide. They also want to say a big thank you to those that have already contributed to the book, and have been so patient while waiting for it see the light of day. Enter Kickstarter. By supporting this project, you will also be supporting all the creatives (authors, designers, developers, editors – past, present and future) who contribute to it. How’s that you ask? Simple. After costs are subtracted, creatives will receive half of all net profits, divided up amongst each individual based on how much they contributed to the book.
This is your first chance to get the Cortex Plus Hacker’s Guide, show some love to several talented creatives, and help support MWP in the additional development for the final product and, possibly, extended product.
Find out more information and back this project at Kickstarter.com!
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<urn:uuid:b0fe9e99-f49b-462f-af22-adbf096acf23>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.flamesrising.com/cortex-plus-hackers-guide-kickstarter/
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| 0.958125
| 468
| 1.695313
| 2
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Does the Earth rotate clockwise or counterclockwise?
Depend's on where you're looking at it from. Looking down on it above the North Pole, it's counterclockwise. Above the South Pole, it's clockwise.
You got it! The Earth is rotating both clockwise and counterclockwise depending on which pole you are looking at.
Nice. Now when do I get my $60,000?
Is this supposed to be a difficult question or something?
Difficult or not, I want my $60,000!
You're all wrong - it rotates west to east.
As a forum moderator, I get a 10% cut of this deal.
The question is not difficult if you think about it. The question was meant to catch people off guard who jump to conclusions. Anothe question is what president is on the one hundred dollar bill and the answer is no president. Not a difficult question if you think about but one that can easily be missed by reaching for what appears to be the obvious (quit breaking your arm patting yourself on the back) As for the 64 grand... I owe money to a list of people as long as my arm... sorry but get in line:)
In the future, please place "brain teaser" type questions -- even if, like this one, they barely even tickle the mind -- in the Brain Teasers forum.
At least to the luminaries at PF.
'Tis scary how many layfolk have no clue about it.
Who said the Earth rotates ? Hogwash !
The Earth is a pentagon with 6 corners swimming on the surface of a torus (which is something like a bull, I believe).
All my clocks are digital, so nothing rotates clockwise. I now refer to things rotating toiletwise or counter-toiletwise. This becomes confusing when I converse with those on the other side of the equator.
We do have a laugh, don't we?
Unless your southern friends buy their toilets from the same company as you.
boy, am I about to sound like a dumbass
well, considering that most people here seem to think this an absurdly easy question, I may be in for some ridiculing, but here goes : 1) I assume that the earth itself (the phsyical land mass) moves in only on direction -- if not, then I'm screwed and give up, (2) as to why it would appear to be moving different directions, I can only hazard a guess -- please tell me if I am right : the earth is a sphere and so narrows as one approaches the poles; the earth will have the greatest speed where it is widest -- that is, at the equator, and have speeds diminishing equally on both sides of the equator as one approaches the poles (narrower earth = less distance covered in same time (one day) = slower speed) --> air leaving the equator will maintain the eastward speed it had at the equator, but, as the earth slows, will appear to be moving faster eastward than the earth --> thus, looking straight on at the earth, all air moving north or south will be deflected to on'e right side (if one drew a line from the equator the north it would go right; if one drew from the equator to the south, it would go right) --> looking down at the right curving air (that is, looking from the north), it will appear to be turning left (counterclockwise) --> looking up at the right curving air (that is, looking up from the south), the air will appear to be moving right (clockwise). Is this correct ?
Gokul43201 that really is a funny organization
Hmmm...not really. This really has nothing to do with winds or with the shape of the Earth. Take any object spinning about some axis. Look at this object from one end of the axis and then from the other....and you'll see !
oh hell I'm stupid
I can be really friggin obtuse sometimes; in my whole lengthy explanation, I ended up saying that the winds move the same direction (the direction that the earth is spinning) and that that same direction looks different depending on how you are oriented -- what I failed to realize is that if I just said the earth is rotating one direction and looks different depending on how you are oriented, it would be the same thing.
punching myself for always making things more complicated,
Take a wall clock in your hands. Look at the direction the hands of the clock are moving -- clockwise, of course. Now turn it around, so you're looking at the back of it. Visualize which way the hands are moving. Notice that it's counter-clockwise when seen from the back.
Separate names with a comma.
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<urn:uuid:894d4d46-2b93-4b04-832e-422f1ee6a487>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/60-000-00-question.32134/
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en
| 0.950946
| 1,006
| 2.3125
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Re: help, brother soon to have both kidneys removed
Hi dorothy! Welcome to the healthboards (weird coming from me because I'm pretty new here myself!)
Polycystic kidney disease is obviously a difficult thing to have--especially when you see so many of your loved ones afflicted with the same condition. It is the fourth most common cause of renal failure leading to dialysis in N. America, and unfortunately, there's not much you can do to treat it.
So replacing the renal function that is lost is maintained somewhat by doing dialysis 3X week, but obviously, not all of the kidney's function is being replaced so defecits occur. Usually, doctors will put patients with chronic kidney failure (i.e. slow loss of kidney function over time) on dialysis when they have ~10% of kidney function left, or around that and are having significant symptoms of kidney failure (confusion, severe malaise, weight loss, loss of appetite etc). It is very true that having SOME kidney function is better than none at all in dialysis patients. Many dialysis patients retain some small amount of renal function, and actually do end up producing some urine every day; however, you have to weigh this benefit with the risks of retaining the kidneys. In someone who had to go on dialysis because if diabetic nephropathy (the most common form of renal failure in N. America) there is not all that much risk of keeping the kidneys there....
In PKD, there are many complications that can occur with the retained kidneys. First of all, they are VERY bulky and can affect the function of other organs in the abdominal cavity. The cysts themselves can become infected, and it is very difficult to treat with antibiotics. As renal function lessens and a person is on dialysis for a longer period of time, the immune system deteriorates to a certain point and the person becomes more prone to infections. Finally, as in your baby brother's case, the cysts can bleed, and if he is on blood thinners such as warfarin (coumadin) the bleeding can be catastrophic. These are the risks that must be weighed. If your brother doesn't produce ANY urine at all, the nephrologist likely wouldn't think twice about taking the kidneys out if he was on warfarin. If your brother produces some urine, it becomes a bit more of a judgement call, but again, depending on how bulky his kidneys are, the risk of taking his kidneys out is much less than the risk of keeping them in and concurrently being on warfarin. Cystic bleeds can be catastrophic.
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<urn:uuid:a995944c-e210-4651-b511-cd2f0034df61>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.healthboards.com/boards/kidney-disorders/626800-help-brother-soon-have-both-kidneys-removed.html
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en
| 0.973086
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Some time ago, I watched a video of a lecture given by a professor of art history. He was very down on modern art and gave as an example the fact that Michelangelo had carved the statue David out of a single piece of rock. The statue is considered to be about the finest representation of the human form ever.
On the other hand, he said that in one of the nation’s premier art museums, one exhibit was a lump of rock.
He also said that he offered a picture to his students of an abstract piece of artwork that was, in fact, his own apron — the one he used for painting. Most of the critiques were favorable.
I was reminded of this lecture when I went recently to the Museum of Contemporary Art in downtown Los Angeles.
MOCA is perhaps the Southland’s most respected museum of modern art and the pieces on show are chosen by those who have spent their entire cultural lives in the study and appreciation of visual art in all its forms.
I’ve been here many times, and as usual on entering, the first work of art that I stopped in front of was Jackson Pollock’s “Number One.” I immediately thought of the professor’s apron, which no doubt was covered in splashes and blobs of similar color.
Pollock’s work too was a work of extreme color. Energy pours out of it, and there is a tremendous vibrancy to it, although the similarity to randomness cannot be ignored.
The film “Pollock,” starring the actor Ed Harris in the title’s part showed the artist to be a man of extreme contrasts. He was violent and alcoholic. His technique was to stand over the canvass and dribble the paint as well as splashing the colors across the area. He earned the nickname Jack the Dripper for this method.
Having enjoyed the movie and learned more about the tortured artist, I have enjoyed the work more each time I see it. It’s become a sort of old friend.
Moving farther into the museum, which is not overwhelming, and therefore possible to cover in one visit, I came to one of the featured artists, Mark Rothco. He lived from 1903 to 1970 and his canvasses are large rectangles of color in broad bands.
This tendency to paint in broad strokes seems to have been very popular in the 1950s and early ’60s.
Like many artists, Rothco had a tough life and felt very deeply about things. It was his wish that people looking at his work should become more involved with the paintings. As such, they should stand close to them in order to be more a part of them. The museum has thoughtfully put black lines on the floor close to the works — but not too close, of course — so that patrons can do as the artist wished.
I walked through the entire museum and looked in on a movie area showing a disturbing film of sound and color. It wasn’t to my taste. I always feel more at home with those works that I have some familiarity with.
The gallery that displays Pollock’s “Number One” also shows Joan Miro’s work and also a statue by Max Ernst with which I am quite at home.
The art history professor’s video repeated much of the same criticism that has been said by others of the modern world of art. Exactly how do you compare the works of Michelangelo to that of Jackson Pollock?
For my part and having spent a lifetime looking at art, I prefer to think of them as separate works in different dimensions and not to be compared at all.
Before leaving, I once again looked at Jack’s violent work. I would have liked to have met him and talked to him a little. Sadly, that’s not possible of course, but at least we have his work to enjoy.
“Trevor’s Travels (in Southern California)” is available from Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble and other booksellers. You can reach Trevor at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Museum of Contemporary Art
Where: 250 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles
Hours: 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, until 8 p.m. Thursdays, until 5 p.m. Saturdays-Sundays, closed Tuesdays
Cost: $15 general admission, $10 seniors (65+), $8 students, free for children 11 and younger
Information: 213-626-6222, www.moca.org
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Uraca Electrically Hydrotest Pumps
Enclosed cabinet offers safe & quiet operation, protects elements from injury. If these steps fail, you may must seek the advice of the manufacturer's documentation or contact them directly to complete troubleshooting your hydrostatic test pump. If water is not flowing at the proper rate (or not at all), there's probably an obstruction in the supply line or a clogged inlet filter. Clear the debris and test again, checking the provision-aspect hose, strainer, and inlet fittings. Pumps with an computerized bypass stress regulator will recirculate water when the pump reaches the desired stress, preventing the buildup of excess strain within the system.
Winters strain gauges can be mounted in quite a lot of methods. For direct stem mount, we provide bottom, centre back, lower back and in-line connections. Consider purchasing a again flange for panel mounts, or a front flange if you want the gauge to be flush mounted.
BUT – and that is critical – do not let the pump run in bypass mode for too long. While producers' suggestions range on how lengthy is just too lengthy, anywhere from a couple of minutes to an hour in bypass mode may create sufficient friction to break the pump.
The velocity distribution of turbulent flow is extra uniform throughout the pipe diameter than in laminar move. The strain drop caused by friction of turbulent flow is determined by the roughness of pipe. Laminar circulate is characterised by the gliding of concentric cylindrical layers previous each other in orderly fashion.
The velocity of the fluid is at its maximum at the pipe axis and decreases sharply to zero on the wall. The pressure drop brought on by friction of laminar move doesn't rely of the roughness of pipe.
Another key difference is in the uses of water and air strain. Air and water strain each affect their respective materials in the identical means — air and water each transfer from areas of excessive strain to areas of low strain. The key distinction between water strain and air stress is that one is made up of water and the opposite is made up of air. Both air pressure and water pressure are based mostly on and comply with the identical bodily principals. There is an irregular movement of fluid particles in instructions transverse to the course of the main flow.
To decide the fluid (liquid or gasoline) strain drop alongside a pipe or pipe component, the following calculations, within the following order. A frequent upkeep error is to add a second relief valve onto the outlet of an existing aid valve that is leaking. This “stacking” of aid valves is not permissible by code. Broken or lacking seal wires;Signs of corrosion that might stop the valve from functioning properly;Valve leakage;Missing nameplate; or“Stacked” relief valves.
You can learn extra on the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requirements governing hydrostatic tests of fireside sprinkler and standpipe methods right here. Once you've inspected, primed, and attached the pump – and ensured that the system undergoing testing is sufficiently filled – it's time to begin stress testing. One of the first issues to consider is that the plumbing, fireplace sprinkler, or standpipe system must be fully full before you should use a hydrostatic test pump. Water pressure, then again, is utilized in primary plumbing. When you flush a bathroom you are opening a valve that reduces pressure in the bathroom; this in turn makes the water in the toilet rush to that area.
U-clamps are available as a substitute for flush mounting a gauge, or if you are unable to make use of a front flange. Also bear in mind that if a bit of equipment produces heavy vibration making strain reading tough, a gauge could also be mounted remotely. For purposes that produce harmful pulsation, vibration or strain spikes, the appropriate gauge or choice should be chosen. For instance, liquid filling a gauge or opting for a StabiliZR™ Gauge will reduce any unwell effects of vibration and supply a better pressure studying. WIKA has designed a number of the finest liquid-crammed pressure gauges yow will discover in right now’s market.
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Hi, I did a homework problem in which I was to show that a refracting telescope, modelled as a sequence of two thin lenses separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths, is capable of producing angular magnification. In my course we have been solving these questions in geometric optics by modelling a paraxial ray as a vector consisting of its perpendicular distance from the optical axis at a given point, and the angle between it and the optical axis: [itex] (y, \theta) [/itex]. The effect of the optical system on this ray was then ascertained by deriving the ray matrix for the telescope, which was simply a cascade of two thin lens ray matrices and one free space propagation matrix. My solution did indeed show that the telescope produced angular magnification. The homework solutions went on to state that angular magnification is, "the most relevant magnification in the imaging of distant objects." My question is simply, why is this true, why is the magnification of [itex] \theta [/itex] important, more so than magnification of y?
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Isolation Could Worsen Prisoners’ Mental Illnesses, Expert Testifies
During a court hearing last week about the tactic of segregating prisoners with mental illnesses, an expert said that such isolation can worsen mental health conditions, the Sacramento Bee reports (Walsh, Sacramento Bee, 11/22).
In 2006, U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson ruled that federal oversight of the prison system was needed after determining that an average of one inmate per week died as a result of medical malpractice or neglect.
At a court hearing in late July, attorneys for California prisoners argued for a limit on the amount of time inmates with mental illnesses can be held in isolation units.
Prison officials can isolate high-risk inmates -- including prison gang leaders or accomplices -- by placing them in:
- Security Housing Units; or
- "Administrative segregation" rooms.
However, many inmates who are kept in isolation also have a mental illness
Michael Bien -- an attorney for inmates -- said solitary confinement is "worse for people with mental illness" because it could exacerbate their conditions or lead to suicide.
He said inmates kept in isolation often refuse to receive treatment for mental health problems because the care is administered in full view of other prisoners (California Healthline, 8/1).
Details of Testimony
Last week, Craig Haney -- a professor of psychology at UC-Santa Cruz and an expert on the psychological effects of solitary confinement -- was called by prisoners' attorneys to testify at the hearing.
This year, Haney has toured segregation units at:
- Mule Creek State Prison in Ione;
- The California Institution for Men in Chino;
- California State Prison in Corcoran; and
- California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi.
In addition, Haney:
- Reviewed documents; and
- Conducted interviews with prison custodians, clinical staff and inmates.
He found that segregated inmates often spend 23 hours a day in their cells.
Haney said the judge should issue an order excluding mentally ill inmates from solitary confinement. He added that when inmates are placed in confinement, "appropriate treatment should not, under any circumstances, be interrupted, as it is now" (Sacramento Bee, 11/22).This is part of the California Healthline Daily Edition, a summary of health policy coverage from major news organizations. Sign up for an email subscription.
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A US federal appeals court ruled Tuesday largely in favor of a defunct social networking company—finding that the forgotten startup did not violate an anti-spam statute. However, the court affirmed that Power Ventures did violate an anti-hacking law when it tried to circumvent Facebook’s IP block several years ago as part of a promotional campaign.
A lower court had previously ruled in favor of Facebook, which brought the original case against Power Ventures and its Power.com website and issued an award of $3 million to the social network giant. Power Ventures then appealed that up to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. On Tuesday, the appellate court sent the case back down to the District Court for further consideration and a likely reduction of damages.
As Ars reported last year, the case, Facebook v. Power Ventures, revolves around a site known as Power.com, which had tried to be a one-stop shop for social networking—its users could post to Facebook and other sites all in one place.
As part of a promo campaign, Power Ventures offered its customers the chance to win $100 for inviting 100 friends to join. To promote this offer, Power Ventures sent messages through Facebook that came from @facebookmail.com and appeared to come from "The Facebook Team," giving the impression that the messages had come from Facebook itself. Facebook attempted to block this activity through an IP block, which Power Ventures circumvented. When Power Ventures ignored Facebook’s requests to cease and desist, Facebook then filed a lawsuit in 2008.
In 2011, computer experts testified that "the Defendants developed the PowerScript system and PowerProxy system to scrape information from Facebook, proxy the Facebook website and avoid detection when engaged in such activities. In addition, our analysis shows how Defendants’ programmed access initiated actions that resulted in unwanted commercial ‘spam’ messages being sent to Facebook users soliciting them to join Power.com."
In its 23-page decision, the 9th Circuit found that because Power users affirmatively clicked a button (“Yes I do!”) that Power had the power to share its promotion through event invitations.
“On this record, Power did not use false pretenses or fraudulent representations to obtain users’ consent,” the court ruled. “Therefore, the external messages were not materially misleading within the meaning of the CAN-SPAM Act.”
However, once Facebook had told Power to stop its sketchy behavior, Power was liable under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, an anti-hacking law that dates back to the 1980s.
The court explained it this way:
The consent that Power had received from Facebook users was not sufficient to grant continuing authorization to access Facebook’s computers after Facebook’s express revocation of permission. An analogy from the physical world may help to illustrate why this is so. Suppose that a person wants to borrow a friend’s jewelry that is held in a safe deposit box at a bank. The friend gives permission for the person to access the safe deposit box and lends him a key. Upon receiving the key, though, the person decides to visit the bank while carrying a shotgun. The bank ejects the person from its premises and bans his reentry. The gun-toting jewelry borrower could not then reenter the bank, claiming that access to the safe deposit box gave him authority to stride about the bank’s property while armed. In other words, to access the safe deposit box, the person needs permission both from his friend (who controls access to the safe) and from the bank (which controls access to its premises). Similarly, for Power to continue its campaign using Facebook’s computers, it needed authorization both from individual Facebook users (who controlled their data and personal pages) and from Facebook (which stored this data on its physical servers). Permission from the users alone was not sufficient to constitute authorization after Facebook issued the cease and desist letter.
The court also affirmed the personal liability of former Power Ventures CEO Steve Vachani, as he "was the guiding spirit and central figure in Power’s challenged actions." The case will now be sent back to the lower court to adjudicate new damages.
This post originated on Ars Technica
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|•Charles Morey: Figaro.|
adapted from Le mariage de Figaro,
by Pierre de Beaumarchais.
Directed by Michael Michetti.
Seen at A Noise Within, Pasadena, California,
10 April 2015
•Mozart and da Ponte: Le nozze di Figaro.
Conducted by James Conlon; directed by Ian Judge.
Seen at Los Angeles Opera, 9 April 2015
Eastside Road, April 13, 2015—LAST WEEK ENDED in a flurry of theater: two versions of the great Marriage of Figaro; a production of Julius Caesar; a production of The Threepenny Opera. Let's begin with Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, 1732-1799, whose article in Wikipedia introduces him as "a French playwright, watchmaker, inventor, musician, diplomat, fugitive, spy, publisher, horticulturalist, arms dealer, satirist, financier, and revolutionary (both French and American)." I take the following three paragraphs from the Wikipedia entry:
Born simply Pierre-Augustin Caron, the son of a watchmaker from the provinces who had apparently settled in Paris, he took early to music, but was apprenticed as a matter of course to his father. At twenty-one he invented a refinement of the escapement mechanism which greatly improved the reliability and lessened the size of watches, which brought him to the notice of the king. Two years later he married a widow with money and land, and took the name "Beaumarchais," but she died with a year, and he fell into debt.
His fortunes turned quickly, though, and he became music=teacher to the four daughters of Louis XV. (He taught them harp.) He met an older entrepreneur, Joseph Paris Duverney, who helped him in a number of business ventures, by which he became rich and gained further access to French nobility.
In 1764 Beaumarchais spent ten months in Madrid, helping a sister who had married there. His bid for consulship to Spain was rejected, and he turned increasingly to business ventures while beginning to experiment with writing plays; his first drama, Eugénie, premiered at the Comédie Française in 1767.
Beaumarchais is best known nowadays, and especially outside of France, through the first two plays of his trilogy centered on recurring characters at court of Count Almaviva, grand corrégidor of Andalusia: Le Barbier de Séville, premiered in 1775; Le Mariage de Figaro (1784), and La Mère coupable (1792).
Anyone who knows The Barber of Seville (Rossini and Sterbini) and The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart and da Ponte), the great operatic settings of the first two plays, will recognize autobiographical elements in the plots. Music teacher to nobility; factotum from the lower orders; lawsuits (Beaumarchais was engaged in several); marriages (ditto)… it has even been suggested that Figaro's name is a thin disguise of the playwright's, who was fils Caron, son of Caron.
Figaro is of course a memorable character, thanks primarily to Lorenzo da Ponte's adaptation of the second play. Da Ponte himself was a Beaumarchais-like character; the decade 1776-1786 was a heady time; the intersection of literature, populism, entrepreneurship, greatly increased travel and the sophistication that naturally follows, and of course the age of revolution all participate in the brilliance and edginess of Figaro's character. (And yet my first memory of Figaro is of the black cat hungrily gazing at the goldfish Cleo in the 1940 Disney adaptation of Pinocchio.)
ALL THAT SAID, what was to be learned from last week's exposure to The Marriage of Figaro in both its original theatrical form and da Ponte and Mozart's operatic setting? First, of course, the power of music (and particularly of Mozart's); second, the brilliance of da Ponte's libretto; but a close third, the surprising depth and richness of the play. A quick disclaimer: I don't know the original; I've never seen the play before in any language, and I haven't read the original. (Yet: the entire text is readily available at Wikisource.)
As adapted by Charles Morey and directed, wonderfully, by Michael Michetti, Figaro is completely within the tradition ranging from Commedia dell'arte through 19th-century French farce to the Marx Brothers and even, as the actors pointed out in a post-performance talkback with the audience, to such standard television fare as Seinfeld. I suspect Morey studied da Ponte carefully and did a similar job of streamlining. A couple of minor characters have been dropped (Grippe-soleil, a young shepherd; Pédrille, a message-boy to the count; and with them, probably a sub-plot or two, not to be missed in this already complicated comedy.
Now that I look at the pivotal resolution, which Mozart and da Ponte render so magnificent — the Count's plea for perdono, Contessa — I wonder at the changes Beaumarchais may have made in the original text to get it past Louis XV, who at first banned its public performance. The plot hinges on unmasking the Count's sexual immorality and exploitation; he finally has to beg forgiveness of the Countess, who of course grants it. Clearly a sitting king will not countenance such a plot, and in the text as we have it the moment is underplayed. Two years after the Paris premiere, da Ponte and Mozart elevate that moment to something exalted, transcendent. Even so, the play is clearly political, subversive, revolutionary.
Michetti's direction and the Noise Within cast conveyed all the urgency, the sharp political satire, and the philosophical complexity of the play in a fast, sometimes zany, often touching performance. In the title role, Jeremy Guskin was perfectly brilliant, easily switching from broad comedy to darker, intelligent brooding — the great monologue in Act Five, only a little revised in Morey's adaptation, was marvelous. Angela Sauer's Suzanne was up to that challenge; and if Count Almaviva is costumed ludicrously and made foolish and foppish, Andrew Ross Wynn made the concept work. Elyse Mirto was an affecting Countess, and Will Bradley was utterly persuasive as Cherubin in spite of his tall, lean stature. The rest of the cast were remarkably even, flexible, and resourceful: every nuance of the play seemed perfectly interpreted; there was never a slow moment; even the complex second-act ensemble, with characters hiding in closets and jumping out of windows, worked like, well, clockwork. The production continues in repertory through May 10, 2015, and it should certainly not be missed.
Alas, the same could not be said of Los Angeles Opera's production, or its young cast's performance, of the opera. Seen from too far away, in too big an opera house, in a musical performance that was too weighty and strove too earnestly for greatness, this Nozze di Figaro was laborious. There were some pretty voices and some successful portrayals, but I left with the feeling I'd seen an awkward attempt by a provincial company.
|•William Shakespeare: Julius Caesar.|
Directed by Julia Rodriguez-Elliott and Geoff Elliott
•Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill: The Threepenny Opera.
Directed by Julia Rodriguez-Elliott and Geoff Elliott
Both seen at A Noise Within, Pasadena, California,
11 April 2015
The repertory has always included Shakespeare, usually two plays each season, set next to American classics by such playwrights as William Inge and Tennessee Williams, frequent trips into the French repertory, and occasional looks at the classic avant-garde (Ionesco; Beckett). The schedule works out in such a way that we can nearly always see all three plays of each half-season within three or four days, making it a convenient run-out from home. Every year we make this trip twice, just as every year we travel once or twice to Ashland for performances by the much wealthier Oregon Shakespeare Festival. I won't engage in comparisons here.
This year's Noise Within season had as its theme "Revolution": last November we saw three plays revolutionary in their time for style: Shakespeare'sThe Tempest , Oscar Wilde'sThe Importance of Being Earnest , and August Strindberg's The Dance of Death. Last week's plays were not only revolutionary in the style of their concept and expression, they were in fact about revolution. In addition to Figaro they were Julius Caesar and The Threepenny Opera , both shows directed by the same team and performed in the same stage design — and seen, as it turned out, on the same day.
This is the kind of intellectual and theatrical exercise A Noise Within often attempts, nearly as often successfully. The pairing of these two very different vehicles underscored profundities which are latent in the scripts and which should be obvious to any reader or onlooker, whatever the success of the production; in this event, the result was really quite powerful, really moving. I thought Threepenny suffered a bit from slow tempi, which tended to hamper the drive and bite of the play; but that flaw could be forgiven in the face of the detail, the passion, and the total authenticity of the performances.
Both plays were staged in a relatively unspecified early-twentieth-century setting, the stage occupied by stark industrial scaffolding. Both brought the audience into the piece: in Julius Caesar one felt included within the Roman rabble irresolute between Caesar's attackers and his defenders; in Threepenny one was directly confronted by the cast, intent on alienating its audience with fine Brechtian nastiness.
I thought it appropriate that we were seeing these productions in the week of Judith Malina's death — The Living Theatre, which she and Julian Beck co-founded in the 1950s to such and artistic triumph and controversy, has surely influenced these directors in these productions; and Malina would have appreciated the result, I think, though perhaps with a sardonic observation that it was high time the commercial theater fall into line.
That Living Theatre connection came to me at the beginning of The Threepenny Opera, which began indistinctly, with the cast roaming through the audience, moodily repeating isolated lines of dialogue from various moments in the play. We were eased into the play, you might say, albeit in quite an uneasy manner; there was a deliciously menacing quality to the moment, and though this was the evening performance that moment instantly threw the afternoon's Julius Caesar into yet another layer of ironic meaning.
A Noise Within has a fine website from which you'll get notes on the productions and cast lists; I won't attempt a detailed review here. I do have to mention, though, the strong Brutus of Robertson Dean; the eloquent Mark Antony of Rafael Goldstein; the engaging, complex clarity of Freddy Douglas's Cassius; which requires that I also mention Patrick O'Connell's successfully ambivalent, tragically aging Caesar. Other roles were as well conceived and performed.
In Threepenny we were impressed, my companion and I, by the quality of the singing. As Polly Peachum and Lucy Brown, Marisa Duchowny and Maegan McConnell had clear, accurate, expressive, well-focussed soprano voices; Andrew Ableson was a pleasantly reedy, sardonic, nasty Mâcheath; Stasha Surdyke captured Jenny Diver's complexity well. Geoff Elliott makes an all too credible Peachum, and Deborah Strang was quite marvelous as his Mrs., drawing the first row of the audience into the Ballad of Sexual Dependency with sarcasm and good humor that somehow coexist.
Speaking of that Ballad, though, reminds me that it was hard to get used to this translation, by Michael Feingold. It works, but seems a little stiff. I was steeped in Eric Bentley's translation, back in the middle 1950s; it seemed to me to have bite and efficiency lacking here — Bentley's "First feed the belly, then feed the mind" (as I recall it) works better than Feingold's "First comes the feeding, then the moral code." I don't know the original text; perhaps Bentley sacrificed literal accuracy to theatrical effect — but isn't that what Brecht and Weill were after?
Julius Caesar continues in repertory through May 8, 2015; The Threepenny Opera through May 9.
Details online at A Noise Within.
Details online at A Noise Within.
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- Open Access
In search of justification for the unpredictability paradox
Trials volume 15, Article number: 480 (2014)
A 2011 Cochrane Review found that adequately randomized trials sometimes revealed larger, sometimes smaller, and often similar effect sizes to inadequately randomized trials. However, they found no average statistically significant difference in effect sizes between the two study types. Yet instead of concluding that adequate randomization had no effect the review authors postulated the “unpredictability paradox”, which states that randomized and non-randomized studies differ, but in an unpredictable direction. However, stipulating the unpredictability paradox is problematic for several reasons: 1) it makes the authors’ conclusion that adequate randomization makes a difference unfalsifiable—if it turned out that adequately randomized trials had significantly different average results from inadequately randomized trials the authors could have pooled the results and concluded that adequate randomization protected against bias; 2) it leaves other authors of reviews with similar results confused about whether or not to pool results (and hence which conclusions to draw); 3) it discourages researchers from investigating the conditions under which adequate randomization over- or under-exaggerates apparent treatment benefits; and 4) it could obscure the relative importance of allocation concealment and blinding which may be more important than adequate randomization.
In spite of the rationale for adequate randomization, differences between adequately and inadequately randomized trials have proven difficult to detect empirically. In 1995, Schulz and colleagues found that trials using allocation concealment (concealing which participants are in each treatment group) and double-blinding yielded smaller effect sizes, but they found no statistically significant benefit of adequate over inadequate randomization. Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues conducted an overview of systematic reviews in 2011 in an attempt to provide more definitive evidence. The review included systematic reviews comparing randomized trials with trials that used some other, non-random method of assignment to conditions (such as alternation). Of the seven reviews eligible for the meta-analysis, six failed to detect a statistically significant difference between adequately and inadequately randomized trials, and one revealed smaller effects in randomized trials. Three of the six reviews that failed to detect a statistically significant difference suggested that adequate randomization increased effect sizes, and three suggested they reduced effect sizes.
Had they pooled the results (which we did, see Figure 1), they would have reported no statistically significant difference between the two study types, yet Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues did not pool the results. Instead they asserted that the results from randomized and non-randomized studies differ, but in an unpredictable direction: “it is not generally possible to predict the magnitude, or even the direction, of possible selection biases and consequent distortions of treatment effects from studies with non-random allocation” . They called this the “unpredictability paradox”.
Yet there are several problems with the inference to the “unpredictability paradox” from the observed data.
Invoking the unpredictability paradox makes the conclusions of the Odgaard-Jensen review unfalsifiable and unscientific (from a Popperian perspective) . If it turned out that randomized trials had average significantly different average results from non-randomized studies, the authors could have pooled the results and concluded that adequately randomized trials were better. In fact, adequate randomization did not yield statistically significant different average results, and the authors drew the very same conclusion that they could have had the data indicated differences between adequately and inadequately randomized trials. Drawing the same conclusion from conflicting evidence allows us to make assertions that do not take empirical evidence into account, which is unscientific in the absence of further justification.
Appeal to the unpredictability paradox reveals an inconsistent approach with regards to pooling data in Cochrane Review methodology. When we pooled the results from the Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues review we found no statistically significant difference between randomized and non-randomized trials (standardized mean difference = −0.17, 95% CI = −0.64 to 0.29; P = 0.47; Figure 1). The decision to pool appears to justify the inference to the conclusion that adequate randomization was not a methodological benefit easy to draw. (As an aside, the problem is not whether to pool itself, but rather the inference from the unpooled result to the conclusion of a difference in an unpredictable direction.) The Cochrane Handbook recommends not pooling highly heterogeneous results , yet the results of the Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues review were remarkably consistent in terms of effect direction, with all but one included study revealing no statistically significant difference. Moreover Cochrane Reviews conducted by the same review group have pooled results with substantially higher heterogeneity (I2 = 87%) . The inconsistency in Cochrane methodology was further highlighted in a recent similar systematic review of randomized versus observational studies. The authors of the latter review found similarly heterogeneous results, but decided to pool and concluded that randomized and non-randomized studies were not qualitatively different . Had they adopted the same strategy as Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues they could have chosen not to pool, postulated the “unpredictability paradox” and concluded that randomized trials have different results from observational studies, but in an unpredictable direction.
The unpredictability paradox has not been used or replicated independently . If proposing that the unpredictability paradox is justified, one would expect independent research to use and validate it. This has not been done.
Invoking the unpredictability paradox discourages researchers from investigating the conditions under which randomization over- and under-exaggerates apparent treatment benefits. If, indeed, adequate randomization makes a difference, it would be interesting to know what made adequate randomization increase effect size and what made it decrease effect size. Proposing the unpredictability paradox as an explanation for the effect of adequate randomization suggests that there is nothing more fundamental to be learned about the conditions under which adequate randomization makes a difference, precisely because it is unpredictable. This approach therefore arguably stifles future research in the area.
If it turns out that adequate randomization is not a powerful protection against bias, it could obscure the relative importance of allocation concealment and blinding which may be more important.
Our arguments presented here do not imply that inadequate randomization is acceptable. In fact one of us has written a book defending the virtues of (adequate) randomization . We believe it is self-evident that inadequate randomization is a sign of sloppy research, and also makes allocation concealment and blinding more difficult. Allocation concealment and blinding, in turn, have been shown empirically to reduce bias in many cases [4, 12]. It follows that, when results from adequately randomized studies and inadequately randomized studies (or observational studies) differ, the results of the adequately randomized trial is likely to be closer to the truth (all other things being equal).
Our conclusion is that Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues’ proposed unpredictability paradox requires further justification. Providing a justification will improve the soundness and validity of the Odgaard-Jensen and colleagues review, inform debates about when to pool heterogeneous results in systematic reviews, rationalize Cochrane Review methodology, and tell us more about the mechanism by which adequate randomization reduces bias. Critical appraisal tools [13, 14], and justification for the inclusion of studies in systematic reviews may also need to be revised in light of an eventual justification for the unpredictability paradox.
Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG: Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA. 1995, 273: 408-412. 10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030.
Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Moher M, Tugwell P, Klassen TP: Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?. Lancet. 1998, 352: 609-613. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01085-X.
Kjaergard LL, Villumsen J, Gluud C: Reported methodologic quality and discrepancies between large and small randomized trials in meta-analyses. Ann Inter Med. 2001, 135: 982-989. 10.7326/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00010.
Jüni P, Altman DG, Egger M: Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ. 2001, 323: 42-46. 10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42.
Odgaard-Jensen J, Vist GE, Timmer A, Kunz R, Akl EA, Schünemann H, Briel M, Nordmann AJ, Pregno S, Oxman AD: Randomization to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 4: MR000012-
Popper KR: The Logic of Scientific Discovery. 1968, London: Hutchinson
Higgins JPT, Green S: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Volume Version 501st edition. Updated March 2011. 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from http://www.cochrane-handbook.org
Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC: Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010, 1: CD003974-
Anglemyer A, Horvath HT, Bero L: Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014, 4: MR000034-
Kunz R, Oxman AD: The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomized and non-randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 1998, 317: 1185-1190. 10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1185.
Howick J: The Philosophy of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2011, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell & BMJ Books
Savović J, Jones HE, Altman DG, Harris R, Jüni P, Pildal J, Als-Nielsen B, Balk E, Gluud C, Gluud L, Ioannidis J, Schulz K, Beynon R, Welton N, Wood L, Moher D, Deeks J, Sterne J: Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized, controlled trials. Ann Inter Med. 2012, 157: 429-438. 10.7326/0003-4819-157-6-201209180-00537.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group: GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008, 336: 924-926. 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group: Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence. [http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653]
We thank Jan Odgaard-Jensen and Jan P Vandenbroucke of Leiden University Medical Center for their critical discussion of earlier drafts. JH was funded by the National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Both JH and AM were involved in drafting and revising the manuscript. JH conceived of the study and performed the statistical analysis. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
About this article
Cite this article
Howick, J., Mebius, A. In search of justification for the unpredictability paradox. Trials 15, 480 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-480
- Random allocation
- Randomized controlled trial
- Evidence-based medicine
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Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes without reason or warning creating sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as sweating and a racing heart.
Symptoms of a panic attack, which often last about 10 minutes, include:
- Difficulty breathing.
- Pounding heart or chest pain.
- Intense feeling of dread.
- Sensation of choking or smothering.
- Dizziness or feeling faint.
- Trembling or shaking.
- Nausea or stomachache.
- Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes.
- Chills or hot flashes.
- A fear that you are losing control or are about to die.
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“Marketplace” is a popular nightly public-radio business newscast distributed on hundreds of NPR stations by Public Radio International. But the anchor, Kai Ryssdal, wasn’t about to interview former Bush defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld without demanding apologies for the "Bush wars" in a book interview for “Rumsfeld’s Rules.”
Forget the business-show rules. It was Bush-bashing time. Ryssdal began: “Let’s start with this one. It’s easier to get into something, you say, than get out. And I can’t help but wonder where we would be in this country today if you guys had been thinking of this one ten years ago.”
When Rumsfeld he came to the realize in the Reagan years that the U.S. wasn’t armed and equipped to do nation-building, Ryssdal interrupted in mid-sentence:
RYSSDAL: Hang on a minute. I can’t believe these words are coming out of your mouth ten years later. So this was on your mind as Iraq was burbling up?
RYSSDAL: And yet here we are.
Rumsfeld tried to explain his view that a rather small force accomplished the intial mission of deposing Saddam Hussein’s government, but that the Department of Defense wasn’t a nation-building agency. Ryssdal jumped in again:
RYSSDAL: I will do you a favor, Mr. Secretary. Uh, assuming you’re not trying to shift any responsibility here.
RUMSFELD: Well, I’m not. It’s just reality.
Other agencies of the government had to get involved if nation-building was involved. Ryssdal kept up the dismissive tone:
RYSSDAL: And yet the primary critique – and I grant you, and as you know, there have been many – the primary critique of the Bush administration in Iraq is that you guys went in without a plan to get out. And here we’re now having a conversation where you say [flippant tone], ‘Yeah, I was thinking about all this stuff, but we went in anyway.’
Rumsfeld said he expressed his reservations about the potential setbacks in Iraq – recommending a “Parade of Horribles” memo he wrote. He said “It’s not easy for countries to evolve and grow, but I think both of those countries are a whale of a lot better off today than they were before.”
Rumsfeld hinted that this wasn’t exactly a “Marketplace” interview, and Ryssdal shot back: You appreciate that you can’t have a conversation with Donald Rumsfeld about the rules he lives by without talking about these things, right?” Rumsfeld said “Sure.”
He didn’t have to say that. If Barack Obama granted an interview to Ryssdal, would he have to face snotty interruptions about "you guys" bungling things? No.
Then came the apology-demand section. Ryssdal asked Rumsfeld to look back and defend his record as secretary of defense under Bush. Rumsfeld suggested that for all the aggressive criticism Bush has received for Iraq and Afghanistan, history “may not sort out that way.”
Ryssdal replied, “Others obviously disagree, and that’s a conversation well beyond the scope of this interview and this broadcast,” which sounds like he was now rebutting himself.
He didn’t really mean that. He compared Iraq to Vietnam: “But I do wonder whether you read Robert McNamara’s memoirs when they came out – obviously, the secretary of defense in Vietnam.” Rumsfeld said no, but he served in Congress at that time. Then came this exchange:
RYSSDAL: Here’s why I ask: that was, that book was widely seen as an apology for his role in Vietnam, and I looked in this book pretty hard for any rule you might have had about apologizing, and I couldn’t find one.
RUMSFELD: And? What’s your question.
RYSSDAL: Did you ever think about apologizing?
Rumsfeld then went into a typical discourse on how he was like Napoleon, who said “I’ve been mistaken so many times, I don’t even blush for it anymore.” Ryssdal wanted a McNamara-sized helping of liberal-pleasing guilt and remorse.
Commenters on the Marketplace website broke along ideological lines: "Congratulations Kai- you make it even harder for me to listen to NPR after hearing your 'balanced' interview with Rumsfeld. I guess I'll have to keep searching to find reporting where it's not necessary to factor in the station's political agenda."
From the Left: "Kai Ryssdal's interview was brilliant, completely exposing Rumsfeld for who he is--an unconscious hypocrite and a narcissist."
PS: On March 20, 2012, Ryssdal interviewed Obama on energy at a solar energy facility for 12 minutes – and took almost five minutes to ask him about Solyndra. Obama blamed China and the Congress for 82 seconds without Ryssdal interrupting about blame-shifting.
He asked about Obama not reaching his goal of 5 million new green-energy jobs, and Obama argued “this thing interceded called The Great Recession.” He spoke for 35 seconds without being interrupted. Obama also unfurled an uninterupted two-minute answer on unemployment.
In minute nine, Ryssdal could only muster this question about Obama’s potential Republican rivals -- um, "close the sale," sir:
“Both Mitt Romney and Rick Santorum made the case that their platforms of economic freedom are the way to go. They say you’re not doing enough, haven’t been doing enough. You’re shaking your head, but you know, you know what they’re saying. The question is, uh, make – close the sale, right? Because you keeping your job in November is depending on whether people feel you did it or you didn’t as you promised three and a half years ago.”
Obama then spoke for another two minutes attacking the Republicans' "on-your-own" economics without interruption, until it was over.
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Can you lock a semi trailer?
Lock your enclosed semi trailers at all times.
If a dry van semi trailer isn’t being actively loaded, unloaded, or inspected it should be locked using the most advanced locking mechanisms available. via
What is the best security for a trailer?
How do I secure my trailer?
How do you secure a trailer against theft?
How does a kingpin lock work?
The king pin lock attaches onto and secures the king pin of a semi trailer, which connects to the hitch on a truck or tractor. With the king pin lock in place, it prevents unauthorized coupling and towing of the locked semi trailer. via
What do thieves do with stolen trailers?
Most thieves steal these items, because they are hard to trace and thieves can quickly and easily turn them into cash. Thieves can sell your trailer (or what was your trailer) in states that do not require a title at the time of sale, and they can sell your tools from the trailer at a pawn shop in another city. via
How do I secure my trailer in my driveway?
One thought is to put a concrete anchor in the driveway with a eyebolt/chain and lock to the trailer. Just a thought. Run a chain through the trailer wheel, if possible, to the axle and lock with a sturdy lock. Lock the trailer pin in the down position with a locking device. via
How do I lock my trailer to my truck? (video)
Are trailers easy to steal?
Trailer theft – whether it’s a horse trailer, cargo trailer, stock trailer, or live-in camper- is one of the most common types of theft. These high-value items are usually easier to steal than trucks with alarms or well-guarded personal property. via
How do you lock a trailer tongue? (video)
What is a kingpin or drawbar lock?
Explanation: A kingpin or drawbar lock is a visible and effective deterrent to thieves wishing to steal an unattended trailer. Category: Drivers’ Hours and Rest Periods. via
What is a king pin in trucking?
The nipple at the front of a semi-trailer to connect to a fifth wheel coupling on a tractor unit is also known as a kingpin, which usage is analogous to the original horse-drawn wagon and traction engine steering use. via
What is trailer king pin?
A King Pin is a round steel shaft attached to the front of a fifth wheel trailer and the fifth wheel hitch on the truck clamps around it. Most 5th wheel trailers come with the king pin already mounted to the trailer. via
How do you secure trailer contents?
How do I lock my trailer? (video)
How do you lock an enclosed trailer? (video)
How do you lock a trailer chain? (video)
What is hitch pin?
Hitch pins join equipment and parts that require a temporary connection or frequent disconnection and reconnection. They have a shaft that fits through a predrilled hole and a clip, cotter pin, or other mechanism that locks the shaft in place. via
Where are proven locks made?
Proven Industries, a Port Richey, Fla. -based manufacturer of heavy-duty trailer coupler locks for the aftermarket, traces its roots to the theft of the family-owned company’s cargo trailer almost a decade ago. via
How do you stop a gooseneck trailer theft? (video)
How do I find out if my trailer is stolen?
“There’s no way to determine that it’s stolen,” he said. Every trailer has a unique vehicle identification number or VIN when it is originally sold. Some are etched in the metal and others are on stickers, but owners often do not keep a record of their trailer’s VIN. via
What is tongue lock?
New Word Suggestion. Another name for a French kiss. via
Are hitch locks safe?
Also known as trailer locks, hitch locks are useful tools to help you secure your trailer to your vehicle to prevent theft. Hitch locks should be secure and sturdy enough to prevent potential thieves from separating your trailer from your vehicle. via
Should I lock my trailer hitch?
From crimes of opportunity to professional theft rings, there are very good reasons you should put a hitch lock on a trailer. The type of lock, its resistance to breakage and its appearance are all factors to consider. via
When should a trailer be fitted with a kingpin or a drawbar lock?
fit a kingpin or drawbar lock to a trailer if you have to leave it unattended. via
How does a drawbar lock work?
Drawbar locks are used to keep a Category 1 tractor’s tow from rotating while being pulled. This lock allows for a 3 inches wide lift arm and fits a drawbar 1-1/8 inches thick and 2-1/2 inches wide at its largest. Keep your trailer securely attached to a tractor with a drawbar lock. via
How do I install a kingpin lock? (video)
Why is kingpin so big?
He is a very big man appearing to be obese, but like the mainstream Kingpin, his body is mostly made of pure muscle, making him immensely powerful in physical terms. via
How do I know if my King Pins are worn out?
Signs of king pin wear or damage include uneven front tire wear, incorrect vehicle alignment, and a pull in the steering. via
Whats the hitch called on a semi?
First off, the abbreviation “semi” comes from “semi-oscillating turntable hitch.” A turntable hitch is commonly known as a “5th wheel” or “5th wheel coupling.” A semi hitch connects to and sits on a greased turntable-like structure on top of the truck’s rear axle and adds more than one axle to the truck. via
How strong is kingpin on trailer?
Trailer King Pins from Buyers Products provide strength and reliability in coupling your fifth wheel. They are forged from AISI 8630 steel and heat-treated to maintain a hardness of 302-363 BHN and 150,000 PSI in ultimate strength. via
How much does it cost to replace King Pins?
The cost for a kit containing bushings and kingpins can range from $500 to $1,500 and replacing them is very time consuming. Graco automatic lubrication systems can help you properly lubricate kingpin bushings, resulting in a much greater reduction in kingpin failures caused by improper lubrication. via
What size is a semi kingpin?
The king pin dimensions can be the same between fifth wheel trailers and large commercial trailers. Both types of trailers often use a standard 2 inch king pin although semis sometimes have a 3-1/2 inch. As long as your truck fits a 2 inch king pin it can work. via
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We do many Windows settings modifications, but how many of us actually save them before closing the Windows session? One can save the settings done mainly in the control panel, task bar, desktop and start up menu. In the guide below, you will find the steps explaining how to save settings for Windows 2000 and its earlier versions. In the professional Windows versions, choose the option "not configured" and then save; close the window on confirmation. These modifications can be done in the "group policy editor". In Windows home edition, all the modifications are done in "Registry Editor". If necessary then keep the registry database backup.
Here is a small tip on how to save automatically your settings when exiting a Windows session.
System requirements: Windows 2000 to older versions
These settings concern mainly those made on the desktop, start menu, task bar and control panel.
For the professional versions
Open the group policy editor
Under Vista, type gpedit.msc in the search bar in the Start menu and press the ENTER key.
Under XP, go to the Start Menu> Run> type gpedit.msc and press the ENTER key.
Go to User Configuration> Administrative Templates> desktop.
On the right side of the window, double-click
Don't save settings at exit
Choose the option:
Confirm and close window.
For Home edition
Under Windows XP just modify the registry.
Make a backup of the registry database if necessary.
Open the Registry Editor
Select the key:
Modify DWORD NoSaveSettings Value (if it does not exist, create this by going to the Edit menu/ New DWORD value):
Put it to 1 to disable record settings before leaving Windows.
Put it to 0 to activate the record settings leaving Windows.
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Climate change and human health - risks and responses. Summary.:
Previous page |
Stratospheric ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and health
Strictly, stratospheric ozone depletion is not part of “global climate change”, which occurs in the troposphere. There are, however, several recently described interactions between ozone depletion and greenhouse gas-induced warming.
Scientists 100 years ago would have been incredulous at the idea that, by the late twentieth century, humankind would be affecting the stratosphere. Yet, remarkably, human-induced depletion of stratospheric ozone has recently begun – after 8,000 generations of Homo sapiens.
Stratospheric ozone absorbs much of the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), especially the biologically more damaging, shorter-wavelength, UVR. We now know that various industrial halogenated chemicals such as the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs – used in refrigeration, insulation and spray-can propellants) and methyl bromide, while inert at ambient Earth-surface temperatures, react with ozone in the extremely cold polar stratosphere. This destruction of ozone occurs especially in late winter and early spring.
During the 1980s and 1990s at northern mid-latitudes (such as Europe), the average year-round ozone concentration declined by around 4% per decade: over the southern regions of Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and South Africa, the figure approximated 6-7%. Estimating the resultant changes in actual ground-level ultraviolet radiation remains technically complex. However, exposures at northern mid-latitudes, for example, are likely to peak around 2020, with an estimated 10% increase in effective ultraviolet radiation relative to 1980s levels (1).
In the mid-1980s, governments recognised the emerging hazard from ozone depletion. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 was adopted, widely ratified, and the phasing out of major ozone-destroying gases began. The protocol was tightened in the 1990s. Scientists anticipate a slow but near-complete recovery of stratospheric ozone by the middle of the twenty-first century.
Main types of health impacts
The range of certain or possible health impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion are listed in Table 8.1, with a summary evaluation of the evidence implicating UVR in their causation.
Many epidemiological studies have implicated solar radiation as a cause of skin cancer (melanoma and other types) in fair-skinned humans (2). Recent assessments by the United Nations Environment Program project increases in skin cancer incidence and sunburn severity due to stratospheric ozone depletion (1) for at least the first half of the twenty-first century (and subject to changes in individual behaviours).
The groups most vulnerable to skin cancer are white Caucasians, especially those of Celtic descent living in areas of high ambient UVR. Further, culturally-based behavioural changes have led to much higher UV exposure, through sun-bathing and skin-tanning. The marked increase in skin cancers in western populations over recent decades reflects, predominantly, the combination of background, post-migration, geographical vulnerability and modern behaviours.
Scientists expect the combined effect of recent stratospheric ozone depletion and its continuation over the next 1-2 decades to be (via the cumulation of additional UVB exposure), an increase in skin cancer incidence in fair-skinned populations living at mid to high latitudes (3). The modelling of future ozone levels and UVR exposures study has estimated that, in consequence, a ‘European’ population living at around 45 degrees North will experience, by 2050, an approximate 5% excess of total skin cancer incidence (assuming, conservatively, no change in age distribution). The equivalent estimation for the US population is for a 10% increase in skin cancer incidence by around 2050.
Laboratory studies demonstrate that exposure to UVR, in particular to UVB, in various mammalian species induces lens opacification. The epidemiological evidence for a role of UVR in human lens opacities is mixed. Cataracts are more common in some (but not all) countries with high UVR levels.
In humans and experimental animals, UVR exposure, including within the ambient environmental range, causes both localised and whole-body immunosuppression (4). UVR-induced immunosuppression could influence patterns of infectious disease. It may also influence the occurrence and progression of various autoimmune diseases and less certainly, vaccin efficacy (5).
Finally, there is a wider, ecological, dimension to consider. Ultraviolet radiation impairs the molecular chemistry of photosynthesis both on land (terrestrial plants) and at sea (phytoplankton). This could affect world food production, at least marginally, and thus contribute to nutritional and health problems in food-insecure populations. However, as yet there is little information about this less direct impact pathway.
Encouraging total sun avoidance (with the related notion of solar radiation as a “toxic” exposure) is a simplistic response to the hazards of increased ground-level UVR exposure due to stratospheric ozone depletion, and should be avoided. Any public health messages concerned with personal UVR exposure should consider the benefits as well as the adverse effects. Nevertheless, we must be alert to the potential increase in some particular risks to health posed by stratospheric ozone depletion.
Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment. Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations Environment Program, 1998. Also: Kelfkens, G. et al. Ozone layer-climate change interactions. Influence on UV levels and UV related effects. Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change. Report no.: 410 200 112.
IARC. Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 55. Lyon, France, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992.
Madronich S, de Gruijl FR. Skin cancer and UV radiation. Nature, 366 (6450): 23 (1993).
Ponsonby A-L, McMichael AJ, van der Mei I. Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research. Toxicology; 181-182: 71-78 (2002).
Temorshuizen F, et al. Influence of season on antibody response to high dose recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine: effect of exposure to solar UVR? Hepatology, 32 (4): 1657 (2000).
Slaper H.et al. Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements. Nature 384 (6606): 256-8 (1996).
Pdf download files
Stratospheric ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and health [pdf 107kb]
Pdf files for other chapters and for the complete summary
Climate change and human health - risks and responses. Summary.:
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Information, capacity building and research
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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If you are a casual reader of newspapers you can hardly fail to note the attention paid to the idea the majority now support SSM. When a group of Hollywood celebrities called on Pres. Obama to join the "majority of Americans" in support of gay marriage, PolitiFact, the allegedly non-partisan fact-checking outfit judged it "mostly true" (even though amusingly the experts they consulted said it was not yet true).
There is one polling company however that finds no such trend: PPP polling, which is a hard-core Democratic and liberal polling firm.
Back in August, the PPP poll, asking a question similar to the recent ABC News/Washington Post poll, found 57 percent of Americans oppose gay marriage and just 33 percent support it.
Since January, PPP has teamed up with the Daily Kos and the question it asks about gay marriage has changed. Rather than asking whether gay marriage should be legal or "illegal" (which sounds like criminalizing behavior), the Daily Kos/PPP poll asks whether registered voters believe "gay couples should be allowed to legally marry, or gay couples should be allowed to form civil unions but not legally marry, or there should be no legal recognition of a gay couple's relationship."
What is the recent trend line in this poll?
In January, 34 percent supported gay marriage. By early March only 31 percent did.
Other pollsters have asked a similar poll question (gay marriage, civil unions or no legal recognition) -- and found that in 2009 somewhere between 33 percent and 42 percent said they favored gay marriage.
In other words, the PPP poll suggests there has been no recent increase in support for gay marriage.
Why is the Democrats' favorite pollster producing results so different from many other mainstream polling outfits?
Back in August, in a press release PPP (once the gap between its polling and other polls was already evident) suggested the real reason:
"Obviously these poll results are very different from a CNN poll earlier this week that showed Americans moving in support of gay marriage, but disparities between live interviewer and the automated polling we do on this issue are not a new thing. Last fall our polling in Maine showed an anti-gay marriage measure passing by 4 points while live interviewer polls by Democracy Corps and Pan Atlantic SMS showed it failing by 9 and 11 points respectively. The measure did end up passing by a margin of 5.5 points.
Why the disparity between automated and live interviewer polls on gay marriage? Americans are still biased against gay people...but some of them know that's wrong and they shouldn't be. Because of that they're more likely to tell their true feelings on an automated poll where there's no social anxiety concern than to a live interviewer who they may be worried about the reaction of."
Gay marriage advocates are no longer persuading, they are intimidating and silencing. If people are afraid to tell the strange person on the phone their real views on marriage, that in itself is evidence of a culturally significant shift--but not one to crow about.
This is an interpretation and time will tell: but this interpretation has the advantage of being totally consistent with the results of recent elections on the issue.
Americans do not believe that gay unions are marriages. But they now understand that America is becoming a place where people have to be wary about saying what they believe.
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What powers should county sheriffs have? Taht decision is in the hands of the courts.
The Delaware Supreme Court is set to hear arguments in an appeal by the Sussex County sheriff of a court ruling that Delaware sheriffs do not have police powers.
The hearing is set for Wednesday.
Sheriff Jeff Christopher argues that he is embodied with police powers by Delaware's constitution, which names sheriffs, along with other officials, as “conservators of the peace.”
But a Superior Court judge ruled in March that Delaware's constitution does not enumerate any powers for sheriffs, and that courts have used common law to define such powers.
The judge said the General Assembly was within its powers in passing a law last year barring sheriffs and their deputies in Delaware from making arrests.
Click here for more news from Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
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(CNN) Everyone knows that ambitious, bipartisan legislation is completely impossible to pass in today's divided and dysfunctional Washington right?
By year's end, President Barack Obama could sign into law major criminal justice reforms -- passed because of the leadership and full engagement of the congressional GOP.
On Thursday, key leaders took a major step toward that outcome as Reps. Jim Sensenbrenner, R-Wisconsin, and Bobby Scott, D-Virginia, introduced the Safe, Accountable, Fair, and Effective (SAFE) Justice Act of 2015, a comprehensive criminal justice reform bill that will start chipping away at our unjust, unaffordable system of mass incarceration.
Over the past 40 years, the United States has fought the drug war in the worst way possible -- by jailing those who simply needed help with their addiction or mental illness. Meanwhile, we have targeted and disproportionately sentenced black and brown Americans, as well as those from poorer neighborhoods. And we have created a system that costs too much, imprisons too many, and does too little to truly keep us safe.
Now, nearly 25% of the entire world's prison population is behind bars right here in the land of the free. The federal prison population in particular has skyrocketed, soaring more than 800% since 1980.
With all this in mind, there are three reasons we should all be excited about the SAFE Justice Act.
First, the act will safely and smartly reduce our prison population over time. It will refocus our prison system on those who are an immediate threat to others, not people caught in a police sweep with a small amount of marijuana. The act will also reform mandatory minimums to help snag big traffickers -- but without condemning nonviolent offenders to long prison sentences. Instead, it will expand the use of alternative sentencing like probation, drug courts, and medical treatment for addiction or mental illness. And finally, it will help people get their lives back on track when they get home.
It does all this in smart, sensible ways that have already been piloted and proven at the state level. Both red and blue states have shown that you can lower prison populations, reduce costs, and cut crime by instituting evidence-based alternatives to sentencing, giving judges more discretion, and allowing targeted releases of those who are unlikely to offend again.
In short, the SAFE Justice Act will bring those who pose no danger back to their families by taking the best of state policy and implementing it at the federal level. That is how our system should work.
Second, the act offers a chance at comprehensive justice reform legislation.
The reality is that our system of mass incarceration is simply too interconnected and complex to fix piecemeal. It makes little sense, for example, to send people home from prison without changing the way the "felon" label marks them for life -- preventing them from voting, getting jobs, or even having roofs over their heads. Reforming re-entry into the community without revising mandatory minimums for nonviolent drug crimes leaves too many in jail for far too long -- far longer than other advanced nations. Reinvent prisons without transforming policing and sentencing, and you simply replace one generation of the needlessly jailed with another.
There are a number of good bills that have been introduced in the Senate that do in fact accomplish pieces of what the SAFE Justice Act does. But to reform an interlocking and tightly woven system, we need comprehensive fixes like this one.
Finally, the SAFE Justice Act presents a chance for bipartisan justice reform.
Both parties created this mess. Both parties must fix it. Richard Nixon may have declared the war on drugs, and Ronald Reagan may have turned it into a war on the impoverished, but Bill Clinton also helped create today's mass incarceration nightmare.
Republicans control both houses of Congress, meaning nothing will move without bipartisan support. Indeed, in the real world, there is no functional difference between holding out for justice reform with no Republicans involved and opposing reform altogether. It is time to come together, because suffering families do not have the luxury of waiting for ideological purity.
In states across the nation, leaders have taken a deep breath, stepped across the aisle, implemented serious reforms -- and it has worked. In fact, a range of existing justice reform legislation in the U.S. Senate has bipartisan co-sponsors. Criminal justice is one of the few issues where right and left agree, most recently demonstrated by a huge Bipartisan Summit on Criminal Justice Reform in Washington.
That potential is coming together in a big way. Can such promise be fulfilled? I believe there is nobody more trusted to fix the prison system than Bobby Scott. And there is nobody more committed to cheaper, more effective government than Jim Sensenbrenner. If these two men can work together, then so can everyone else.
The next year will be full of partisan bickering and political grudge matches. But, just maybe, it will also see real bipartisan reform, sparked by two leaders who dared to think big.
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Feb 16, 2003, 9:47 PM
Post #1 of 1
Registered: Jun 26, 2002
Airtime Over Pumicestone
The pictures that accompany this report are available here.
'Twas about six months ago that Lee mentioned a project that he had in mind. Put up a new line on the Eastern face of Mt. Tibrogargan in The Glasshouse Mountains of South East Queensland.
These mountains were so named by Captain Cook in 1770 during his voyage of discovery of the East Coast of Australia. He named the mountains after the glasshouses that were back in jolly old England. Apparently he could see the sun glinting off the mountains after a rain storm. These mountains are a series of solitary volcanic spires and domes surrounded by pineapple farms and other tropical fruit orchards.
The attraction to the modern day climbers is the trivial access to the spectacular climbing that the tall faces offer. The rock is for the most part solid volcanic trachyte, but blocky with the occasional choss to make life interesting. Tibrogargan is one of the most impressive of the various peaks and even as a kid when we would drive past its imposing east face I would stare up at its skull-like Gorilla face and wonder what it would be like to sit in its great empty eye shaped caves. Imagine if you will The Phantoms skull cave and you'll get an idea of what this mountain looks like.
In recent times I have been doing quite a bit of work climbing the established lines and also establishing new lines with Cameron Fairbairn and Lee Skidmore so the rock is quite familiar to me now.
Lee and I decided to climb up the western side tourist track so that we could rap the route and establish the rap anchors working and cleaning the route as we went. Finding the top was easy as we both have done a lot of work on the mountain. Rap anchors installed, Lee proceeded down and after hitting the bottom of this pitch did the short walk around the trench that cleft the mountain and set up the next rap station thus leaving me to work the top pitch.
I joined Lee on his pitch and we both rapped to set the next station. We were now looking at a bulge which occluded our sight of all of the wall below us all the way to the ground some 100 metres below us. I quailed in trepidation as Lee announced that I should do this bulgy pitch. I hate the unknown, I don't mind admitting that I have a certain control freak tendency. More particularly I hate abseiling. Lee descended first and set the next rap station and tied off the rope. I hopped on and joined him, he descended once again to clean up the bottom two pitches.
With the sun edging toward the horizon and throwing the shadow of the mountain out into the Pumicestone Passage, we decided our time was up. We had installed al of the rap stations, but had three pitches remaining to inspect, clean and where necessary, install bolts.
Three months pass by and what is a man to do? We have an unfinished project up there begging us to complete it. After three months, the new routing juices are flowing in earnest so we head on up there for a weekend. We kept a really low profile and set up some new routes down low on a fantastic and neglected end of the cliff.
But back to the BIG route. We headed up an easy scramble climb called the Caves Route which is an Oz grade 2/US fourth class rambly fun route carrying all our bolting stuff and ropes. Traversing across the mountain was no mean feat in itself. We again established our lines and after working the bottom three pitches, installed enough fixed gear to keep things sane. We were one bolt short of finishing all the fixed gear. So that will have to wait until we head back for the first free ascent.
Last weekend is the time to finish our route. Lee heads up for the first time from the bottom and after establishing the final piece of fixed gear declares that the first pitch is grade 18, I agree as I arrive at the belay. The climbing is fun although a bit thought provoking in places.
The next, wandery pitch is also Lee's as we had previously agreed to climb the pitches that we had each worked on. This second pitch was also the same grade as the first. We had radios for the first time for our communications. Radios are of great benefit when climbing on particularly bulgy pitches and this would demonstrate itself to us on the third pitch.
I scored the crux third pitch. I had not had a chance to do any cleaning on this pitch as Lee was working below me whenever I was on this pitch. I was worried beyond belief for Lee's safety that I should pull off a block on him. Straight above the belay was a seemingly loose and drummy hanging flake the size of a small TV that was just begging to be yarded on, but I had to skirt around this and thus spoil the aesthetics of the crux roof. Lee subsequently yarded on this flake and was surprised that it was remarkably solid. This will give others a thrill and make the crux roof straight off the belay somewhat exciting. More goey sections on this pitch make for quite a sustained grade 21 crux pitch. I feel fortunate to have scored this pitch actually.
Lee's up for the fourth pitch and he has scoped out and put up a very fine line up the arÍte on the outside of a great gully. The gully closes off at the top and one has to step across the void to gain the opposite side of the gully. Fortunately there are some huge spalled flakes on the headwall above to lay off as one bridges across.
Now comes our grade 2 walk around. The final (sixth) pitch is mine and after arriving at the start Lee quizzically looks at me and asks where the climb goes. Aha I declare to his amusement if you look carefully all the holds and pockets and then the crack face away from the only possible belay stance. Pulling onto the wall off the end of the belay ledge provides an improbable start to another fantastic pitch. Hidden pockets and then jugs lead up to a very nice crack and treading around some balancy blocks one then has to creep around and through the obligatory Tibro spiky bushes to gain a ledge beneath the final slabby headwall. A reachy clip to then start, and then up the final slab. A few bolts and there's the belay.
Hand shakes all round and with no time to waste it's back down to the bottom. Four long raps and a short walk around and we're down - we've done it! The whole package when it's all put together offers a three star superb Glasshouse Mountains multipitch climb. Queensland cannot offer a route over 200m with climbing as sustained as found on our new route. Airtime Over Pumicestone 245m 21 is now one of the longest and hardest multipitch climbs in Queensland. It even makes it into Australia's top 40 routes greater than 200m high with difficulties of 21 or greater.
The next day Samantha, Lee's significant other and all round beaut girl, met up with us. We had planned to do a Tibro classic called Lancelot 90m 15. As it was we immediately got ourselves off route and ended up putting up another great line. There were signs of others having attempted to go this way and I scored two booty bail pieces. One of them was a badly spalling old aluminium hex. The old Chouinard 'biner was showing signs of corrosion fractures. I'll value this piece in my museum. This new route is called *Guenevere 90m 17. I am so surprised that there have not been more routes put up on Tibro as the rock is superb and the gear is good. We surmised that the reason for this was that the old route descriptions were so vague that nobody really knew what was and what was not unclimbed territory. This has been greatly remedied by the new guidebook.
Back down on the ground we set a top rope up on a couple of our previous new routes and gave Sammi a play on them. Lee then proceeded to do the second ascent of **Divergence 20m 19. He confirmed the quality of mine and Cameron Fairbairn's new route.
Even though it is high summer here now we only really had about an hour and a half of really hot burny sun as for most of the day clouds would gently waft over and provide shade and the cool sea breeze from the ever so close ocean would cool things down.
Loved every minute of the weekend except of course for the clouds of mosquitoes that plague the base of the wall. We kept the mossies at bay with liberal applications of tropical strength Aeroguard. This product is fundamental to enjoying a day out at Tibro.
-- Phil Box & Lee Skidmore
[ This Message was edited by: philbox on 2003-02-16 21:48 ]
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You know quick fixes typically don't work, no matter what the topic of discussions might be.
Fad diets often lead to frustration and a short term slimming that is quickly followed by weight gain.
The exercise DVDs that promise perfectly sculpted abs or toned muscles in a matter of days suddenly turns into two years of working out. That same DVD might have been abandoned long ago and simply collecting dust on your shelf.
When it comes to feelings of fatigue, the result of taking a short cut could have long lasting, negative effects on your health. Ingesting an energy drink isn't anything new as these beverages are wildly popular, mostly marketed toward males with such tag lines as "extreme" or "monster" adorning the cans.
Are these drinks safe? Yes and no.
Like this article? You should check out all our Walgreen's promotion codes
These drinks are especially concerning when teenagers drink them as they're riddled with caffeine and often could lead to dehydration at the very least or heart problems at worst. The latter is typically associated with mass consumptions and a ferocious frequency of drinking energy drinks throughout a day. Anyone who says they're drinking 3 or 4 a day is actually drinking the equivalent of 12 cups of coffee as a result.
That caffeine, especially in someone who is young, can create the onset of high blood pressure, increase your heart rate to dangerous levels and even adversely affect brain functions. Studies also suggest that energy drinks provide a concentrated dose of caffeine but don't necessarily improve awareness, the ability to focus or, for those who down a few before a workout, performance.
Instead, insomnia, headaches (usually associated from the "crash" after an energy drink wears off), jitters or even impaired judgment highlight the effects of energy drinks. Not surprisingly, that information is nowhere to be found on the can.
The younger, male demographic often migrate toward energy drinks as a pre gym supplement of sorts in the hopes they can get motivated to lift weights and do so for a longer period of time.
Realistically, that has zero proof of actually being the case.
The case in this instance is the one being built against energy drinks of all shapes and sizes as being more associated with poor health and even death rather than an increase in energy or aptitude.
A steady dose of water or orange juice or nibbling on pretzels before, during and after working out, is s safer option in comparison to energy drinks.
Water, juice or snacks don't sound quite as hip, sexy or empowering as energy drinks, and that's part of the issue at hand. The key to keeping alert and infusing your body with more energy is predicated on a diet of fruits and vegetables and a steady dose of exercise.
You certainly can indulge in a cup of coffee or even a much maligned energy drink but just not as your primarily resource of rebounding for exhaustion.
Like this article? Sign up to get similar articles sent to your inbox:
Baby Steps -- How To Join A Gym And Win
Go Figure? Foods Deemed Healthy Actually Add To Waistline.
Fruit Flush: Is It Fluke Or Fantastic?
Creatine And Kids
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The two-and-a-half minute film clip of Subterranean Homesick Blues is often considered the forerunner of music videos. It was filmed at the end of Dylan's tour of England in 1965 to be used as a trailer announcing that the documentary of the tour was coming to theaters. Dylan also wanted the short film to be played on early video jukeboxes (there's more detail on this and more interesting facts on the film at the end of the entry). Right now, guv'nor, I want to take you to the location -- in London.
But first, just in case you are wondering who's in the background. That's the poet Allen Ginsberg (on the right, with the white shawl) the writer of Howl! among other works, and Bob Neuwirth, a musician and, like Ginsberg, a longtime friend of Dylan. It's Bob Neuwirth holding the camera in back of Dylan on the cover of Highway 61 Revisited. Both men were on the Rolling Thunder tour.
... and this is where that scene was filmed: behind London's famous Savoy Hotel, at the intersection of Savoy Hill Road and a dead-end alley called Savoy Steps, near the River Thames, in the heart of London.
Related - Here's the video:
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Spending is the process of committing time, cash, effort, or other assets to a possession that will boost in worth gradually. This is a long-term process and requires sacrificing today to safeguard the future. It is a terrific method to begin with financial investments and also is a superb way to expand your portfolio. Nevertheless, before making an investment, make certain it is the appropriate one for you. Prior to investing, take into consideration these ideas to maximize your return.
First, select your financial investment goals. You have to know your danger resistance as well as just how much cash flow you need. Next, determine just how much you want to invest in a specific financial investment approach. You must likewise know the tax effects of the technique. Ultimately, you must contrast brokerage firm expenses and also motivations used by different business to figure out which is the most effective for your needs. Eventually, the goal of investment is to offer earnings, not to spend it. In other words, investing is a win-win recommendation for you and your profile.
When you have actually identified your financial investment goals as well as plan, you need to check into your existing financial circumstance. There are various kinds of financial investment products to select from. Depending upon your danger tolerance, you can invest in supplies, mutual funds, or realty. Prior to you begin investing, you must know what you can afford to risk. You may have the ability to deal with a high degree of threat if you have more cash to invest. In this case, you can hire a robo-advisor.
As with various other sorts of investments, you should constantly meticulously consider your own danger account. When picking an economic product, it is essential to understand how to manage its dangers. The best financial investment will reward you handsomely, so you should thoroughly choose which investment will certainly match your specific scenarios. A wise capitalist will consider all facets of the financial investment process and pick a suitable one. Once you’ve chosen, you can with confidence acquire or sell the product, and the cost will follow.
Investing in supplies is a great means to expand your profile and also generate income. Nevertheless, if you wish to optimize your returns, you must select financial investments that can produce one of the most earnings. Generally, it is much better to purchase stocks that are risk-free as well as less dangerous. The most secure and reliable financial investments are those with reduced risks. Those that are not secure are those that are not managed or are under no responsibility to spend. If you’re unsure, don’t invest any money.
When making financial investments, you need to think about the prices as well as advantages of the investment. Purchasing a business is a good way to diversify your properties as well as stay clear of high-risk investments. To put it simply, the more risky the investment, the greater the returns. The dangers are small yet the incentives are high. If you’re looking for a long-lasting financial investment, buy a business with the highest return. It is necessary to make a sensible investment that will profit your profile.
Financial investment is the devotion of a possession to raise in value over time. The worth of this possession is usually derived from the sacrifice of a present asset (cash, time, initiative). Investing is just one of the most satisfying financial approaches, and also is an outstanding method to build wide range over the long term. However, it’s except every person. Some individuals find it as well high-risk or don’t comprehend the dangers. To comprehend the potential incentives, you must discover more regarding investment and also the risks involved.
While investing is a sort of financial investment, there are additionally various other type of financial investments. While typical investing includes acquiring assets for the long term, speculation entails maximizing temporary market inadequacies for a fast revenue. Although it’s a vital skill to have, supposition is normally greater threat than typical investing. Lots of specialists compare speculation to betting. On top of that, it is not a good idea to spend all your money into simply one kind of financial investment.
Buying commodities is a dangerous investment. Acquiring them frequently calls for borrowing money, and also this often amplifies the risk. While acquiring commodities is an excellent way to spend, it’s not for novices. It’s finest for seasoned capitalists. Property financial investments include purchasing a home, building, or parcel. Realty financial investments are high-risk, as well as their worth is influenced by local government security, criminal activity rates, as well as public institution rankings.
Purchasing supplies requires a specific quantity of time, cash, and psychological energy. The threats involved can be high, so if you’re seeking to make money by making investment choices, you require to establish what your objectives are before spending. If you’re intending to earn a living via the stock exchange, investing will offer you with the capability to boost your income and also decrease your expenditures. A great deal of people are happy with this kind of investment, and it’s an excellent way to accomplish economic goals.
The goal of investing is to generate revenue. This suggests buying building that can be used to produce items. Any type of activity that creates future income can be considered a financial investment. As an example, investing in shares can expand your financial investment over the long term. In addition to this, you may also get returns. For financiers who want to buy stocks for long-term gains, shares are an excellent option. These protections provide a high yield. Whether you’re seeking to make financial investments in the temporary or a long-term, purchasing stocks is a wonderful way to get started. blockfi 250 sign up bonus
In today’s market, investments are one of the most common way to grow money. Whether you are looking for a constant return or a short-term payoff, spending is a terrific option for both beginner financiers and experienced specialists. You can make a profit in the stock exchange by utilizing the best methods, which are customized to your certain objectives. This type of financial investment will certainly need you to learn exactly how to evaluate different sorts of data as well as examine threat.
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UAE official: Hussein was open to exile
UAE deal died at Arab League meeting days before Iraq war
Saddam Hussein had agreed in principle to leave Iraq days before the U.S.-led invasion, a UAE official says.
YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (CNN) -- Days before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Saddam Hussein agreed in principle to accept an offer of exile from the United Arab Emirates, but the deal fell through, a UAE government senior official told CNN.
The reported offer came before an emergency Arab League meeting in Egypt in discussions between UAE officials and a Hussein aide, said the senior official, who was then a member of the UAE delegation to the Arab League.
The Iraqi president issued conditions, and the proposal went nowhere, the UAE official said.
The Hussein aide, Abed Hmoud, is now in jail in Iraq.
The UAE official's account was repeated by another source who attended the Arab League summit and, separately, by a senior UAE government official. (Watch: Exile plan faltered -- 2:58)
At the time, President Bush was calling for regime change in Iraq.
Hussein wanted guarantees and international assurances, including a resolution by the Arab League giving its approval for his exile, the senior official said.
News of the reported offer from the UAE emerged last week during an interview broadcast by the Arab network Al-Arabiya with Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahayan, the crown prince of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates.
The offer was spearheaded by his father, then-UAE President Sheikh Zayed Ben Sultan Al Nahayan, who died November 3. (Full story)
"During those days, the circumstances we worked under needed a very swift decision, an immediate response," the crown prince said in a documentary broadcast by the network.
"We had secured the approval of the main players, everyone who was involved, and the man concerned -- Saddam Hussein -- in 24 hours," he said. "So we came to the summit to lay down all the facts at the conference table. There would have been results if the issues were brought up but, again, this is all part of the past right now."
Even if the issue had been pursued at the summit, it was not clear whether Saddam Hussein would have followed through with any agreement. In the same documentary, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak describes the Iraqi leader as "a difficult man; no one knew what he was thinking."
Arab League Ambassador to the United States Hussein Hassouna told CNN that the summit leaders were surprised by the proposal because it had not been on the agenda and league members had not been consulted.
"In my own view, there was not enough consultations prior to seizing the summit with the very sensitive issue," he said. "After all, you have to realize this was, in fact, putting an item whereby the Arab League would ask the head of state of a member state to go into exile."
The senior UAE official said representatives of certain Arab League countries "killed the suggestion," arguing that the UAE president was not influential enough to make such a suggestion.
The league members opted not to even put the item on the meeting agenda, the senior official said.
U.S. State Department officials told CNN they knew about the proposal but did not consider it seriously because they knew the Arab League was not doing so.
UAE sources said Adnan Pachachi, a UAE national and a prominent Sunni then in exile from Iraq, knew about the deal.
Pachachi, who spent more than 20 years in Abu Dhabi after he left Iraq, was the UAE president's legal adviser. He told CNN from London that he was not aware of its details or whether Hussein had agreed to exit Iraq.
Still, fragments of the story were public even then.
CNN reported in March 2003 that an exile plan for Hussein appeared to be gaining support among his Persian Gulf neighbors and that during the Arab League meeting the UAE president had submitted a proposal calling for Hussein to surrender power within 14 days and leave Iraq under the temporary control of the Arab League.
The emergency meeting of the Arab League ended March 1. Hostilities began March 19. (Full story)
CNN's Caroline Faraj and Brian Todd contributed to this story.
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A Beginner’s Guide to Hardy Perennials
A perennial garden can become the pride and joy of the beginner gardener, especially when tips on growing some of the best hardy perennials are learned.
Plants come in types of annual, biannual and perennial growth habits. Annuals grow in only one season and then die away. They scatter their seed to propagate new growth, which may be distributed on the wind, within bird excrement or by small rodents burying the seed. Gardeners can also collect the seeds at the end of the growing season, dry them and plant them the following year. Biannual plants grow to their full potential in one season, and then die away in winter. Early spring will either not see new growth or see new growth of the foliage alone; blooming of the plants only taking place every other year. Perennials, however, return faithfully every season to bloom in resplendent beauty each and every year. Some perennials are considered to be fragile, while others are hardy perennials that have the ability to endure many varying degrees of climate changes and growing conditions.
One of the best attributes a plant can have is that it is easy to maintain and grow. Perennials, especially the hardiest of them, are not only easy to grow but also require little to no work on the part of the gardener. Having a garden with perennials interspersed among annuals keeps a garden looking well groomed and beautiful throughout the growing season, with color and variety provided throughout. Rather than propagating by seed, the perennial does so by root division. Each new year of growth will find new divisions of the plant; increasing its original size. After a few years, the entire plant must be dug up and the root be divided into sections, forming new and separate plants.
Hardy perennials are those which can withstand freezing temperatures and harsh climates. Even in northern environments, these perennials can be enjoyed to their fullest potential. There are certain of these that rank as the most stout; alpine rock cress, foam flower, liatris, astilbe, yarrow, creeping phlox, the obedient plant, balloon flowers, alyssum and ligularia are some excellent starting plants for beginner gardeners. These plants can thrive in poor soil, varied sun conditions, rock gardens, salty or windy conditions and more; true troopers of the garden variety.
Although perennial plants can be started from seed, it can be a long and prolonged process with no blooms to enjoy until the second or third year of growth. It is easier and faster to shop at a nursery or garden shop for starter perennials that will be sold in quart or gallon pots. The larger the plant at the time of purchase will result in a more instantaneous garden, and bring faster beauty to the garden area. Simply transplanting the started pots into the garden area, leaving adequate room for growth between plants and accounting for the height and spread of the adult perennial, is the guideline to reap a beautiful perennial garden.
Any beginner gardener will see great results when planting a flower garden with hardy perennials; a garden full of long lasting and low maintenance beauty.
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Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter offer a wealth of opportunities to businesses that are willing to take advantage of them. Yet, they also present a significant danger; if your social media strategy isn’t well-defined and efficient, you can spin your wheels trying to make headway in the social media space.
Accordingly, there are some specific types of activities that offer very little return on a huge time investment in social media. Here are some of the biggest social media time wasters you’re likely to encounter:1. Marketing to everyone.
There are very few products that appeal to every consumer, and those products that do tend to have very saturated marketplaces. The fact of the matter is you have a target audience in social media just like you do in all of the rest of your marketing efforts. Having 10,000 Facebook fans of whom 200 are likely to buy your product isn’t nearly as effective (and takes much more effort) than having 1,000 fans, of whom 500 are likely to buy your product. Target your social media efforts specifically to those people who are likely to buy.
2. Over-promoting your products.
Some businesses jump into social media with near-constant updates. Unfortunately, if those updates only ever promote your products, you’re going to see very little in the way of results. Simply spamming your Twitter feed with links to your website is a great way to lose followers fast. People don’t follow you on social media so that you can fill up their streams with ads; they follow you because they think you have something of value to add to the conversation. And at its root, social media is a conversation. If you’re not saying anything other than “look at me,” don’t be surprised when people start to ignore you.
3. Arguing with customers.
Not only is this a waste of time, it’s also very poor marketing tactics. If someone comes to your Facebook page to say just how unhappy they are with your product or service, the last thing you want to do is get into an argument with them. Even if you’re right, it will still cost you business. Instead, make good use of your social media platform to go above and beyond the call of duty in regard to customer service. Identify how you can fix the customer’s problem, and everyone else who’s watching the exchange will see just how committed to customer satisfaction you are.
4. Direct messages.
Social media is meant to reach out to all of your customers and potential customers. If you’re communicating at length with just one person, you’re not maximizing your return. While there are instances in which a brief private exchange can be useful, try to turn as many private conversations public as you can (with the other party’s permission, of course). Chances are good that whatever is on one person’s mind is on several people’s minds.
5. Becoming distracted.
The fact of the matter is that most small businesses don’t hire a social media expert. They log onto Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn several times a day to make posts or interact with people. During that process, it’s easy to become distracted. There are interesting links, fun games, and more. Try to keep your “fun” social media time separate entirely from your business social media time. You don’t want to waste an hour playing Farmville when there are potential customers out there waiting for your message
6. Using multiple social media sites.
For the vast majority of small businesses, it just makes sense to focus in on a single social media site and concentrate your efforts there. Sure, you can have a Twitter feed that hooks into a Facebook page, but ultimately you need to choose one medium in which to convey your message. This has a lot to do with your product, of course. If you operate primarily in a business-to-business model, then LinkedIn might be a good place for you to connect with potential customers. On the other hand, if you have very visual products you might want to turn to Facebook. If you have short, regular updates, Twitter is the better medium. Pick one and devote all of your social media efforts there rather than spreading yourself thin.
Making the most of social media for your small business means developing an effective strategy. Make sure that all of your social media activities serve to implement that strategy, and stay focused on activities that yield results.
How do you avoid social media time wasters?
Join the discussion by leaving a comment below and please spread the word by sharing this post with your friends.
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Fairhaven Installs Sunscreen Dispensers Across Town
A nice amenity has been added around the Town of Fairhaven.
If you and your family are outside walking or at a Little League game and you forgot to pack the sunscreen, Fairhaven has your back (and your neck and arms).
Sunscreen dispensers have been installed all around the seaside town in more than a dozen locations. That means free sunscreen for the public at these popular hotspots:
- Fort Phoenix
- Seaview Avenue Beach
- Causeway Road
- Pope Beach
- Livsey Park
- Cushman Park
- Macomber/Pimental Field
- Recreation Center
- Public Works
- Two locations of the Fairhaven Bike Path
The Fairhaven Health Department made a promise earlier this year to have the sunscreen dispensers up and running by Memorial Day weekend, and they came through on the promise.
Southcoast Health provided funding for the Bright Guard Sport SPF 30 sunscreen. The sunscreen is brand new, which is important.
One common mistake people is applying out-of-date sunscreen. Using sunscreen past its expiration date can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the protection the sunscreen is supposed to offer.
In addition to wearing sunscreen, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recommends finding shade when you can, and wearing sunglasses, a hat and clothing that will protect you from the direct sunlight. The CDC also discourages using any sunscreen that has been sitting for three years or more.
Practicing these precautions can cut down your chances of developing skin cancer in later years.
Fairhaven's Health Department also extended thanks to Health Agent David Flaherty and Board of Public Works Superintendent Vincent Furtado for their help with the installation.
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BioSafe Systems is sponsoring the 2013 Foodshare Connecticut Thanksgiving Turkey Drive.
Through this initiative, BioSafe has committed to donating $14,000 to provide more than 300
families with Thanksgiving dinner.
“This cause is close to our hearts as we have been members of the food and agriculture industry for 15 years,” says BioSafe Systems’ Tammy Raymond. “The fact that so many people in our community and across the nation are still going hungry is staggering. Partnering with Foodshare Connecticut, a partner of Feeding America and the Greater Hartford Food Bank, ensures that more than 10 million meals go to those in need every year.”
BioSafe Systems is asking the industry to join in its mission to Feed America. On top of your generosity, every dollar raised will be matched by BioSafe Systems – meaning donations will have double the impact towards ending hunger. Donors will not only be helping those in need, but will also gain recognition throughout the campaign from BioSafe Systems’ regular progress updates.
• $45 will provide one family in need with a holiday dinner.
• $135 would provide three families enough food to enjoy Thanksgiving.
• $500 would provide 11 families with reason to give thanks.
• $900 would give 20 families the chance to not worry about how to feed their family for the holiday this year.
“This program is very important to me and I am asking for help to achieve a goal of feeding over 300 families this Thanksgiving,” Raymond says.
To donate to BioSafe’s campaign, please mail a check to BioSafe Systems, 22 Meadow Street, East Hartford CT 06108 Attn: Tammy Raymond/Foodshare.
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Who does not daydream of being an archaeologist on some exotic locale, digging up our shared history? Or perhaps you are more the mercenary treasure hunter, looking for that grand stash of untold wealth?
In this video from Dr. Tones and Dirt Fishin’ America, we get to go on a metal detector guided tour of an old west ghost town, and while they do not dig up any gold nuggets or indian talismans, what they do find will certainly quench your thirst for discovery.
The history of the metal detector goes all the way back to the late 19th century, when a Parisian doctor developed a hand-held electrical device to locate bullets within a wounded patient. In 1881 Alexander Graham Bell constructed such a device to find an assassin’s bullet in President James Garfield. Bell’s detector worked, but was confused because Garfield was lying on a metal spring mattress.
While the first applications for metal detectors was in mining and medicine, the technology did not really start to develop until the outbreak of World War I, when it became a matter of victory or defeat, to find hidden land mines and tunnels. After the war, they were used to locate and dispose of the thousands of unexploded artillery shells that littered european battlefields.
Shirl Herr, an American from Indiana was the first to apply for a patent on a new metal detector design that used radio frequencies to locate metal. He helped Mussolini uncover roman Emperor Caligula’s sunken treasures at the bottom of Lake Nemi, Italy.
Herr’s design was further perfected by a Polish officer attached to the Scottish army during World War II. Lieutenant Józef Stanisław Kosacki’s improved hand-held unit helped British general Montgomery clear german land mines at the battle of El Alamein. Later, his design would serve with Allied forces in Sicily, Italy, and Normandy, defeating hitler’s “Fortress Europe.” Because Kosacki’s research was a wartime product, it remained classified for over fifty years.
After the war, commercial manufacturers developed their own systems and technologies, leading to the development of other useful instruments such as Geiger counters.
Today, the use of metal detectors by amateurs and treasure hunters is seen as a destructive use of the technology by many in the field of historical research and academia, however, it is not regulated in many places beyond national and state parks and Native American reservations. Many municipalities require permits but not much else for the hobbyist, and there are efforts on both sides to reconcile the activity. Many hobbyists have worked closely with serious researchers to maintain the integrity of sites and to help locate and identify important artifacts.
The best part about this technology is that the equipment is relatively affordable as an entry into a rewarding and fascinating hobby. Whether you want to comb the beach looking for loose change, or discover some long forgotten battlefield, metal detectors are inexpensive and fun. Just try to be aware of local and state regulations and be sure to acquaint yourself with the ethical and scientific concerns before you strike out to strike it rich.
Have you ever used a metal detector? What is the coolest thing you have ever found? Share your adventures with us here.
Now you can watch this video!
Say or comment something about this subject!
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Q & A with Mike Furci
Q: Several months ago I started using BSN’s Nitrix and NO-Explode after hearing so much about them. After three to four weeks, I began seeing tremendous increases in muscle and strength. I was truly feeling like a monster when I hit the gym. I was at the point where I wanted to share my experiences with other guys in the gym until one week where I started noticing puffiness in my face, hands and tongue. In addition, I started getting light-headed and was tired all the time. To make a long story short, I eventually was diagnosed with hypothyroidism. So I have several questions:
1. Have you heard of this happening to other people using a NO2 or NO-explode type of supplement?
2. Since I'm taking synthroid med now, am I done with those NO-explode days of feeling incredible strength and increases?
I appreciate your time and any knowledge you might have regarding my situation.
A: Hypothyroidism is the most common form of thyroid disease. The CDC estimates more than 20 million people have a thyroid disorder. Most people, including doctors, have no idea just how widespread the problem is. And unfortunately, those who get diagnosed are treated improperly. This is very troubling because every cell in our bodies is affected by the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of things. In this country, diet is the main culprit. Our food supply is so deficient in nutrients and loaded with anti-nutrients that it’s really no surprise we are experiencing health problems in epidemic proportions. Vegetable oils (polyunsaturated fats) are a huge contributor to hypothyroidism, obesity, cardio vascular disease and other health problems. These are man-made foods that have only been around since the early 1900s, with soy oil becoming the number one cooking oil by the 1950s. Before then, beef tallow, lard, olive oil and tropical oils were in use, and heart disease, hypothyroidism, obesity, diabetes and other diseases were but a fraction of the incidence they are today.
Soy products are another cause of hypothyroidism. Soy products, like soy oil and protein, contain extremely high amounts of goitrogens. Goitrogens are naturally occurring substances that interfere with the normal function of the thyroid gland. Goitrogens block the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Other foods like cruciferous vegetables also contain goitrogens, but are easily neutralized through cooking. Soy is different. Cooking or other processing methods will neither neutralize nor remove these nasty substances. It’s been shown in Japanese research that 30g per day of soy can lead to thyroid disruption in 30 days.
In Japan, where soy consumption is the highest of any Asian country, thyroid disease is widespread. The prevalence of thyroid disease has prompted researchers to undertake important studies showing the adverse effects of soy foods on the thyroid.
Iodine deficiency will also cause problems with the thyroid, and our food supply contains almost none of this crucial mineral, essential for the manufacture of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Another, perhaps even more dangerous contributor to iodine deficiency, is our consumption of chlorine, fluoride and bromide. Chloride and fluoride are in the water we drink and bromides are contained in food products like breads and cookies. Food manufacturers used to use iodine in various foods like salt, but bromide is much less expensive.
Chlorine, fluoride and bromide displace iodine, which in turn disrupts the normal function of your thyroid. Iodine is the nutrient for a properly functioning thyroid. Without iodine, it doesn't matter what amount of a synthetic drug you’re on, the problem will continue. I’ll bet your doctor didn't even give you an iodine test to see if a deficiency was the problem? Almost none do. How ridiculous is that?
Thyroid conditions are extremely difficult to diagnose and treat. It requires an expert to put together a proper diagnosis using proper testing. Synthetic hormones should be a last resort. The first step in treating hypothyroidism is eating correctly. Eat 100 percent organic, whole, natural foods. Avoid processed foods, vegetable oils and soy products. Obtain an iodine test through a chiropractor or physician. Diet and supplemental iodine alone may correct the problem. If they don’t, go to an expert to get properly tested for hypothyroidism. In order for a proper diagnosis, testing requires that T3, T4, TBG (thyroid binding globulin), cortisol, estrogen, testosterone and progesterone levels are determined, in conjunction with a properly performed health assessment.
Just consuming T4 is simplistic and archaic. Good luck!
Q: Hi Mike,
I am suffering from soft and big chest. I have been gyming the last two months and there is no positive effect. I feel very bad about it. So please help.
Unfortunately, there is no such thing as spot reduction. If it’s fat accumulation around the chest area, diet and training will be able to take care of the problem. If it’s breast tissue, it’s a condition called gynecomastia (AKA “man boobs” or “bitch tits”).
Unfortunately, the only way to remove it is plastic surgery. Some of the most common causes of gynecomastia are obesity, puberty, steroid abuse and marijuana use. Some researchers believe the increase in the incidence of “man boobs” is a result of environmental estrogens contained in plastics and pesticides. Whatever the cause, it can be emotionally devastating. Some men feel embarrassed and humiliated. I’ve heard some men say they feel it takes away from their masculinity and almost never take their shirt off, even by the pool.
A good resource of information I’ve passed along to many people is a site called http://www.gynecomastia.org/
I train four times a week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday). I’ve been doing this for two months. My current weight is 220 pounds and I’m 5-foot-7. I’ve been told if I stop taking protein shakes my body will use my body fat to repair my muscles. Is this truth or just a load of B?
A: It’s a load of B. Fat stores have absolutely nothing to do with the repairing or maintaining muscle. Stored fat is an energy source. If you stop taking a protein supplement, you won’t notice much as long as you are consuming enough quality protein in food.
Protein repairs and maintains everything in our bodies from muscles to hormones. Amino acids, which proteins are made of, are essential to life. Essential, meaning we have to ingest them because our bodies cannot manufacture them. If your protein intake is too low, your body will get the amino acids it needs from your existing muscle tissue. This is the kiss of death for anyone trying to improve his or her physique.
Stew, don’t lower your protein. Why anyone would consciously eat a diet low in protein is beyond me. There are two things that begin with the letter “p” that I would never reduce -- one of them is protein, and the other word ends in “y.” ( I love that line.) Try to get at least one gram of protein per pound of body weight if you’re training intensely.
If you’re trying to lose weight, eating correctly is the number one way to do it. You can lift all the weight you want and do abs till you’re blue in the face and never see much improvement. The biggest roadblock on your path to physique enhancement is carbs. Carbohydrates are by far the leading cause of obesity and diabetes. Around the world there is no correlation between protein or fat consumption and obesity. However, there is a very strong correlation between sugar consumption and obesity and diabetes.
In the U.S. we’ve gotten heavier each year since the late ‘70s, when our consumption of carbohydrates started to rise dramatically. Fructose (a simple sugar) was also starting to be used more frequently in fat-free foods. As our sugar consumption went up each year, our waistlines have gotten bigger. And they continue to get bigger. As a nation we are the heaviest we’ve ever been. And obesity among our children is reaching epidemic proportions.
In the U.S., being fat as a nation is almost entirely due to excessive carbohydrate consumption. This trend is becoming evident around the world. Foods are not created equal -- they are metabolized, assimilated, utilized and stored in different ways. Carbohydrates are a fuel source for the body. It is important to understand that even though carbs can be a good fuel source, they are a nonessential nutrient. Unlike protein and fat, we do not have to ingest them to live and be healthy. Carbs in the quantities Americans eat them can and will lead to a very unhealthy existence.
Q: Howdy Mike,
So -- what are your thoughts on vegetarians, vegans and soy? Ha ha!
As for a real question, I’ve recently started to take Omega-3 supplements but my head is spinning with all of the different options that are available. Do you have any suggestions on specific brands and/or the best place to buy? Beyond that, what exactly should I look for when buying? I see some bottles that say “Omega-3” and list fish oil as well as flaxseed in the ingredients. Others say “Fish Oil: Omega-3.” Should I just be sticking to straight fish oil?
I've also seen bottles that are strictly Omega-3, while others are a combination of Omega-3 and Omega-6, and I even saw one that had 3, 6 and 9. Huh?
Please point me down the right path, oh Wise Fitness Guru.
Do not take Omega 6s or 9s.
We already get for too many 6s in our diets. All vegetable oils, which should be avoided, are loaded with Omega-6s, so there is absolutely no reason to supplement them. Omega-6s are responsible for many health issues.
Omega-3 fish oil is what you’re looking for. Do not waste your time with flax or borage oil. Both are very poor sources of Omega-3s and contain 6s and 9s.
The brand I like is Nutraceutical Science Institute’s Mega EFA.
Another top of the line brand is Flamout by Biotest.
Questions or comments? Send them to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Use the back/forward buttons on your computer if you want to move between
the turtorial and this document
1. What is an EMG?
2. What is the purpose of the electrodes that are placed on the forearm when recording an EMG?
6. Why do motor units differ in size?
7. How do skeletal muscles increase the strength of contraction?
8. What causes muscles to fatigue and why does it take some muscles longer
Statistics Questions of the week.
9. You have measured the grip strength of 7th, 8th and 9th grade students and would like to know if the average
grip strength of students increases as they age. What statistical test would you use to answer this question and
10. You measure the grip strength of 20 7th grade athletes and then have them practice squeezing a small ball
ten times, every day for a month. At the end of the month you remeasure their grip strength. What statistical test
would you do to determine if they had improved and why?
Before coming to class make sure think about factors that might affect grip strength and muscle fatigue.
Then fill in the table in your lab manual.
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This role of faith-inspired health care providers in sub-saharan Africa and public-private partnerships is comprised of a three volume series on strengthening the evidence for faith inspired engagement in health in sub-Saharan Africa. An increasing level of interest in the role of faith in development has generated much debate and dialogue at the international and national levels over the last decade. Despite difficulties in communication and differences in cultures within such debates, there has been a continued reaffirmation of the potential benefits that faith-inspired communities can bring towards efforts to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs), especially in the areas of health. This series focuses on assessing the role and market share of faith-inspired providers and on assessing the extent to which they are involved in and benefit from public-private partnerships. The purpose of this series is three HNP discussion papers is to round up various analytical perspectives and emerging research on faith engagement in health in Africa from a range of researchers and practitioners from the north as well as the south. The series is structured into three volumes: a first volume on the role and market share of faith-inspired providers and public-private partnerships, a second on satisfaction and the comparative nature of faith-inspired health provision, and the third on mapping of faith inspired provision and the extent to which faith-inspired providers reach to the poor.
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It's hard to believe but "Saved by the Bell" first aired 25 years ago today on Aug. 20, 1989. If you were a "Bell" fan, you obviously knew about the love affair between Kelly Kapowski and Zack Morris. You were also well aware of the famous bickering between A.C. Slater and Jessie Spano. Then there were Screech's constant antics that had you laughing out loud every episode. And finally, Mr. Belding was always there for the gang to lend a comforting ear or helping hand.
But, there are tons of thing you never knew about the cast and the show that happened behind the scenes.
In honor of the show hitting this quarter century milestone, here are 25 amazing little tidbits you never knew but want to know about "Saved by the Bell."
1 - "Good Morning Miss Bliss"?
"Saved by the Bell" was originally planned as a spin-off of a show that ran from 1987-1989 called "Good Morning, Miss Bliss." According to IMDB, the title "When the Bell Rings" was also suggested, but showrunners eventually went with the title you know and love today.
2 - Blondes Have More Fun
Mark-Paul died his hair blonde for every episode. Yep, every single episode.
3 - Lisa Turtle Was Supposed to be Jewish
Turtle was supposed to be a Jewish girl from Long Island, but the producers liked Lark Voorhies so much, they changed the character.
4 - Famous Theme Song
Scott Gale, who wrote the theme song for "Saved," also wrote the theme song for "Golden Girls" and "Herman's Head."
5 - A.C. Slater Was Supposed to be Italian?
Slater was originally supposed to be Italian, "who was a street kid, who was an Army brat," executive producer Peter Engel told thecomicscomic.com. But when they couldn't find the right casting, he became Hispanic.
6 - Miss Bliss Was Real!
Miss Bliss was originally based on Brandon Tartikoff's sixth-grade teacher Miss Bliss, according to a Peter Engel interview with the Outsider's podcast.
7 - Kelly Kapowski Could Have Been Played by Elizabeth Berkley?
Elizabeth Berkley and Tiffani Thiessen were up for the same part of Kelly. Peter Engel said he fought for Thiessen because he knew she was "going to be a major star."
8 - The Show Had Meaning For Producer Peter Engel
The heart at the end of the show was made by Peter Engel’s sons when they were 4 and 2. They inspired him to make the show, also from the Outsider's podcast.
9 - Elizabeth Berkley Wasn't Always Jessie
On the Outsider's podcast, Engel also said an Afghani girl was going to play Jessie Spano, but the network wasn’t sold.
10 - Dustin Diamond Was Younger Than Rest of Cast
Engel only hired Dustin Diamond because he didn’t realize he was so much younger than the other actors. He was 11 when he was cast, three years younger than everybody else.
11 - Work Comes First
Lark Voorhies "wasn't able to go to my graduation or prom," because she was filming the show, she told People magazine. "Those moments we had to sacrifice, we made up for with each other."
12 - The Origin Behind Mario Lopez's Mullet
13 - First Times
Tiffani Thiessen's first sip of alcohol was with Mark-Paul Gosselaar when they were both in Paris for a press tour.
14 - Jaleel White Could Have Been in the Cast?!
15 - Where Tori Scott Came From?
Tori Scott, who briefly dated Zack, was named after Tori Spelling, the daughter of mega producer Aaron Spelling.
16 - No Swearing
Swearing was banned from the set by Peter Engel, according to MTV.
17 - Lots of Dating
Almost all of the cast dated off-screen. "All of us dated at one point or another—it was incestuous!" Gosselaar told People magazine in 2009.
Peter Engel added that Thiessen dated Gosselaar and Lopez, and that it was terrible because when they broke up, they still had to be in love on-screen. "Everybody dated everybody else except Screech."
18 - Lots of Hairspray for Jessie
Berkley told People she went through almost a can of hairspray an episode. "They diffused my hair, flipped it, teased it, sprayed it with hair spray. I practically went through a can of hair spray a show."
19 - Cast Partying?
Gosselaar admits he broke a few rules. "At 16, I was hanging out in adult clubs. But I didn't abuse it, and neither did my castmates. I can't stress how good we were."
20 - Remember Johnny Dakota?
21 - The Beach Club Was also Used in '90210'
Malibu Sands, the beach club in Santa Monica where the gang worked for the summer was actually the same beach club used in "Beverly Hills 90210."
22 - They Used Just One Classroom
In every show, the same classroom was used, but just rearranged and the set of the school was never destroyed and even used in later shows like "iCarly" and "That's So Raven," according to IMDB.
23 - Guest Stars
Scott Wolf, Denise Richards, Soleil Moon Frye and Tori Spelling all made cameos on the show before hitting it big.
24 - Where Kelly and Jessie Went That Last Season
“We were supposed to finish [the series]. We had already shot the graduation and that was supposed to be the end," Engel told the Outsider's podcast about the final season. "We were supposed to end and not do another season. … So we shot the graduation but Tiffani had an offer to go with Aaron Spelling for '90210' and Elizabeth, I didn’t know it was going to be 'Showgirls,' wanted to do movies. So we didn’t re-sign them because we couldn’t re-sign them.”
So, to keep the impact of the finale, they pretended that Kelly and Jessie were off doing other things while Tori came in to play a female lead. Then, they aired the graduation show last with Kelly and Jessie, who came back out of nowhere.
25 - Dustin Wasn't the Only Diamond on Set
Dustin Diamond’s father played a science teacher in two episodes, Mr. Bennett.
Bonus - What's In a Name?
The names of characters came from people Engel knew growing up.
"I knew a guy named Screech Washington. He was a producer. I said I’m not going to hire him, but I’m going to steal your name," he said. "Slater was a kid who was in my son’s kindergarten class, Zack was named after my dear, dear friend, John DeLorean ... His son’s name was Zack. Lisa Turtle was a girl I knew and Mr. Belding, Richard Belding had been my cranky editor when I worked at Universal."
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As the US approaches its end-of-year deadline for withdrawing all troops from Iraq, August saw a milestone: It was the first month since the US-led invasion began in March 2003 that saw no American military deaths. The previous record was one soldier death in December 2010, and a military spokesperson notes that there have been two other months that saw no hostile deaths—but did see at least one non-combat death, “which includes accidents or illness,” she tells AFP. Since the invasion began, 4,474 American troops have died.
In a sad twist, August’s record was set after July set the record for the most deadly month in three years, with 14 troops killed. It also came as suicide bombings and other sectarian violence killed hundreds of Iraqis in August. The New York Times notes that the drop in American deaths can be attributed to the Iraqis cracking down on Shiite militias backed by Iran and the US undertaking aggressive unilateral strikes. US-Iraq negotiations over whether to leave any American troops there past the year-end deadline may also have played a role. Despite Iraq’s public insistence that all troops withdraw, the government as well as the militias, al-Qaeda, and Sunni insurgents would all benefit somewhat if some troops remained—and that prospect will be easier to “sell” to the public if fewer troops are dying.
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Foundations of Passing with Olympic Coach Davenport
ProjectU and TMP Beach partnered with one of the great teachers of the game in Olympic Coach and AVP Academy Director Scott Davenport.
During this short video, Scott Davenport talked about the goals of passing and answers the following questions:
- What is the definition of a perfect pass and where would the perfect pass land?
- What is a realistic pass in world of beach volleyball?
- How do the elements change this realistic pass mentality? What are the realistic expectations for passing?
- What is the difference between a expected pass and an acceptable pass, or a bad pass?
- When teaching youth players what is an acceptable expectation for passing?
- What is the concept of “travel” in beach volleyball?
For the entire video, click here. For more information on the AVP Academy. click here. For how you can access this type of teaching, visit our ProjectU Collegiate Beach Clinic and Showcase event information, click here
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Stefan Tilkov talks with Jay Fields, author of the book Working Effectively with Unit Tests, about unit testing in practice. Topics include how to write good unit tests, what mistakes to avoid, and different categories of unit tests. Jay explains the value of unit tests and why you might want to delete them if you […]
Martin Klose talks with Eberhard Wolff about Coderetreats – events where developers practice techniques like test-driven development or refactoring in a safe environment to develop software craftsmanship. Martin talks about how Coderetreats work and why they are a great way to become a better developer. Also he explains the different types and the Global Day […]
In this episode we talk with Kent Beck about automated unit testing and JUnit.
In the first part of this episode we discuss a couple of basics about SecondLife (scaling, partitioning, etc). The second part specifically looks at how the dev team tackled a number of interesting problems in the context of executing their own LSL scripting language on top of Mono.
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Mobile devices and wireless technologies keep proliferating in multitudinous directions. But from the perspectives of participants in this weeks C3 Expo in New York, theres room for improvement on both scores, ranging from more all inclusive device management to stronger Wi-Fi encryption and beyond.
“I think theres a real opportunity for vendors to provide full-scale management across all mobile platforms,” said Tom Goodman, director of IT at Essex Corp.
“Certain companies have products that do bits and pieces of this, but nobody today is doing it all.”
Unmanaged devices represent a real threat to enterprises, according to Mike Coop, vice president of field operations for Cranite Systems, a federal government contractor.
Salespeople, for instance, keep valuable contact information on PDAs and cell phones.
As a result, these devices need to be protected from getting into competitors hands, according to Coop.
But mobile security policies are also crucial, and theyre still sorely inadequate or even missing entirely in a lot of organizations.
Essex Corp. has just instituted one new policy of sorts, Goodman said, relating what he dubbed a “Bluetooth war story.”
The CEO of Essex, a “technophobe of the highest degree,” asked Goodman to help him ground the Bluetooth that came with his new car.
But due to the software built into the vehicles Bluetooth, the car started showing up as “a $60,000 node on the corporate network,” since Bluetooth was also running on the company chiefs BlackBerry device.
The cure came when the IT director decided to “disassociate” the BlackBerry from the corporate network. Instead, the BlackBerry is now dedicated strictly to the CEOs personal use.
Coop half-jokingly described another possible mobile device policy.
“No salesperson is ever going to leave a cell phone in his car,” he quipped, during a panel session on wireless security at the computer and channel trade show.
Mobile workers can use some assistance with regulatory compliance, too, said Cathy Renner, large corporate and government account manager at CMS Products Inc., during an interview with Ziff Davis Internet at C3s ShowStoppers press event.
According to Renner, users in fields such as health care and finance need easy-to-carry portable storage devices for backing up their data.
The backups give extra assurance of HIPPA or Sarbanes-Oxley compliance in case a PDA gets lost or its hard drive goes bad.
Issues Require Resolution
In addition to backup software, CMS makes two different portable backup devices.
Renner said shes just made a big sale of its latest device a large pharmaceutical firm, which has become highly enamored of the new storage mechanisms miniaturized form factor.
Attendees also cited a potpourri of other mobile and wireless issues still requiring resolution.
To one attendee, buttonholed by Ziff Davis Internet in a corridor at Manhattans Javits Center, battery life leaped out as the most prominent.
“Devices keep getting smarter and more powerful, but they cant really get much better until batteries start lasting longer,” said the user, an employee of a major defense contractor who asked not to be identified.
“Todays battery technology needs a complete overhaul, and huge opportunities exist for anybody who can manage to do this,” he added.
Some attendees said theyve noticed a big need for more wireless hotspots, particularly in residential complexes such as senior citizen homes.
Others foresaw the ultimate development of multi-tiered wireless networks, integrating Wi-Fi-based LANs (local area networks) with Bluetooth-based PANs (personal area networks) as well as WANs or MANs (metropolitan area networks) enabled for either GPS or WiMax.
Intel Corp. has already committed to adding WiMax to its Centrino technology over the next couple of years, Coop said.
He predicted that WiMax will become particularly popular in New York and other areas with lots of tunnels, where satellite signals needed by GPS devices dont always fare too well.
“WiMax is beginning to emerge as a MAN technology,” said Daniel Dern of Dern Associates, an industry pundit and author who moderated another panel session at 3C.
During the panel on WiMax, Carlton ONeal of Alvarion told the audience that a number of “pre-WiMax or WiMax-enabled” broadband access networks have already been deployed at places throughout the world, by carriers ranging from British Telecom in the U.K. to Telmex in Mexico and a CLEC in India.
On the other hand, there are now tens of millions of wireless devices in the installed base, and they arent WiMax-capable, Dern noted later.
Also, on the Wi-Fi side, stronger encryption is still essential for many applications, according to some.
At Digital Experience, a pre-show press event, an executive for Gateway Inc. said his company is looking at deploying Wi-Fi on PC server hardware as well as on desktops and notebooks.
But, he added, the server-side Wi-Fi wont happen without the use of encryption and other improved security methods.
For his part, Coop called for widespread industry adoption of top-grade FIPS-level encryption, instead of merely emerging AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) technology.
Meanwhile, in the personal productivity arena, ThinkFree Inc. gave a demo at ShowStoppers of a version of its new Office 3 software thats been trimmed down to run on mobile iPod devices.
ThinkFrees Microsoft Office-compatible software is written in Java, for easy deployment across Windows, Linux or Apple Macintosh environments, according to a company rep.
The rep said ThinkFree has been talking with several other OEMs about producing special editions of ThinkFree Office for additional devices.
In the vertical markets arena, NEC Solutions Inc. is using the C3 show floor to demo the use of its Vocera voice-enabled communications device in conjunction with real-time access to human language interpreters, for implementation within health care organizations, for instance.
Meanwhile, the show in Manhattan is also the scene of a variety of other vendor announcements around technologies outside the mobile/wireless realm. For example:
- Also at ShowStoppers, Digipede Technologies announced the release of a Microsoft .Net-enabled grid computing solution aimed at letting departments and whole enterprises pull together the computing power of their collective PCs.
- In its hugest office product launch of the past two years, Xerox Corp. on Tuesday rolled out a total of 24 new products and services.
- Also on the C3 show floor, Google is demoing its Search Appliance and Desktop Search Enterprise Edition. Visitors can move from the Google booth to Intellext next door to see Google deployed with Watson 2.0, a forthcoming upgrade from Intellext that adds Google tools, a new user interface, and Firefox integration.
- Seiko Instruments is unveiling three new smart label printers, supplying first-time company support for Apple Macs.
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