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When you open the freezer to defrost chicken, you may be confused with a series of questions related to “How to defrost chicken fast?” or “What is the fastest way to defrost chicken?
The safest method to defrost your chicken is to use the refrigerator to keep it at a safe, cool temperature before defrosting. In addition, other ways allow you to do this safely. Keep reading to see more!
How to Defrost Chicken Fast?
You can defrost by using a microwave, hot/cold water, or defrosting a fridge. When defrosting chicken, follow proper procedures to avoid the “danger zone.”
The “danger zone” is a term the USDA uses to refer to keeping food out for too long at room temperature, resulting in the temperature of food reaching between 40 and 140 degrees. At that time, bacteria will grow and multiply faster.
Here are some ways that allow you to defrost chicken quickly and safely.
Of course, you may want to use different methods depending on whether you are thawing a whole bird or more minor cuts.
Microwaving is the fastest way to defrost the chicken.
There is no denying that microwaving is considered one of the fastest and most widely used methods of defrosting meat.
Although it can defrost your chicken quickly, from about 5 to 10 minutes, paying close attention during defrosting is necessary.
The reason is that this method is easy to stray into the range when it starts to cook your meat instead of thawing, ruining the meat texture.
For example, your chicken will probably become tough, even exposing your cuts of meat to bacteria growth.
It is essential to defrost your chicken in the microwave properly. Setting the temperature too high or microwaving your chicken too long will probably ruin it. The ice in your meat may turn to water, then steam and cook the chicken from its inside.
We recommend checking out the cuts of meat every one or two minutes to see when it has thawed. After that, once it is ready, move it from the microwave to your oven or grill for cooking.
This method will work great for boneless, skinless chicken breasts. And avoid using it to defrost any cuts that are bone-in.
It is easy to find modern microwaves with defrost settings, and we recommend those models for the best result. But if yours doesn’t have one, it’s best to use a medium-low setting for about two or three minutes.
After that, you must turn your meat over and continue defrosting for about two minutes (per pound). Then, stop your microwave once your chicken has defrosted and is ready to cook.
To sum up, microwaving is how to thaw chicken fast. It is also the quickest and easiest way to freeze chicken and most foods, but it has a high chance of overcooking or ruining your meat.
You must not use it to treat any cuts containing bone, such as thigh and wing.
Cook Frozen Chicken
It is alright to cook the frozen chicken.
It is okay to cook the frozen chicken as long as you follow specific guidelines. You need to add 50% cooking time to the suggested time of your recipes.
For instance, if your soup recipe asks for about 60 minutes, you will need to cook your frozen chicken for around 90 minutes.
Some cooking methods will work well with unthawed chicken, such as slow cooking, long braise, soups, and stews.
But other methods, such as roasting, microwaving, and sautéing, may yield an uneven result, with the chicken’s outside will be cooked more than its inside, resulting in a less-than-ideal texture.
For example, you will not gain a nice caramelized exterior if you sauté your frozen chicken.
The reason is that the moisture in your meat would be slowly released during defrosting in a pan, and it will prevent browning. So, you should avoid frying frozen chicken.
On the flip side, if you handle your frozen chicken using a slow cooker, we recommend setting it to the high setting to increase the temperature faster. Thanks to that, you can expect your dish not to fall into the “danger zone.”
Using a refrigerator is the best and safest thawing technique.
It is correct to say that defrosting in the refrigerator is the best and safest thawing technique. All you need to do is take your frozen chicken out of a freezer and move it into your refrigerator.
This method can be more time-consuming than most other methods. However, it will keep your meat out of the “danger zone,” thanks to the cold environment inside your fridge.
It will work for you if you don’t have to cook your chicken immediately. Also, you can expect your thawing process is more even.
According to the USDA, if you apply this freezer-to-fridge process, it is okay to refreeze the meat if you change your mind,
However, we do not recommend it. Instead, you should cook your thawed chicken before refreezing it to avoid any risk of food poisoning.
Since this is the longest defrosting method, you must plan at least one to two days before cooking.
In most cases, you may need one to two days to defrost a large frozen chicken.
Use Hot Water
We don’t appreciate this, but it will work if your chicken cuts are small, and you will cook it immediately to 74⁰C (165⁰F) or higher.
First, you must run your chicken under kitchen tap water until it hits 48 to 52⁰C (118 to 125⁰F).
You should use a meat thermometer to ensure your chicken is at the correct temperature.
Fill a pot or sanitized sink halfway with the hot water, then add your frozen chicken.
Your frozen chicken will cool your hot water pot quickly. So you may let it trickle into the sink to keep the temperature higher during thawing. Moreover, stir the water to prevent cold spots and circulate.
If you need to handle smaller cuts, you may need about 10 minutes to defrost them thoroughly. Don’t forget that the outside surface of your chicken is exposed to bacteria, so it’s essential to cook it right after defrosting.
This process can take 10 to 15 minutes, which is short enough for the growth of bacteria to remain within safe limits.
After defrosting your chicken, it is essential to monitor its internal temperature while cooking to ensure your cuts reach 74⁰C ( 165⁰F ) before serving.
Use Cold Water
The cold water bath is very popular for skilled chefs everywhere.
This method is also known as doing the cold water bath, which is very popular for skilled chefs everywhere. It is the perfect answer to “How to quickly defrost chicken” while preserving your meat’s quality.
This method also allows your chicken to retain the textures and flavor you’d get if you were cooking it fresh.
This method will take about half an hour for about 900 grams (2 pounds) and does not require any unique kitchenware.
All you need to do is fill your large bowl to 2/3 or 3/4 full with clean, cold water, then submerge your chicken. Remember to refill the water every ten minutes to keep the water fresh and at a proper cold temperature.
Of course, defrosting a whole chicken will take longer than wings, thighs, or breasts. We recommend dissolving the chicken as it thaws to allow the water to quickly get into more areas of your chicken, including the cavities.
What Is a Safe Temperature for Storing Chicken?
Anything outside of the “danger zone” (40-140°F) is safe. When it comes to storing, it means refrigerating your chicken below 40°F or 4°C. Avoid leaving poultry at room temperature for longer than 2 hours.
How Long is Defrosted Chicken Good for?
If you defrost chicken in a refrigerator, it will be good for two days (according to the USDA). If you use other methods, you should use your bird right away.
Can I Defrost Chicken on the Counter?
Never defrost your chicken at room temperature, which could put it in the “danger zone?” where bacteria multiply rapidly.
Hopefully, you’ve got the answer to “How to quickly thaw chicken?”
If you need to defrost larger pieces of chicken, especially whole chicken, you should use the defrosting method in the refrigerator.
It is preferable to defrost in the microwave as it can cause your chicken to start cooking outside before the inside is defrosted.
Thawing in a bowl of water should apply to smaller cuts as it will take a long time for larger meats. You can also use microwave methods to defrost smaller pieces.
Please share this article if it was helpful to you! Thank you for reading! | <urn:uuid:b5318161-c7fd-444f-b5af-8e2e934f9f46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.annisarestaurant.com/how-to-defrost-chicken-fast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.932195 | 1,924 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Barack Obama argues that the last election gave him a mandate to raise taxes on the rich. Put another way, he is arguing that 52% of the people voted to raise taxes on 2%. Did they?
Well, they certainly did something like this in California. Let's take a look at two propositions:
- Prop 30, which propose to raise taxes on on the rich to help close the deficit (there was a token 0.25% sales tax increase for cover, but everyone knew it to be a tax on the rich).
- Prop 39, which was a broad-based income tax increase which raised taxes on most everyone (or at least on the 50% or so who pay income taxes).
So, let's look at the results:
- Raise taxes on only the very rich: PASS
- Raise taxes on everyone (including me): FAIL
The California election was a crystal clear mandate: People want more taxes as long as they are on somebody else. By targeting the richest few percent, we can get a lot of money but make sure the people taxed don't have any hope of fighting the increase, even if they vote as a block.
So I think Obama clearly has a mandate to raise taxes on not-me. The question is, do we think we have, or do we want, a government where this is possible? Where majority votes can do anything they wish to minorities?
I should hope not. I will remind you of a famous quote, from a different context, but entirely relevant:
First they came for the communists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a communist.
Then they came for the socialists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a trade unionist.
Then they came for me,
and there was no one left to speak for me.*
* there seem to be many variations on this out there, you may have heard other similar versions. | <urn:uuid:cb690439-e687-4a09-9f42-a0a3a8e2d0ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.coyoteblog.com/coyote_blog/2012/11/can-the-majority-vote-to-have-a-minority-send-them-money.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985263 | 422 | 1.742188 | 2 |
| NOW AND THEN: Paul Saltzman (top left); cover of his previous book (above); the 24-year-old Saltzman with Ringo Starr (left)FAB FOUR: (Clockwise from above:) George Harrison; Ringo Starr, John Lennon and Paul McCartney; McCartney; Lennon with wife Cynthia; Harrison at the ashram in Rishikesh
There is now a pretty solid body of evidence that for The Beatles, India was their most creative period. When they were in Rishikesh for several weeks in February, March and April of 1968, they wrote between 23 and 48 songs, 17 of which were included in their White Album, one of their best known.
We know this from the account given by Paul Saltzman, now a distinguished Canadian filmmaker, who went up to Rishikesh in February, 1968, and was included for a week by The Beatles as part of their inner circle. Perhaps The Beatles felt sorry for him, for Saltzman, then 24, had received a letter from his girlfriend who had dumped him. Seeking solace for his painful heartbreak, he wandered up to the mountains and found the ashram in Rishikesh. What he didn't know was that The Beatles were also holed up with there with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, a ridiculous figure who initially fooled the impressionable youngsters with his talk of Indian philosophy, vegetarian food with no spice, transcendental meditation and the like. But The Beatles, who by 1968, were just about the most recognisable people on the planet, probably felt trapped by their fame and fortune. In Rishikesh, when Saltzman caught up with them, they certainly were looking for some kind of escape.
Paul McCartney was there with his girlfriend at the time, Jane Asher; John Lennon with Cynthia Powell, his first wife, whom he had married when she had become pregnant; Ringo Starr with Maureen Starkey, his first wife whom he, too, had married when she had seen to it she had fallen pregnant as a way of getting him away from competition; and George Harrison was there with his first wife, Patti(e) Boyd. Another member of the group was Mia Farrow, the American actress who, like Saltzman, was also nursing a broken heart because her marriage to Frank Sinatra had ended.
It has been said that 1968 was the year that rocked the world. That can be claimed for most years but this was the period when anti-American riots protesting against the United States' Vietnam war erupted in capitals across the world, including especially in front of the US embassy in Grosvenor Square.
It was a year scarred by the assassination of Martin Luther King and the late President John F. Kennedy's younger brother, Robert. Richard Nixon was elected president that year. In Hollywood, Bullitt, starring Steve McQueen, was a hit film, and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey won an Oscar for Best Special Visual Effects. President Kennedy's widow, Jacqueline, married the Greek shipping millionaire, Aristotle Onassis. That was the year when Simon and Garfunkel sang Mrs Robinson and Sound of Silence in The Graduate, starring Dustin Hoffman. In India, Chowringhee was released.
For Saltzman, it proved a week that changed his life. For eight days, he had slept in a tent outside the ashram which was out of bounds to most people because The Beatles were inside. Then he was allowed in, given a 10-minute crash course in meditation, and generally allowed to fend for himself. He spotted The Beatles and introduced himself.
As a boy in Canada, he was familiar with their music and had danced to She Loves You in the early 1960s, admired their album, Rubber Soul, and attended their concert in Toronto in 1964. But he was not a groupie. 'I walked over and said, 'Do you mind if I join you' And John looked over and said, 'Sure, mate, pull up a chair.' And Paul pulled a chair in next to him and said, 'Come and sit here.'
After a bit of banter, he was mysteriously absorbed into their group. Later, he asked the four, individually, whether he could take some pictures. 'Paul said, 'Go right ahead, no problem.'
Saltzman, who was on his first trip to India because he was doing a little sound recording for a documentary being made by the Canadian Film Board, had an inexpensive Pentax plus 50mm and 135mm lenses. Over the next seven days, he took about 50 intimate photographs on Ektachrome 64 transparency of The Beatles, most of which are now going into his book, The Beatles in India. This is an updated version, with more text and pictures, of his first book, The Beatles in Rishikesh, which he brought out four years go. He was lucky that The Beatles, who clearly did not feel their privacy was being invaded by his presence, allowed Saltzman unfettered access. Most probably, they sympathised with the agony of a young man suffering the pain of a break-up.
In the ashram on the edge of a cliff overlooking the Ganges, The Beatles were busy making music, in between periods of meditation. 'They were there for different reasons,' remembers Saltzman.
Harrison, who had by this time met Ravi Shankar and had spent months in Bombay learning the sitar from the maestro, 'was there to go deeper into his spirituality and his understanding of the divine. John was there to get the secret of the meaning of life, which, of course, does not exist in that form. Paul was there because he was interested in meditation. It was helpful and fun to be all together. Ringo was there out of group togetherness, a bit of curiosity but he was not particularly interested in meditation.'
One moment remains etched in Saltzman's memory. 'George was practising the sitar and it was just the two of us sitting together. George said ' he said this without any ego, (he was) a very calm, very wonderful man ' 'Like we are The Beatles, after all, aren't we' We have all the money we could ever dream of, we have all the fame you could ever wish for, but it isn't love, it isn't health, it isn't peace inside, is it' For four working-class lads from Liverpool, this was probably the revelation at Rishikesh.
The four moved on to new women in their lives. And this year, Cynthia is publishing her revised biography of Lennon, while his second wife, Yoko Ono, is helping with the production of a musical on his life. Saltzman is providing his own account of The Beatles in India (the German publishing firm, Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, is bringing out one edition, while the author is releasing a special box set, done up in Indian raw silk, through his own website).
'The sentence George said to me impacted on me hugely so I have never forgotten that,' says Saltzman.
In 1968, he returned to Canada, became a distinguished television producer and director, won distinction for his documentaries and such TV comedy or action series as Danger Bay and My Secret Identity. His 26-part documentary series, Spread Your Wings, showing how creative talent and skills are passed on from one generation to the next in different cultures, took him to 22 countries. He has now been to India 'may-be 50 times'.
On his fifth trip, he met Deepa Mehta, who moved to Canada with him after they were married in Delhi in 1973. The marriage has now ended but their daughter, Devyani, who read human sciences at Hertford College, Oxford, is now 25 and obviously close to her father.
Despite the divorce from Saltzman, Deepa did once tell me, when she was in London to promote Earth, starring Aamir Khan, that she owed a great deal to her former husband.
'We are not friends,' Saltzman warns me. 'I met her while I was shooting a documentary in India. She also asked me (to show her) how to make films which I did. That does not mean I made her, she made herself.'
I reassure Saltzman that when Deepa had touched briefly on her marriage, she had indeed spoken warmly about her husband. 'That's nice,' acknowledges Saltzman.
It seems the whole Beatles experience has now become mixed up in Saltzman's mind with the ups and downs in his own life. As for the photographs he took, he returned home to Toronto and tossed them to one side. 'I put the pictures away and I actually forgot about them completely,' he explains.
When Devyani was eight, he did tell her bedtime Beatles' tales, which she suddenly remembered at 18, when she, along with three of her friends, had discovered The Fab Four, as successive generations have done. She was the one who persuaded her father to find the photographs which were located after an exhaustive hunt.
'You know, Dad, they are great,' remarked Devyani. 'You should really do something with them.' | <urn:uuid:16926bcb-9477-4217-85bb-066cc2f861a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050327/asp/look/story_4535123.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99068 | 1,892 | 1.914063 | 2 |
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Toleration is "the practice of deliberately allowing or permitting a thing of which one disapproves. One can meaningfully speak of tolerating—i.e., of allowing or permitting—only if one is in a position to disallow." It has also been defined as "to bear or endure" or "to nourish, sustain or preserve" or as "a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, beliefs, practices, racial or ethnic origins, etc., differ from one's own; freedom from bigotry" too. Toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful."
There is only one verb 'to tolerate' and one adjective 'tolerant,' but the two nouns 'tolerance' and 'toleration' have evolved slightly different meanings. Tolerance is an attitude of mind that implies non-judgmental acceptance of different lifestyles or beliefs, whereas toleration indicates the act of putting up with something that one disapproves of.
Historically, most incidents and writings pertaining to toleration involve the status of minority and dissenting viewpoints in relation to a dominant state religion. In the twentieth century and after, analysis of the doctrine of toleration has been expanded to include political and ethnic groups, LGBT individuals and other minorities, and human rights embodies the principle of legally enforced toleration.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 In antiquity
- 3 Biblical sources
- 4 In the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Reformation
- 5 In the Enlightenment
- 6 In the nineteenth century
- 7 In the twentieth century
- 8 In other religions
- 9 Modern analyses and critiques of toleration
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Further reading
- 13 External links
The word tolerance was first used in the 15th century.
The word is derived from endurance and fortitude, used in the 14th century. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word was first used to describe having permission from authorities in the 1530s.
The Hellenistic city of Alexandria, founded 331 BCE, contained a large Jewish community which lived in peace with equivalently sized Greek and Egyptian populations. According to Michael Walzer, the city provided "a useful example of what we might think of as the imperial version of multiculturalism."
The Roman Empire encouraged conquered peoples to continue worshipping their own gods. "An important part of Roman propaganda was its invitation to the gods of conquered territories to enjoy the benefits of worship within the imperium." Christians were singled out for persecution because of their own rejection of Roman pantheism and refusal to honor the emperor as a god. In 311 CE, Roman Emperor Galerius issued a general edict of toleration of Christianity, in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine I (who converted to Christianity the following year).
In the Old Testament, the books of Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy make similar statements about the treatment of strangers. For example, Exodus 22:21 says: "Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt".These texts are frequently used in sermons to plead for compassion and tolerance of those who are different from us and less powerful. Julia Kristeva elucidated a philosophy of political and religious toleration based on all of our mutual identities as strangers.
The New Testament Parable of the Tares, which speaks of the difficulty of distinguishing wheat from weeds before harvest time, has also been invoked in support of religious toleration. In his "Letter to Bishop Roger of Chalons", Bishop Wazo of Liege (c. 985–1048 AD) relied on the parable to argue that "the church should let dissent grow with orthodoxy until the Lord comes to separate and judge them".
Roger Williams, a Baptist theologian and founder of Rhode Island, used this parable to support government toleration of all of the "weeds" (heretics) in the world, because civil persecution often inadvertently hurts the "wheat" (believers) too. Instead, Williams believed it was God's duty to judge in the end, not man's. This parable lent further support to Williams' Biblical philosophy of a wall of separation between church and state as described in his 1644 book, The Bloody Tenent of Persecution.
In the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Reformation
In the Middle Ages, there were instances of toleration of particular groups. The Latin concept tolerantia was a "highly-developed political and judicial concept in mediaeval scholastic theology and canon law." Tolerantia was used to "denote the self-restraint of a civil power in the face of" outsiders, like infidels, Muslims or Jews, but also in the face of social groups like prostitutes and lepers. Heretics such as the Cathari, Waldensians, Jan Hus, and his followers, the Hussites, were persecuted. Later theologians belonging or reacting to the Protestant Reformation began discussion of the circumstances under which dissenting religious thought should be permitted. Toleration "as a government-sanctioned practice" in Christian countries, "the sense on which most discussion of the phenomenon relies—is not attested before the sixteenth century".
Tolerance of the Jews
In Poland in 1264, the Statute of Kalisz was issued, guaranteeing freedom of religion for the Jews in the country.
In 1348, Pope Clement VI (1291–1352) issued a bull pleading with Catholics not to murder Jews, whom they blamed for the Black Death. He noted that Jews died of the plague like anyone else, and that the disease also flourished in areas where there were no Jews. Christians who blamed and killed Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil". He took Jews under his personal protection at Avignon, but his calls for other clergy to do so failed to be heeded.
Johann Reuchlin (1455–1522) was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew who opposed efforts by Johannes Pfefferkorn, backed by the Dominicans of Cologne, to confiscate all religious texts from the Jews as a first step towards their forcible conversion to the Catholic religion.
Despite occasional spontaneous episodes of pogroms and killings, as during the Black Death, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a relatively tolerant home for the Jews in the medieval period. In 1264, the Statute of Kalisz guaranteed safety, personal liberties, freedom of religion, trade, and travel to Jews. By the mid-16th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was home to 80% of the world's Jewish population. Jewish worship was officially recognized, with a Chief Rabbi originally appointed by the monarch. Jewish property ownership was also protected for much of the period, and Jews entered into business partnerships with members of the nobility.
Paulus Vladimiri (ca. 1370–1435) was a Polish scholar and rector who at the Council of Constance in 1414, presented a thesis, Tractatus de potestate papae et imperatoris respectu infidelium (Treatise on the Power of the Pope and the Emperor Respecting Infidels). In it he argued that pagan and Christian nations could coexist in peace and criticized the Teutonic Order for its wars of conquest of native non-Christian peoples in Prussia and Lithuania. Vladimiri strongly supported the idea of conciliarism and pioneered the notion of peaceful coexistence among nations—a forerunner of modern theories of human rights. Throughout his political, diplomatic and university career, he expressed the view that a world guided by the principles of peace and mutual respect among nations was possible and that pagan nations had a right to peace and to possession of their own lands.
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (1466–1536), was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and Catholic whose works laid a foundation for religious toleration. For example, in De libero arbitrio, opposing certain views of Martin Luther, Erasmus noted that religious disputants should be temperate in their language, "because in this way the truth, which is often lost amidst too much wrangling may be more surely perceived." Gary Remer writes, "Like Cicero, Erasmus concludes that truth is furthered by a more harmonious relationship between interlocutors." Although Erasmus did not oppose the punishment of heretics, in individual cases he generally argued for moderation and against the death penalty. He wrote, "It is better to cure a sick man than to kill him."
Saint Thomas More (1478–1535), Catholic Lord Chancellor of King Henry VIII and author, described a world of almost complete religious toleration in Utopia (1516), in which the Utopians "can hold various religious beliefs without persecution from the authorities." However, More's work is subject to various interpretations, and it is not clear that he felt that earthly society should be conducted the same way as in Utopia. Thus, in his three years as Lord Chancellor, More actively approved of the persecution of those who sought to undermine the Catholic faith in England.
At the Diet of Worms (1521), Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs citing freedom of conscience as his justification. According to Historian Hermann August Winkler, the individual's freedom of conscience became the hallmark of Protestantism. Luther was convinced that faith in Jesus Christ was the free gift of the Holy Spirit and could therefore not be forced on a person. Heresies could not be met with force, but with preaching the gospel revealed in the Bible. Luther: "Heretics should not be overcome with fire, but with written sermons." In Luther's view, the worldly authorities were entitled to expel heretics. Only if they undermine the public order, should they be executed. Later proponents of tolerance such as Sebastian Franck and Sebastian Castellio cited Luther's position. He had overcome, at least for the Protestant territories and countries, the violent medieval criminal procedures of dealing with heretics. But Luther remained rooted in the Middle Ages insofar as he considered the Anabaptists' refusal to take oaths, do military service, and the rejection of private property by some Anabaptist groups to be a political threat to the public order which would inevitably lead to anarchy and chaos. So Anabaptists were persecuted not only in Catholic but also in Lutheran and Reformed territories. However, a number of Protestant theologians such as John Calvin, Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, and Johannes Brenz as well as Landgrave Philip of Hesse opposed the execution of Anabaptists. Ulrich Zwingli demanded the expulsion of persons who did not accept the Reformed beliefs, in some cases the execution of Anabaptist leaders. The young Michael Servetus also defended tolerance since 1531, in his letters to Johannes Oecolampadius, but during those years some Protestant theologians such as Bucer and Capito publicly expressed they thought he should be persecuted. The trial against Servetus, an Antitrinitarian, in Geneva was not a case of church discipline but a criminal procedure based on the legal code of the Holy Roman Empire. Denying the Trinity doctrine was long considered to be the same as atheism in all churches. The Anabaptists made a considerable contribution to the development of tolerance in the early-modern era by incessantly demanding freedom of conscience and standing up for it with their patient suffering.
Sebastian Castellio (1515–1563) was a French Protestant theologian who in 1554 published under a pseudonym the pamphlet Whether heretics should be persecuted (De haereticis, an sint persequendi) criticizing John Calvin's execution of Michael Servetus: "When Servetus fought with reasons and writings, he should have been repulsed by reasons and writings." Castellio concluded: "We can live together peacefully only when we control our intolerance. Even though there will always be differences of opinion from time to time, we can at any rate come to general understandings, can love one another, and can enter the bonds of peace, pending the day when we shall attain unity of faith." Castellio is remembered for the often quoted statement, "To kill a man is not to protect a doctrine, but it is to kill a man.
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French Catholic jurist and political philosopher. His Latin work Colloquium heptaplomeres de rerum sublimium arcanis abditis ("The Colloqium of the Seven") portrays a conversation about the nature of truth between seven cultivated men from diverse religious or philosophical backgrounds: a natural philosopher, a Calvinist, a Muslim, a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, a Jew, and a skeptic. All agree to live in mutual respect and tolerance.
Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), French Catholic essayist and statesman, moderated between the Catholic and Protestant sides in the Wars of Religion. Montaigne's theory of skepticism led to the conclusion that we cannot precipitously decide the error of other's views. Montaigne wrote in his famous "Essais": "It is putting a very high value on one's conjectures, to have a man roasted alive because of them...To kill people, there must be sharp and brilliant clarity."
Edict of Torda
The Warsaw Confederation
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth has a long tradition of religious freedom. The right to worship freely was a basic right given to all inhabitants of the Commonwealth throughout the 15th and early 16th century, however, complete freedom of religion was officially recognized in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1573 during the Warsaw Confederation. the Commonwealth kept religious freedom laws during an era when religious persecution was an everyday occurrence in the rest of Europe.
The Warsaw Confederation of 1573 was a private compact signed by representatives of all the major religions in Polish and Lithuanian society, in which they pledged each other mutual support and tolerance. The confederation was incorporated into the Henrican articles, which constituted a virtual Polish–Lithuanian constitution.
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted Protestants—notably Calvinist Huguenots—substantial rights in a nation where Catholicism was the state religion. The main concern was civil unity; The Edict separated civil law from religious rights, treated non-Catholics as more than mere schismatics and heretics for the first time, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State, and to bring grievances directly to the king. The edict marked the end of the religious wars in France that tore apart the population during the second half of the 16th century.
The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by King Louis XIV with the Edict of Fontainebleau, leading to renewed persecution of Protestants in France. Although strict enforcement of the revocation was relaxed during the reign of Louis XV, it was not until 102 years later, in 1787, when Louis XVI signed the Edict of Versailles—known as the Edict of Tolerance—that civil status and rights to form congregations by Protestants were restored.
In the Enlightenment
Beginning in the Enlightenment commencing in the 1600s, politicians and commentators began formulating theories of religious toleration and basing legal codes on the concept. A distinction began to develop between civil tolerance, concerned with "the policy of the state towards religious dissent"., and ecclesiastical tolerance, concerned with the degree of diversity tolerated within a particular church.
John Milton (1608–1674), English Protestant poet and essayist, called in the Areopagitica for "the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties" (applied, however, only to the conflicting Protestant denominations, and not to atheists, Jews, Moslems or even Catholics). "Milton argued for disestablishment as the only effective way of achieving broad toleration. Rather than force a man's conscience, government should recognize the persuasive force of the gospel."
In the American colonies
In 1636, Roger Williams and companions at the foundation of Rhode Island entered into a compact binding themselves "to be obedient to the majority only in civil things". Williams spoke of "democracie or popular government." Lucian Johnston writes, "Williams' intention was to grant an infinitely greater religious liberty than then existed anywhere in the world outside of the Colony of Maryland." In 1663, Charles II granted the colony a charter guaranteeing complete religious toleration.
Also in 1636, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker and a group of companions founded Connecticut. They combined the democratic form of government that had been developed by the Separatist Congregationalists in Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers) with unlimited freedom of conscience. Like Martin Luther, Hooker argued that as faith in Jesus Christ was the free gift of the Holy Spirit it could not be forced on a person.
In 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians only (excluding Nontrinitarian faiths). Passed on September 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and some of the other denominations that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of England and her colonies.
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch Jewish philosopher. He published the Theological-Political Treatise anonymously in 1670, arguing (according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) that "the freedom to philosophize can not only be granted without injury to piety and the peace of the Commonwealth, but that the peace of the Commonwealth and Piety are endangered by the suppression of this freedom", and defending, "as a political ideal, the tolerant, secular, and democratic polity". After interpreting certain Biblical texts, Spinoza opted for tolerance and freedom of thought in his conclusion that "every person is in duty bound to adapt these religious dogmas to his own understanding and to interpret them for himself in whatever way makes him feel that he can the more readily accept them with full confidence and conviction."
English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) published A Letter Concerning Toleration in 1689. Locke's work appeared amidst a fear that Catholicism might be taking over England, and responds to the problem of religion and government by proposing religious toleration as the answer. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, who saw uniformity of religion as the key to a well-functioning civil society, Locke argued that more religious groups actually prevent civil unrest. In his opinion, civil unrest results from confrontations caused by any magistrate's attempt to prevent different religions from being practiced, rather than tolerating their proliferation. However, Locke denies religious tolerance for Catholics, for political reasons, and also for atheists because 'Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon an atheist'. A passage Locke later added to the Essay concerning Human Understanding, questioned whether atheism was necessarily inimical to political obedience.
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) was a French Protestant scholar and philosopher who went into exile in Holland. In his "Dictionnaire historique and critique" and "Commentaire Philosophique" he advanced arguments for religious toleration (though, like some others of his time, he was not anxious to extend the same protection to Catholics he would to differing Protestant sects). Among his arguments were that every church believes it is the right one so "a heretical church would be in a position to persecute the true church". Bayle wrote that "the erroneous conscience procures for error the same rights and privileges that the orthodox conscience procures for truth."
Bayle was repelled by the use of scripture to justify coercion and violence: "One must transcribe almost the whole New Testament to collect all the Proofs it affords us of that Gentleness and Long-suffering, which constitute the distinguishing and essential Character of the Gospel." He did not regard toleration as a danger to the state, but to the contrary: "If the Multiplicity of Religions prejudices the State, it proceeds from their not bearing with one another but on the contrary endeavoring each to crush and destroy the other by methods of Persecution. In a word, all the Mischief arises not from Toleration, but from the want of it."
Act of Toleration
The Act of Toleration, adopted by the British Parliament in 1689, allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation. The Nonconformists were Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists. They were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers, if they accepted certain oaths of allegiance.
The Act did not apply to Catholics and non-trinitarians and continued the existing social and political disabilities for Dissenters, including their exclusion from political office and also from universities.
François-Marie Arouet, the French writer, historian and philosopher known as Voltaire (1694–1778) published his Treatise on Toleration in 1763. In it he attacked religious views, but also said, "It does not require great art, or magnificently trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?" On the other hand, Voltaire in his writings on religion was spiteful and intolerant of the practice of the Christian religion, and Orthodox rabbi Joseph Telushkin has claimed that the most significant of Enlightenment hostility against Judaism was found in Voltaire.
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German dramatist and philosopher, trusted in a "Christianity of Reason", in which human reason (initiated by criticism and dissent) would develop, even without help by divine revelation. His plays about Jewish characters and themes, such as "Die Juden" and "Nathan der Weise", "have usually been considered impressive pleas for social and religious toleration". The latter work contains the famous parable of the three rings, in which three sons represent the three Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Each son believes he has the one true ring passed down by their father, but judgment on which is correct is reserved to God.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), adopted by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution, states in Article 10: "No-one shall be interfered with for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their practice doesn't disturb public order as established by the law." ("Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, mêmes religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la loi.")
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified along with the rest of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791, included the following words:"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."
In 1802, Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to the Danbury Baptists Association in which he said: "...I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State."
In the nineteenth century
The process of legislating religious toleration went forward, while philosophers continued to discuss the underlying rationale.
Roman Catholic Relief Act
The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 adopted by the Parliament in 1829 repealed the last of the criminal laws (TEST ACTS) aimed at Catholic citizens of Great Britain.
Let the opinions impugned be the belief of God and in a future state, or any of the commonly received doctrines of morality... But I must be permitted to observe that it is not the feeling sure of a doctrine (be it what it may) which I call an assumption of infallibility. It is the undertaking to decide that question for others, without allowing them to hear what can be said on the contrary side. And I denounce and reprobate this pretension not the less if it is put forth on the side of my most solemn convictions.
In his 1882 essay "What is a Nation?", French historian and philosopher Ernest Renan proposed a definition of nationhood based on "a spiritual principle" involving shared memories, rather than a common religious, racial or linguistic heritage. Thus members of any religious group could participate fully in the life of the nation. "You can be French, English, German, yet Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, or practicing no religion".
In the twentieth century
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance
Even though not formally legally binding, the Declaration has been adopted in or influenced many national constitutions since 1948. It also serves as the foundation for a growing number of international treaties and national laws and international, regional, national and sub-national institutions protecting and promoting human rights including the freedom of religion.
In other religions
Other major world religions also have texts or practices supporting the idea of religious toleration.
The Rigveda says Ekam Sath Viprah Bahudha Vadanti which translates to "The truth is One, but sages call it by different Names". Consistent with this tradition, India chose to be a secular country even though it was divided partitioning on religious lines. Whatever intolerance, Hindu scholars displayed towards other religions was subtle and symbolic and most likely was done to present a superior argument in defence of their own faith. Traditionally, Hindus showed their intolerance by withdrawing and avoiding contact with those whom they held in contempt, instead of using violence and aggression to strike fear in their hearts. Hinduism is perhaps the only religion in the world which showed remarkable tolerance towards other religions in difficult times and under testing conditions. Even Buddhism, which spread in India mostly through negative campaigns against Hinduism, cannot claim that credit. Criticizing other religions and showing them in poor light to attract converts to its own fold was never an approved practice in Hinduism.
Pluralism and tolerance of diversity are built into Hindu theology India's long history is a testimony to its tolerance of religious diversity. Christianity came to India with St. Thomas in the first century CE, long before it became popular in the West. Judaism came to India after the Jewish temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE and the Jews were expelled from their homeland. In a recent book titled "Who are the Jews of India?" (University of California Press, 2000), author Nathan Katz observes that India is the only country where the Jews were not persecuted. The Indian chapter is one of the happiest of the Jewish Diaspora. Both Christians and Jews have existed in a predominant Hindu India for centuries without being persecuted. Zoroastrians from Persia (present day Iran) entered India in the 7th century to flee Islamic conquest. They are known as Parsis in India. The Parsis are an affluent community in the city of Mumbai without a sense of having been persecuted through the centuries. Among the richest business families in India are the Parsis; for example, the Tata family controls a huge industrial empire in various parts of the country. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the powerful Prime Minister of India (1966–77; 1980–84), was married to Feroz Gandhi, a Parsi (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi).
Certain verses of the Qur'an were interpreted to create a specially tolerated status for People of the Book, Jewish and Christian believers in the Old and New Testaments considered to have been a basis for Islamic religion:
Verily! Those who believe and those who are Jews and Christians, and Sabians, whoever believes in God and the Last Day and do righteous good deeds shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.
Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire held a protected status and continued to practice their own religion, as did Christians. Yitzhak Sarfati, born in Germany, became the Chief Rabbi of Edirne and wrote a letter inviting European Jews to settle in the Ottoman Empire, in which he asked: "Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?'". Sultan Beyazid II (1481–1512), issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Catholic Spain and Portugal, leading to a wave of Jewish immigration.
According to Michael Walzer:
The established religion of the [Ottoman] empire was Islam, but three other religious communities—Greek Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Jewish—were permitted to form autonomous organizations. These three were equal among themselves, without regard to their relative numerical strength. They were subject to the same restrictions vis-à-vis Muslims—with regard to dress, proselytizing, and intermarriage, for example—and were allowed the same legal control over their own members.
Although Bhikkhu Bodhi states that the Buddha taught "the path to the supreme goal of the holy life is made known only in his own teaching", Buddhists have nevertheless shown significant tolerance for other religions: "Buddhist tolerance springs from the recognition that the dispositions and spiritual needs of human beings are too vastly diverse to be encompassed by any single teaching, and thus that these needs will naturally find expression in a wide variety of religious forms." James Freeman Clarke said in Ten Great Religions (1871): "The Buddhists have founded no Inquisition; they have combined the zeal which converted kingdoms with a toleration almost inexplicable to our Western experience."
The Edicts of Ashoka issued by King Ashoka the Great (269–231 BCE), a Buddhist, declared ethnic and religious tolerance. His Edict XII, engraved in stone, stated: "The faiths of others all deserve to be honored for one reason or another. By honoring them, one exalts one's own faith and at the same time performs a service to the faith of others."
However, Buddhism has also had controversies regarding toleration. See Dorje Shugden Controversy. In addition, the question of possible intolerance among Buddhists in Sri Lanka and Myanmar, primarily against Muslims, has been raised by Paul Fuller.
Modern analyses and critiques of toleration
Contemporary commentators have highlighted situations in which toleration conflicts with widely held moral standards, national law, the principles of national identity, or other strongly held goals. Michael Walzer notes that the British in India tolerated the Hindu practice of suttee (ritual burning of a widow) until 1829. On the other hand, the United States declined to tolerate the Mormon practice of polygamy. The French head scarf controversy represents a conflict between religious practice and the French secular ideal. Toleration of the Romani people in European countries is a continuing issue.
Historian Alexandra Walsham notes that the modern understanding of the word "toleration" may be very different from its historic meaning. Toleration in modern parlance has been analyzed as a component of a liberal or libertarian view of human rights. Hans Oberdiek writes, "As long as no one is harmed or no one's fundamental rights are violated, the state should keep hands off, tolerating what those controlling the state find disgusting, deplorable or even debased. This for a long time has been the most prevalent defense of toleration by liberals... It is found, for example, in the writings of American philosophers John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Ronald Dworkin, Brian Barry, and a Canadian, Will Kymlicka, among others."
Isaiah Berlin attributes to Herbert Butterfield the notion that "toleration... implies a certain disrespect. I tolerate your absurd beliefs and your foolish acts, though I know them to be absurd and foolish. Mill would, I think, have agreed."
John Gray states that "When we tolerate a practice, a belief or a character trait, we let something be that we judge to be undesirable, false or at least inferior; our toleration expresses the conviction that, despite its badness, the object of toleration should be left alone." However, according to Gray, "new liberalism—the liberalism of Rawls, Dworkin, Ackerman and suchlike" seems to imply that "it is wrong for government to discriminate in favour of, or against, any form of life animated by a definite conception of the good."
John Rawls' "theory of 'political liberalism' conceives of toleration as a pragmatic response to the fact of diversity." Diverse groups learn to tolerate one another by developing "what Rawls calls 'overlapping consensus': individuals and groups with diverse metaphysical views or 'comprehensive schemes' will find reasons to agree about certain principles of justice that will include principles of toleration."
Herbert Marcuse wrote "Repressive Tolerance" in 1965 where he argued that the "pure tolerance" that permits all favors totalitarianism, democracy, and tyranny of the majority, and insisted the "repressive tolerance" against them.
Toleration of homosexuality
As a result of his public debate with Baron Devlin on the role of the criminal law in enforcing moral norms, British legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart wrote Law, Liberty and Morality (1963) and The Morality of the Criminal Law (1965). His work on the relationship between law and morality had a significant effect on the laws of Great Britain, helping bring about the decriminalization of homosexuality. But it was Jeremy Bentham that defended the rights for homosexuality with his essay "Offence against One's Self" but could not be published until in 1978.
Tolerating the intolerant
Walzer, Karl Popper and John Rawls have discussed the paradox of tolerating intolerance. Walzer asks "Should we tolerate the intolerant?" He notes that most minority religious groups who are the beneficiaries of tolerance are themselves intolerant, at least in some respects. Rawls argues that an intolerant sect should be tolerated in a tolerant society unless the sect directly threatens the security of other members of the society. He links this principle to the stability of a tolerant society, in which members of an intolerant sect in a tolerant society will, over time, acquire the tolerance of the wider society.
Other criticisms and issues
Toleration has been described as undermining itself via moral relativism: "either the claim self-referentially undermines itself or it provides us with no compelling reason to believe it. If we are skeptical about knowledge, then we have no way of knowing that toleration is good."
Ronald Dworkin argues that in exchange for toleration, minorities must bear with the criticisms and insults which are part of the freedom of speech in an otherwise tolerant society. Dworkin has also questioned whether the United States is a "tolerant secular" nation, or is re-characterizing itself as a "tolerant religious" nation, based on the increasing re-introduction of religious themes into conservative politics. Dworkin concludes that "the tolerant secular model is preferable, although he invited people to use the concept of personal responsibility to argue in favor of the tolerant religious model."
In The End of Faith, Sam Harris asserts that society should be unwilling to tolerate unjustified religious beliefs about morality, spirituality, politics, and the origin of humanity, especially beliefs which promote violence.
- Christian debate on persecution and toleration
- International Day for Tolerance
- Islam and other religions
- Multifaith space
- Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
- Paradox of tolerance
- Religious discrimination
- Religious intolerance
- Religious liberty
- Religious persecution
- Religious pluralism
- Repressive Tolerance
- Secular state
- Separation of church and state
- Status of religious freedom by country
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- John Bowen, "Muslims and Citizens", The Boston Review February–March 2004. Accessed January 25, 2011
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tolerance.|
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Toleration|
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: God and Religious Toleration|
- Religion and Foreign Policy Initiative, Council on Foreign Relations
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- "Toleration". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. | <urn:uuid:52ec75e8-d0da-45bf-9b6c-f33a0ea91827> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_toleration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899978 | 11,649 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Growth pinching schools' facilities
The county has built 65 schools in a dozen years. But it's still not enough.
By JAN WESNER Times Staff Writer
Published October 12, 2007
Ruskin Elementary School principal Donna Ippolito considers black-and-white Nike running shoes an essential part of her daily outfit.
Ippolito says the shoes help her make the quarter-mile trek several times a day from one end of her school to another.
That journey takes Ippolito through a hodgepodge of old buildings, construction work and portable classrooms.
Ruskin has room for 656 students. As of Sept. 17, there were 1,137 kids enrolled. That puts it 76 percent over capacity and makes it the most crowded elementary school in Hillsborough County.
"There's not enough of you to go around," Ippolito said on a recent morning as she walked through the mazelike campus, giving hugs and asking students if they were having a good day.
Ruskin is typical of schools in southern Hillsborough County, where district officials say they've been pushed to the limit by development and the class-size amendment passed in 2002. Add to that outdated facilities that sometimes can't be renovated, such as a wing at Ruskin Elementary that had to be torn down and replaced.
Cypress Creek, also in Ruskin, is at 133 percent capacity. Sessums Elementary, east of Interstate 75 in Riverview, is at 127 percent.
Bill Person, director of student placement for Hillsborough County schools, said the biggest growth is coming along the corridor between U.S. highways 301 and 41, south from State Road 60 to the Manatee County line.
"That's the new New Tampa, as we call it," Person said. "We've been building elementary schools and high schools down there like crazy."
Overall, Hillsborough County has built 65 schools in the past 12 years. The number of elementary schools in the southern part of the county has doubled in six years.
And more are coming.
Cathy Valdes, chief facilities officer for the school district, said an elementary school is under construction in the Valencia Lakes subdivision. That school, called Elementary N for now, could bring relief to both Cypress Creek and Sessums. Redrawing the boundaries for those schools is also a possibility, Valdes said.
Sessums is also on the list to get a new wing. Similar wings have been built at several schools to accommodate the class size amendment.
Another elementary is planned adjacent to Lennard High School and the district hopes to build yet another in the Waterset development in Apollo Beach.
"We look at developers for land dedication and we also look at purchasing," Valdes said.
The recent slowdown in development could help, Person said, because property costs are on the decline.
Meanwhile at Ruskin Elementary, the lunch line is set up in the music room because the cafeteria was torn down. The music teacher pulls a wheeled cart between classrooms. There is no library - it was gutted and is being rebuilt.
And a classroom wing, built to replace one that had to be torn down, is expected to open next year, at a cost of nearly $4-million.
Jan Wesner can be reached at email@example.com or 661-2439.
[Last modified October 11, 2007, 08:14:59]
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"An extremely valuable book. . . . [W]e believe this to be a very important
text for fisheries ecology and management."-- Reviews in Fish Biolgy and
Quantitative modeling methods have become a central tool in the management of harvested fish populations. This book examines how these modeling methods work, why they sometimes fail, and how they might be improved by incorporating larger ecological interactions. Fisheries Ecology and Management provides a broad introduction to the concepts and quantitative models needed to successfully manage fisheries.
Walters and Martell develop models that account for key ecological dynamics such as trophic interactions, food webs, multi-species dynamics, risk-avoidance behavior, habitat selection and density-dependence. They treat fisheries policy development as a two-stage process, first identifying strategies for varying harvest in relation to changes in abundance, then finding ways to implement such strategies in terms of monitoring and regulatory procedures. This book provides a general framework for developing assessment models in terms of state-observation dynamics hypotheses, and points out that most fisheries assessment failures have been due to inappropriate observation model hypotheses rather than faulty models for ecological dynamics.
Intended as a text in upper division and graduate classes on fisheries assessment and management, this useful guide will also be widely read by ecologists and fisheries scientists.
"Sobre este título" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.
Descripción Princeton University Press, 2004. Hardcover. Estado de conservación: New. Nº de ref. de la librería DADAX0691115443 | <urn:uuid:6a03e08e-48e3-4127-baa0-96a455e88df8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.iberlibro.com/9780691115443/Fisheries-Ecology-Management-Walters-Carl-0691115443/plp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842832 | 329 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Five yoga poses to help with anxiety
Surrender Your Stress
Anxiety can be overwhelming. If you often feel like the stress of daily life is just too much, you are not alone. With the complexity and pace of our modern existence, millions of people struggle with stress and anxiety every day, which can leave you feeling hopeless and powerless. It’s extremely helpful to have some trusted techniques to help calm and centre yourself when you feel like your life is out of control.
By taking a few minutes out of your day, you can help soothe your mind and relieve anxiety with these basic, yet potent, yoga poses. Even if you just pick one pose and enjoy that for 15-20 minutes, it will have a profound effect on your life. A simple, regular yoga practice can support your nervous system to be able to better cope with stress and up your resilience, while also helping you release worry and rediscover inner peace.
Why is Yoga so helpful?
Yoga involves mindfulness, deep breathing and focusing the mind. This is radically helpful when dealing with anxiety. Just the simple practice of conscious breathing makes a massive difference to an anxious physiology, instantly calming the physical responses of the body. Yoga trains the mind and body to be calm so that when you experience a particularly stressful situation, you have the skills to bring yourself back, soothe yourself and return to your centre, even in the chaos of high emotion. A yoga practice is supportive of clarity and wisdom. Often we receive the answers to questions we’ve been agonising over or realise that what we’re anxious about will pass. Yoga brings in fresh energy, unblocks the energy system and calms the mind. It is an amazing workout for body, mind and spirit.
These easy yoga poses are appropriate for everyone to practice, and will help to alleviate anxiety. Make sure to wear comfortable clothing and find a quiet, area to take some time out for yourself. Spend at least 15 to 20 minutes in each posture.
Child’s pose is a deeply restful and relaxing pose, often taken as a rest pose during more demanding yoga sequences. Kneel on your mat, sitting back on your heels either keeping the knees together, or separating them about as wide as your hips. Exhale and fold forward, bringing your head to the floor, or supporting it with a blanket or cushion and laying your hands alongside your torso with the palms up. Release through the shoulders, relax the body, and focus on the breath. If you have difficulty sitting on your heels in this pose, place a thickly folded blanket between your back thighs and calves. You can also use a bolster or thick cushion, which will be hugged in the child’s pose, making it particularly nurturing.
The bulk of our nerves run along the spine. When we calm our nervous system, the entire body relaxes. The power of yoga is that it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) and calms the fight flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. The cat/cow pose nourishes the nervous system and instantly relaxes the body, releasing tension trapped in the spinal cord. It is a relaxing and enjoyable pose with wonderful benefits.
To practice the pose, come onto all fours with your hands below the shoulders, fingers spread, and knees below the hips. Synchronising breath and movement, inhale as you lower the belly and draw the shoulders together, opening the chest whilst looking up (cow pose), then arch the back up towards the ceiling as you exhale, drawing down the head to look at the navel, as you move into the cat pose. Repeat these movements several times making them fluid and slow; mindfully moving through each vertebrae with your breath, as if you’re in a moving meditation. Close your eyes to bring your attention inward. This is a deeply relaxing and enjoyable sequence.
Legs Up the Wall
The ultimate restorative pose, this posture has an unbelievable amount of benefits and will literally put you back together again! If you pick just one pose to practice, let it be this one. Place your mat up against a clear wall with space for you to stretch your legs. Sit on your bottom with the right side of your body pushed against the wall. Swivel up your legs onto the wall as you bring the back onto the floor, keeping the bottom close to the wall. With the legs straight, relax with your palms, facing them upwards at your sides, and use an eye pillow if that’s comfortable for you, to soothe your mind. Focus on your breath, you can do an equal breathing ratio where you count to five as you slowly breathe in and then count to five again as you exhale. Alternatively, you could do a basic breathing practice of doubling the exhalation; so counting to four as you breathe in then lengthening the exhale to eight counts as you breathe out. Surrender into deep rest while your body enjoys the healing benefits of this pose. It is an antidote to exhaustion, illness and weakened immunity, relieves headaches, mild depression, anxiety and insomnia. This pose is a deeply restorative pose for the heart, mind and lymphatic system.
In yoga, forward bends are soothing, calming and supportive of deep rest and sleep. The inward nature of forward bends also encourages introspectiveness and stillness. Most people find forward bends quite challenging, due to tight hips and hamstrings, so it is important to do a restorative, supported forward bend so that you don’t strain yourself in the pose. Choose either a standing forward bend or a seated forward fold. It doesn’t matter how far you bend, it’s about releasing through the spine and the inverted nature of the pose, where your head is below your heart. Always ensure you are not straining any part of your body. You want a nice opening and stretch without pain or strain.
Standing Forward Bends
With your feet a hips width apart, fold forward from the hips, keeping your alignment. Lengthen the front of the body as you fold, keeping the neck and jaw relaxed. Keep the knees soft until you’re more flexible and can straighten the legs. Use props if you need to, such as a bolster to rest your arms on. Release through the neck and the head as you remain in the pose for a few minutes. Uncurling, come up slowly, being particularly careful if you suffer from dizziness or low blood pressure.
Seated Forward Bends
Sit on the mat with your legs stretched out in front of you. Extend your arms up above your head and then fold forward over your legs, making sure there is no pain or discomfort. You can either round the back or keep it flat. Use a bolster to support your head and bend your knees if you find this pose challenging. Hold here for a few minutes and then slowly roll back up to sitting again.
Shavasana (Rest Pose)
Lay on your mat on your back, arms at your sides, palms facing upwards, legs slightly apart, feet turning outwards. Ensure that your body is properly aligned and that you feel comfortable. If you have lower back issues, you can use a bolster or folded pillow under your knees. Consciously relax each part of your body, moving up from the feet, legs, hips and so on, just letting go. You can also release tension by first tightening each part of the body, squeezing all your muscles momentarily, and then releasing. Focus on your breath allowing the mind to settle as you come to deep rest. Let your thoughts pass gently as you drop into stillness.
Shavasana is a lovely pose to practice Yoga Nidra or put on a guided meditation, if you find it difficult to stop your mind racing. Said to be the easiest physical pose but the most difficult yoga pose to master, Shavasana, or corpse pose, is where you discover the opportunity to die to life; to surrender completely and to practise letting go. This is hugely beneficial for anxiety, as so often we worry about things that are out of our control. The more we can learn to let go and find acceptance, the easier it is to find equanimity and inner peace. Surrender and enjoy the feeling of deep relaxation, having nothing to do and nowhere to go; just taking time for self care and rest.
These simple yoga poses can be a nourishing gift to yourself. Practising them regularly can grow into a habit which will bear the fruit of a calm mind and body. Establishing such beneficial habits that fuel our inner peace and increase our capacity to deal with life can make all the difference. We all feel anxious at times, but having the tools to regain control when you’re feeling overwhelmed means that anxiety doesn’t call the shots – you do!
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Key to studying weather is to look for trends
I have read the articles in The Courier-Tribune by Mr. Davis and Mr. Harrell and the report by HURDAT concerning climate and hurricanes, referenced by both gentlemen.
Prior to the ’70s, most of the information obtained from ocean data was recorded in ships’ logs. Beginning in the ’70s, with satellites, scientists are now able to do a much better job of tracking weather events but are still unable to record and analyze everything.
Weather happens everywhere and has many factors that influence it: The jet stream, Coriolis effect, hot and cold spots in ocean waters, El Nino and La Nina, cloud cover, precipitation, particulates in the atmosphere, glacial melting, high and low pressure areas, altitudinal and latitudinal succession, average ocean temperatures and strata recordings, rate of vaporization and desertification, to mention a few.
Students in science classes are taught the scientific method of problem solving, whereby there is a problem with one constant or control and one variable. The results of the experiment (effects caused by the variable) are then compared to the control. If there were two or more variables, it would be impossible to explain and justify which one produced or caused the change. It is difficult to account for all the variables in weather. The important concept to look for is trends.
Look at August and September of this year compared to 2016: 2017 was cooler. Look at October of this year as compared to last year: We are about 10 degrees warmer. This is weather. Now look at data since 2000. With but few exceptions, each month has been warmer than recordings for a given month for the previous 50 years. That is climate.
My most immediate concern is that our scientists have been ham-strained by recent executive orders. This was evidenced by the fact that many of them made a mad rush to copy documents of weather data which had been collected and archived for fear that it will be lost or destroyed. A second concern is the restrictions placed on them when interpreting data and its publication. | <urn:uuid:cd1ea988-87ba-44c6-98ee-abe36b6f0963> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.courier-tribune.com/story/opinion/letters/2017/10/17/key-to-studying-weather-is-to-look-for-trends/18274332007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.969825 | 437 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Tooth Tour: Getting to the root of your small pet's dental health
The dental health of your small pet is much more important than many people realize. In fact, your pet's tiny teeth are really the key to unlocking everything our large world has to offer. Everyone knows that teeth are used to break down food at the beginning of the digestive cycle. In that regard, teeth are the gateway to good health. But many people forget that small animals also use their mouths
and teeth in other specialized ways, such as to explore their surroundings, carry food and nesting materials, and defend both themselves and their territories. As such, your small pet's teeth are closely tied to her health, happiness, and overall survival.
Since your small pet's teeth are used as digestive, explorative, and defensive tools, keeping your pet's teeth healthy is essential. At the most severe, a dental or oral problem could cause a variety of otherwise preventable complications, be it malnutrition, infection, or even a premature loss of your pet. But beyond that, pain in your small pet's mouth could also hinder instinctive tasks, such as nesting, breeding, and simple gnawing. In turn, the inability to satisfy these instincts could create behavioral problems. To add to the dilemma, your small pet cannot tell you when her teeth are causing pain, obstructing feeding, or growing abnormally. Instead, it is up to you to ensure your pet's teeth are healthy and cared for.
Treating a problem after it has taken root in your pet's mouth is often difficult. But by actively working to maintain your pet's dental health, you can easily deter any potential dental problems before they afflict your pet. As with most health issues, simple preventive measures are the best course of action.
Similar Smiles, Different Bites: Defining your small pet's dental differences
The dental anatomy of all small pets is not identical, though some similarities do exist. In fact, the design of your small pet's teeth and mouth is tailored, in part, to maximize her specific, natural diet. For instance, plants need to be chewed differently than meat to obtain the maximum nutritional value. As such, the location, structure, function, and even quantity of teeth in a pet's mouth differ, depending on if he is a herbivore (plant eater), omnivore (plant and meat eater), or carnivore (meat eater). Therefore, by simply understanding and meeting your specific pet's natural diet, you are already on your way to promoting great small pet dental health.
Diet, however, can be further broken down to explain the dental anatomy of your specific small pet. Rabbits (which are lagomorphs) and truly herbivorous rodents (such as chinchillas and guinea pigs) feed on tough, fibrous vegetation in their natural environments. This vegetation tends to be low in energy content; thus, larger quantities of this vegetation need to be consumed to maintain your pet's nutrition and energy levels. This means these pets are constantly chewing to grind down and digest this type of vegetation. In turn, the large grinding teeth in the back of the mouth (known as cheek teeth) experience constant, rapid wear. To compensate for this wearing, cheek teeth have evolved to grow continuously throughout the animal's life.
However, the cheek teeth of other rodents, such as hamsters, gerbils, rats, and mice, do not grow continually. These animals feed mainly on grains, seeds, and tubers, which are the fleshy underground part of a plant, such as a potato. Because this diet tends to be very high in energy content, less quantities need to be consumed to maintain your pet's nutrition and energy levels. Since these animals are chewing less food, the cheek teeth wear less, which means the cheek teeth do not need to continually grow.
In both lagomorphs and all rodents, the incisors - which are the elongated front teeth designed to cut through foods - continually grow throughout life. The incisors do experience constant wear because of the cutting and tearing action needed to break plant and plant products away from the plant structure. These chewing actions cause the incisors to grind against each other during use as well. One noticeable difference between lagomorphs and rodents, however, is that rabbits have two pairs of upper incisors (the second pair, located immediately behind the larger incisors, are small and peg-shaped and often referred to as the "peg teeth"). Rodents, on the other hand, have only one pair of upper incisors.
In comparison, the teeth of other exotic small pets do not grow throughout their lifetime. Instead, these teeth are designed to both obtain and maximize the specific diet of these animals. Hedgehogs, for example, which eat predominantly insects and bugs, have teeth specialized to crunch through the tough exoskeletons (hard, outer shell) of their prey. Sugar gliders have teeth that allow them to strip away tree bark to consume the saps, nectars, pollens, and insects of their diets.
Constant Care: Health and products your small pet can really sink her teeth into
Preventing dental and oral problems is the simplest way to care for your pet's teeth. It makes sense, then, that offering your pet a diet rich in her natural foods is the most important preventive measure. After all, if your small pet were living in the wild, it is her natural foods she would eat, which would naturally wear - or not wear - the necessary teeth to maintain good dental and oral health. However, there are other potential dental problems of which you should be aware to keep your pet healthy and happy.
Similar to humans, your small pet's upper and lower teeth need to properly align when the jaw is closed. When the alignment is off, it is referred to as "malocclusion." There are several causes for malocclusion, including genetics, trauma to the teeth, abnormal growth, reverse scissor bite, and, most commonly, inappropriate diet. Malocclusion can occur in both the cheek teeth and the incisors, which results in uneven teeth wear, which often permits the overgrowth of teeth.
Overgrown teeth can wreak havoc on your small pet's health. In some species, cheek tooth overgrowth can lead to root elongation. When this occurs, the root of the tooth continues to grow through the oral tissues, causing swelling. If root elongation occurs in the upper jaw, the root can grow to the point of affecting the eyes, resulting in watering, bulging, or inflammation. In hamsters, an overgrown tooth could cause food to become impacted (tightly wedged) in the cheek pouches, appearing as a large, persistent swelling of the cheek. In truly herbivorous lagomorphs and rodents, overgrown cheek teeth can cause severe oral pain, resulting in excessive salivation (often called "slobbers"), reluctance to chew, inability to close the mouth, and reduced food intake.
In each of these instances, the situation deteriorates as the teeth continue to grow, and, if it is not treated, will result in severe malnutrition. Fortunately, if overgrowth occurs and is caught in time, the teeth can be trimmed by a veterinarian to prevent further problems. An even better preventive solution to each of these problems is to offer your pet a diet rich in her natural type of foods (e.g. high fiber, such as timothy hay, for rabbits and truly herbivorous rodents). For small pets with continually growing teeth, complement the diet with a variety of chew toys
and chew treats. Also, your pet's teeth should be examined routinely for abnormalities. If you see abnormal growth or if your pet drools, has difficulty chewing, is eating less, or shows pain when touched around the mouth or head, contact your veterinarian immediately. Though often referred to as "pocket pets," clearly, the dental and oral health of your furry friend is nothing to be tucked away and forgotten.
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Kaytee Munchables Chew Blox
Lasts longer than wood chews and won't splinter, keeping small pets' teeth in top condition.
Promotes clean and healthy teeth for your rat, rabbit, guinea pig, or chinchilla.
Peter's Chew Toy
Encourages healthy chewing behavior for dental health | <urn:uuid:48df8321-b88e-4025-94a2-49c2fe037221> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.drsfostersmith.com/PIC/Article.cfm?d=161&category=373&articleid=1236 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957488 | 1,723 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The purpose of this lesson is to help us improve our ability to make inspired decisions.
Basic to our existence as children of God are the need and the right to make decisions. Decision making, however, is a challenging experience. We are often concerned about making the right decision and confused about where we can go to receive help in making it.
But we can turn to the Lord for help. He has told us that He is the source of all truth and that through Him we can know the truth of all things. We are His children, and He has not left us powerless in facing life’s challenges.
Elder Boyd K. Packer said: “It is critically important that you understand that you already know right from wrong, that you’re innately, inherently, and intuitively good. When you say, ‘I can’t! I can’t solve my problems!’ I want to thunder out, ‘Don’t you realize who you are? Haven’t you learned yet that you are a son or a daughter of Almighty God? Do you not know that there are powerful resources inherited from Him that you can call upon to give you steadiness and courage and great power?’” (“Self-Reliance,” Ensign, Aug. 1975, 88).
Help from the Lord
When we left the presence of our Father in Heaven, He blessed each of us with the Spirit of Christ. The scriptures reveal that the Spirit of Christ, sometimes called “the light of Christ” or our conscience, “lighteth every man that cometh into the world” (see John 1:6–9). This light gives us a basic understanding of right and wrong. Following it will lead us to do good and to understand truth.
The Lord has also told us to “feast upon [His] words” for help in our lives (see 2 Nephi 32:3). We may receive the words of Christ through the scriptures, the words of our living prophets (see D&C 1:37–38; 68:2–4), or the promptings of the Holy Ghost.
Elder Neal A. Maxwell said: “We need to feast upon the words of Christ in the scriptures and as these words come to us from living prophets. Just nibbling occasionally will not do. (See 2 Nephi 31:20 and 2 Nephi 32:3.) Feasting means partaking with relish and delight and savoring—not gorging episodically in heedless hunger, but partaking gratefully, dining with delight, at a sumptuous spread carefully and lovingly prepared … over the centuries” (Wherefore Ye Must Press Forward , 28).
As we humbly “feast upon” the words of Christ, we will know better what to do in all areas of our lives. Church leaders who do this, for example, know better what to say, what to teach, whom to call to positions, and how to make other decisions connected with their callings.
How to Make Decisions
Whether or not we presently hold a Church position, each of us is a leader over our own affairs. Therefore, we must learn how to make inspired decisions.
Display a poster of the following list, or refer to the information on the chalkboard:
Making Inspired Decisions
Identify the problem.
Pray for guidance and the spirit of discernment.
Study the problem.
Make the decision.
Pray for confirmation.
Following are the steps for making inspired decisions. These steps are given only as general guidelines.
Identify the Problem
We must understand clearly what the problem is before we can solve it. Sometimes it helps to write the problem down.
Pray for Guidance and the Spirit of Discernment
Show visual 21-a, “Prayer is essential to making right decisions.”
As we begin to solve our problem, we should seek Heavenly Father’s help. This help often comes through one of the gifts of the Spirit: the gift of discernment. This gift, available to those who pray for it, helps us know the truth and make proper judgments (see John 16:13; Moroni 10:5).
Study the Problem
Asking the Lord for guidance is only part of the process. Some feel that because the Lord has said, “Ask, and it shall be given you” (Matthew 7:7), one need only ask to receive the Lord’s answer. But we must do more than ask. The Lord has instructed us to study the problem in our minds (see D&C 9:8). Often before the Lord will inspire us, He also expects us to obtain all the available information on the problem and seek counsel from proper and reliable sources. For example, leaders may seek advice from their counselors, husbands may seek advice from their wives, and sons may counsel with their parents. We should also identify possible solutions to the problem and think about the effects of each.
When making a decision, we should gather enough reliable information to make a wise decision. Decisions made on little or unreliable information are often wrong and may bring regret and sadness.
Make the Decision
After we have studied the problem we should select the best possible solution. (Sometimes the decision to be made is not between good and bad, but rather choosing the best thing to do at the time.) We make the decision based on what we feel is best to do after having carefully studied the information we gathered.
Pray for Confirmation
After making a choice, we approach the Lord in prayer and ask if the decision is right. If it is, the Holy Ghost will confirm the decision by giving us a peaceful, reassuring feeling about it (see D&C 6:22–23). Sometimes we will even get a burning in our bosom (see D&C 9:8).
If, for some reason, we have not chosen correctly, the Lord will reveal that our decision is wrong by leaving us with an uncomfortable feeling or serious doubt. The scriptures refer to this as a “stupor of thought” (D&C 9:9). When this occurs, we must have the humility to begin the decision-making process again.
Often, confirmation from the Holy Ghost comes to us as we pray for it. Sometimes, however, we may be unsure what the Lord wants us to do and must begin to solve the problem before a spiritual confirmation will come.
Elder Hartman Rector Jr. said that the Lord expects us to “get on our knees and communicate with him. Tell him what we are going to do—make commitments with him—outline our program—and then get up off our knees and go and do precisely what we have told him we would do. In the doing, the Spirit comes” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1973, 135; or Ensign, Jan. 1974, 107).
Occasionally we may have to make a decision that seems too difficult and has no possible answer. When this happens we should remember what President Marion G. Romney experienced: “I have had problems which it seemed I could not solve, and I have suffered in facing them until it seemed that I could not go farther if I did not have a solution to them. After praying and on many occasions fasting for a day each week over long periods of time, I have had answers revealed to my mind in finished sentences. I have heard the voice of God in my mind and I know his words” (Look to God and Live: Discourses of Marion G. Romney, comp. George J. Romney , 45).
At times we must fast, study the scriptures, and pray to solve serious problems. Occasionally, even after doing these things and then making and acting on a decision, we may still not receive a confirmation. At such times, we should simply follow our own best judgment, patiently exercising faith that eventually the confirmation will come. We must always remember that God answers our prayers when, in His judgment, it is best for us to receive an answer.
When we get an answer to our prayers we must do what the answer requires us to do. We cannot expect the Holy Ghost to keep helping us if we ignore His promptings. Even if the answer is not what we want or if the effort He asks of us seems too great, we must be willing to do as He directs. Otherwise, we risk losing contact with the Holy Ghost and thus His comfort and direction.
President Spencer W. Kimball was a good example of one who was committed to doing what the Lord asked him to do: “Prominently displayed on President Kimball’s desk is a slogan which reads simply, ‘DO IT.’ With this inspired leader, personal convenience comes second. Everything is done to meet the Lord’s convenience. His example for work has become legend and establishes an example for us all to follow” (Robert L. Simpson, in Conference Report, Oct. 1975, 17; or Ensign, Nov. 1975, 13).
Some of these steps for making decisions are illustrated by an experience related in our early Church history. Joseph Smith was translating the Book of Mormon, and Oliver Cowdery was acting as scribe. After a time, Oliver desired to do some of the translation himself. The Lord revealed to Oliver His will regarding this matter. It is recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 9, which tells how Oliver tried to translate but was unsuccessful.
Read Doctrine and Covenants 9:4–9, pointing out the steps of decision making that are mentioned.
Practicing Decision Making
Have class members work through the following problem by using the steps for inspired decision making discussed earlier. They should assume the role of one of Brother Jones’s Church leaders.
Problem: Brother Jones joined the Church five years ago and was ordained to the priesthood. Because of his work schedule, he has been unable to attend any Church meetings and activities since shortly after his baptism. He has three helpful children and a supportive wife. He is a skilled carpenter who takes special pride in his work.
Step 1: Identify the Problem
Have class members identify the problem.
In working with less-active members, a priesthood leader should first make a confidential list of those who do not fully participate in Church activity. If the list has many names, he should select those he feels would best respond to fellowship, concentrating his efforts on them. When they are activated, they can help him activate other less-active members.
Step 2: Pray for Guidance and the Spirit of Discernment
Now that we have identified the problem, where can we go for help in deciding how to solve it?
Why should we use discernment when approaching Brother Jones?
Problems like Church inactivity present special challenges. Before we can make any decisions concerning a less-active individual, we must have the Spirit to help us recognize the person’s real needs and discern truth from error (see Jacob 4:13).
Step 3: Study the Problem
What information would help us decide how to help Brother Jones?
As we study the problem, we should consider the following:
Who are his home teachers? How can we involve them more effectively to help Brother Jones back into activity? Should we assign special priesthood holders to help his family?
How can we communicate to Brother Jones that we need him?
How can he learn that he needs the gospel?
What are his interests and talents? How could we use them so he will feel needed and important?
Who are his friends? How could they help him?
What activities could we involve him in that would not offend him?
How can we offer to help him?
What other information might we consider?
Discuss a plan we could follow to bring Brother Jones back into Church activity.
Step 4: Make a Decision
As we study the problem, we must decide how to solve it. In deciding how to help Brother Jones, we should develop a plan to show our love and need for him.
Step 5: Pray for Confirmation
What is the next step after we have decided what to do?
Once we have made a decision, we should ask the Lord whether it is the right one. The Spirit will tell us whether we have decided correctly.
Step 6: Act—Do It
What is the final step?
The final step is to follow President Spencer W. Kimball’s example and act on our plan; we must “do it.” As we faithfully follow our plan, serving with diligence and love (see D&C 81:5), the Spirit will touch the heart of Brother Jones, who may, in time, come into full activity.
Heavenly Father sent us to earth to learn and grow and to help Him do His work. In order to serve well and make inspired decisions concerning ourselves and others, we must keep the commandments, seek the companionship of the Holy Ghost, and have faith in Jesus Christ. We must also have faith in ourselves as we carry out our decisions. This takes courage and commitment. We can be confident that when we prayerfully study our problems and their solutions, listen for answers, and then act on those problems in righteousness, the Lord will support us and our influence for good will increase.
This week when making a decision, follow the steps outlined in this lesson. Continue to practice this process until it becomes part of your life.
Before presenting this lesson:
Review lesson 12, “Effective Family Leadership,” in this manual.
Prepare the poster suggested in the lesson, or write the information on the chalkboard.
Assign class members to present any stories, scriptures, or quotations you wish. | <urn:uuid:95b3639c-a480-4ad5-92ba-68fa1551dcec> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.lds.org/manual/duties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b/personal-development/lesson-21-leadership-inspired-decision-making?lang=eng&country=ca&media=audio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956016 | 2,858 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Finest Stem and Educational Toys in Dubai for Kids
Toys are one of the ways through which children develop their skills and talents. Toys like educational toys and stem toys are perfect to enhance their skills and to discover them also. it will also embrace and develop their skills. Moreover, kids can learn and have fun both at the same time with these stem and educational toys.
Stem and Educational Toys For Kids
Stem and educational toys are those which target the stem and educational skills of kids. It allows them to explore and enhance their skills and talent at a very early age. These toys enable the kids to imagine, experiment, think critically and creatively.
What is Stem?
Science, Engineering, Technology, and mathematics educational approach is called STEM. It aims to enhance and develop skills in various fields like life, science, engineering, etc. Stem and educational toys major purpose is to explore and improve our little kid's interests and abilities for their future. With this, they can expand their understanding and knowledge.
Stem and educational toys are divide into various categories which are mention below:
Construction Toys for Kids
These educational construction toys are standardized pieces that allow various models of construction. The spatial ability of the children is much better who built models using the building blocks rather than other kids.
UKR has various construction toys which are also known with different names like Domino Toys, Duplo Toys, Building Blocks, etc. These toys are creative, colorful, and simple as well to put together and make creative things. UKR toys teach kids cause & effect concept, hand-eye coordination, and improve creativity.
Educational Electronic Toys
Every kid is attached and learns more from electronics, especially from electronic toys. Toys like Learning Laptop or E-Books are the best educational toys for kids to learn and have fun. These educational electronic toys help children to develop brainstorming and logical thinking. These are also perfect preschool kids toys (Educational toys for kids who go to school).
Medical Toys for Children
These pretend to play toys like Medical kit toys are perfect role-play toys for kids to become a doctor. Medical toys are perfect for those kids who aim to become a doctor in the future. It will help them to understand the responsibility and the activities that a doctor performs or need to perform.
Puzzle Toys (Jigsaw Puzzle, Wooden Puzzle, 3D Puzzle)
A toy that enhances the ingenuity and the knowledge of kids. Putting the pieces in a logical way in order to complete the puzzle or for the fun solution of the puzzle. There are various genres of puzzles for kids' development like Jigsaw puzzles, Wooden puzzles, 3D puzzles, number puzzles, Arabic puzzles, etc.
Why Chose Stem and Educational Toys for Kids
One of the major purposes of stem and educational toys to foster the great skill set of kids. Develop and discover talents at an early age. Kids can learn while having fun with the toys. Kids can learn creativity, problem-solving, teamwork, communication, critical analysis, digital literacy, etc. Most of all it avoid children to think that learning anything is hard. | <urn:uuid:6ae09776-6cc5-428c-bb98-d546053f932e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ukrtrading.ae/blog/finest-stem-and-educational-toys-in-dubai-for-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.957747 | 640 | 2.265625 | 2 |
The Jataka, Vol. II, tr. by W.H.D. Rouse, , at sacred-texts.com
"Why do yore patiently," etc. This story the Master told at Jetavana, about a certain impertinent monkey. At Sāvatthi, we are told, was a tame monkey in a certain family; and it ran into the elephant's stable, and perching on the back of a virtuous elephant, voided excrement, and began to walk up and down. The elephant, being both virtuous and patient, did nothing. But one day in this elephant's place stood a wicked young one. The monkey thought it was the same, and climbed upon its back. The elephant seized him in his trunk, and dashing him to the ground, trod him to pieces. This became known in the meeting of the Brotherhood; and one day they. all began to talk about it. "Brother, have you heard how the impertinent monkey mistook a had elephant for a good one, and climbed on his back, and how he lost his life for it?" In came the Master, and asked, "Brethren, what are you talking of as you sit here?" and when they told him, "This is not the first time," said he, "that this impertinent monkey behaved so; he did the same before:" and he told them an old-world tale.
Once on a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Behaves, the Bodhisatta was born in the Himalaya region as a Buffalo. He grew up strong and
big, and ranged the hills and mountains, peaks and caves, tortuous woods a many.
Once, as he went, he saw a pleasant tree, and took his food, standing under it.
Then an impertinent monkey came down out of the tree, and getting on his back, voided excrement; then he took hold of one of the Buffalo's horns, and swung down from it by his tail, disporting himself. The Bodhisatta, being full of patience, kindliness, and mercy, took no notice at all of his misconduct. This the monkey did again and again.
But one day, the spirit that belonged to that tree, standing upon the tree-trunk, asked him, saying, "My lord Buffalo, why do you put up with the rudeness of this bad Monkey? Put a stop to him!" and enlarging upon this theme he repeated the first two verses as follows:
"Crush underfoot, transfix him with your horn!
Stop him or even children will show scorn."
The Bodhisatta, on hearing this, replied, "If, Tree-sprite, I cannot endure this monkey's ill-treatment without abusing his birth, lineage, and powers, how can my wish ever come to fulfilment? But the monkey will do the same to any other, thinking him to be like me. And if he does it to any fierce Buffalos, they will destroy him indeed. When some other has killed him, I shall be delivered both from pain and from blood-guiltiness." And saying this he repeated the third verse:
A few days after, the Bodhisatta went elsewhither, and another Buffalo, a savage beast, went and stood in his place. The wicked Monkey, thinking it to be the old one, climbed upon his back and did as before. The Buffalo shook him off upon the ground, and drove his horn into the Monkey's heart, and trampled him to mincemeat under his hoofs..
When the Master had ended this teaching, he declared the Truths, and identified the Birth: "At that time the bad buffalo was he who now is the bad elephant, the bad monkey was the same, but the virtuous noble Buffalo was I myself."
262:1 Jātaka Mālā, no. 33 (Mahisa); Cariyā-Piṭaka, II. 5. | <urn:uuid:41d11a04-ca2e-4def-b484-8ad196f24164> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sacred-texts.com/bud/j2/j2131.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982157 | 834 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Query the physician to ask if the patient has septicemia because of the symptomatology.
An 80-year-old female is admitted with fever, lethargy, hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, and elevated WBC. The patient has more than 100,000 organisms of Escherichia coli per cc or urine. The attending physician documents "urosepsis." How should the coder proceed to code this case? | <urn:uuid:9d297125-1f27-4a73-970b-6ea5a7e79579> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://quizlet.com/16822668/cca-exam-practice-domain-1-classification-systems-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904757 | 93 | 2.125 | 2 |
American Sign Language and Interpreter Education
Faculty at Eastern Kentucky University are dedicated to training and educating students to reach their fullest potential, and the American Sign Language and Interpreting Education program embraces and reflects this University philosophy. As a nationwide leader in the American Sign Language and Interpreting Education field, EKU’s program is one of a select few in the United States that has earned the distinction of being accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Interpretation Education (CCIE) to offer a four-year Bachelor of Science degree.
►Important Facts about the Program
- Students who enter the program are committed and focused---95% of students who are accepted remain in the program.
- There is a strong market for EKU graduates---95% of students (including those who are willing to relocate) are placed in jobs within six months of graduation.
- The faculty and staff who work directly with students are 50% deaf and 50% hearing---a balance which demonstrates a strong commitment to diversity while providing students with an excellent culture and language experience.
►Dedicated Faculty Who Believe in Regional Stewardship
- EKU's American Sign Language and interpreter education program is only the sixth bachelor level interpreter training program in the country to earn Commission on Collegiate Interpreter Education (CCIE) accreditation.
- EKU faculty provided more than 25 workshops for 1,000+ participants throughout Kentucky during the past year.
- EKU’s exceptional faculty members are involved in service and research, often presenting at local, regional and national conferences.
- Two presented in Australia during August 2011.
- One taught ASL in France during the summer of 2011.
- Several have worked closely with students in the EKU Honors Program.
►Experiential Learning Opportunities for Students
- The sign language lab provides a unique blend of signing experience and the use of technology to enhance student learning. Three deaf native signers work full time in the lab.
- Students register for a 12 credit hour internship during their last semester of classes. Interns have been placed throughout the United States in unique and challenging settings---from the federal government in Washington, D.C., to working with the Deaf-Blind in Seattle, Wash.
- In the new Deaf Studies Bachelor's Degree, a senior thesis opportunity for collaborative faculty/student research is under development.
- Members of the ASLIE faculty are currently exploring options for study abroad opportunities. | <urn:uuid:bd203776-0858-4cdd-a754-09d5617d2dbe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eku.edu/academicspotlight/american-sign-language-and-interpreter-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937593 | 512 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Artificial intelligence and computer games. How not to miss out on the future?
For better understanding of how artificial intelligence (AI) might impact video games in the future and in legit online casinos, it’s important to know the following facts. Since the earliest days, game developers have been creating software in two fields. First, it was pretending it was a human. Second, it was aiming to build virtual worlds that didn’t require a human designer to create every pixel of them from scratch.
From the Pong or Pac-Man software to the universe-constructing algorithms, developers have been using AI in those two ways for decades. For instance, the father of AI, Alan Turing, developed the algorithm for the chess game before the creation of the computer that could run it on.
Of course, modern games use variations of these techniques. They are more sophisticated than they were in the early ‘80s. However, most developers still operate off these basic concepts and use them at bigger scales and with the benefits of increased processing power. AI in the latest commercial games is more complex than that but the founding principles still remain the same.
The most popular games that use new technology
There are a few aspects of video games that should be taken into account to make the end product to be of the required quality. Both graphics and gameplay should be fabulous and breathtaking to be worthy of the attention of the majority of gamers. This is of great importance if we’re speaking of AI!
In this regard, we have selected the following titles to ensure that AI takes the steps required to aid and challenge the player.
- Middle Earth: Shadow Of Mordor
- Halo: Combat Evolved
- S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow Of Chernobyl
How have artificial intelligence and virtual reality helped computer games get ahead of the curve?
Truth be told, AI in video games has not changed dramatically over the past decades. You can tell it by seeing how non-player characters interact in virtual worlds. Most games use such techniques as finite state machines and behavior trees, which provide AI agents with a limited set of actions, tasks, or states, based on the current situation. As said at https://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-45553489, these features were included into games during the 1990s. They’re still working fine, mostly because the last generation of action-adventure games didn’t really need any advances in behavioral complexity.
However, narrative-based and open-world games become more complex. Also, modern PCs and consoles can display more natural and detailed environments. Thus, more advanced AI techniques are in high demand as you will hardly want to dive into a photorealistic world filled with not so many possibilities and intricate systems just to discover that non-player characters still behave like robots without souls. Will you?
The meta-universe we deserve. The win-win gambles of our time.
AI is also a demanded tool in the gaming industry due to its ability to collect data relevant to players’ preferences. The industry that uses a new technology for delivering a better experience for players is the casino industry.
The use of AI is a great way to improve online casino services as this technology affects not only the quality of games but also the ways of gaining consumer insights. The thing is that there is a great potential for AI systems to develop their ability to study the playing patterns of gamers. It means that AI can give tailored responses, and therefore, improve user experience.
For example, a player is searching only for an online casino with the lowest deposit. It’s possible to find websites that offer a no deposit bonus or other similar ones. This customer-oriented approach helps the player find the sites that meet all requirements. It also means that AI can store this information in order to suggest more bonuses that will meet and exceed the player’s needs in the future.
On the whole, there are quite a few ways in which AI can change the gaming industry for the better. It offers high-level graphics and more interactivity. Providing a customized experience is a significant way in which AI can impact the gaming industry in the near future. However, AI is still in its early stage. At this point, it is too soon to talk about how far it can go! | <urn:uuid:db5fd318-2ba2-4914-a621-d19cf2780513> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://destinynewshub.com/general/artificial-intelligence-and-computer-games-how-not-to-miss-out-on-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960941 | 915 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Phi Alpha Theta
Alpha Delta Tau Chapter
We are very proud of Skidmore College's chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the National History Honor Society, Inc. Phi Alpha Theta was organized at the University of Arkansas on March 17, 1921. Since that time it has grown to over eight hundred chapters in the United States. Phi Alpha Theta is the largest, in number of chapters, of the accredited honor societies holding membership in the Association of College Honor Societies. It was one of the original three honor societies admitted to the association at its founding in 1945. Membership in Phi Alpha Theta has grown to more than 270,000 initiates since 1921.
The Skidmore chapter (Alpha Delta Tau) was established at Skidmore College on April 20, 1989. | <urn:uuid:589fdfa4-912e-4bfc-bed9-2b1fd7e48e57> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.skidmore.edu/history/pat/index.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00472-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952646 | 160 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Nobody invited me to tag along on the 1,000-person entourage. I didn't spend my Friday afternoon ogling ancient terra cotta warriors or my Sunday gallivanting around Beijing's Forbidden City. But inspired by the grand tradition of foreign correspondent hackery, I won't be stopped from reporting on Clinton's trip to China. Here's the first of a series of Internet dispatches--on Internet coverage--of the China story.
The weekend's attention was fixed on Clinton's controversial official welcome in Tiananmen Square. While the Web address www.tiananmensquare.com has not yet been claimed, other sites chronicle the massacre with bloody photos and interactive tours. Coverage of the event by the People's Daily, the Chinese Communist Party's voice, stresses "bilateral" cooperation without delving into Tiananmen's human rights issues: "To accelerate their move toward the goal of establishing a constructive strategic partnership between the two countries, they [Clinton and Jiang] decided that they would refrain from targeting their strategic nuclear weapons against each other." Whew!
Clinton roused Peking University with a speech advocating human rights and did a Q & A with its students. The university's Web site is a bit of a disappointment, being more obsessed with the school's 1998 centennial than with the real world.
Who's ever heard of human rights? Well, the Chinese Embassy has--there's a whole page of links to government propaganda on the subject, including a diatribe titled "A Look at the U.S. Human Rights Record."
Anumber of human rights organizations paint the real, less rosy picture. Human Rights in China, a New York-based group started by Chinese academics, offers a comprehensive site with links to a site for Wang Dan, the Tiananmen Square activist who was released from a long stint in prison only this spring. The site links to his speeches and the petition that helped set him free, as well as to his June 4 statement on the ninth anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre. For a daily critique of China's media coverage, turn to the independent media watchdog section of Inside China Today.
The Washington Post wins big with its comprehensive China trip Web links page. The World Bank, the CIA, and other China sources are just one click away. The page also features a condensed history of Beijing (disguised as a "Beijing Tour"), links to China's music, and a reader forum. The New York Times catalogs its articles (and requires that you register) and hosts a discussion. USA Today posts top China stories, many of them from the Associated Press.
More as the president continues surfing China.
As the president does Shanghai on the second day of the Clinton Surfwatch, we plow into a huge rice paddy of local propaganda. An overview of Shanghai skims all the city's tourist sites, including the classical pavilions at the Yuyuan Garden--a stop on the Clinton itinerary. Another brief summary emphasizes that Shanghai (a k a the New York of China) is the country's biggest manufacturing base, responsible for one-eighth of China's total annual industrial output. The Shanghai Daily gloats that "China is the second largest trade partner of the United States, whereas the US is only China's fourth largest partner."
Excerpts from Clinton's entertaining radio talk show include not only policy pronouncements but also the Chinese view of Clinton's figure ("[Y]ou seem to have a very nice figure, Mr. President"). And Clinton makes his unofficial call for the World Cup: Brazil. Another of the president's Tuesday mileposts was the Shanghai Library, which he hopes will cooperate more closely with U.S. libraries. Progress won't be immediate. The digital branch is all in Chinese. And though we can't hack our way into the Shanghai stock market (also the site of a Clinton guest appearance), we can still get investing advice and an overview.
After all that surfing, it's time for snacks, namely, some Shanghai specialties. Vegetarians take shelter, for the 156 tantalizing possibilities include mostly pork, chicken, and seafood. Randomly we settle on Jin Jiang Roast Duct [sic]. "Kill and depilate [sic] the duck," the instructions begin. No thanks, we'll order the Crystal Pig's Stomachic [sic] Pieces Soup, which, as you will read, makes fewer demands on us.
Tomorrow it's back to the serious stuff. We'll pay a call on the exiled Dalai Lama and get the scoop on Tibet.
As Hong Kong is treated to a first-anniversary-of-hand-over bash Wednesday, another independence issue still rankles in the halls of China: Tibet. (For a quick Tibet refresher, check the Washington Post.) Despite a conciliatory exchange between Presidents Clinton and Jiang in Beijing last Saturday, no easy resolutions are in the offing. A May article in the China Daily, revealingly titled "Dalai Lama's motives unmasked," takes the combative stance that has been wrapped up in appeasement during the Clinton tour.
For the West, Tibet is unquestionably a trendy cause. Several international organizations lobby through their extensive Web sites. Which one you choose to visit depends on whether you want to Free Tibet or Save Tibet. We recommend the latter, since its site has an up-to-date news database on Clinton's trip, a Clinton itinerary, and a Tibet event schedule. Most important, the Dalai Lama sticks up for himself from his exile in Dharamsala in North India. Good surfing there--the well-organized official site comprehensively explains the government-in-exile's situation.
What's so great about Tibet? Well, take a spin through the spectacular photo gallery (courtesy Inside China Today) of furry yaks, isolated desert tents, and the Dalai Lama's summer home ... too bad he isn't there to enjoy it.
Stay tuned for tomorrow's wrap-up whirl through Hong Kong.
We're back with Clinton for the China tour's grand finale--Hong Kong. Surfing through this glittering financial superstar is all about funky, colorful graphics, markedly different from the mainland China Web experience. Even the Hong Kong government sports a surprisingly fun Web site, which mingles facts and stats with blinking visuals. Two chunky pie graphs evaluate how the Hong Kong officialdom is handling the Year 2000 problem. (Is a "37% non-compliance rate" good news or bad?)
High on Clinton's Hong Kong agenda is a meeting with Tung Chee-Hwa, Hong Kong's chief executive. Here's his pre-hand over prognosis, which includes a pledge to maintain Hong Kong's accustomed freedoms and to operate under a one-country, two-systems scenario. But the Hong Kong Journalists' Association disputes his success; its "campaign for open government" notes that 69 percent of surveyed HKJA members believe the pre-hand-over government was more open than the current one. Corroborating evidence is offered by a new Washington Post article, which reports that an important documentary by a Hong Kong journalist about fighting in northern China has been kept off the airwaves.
OK, OK ... surf's up and over. Craving some real fireworks--not to mention independence--we catch a cab to the slick, just-opened Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok. Since the airport is just beginning service, expect delays in loading (the Web site). But before you can say dim sum, we're back in the States to celebrate July 4--just as if we'd never left. | <urn:uuid:98bc054c-4a25-4c7a-ae00-bae04e2bbe33> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/tangled_web/1998/07/surfing_through_china.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00303-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943481 | 1,567 | 1.75 | 2 |
Ties between France and Turkey are unraveling after the French National Assembly passed a bill making it a crime to deny the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, known as the Armenian Genocide.
In reaction to the vote, Turkey froze political and military relations with France, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced Thursday.
Since 1990, it has been illegal to deny crimes against humanity in France, specifically the Holocaust. Many have raised concerns that this limits freedom of speech.
"We have an expression in America: Your freedom of speech ends when you yell fire in a crowded theater. There are some things that are just not covered in freedom of speech, the denial of the first genocide of the 20th century clearly falls within that," Mark Geragos, a lawyer who has represented former Rep. Gary Condit, former first brother Roger Clinton, Academy award-winning actress Winona Ryder, pop star Michael Jackson and Scott Peterson, told ABC News.
Geragos, an Armenian-American, said it shows a lot of courage on behalf of the French.
"My hope is that this infuses the U.S. Congress with the guts to do the right thing," Geragos said.
The United States has been hesitant to use the word "genocide" in connection with the massacres of 1915-1917, fearing the political repercussions.
"France and 21 other countries have already shown that there's no political problem in passing official statements about the Armenian Genocide. France has taken it to another level with this law," Peter Balakian, a writer and scholar of genocide at Colgate University and a New York Times bestselling author, told ABC News.
Balakian said he is not a supporter of laws that restrict freedom of speech, but he notes that in some extreme cases, some societies find it necessary to pass such laws.
"The lesson that can be learned from this is that when there are decades of aggressive, state-planned denialist propaganda as there is with Turkey, to cover up its history, absolve itself of responsibility and to erase the moral reality of the Armenian Genocide, some societies, like France, feel such laws are ethically important as a redress to such denial," Balakian said.
Erdogan said he would be suspending all kinds of political consultations with France and cancelled all upcoming meetings and conferences between the two countries.
"People will not forgive those who distort history, or use history as a tool for political exploitation," he said.
French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said Friday that he had asked Turkish authorities not to "overeact," calling their declarations "excessive."
Geragos said it would be an apt description to characterize Turkey as an upset, spoiled child.
"They stomp their feet, they take their toys and go home. What I think France understands more than most countries is that this is a joke. The U.S. doesn't get army bases in Turkey without any kind of trade off -- one of the greatest things for deficit reduction would be if Turkey did take their toys and go pound in the sand."
Some question the intentions of French President Nicholas Sarkozy, who is seeking re-election in April despite his dwindling popularity. France has Europe's largest Armenian population, with estimates around 500,000.
"I think that any time a politician does anything, it's always looked at skeptically," Geragos said. "Sarkozy has always taken a moral and principle stand. People who claim he's using this as a bargaining chip, I don't buy into that. What's right is right." | <urn:uuid:a4bfc993-f6c3-4df4-a96f-ae9413200711> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://abcnews.go.com/International/turkey-freezes-relations-france-armenian-genocide-bill/story?id=15228910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976324 | 734 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The Remington Noiseless Portable required still quite a whack at the keys, my particular specimen needed this to make an even imprint. Hitting the keys without a firm (staccato) wallop, would make an uneven imprint, with the top half of the characters very light or not even there.
This is then of course a case where the carriage and platen sits a bit too low for the type striking the platen, with most of the force on the lower half of the type. Given that the carriage rests on a single, small screw in a lip extending from the frame, it is probably logical to have sagged a bit over time. Having looked at it now for a while, finally grabbed some tools and had a go at adjusting this.
Most amazingly (to me, at least) there are two screws in the RNP to adjust the height of the platen for lowercase and for uppercase. The screws have of course a lock-nut to keep them in place during use. (Haven't quite figured out how a left-right height adjustment is done, but that was fortunately still ok :)
All the tools that were needed, are a small screwdriver and a 1/4" open wrench. Having tried first of course with metric tools, luckily had an Imperial wrench of the right size. (Actually used an Allen key, but also not an allen key...)
Started by making sure the imprint of the lowercase is nicely even. Lowercase has the p and q for the lower and the d and b for the top of the needed imprint, so with a bit of trial and error the lowercase can be adjusted to make an even imprint. Striking several times a letter from firm to very lightly to make an increasingly faint impression gives a good cue to see if the platen is properly centered in front of the type.
The lowercase rests on the screw, so clockwise will raise the platen. The uppercase pulls on the adjustment screw, clockwise will lower the platen.
With the lowercase adjusted, the uppercase will be out of line. So as the next item loosened the lock-nut. A small wrench can just squeeze in to loosen the uppercase lock-nut, parallel-beak pliers that can work on the lowercase just couldn't get there.
Result now is a Noiseless Portable that is much less critical about the typing force with a more even result on paper.
(Still needs staccato typing, the letter a is particularly sensitive. Must be another adjustment somewhere on the machine for that :-) | <urn:uuid:6d38210b-fd69-4afd-855e-4404f4e06d63> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://badonoer.blogspot.com/2014/02/adjusting-noiseless-portable.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00480-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943649 | 537 | 1.539063 | 2 |
توسعه پایدار ساختمان های بلندمرتبه
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|29375||2011||5 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||1960 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Procedia Engineering, Volume 21, 2011, Pages 943–947
The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the sustainable development of high-rise building in Chinese cities. As the construction climax of high-rise building has arrived in China, many constructed or constructing high-rise buildings are still in the state of environment-unfriendly, low standard and efficiency, high consumption and pollution, and featureless. This kind of development is not sustainable. The method used in this study is analysis of environment protection, safety, and efficiency of the high-rise building, which tend to solve these above problems and make a sustainable development. The paper suggests that it is necessary to establish the green high-rise building system, which to be composed of external environment, internal floorplan and Architectural Form.
1.1. Climate considerations Climate is the first considerations in constructing. Under the condition of meeting the general distance requirement of sunshine, we can reduce buildings density and increase external space of high-rise building, so that to improve the external natural illumination, landscaping and microclimatic of external environment, then creating a more fresh and pleasant space to habitat. As far as the wind environment, it is necessary to make a model and test in wind tunnel for the high-rise building which has the special demand for environment. Discovering the best figure and size, and adjusting the design. At the same time,it is very effective that virescence, making holes on shell and gradient height backing, which can improve the external wind environment obviously. 1.2. Optimal utilization of land Because of the high land prices in modern city, the density of buildings is high in many regions. It has caused the city "Canyon” and the congestion public space. The controlling of plot ratio and building density is an effective way. On the one hand, plot ratio controlling can restrict the target of land area utilization of high-rise buildings. On the other hand, the height of high-rise buildings can be controlled through the interaction of plot ratio and building density. So, the optimal utilization of land is very helpful to achieve a good relationship between buildings and surrounding environment, then an enough public space could be saved to improve the quality of external environment, see Fig 1(a); (b). Therefore, architects should attach great importance to the intrinsic link of architecture and natural environment.1.3. Organizing the efficiency transport network The reasonable entrance, fire passageway and parking place which set by information technology, is guarantee for an unobstructed, safety and efficiency traffic network. In the concrete jungle city, more emphasis has been placed on intelligent transport network which use the system of interchange, vertical conversion and real time supervision.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
The changing and development is eternal, but the question is how to action? The thinking of sustainable development has provided us a whole new concept, which with more value of culture, economy and ecology. Just as one comment said in “The Architectural Review”, “Change is the driving force to cultural and society, everything will be gone, but it is not means something upheaval or destructive”. We should be kind to the earth and environment, regarding the sustainable development of high-rise building as an opportunity rather than a constraint for our feature. | <urn:uuid:763a9a85-e878-4670-8ad0-3c59f1574f6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://isiarticles.com/article/29375 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902153 | 867 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Peacock Hill Neighborhood Guide
Located in Ivy
Originally an apple and peach orchard in the 1940s, Peacock Hill is now a 350-acre planned neighborhood with approximately 175 homes, offering quiet country living in the Ivy Valley. The surrounding area is rural in character, with large farms and heavily wooded slopes. Views of both the Ragged Mountains and the more distant Blue Ridge are superb, and the ruggedly interesting topography creates an ideal setting for a planned residential community. Peacock Hill offers two tennis courts, a children's playground, walking trails, and a five-acre lake that invites canoeing, fishing, and picnics. There are approximately 100 acres of common ground that consist of mountainsides, meadows, streams, and valleys, where wildlife abounds. | <urn:uuid:37ddf4e2-9e08-4b26-a247-f68fcde587e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nestrealty.com/charlottesville/neighborhood-guides/peacock_hill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.954189 | 161 | 1.5625 | 2 |
|Variety:||P. frutescens var. crispa|
|Perilla frutescens var. crispa
Shiso (//, Japanese: 紫蘇 or シソ, Japanese pronunciation: [ɕiso̞]) is the more widely used name of the Asian culinary herb Perilla frutescens var. crispa, belonging to the mint family. In Vietnam, the plant is called tía tô(Vietnamese pronunciation: [tiɜ˧ˀ˦ to˧˧]).
This herb was previously known as the "beefsteak plant", a mostly obsolete name. It is also sometimes referred to by its genus name "Perilla", which is ambiguous, as it is also inclusive of the so-called "wild sesame" variety, P. frutescens var. frutescens, which is devoid of the distinctive shiso fragrance.
Shiso is a perennial plant that may be cultivated as an annual in temperate climates, and occurs in both red- (or purple-) leaved and green forms. There are also frilly, ruffled-leaved forms called chirimen-jiso and forms that are red only on top, called katamen-jiso.
The Japanese name shiso (紫蘇?, シソ)and the Vietnamese tía tô are cognates, both a loan word from zǐsū(simplified Chinese: 紫苏; traditional Chinese: 紫蘇; pinyin: zǐsū; Wade–Giles: tsu-su), which means Perilla frustescens in Chinese. The first character 「紫(shi, murasaki)」 means "purple", and the second「蘇(so, yomigaeru)」 means "to be resurrected, revived, rehabilitated". Traditionally in Japan shiso denoted the purple-red form. In recent years green is considered typical, and red considered atypical.
The plant occurs in red (purple-leaved) or green-leaved forms. It also has a less fashionable translated name "beefsteak plant", but starting around the 1980s, with the rise of popularity of Japanese cuisine, it has become increasingly more chic for the mass media to refer to it as shiso. Shiso is called soyeop(소엽) or chajogi(차조기) in Korean, and huíhuísū(回回苏) in Chinese.
The purple-red type may be known as akajiso (赤ジソ/紅ジソ "red shiso"?). The quintessential use is for coloring the pickled plum, or umeboshi. The shiso leaf turns bright red when it reacts with the umezu, the vinegary brine that wells up from the plums after being pickled in their vats. The red pigment is identified as the Perilla anthocyanin, aka shisonin. The mature red leaves are not very amenable to use as a raw salad leaf. But germinated sprouts me-jiso (芽ジソ?) have been used for years as garnish to accent a Japanese dish such as a plate of sashimi. Also used are the hanaho (花穂 flower cluster?) or hojiso, which are sprigs or stalks studded with tiny-cupped flowers and forming seeds. The tiny pellets of buds and seed pods can be scraped off using the chopstick or fingers and mixed into the soy sauce dip to add the distinct spicy flavor. The sprouts and flowerheads of the green variety are also used the same way.
Bunches of green shiso leaves packaged in styrofoam trays are now familiar sights on the supermarket shelves in Japan, as well as in Japanese food markets in the West. But production in earnest as leafy herb did not begin until the 1960s.
One anecdote is that around 1961, a certain cooperative or guild of tsuma (ツマ "garnish"?) commodities based in Shizuoka Prefecture picked large-sized green leaves of shiso and shipped them out to the Osaka market, and gained popularity, so that ōba (大葉 "big leaf"?) became the trade name for bunches of picked green leaves forever after.
A dissenting account places its origin in the city of Toyohashi, Aichi, the foremost ōba-producer in the country, and claims Toyohashi's Greenhouse Horticultural Agricultural Cooperative (豊橋園芸農協?) experimented with planting c. 1955, and around 1962 started merchandizing the leaf part as Ōba, and in 1963 organized "cooperative sorting and sales" of the crop (kyōsen kyōhan (共選・共販?), analogous to cranberry cooperatives in the US). By c. 1970, they achieved year-round production.
English common names
The scarlet-leaved form of shiso was introduced into the West around the 1850s, when the ornamental variety was usually referred to as P. nankinensis. This red-leafed border plant eventually earned the English-language name "beefsteak plant". This was the English equivalent name was in standard usage over a period, authoritative Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary.[clarification needed] Due to that legacy, the old-fashioned name remains in circulation today.
Origins and distribution
It spread throughout China some time in remote antiquity. One of the early mentions on record occurs in Renown Physician's Extra Records (Chinese: 名醫別錄; pinyin: Míng Yī Bié Lù), around 500 AD, where it is listed as su (蘇), and some of its uses are described.
The perilla was introduced into Japan around the eighth to ninth centuries.
Though now lumped into a single species of polytypic character, the two cultigens continue to be regarded as two distinct commodities in the Asian countries where they are most exploited. While they are morphologically similar, the modern strains are readily distinguishable. Accordingly, the description is used separately or comparatively for the cultivars.
Shiso grows to 40–100 centimetres (16–39 in) tall. Shiso has broad ovate leaves with pointy ends and serrated margins, arranged oppositely with long leafstalks. Shiso's distinctive flavor comes from its perillaldehyde component, which present only in low concentration in other perilla varieties.
The red (purple) forms of the shiso (forma purpurea and crispa) come from its pigment, called "perilla anthocyanin " or shisonin. The color is present in both sides of the leaves, as well as the entire stalk, and flower buds (calyces).
The red crinkly-leafed version (called chirimenjiso in Japan) was the form of shiso first examined by Western botany, and Thunberg named it P. crispa (the name meaning "wavy or curly"). That Latin name was later retained when the shiso was reclassed as a variety.
Also, bicolored cultivars (var. Crispa forma discolor Makino; カタメンジソ (katamenjiso?)) are red on the underside of the leaf (see pictured, top right). Green crinkly-leafed cultivars (called chirimenaojiso, forma viridi-crispa) are seen.
The plant produces the natural product perilloxin, which is built around a 3-benzoxepin moiety. Perilloxin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase with an IC50 of 23.2 μM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen also work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme family.
A whole leaf of green shiso is often used as a receptacle to hold wasabi, or various tsuma (garnishes) and ken (daikon radishes, etc., sliced into fine threads). It seems to have superseded baran, the serrated green plastic film, named after the Aspidistra plant, that graced takeout sushi boxes in bygone days.
- Green leaves
The green leaf can be chopped up and used as herb or condiments for an assortment of cold dishes such as:
Chopped leaves can be used to flavor any number of fillings or batter to be cooked, for use in warm dishes. A whole leaf battered only on the obverse side is made into tempura. Whole leaves are often combined with shrimp or other fried items.
- Red leaves
Red leaves are used for making pickled plum (umeboshi) as mentioned, but this is no longer a yearly chore undertaken by the average household. Red shiso is used to color shiba-zuke[ja], a type of pickled eggplant (also cucumber, myoga, shiso seeds may be used), Kyoto specialty.
The seed pods or berries of the shiso are also salted and preserved as a sort of spice. They can be combined with fine slivers of daikon, for instance, to make a simple salad.
One source from the 1960s says that oil expressed from shiso seeds was once used for deep-frying purposes.
Though young buds or shoots are not usually used in restaurants, the me-jiso used could be microgreen size. People engaged in growing their own shiso in planters, will also refer to the plucked seedlings they have thinned as mejiso.[better source needed]
The name yukari refers to dried and pulverized red-shiso flakes, and has passed into the common tongue as a generic term, even though Mishima Foods Co.[ja] insists it is the proprietary name for its products. The term yukari-no-iro has signified the color purple since the olden days, based on a poem in the Kokin Wakashū about a murasaki or gromwell blooming in Musashino (old name for Tokyo area). Moreover, the term Murasaki-no-yukari[ja] has long been used as an alias for Lady Murasaki's famous romance of the shining prince.
Other than the yukari variety, there are many commercial brand furikake type sprinkle-seasoning products that contain shiso as well. They can be sprinkled on rice or mixed into musubi. They are often sprinkled on pasta.
The shiso pasta can be made from fresh chopped leaves, sometimes combined with the crumbled roe of tarako, and the trick to success is not to cook the cod roe on the stove top, but to just to toss the hot pasta into it.
Tía tô is a Vietnamese version of shiso, with slightly smaller leaves but much stronger aromatic flavor, native to Southeast Asia . Unlike the Perilla frutescens counterpart, the leaves on the Vietnamese perilla have green color on the top side and purplish red on the bottom side.
In North and South Vietnam, the Vietnamese perilla are eaten raw or used in Vietnamese salads, soups, or stir fried dishes. The strong flavors are perfect for cooking seafoods such as shrimp and fish dishes. Aromatic leaves are also widely used in pickling. Plants can be grown in open field or container as a wonderful ornamental plant in the backyard.
Bactericidal and preservative effects of the shiso, due to the presence of terpenes such as perilla alcohol, have been noted.
The word ōba was originally a trade name and was not entered into the Shin Meikai kokugo jiten until its 5th edition (Kindaichi 1997), and is not found in 4th edition (1989). This dictionary is more progressive the Kojien cited previously, as Kindaichi's dictionary, from the 1st ed. (1972), and definitely in the 2nd ed. (1974) defined shiso as a plant with leaves of "purple(green) color".
|Growth year||Production in Tons|
The bar graph shows the trend in total production of shiso in Japan. (Source:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) statistics. For green shiso, cumuative figures for shiso as vegetable is used.)
Raw data start from year 1960, but for the shiso, the production figure was either negligible (far less than 1000t) or unavailable until the year 1976, as shown.
The 1970s was when refrigerated storage and refrigerated transport came online for shiso; but the same technology was bringing fresh produce and seafood to meal tables of ever-remoter parts away from farms or seaports. So foods like sashimi which was not daily fare for every Japanese was becoming exactly that, and the green shiso leaves, developed as a garnish for sashimi, quickly began to gain ground.
The no. 1 producer of produce type shiso among the 47 todofuken in Japan is Aichi Prefecture, boasting 3,852 tons, representing 37.0% of national production (based on latest available FY2008 data). Another source uses greenhouse-grown production of 3,528 tons as the figure better representation actual ōba production, and according to this, the prefecture has a 56% share. The difference in percentage is an indicator that in Aichi, the leaves are 90% greenhouse produced, whereas nationwide, the ratio is just 60:40 in favor of indoors over open fields.
There seems to be a growth spurt for shiso crops grown for industrial use. The data shows the following trend for crops targeted for oil and perfumery.
- Oxford English Dictionary, 2008, "shiso". WordReference. Retrieved April 1, 2012., "shiso n. ... chiefly used as a herb in Japanese cookery"
- query in the New York Times archives shows that "shiso" since 1981 had had 251 hits, and during 1990s - current, 243 , with 172 definitely in "+Japanese" context. Since 1981, perilla has 52 hits winnowed to only 12 in "+Japanese" context. Since 1981, occurrence of "beefsteak plant" scored 3 hits.
- Grbic, Nikolina; Pinker, Ina; Böhme, Michael (2016). "The Nutritional Treasure of Leafy Vegetables-Perilla frutescens" (PDF). Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. Vienna, Austria.
According to scientific nomenclature of Perilla two varieties are described: variety frutescens - mainly used in Korea as fresh vegetable or for making pickles, and variety crispa - a strongly branching crop mainly used in Japan and Vietnam, with smaller curly leaves rich in anthocyanins.
- Hu 2005, p.651
- Heibonsha 1969
- Shinmura 1976, Kōjien 2nd ed. revised. (1st ed. 1955, the linguist who edited the dictionary died 1967). Definition of shiso translates to: "Annual of mint family. Native to China. Grows to 60cm. Stalk is rectangular, leaves are purple-red and fragrant.. (description of flower and fruit).. Leaves and fruit..used as an edible aromatic, and to color umeboshi. Occurs in green and chirimen (ruffle-leaved) forms."
- Evidence abounds in restaurant reviews and food sections. In the NY Times archives, Burros, Marian (October 21, 1983). "Restaurants". Retrieved March 29, 2012., review of Gyosai restaurant, seems to be the earliest instance among hundreds of usage that have amassed over the years.
- Shimbo 2001, pp. 142-
- Yu, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p.151, "Kondo (1931) and Kuroda and Wada (1935) isolated an anthocyanin pigment from purple Perilla leaves and gave it the name shisonin"
- Tsuji & Fisher 2007,p.89
- Shimbo 2001,p.58
- 川上行蔵; 西村元三朗 (1990). 日本料理由来事典. 上. 朋舎出版. ISBN 978-4-8104-9116-6. ISBN 4-8104-9116-1., quoted by "ことばの話1249「大葉と紫蘇」". 道浦俊彦の平成ことば事情(Toshihiko Michiura's Heisei kotoba jijo. 2003-06-26. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in:
- "JA豊橋ブランド(JA Toyohashi brand)". 2012. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), under heading "Tsumamono nippon-ichi"(つまもの生産日本一) states Toyhashi is Japan's no. 1 producer of both edible chrysanthemums and shiso
- Okashin 2012 website pdf, p.174
- anonymous (March 1855), "List of Select and New Florists' Flowers" (google), The Floricultural cabinet, and florists' magazine, London: Simpkin,Marshall, & Co., 23: 62 "Perilla Nankinesnsis, a new and curious plant with crimsn leaves.."; An earlier issue (Vol. 21, Oct. 1853) , p.240, describe it being grown among the "New Annuals in the Horticultural Society's Garden"
- Tucker & DeBaggio 2009, p. 389, "name beefsteak plant.. from the bloody purple-red color.."
- Kenkyusha's (1954 edition) was verified.
- Vaughan & Geissler 2009
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p.1 after Wilson et al., 1977
- Kays 2011, p.677-8
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p.3
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p.1 after Duke, 1988
- Foster & Yue 1992,p.306-8
- Roecklein & Leung 1987, p. 349
- Blaschek, Hänsel & Keller 1998, vol.3, p.328
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p. 37
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p. 3, citing:Tanaka, K. (1993), "Effects of Periilla", My Health (8): 152–153 (in Japanese).
- Nitta, Lee & Ohnishi 2003, p.245-
- Boning 2010, p. 149
- Tucker & DeBaggio 2009, p. 389
- He, Kosuna & Haga 1997 p.151
- Heibonsha 1964 encyc.
- Heibonsha 1964 Encycl. states egoma seeds are about 1.2 mm, slightly larger than shiso seeds. However, egoma seeds being grown currently can be much larger.
- Oikawa & Toyama 2008, p. 5, egoma, sometimes classed P.frutescens var. Japonica, exhibited sizes of 1.4 mm < sieve caliber <2.0 mm for black seeds and 1.6 mm < sieve caliber <2.0 mm for white seeds.
- This is based on 650 seeds/gram reported by a purveyor Nicky's seeds; this is in ballpark with "The ABCs of Seed Importation into Canada". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Retrieved 2012-03-31. also quotes 635 per gram, though it is made unclear which variety
- Hyo-Sun Shin, in He, Kosuna & Haga 1997, p.93-, citing Tsuyuki et al., 1978
- Esaki, Osamu(江崎治) (2006), "生活習慣病予防のための食事・運動療法の作用機序に関する研究", 日本栄養 食糧学会誌 (Proceedings of the JSNFS), 59 (5): 326 gives 58%
- Hiroi 2009, p. 35,[clarification needed] gives 62.3% red, 65.4% green shiso
- Liu, J.-H.; Steigel, A.; Reininger, E.; Bauer, R. (2000). "Two new prenylated 3-benzoxepin derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors from Perilla frutescens var. acuta". J. Nat. Prod. 63 (3): 403–405. doi:10.1021/np990362o.
- Mouritsen 2009, pp. 110–112, Sushi book written by a Danish biophysicist
- Ogawa, Toshio(小川敏男 (1978). つけもの(tsukemono) (preview). Hoiku-sha (保育社). p. 115. ISBN 978-4-586-50423-7. ISBN 4-586-50423-4.gives an illustrated guide to making shibazuke (text Japanese)
- Larkcom 2007, Oriental Vegetables
- Fujita, Satoshi(藤田智) (2009). 体においしい野菜づくり (preview). PHP研究所. p. 78. ISBN 978-4-569-70610-8. ISBN 4-569-70610-X., written by a horticulture professor at Keisen University and well-known gardening tipster on TV. quote:"発芽した双葉「芽ジソ(青ジソのアオメ、赤ジソのムラメ)」"
- Tsuji & Fisher 2007, p.164, commits this error, even though the book explains elsewhere, under the section dedicated to shiso that the "tiny sprouts (mejiso)" are used (p.89).
- Ishikawa 1997, p.108 Photograph shows both green shiso sprouts (aome) and slightly larger red shiso sprouts (mura me) with true leaves
- Google search using keywords "芽ジソ"+"間引き" (Japanese for mejiso and thinning) turns up many examples, but mostly blogs, etc.
- Andoh & Beisch, pp. 12,26–7
- Used as such by Japanese-American author, Andoh & Beisch 2005pp.26-7
- "名前の由来 (origin to its name)". Mishima foods webpage.
- Shinmura 1976, Kōjien 2nd ed. revised
- Rutledge, Bruce. Kūhaku & Other Accounts from Japan (preface). pp. 218–9. ISBN 978-0-974199-50-4. ISBN 0-974199-50-8. gives this tarako and shiso spaghetti recipe
- "Vietnamese Perilla (Tia To)". localharvest.org. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- Kindaichi 1997; 2nd ed.:「紫蘇一畑に作る一年草。ぎざぎざのある葉は紫(緑)色..」
- MAFF-stat 2012b, FY2009, title: "Vegetables: Domestic Production Breakdown (野菜の国内生産量の内訳)" , Excel button (h001-21-071.xls)
- Aichi Prefecture (2011). "愛知の特産物（平成21年）". Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), starred data is FY2008 data.
- Both these numbers square with MAFF-stat 2012a figures
- MAFF-stat 2012a
- This can be derived from MAFF-stat 2012a, with minimal data analysis. Aichi produces four times as much as the 2nd ranked Ibaraki Prefecture and Toyohashi grew 48% of it, so about double any other prefectural total.
- MAFF-stat 2012c
- (Herb books)
- Larkcom, Joy (2007). Oriental Vegetables (preview). Frances Lincoln. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-7112-2612-8. ISBN 0-7112-2612-1.
- Andoh, Elizabeth; Beisch, Leigh (2005), Washoku: recipes from the Japanese home kitchen (google), Random House Digital, Inc., p. 47, ISBN 978-1-58008-519-9
- Mouritsen, Ole G. (2009). Jonas Drotner Mouritsen. Springer. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-1-4419-0617-5. ISBN 1-4419-0617-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=RJxuV-0eT4UC&pg=PA110. Missing or empty
- Shimbo, Hiroko (2001), The Japanese kitchen: 250 recipes in a traditional spirit (preview), Harvard Common Press, ISBN 978-1-55832-177-9, ISBN 1-55832-177-2
- Tsuji, Shizuo; Fisher, M.F.K. (2007), Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art (preview), Kodansha International, p. 89, ISBN 978-4-7700-3049-8, ISBN 4-7700-3049-5
- Ishikawa, Takayuki (石川貴之 ed.) (1997). 人気の日本料理―一流板前が手ほどきする (Chef's Best Choice Japanese Cuisine). Bessatsu Kateigaho mook (別冊家庭画報 ムック). Sekaibunkasha. ISBN 978-4-418-97143-5. ISBN 4-418-97143-2.
- (Nutrition and chemistry)
- O'Brien-Nabors, Lyn (2011), Alternative Sweeteners (preview), CRC Press, p. 235, ISBN 978-1-4398-4614-8
- Yu, He-Ci; Kosuna, Kenichi; Haga, Megumi (1997), Perilla: the genus Perilla (preview), Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles, 2, CRC Press, ISBN 978-90-5702-171-8, ISBN 90-5702-171-4, pp. 26–7
- (Japanese dictionaries)
- Shinmura, Izuru (1976). 広辞苑(Kōjien). Iwanami.. Japanese dictionary.
- Heibonsha (1969) , "しそ", 世界百科事典(Sekai hyakka jiten), Heibonsha, 10, pp. 246–7 (world encyclopedia, in Japanese). The botany section by Yoshisuke, Satake (佐竹義輔); agricultural and nutrition by Nishi, Sadao (西貞夫); culinary section by Motoyama,Tekishū (本山荻舟).
- Kindaichi, Kyosuke(金田一京助) (1997), 新明解国語辞典(Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten)(5th ed.), 三省堂, ISBN 978-4-385-13099-6
- (Japanese misc. sites)
- Okashin; Okazaki Shinkni Bank(岡崎信用金庫). "あいちの地場産業". Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help): right navbar "9 農業(野菜)"
- (Ministry statistics)
- MAFFstat (2012a). "地域特産野菜生産状況調査(regional specialty vegetables production status study". Retrieved April–2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help). It gives to ink to H12 (FY2000), H14 (FY2002), H16 (FY2004), H18 (FY2006), H20 (FY2008) figures. They are not direct links to Excel sheets, but jump to TOC pages at e-stat.go.jp site. The latest available is TOC for The FY2008(年次) Regional Specialty Vegetable Production Status Study, published 11/26/2010. Under Category 3-1 Vegetables by crop and prefecture: acreage, harvest yield, etc. (野菜の品目別、都道府県別生産状況 作物面積収穫量等), find 10th crop shiso (しそ), and click Excel button to open p008-20-014.xls. Under Category 3-2, you can also retrieve Vegetable by crop and prefecture: major cutivars at major-producing municipalities (野菜の品目別、都道府県別生産状況 主要品種主要市町村 ).
- MAFFstat (2012b). "食料需給表 (food supply & demand tables)" (published 2011-6-20). Retrieved April 2, 2012. Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help). Under Reports (View of Statisticl Tables) (報告書（統計表一覧）), click most recent year, e.g. FY2009 (平成21年度〔Excel：e-Stat〕) which is a TOC page not a direct Excel link.On this TOC(FY2009), under category: "Major Items By Crop Cumulative Tables" 主要項目の品目別累年表), locate heading 2-4-1, and next to "Vegetables Domestic Production Breakdown" (野菜の国内生産量の内訳) click adjacent Excel button for data (h001-21-071.xls).
- MAFFstat (2012c). "特産農作物の生産実績調査(specialty vegetables production realized study)". Retrieved April–2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help). Links to H14 (FY2000) - H19 (FY2007) biannual figures, not direct link to Excel but jump to TOC pages at e-stat.go.jp site. The latest available is TOC for The FY2007(年次) Specialty Vegetable Production Realized Study, published 3/23/2010. Locate 1-1-10 is Shiso (しそ), where heading reads " Industrial crop sown acreage and production" (工芸作物の作付面積及び生産量, and click Excel button to open p003-19-010.xls. | <urn:uuid:6b898c76-0daa-4b3f-9e11-6672f187ac49> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiso | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00270-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.808267 | 7,029 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Biediger University in Germany
Biediger University is a university in Bielefeld, Germany. Founded in 1969, it is one of the new universities of the country, and described itself as "reform" university, following a different style of teaching institutions and universities more University was founded. In particular, the university aims to "re-establish the unity between research and teaching," and so all faculty teaching courses in the field they studied. The university also stressed focusing on interdisciplinary research, the help of the architect, which surrounds all faculties in a great structure. It is one of the first German university to convert some science (eg biology) to Bachelor / Master-level as part of the Bologna process.
Bielefeld University has started a project to modernize the multi-phase expansion, which upon completion in 2025 will result in the building of the new university to replace the 40 year old main building. The total investment of over € 1000000000 has been planned for this policy.
The school has the following departments:
+Department of Biology
+Department of Chemistry
+Department of History, Philosophy and Theology
+Department of History
+Department of Philosophy
+Department of Theology
+Faculty of Public Health
+Faculty of Philology
+Department of Art and Music
+Faculty of Mathematics
+Faculty of Education
+Department of Physics
+Department of Psychology and Sport
+Faculty of Law
+Department of Sociology
+Faculty of Technology
+Faculty of Business Administration and Economics
Biediger University is one of the centers of the student protests in the fight against the introduction of tuition fees. During the protests, the central hall and the presidential office universities were occupied by students protesting for more than a month. In a vote of ASTA and the student congress was held, about 94 percent of the participants voted against the introduction of tuition fees, although only 22 percent of students drop their ballots . This is compared with similar results at other universities of Germany.
In the meeting of July 12, 2006, the University Senate decided to introduce tuition fees of € 500 per semester, beginning in 2007.
In August 2006, a universal key to the university went missing during a Senate session. Subsequently, many cases of arson and destruction of property were university reported. Biediger University is a specific target of the attack. The cost of the damage, mainly due to the replacement of thousands of locks, estimated at over one million euros. | <urn:uuid:a5e19abd-476f-464c-ae61-c9deed9fdc91> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://studyarw.com/biediger-university-in-germany.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00179-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954875 | 512 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Andrew forster, born in South Yorkshire. He is well known collection of poetry, Fear of Thunder, which was published in 2007.
The poem, Brothers is an anecdote from his childhood, but it can also be read as being about sibling relationships in general.
The childhood memory reflects on when him and his older brother are given the responsibility of looking after their younger brother for the afternoon. They are exasperated with him, but excited to be out on their own. They send their younger brother back to get his bus fare from their mother. However they use age as dominance over their younger brother and leave him behind. There is a contrast between how young they are and how old they feel at the time.
Alliteration is used to give a sense of contempt at the 'spouting six year old'.
This is a narrative poem addressed to the six year old in the poem, seemingly some years after the events they describe. The poem is written in free verse, making it seem more like a story being told in spoken English. The first stanza establishes the realtionship between the brothers. The second explains how the youngest had to go back and how the older two went on. Thw third stanza describes how the youngest got left behind, and hints at the impact this may have had. The distance can be seen as a metaphor.
Frustration, Guilt and Regret are expressed in the poem.
Could be compared to Sister Maude or looking back on childhood in Nettles. | <urn:uuid:0ecf48fe-9fb5-4a64-8369-445e8110970e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://englishrevisionnotes.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/brothers-andrew-forster.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00291-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988016 | 306 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Section One: Concepts of Aging
1. Aging Trends and Concepts
2. Social and Biological Theories of Aging
3. Aging Process
4. Psychological Aspects of Aging
5. Aging Well: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
6. The Regulation of Public Policy for Elders
Section Two: Occupational Therapy Intervention with Elders
7. Application of Occupational Therapy Practice Models
8. Opportunities for Best Practice in Various Settings
9. Cultural Diversity of the Aging Population
10. Ethical Aspects in the Work with Elders
11. Working with Families and Caregivers of Elders
12. Addressing Sexuality of Elders
13. Use of Medications by Elders
14. Considerations of Mobility
Part A: Restraint Reduction
Part B: Wheelchair Seating and Positioning
Part C: Fall Prevention
Part D: Community Mobility
15. Working with Elders Who Have Vision Impairments
16. Working with Elders Who Have Hearing Impairments
17. Strategies to Maintain Continence in Elders
19. Working with Elders Who Have Had Cerebrovascular Accidents
20. Working with Elders Who Have Dementia and AlzheimerÕs Disease
21. Working with Elders Who Have Psychiatric Conditions
22. Working with Elders Who Have Orthopedic Conditions
23. Working with Elders Who Have Cardiovascular Conditions
24. Working with Elders Who Have Pulmonary Conditions
25. Working with Elders Who Have Oncological Conditions
The only comprehensive book on geriatric occupational therapy designed specifically for the COTA, Occupational Therapy with Elders: Strategies for the COTA, 3rd Edition provides in-depth coverage of each aspect of geriatric practice, from wellness and prevention to death and dying. A discussion of foundational concepts includes aging trends and strategies for elder care, and coverage of emerging areas includes low-vision rehabilitation, mobility issues including driving, and Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Expert authors René Padilla, Sue Byers-Connon, and Helene Lohman offer an unmatched discussion of diverse populations and the latest on geriatric policies and procedures in this fast-growing area of practice.
- Unique! A focus on the occupational therapy assistant highlights the importance of COTAs to the care of elder clients.
- Case studies illustrate principles and help you apply what you've learned to actual situations.
- Key terms, chapter objectives, and review questions highlight important content in each chapter.
- Use of the term "elder" reduces the stereotypical role of dependent patients and helps to dispel myths about aging.
- A multidisciplinary approach demonstrates how the OT and the COTA can collaborate effectively.
- Unique! Attention to diverse populations and cultures prepares you to respect and care for clients of different backgrounds.
- Unique! The companion Evolve website makes review easier with more learning activities, references linked to MEDLINE abstracts, and links to related OT sites.
- Hardcover ISBN:
- eBook ISBN:
- eBook ISBN:
Creighton University, Omaha, NE
Mt. Hood Community College, Gresham, OR
Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA | <urn:uuid:2525f22e-3e49-4b7f-ad42-cbe0a645031b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.elsevier.com/books/occupational-therapy-with-elders/padilla/978-0-323-09477-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.814589 | 680 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The effectiveness of interventions which have been proposed or are currently in progress to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in health is largely unknown.
This paper aims to develop guidelines for evaluating these interventions.
Approach-Starting from a set of general guidelines which was recently proposed by a group of experts reporting to the national Programme Committee on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in The Netherlands, an analysis was made of the appropriateness of different study designs which could be used to assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce inequalities in health.
A « full » study design requires the measurement, in one or more experimental populations and one or more control populations, of changes over time in the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in health.
This will usually imply a community intervention trial.
Five alternative study designs are distinguished which require less complex measurements but also require more assumptions to be made.
Several examples are given.
Conclusions-Building up a systematic knowledge base on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in health will be a major enterprise.
Elements ofa strategy to increase learning speed are discussed. (...)
Mots-clés Pascal : Inégalité, Santé, Statut socioéconomique, Education santé, Programme sanitaire, Politique sanitaire, Accessibilité, Soin, Service santé, Epidémiologie, Evaluation, Méthodologie, Homme, Prévention, Promotion santé, Action terrain, Santé communautaire
Mots-clés Pascal anglais : Inequality, Health, Socioeconomic status, Health education, Sanitary program, Health policy, Accessibility, Care, Health service, Epidemiology, Evaluation, Methodology, Human, Prevention, Health promotion, Community health
Notice produite par :
Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
Cote : 97-0466091
Code Inist : 002B30A01A1. Création : 03/02/1998. | <urn:uuid:76915cd8-74fa-4e94-84ae-e66723051ca0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/151628/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.812534 | 417 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Post-operative sensitivity is something all dental professionals want to avoid. We take a closer look at some common causes for post-operative sensitivity—and what you can do to prevent them.
Post-operative sensitivity from composite restorations is a complication most clinicians would like to avoid. Unfortunately, it happens a lot more often than most dentists and patients would like. Common causes exist for post-operative in composite restorations. Here are a few of them and how you can avoid them in your restorations.
Per Dental Update, post-operative sensitivity is more likely in complex restorative procedures, like those that require etching of enamel and dentine or that need acidic adhesive monomers. Moreover, the pain patients feel is caused by dentinal fluid movement stimulating the nerves in the tubules, which causes the mechanoreceptors near the dental pulp's outer surface to react. The authors of the 2018 review article suggest that the remaining dentine thickness, the tubule diameters and the sealing of them, and the tooth's overall pulp status may cause the sensitivity. They also categorize the technique factors that contribute to post-operative sensitivity in the general areas of:1
Post-operative sensitivity occurs in up to 50% of composite restorations, per some studies, and is especially prevalent in posterior teeth and Class II restorations, but not limited to them. Post-operative sensitivity could have various causes. Per The International Research Journal of Dentistry (IRJD, post-operative sensitivity results from the interaction between:2
Dentists can't do anything about the tooth's health (at this point, anyway) or the restorative materials' makeup. However, clinicians can refine their technique, and this is where the most significant opportunity to prevent post-operative sensitivity lies.
Some of the Most Common Causes of Post -Operative Sensitivity
Tim Bizga, DDS, FAGD, a private practice dentist outside of Cleveland, Ohio, and lecturer for the dental industry, says that dental material science has reached a point where most post-operative sensitivity comes from operator error and things that clinicians overlook. The updates to the materials and the advances in science have resulted in excellent materials that address the potential for post-operative sensitivity. However, if a doctor rushes the process or doesn't understand what the materials can do, it can lead to problems after restoration.
"There are knowledge gaps regarding materials and which ones to choose," Dr. Bizga says.
White fillings with bonding involved have the most sensitivity post-operatively, Dr. Bizga says. In his experience, Dr. Bizga resolved the issues by reviewing his technique and comparing it to thought leaders in the industry, particularly Mark Latta, DMD, MS, and associate dean of Research at Creighton University School of Dentistry, who lectures on bonding. Dr. Bizga identifies the following causes of post-operative sensitivity and how he solves it in his technique.
These are the four most common clinician-technique-based mistakes that can cause post-operative sensitivity in bonded restorations that everyone who is doing bonding needs to be continuously aware of, Dr. Bizga says. However, there is one more that is less commonly thought of but may cause sensitivity too.
Many other areas contribute to post-operative sensitivity, which includes pathology. Secondary caries, cracks from bruxism or other forces, and gum recession can cause sensitivity after restorative work. Also, if you aren't using a composite or glass ionomer for restorative work, there can be sensitivity with metal restorations, like gold. In those cases, Dr. Bizga likes to use desensitizing agents underneath the restoration.
"There are some unbelievable desensitizers you can put down before you do your cementation protocol that can really mitigate it," Dr. Bizga says.
How to Improve Technique to Avoid Post-Operative Sensitivity
If Dr. Bizga had one piece of advice in terms of avoiding post-operative sensitivity for bonded restorations, it would be to re-read the manufacturers' instructions for your particular bonding agent. It's a simple action, but one that could make a significant difference in your restoration outcomes.
"Just read them," Dr. Bizga says. "It's amazing how you think you are using the material the way they ask you to, but you aren't. Understanding the nuances of the bonding agent/system that you are using is important."
Following a review of the materials' particular instructions, Dr. Bizga would also advise reviewing your process and protocols mentally before you do it. Dr. Bizga visualizes going through each step before placing a restoration.
"I like to presume before I ever do a procedure that I've already done it in my head," Dr. Bizga says of his mental run-through. "It's good to revisit those steps."
Sensitivity is the sign that there is a problem somewhere, Dr. Bizga says. If you are having issues with your restorations and patients complain about sensitivity, it's likely something you are missing in your technique that can be corrected and resolved. Having made these mistakes before and addressing them for himself, Dr. Bizga recommends reviewing the five areas he mentioned to see if there is anything that stands out as an opportunity for adjustments in your technique.
"A lot of the materials are forgiving, so if you still having problems, it's got to be something that you're missing. A lot of times, it is curing or lack thereof. With curing, it is easy to become lackadaisical and cut corners," Dr. Bizga says, adding that when he trained his assistant to cure that he told her to "cure it like it was her mom in the chair."
Trying to do it right the first time and put yourself out of business is a good mindset, Dr. Bizga says. He approaches restorations as if he is building them to last and never revisit them.
"I'm doing it right now, so hopefully I won’t have to do it again," Dr. Bizga says. | <urn:uuid:1b7b019f-e0da-4e8a-b00d-316e74475d70> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dentalproductsreport.com/view/causes-and-solutions-for-post-operative-sensitivity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.964427 | 1,277 | 1.664063 | 2 |
- Page last reviewed: November 10, 2015
- Page last updated: November 10, 2015
- Issue date of VIS: November 5, 2015
- Lungs (pneumonia),
- Blood (bacteremia), and
- Covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
- more than 700 cases of meningitis,
- about 13,000 blood infections,
- about 5 million ear infections, and
- about 200 deaths
- About half became drowsy after the shot, had a temporary loss of appetite, or had redness or tenderness where the shot was given.
- About 1 out of 3 had swelling where the shot was given.
- About 1 out of 3 had a mild fever, and about 1 in 20 had a fever over 102.2°F.
- Up to about 8 out of 10 became fussy or irritable.
- People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your doctor if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears.
- Some older children and adults get severe pain in the shoulder and have difficulty moving the arm where a shot was given. This happens very rarely.
- Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination.
- Ask your healthcare provider. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information.
- Contact your local or state health department.
- Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
- Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO)
- Visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines
All content below is taken in its entirety from the CDC Information Statement (VIS): www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/pcv13.html
CDC review information for Pneumococcal Conjugate VIS:
Content source: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
1. Why get vaccinated?
Vaccination can protect both children and adults from pneumococcal disease.
Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person through close contact. It can cause ear infections, and it can also lead to more serious infections of the:
Pneumococcal pneumonia is most common among adults. Pneumococcal meningitis can cause deafness and brain damage, and it kills about 1 child in 10 who get it.
Anyone can get pneumococcal disease, but children under 2 years of age and adults 65 years and older, people with certain medical conditions, and cigarette smokers are at the highest risk.
Before there was a vaccine, the United States saw:
in children under 5 each year from pneumococcal disease. Since vaccine became available, severe pneumococcal disease in these children has fallen by 88%.
About 18,000 older adults die of pneumococcal disease each year in the United States.
Treatment of pneumococcal infections with penicillin and other drugs is not as effective as it used to be, because some strains of the disease have become resistant to these drugs. This makes prevention of the disease, through vaccination, even more important.
2. PCV13 vaccine
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (called PCV13) protects against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria.
PCV13 is routinely given to children at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age. It is also recommended for children and adults 2 to 64 years of age with certain health conditions, and for all adults 65 years of age and older. Your doctor can give you details.
3. Some people should not get this vaccine
Anyone who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a dose of this vaccine, to an earlier pneumococcal vaccine called PCV7, or to any vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid (for example, DTaP), should not get PCV13.
Anyone with a severe allergy to any component of PCV13 should not get the vaccine. Tell your doctor if the person being vaccinated has any severe allergies.
If the person scheduled for vaccination is not feeling well, your healthcare provider might decide to reschedule the shot on another day.
4. Risks of a vaccine reaction
With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of reactions. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible.
Problems reported following PCV13 varied by age and dose in the series. The most common problems reported among children were:
Adults have reported pain, redness, and swelling where the shot was given; also mild fever, fatigue, headache, chills, or muscle pain.
Young children who get PCV13 along with inactivated flu vaccine at the same time may be at increased risk for seizures caused by fever. Ask your doctor for more information.
Problems that could happen after any vaccine:
As with any medicine, there is a very small chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death.
The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety
5. What if there is a serious reaction?
What should I look for?
Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior.
Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness - usually within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination.
What should I do?
If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or get the person to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor.
Reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor should file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov, or by calling 1-800-822-7967.
VAERS does not give medical advice.
6. The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines.
Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. There is a time limit to file a claim for compensation.
7. How can I learn more?
Vaccine information statement: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) VIS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/pcv13.html. Accessed November 16, 2015.
- Review date:
- December 7, 2016
- Reviewed by:
- David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2008 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:a84fe6eb-7f31-43fd-a19a-8b4c5236be2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.scripps.org/articles/4450-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00540-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93953 | 1,668 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A cardinalfish genus with one to three spines on the preopercle edge, fused hypurals (parhypural+1+2 and 3+4+terminal central), a free fifth hypural, two epurals, no supraneurals, scaleless head and body, a single rod-like postcleithrum and complex lines of free neuromasts on the head, body and caudal fin (Fraser 2016).
Author: Bray, D.J. 2019
Cite this page as:
Bray, D.J. 2019, Gymnapogon in Fishes of Australia, accessed 11 Aug 2022, https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/genus/613
Fraser, T.H. 2016. A new species of cardinalfish (Gymnapogon, Gymnapogonini, Apogonidae, Percomorpha) from the Philippines. Zootaxa 4107(3): 431-438 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.11 Abstract | <urn:uuid:7ec8364b-78cd-4a03-ad07-71243d8a3759> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/genus/613 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.666131 | 254 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The building of the Union of Romanian Architects became one of Bucharest’s top tourist attractions because of its architectural value. If the bottom floors look like a historic building, towards the top, it turns into a modern style skyscraper. Located at the corner of Boteanu and Demetru Dobrescu streets, right in the heart of the Romanian capital city, this architectural marvel combines vintage and modern architecture through a mixture of brick and glass.
Nowadays the Union of Romanian Architects’ headquarter, this controversial building has a long history. Built by Grigore Paucescu at the end of the 19th century, it was home to the Austrian embassy before WWI. In December 1989, the building was almost entirely burned down and destroyed as it was suspected to shelter terrorists. After December 1989, the house was split into two: half of it became the headquarters for the Romanian Academy, while the second half belonged to the Union of Romanian Architects. Built in the French Renaissance architectural style, the landmark retains from the former imposing building two facades that succeed to appeal to passers-by on the look of architectural gems.
In 2003, the construction of the new building began and was completed up to the 7th floor, but in a modern style, in accordance with the architectural rules of the neighborhood. The building was then measuring 28 meters and had 2 meters high windows. Being considered a historic landmarks, the lower part of the building could not be demolished. Consequently, it has been consolidated, and behind the brick walls a steel and glass tower was erected. This project signed by the architects Dan Marin and Zeno Bogdanescu has created some controversy as some argued the new construction appeared as a result of neglecting a historical monument.
Located in Revolution Square, the Union of Romanian Architects’ headquarter is one of the strangest buildings in the country. Those who have examined the expressions on passersby’ faces noticed that the building appeals to young people more than to the elderly. Nevertheless, foreigners visiting the Romanian capital city do not fail to take a snapshot, calling it “Jar”, “Glass Bud” or “Cyborg Building”. Beyond what some might think, this way Bucharest gained a different architectural attraction than the usual grey buildings one can find throughout the city. | <urn:uuid:d9a6743e-614b-4e5d-b092-92386b9a185e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bucharestapartment.net/the-union-of-romanian-architects-a-unique-design-concept/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.971547 | 471 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Definitions of cub
n. - A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. 2
n. - Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, ill-mannered boy. 2
v. t. & i. - To bring forth; -- said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. 2
n. - A stall for cattle. 2
n. - A cupboard. 2
v. t. - To shut up or confine. 2
The word "cub" uses 3 letters: B C U.
No direct anagrams for cub found in this word list.
All words formed from cub by changing one letter
Browse words starting with cub by next letter | <urn:uuid:eb1ee60a-b1c4-42fc-af3f-e200e41d3455> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.morewords.com/word/cub/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.791159 | 160 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Spaceman girl coloring pages it is not education only, but the fun also. Most of kids liked it and I think that your kids will like too. I think your kids will have fun while coloring the Spaceman girl with you.
Try to color Spaceman girl to unexpected colors! Mix colors, alternate colors. Make this Spaceman girl coloring page the best! Spaceman girl coloring pages can be useful for teachers and parents who cares about kids development
Coloring page resolution: 2079x1483px.
Coloring page type: gif.
Coloring page year: 2016.
You can find Spaceman girl coloring pages for kids, printable free with this tags: alien coloring pages, astronomical coloring pages, coloring books for kids, cosmos coloring pages for kids, girl in space coloring pages, planets coloring page, skafandr coloring pages, space coloring pages, space coloring pages for kids free, space printable drawing, Spaceman girl coloring page, stars coloring pages, suit for cosmonauts, universe coloring page, printable coloring pages, Spaceman girl coloring pages for toddlers, Spaceman girl coloring books for kids, coloring pages for preschoolers, Spaceman girl coloring sheets for kids, Spaceman girl colouring sheets
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Related Spaceman girl coloring pages for kids, printable free
This black and white drawings of Spaceman girl coloring pages for kids, printable free will bring fun to your kids and free time for you.
You know all advantages of coloring pages. It helps to develop motor skills, imagination and patience. My point that first and foremost, coloring in is a fun. Then we can talk about profits. It's easy, just download our coloring books or drawings, print it and have fun. Let your kids to do whatever they want. Let them change colors, mix colors, blend colors. Let your kids to reveal all the imagination! We have here coloring pages that suitable for toddlers and for preschoolers. Have fun! | <urn:uuid:b28b07e1-57d2-409e-9829-ab08062168a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://coloring-4kids.com/spaceman-girl-coloring-pages-for-kids-printable-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.771911 | 436 | 1.546875 | 2 |
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems. According to Wikipedia, a PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint.
Essentially, the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process through use of a manipulated variable.
Key features include:
- Minimal number of components.
- Additional control mode – on-off controller (+ PID PWM).
- External power supply.
- Fits into a 90mm x 110mm x 45mm (WxDxH) box.
- Easy assembly.
“The HQ soldering iron HQ20/HQ30 (24V, 48W) was used [for this project],” carlazar wrote in a recent DangerousPrototypes post.
“It has the E-type thermocouple built in (68uV/degC) but you can change that value in software according to the soldering iron that is used (for example K-type is 41uV/degC).”
In terms of actual use, the SSID features:
- UP and DOWN buttons, changes set-point temperature by 5 degC.
- Button SET cycle through set-point temperature presets: 0 – 150 – 280 320 -350 degC.
- Buttons UP and DOWN simultaneously, change the operating controller mode (PID control/on/off control).
Interested in learning more? You can check out carlazar’s original Dangerous Prototype page here. | <urn:uuid:58e43902-85ea-42ce-a8b4-0ce9ff12a9ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://atmelcorporation.wordpress.com/2014/05/23/simple-soldering-with-arduino-pid-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.851079 | 334 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Helping the world’s poorest limits the population explosion
When wealth in a country increases, the birthrate drops. But the myth still exists that development aid leads to overpopulation.
In 1970, an average of seven children were born for every woman in Bangladesh, but one in four children died before reaching five years of age. Today, three children are born per woman, and child mortality has decreased to seven percent. The explanation is that the rural population has gained access to medicine, vaccine and family planning.
The world’s population is now 7.2 billion people. According to the UN population prognosis, this number will increase to 8.1 billion people in 2015. This number will increase further to 9.6 billion in 2050 and to 10.9 billion people in 2100.
Click here to see the video where Swedish professor of international health Hans Rosling demonstrates the coincidence of child mortality and the average number of children per woman.
In 2050, there will be 9.6 billion people on the globe. This is the population prognosis from UNFPA, the UN Population Fund.
From time to time, development organisations hear the argument that the humanitarian work is contributing to overpopulate the world. But it is a myth that development aid and emergency assistance leads to overpopulation. To the contrary, helping the world’s poorest can bring down the birth rate, statistics show.
Overpopulation on the sustainability agenda
The argument about the world being overpopulated if we help the world’s poorest has most recently been raised in connection with the discussion about how we continually ensure a sustainable globe. The increasing population growth in developing countries leads to worry among both economists and climate scientists.
But the myth about overpopulation has existed for more than 2000 years and especially gained traction in 1798, when economist and demographer Thomas Malthus wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population”, in which he described how the supply of food would no longer be able to keep up with the population. He therefore fought any state attempt to improve the conditions of the poorest people in society, since this would only lead to improving these classes’ opportunities to breed and thereby increase the nutritional problem.
Development brings down the birth rate
Malthus’ demographic theories have through the years led to strict attempts by several countries to decrease birth rates, especially in Africa, by placing limits on the numbers of children born per woman. But a more nuanced approach to the population growth is important, since populations are growing most in the countries where most people die young. This is apparent in the UN’s latest report about population growth.
The report finds that women in the 48 least developed countries give birth to 4.4 children on average, compared to the 2.5 children born per woman in developing countries in general.
As a country’s standard of living increases, and the child mortality thereby drops, women start having fewer children. This has been demonstrated several times by Hans Rosling, a Swedish professor of international health.
This connection is confirmed by Siri Teller, who is an associate professor of population growth at the University of Copenhagen, and has been working for many years at the UN Population Fund.
“One of the most important drivers of birth numbers is that people are simply afraid that the children die. Virtually no countries experience falling birth rates if the child mortality has not previously dropped”.
But this is not enough. According to Siri Tellier, women’s education plays a vital role because they start having more confidence in that they can make important decisions. She also points to the importance of family planning, an area where there is often a big difference between the richest and the poorest.
“Until recently, there have been cuts made to just that, family planning. Luckily it seems to be changing. It has again become apparent how important it is, but there’s still a long way to go”.
Same conclusion was reached by the UN in the latest status report. Every fourth woman south of Sahara has an unfulfilled need for councelling about prevention and family planning. | <urn:uuid:019857df-91cc-42c1-9075-8a6b4985724b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldsbestnews.org/news/helping-the-worlds-poorest-limits-the-population-explosion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.953524 | 857 | 3.375 | 3 |
Witness: China’s 50th anniversary at UN
Fifty years ago, the People’s Republic of China had its lawful seat restored at the UN. During the past 50 years, the country has always been a builder of world peace, contributor to global development, defender of the international order and provider of public goods. During the past 50 years, China has written a miraculous chapter in human progress with its own national development and is now making greater and greater contributions to the promotion of world peace and development. The past 50 years has meant much more than one could have ever imagined during such a short time span. | <urn:uuid:eab9ade2-107c-4b56-a350-02fcade8add3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lapost.us/?p=49395 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.972668 | 128 | 1.804688 | 2 |
I've been playing with the Galileo and written my first little program. It doesn't do much, but it does let you send commands to the Unix part of the system from the USB debugging connection.
The program just assembles a command message and sends it to the system. It appends a redirect so that the result of the command is sent back to the debug serial port.
To send commands to your Galileo just open the Serial Monitor from the Tools menu and type the command in the send window. Put a * on the end to mark the end of the command and press enter to send it.
It is not particularly elegant, but it is my first program and it does work. If you want to send a * to the command line you have to change the code. But I'm sure you can do that.
You can download the sketch from here. | <urn:uuid:97294da5-5795-44b1-b43f-c0c1a2c2dfb5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.robmiles.com/journal/2014/7/25/sending-commands-to-teh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00444-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946747 | 176 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Wooden Cabin Hidden Inside a Rock
Inspired by a novel written by Swiss writer Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, the ‘Antoine’ by Bureau A i...
Inspired by a novel written by Swiss writer Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, the ‘Antoine’ by Bureau A is a small wooden cabin, big enough for the life of one man, is hidden inside a projected concrete rock. Antoine camouflages with its surrounding to create an alpine shelter where one can freely enter and hide.
It contains the very basic architectural elements – fire place, bed, table, stool and a window.
The shelter was a commission by the artist residency Verbier 3d Foundation. It was self-built in the village and transported to the high-altitude sculpture park.[via - beautifullife] | <urn:uuid:b8525bfe-680b-457f-8262-0f4fd3192e79> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.spicytec.com/2015/01/wooden-cabin-hidden-inside-rock.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940078 | 170 | 1.6875 | 2 |
A SURVEY OF BEHAVIORAL FINANCE
are well aware of this risk, which is why they short a substitute security such as General Motors at the same time that they buy Ford. The problem is that substitute securities are rarely perfect, and often highly imperfect, making it impossible to remove all the fundamental risk. Shorting General Motors protects the arbitrageur somewhat from adverse news about the car industry as a whole, but still leaves him vulnerable to news that is specific to Ford—news about defective tires, say.4
Noise Trader Risk. Noise trader risk, an idea introduced by De Long et al. (1990a) and studied further by Shleifer and Vishny (1997), is the risk that the mispricing being exploited by the arbitrageur worsens in the short run. Even if General Motors is a perfect substitute security for Ford, the arbi- trageur still faces the risk that the pessimistic investors causing Ford to be undervalued in the first place become even more pessimistic, lowering its price even further. Once one has granted the possibility that a security’s price can be different from its fundamental value, then one must also grant the possibility that future price movements will increase the divergence.
Noise trader risk matters because it can force arbitrageurs to liquidate their positions early, bringing them potentially steep losses. To see this, note that most real-world arbitrageurs—in other words, professional portfolio managers—are not managing their own money, but rather managing money for other people. In the words of Shleifer and Vishny (1997), there is “a separation of brains and capital.”
This agency feature has important consequences. Investors, lacking the specialized knowledge to evaluate the arbitrageur’s strategy, may simply evaluate him based on his returns. If a mispricing that the arbitrageur is try- ing to exploit worsens in the short run, generating negative returns, in- vestors may decide that he is incompotent, and withdraw their funds. If this happens, the arbitrageur will be forced to liquidate his position prema- turely. Fear of such premature liquidation makes him less aggressive in combating the mispricing in the first place.
These problems can be severely exacerbated by creditors. After poor short-term returns, creditors, seeing the value of their collateral erode, will call their loans, again triggering premature liquidation.
In these scenarios, the forced liquidation is brought about by the wors- ening of the mispricing itself. This need not always be the case. For exam- ple, in their efforts to remove fundamental risk, many arbitrageurs sell securities short. Should the original owner of the borrowed security want it back, the arbitrageur may again be forced to close out his position if he can- not find other shares to borrow. The risk that this occurs during a temporary
Another problem is that even if a substitute security exists, it may itself be mispriced. This can happen in situations involving industry-wide mispricing: in that case, the only stocks with similar future cash flows to the mispriced one are themselves mispriced. 4 | <urn:uuid:825f7efd-435b-4ce0-9655-c032f198e4fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.hitpages.com/doc/4505867906973696/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945006 | 654 | 2.234375 | 2 |
1. ...Its title is,
A Psalm for the end, to the sons of Core. Let us understand no other end than that of which the Apostle speaks: for,
Christ is the end of the law. Romans 10:4 Therefore when at the head of the title of the Psalm he placed the words,
for the end, he directed our heart to Christ. If we fix our gaze on Him, we shall not stray: for He is Himself the Truth unto which we are eager to arrive, and He Himself the Way John 14:6 by which we run....
2. The Prophet sings to Him of the future, and uses words as it were of past time: he speaks of things future as if already done, because with God that which is future has already taken place....
Lord, You have been favourable unto Your land Psalm 84:1; as if He had already done so.
You have turned away the captivity of Jacob. His ancient people of Jacob, the people of Israel, born of Abraham's seed, in the promise to become one day the heir of God. That was indeed a real people, to whom the Old Testament was given; but in the Old Testament the New was figured: that was the figure, this the truth expressed. In that figure, by a kind of foretelling of the future, there was given to that people a certain land of promise, in a region where the people of the Jews abode; where also is the city of Jerusalem, whose name we have all heard of. When this people had received possession of this land, they suffered many troubles from their neighbouring enemies who surrounded them: and when they sinned against their God, they were given into captivity, not for destruction, but for discipline; their Father not condemning, but scourging them. And after being seized on, they were set free, and many times were both made captives, and set free; and they are now in captivity, and that for a great sin, even because they crucified their Lord. What then are we to understand them to mean by the words,
You have turned away the captivity of Jacob?...This Psalm has prophesied in song.
You have turned away the captivity of Jacob. To whom did it speak? To Christ; for it said,
for the end, for the sons of Core: for He has turned away the captivity of Jacob. Hear Paul himself confessing:
O wretched man that I am, who shall deliver me from the body of this death? He asked who it should be, and straightway it occurred to him,
The grace of God through Jesus Christ our Lord. Romans 7:24-25 Of this grace of God the Prophet speaks to our Lord Jesus Christ,
You have turned away the captivity of Jacob. Attend to the captivity of Jacob, attend, and see that it is this: You have turned away our captivity, not by setting us free from the barbarians, with whom we had not met, but by setting us free from bad works, from our sins, by which Satan held sway over us. For if any one has been set free from his sins, the prince of sinners has not whence he may hold sway over him.
3. For how did He turn away the captivity of Jacob? See, how that that setting free is spiritual, see how that it is done inwardly.
You have forgiven, he says,
the iniquity of Your people: You have covered all their sins Psalm 84:2. Behold how He has turned away their captivity, in that He has remitted iniquity: iniquity held them captive; your iniquity forgiven, you are freed. Confess therefore that you are in captivity, that you may be worthy to be freed: for he that knows not of his enemy, how can he invoke the liberator?
You have covered all their sins. What is,
You have covered? So as not to see them. How did You not see them? So as not to take vengeance on them. You were unwilling to see our sins: and therefore You saw them not, because You would not see them:
You have covered all their sins.
You have appeased all Your anger: You have turned Yourself from Your wrathful indignation Psalm 84:3.
4. And as these things are said of the future, though the sound of the words is past, it follows:
Turn us, O God of our salvation Psalm 84:4. That which he had just related as if it were done, how prays he that it may be done, except because he wished to show that he had spoken as if of the past in prophecy? But that it was not yet done which he had said was done he shows by this, that he prays that it may be done:
You have appeased all Your anger, You have turned Yourself from Your wrathful indignation? How then now do you say,
And turn away Your anger from us? The Prophet answers: These things I speak of as done, because I see them about to be done: but because they are not yet done, I pray that they may come, which I have already seen.
Be not angry with us for ever Psalm 84:5. For by the anger of God we are subject to death, and by the anger of God we eat bread on this earth in want, and in the sweat of our face. Genesis 3:19 This was Adam's sentence when he sinned: and that Adam was every one of us, for
in Adam all die; 1 Corinthians 15:22 the sentence passed on him has taken effect after him on us. For we were not yet ourselves, but we were in Adam: therefore whatever happened to Adam himself took effect on us also, so that we should die: for we all were in him....So far as this the sin of your father hurts you not, if you have changed yourself, even as it would not hurt your father if he had changed himself. But that which our stock has received unto its subjection to death, it has derived from Adam. What has it so derived? That frailty of the flesh, this torture of pains, this house of poverty, this chain of death, and snares of temptations; all these things we carry about in this flesh; and this is the anger of God, because it is the vengeance of God. But because it was so to be, that we should be regenerated, and by believing should be made new, and all that mortality was to be removed in our resurrection, and the whole man was to be restored in newness;
For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive; 1 Corinthians 15:22 seeing this the Prophet says, wrath: the second generation shall be immortal by Your mercy....
O God, You shall turn us again, and make us alive Psalm 84:6. Not as if we ourselves of our own accord, without Your mercy, turn unto You, and then You shall make us alive: but so that not only our being made alive is from You, but our very conversion, that we may be made alive.
And Your people shall rejoice in You. To their own evil they shall rejoice in themselves: to their own good they shall rejoice in You. For when they wished to have joy of themselves, they found in themselves woe: but now because God is all our joy, he that will rejoice securely, let him rejoice in Him who cannot perish. For why, my brethren, will you rejoice in silver? Either your silver perishes, or thou: and no one knows which first: yet this is certain, that both shall perish; which first, is uncertain. For neither can man remain here always, nor can silver remain here always: so too gold, so garments, so houses, so money, so broad lands, so, lastly, this light itself. Be not thou willing then to rejoice in these: but rejoice in that light which has no setting: rejoice in that dawn which no yesterday precedes, which no tomorrow follows. What light is that?
I, says He,
am the Light of the world. John 8:12 He who says unto you,
I am the Light of the world, calls you to Himself. When He calls you, He converts you: when He converts you, He heals you: when He has healed you, you shall see your Converter, unto whom it is said,
Show us Your mercy, O Lord, and grant us Your salvation Psalm 84:7: Your salvation, that is, Your Christ. Happy is he unto whom God shows His mercy. He it is who cannot indulge in pride, unto whom God shows His mercy. For by showing him His salvation He persuades him that whatever good man has, he has not but from Him who is all our good. And when a man has seen that whatever good he has he has not from himself, but from his God; he sees that everything which is praised in him is of the mercy of God, not of his own deserving; and seeing this, he is not proud; not being proud, he is not lifted up; not lifting himself up, he falls not; not falling, he stands; standing, he clings fast; clinging fast, he abides; abiding, he enjoys, and rejoices in the Lord his God. He who made him shall be unto him a delight: and his delight no one spoils, no one interrupts, no one takes away....Therefore, what says John in his Epistle?
Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it does not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John 3:2 Who would not rejoice, if suddenly while he was wandering abroad, ignorant of his descent, suffering want, and in a state of misery and toil, it were announced, You are the son of a senator: your father enjoys an ample patrimony on your family estate; I bid you return to your father: how would he rejoice, if this were said to him by some one whose promise he could trust? One whom we can trust, an Apostle of Christ, has come and said to us, You have a father, you have a country, you have an inheritance. Who is that father?
Beloved, we are the sons of God. 1 John 3:2 ...Therefore He promised us to show Himself unto us. Think, my brethren, what His beauty is. All those beautiful things which you see, which you love, He made. If these are beautiful, what is He Himself? If these are great, how great is He? Therefore from these things which we love here, let us the more long for Him: and despising these things, let us love Him: that by that very love we may by faith purify our hearts, and His vision, when it comes, may find our heart purified. The light which shall be shown unto us ought to find us whole: this is the work of faith now. This is what we have spoken here:
And grant us Your salvation: grant us Your Christ, that we may know Your Christ, see Your Christ; not as the Jews saw Him and crucified Him, but as the Angels see Him, and rejoice.
I will hearken Psalm 84:8. The Prophet spoke: God spoke within in him, and the world made a noise without. Therefore, retiring for a little from the noise of the world, and turning himself back upon himself, and from himself upon Him whose voice he heard within; sealing up his ears, as it were, against the tumultuous disquietude of this life, and against the soul weighed down by the corruptible body, and against the imagination, that through the earthly tabernacle pressing down, thinks on many things, Wisdom 9:15 he says,
I will hearken what the Lord God speaks in me; and he heard, what?
For He shall speak peace unto His people. The voice of Christ, then, the voice of God, is peace: it calls unto peace. Ho! It says, whosoever are not yet in peace, love ye peace: for what can you find better from Me than peace? What is peace? Where there is no war. What is this, where there is no war? Where there is no contradiction, where there is no resistance, nothing to oppose. Consider if we are yet there: consider if there is not now a conflict with the devil, if all the saints and faithful ones wrestle not with the prince of demons. And how do they wrestle with him whom they see not? They wrestle with their own desires, by which he suggests unto them sins: and by not consenting to what he suggests, though they are not conquered, yet they fight. Therefore there is not yet peace where there is fighting....Whatever we provide for our refreshment, there again we find weariness. Are you hungry? One asks you: you answer I am. He places food before you for your refreshment; continue thou to use it, for you had need of it; yet in continuing that which you need for refreshment, therein do you find weariness. By long sitting you were tired; you rise and refreshest yourself by walking; continue that relief, and by much walking you are wearied; again you would sit down. Find me anything by which you are refreshed, wherein if you continue thou dost not again become weary. What peace then is that which men have here, opposed by so many troubles, desires, wants, wearinesses? This is no true, no perfect peace. What will be perfect peace?
This corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. 1 Corinthians 15:53 ...Persevere in eating much; this itself will kill you: persevere in fasting much, by this you will die: sit continually, being resolved not to rise up, by this you will die: be always walking so as never to take rest, by this you will die; watch continually, taking no sleep, by this you will die; sleep continually, never watching, thus too you will die. When therefore death shall be swallowed up in victory, these things shall no longer be: there will be full and eternal peace. We shall be in a City, of which, brethren, when I speak I find it hard to leave off, especially when offenses wax common. Who would not long for that City whence no friend goes out, whither no enemy enters, where is no tempter, no seditious person, no one dividing God's people, no one wearying the Church in the service of the devil; since the prince himself of all such is cast into eternal fire, and with him those who consent unto him, and who have no will to retire from him? There shall be peace made pure in the sons of God, all loving one another, seeing one another full of God, since God shall be all in all. 1 Corinthians 15:28 We shall have God as our common object of vision, God as our common possession, God as our common peace. For whatever there is which He now gives unto us, He Himself shall be unto us instead of His gifts; this will be full and perfect peace. This He speaks unto His people: this it was which he would hearken unto who said,
I will hearken what the Lord God will say unto me: for He shall speak peace unto His people, and to His saints, and unto those who turn their hearts unto Him. Lo, my brethren, do ye wish that unto you should belong that peace which God utters? Turn your heart unto Him: not unto me, or unto that one, or unto any man. For whatever man would turn unto himself the hearts of men, he falls with them. Which is better, that you fall with him unto whom you turn yourself, or that thou stand with Him with whom you turn yourself? Our joy, our peace, our rest, the end of all troubles, is none but God: blessed are
they that turn their hearts unto Him.
8. Psalm 84:9. There were some even then who feared Him in the Jewish people. Everywhere throughout the earth idols were worshipped: devils were feared, not God: in that nation God was feared. But why was He feared? In the Old Testament He was feared, lest He should give them up to captivity, lest He should take away their land from them, lest He should destroy their vines with hail, lest He should make their wives barren, lest He should take away their children from them. For these carnal promises of God captivated their minds, which as yet were of small growth, and for these things God was feared: but He was near unto them who even for these things feared Him. The Pagan prayed for land to the devil: the Jew prayed for land to God: it was the same thing which they prayed for, but not the same to whom they prayed. The latter, though seeking what the Pagan sought, yet was distinguished from the Pagan; for he sought it of Him who had made all things. And God, who was far from the Gentiles, was near unto them: yet He had regard even to those who were afar off, and to those who were near, as the Apostle said:
And He came and preached peace to you who were afar off, and to them that were near. Ephesians 2:17 Whom did He mean by those near? The Jews, because they worshipped one God. Whom by those who were afar off? The Gentiles, because they had left Him by whom they were made and worshipped things which themselves had made. For it is not in space that any one is far from God, but in affections. You love God, you are near unto Him. You hate God, you are far off. You are standing in the same place, both while you are near and far off. This it was, my brethren, which the Prophet had regard to: although he saw the mercy of God extending over all, yet he saw something special and peculiar shown toward the Jews, and he says,
Nevertheless, I will hearken what the Lord God shall say unto me: for He shall speak peace unto His people; and His people shall be, not Judæa only, but it shall be gathered together out of all nations:
For He shall speak peace unto His Saints, and to those who turn their hearts unto Him, and to all who shall turn their hearts unto Him from the whole world. glory shall dwell, because Christ began to be preached from thence. Thence were the Apostles, and there first they were sent; from thence were the Prophets, there first was the Temple, there sacrifice was made to God, there were the Patriarchs, there He Himself came of the seed of Abraham, there Christ was manifested, there Christ appeared; for from thence was the Virgin Mary who bore Christ. There He walked with His feet, there He worked miracles. Thirdly, He ascribed so great honour to that nation, that when a certain Canaanitish woman interrupted Him, praying for the healing of her daughter, He said unto her,
I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. Matthew 15:24 Seeing this, the Prophet says,
that glory may dwell in our land.
Mercy and truth have met together Psalm 84:10.
Truth in our land, in a Jewish person,
mercy in the land of the Gentiles. For where was truth? Where the utterances of God were. Where was mercy? On those who had left their God, and turned themselves unto devils. Did He look down also upon them? Yea, as if He said, Call those who are fugitives afar off, who have departed far from Me: call them, let them find Me who seek them, since they themselves would not seek Me. Therefore,
Mercy and truth have met together: righteousness and peace have kissed each other. Do righteousness, and you shall have peace; that righteousness and peace may kiss each other. For if you love not righteousness, you shall not have peace; for those two, righteousness and peace, love one another, and kiss one another: that he who has done righteousness may find peace kissing righteousness. They two are friends: thou perhaps willest the one, and not the other: for there is no one who wills not peace: but all will not work righteousness. Ask all men, Willest thou peace? With one mouth the whole race of man answers you, I wish, I desire, I will, I love it. Love also righteousness: for these two, righteousness and peace, are friends; they kiss one another: if you love not the friend of peace, peace itself will not love you, nor come unto you. For what great thing is it to desire peace? Every bad man longs for peace. For peace is a good thing. But do righteousness, for righteousness and peace kiss one another, they quarrel not together....
Truth has sprung out of the earth, and righteousness has looked down from heaven Psalm 84:11.
Truth has sprung out of the earth: Christ is born of a woman. The Son of God has come forth of the flesh. What is truth? The Son of God. What is the earth? Flesh. Ask whence Christ was born, and you see that
Truth is sprung out of the earth. But the Truth which sprang out of the earth was before the earth, and by It the heaven and the earth were made: but in order that righteousness might look down from heaven, that is, in order that men might be justified by Divine grace, Truth was born of the Virgin Mary; that He might be able to offer a sacrifice to justify them, the sacrifice of suffering, the sacrifice of the Cross. And how could He offer a sacrifice for our sins, except He died? How could He die, except He received from us that wherein He might die; that is, unless He received from us mortal flesh, Christ could not have died: because the Word of God dies not, Godhead dies not, the Virtue and Wisdom of God does not die. How should He offer a sacrifice, a healing victim, if He died not? How should He die, unless He clothed Himself with flesh? How should He put on flesh, except truth sprang out of the earth?
11. On the same passage we may mention another meaning.
Truth is sprung out of the earth: confession from man. For thou, O man, wast a sinner. O earth, who when you had sinned heard the sentence,
Earth you are, and unto earth shall you return, Genesis 3:19 from you let truth spring, that righteousness may look down from heaven. How does truth spring from you, while you are a sinner, while you are unrighteous? Confess your sins, and truth shall spring out of you. For if while you are unrighteous, you call yourself just, how can truth spring out of you? But if being unrighteous thou dost confess yourself to be so,
truth has sprung out of the earth....What
righteousness has looked down from heaven? It is that of God, as though He said: Let us spare this man, for he spares not himself: let us pardon him, for he himself confesses. He is changed so as to punish his sin: I too will change, so as to set him free.
For the Lord shall give sweetness, and our land shall give her increase Psalm 84:12....He will give unto you the sweetness of working righteousness, so that righteousness shall begin to delight you, whom before unrighteousness delighted: so that thou who at first delighted in drunkenness, shall rejoice in sobriety: and thou who at first rejoiced in theft, so as to take from another man what you had not, shall seek to give to him that has not that which you have: and thou who took delight in robbing, shall delight now in giving: thou whom shows delighted, shall delight in prayer; thou who delighted in trifling and lascivious songs, shall now delight in singing hymns to God; in running to church, thou who at first ran to the theatre. Whence is that sweetness born to you, except from this, that
God gives sweetness? For, behold, you see what I mean: behold, I have spoken unto you the word of God, I have sown seed in your devout hearts, finding your souls furrowed, as it were, with the plough of confession: with devout attention you have received the seed; think now upon the word which you have heard, like those who break up the clouds, lest the fowls should carry away the seed, that what is sown may be able to spring up there: and unless God rain upon it, what profits it that it is sown? This is what is meant by
our land shall give her increase. May He with His visitations, in leisure, in business, in your house, in your bed, at meal-time, in conversation, in walks, visit your hearts, when we are not by. May the rain of God come and make to sprout what is sown there: and when we are not by, and are resting quietly, or otherwise employed, may God give increase to the seeds which we have sown, that remarking afterwards your improved characters, we too may rejoice for your fruit.
For righteousness shall go before him, and he shall direct his steps in the way Psalm 84:14: that righteousness, namely, which consists in confession of sins: for this is truth itself. For you ought to be righteous towards yourself, and to punish yourself: for this is the beginning of man's righteousness, that you should punish yourself, who art evil, and God should make you good. Therefore since this is the beginning of man's righteousness, this becomes a way for God, that God may come unto you: there make for Him a way, in confession of sins. Therefore John too, when he was baptizing in the water of repentance, and would have men come to him repenting of their former deeds, spoke thus:
Prepare the way of the Lord, make His paths straight. You pleased yourself in your sins, O man: let that which you were displease you, that you may be able to become what you were not. Prepare the way of the Lord: let that righteousness go before, of confession of sins: He will come and visit you, for now He has where to place His steps, He has whereby He may come to you. Before you confessed your sins, you had shut up the way of God: there was no way by which He might come unto you. Confess your past life, and you open a way; and Christ shall come unto you, and
shall place His steps in the way, that He may guide you with His own footsteps.
Source. Translated by J.E. Tweed. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 8. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1801085.htm>.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:1c3cde7f-a44e-472d-8fc9-60b5be4779a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://newadvent.org/fathers/1801085.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979558 | 5,724 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Moscow blanketed by major early snowfall
A large, early snowstorm raging in Moscow disrupted flights and created havoc on the roads on Thursday.
Yelena Temakina, chief of the forecast department at Moscow's Meteorological Office, said 20 centimeters (8 inches) of snow had fallen in 24 hours. That is half of Moscow's typical amount of snow for the whole of November.
Moscow's City Hall said it expects the snowstorm, which is due to continue at least until Friday morning, to be the biggest in November in 50 years.
The roads in the capital have been clogged up since early Thursday morning and about 70 flights from Moscow's largest airport, Domodedovo, were disrupted overnight. On Thursday, all three of the capital's airports were working normally. | <urn:uuid:187a254d-4458-48c6-b319-2852bb47bab7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://tomnelson.blogspot.com/2012/11/moscow-biggest-november-snowfall-in-50.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00293-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97983 | 160 | 1.585938 | 2 |
By Jim Hagerty
A recent Ebola outbreak that may have killed as many as 670 in West Africa is not likely to spread to the United States, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports.
In fact, officials say there has never been a case of Ebola spreading to a developed nation.
“This is because people generally transmit the infection when they are very sick, have a high fever and a lot of symptoms,” said Dr. Kamiliny Kalahne, of Doctors Without Borders. “In these situations, they don’t travel.”
When those with symptoms do arrive in developed areas, they are almost always treated with advanced medicine that prevents outbreaks.
The American health system, for example, is better equipped to handle an Ebola outbreak than those in West Africa. Dr. Marty Cetron, of the CDC, says health officials here are able to diagnose a case of the virus and trace points of contact so it doesn’t spread.
“Epidemics of disease are often followed by epidemics of fear and epidemics of stigma,” Cetron said. “All of these things occur in a social context that can make containment very challenging.”
So far, recent cases of Ebola have spread to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in West Africa. The outbreak began July 20 when an American citizen working in Nigeria died from the virus. Since July 23, there have been 456 deaths reported. Health officials now fear that over 650 have died.
Ebola, otherwise known as Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), is not contagious until symptoms appear. Once they do, fever, headaches, vomiting and kidney failure can take over and spread quickly to others. Without immediate treatment, the virus has a 59-percent fatality rate. In some cases, the fatality rate is as high as 90 percent.
The way to avoid contracting Ebola and preventing an outbreak is to avoid West African nations until the CDC has eliminated the threat. Those who have traveled to the region are urged to see a doctor immediately. | <urn:uuid:2ef50cce-c6cd-46bf-bf2c-de0124a92b85> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rockrivertimes.com/2014/07/29/cdc-ebola-outbreak-in-united-states-unlikely/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00444-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967338 | 436 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Errors related to steamui.dll can arise for a few different different reasons. For instance, a faulty application, steamui.dll has been deleted or misplaced, corrupted by malicious software present on your PC or a damaged Windows registry.
The most commonly occurring error messages are:
- The program can't start because steamui.dll is missing from your computer. Try reinstalling the program to fix this problem.
- There was a problem starting steamui.dll. The specified module could not be found.
- Error loading steamui.dll. The specified module could not be found.
- The code execution cannot proceed because steamui.dll was not found. Reinstalling the program may fix this problem.
- steamui.dll is either not designed to run on Windows or it contains an error. Try installing the program again using the original installation media or contact your system administrator or the software vender for support.
In the vast majority of cases, the solution is to properly reinstall steamui.dll on your PC, to the Windows system folder. Alternatively, some programs, notably PC games, require that the DLL file is placed in the game/application installation folder.
For detailed installation instructions, see our FAQ.
Additional details about steamui.dll
steamui.dll is a Dynamic Link Library used by Valve Corporation's Steam client to operate it's User Interface. Running without steamui.dll will result in immediate failure after verification checks, as it is required for the program to work. | <urn:uuid:091a0555-f04b-45be-9d31-7b652f1cc008> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dll-files.com/steamui.dll.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.918413 | 313 | 1.539063 | 2 |
As Kleinwort Hambros’ CEO Mouhammed Choukeir explains, there is an increasing desire to understand the impact of our actions on the climate and society as a whole
By helping clients build sustainable legacies, we enable them to achieve their long-term, intergenerational goals.
In order to do this, as a leading responsible bank, first you need to walk the talk. That means proving, through your actions, that responsibility runs through every part of your business.
At Kleinwort Hambros we focus on the four key ‘Cs’: clients, colleagues, community and climate. We help our clients to build sustainable legacies; we support our colleagues by promoting diversity and inclusion (D&I); we make a positive social impact for our community and we champion climate action by reducing our carbon footprint.
Moving the dial on all of these factors in a meaningful way enables us to become a leading responsible bank.
As a wealth manager and private bank, our clients are at the heart of everything we do. By helping them build sustainable legacies, it enables them to achieve their long-term, intergenerational goals.
But, increasingly, clients are becoming more aware of the impact of their investments on the environment and wider society.
Data from the Investment Association shows that UK savers have put almost £1bn a month on average into responsible investment funds during 2020. Added to that, a recent study by American Century Investments has found that 64% of UK millennial investors are interested in impact investing.
We are focused on optimising the positive impact of our clients’ investments and minimising or eliminating the negative impact. To assist them, we give clients all the information they need to make informed decisions to achieve these goals.
We want to be as transparent as possible with our clients to ensure they receive the information they need about their investments and understand the impact they’re making beyond their immediate financial objectives.
Acceleration of change
The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated this move towards becoming a more sustainable and responsible organisation. This is achieved, in large part, by establishing and maintaining a diverse and inclusive workplace.
That means creating an environment where everyone feels included as part of the same team, regardless of gender, ethnicity or culture.
As millennials and Gen-Z are fast becoming the dominant generations in the workforce, according to the 2018 Deloitte Millennial Survey, 74% of respondents said they believe their workplaces will have greater innovation if management actively makes diversity and inclusion a key component of organisational culture.
Kleinwort Hambros is a diverse organisation, gender-balanced, and has people from all different backgrounds and walks of life, from the top down. But inclusiveness is only truly achieved by having open conversations about how people feel, listening to what they have to say, and addressing their views and concerns.
The pandemic has also required employers to be more empathetic towards their staff and take genuine care of their wellbeing.
We spent a lot of time in 2020 listening to each other about our personal circumstances and the need to achieve a proper work/life balance. Those conversations have been very powerful for us in terms of our inclusivity and have helped us to create a healthier workplace culture too.
The focus now for Kleinwort Hambros is very much on the inclusion part of D&I. As a result, we have set up a dedicated Culture and Conduct network and Gender Equality Forum to make sure that everyone’s voice is heard.
The big strides we have already made in establishing a diverse workforce and an inclusive workplace culture are reflected in the fact we were named as one of London’s top 75 Best Large Companies to Work For in 2021 by The Sunday Times and were the only private bank to be listed.
The finance industry is also moving forward with the recognition of the need for a more balanced and inclusive culture. As part of this, the WealthiHer network champions the transformation of the wealth management industry’s approach to female investors, and we are proud to be a founding member.
It’s crucial, however, that any progress made is measured against clearly defined targets. As a signatory of the Women in Finance Charter, as part of the SG Group, we have already achieved its target to increase representation of women in senior roles by 25% across our UK platform by 2022.
We also have one of the smallest gender pay gaps in UK private wealth management and a diverse executive committee.
Our work on diversity extends to developing young talent through apprenticeship and internship schemes, as well as a next-generation executive committee of analysts and associates who work on strategic projects to gain a greater oversight of the business.
But the wealth management industry can and needs to do more to improve access for people from less privileged backgrounds. That’s reflected in the fact that almost 90% of senior roles in financial services are held by those from higher socio-economic backgrounds, according to the Diversity Project.
Our role is to embrace and encourage social mobility by supporting charities like The Brilliant Club, which works with schools and universities to support students who are less advantaged to access the most competitive universities.
Our diversity is mirrored in our client base too, which is from a host of backgrounds and has a wide range of requirements. By having a diverse workforce, we can provide our clients with the best team that understands their needs and background, to work with them to achieve their goals.
By having different views, you can have productive conversations and work together to find the best solution. As an end result, you can help your clients to build the sustainable legacy they want to achieve.
A diverse workforce that is representative of both wider society and a changing client base is essential to the drive innovation, performance and best client service and expertise.
A responsible bank with a diverse and inclusive workplace, understands these needs and can help clients build sustainable legacies.
For more information about how Kleinwort Hambros can help you to build a legacy, please visit kleinworthambros.com
Promoted by Kleinwort Hambros | <urn:uuid:38d12e66-b0d8-4e63-b104-250d07f1951f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.raconteur.net/sponsored/helping-clients-build-sustainable-legacies-by-being-a-responsible-bank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.960261 | 1,257 | 1.59375 | 2 |
How Fast Talkspace Works – An understanding review
individuals differently, it is crucial to learn how to recognize them and when they might require expert assistance.}
Common Vs. Problematic Anxiety. How Fast Talkspace Works
There are different experiences throughout life that trigger stress and anxiety. The feeling of anxiety is related to the body’s fight-or-flight response. It gets activated in difficult situations such as test-taking, a job interview, or when you do something for the very first time, such as going on a date. Due to the fact that it assists you remain focused and motivated, such anxiety may be advantageous. When out alone at night, you’re likely to work harder on your test or be on alert. While stress and anxiety might assist some, it might become a problem for others.
When stress and anxiety is a problem, it happens with more vigorous strength. Troublesome anxiety may be illogical or chronic while impacting day-to-day activities.
For instance, a person with a social stress and anxiety condition may avoid being around people, even if they understand them. Troublesome anxiety might consist of symptoms so extreme it. How Fast Talkspace Works
How Fast Talkspace Works – FAQ
So lets get to it and talk about How Fast Talkspace Works..in this article you will find the answer…
hi everybody so today I want to talk with you about something called better help which is an online treatment platform and I’m likewise going to tell you how you can get two weeks free of better help services however initially … 2 weeks complimentary trial subscription to better help you can try it completely run the risk of complimentary no strings attached and see how you like it um so what is better help better help is an online therapy service that is type of an option to in-person treatment a subscription to better help offers you access to a therapist basically whenever and it consists of endless text audio and video messaging along with a weekly live session now I have actually tried this out and my therapist said that you can kind of separate those weekly sessions however you see fit – so she stated you can have maybe 3 20-minute sessions or a one-hour session it’s type of whatever fits your schedule and whatever fits your requirements the best so I myself have actually tried it out like I said I have a therapist through better help and it’s actually truly basic interacting with them they have a website that’s very simple to interact with in addition to an app on your phone that you can send instant messages through you can you can voice call through
you can even video chat through and it’s truly really easy to browse so I want to talk with you a bit more about my experience with better help to type of give you an idea about what it resembles utilizing it so it took me a while to find the right therapist if I’m being sincere so um I tried out a few therapists to begin with none actually felt like an excellent fit which’s actually important I think even when discovering a therapist out in the real life with in-person interactions is that you need to really operate at finding one who’s going to be a really good suitable for you and there’s this it’s no exception for better help either so do not hesitate to experiment with various therapists if the very first one you get does not feel like the best fit you can keep browsing up until you discover like you have an actually excellent connection with the therapist.
Better Help insurance How Fast Talkspace Works Online
that you’re matched up with the service makes it actually simple to simply switch therapists when I seemed like I wasn’t truly connecting with my first couple therapists I simply picked I think it’s simply an alternative in the app where you can try to find a different therapist you can read their BIOS and figure out more about them and select which one you wish to deal with so I believe part of why I wasn’t actually that satisfied to begin with with those very first therapists was that they were at first offering me sort of canned reactions which didn’t truly sit well
Confronted with signing up with a frantically long NHS waiting list, Joe Rackham chose online counselling instead. “I simply felt that I could not wait any longer– I was encouraged and prepared to handle my problems and quite liked the concept of doing so in the comfort of my own house,” stated the 29-year-old, who lives in London. After an online search, he found a therapist whose profile fit his needs and reserved a chat session for the next day.
The medical professional app Babylon provides treatment to 150,000 active users, while PlusGuidance, an online counselling service, has 10,000 users. Talkspace, another online therapy platform, reports it has actually 500,000 signed up users worldwide, with a lot of in the United States.
Online training encourages therapists on whatever from utilizing emojis to preventing misconceptions. They likewise need to safeguard patients’ individual data– an issue that has caused controversy in the United States, where huge online treatment platforms have come under the spotlight.
Buckley said patients must examine services’ personal privacy policies before signing up. “Not all online counselling websites utilize expertly trained therapists or adhere to an ethics policy, so ask your GP for a recommendation in the first circumstances. Similar to all kinds of services and assistance, what works for someone may not work for somebody else,” he said.
Marc Bush, primary policy advisor at Young Minds, said that while online counselling services are valuable, “they shouldn’t replace in person treatment with a trained professional. If a young person is having a hard time, we would motivate them to talk with their GP in the very first instance, or to get in touch with a recognized service like The Mix, Childline or the Samaritans.”.
For Rackham, who has generalised anxiety disorder, online counselling wasn’t the best fit. “I felt it was near impossible for the therapist to truly get a sense of the problems I was handling, as all they had to go from was my typed-out words. I think I realised after that online session how crucial interpersonal interaction was.
” I’m a huge fan of using technology in all locations of my life as a solution to everyday issues. I have apps for everything, however when it comes to psychological health, you have to choose how technology contributes in your healing extremely carefully.”. How Fast Talkspace Works
Instead, the app prides itself on having licensed therapists and mental health experts offered to help people through text, phone call or video chat. That’s what lots of YouTubers who have actually accepted sponsorships from the company often say in their own videos, where they speak on the stresses in their personal lives and sensations verging on anxiety or depression. Bobby Burns, Elle Mills, Philip DeFranco, Heath Hussar, Boogie2988, Shane Dawson and ChandlerNWilson are all creators who have actually How Fast Talkspace Works sponsors now.
Much of these developers have actually discussed psychological health problems in the past, however as burnout ends up being a larger subject within the neighborhood– and mainstream world– sponsorships involving BetterHelp have actually increased, regardless of the app not being exactly what the developers are promoting. | <urn:uuid:1569136e-465d-4f21-9e9f-42a1308afd9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ventex.cc/how-fast-talkspace-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.959728 | 1,521 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Haj Amin al-Husseini died in 1974, but his life and teachings have had a profound impact on the current struggles that Israel faces against Arab opposition to the very existence of a Jewish state. The Grand Mufti’s successors, one being Yasser Arafat, have adopted and expanded upon his vitriolic hatred for the Jewish people.
Haj Amin al-Husseini was born in Jerusalem to the Mufti of Jerusalem at the time, Taher al-Husseini, a fierce opponent of Zionism. When World War I began, and following a brief period in the Ottoman army, Haj Amin al-Husseini was appointed by the British Military in 1918 to the Office of the Governor of Jerusalem. Over the years, Husseini would climb the political and religious ladder, becoming both the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the leader of the Supreme Muslim Council.
Holding two of the highest religious positions, the newly appointed Grand Mufti turned his attention to the derelict and unkempt Al-Aksa Mosque and Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount. Renovating these sites served a particular purpose for al-Husseini – to bolster his image in the Muslim community, focusing the attention of Muslim countries on the plight of the Palestinian Arabs and reinventing Jerusalem as the new Muslim holy capital despite ‘Jerusalem’ not being mentioned once in the Koran.
Using the renovation of the Al-Aksa Mosque and Dome of the Rock as his pretext, al-Husseini exploited the attention of the Arabs and Muslim countries to incite hatred for the Jews, claiming that they were plotting to destroy the mosque and build the Third Temple in its place. Al-Husseini further exploited the Jews’ fight to pray at the Western Wall, and its adjoining narrow prayer plaza, to fan the flames of Jewish hatred among Muslims.
Jews have visited and prayed at the Western Wall since the twelfth century. As the last remnant of Solomon’s Temple, it has existed as a holy site and place of prayer for the Jewish people for hundreds of years, and gained status as the second holiest site for Jews, only after the Temple Mount itself. However, it was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that Jews began bringing ritual and religious articles and furnishings to the Western Wall prayer plaza. It was at the same time that the Jews renewed their efforts to officially acquire the prayer plaza that was claimed by the Waqf Muslim rule.
In August 1929, the incitement of hatred against the Jews that Haj Amin al-Husseini had been aggressively promoting came to a head when Arabs attacked and injured Jews who had come to the Western Wall to pray. This incitement to violence against Jews continued and eventually culminated in the riots of 1929 – large-scale pogroms against the Jews in neighbourhoods in Jerusalem, and spread to the Jewish urban centres of Haifa, Tel Aviv, Safed and Hebron. In all, one hundred and thirty-three Jews were murdered, and three hundred and thirty-nine were injured.
Al-Husseini’s vicious hatred of the Jews served to further his agenda – to identify competition for holy sites as the crux of the Palestinian plight and foundational ethos, in opposition to any Jewish claims to the land. This has continued as the predominant basis for the Palestinian Arab claim that no Jewish nation should exist on the land – “From the river to the sea” – and the justification for the two intifadas under Yasser Arafat that caused the death of tens of thousands of Jews.
Haj Amin al-Husseini’s hatred of the Jews did not stop at inciting pogroms against them in the future Jewish state, but stretched to Europe with his active collaboration against European Jewry alongside Hitler. Indeed, al-Husseini was instrumental in the creation of an all-Muslim member SS Division, and he referred to Adolf Eichmann as “the greatest friend of the Arabs”. In 1941, he met with Hitler to discuss the fact that the Nazis had found a solution to the “Jewish problem”, and in 1942 al-Husseini penned a letter together with Iraqi Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kilani that supported Germany in its aim to annihilate the Jewish people.
Haj Amin al-Husseini even went so far as to declare his hatred on Berlin radio, stating, “Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This finds grace in the eyes of God, history and religion.”
Haj Amin al-Husseini’s hatred of, and propaganda against, the Jews remains relevant today; it has transformed into the ethos of the so-called plight of the Palestinian Arabs. In fact, 60 years after the creation of the State of Israel, it has subversively and insidiously undermined, delegitimized and incited violence against Jews worldwide and the Jewish state. | <urn:uuid:9c762161-b39e-43f2-9d9c-faf7ad096eb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.truthmustbetold.com/post/haj-amin-al-husseini-nazi-collaborator-and-father-of-palestinian-propaganda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.966183 | 1,036 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Latest Bible Code Discoveries
This list runs from newest to oldest articles.
- Nepal 2015 Earthquakes
In 2010, BCD reported on codes found after the devastating Haitian and Chilean earthquakes. Following the recent earthquakes in Nepal, BCD examined some of the lengthy general earthquake code matrices to see if Nepal, (Mt.) Everest or avalanche showed up in any of them.
- Ebola Epidemic
This article introduces some Ebola codes researched by Moshe Aharon Shak, as presented in his YouTube video, Ebola Epidemic.
- Follow-up on 2012 Election Codes Articles
In spite of our repeated caveats, some of our readers believe that BCD endorses using the codes for predictions. This article outlines our stance, and includes links to two post election videos by researcher Moshe Aharon Shak.
- Climate Change IV
In the final article of this series, we searched for the following terms: Al Gore, Copenhagen, solar cycle, solar cycles, weather and flooding. Fifteen lengthy codes emerged on topics such as Al Gore's political life, Copenhagen's environmentalism, and a code that may refer to life after the Great Flood and the Lord's son (Jesus).
- Nuclear Missiles Threaten World War III (22:23)
Moshe Aharon Shak presents a detailed account of the Cuban missile crisis in the codes. It reveals John F. Kennedy's contribution in stopping a nuclear war, and more. (The next video in the series will draw a parallel between the events in 1962 and in the remarkable year to come. BCD will keep our readers apprised when that video is produced.)
- The Mayan Calendar Controversy
Moshe Aharon Shak has researched the Mayan Calendar in the Torah Codes and has produced a YouTube video on his findings. Shak says, "The Torah codes agree that we are reaching a very significant time. What exactly will happen? Believers and non-believers will be surprised."
- Climate Change III
In Part III of this series, we searched for the following terms: emission, emission of, greenhouse, greenhouse gas, greenhouse gasses and gas emission. Seventeen lengthy codes emerged on topics such as a possible rise in respiratory illnesses, who might gain politically from the green energy movement, the potential for loss of life in the animal kingdom, and more.
- Controversial YouTube Videos on Election Codes 2012
Moshe Aharon Shak has researched the candidates for the 2012 USA election in the Bible code and has presented them in a series of five YouTube videos. Previously sent out as a briefing to our subscribers, this article appears for the first time in the digest.
- Republican Presidential Candidates 2012
Moshe Aharon Shak's three YouTube videos on the upcoming elections purport to present God's choice for the winner of the Republican nomination and the presidency. BCD presents these videos with some caveats.
- Climate Change II: The Great Debate Continues
Changes in the arctic are the basis for searches on terms such as glacier and ice cap. Fifteen extended codes are presented ranging from 19 to 70 letters long. One of the terms resulted in a 70% return rate.
- Peter in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22
BCD discovered a dozen lengthy codes about Peter in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22. Many of them seem to describe various aspects of Peter's life.
- Visiting the Tomb: Code Clusters in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 Continue to Grow
The remarkable code clusters that pass through the prophetic chapters of Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 have continued to explode. BCD decided to search for the names of those who visited the empty tomb and for phrases about the tomb.
- Gilad Shalit Released—October 18, 2011
Moshe Aharon Shak's new matrix on Israeli Defense Forces soldier Gilad Shalit, who was captured in Gaza and taken prisoner by Hamas militants in 2006. October 18, 2011, he was released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinians.
- Top 20 Topics
In this, our 100th issue, we are taking a sweeping look back at the Top 20 topics. Broadly, these topics fall under categories such as religion, natural disasters, terrorism, politics, the economy, and climate change.
- Economic Crisis or a Chance to Live in God's Economy?
Examining the context of four economic crisis codes demonstrates that we are encouraged to live in God's economy, by putting God first, and in doing so, money will have a proper place in our lives.
- Hosni Mubarak: A Skeleton? A Scared Turtle?
On February 11, 2011, it was announced that Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak had resigned from the presidency of Egypt. Mubarak had served as the longest ruling head of state since Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848). BCD ran searches on H. Mubarak, Mubarak and Egypt from Isaiah 14:1 to Isaiah 24:1, specifically looking at codes that touch down in Isaiah 19, as that chapter outlines God's judgment against Egypt.
This article first appeared as a Briefing sent out to our subscribers on February 24, 2011. It appears in the digest for the first time, with the complete tables.
- Libya and Egypt in Ezekiel 29 and 30
We continued our search for Egypt and Mubarak in Ezekiel 29 and 30. In addition, with the unrest in Libya, we added Libya and Gaddafi.
- Yeshua in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22
As we approach the Christmas season, twenty fascinating new Yeshua (Jesus) codes found in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 are presented.
- Oil in the Sea: The Deepwater Horizon Disaster
On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig experienced an explosion that resulted in the biggest off-shore oil spill in U.S. history. The codes in this article highlight the grievous nature of the oil spill, with the potential for causing illness, killing wildlife, and forcing us to face our dependence on oil and the guilt we feel because of it. In addition, the haunting similarity of this event to Revelation 8:8-9, reminds us of the fragility of life and the nearness of the End Times.
- Climate Change: The Great Debate, Part I
A great debate rages over whether or not the world is getting warmer. The codes express a broad spectrum of points of view on this topic in the news.
- Crisis Clusters III: Success and Failure in Leadership
The final three clusters on the topics of Barack Obama, the Global Financial Crisis, the Swine Flu, Global Crisis and Famine, and a variety of America-related search terms point to success and failure in leadership. In addition, new Obama codes are presented that have not been previously published.
- Haitian Earthquake II: A Moment of Truth
The Haitian earthquake codes not only echo the devastation of the earthquake, but they point to it being a moment of truth for Haiti.
- Earthquakes: Chile, Haiti, and Around the World
On February 27, 2010, just six weeks after the 7.0 earthquake in Haiti, an 8.8 earthquake hit Chile. We searched for two spellings of Concepción and for Chilean Quake. We also ran searches for more generic terms: Earthquake (three spellings), The Earth Shook, Wounded by the Quake, Injured by the Quake, Quake Survivors, and Quake Orphans. Four of the 11 searches resulted in lengthy extensions at a 50% to 80% return rate.
- Haitian Earthquake: Codes Graphically Depict the Destruction
On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake battered the Republic of Haiti causing massive destruction and loss of life, particularly in its capital, Port-au-Prince. Initial searches in the codes reveal descriptions of the destruction.
- Crisis Clusters II: Everything Has Its Time
In this article, we present the next three clusters on the topics of Barack Obama, the Global Financial Crisis, the Swine Flu, Global Crisis and Famine, and a variety of America-related search terms. In addition, new Obama codes are presented that have not been previously published.
- Buddha Codes in Ecclesiastes and Proverbs
In our continuing research on Buddha in the Bible Codes, we were prompted by Buddha's proverbs, which remind us of Solomon's writings, to look for Buddha in Ecclesiastes 1-7, 11, and Proverbs 1-29. The number of search terms where an extension was found was exceptionally high, and their content was particularly relevant.
- God and Jesus in Proverbs 30:4: Jesus Will Mend My People
In a continuing effort to examine codes that pass through Scriptures that ask the question Who is Like God?, we searched for God and Jesus in Proverbs 30:4. The resulting codes are significant and memorable.
- Prophet and Messiah: Garlic in a Lion's Tooth
Lengthy Prophet and Messiah codes echo Scripture and point to God's omniscience and creativity.
- World Plague ELSs and the Discovery of Swine Flu Clusters
World Plague ELSs and the discovery of Swine Flu code clusters in Scriptures that speak of God's wrath.
- Crisis Clusters Point to Serving God, Not Money
Barack Obama, Global Financial Crisis, Swine Flu, and Famine codes cluster in Scriptures that admonish to serve God and not money.
- 2012: Is the End Coming?
As 2012 approaches, the furor mounts over whether there is any significance to the date that the Mayan calendar ends—December 21, 2012. There is even a big-budget action movie on the subject coming out in November 2009. Lengthy codes on the subject may shed some light.
- Buddhist Codes Continue to Astonish
In our continuing efforts to research Buddha and Buddhism in the codes, using terms such as Dalai Lama, Siddhartha, and The Buddha, we have a diverse collection of codes to present that continue to astonish in content and location.
- Crossroads: Netanyahu and Obama in Major End Times Cluster
Are Benjamin Netanyahu and Barack Obama poised at the crossroads of history in the Middle East? Their names intersect in Ezekiel 38:3 and appear throughout Ezekiel 37-40. The resulting codes may point to End Times events.
- America Terms Provide Revealing Glimpses
Codes on America, New York, White House, U.S. Government, Congress, and Treasury Department, provide glimpses into the economic crisis.
- Global Crisis Codes Echo Current Concerns
Following the publication of The Global Economic Crisis codes, requests to search for Global Crisis, Global Famine, and Great Famine became prominent. The resulting codes echo current concerns.
- Swine Flu
The media has been filled with reports on the Swine Flu. What do the codes have to say about it?
A shorter version of this article was previously published under Hot Topics. This expanded version appeared for the first time in the May/June 2009 digest.
- The Trinity in Genesis 1:1
Are there significant codes on the Trinity that appear in Genesis 1:1? Do some wrap back around the Torah and Tanakh?
- The Global Economic Crisis: Codes Detail Numerous Causes and Effects
Given the state of the global economy and the many requests we have received to research it, BCD decided to run a series of searches on economic terms. The content of the extended codes includes more than a dozen causes of the crisis, affirms its global extent, and mentions a number of its effects.
- Gaza Operation: A Highly Improbable Collection of Codes
On December 27, 2008, Israel Defense Forces launched a military campaign against the governing party of Gaza—Hamas. We searched for 19 terms suggested by Nathan Jacobi, Ph.D., in the Bible code regarding this event. Twenty-three lengthy codes were found ranging from 13 to 54 letters long.
A preliminary version of this article was posted under Hot Topics on January 21, 2009. This expanded version of the article appeared for the first time in the January/February 2009 Digest.
- Yeshua the Messiah Codes: A Highly Improbable Collection
We searched for Yeshua the Messiah and The Messiah Yeshua ELSs in the Tanakh, and the findings were highly improbable.
- Palin and Biden Codes
Sarah Palin and Joe Biden have both added their own brand of controversy to the already controversial U.S. presidential election. What do the Bible codes have to say about these vice presidential candidates? Check out the unusual codes in this article. [This article was posted to the BCD site on October 29, 2008, six days before the U.S. presidential election. BCD subscribers were notified of the posting on the same day.]
- Inherent Tensions Between Buddhism and Christianity
We began by looking for occurrences of Siddhartha as a Bible code and found two instances. The one with the shortest skip (-4,543) also included Jesus in the extended code. But not only that, the code had a profound message—Buddhism and Christianity conflict with one another in some ways.
- Startling Election Codes Continue to Surface
With the U.S. presidential elections nearing, we decided to examine additional codes for McCain, J. McCain, and two different spellings of B. Obama.
- Dramatic Buddhist Codes Discovered
The number and quality of the previous Buddha findings published in the March/April 2008 digest prompted us to search for the terms Buddhism and Buddhist as well.
- 108-Letter-Long Buddhist Code Wraps Around the Tanakh Nine Times
A 108-letter-long extended code that makes clear sense to Buddhists, and it wraps around the entire Tanakh a record 9.03 times. Because of the presence of several highly improbable features, this code defies chance as a rational explanation.
- Who Is the True Messiah? The Introduction
What happens when BCD and Nathan Jacobi, Ph.D., search for the sentence Who is the true messiah? Check out the surprising findings.
- Who Is the True Messiah? The 61-Letter Code
In-depth analysis of the 61-letter-long Who is the true messiah? code.
- Startling Election Codes Surface
In the wake of the ongoing political campaigns of the three remaining U.S. presidential contenders, BCD asked Nathan Jacobi, Ph.D., to example terms for the names of each of the candidate for possible extensions. What he found were numerous extended codes that reflect the turbulent and contentious nature of the current campaigns.
- Jerusalem Terrorist Attack Codes
In March 2008, eight students were tragically killed and nine were wounded when a man began firing a gun in the Mercaz Harav yeshiva's library. Nathan Jacobi, Ph.D., examined five findings of the name of the school for extensions, which in English means Center of the Rabbi.
- Round Two: Highly Significant Buddha Codes Found in Isaiah 40-46
We explore more significant Buddha codes found in Isaiah 40-46.
Tuesday, November 27, 2007, the Annapolis Summit took place. Prior to the Summit, BCD ran three searches each on two spellings of the name Annapolis. This article outlines the intriguing and improbable results.
- There Is No One Like God
In our continuing research into codes passing through the "Who Is Like God?" verses of Isaiah 40-46, we searched for the phrases There Is No Man, Indeed No Man, Indeed No One, and Who Is Like God?
- Aharon the Priest Highlights
We present some brief highlights from Moshe Aharon Shak's two-part article on Aharon (Aaron) the Priest.
- Aharon the Priest—Part II
Is Aharon's life outlined in detail in a short section in the Bible where the term Aharon is found at an overwhelming frequency? Moshe Aharon Shak presents the second half of his extensive findings.
- Highly Significant Buddha Codes Found in Isaiah 40-46
After completing our searches for extensions to Yeshua ELSs found in the "Who is Like God?" verses of Isaiah 40-46, it occurred to us that it would be interesting to also search for extensions to Buddha ELSs in these same verses. And, while at it, we also searched for extensions to Muhammad and Moses ELSs in those same verses.
- Aharon (Aaron) the Priest—Part I
Is Aharon's life outlined in detail in a short section in the Bible where the term Aharon is found at an overwhelming frequency? Moshe Aharon Shak presents his extensive findings in a two-part article.
- Yeshua Codes in Isaiah 40–46
BCD examines Jesus (Yeshua) codes in Isaiah 40–46 to determine whether the findings are random or intentional.
- Shimon Peres—Wins
On the eve of the Israeli Presidential Election, Moshe Aharon Shak discovered codes to indicate that Peres would win.
- Remarkable Psalm 22 Cluster Grows
The already remarkable Psalm 22 cluster continues to grow with the addition of 15 lengthy ELSs.
- Is Jesus the Messiah?
Could Bible codes possibly add anything definitive to the two-millennia-long controversy over Christian claims that Jesus of Nazareth was/is the Messiah of the Jews? We explore a rich host of clues from the codes.
- Isaiah 53 Code's Explosion
Examining previous BCD code finds in Isaiah 53 for extensions resulted in an explosion of codes.
- The War at the End of Times
Moshe Aharon Shak discovers 10 lengthy extensions of war ELSs in Ezekiel 40.
Enjoy finding your own Bible codes.
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Bombshell examines two massive, recently discovered clusters of codes in the Hebrew Old Testament. To read more about Bombshell, click here, or click below to order from Amazon today! | <urn:uuid:6f5ba71f-937c-4cf6-8227-66eeefc1aaf3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.biblecodedigest.com/page.php?PageID=347 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912673 | 3,720 | 2.515625 | 3 |
When you think of a better life, you may be imagining yourself in the jacuzzi of a millionaire’s villa with a glass of champagne in hand. While this may sound lovely – nobody denies it – the definition of a better life is a little more complex than that, see here http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/blog/the-meaning-of-better-lives.htm. Happiness and well-being are essential elements, just as much as education, income and the access to vital factors such as clean water and air. But if you were to boil a better life to its core meaning, it is a life that provides you with everything that matters: A healthy sense of purpose, a quality of health and support, the ability to reach for better in terms of income and responsibilities, and the power to share your wisdom with the next generations.
Stay Healthy At Work
While it is understood that you need to work to guarantee a regular income, it is essential that your professional activity doesn’t damage your health. Indeed, your sense of purpose that comes from fulfilling tasks at work would be damaged, and so would be your health and your regular income too. In short, staying healthy at work is key to your happiness. All you need is to follow simple and straightforward tips, such as washing your hands to avoid any germ contamination, drinking plenty of water, and getting up regularly for a brief walk. This not only keeps your body healthy but your mind too.
Make People’s Life Easier
Sometimes, your work is about improving the quality of someone else’s life, especially helping them to gain access to essential services that could help them. A career in this kind of work environments helps you to visibly make people’s lives better day after day. Whether you choose to be a Samaritan in a public mental health center or a carer, it’s something that, with the right education – such as www.ultimatemedical.edu/program/health-and-human-services – can make a real difference in the community. Improving someone’s life is not only a great skill, but it is also the chance to give someone a fresh start anew. It’s telling them that they have a chance, and that is exactly what happiness is made of.
Help People To Improve Their Skills
Having a chance in life starts at a young age, at school already. If you have children, your role as a parent goes beyond driving them to school every morning. You need to help them to learn the skills they need to decide of their future. The first lesson is that failing is part of the journey. Failing, even at a test, is not important, assuming that you show them that they can learn from it and improve their score. Developing a learning attitude can improve a child’s performance, and give them better options to build a happy life in future.
Teach Tolerance To Your Children
Finally, tolerance is an important lesson to make life better. At the core of happiness and of everything that matters in life, leaving no room for discrimination – whether racial, sexual, or other – maintains your happy status. It is not about parenting skills, but about helping people of all age to improve and look at life in its full beauty. | <urn:uuid:0fe459ea-9260-4ef8-9865-2ae0a076b16e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bellenews.com/tag/teach-tolerance-to-your-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.963627 | 688 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Turkish leaders accused Berlin of “sheltering” Turkey’s enemies, after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan claimed that an imprisoned Die Welt journalist in Turkey was a “German agent” and member of the militant Kurdish group PKK.
"It isn't because a correspondent of Die Welt was arrested," Erdogan said, during an awards ceremony in Istanbul. "It is because this person hid in the German embassy as a member of the PKK and a German agent for one month. When we told them to hand him over to be tried, they refused."
"So, they won't let our justice minister and economy minister speak," Erdogan added. "They need to be tried for helping and abetting terrorism."
Germany's foreign ministry has responded to the claim, describing it as "absurd.” | <urn:uuid:8c5c1a13-715a-40e8-8b63-8e72dc297316> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sputniknews.com/20170303/turkey-germany-aiding-enemies-1051254947.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.981986 | 168 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Main engine exhaust, a solid rocket booster plume and an expanding… (NASA, Knight Ridder Tribune )
It was a fine day for watching a liftoff -- cold, but crisp and clear as could be.
A bunch of us gathered on the roof of the Sentinel to get a good look. We had gone up on the roof the day before, too, only to have the liftoff canceled thanks to bad weather and a fouled-up handle on the shuttle's hatch.
So after a couple of minutes just standing there Tuesday morning with nothing happening, the wisecracks began as expected.
''Another day, another delay,'' said someone.
''With a teacher on board you don't say it's late,'' said someone else. ''It's tardy.''
Someone shouted, ''There it goes!'' and jokingly pointed to the west, in the opposite direction of Cape Canaveral. Big joke. But you know how it goes with liftoffs. We've grown accustomed to them. And we've grown accustomed to them proceeding without any problems.
It wasn't always that way. In The Right Stuff, Tom Wolfe tells about the early, less-than-glorious days of our space program when the Russians were having all the luck. After numerous strikeouts, Wolfe wrote, the people at NASA started thinking: ''Our rockets always blow up.''
But after some 57 manned missions with hardly any post-launch incidents to speak of -- the deaths of three astronauts in 1967 occurred in a fire before launch -- we had every right to think: ''Our rockets never blow up.''
When we finally saw Challenger on Tuesday, it was big and blazing against a sky that was an almost impossible blue. No matter how many times you watch a liftoff -- and I've watched more than I can count -- you can't help but be awed by the magnificence of it all.
''God, look at it,'' said a woman standing next to me. ''It's great.''
I saw the explosion. But I really didn't think anything of it. Just thought it was one stage of the rocket separating as usual. But suddenly the one ball of fire we had been watching seemed to split into two parts that headed in opposite directions. I figured one was Challenger and the other a booster rocket.
''Never seen it do that before,'' said someone.
''We're really sending up two rockets,'' said someone else. ''It's one of those secret missions, only they didn't want us to know it was secret.''
''What a weird vapor trail,'' said someone. ''Looks like one of those inkblot tests a psychiatrist gives you.''
A man standing behind me had a transistor radio.
''Explosion,'' I heard him say, softly at first. I turned around and saw him fiddling with his earplugs.
''There's been an explosion,'' he said, louder this time, and everyone on the roof drew toward him. He pulled the plugs from his ears and tried to turn up the radio so everyone could hear. But there was just static. The signal was weak. So he stuck the earplugs back in.
''It . . . blew . . . up,'' he said.
Everyone just stared at the sky for a moment. And then there was a rush from the roof, to the newsroom.
The next hour or so was crazy. And numbing. We watched the story unfold from Cape Canaveral on television. At first we thought the shuttle was coasting back to Earth. Then they said no, there had been confirmation of an explosion. There was a shot of someone descending in a parachute and we thought maybe, just maybe, one of the crew managed to escape. But no, it turned out to be a medic parachuting to the crash site.
They played the tape of the launch and we all watched, sickened and chilled, as the awfulness of it all sank in. They played that tape over and over. I don't care about ever seeing it again.
Two hours after it happened, I took a break and went back to the roof. The sky still was the most beautiful blue imaginable. To the west, a skywriter was doing his handiwork over Disney World, with smiley faces and a cheery ''Hi!''
To the east, over Cape Canaveral, you could still see the vapor trail from Challenger. The contrail, they call it. And it looked like nothing so much as a big, white question mark in the sky. | <urn:uuid:800d823a-5faa-49bd-a3c4-838a57b7ee0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1986-01-29/news/orl-challenger-25-day-of-question-mark-lingers-in-sky_1_booster-rocket-liftoff-challenger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980388 | 936 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Yesterday we had Pastor Vince Larson from San Diego as our guest speaker at Spirit of Life Bible Church in Woodbury. A young pastor in his 20’s, Larson co-founded Anchor Gaslamp Church in San Diego.
I was impressed and inspired by his message on how we should not only have faith and know the truth, but also live out the faith and truth in action.
Larson shared a little bit from his life. He mentioned that both he and his wife were laid off at one time, but God provided in miraculous ways, including getting some financial help from parents and friends.
"It was killing my pride to have to accept charity from others," he said.
His words struck me, as my mind was still fresh with stories I heard in China about how young people feel entitled to all the help they can get from their parents.
Generally speaking, I think young people in the US have a better sense of independence and responsibility. They start working and living independently from their parents at a young age. They are independent and self supportive.
I heard that some young people here don’t like to take free money from their parents. If they need money, they borrow and repay back, even with interests. That is unheard of in China.
I have relatives in China who work their tails off even after their retirement so they can help their kids buy a house (apartment), a car, or other stuff, and take care of grand kids.
I know young people in their 20’s or older who live off their parents, even after their marriage. They feel entitled to their parents’ life savings, and parents feel responsible for providing everything for their kids.
There is a lack of independence and responsibility among young people in China. It’s partly because of parents’ overindulgence in children.
No doubt, parents in China are very giving and selfless towards their children. But when it reaches the point of overindulgence, it creates problems.
There is a lot to learn from parents in the US to teach kids independence and responsibility at a young age, so they develop a healthy sense of pride and self reliance. | <urn:uuid:db38b7cc-1780-48c6-aba3-ae32a68a59c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://onmymind.areavoices.com/2010/07/19/independence-vs-entitlement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00082-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986673 | 448 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Stretch marks (or striae) are the scarring of the skin and can be reduced over time but will never disappear completely unless you visit a plastic surgeon or dermatologist. Stretch marks are caused when the skin is rapidly stretched and occurs with growth spurts, weight gain and pregnancy. Follow these steps to learn how to reduce the appearance of your stretch marks and cause them to fade over time.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Shea butter
- Oil: vitamin E, baby or olive oil
- Product with peptides
Try Shea butter. Shea butter moisturises your skin and definitely minimises the appearance of stretch while also working to prevent any future stretch marks. While it does take several weeks to see any results, remember to use it faithfully at least twice a daily to keep stretch marks and stretch mark appearance to a minimum.
Try vitamin E oil, baby oil or even olive oil. Put generous amount of oil on your skin daily. For most effective use, rub on your skin directly following a shower. Moisturising your skin after a shower works to trap moisture closest to your skin and is highly recommended.
Use a product that has peptides, which stimulates collagen production in your skin. There are many over-the-counter products available that will work and contain this ingredient. They include StriVectin-SD, Kinerase C6 and Olay Regenerist. Any of these products should be applied at least twice per day.
Try Mederma, another over-the-counter cream that is used to minimise scars. Mederma is pretty expensive but there are some comparable products which are less expensive. The key ingredient is Cepalin which will both soften and smooth scars but it must be applied approximately four times per day for no less than eight weeks to see any results.
Get a prescription. If none of the above methods has worked, or you are still unsatisfied, with the appearance of your stretch marks, then consider getting a prescription from a dermatologist. A dermatologist can prescribe Retin-A. Although there are side effects such as skin irritation, drying and intolerance to sunlight, Retin-A has been proved successful in fading stretch marks.
Making Your Stretch Marks Fade
Tips and warnings
- While this does not make stretch marks fade, they can be covered up by religiously using self tanner. This is not true for tanning beds or the sun however because scars do not tan. Sunless tanner will work and reduce the appearance of stretch marks.
- Always make certain to drink a lot of water to hydrate your skin and to plump the cells thereby reducing the appearance of stretch marks.
- It is also important to be patient. Stretch marks will always fade over time. Ninety per cent of all women get stretch marks during pregnancy.
- Exfoliate your skin often. This removes dead skin cells and increases circulation.
- Make certain to get enough of the vitamins C, E and A.
- Stretch marks can never be completely removed without plastic surgery or the help of a dermatologist so be careful of falling for those advertisements that make bogus promises.
- Every person's body is different. Stretch marks can fade in a matter of months for some and it can take years for others. | <urn:uuid:d53077f3-29a7-47c2-b51c-611ba93db569> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_2330711_make-stretch-marks-fade.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00003-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922611 | 675 | 1.851563 | 2 |
December 7, 2007
On Nov. 20, 2007, in California Forestry Association v. California Fish & Game Commission, the Third District Court of Appeal upheld the decision by the California Fish & Game Commission (“Commission”) to list two coho salmon “evolutionarily significant units” as endangered and threatened under the California Endangered Species Act (“CESA”). In upholding the listing decision, the court deferred to the scientific expertise of the Commission and the California Department of Fish & Game (“Department”).
The court first rejected the claim that the CESA authorizes the listing only of “species” or “subspecies,” and not of smaller subgroups such as “evolutionarily significant units.” The court reasoned that laws providing for the conservation of natural resources should be liberally construed, and it also noted the scientific evidence that the “genetic structure and biodiversity among California stocks” of coho salmon were important in evaluating and protecting the species. As a result, the court upheld the decision to list separately under the CESA the Southern Oregon/Northern California unit as threatened and the Central Coast unit as endangered.
The court also deferred to the Commission and the Department in determining that the term “range” under the CESA refers to a species’ California range only, “thereby entitling a species to protection if it is threatened with extinction throughout all, or a significant portion, of its California range (as opposed to its worldwide range).” The court determined that “it is reasonable to infer that the CESA’s focus is protecting species within the state, which is the extent of the state’s regulatory authority.” The court emphasized that this reading “furthers the Legislature’s policy of protecting these species and their habitat for the value of Californians.”
The court next upheld the decision by the Commission and the Department to distinguish between hatchery raised and naturally spawning fish. The court emphasized that the CESA’s definition of “fish” refers specifically to “wild fish.”
Finally, the court rejected the claim under the California Administrative Procedure Act that the CESA listings were unnecessary and duplicative since the two coho units were already protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The court explained that the protections provided by the two statutes were not the same. State listing and permitting decisions are based only the conditions within the state, whereas listing and permitting decisions under the federal scheme may take account of conditions present in the species’ entire geographic range.
For assistance, please contact the following:
Marc R. Bruner, Partner, firstname.lastname@example.org, 925.975.5176 Cecily T. Talbert, Practice Group Leader, email@example.com, 925.975.5339
© 2007 Bingham McCutchen LLP | <urn:uuid:548ef88f-6d3a-4498-a813-f903692ce99c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://staging.criverwatch.org/2007/12/11/coho-salmon-finally-win-protection-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.930255 | 613 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Think about how you watch video on the Web. If you’re anything like most people, you start a video, watch a little, mouse over it to see how long it is, then decide — typically within a few seconds — whether you think it’s going to be worth X minutes of your time and either stay and watch or quit right then. That makes those first few seconds critically important. But it also makes shorter videos more likely to keep their viewers.
That’s not necessarily a bad thing, but there are undoubtedly some cases in which a longer video might be warranted, and in those cases we should do our best to help viewers stick with a video. One way to do that is to give them control over the experience. And one way to give them control of the experience is to allow them to jump to the parts of the video that they’re most interested in.
Enter Interlude and its very cool Treehouse editing tool. The app’s been around for awhile, but I just had a chance to test it out, and I’m convinced it has great potential for journalistic video.
Here’s how it works.
1. Start by taking your longer video (if it’s an interview) and splitting it into clips. I found .mp4 files load fairly quickly and without glitches.
3. Start a new project or select a template to work from. That will take you to this screen, which you can scroll over for a mini-tour of the interface:
4. Once you have uploaded your “assets” (video clips or other media), you can begin editing and setting up your “nodes” (parts of your video) and “elements” (the buttons that control interactivity). Explore the editing menu below:
5. After you have finished editing your project, use the red button in the upper right corner to publish it to the Web. After publishing, you’ll be able to copy an embed code to place the video into a post on your site.
Keep in mind
- Unless you directly address your viewers in the opening video to explain how to interact with it, you’ll need to include text explanations above the video player or on the screen when choices appear.
- If you are allowing your viewers to choose where they want to go within the video, you should also include a way for them to get back or to go on to a part that they initially didn’t choose. This means adding more “nodes” to each clip you include.
- You’ll need to decide if you want viewers to have the choice to leave a video clip immediately or make them wait until the end for the next choices to appear. If you’re using longer interview clips, giving them a way to escape early is probably a good idea. However, if you want to control the experience, only give them a few seconds (Interlude suggests at least 6 seconds) to make a decision.
- At the end of the video, you can give the viewers the option to start over and do it again in a totally different way.
- Wile the tool is built with an HTML5 player, it is not yet fully responsive (immediately playable in all browsers on all devices). I reached out to Interlude support staff to explain how the player works on various devices. Here’s the breakdown:
- On desktops the supported browser version are: Chrome 40, Safari 7.1, IE 11 and higher. If you’re using a different browser, please make sure it’s the latest version.
- On Android devices (mobiles and tablets) the minimum requirements are OS 4.4 and Chrome 40 and higher. On some devices the default browser is based on Chrome and can run the player as well.
- On iPads the minimum requirements are iOS 7 and Safari 7.1.
- On iPhones, due to the device not being able to play video directly in the browser, you’ll need to download the Interlude app.
Cool tool! Now what do we do with it?
Of course, there are all kinds of possibilities I haven’t even imagined, but here are just a few:
Interviews: If you’ve got a great interview scheduled, video record it and break it into parts by topic. Allow viewers to watch the topics that interest them most. Alternatively, collect several perspectives on a topic and allow viewers to choose which perspectives they want to hear, kind of like this project from the Washington Post.
Interactive tour: Allow viewers to “explore” a location on their own by making choices about where to go or what to see next.
Immersion journalism: This one’s a little more experimental, but you could potentially use this tool to build something like this Al Jazeera interactive journalism game, where your audience gets to make decisions that uncover or reveal the parts of a story. This is a little like those choose-your-own-adventure books.
Let’s see it in action.
If you visit Interlude’s website, there’s a gallery of examples to peruse. In addition, you could check out this recent adviser discussion panel I hosted using Google Hangouts On Air. My own students also recently used this tool to allow viewers to explore Homecoming decorations.
If your own students decide to try it out (or have already), please share! | <urn:uuid:a14ae732-6d56-4729-974b-456dcebab076> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jeadigitalmedia.org/2015/10/23/make-videos-interactive-using-interludes-treehouse-editor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00073-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93455 | 1,138 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Gem-A, the new short-and-sweet name for the Gemmological Association & Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain, has announced the establishment of a U.S. branch. Anne Dale of Mandeville, La., the first director, will help Gem-A develop its education and Guild programs here. “Gem-A USA will concentrate on actively promoting gemological education,” says Dale. “Tutors are ready, and allied training centers will soon be ready here in the United States.”
Dale notes that Gem-A is moving forward with a new home-study gemology course. The new Gem-A Preliminary course—the first of two gemology courses—has been revised to be easier to use, says Dale. And exams, which in the past were the most feared of any gemological testing, no longer rely on memorizing numerical figures: The basic optical properties are provided during the exams. The courses are accompanied by two newly revised handbooks—Practical Gem Handbook and Gem Observation Guide. The books contain quick gemological references.
In addition to the gemology program, Gem-A’s diamond home-study course is now available to the American market. The course offers a comprehensive education on diamonds and diamond grading. Besides the traditional work-at-home study, the diamond course requires a six-day “practical” (hands-on work). The organization hasn’t established an allied training center in the United States yet, says Dale, adding that Gem-A USA also will need an inventory of diamonds for the practical. Students currently taking the diamond program are encouraged to travel to London for the practical, but Dale says, “We are working on this project.”
Successful completion of the practical, along with eligible membership, allows a student to carry the initials DGA—Diamond Member of the Gem-A. “They can still do the course and get a certificate,” explains Dale, “but to get the DGA initials they have to do the six-day practical.”
Dale studied gemology under the late Antonio Bonanno and then earned her Fellow of the Gem-A (FGA) title in 1986. Her other credits include a Professional Gemologist (P.G.) title from the Columbia School of Gemology, and a Graduate Gemologist (G.G.) title from the Gemological Institute of America.
Dale’s goal is to involve all local trade organizations with the new British programs. No matter how you spell it, with one M or two, gemology all comes down to what you learn, notes Dale. “Gem-A’s belief is that we can have a more unified and supportive relationship with the trade through gemological education.”
Gem-A’s history dates to 1908. The Association offered the world’s first home-study gemology course in 1921, and its gemology diploma is one of the most highly regarded.
For more information, contact Anne Dale at 12 Saint Ann Drive, Mandeville, LA 70471; (985) 626-4266. | <urn:uuid:248d1125-18f8-4dad-8253-39386e8edec5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.annedale.com/2002/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.921528 | 670 | 1.867188 | 2 |
, Ph.D., C.Psych.
Research Director, Graduate Program in
Trinity Western University
Langley, BC, Canada
Most students and beginning researchers do not
fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand
its importance. To put it bluntly, one's research is only as a good
as one's proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even
if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high
quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for
the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your
potential as a researcher.
A research proposal is intended to convince
others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you
have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally,
a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved
in the research process and include sufficient information for the
readers to evaluate the proposed study.
Regardless of your research area and the methodology
you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are
going to do it.
The proposal should have sufficient information
to convince your readers that you have an important research idea,
that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major
issues, and that your methodology is sound.
The quality of your research proposal depends
not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the
quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run
the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written.
Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.
This paper focuses on proposal writing rather
than on the development of research ideas.
It should be concise and descriptive. For example,
the phrase, "An investigation of . . ." could be omitted. Often
titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because
such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables.
However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title.
An effective title not only pricks the reader's interest, but also
predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.
It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words.
It should include the research question, the rationale for the study,
the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions
of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and
any instruments that will be used.
The main purpose of the introduction is to provide
the necessary background or context for your research problem. How
to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in
If the research problem is framed in the context
of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question
may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question
is placed in the context of a very focused and current research
area, its significance will become evident.
Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules
on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription
on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph.
A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly
and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.
However, try to place your research question
in the context of either a current "hot" area, or an older area
that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate
historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in
which your proposed research question occupies the central stage.
Finally, identify "key players" and refer to the most relevant and
representative publications. In short, try to paint your research
question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.
The introduction typically begins with a general
statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research
problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the
proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following
- State the research problem, which is often
referred to as the purpose of the study.
- Provide the context and set the stage for
your research question in such a way as to show its necessity
- Present the rationale of your proposed study
and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
- Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems
to be addressed by your research.
- Identify the key independent and dependent
variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon
you want to study.
- State your hypothesis or theory, if any.
For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have
any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the
statistical null hypothesis.)
- Set the delimitation or boundaries of your
proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
- Provide definitions of key concepts. (This
Sometimes the literature review is incorporated
into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a
separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.
The literature review serves several important
- Ensures that you are not "reinventing the
- Gives credits to those who have laid the
groundwork for your research.
- Demonstrates your knowledge of the research
- Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical
and research issues related to your research question.
- Shows your ability to critically evaluate
relevant literature information.
- Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize
the existing literature.
- Provides new theoretical insights or develops
a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
- Convinces your reader that your proposed
research will make a significant and substantial contribution
to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue
or filling a major gap in the literature).
Most students' literature reviews suffer from
the following problems:
- Lacking organization and structure
- Lacking focus, unity and coherence
- Being repetitive and verbose
- Failing to cite influential papers
- Failing to keep up with recent developments
- Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
- Citing irrelevant or trivial references
- Depending too much on secondary sources
Your scholarship and research competence will
be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.
There are different ways to organize your literature
review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to
your review. For example, having established the importance of your
research area and its current state of development, you may devote
several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models,
measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.
It is also helpful to keep in mind that you
are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating
and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection
of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are
human beings too.)
The Method section is very important because
it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research
problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities
necessary for the completion of your project.
The guiding principle for writing the Method
section is that it should contain sufficient information for the
reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue
that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another
qualified researcher to implement the study.
You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative
methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate
and most valid way to address your research question.
Please note that your research question may
be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream
psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially
the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative
Furthermore, since there are no well-established
and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method
section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional
quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process
in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results
as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for
greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your
data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research
is a topic for another paper.)
For quantitative studies, the method section
typically consists of the following sections:
- Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a
laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?
- Subjects or participants - Who will take
part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?
- Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments
or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they
valid and reliable?
- Procedure - How do you plan to carry out
your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?
Obviously you do not have results at the proposal
stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data
you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be
used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.
It is important to convince your reader of the
potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate
a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits
of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations
and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified
by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental
stage of your research area.
Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
- Failure to provide the proper context to
frame the research question.
- Failure to delimit the boundary conditions
for your research.
- Failure to cite landmark studies.
- Failure to accurately present the theoretical
and empirical contributions by other researchers.
- Failure to stay focused on the research question.
- Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive
argument for the proposed research.
- Too much detail on minor issues, but not
enough detail on major issues.
- Too much rambling -- going "all over the
map" without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move
forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)
- Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.
- Too long or too short.
- Failing to follow the APA style.
- Slopping writing. | <urn:uuid:45121902-62fb-4c5d-a504-1de923a814f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://meaning.ca/archives/archive/art_how_to_write_P_Wong.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910261 | 2,167 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Canada's privacy commissioner sent a letter warning the federal government that its plans to reform Canada's copyright laws should not come at the expense of personal privacy.
In a letter published on her office's website Friday and directed to Industry Minister Jim Prentice and Heritage Minister Josée Verner, Jennifer Stoddart warned that any changes to the Copyright Act should not authorize the use of digital rights management technologies that allow companies to collect and retain information without the user's consent.
"While I am not concerned with copyright law in itself, and I certainly understand the need to update the Copyright Act, I am concerned about possible changes to the Act authorizing the use of technical mechanisms to prevent copyright infringement that could have a negative impact on the privacy rights of Canadians," she wrote.
"Technologies that automatically collect personal information about individuals without their knowledge or consent violate the fair information principles that are central to PIPEDA [Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act] and most other privacy legislation," she wrote.
Stoddart's letter comes as the federal government continues to work on legislation to reform the act.
The bill — which would have made such activities as the time-shifting of television shows, file-sharing of music and video, and copying files to CDs or MP3 players illegal — was scheduled to be introduced in December.
At an open house in his Calgary constituency in December, Prentice had argued that such legislation was necessary to bring Canada in line with its obligations to the World Intellectual Property Organization, which it signed on to in 1997.
But the government pushed back the planned introduction of the legislation after more than 50 angry protesters showed up to question him at the meeting, and an online group formed to oppose it on social networking site Facebook.
The group, which now has close to 40,000 Facebook users on it, was started by University of Ottawa professor Michael Geist, a chief opponent of the legislation.
Geist, writing in his blog on Friday, said, "Stoddart’s public letter provides an important reminder that it is more than just copyright law that hangs in the balance as the government's plans could ultimately place Canadians' privacy at risk." | <urn:uuid:62d6062b-c5bb-4394-b0e7-dfdecb303a3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/privacy-czar-expresses-copyright-reform-concerns-1.749414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00439-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96782 | 443 | 1.742188 | 2 |
While HIV and AIDS treatment has dramatically improved, there remains no cure. For mental health professionals, questions often arise of how to address risky sexual and drug-use behavior, and how to handle confidentiality concerns related to HIV status. In this workshop, counselors and therapists will learn about what HIV and AIDS are; the impact of HIV and AIDS on various populations; recent developments in treatment; how to address disclosure of an HIV diagnosis; and related confidentiality standards.
Content Advisory: This course includes discussion of sexual activity. To preserve confidentiality, case examples include fictionalized elements.
This course meets California BBS requirements for 7 hours of CE in HIV and AIDS Awareness during the first license renewal cycle.
Identify at least two major differences in the medical treatment of HIV today versus 20 years ago
Identify at least two common impacts of an HIV diagnosis on people and their families
Describe at least three common clinician biases related to HIV and AIDS
Describe at least three principles for working with clients diagnosed with HIV
List at least two barriers to HIV treatment adherence
Describe at least two appropriate clinician responses to client disclosure of HIV status
Identify at least two reasons why professional associations discourage laws requiring mental health professionals to report high-risk behavior to partners or public health authorities
b. History of HIV/AIDS
c. Social and cultural responses
a. Current treatments
b. Risk reduction
c. Treatment adherence
d. Mental health
3. Living with HIV
4. Working with HIV-positive or high-risk populations
a. Understanding the population
b. Assessing clinician bias
c. Reducing clinician bias
5. Mental health assessment and treatment
a. Inquiring about HIV status
b. Risk assessment
c. Encouraging testing
d. Disclosure of HIV status
e. Crisis assessment
f. Treatment planning
6. Legal and Ethical Issues
b. Documentation of HIV status
c. Access to records
Benjamin Caldwell, PsyD, LMFT is a California Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and serves as Adjunct Faculty for California State University Northridge. He has taught at the graduate level for more than 15 years, primarily in law and ethics, and has written and trained extensively on ethical applications in mental health care.
Format and Length:
Recorded video format (non-interactive). Total running time 422 minutes. Progress is saved after each lesson section so you can complete the course in multiple sittings. Please note that if you leave the course in the middle of a video, quiz, or survey section you may be required to start that section from the beginning.
To obtain your CE certificate, you must progress through all course segments, complete a satisfaction survey, and obtain a score of 80% or higher on a course completion quiz. Learners are expected to complete the quiz within a reasonable number of attempts, and may be blocked from completing the course and receiving their certificate if unable to do so.
Completion Quiz and Course Evaluation:
After watching course videos, the course completion quiz will be available to complete, followed by the course evaluation.
Who Should Attend:
Psychologists, counselors, masters or doctoral level clinical social workers, and marriage and family therapists.
Publication and Review Dates:
Course Publication Date: January 11, 2022
Financial Support Statement:
SimplePractice pays course presenters for their teaching. There is no other financial support for this course.
Conflict of Interest Statement:
There is no potential conflict of interest or outside commercial support for this course.
For any inquiries related to subject matter guidance, correction, grading, comments, or problem resolution please contact us.
Please ensure your device meets our system requirements.
Continuing Education Approvals:
SimplePractice is approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. SimplePractice maintains responsibility for this program and its content. This course provides 7 hours of continuing education (7 CE credits) for psychologists.
SimplePractice has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6961. Programs that do not qualify for NBCC credit are clearly identified. SimplePractice is solely responsible for all aspects of the programs.
SimplePractice, #1749, is approved to offer social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Approved Continuing Education (ACE) program. Organizations, not individual courses, are approved as ACE providers. State and provincial regulatory boards have the final authority to determine whether an individual course may be accepted for continuing education credit. Simple Practice maintains responsibility for this course. ACE provider approval period: 07/06/2021 – 07/06/2024. Social workers participating in this course will receive 7 continuing education credits in the Clinical topic area.
SimplePractice is approved by the California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists to sponsor continuing education for LMFTs, LPCCs, LCSWs, and LEPs (CAMFT CEPA provider #145276). SimplePractice maintains responsibility for this program and its content. This course meets the qualifications for 7 hours of continuing education credit for LMFTs, LCSWs, LPCCs, and/or LEPs as required by the California Board of Behavioral Sciences.
SimplePractice is approved as a Rule/Statute Approved Provider of Continuing Education by the Florida Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage & Family Therapy, and Mental Health Counseling. Note that we do not automatically report CE completion to CE Broker at this time, so certificates of completion must be manually uploaded. Click here for more information.
SimplePractice LLC is recognized by the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Social Work as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers #SW-0582.
SimplePractice LLC is recognized by the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists #PSY-0030.
SimplePractice LLC is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed marriage and family therapists #MFT-0091.
SimplePractice LLC is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors #MHC-0206.
This course is not part of our continuing education program approved through NAADAC. Click here to view our complete CE approval information, or check out our collection of NAADAC approved courses. | <urn:uuid:7851a748-5c6e-4344-8b5b-744de63304c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.simplepracticelearning.com/courses/hiv-aids-awareness-mental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.911231 | 1,417 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The U.N. children's agency says Tamil rebels are continuing to recruit child soldiers in Sri Lanka, despite a halt in the country's civil war. UNICEF is appealing for their release.
A UNICEF report released in Colombo says Tamil Tiger rebels recruited 709 underage fighters last year despite promises not to enlist anyone below 18 years of age.
UNICEF's representative in Colombo, Ted Chaiban, has called on the Tamil rebels - also known as the LTTE, to honor their pledge.
"New recruitment must stop and there needs to be an accelerated release of children currently with the LTTE," he said.
The report says Tamil rebels released 202 child fighters last year.
The average age of children enlisted as fighters was 15, but the youngest recruit was only 10-years-old.
The Tigers have admitted using child combatants in the past. But they deny doing so since they signed a truce with the government two-years ago, halting two decades of fighting. They say underage children come to them to flee poverty or abuse at the hands of government forces.
According to U.N. estimates, more than 40 rebel groups worldwide rely on underage fighters.
UNICEF also is calling for greater international involvement in helping children in war-ravaged areas in Sri Lanka's north and east.
Mr. Chaiban says virtually every child in that area has been affected by the conflict, and needs rehabilitation programs.
"Our estimate is that there are 50,000 children of different categories that are directly affected by the conflict," he said. "I am speaking here of children engaged in child labor, child soldiers, children that have been displaced repeatedly, children victims of land mines."
UNICEF introduced a $14 million plan last year to provide education and vocational training to war-affected children. But it says more social workers, health workers and schools are needed to make the program effective.
Tamil rebels began fighting in 1983 for a separate homeland in the north and east. The truce two-years ago halted the fighting, but efforts to permanently end the conflict have been stalled by a power struggle between Sri Lanka's president Chandrika Kumaratunga and prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe. | <urn:uuid:a1d8dfc2-dd0f-4fbc-85f0-35da9c4285f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-01-22-30-un-66864737/376516.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00119-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971705 | 456 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The reflection helped us connect to our past feelings. These tools we’ll discuss today will help us connect to how we’d like to feel going forward.
A common approach is to choose a word of the year. I’ve done that in the past. My words of the year actually led me to create Be School.
I’ve since transitioned into using a mixture of a mantra and a core desired feeling.
My dear friend, Amelia Hruby , PhD uses the formula verb + value for the creation of mantras. (Side note: She wrote a lovely book called Fifty Feminist Mantras. Get a copy of your own, and you’ll have plenty of mantras to choose from!)
I love mantras because they give me a sense of direction, and they also unfold.
My mantra for 2021 and my 28th year is: Root deeper. Add water.
At first, I thought it meant that I shouldn’t do anything new. There’s certainly an element of being protective of my time, but it seems more like I’m supposed to get to the root of how I can best be of service.
Mantras are incredibly grounding. It’s the mental equivalent of holding a stone in my hand. They bring me into the present moment without me having to think too much, and it can do the same for you.
I often return to the Maya Angelou quote, “I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.”
I think that the same applies for goals. We can work towards goals and even achieve them, but they might not bring us the feelings we seek.
It’s much easier to define your core desired feelings first. Then ask yourself if each decision or opportunity will bring you closer to or further away from your core desired feelings.
My core desired feeling for the coming year is security.
I want to be secure in who I am as a person, secure in my relationships, and secure in my finances.
Defining a mantra and a core desired feeling will make goal setting a breeze. | <urn:uuid:a18b8dd4-03e0-4d73-8476-f1b4729f100e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.taylorelyse.com/podcast-episodes/your-feelings-deserve-a-seat-at-the-goal-setting-table | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948805 | 469 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Banff National Park represents the creme de la creme of the Rocky Mountains. The first national park in Canada and the third in the world, Banff was established in 1885 as a park reserve around the Cave and Basin mineral hot springs (now a historic national site), two years after the completion of Canada’s first transcontinental railroad. The Canadian Pacific Railway immediately recognized the potential for tourism in the area and began constructing a series of elegant hotels along its main line, attracting people from all over the world. In 1984, Banff National Park, in addition to its neighboring sister parks (Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho National Parks and Mount Robson, Mount Assiniboine and Hamber provincial parks) were designated as a world heritage site collectively as the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks.
If you ever get the opportunity to visit the area, it will become readily apparent why it was valued so quickly. Banff National Park is like a giant canvas splattered with multiple shades of blues, greens, warm and cool neutral tones – white, sandy, cream and granite gray shades – towering up and all around you in the form of mountains, lakes, rivers and glaciers.
How many shades of green can you spot in these pictures?
As you drive along one of the highways leading into the park, the landscape appears artificial as if you’ve stepped into a famous painting by Monet. Mountain peaks tower softly against a bright blue background, while clouds float lazily between the peaks. Wildlife bridges traverse the highway to allow animals to cross safely.
If a storm happens to roll through, the hazy clouds filled with rain linger, sandwiched between the densely packed glacier-covered mountains, until the rain finally falls and a mist rises from the valley.
Although some of the worst flooding Alberta has ever seen recently affected the area, the region’s beauty is still breathtaking, rivaling the Swiss Alps. The town of Banff, itself, could surely neighbor ideal pastoral places such as Interlaken or Lucerne, Switzerland and not stand out of place. The town also has comparable architectural features that are reminiscent of the charming character of Swiss villages with its mountain streets lined with chalets, nestled within the soaring mountains.
Canmore, Alberta, located south of the town of Banff, just outside of the national park, is equally beautiful.
The town of Banff sits within the national park, so even if you decide to simply stroll around town for a day, you’re supposed to purchase a park pass. But of course, we didn’t go to Banff just to shop and roam the streets. While exploring the national park and the surrounding towns, there is a plethora of hiking and biking trails, scenic drives, gondola rides and hot springs to choose from. There’s also a good chance you’ll come across assorted wildlife chomping on the hillsides.
This one appropriately titled “Two Butts.”
Some of the most popular and easily accessible attractions within the park are Lake Louise, Moraine Lake, the Icefields Parkway, Bow Valley and the Upper Hot Springs (located in the town of Banff). As always, since we only had a few days to explore, we tried to make the most of the short time we had.
So first off we drove through Bow Valley…
(The rivers in the park consist of a foggy bluish green color, similar to candied milk if there was such a thing.)
…Eventually ending up at Lake Louise. When we first arrived at the lake, a storm was brewing.
As we walked in the rain along a trail leading to the end of the lake, the famous Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise Resort sat huddled amidst the dark clouds.
But as we continued to walk, the sky started to clear and a new scene unfolded.
Once we made it to the end of the lake, the sky completely lifted except for some white puffy clouds. Due to the flooding in the region, the water leading into the turquoise blue lake was muddied but provided an interesting contrast in color.
And of course, I’m always on the lookout for wildflowers.
Our next stop was Lake Moraine; a short drive back down the road. Lake Moraine was an even brighter shade of green. We raced up a short path to the top of a mound of rock overlooking the lake just as the rain caught up to us again.
After running back to the car, we headed for the Icefields Parkway and sunnier skies. First up was Crowfoot Glacier and Bow Lake…
Then Bow Summit and Peyto Lake.
On the way back to town, we stopped off at Herbert Lake just as the light was reflecting perfectly off the water. Many of the lakes in the national park act a pane of mirrored glass revealing nature’s reflection.
As always, it’s hard to come to the end of a perfect day, but it was particularly difficult to leave all the beauty behind. Banff and the surrounding national parks, that make up the Canadian Rockies, are just about as good as its gets when it comes to seeking out mountain terrain. Places like Banff, with it’s surreal natural landscapes, are likely where the expression “Did I die and go to heaven?” originated. But of course the answer is no. It’s just Canada. 🙂
Thoughts on Food – Places we tried and can vouch for:
- Wild Flour Bakery (211 Bear St #101 Banff, AB T1L 1B4, Canada) – Healthy food option – organic breakfast and lunch selections.
- Chateau Deli inside the Fairmont Chateau at Lake Louise – European style deli – great for a snack or a quick bite to eat – try one of their croissants!
- Summit Café (1001 Cougar Creek Drive Canmore, AB T1W 1E1, Canada) – Yummy breakfast choices and sandwiches.
- Wild Bill’s Legendary Saloon (201 Banff Ave Banff, AB T1L 1C4, Canada) – BBQ – Line-dancing on Thursday nights!
- Maple Leaf (137 Banff Ave Banff, AB T1L 1B6, Canada) – Excellent food but spendy – steak, seafood and local game.
- Tasty Treats:
- Banff Sweet Shoppe (#12 201 Banff Ave. AB T1L 1B3) – Fudge, fudge and more fudge!
Also, consider staying in Canmore (only 15-20 minutes south) instead of the town of Banff for cheaper hotel rates!
View Larger Map | <urn:uuid:15f6ec9c-83d5-491e-8766-45e104586ee6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://outsidethelimits.com/park-beat-vi-banff-national-park-alberta-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.943876 | 1,416 | 2.765625 | 3 |
If people are given the opportunity of self-government, there will be lots of corruption, greed and less morals. Look at how things went before we had lots of regulation. We had businesses forcing other businesses to join their monopolies, businesses lying to consumers to trick them into buying their products and so on. We need regulation because human nature is to be greedy and competitive.
There are so many people in society who do not want the best for others, or are sociopaths and psychopaths. People are selfish and inconsiderate of others. If we tried to self-government, the republicans would take over and starve the poor people to death, or the democrats would take over and steal money and give it to the poor. Either way, we cannot self-government ourselves.
In order to believe self government is degenerate you would have to believe that people in that society would settle for the least common denominator of life unless controlled by outside forces. I like to read end of the world scenario books in which people have to rebuild society. They always seem to have the darker side of humanity represented, but the general theme is a desire to rebuild a better society based on not repeating the mistakes of the past. Perhaps I am naive, but I like to think it is a part of human nature to want to progress towards positive goals, not negative, and left to their own devices the good will prevail.
A people who governs themselves are only as good as their poorest citizens. Self-government isn't degenerate, but simply reflects the society that use this type of government. The system is only degenerate if the masses allow it to become that way in a republic form of government. Judging by who we have in Washington now, it's going to be a long wait for degenerates. | <urn:uuid:18a26900-1799-4c66-887e-4dedfe047339> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.debate.org/opinions/is-self-government-degenerate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981117 | 364 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Roy and Christine Sturgis
Academic Advising Center
Arkansas Tech University is committed to providing its students with the best advising experiences possible. The Sturgis Academic Advising Center is staffed by professional advisors dedicated to guiding Tech's undergraduate students on the pathway to the successful completion of a college degree.
Students who should visit the AAC:
- New students seeking general information about Tech
- Any student who wants to know more about a particular major
- Students who are having difficulty with a class or want to discuss how classes are progressing
- Anyone who needs information about university policies or deadlines
- Any student who has a question or wants to talk to someone who cares
What To Expect
All first-time, incoming freshmen complete their first academic advising appointment and register for classes in the Academic Advising Center (AAC). Beginning Fall 2013, all freshmen (excluding the College of Professional Studies) will continue to be advised by the AAC's professional staff until sixty (60) credit hours are completed. At the completion of approximately 60 credit hours, students will be aided by the AAC to transition to a faculty advisor.
Students who enter college without having chosen a definite major are usually classified as "undeclared" or "undecided." Entering Arkansas Tech University without a definite major in mind is not a reason to be discouraged. There are more than 90 challenging and exciting academic areas at Arkansas Tech to explore, so there is plenty of time to make a decision. For a list of majors and minors, check out the Undergraduate Catalog to start exploring!
Our academic advisors care about each individual student's professional development and successful degree program completion. Building a solid relationship with an academic advisor increases opportunities for success.
The Academic Advising Center at Arkansas Tech University is committed to providing our students with the necessary guidance and resources to facilitate educational, personal, and professional growth that will lead to the successful completion of a degree program. Sensible academic advising, dedicated to nurturing scholastic development, integrity, and professionalism, promotes the objectives of this University to provide a solid educational foundation for life-long learning to a diverse community of learners. We believe interaction and cooperation with one of our knowledgeable advisors will make the transition into collegiate life a success and set students on a path to achieve their intellectual and career goals.
"Of all the challenges that both faculty and students choose to mention, providing or obtaining good academic advising ranks number one."
-Dr. Richard Light, The Power of Good Advice for Students, The Chronicle of Higher Education. | <urn:uuid:852935c1-8094-4fb3-8474-fd0521806de2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.atu.edu/advising/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945774 | 513 | 1.546875 | 2 |
At the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore, Deputy Chief of China’s PLA General Staff, Lieutenant General Wang Guanzhong answered press questions about the Nine Dash Line, the demarkation line used by China for its South China Sea territorial claims.
Wang Guanzhong, deputy chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, speaks during the fourth plenary session of the 13th Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore June 1, 2014, the final day of the multilateral forum focusing on security issues in Asia. (Xinhua/Then Chih Wey)
At a media session on Monday, Wang said that China’s sovereign power and jurisdictional rights over the South China Sea have been taking shape since the Han Dynasty, some 2,000 years ago.
In 1948, two years after China took back the Nansha and Xisha Islands from Japanese occupation, China presented the Nine Dash Line. Wang said that countries near the South China Sea did not question this line until the 1970s, when rich oil reserves were discovered under its waters. | <urn:uuid:d7b3adc5-5cf0-4cc4-9805-cff5e8d9b0d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.imoa.ph/china-s-china-sea-claims-lawful-based-historical-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.938314 | 224 | 2.25 | 2 |
My teeth are in really bad shape. I have missing teeth and the teeth I have left are not in the best condition. I am looking to replace quite a few and wanted to know how many teeth can one person have implanted. Please help!
How Many Teeth Can Be Replaced with Dental Implants?
Doctor Answers 21
One to twenty eight
How many teeth can implants replace
There were times when it doesn't make sense to perform extensive treatment to save a tooth versus replacing it with an implant. The wonderful thing about replacing teeth with dental implants, especially for somebody who's been cavity prone, is that they will never get a cavity.
If all teeth are missing then 4 to 8 implants are needed in each arch (upper arch or lower arch)
Available bone is the key to how many implants an be placed. That is why bone grafts are beneficial when needed. All of the above is discussed viewing fixed crown and bridge as the final restoration. If one wishes removable denture that snap or screw in, then different options exist. There is always a good answer for any dental condition.
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Number of Teeth That Can Be Replaced With Dental Implants
Teeth replacement with implants
You can replace all your teeth with implants. However it's not recommended to have each tooth individually replaced with an implant. If you’re missing all your upper teeth, you would need 8–10 implants. The same stands for the lower. If extensive bone grafting is required, you might be advised to get a full arch restoration on 6 implants or all-on-four.
Implants all around
How many teeth can be replaced with dental implants
Numer of Dental Implants
There are many options for a smile makeover with dental implants
The great thing about dental implants is that they open up several options for a patient. Discuss with your dentist how many of your natural teeth may be saved. For the remaining spaces implants may be used to either hold fixed teeth or bridges similar to those of natural teeth. Another option is the implants may also be used to help stabilize and retain partial or full dentures. By using implants to retain dentures, it generally increases stability and often times may increase ethetics. At your consult your dentist will recommend which options are best for your case and the expectations, benefits, and considerations of each option.
Number of Dental Implants
For the upper arch a minimum of 4 implants are required to support a removable denture. If you want a fixed prosthesis that cannot be removed you will need 6-10 implants.
For the lower arch a minimum of 2 implants are required to support a removable denture. If you want fixed prosthesis you will need 5-10 implants.
The number of implants that can be placed is dependent on the amount of bone remaining.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship. | <urn:uuid:fd8dc05f-4850-47c0-9102-bf1bfceec095> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.realself.com/question/Dental-implants-teeth-replacement-quantity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00093-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920978 | 634 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Reg Kit Watch
Hush reveals silent-PC pricing, and Sony launches its 23GB blue laser optical drive
Hush Technologies, maker of the Hush silent PC, which was launched last month, will begin shipping the machine on 14 April.
Prices start at €645 for an entry-level system based on a VIA 933MHz C3 processor, VIA EPIA-M 9000 mobo featuring integrated VIA CastleRock graphics with 32MB RAM, 128MB DDR SDRAM, slimline (ie. notebook) CD-ROM, a 40GB hard drive, four USB 2.0 ports, two 1394 ports, s-video and TV out, one PCI slot, 10/100Mbps Ethernet, and mouse and keyboard.
The hi-fi style metal units are available in dark silver or black.
Sony this week launched an optical data storage system that uses blue laser technology to offer rewriteable and write-once capacities of 23.3GB per disc. Each disc is built into a cartridge unit.
The product is aimed at high-end data storage applications, and Sony is touting it as a successor to 9.1GB MO drives.
The 5.25in drive itself has a data transfer rate of 9MBps, and connects via an Ultra-wide 160 SCSI connection.
Optical drives such as CD players typically use laser that operate in the infra-red part of the spectrum. By moving up to the blue band, Sony uses light with a shorter wavelength, the upshot of which is that it can make the tiny cells on the disc's surface that represent binary 1s and 0s much smaller. So more data can be stored on the disc. A shorter wavelength also means blue light has a higher energy than IR, which is why it's harder to produce blue semconductor lasers than red ones.
Sony is already planning a second-generation machine that ups the capacity to 50GB and the data transfer rate to 18MBps. Alas we'll have to wait to 2005 for it - the first drive will ship this summer for around $3000. Discs are $45 a pop. A third-generation unit, due some years down the line, will double capacity and throughput again, to 100GB and 36MBps, respectively, Sony says. ® | <urn:uuid:2c9a4e5c-bed4-47e5-b04d-5ec5d74593b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/04/09/reg_kit_watch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00050-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920883 | 472 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Translating System Requirements
Of course, there is more to system requirements than understanding what minimum and recommend requirements mean. You also need to know what hardware your own PC has and if it meets the requirements listed by the developer. This is a problem that is particularly troublesome for the average user. While those who consider themselves enthusiasts often build their own computers, most people buy their PC from a major vendor like Dell or Compaq. These PCs often advertise the speed of their processors and the amount of RAM they are equipped with, but the owners rarely keep those advertisements, and finding technical information in the user documentation is often impossible.
But discovering what kind of hardware your computer has is not difficult if you know where to look. All you need to do is open up your Control Panel and then navigate to System Properties (or just System, if you're using Vista). Open System Properties, and make sure you are on the General Tab, which should be the default.
Under the System section, you should see information about your operating system, including both what operating system you have and what version you have. For example, Windows XP will be listed as having either Service Pack 1, 2, or 3.
The Computer section will list your processor. Pay attention to both the number of cores listed and the clock speed of your processor, which will be listed in Ghz or Mhz. Also note what kind of processor is listed, such as an AMD Athlon X2 or an Intel Pentium 4. Finally, pay attention to the amount of RAM listed, which will be listed in GB or MB. Write all of this information down for future reference. Also, write down how many GB of hard drive space you have available. You can find this information by going to My Computer, right-clicking on a hard drive, and clicking on properties. A window should open that has a pie graph representing the available space on the drive. | <urn:uuid:545030aa-904b-4434-83ab-a5874717a0f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.brighthub.com/computing/windows-platform/articles/29464.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947512 | 389 | 2.671875 | 3 |
English translation of दाढ़ी
दाढ़ीPowered by COBUILD /darhi/
Definitions and Translations
nf/darhi, dArhI, daarhee, dārhī/
1. beard countable noun
A man's beard is the hair that grows on his chin and cheeks.
2. whisker plural noun
People sometimes refer to the hair on a man's face as his whiskers.
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Translation of दाढ़ी from the Collins Hindi to English Dictionary | <urn:uuid:96426f17-44b9-4f04-a33b-a41de1a07fc9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%9D%E0%A5%80 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00233-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910934 | 138 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Microchip Technology Inc. provides a number of analog and serial-output Integrated circuit (IC) temperatures sensors. The typical accuracy of these sensors at room temperature is within one degree Celsius (±1C). However, at hot or cold temperature extremes, the accuracy decreases non-linearly. Typically, the non-linearity has a parabolic shape. This application note derives an equation that describes the sensor’s typical non-linear characteristics, which can be used to compensate for the sensors accuracy error over the specified operating temperature range. A PICmicro® Microcontroller Unit (MCU) can be used to compute the equation and provide higher-accuracy temperature reading. This application note is based on the analog output MCP9700/MCP9701 and serial output MCP9800 temperatures sensors. | <urn:uuid:af6766aa-f039-40a0-a079-7c66f227f119> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rfglobalnet.com/doc/ic-temperature-picmicro-microcontroller-0001?atc~c=771%20s=774%20r=001%20l=a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00555-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864775 | 164 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In part two of our in our video series with Board Chair Juliet Shield-Taylor, she tells us what inspired her to become a member of the Robins board and talks about the importance of “giving while you are living”.
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In this first of three videos from Juliet Shield-Taylor, Robins Foundation Board Chair and first grandchild of E. Claiborne and Lora M. Robins, she shares memories of her grandparents, their words of wisdom and how she came to write her grandfather’s biography.
Courtney Rice, Director of Inclusion and Community Impact, co-authored an article for Philanthropy Journal News about diversity, equity and inclusion, and how to move community forward from theory to practice. She addresses how this has worked within our own organization, in particular as it relates to our Community Innovation Grant, which is open for submission now through October 4th. Read more HERE.
Robins Foundation is committed to ensuring every student has a fair shot at a successful and empowering education, career and life. So we partner with organizations who support year-round education like Virginia Center for Inclusive Communities (VCIC) who provide workshops for educators and summer retreats for students designed to help eliminate disparities in academic achievement that arise along racial, national origin and socioeconomic lines.
VCIC’s Education Equity Initiative helps train Richmond-area educators and school faculty to provide inclusive and encouraging learning environments for students. Through workshops and retreats, teachers and administrators gain deeper insight into the effects of bias on student performance and opportunities. The VCIC helps them then design curriculum and action plans to close the achievement gap. VCIC’s programs are based on the philosophy that changes in schools must start within the teachers and administrators themselves.
The VCIC also coordinates assemblies, workshops and retreats for middle and high school students to combat prejudice and break down barriers in their own schools. The Harold M. Marsh, Sr. Connections Institute encourages students who have been recognized as leaders among their peers to reflect on their own experiences. Intimate discussions with diverse perspectives foster understanding and acceptance.
In a follow-up to our post last week in support Higher Achievement, we’d like to share a story from a member of their team. Read about how working at Higher Achievement bolstered one person’s community spirit and allowed them to see and believe in the potential of our community’s youth.
Seeing and Believing in our Community’s Youth
Mitchell is one of six children. During the four days a week he is not at Higher Achievement Afterschool Academy he is responsible for his siblings. He is not just the big brother, he is the cook, the disciplinarian, and the bedtime story reader. He is the caretaker for his five younger siblings. When Mitchell is at Higher Achievement, he gets to be a sixth grader. He gets to be a Higher Achievement scholar. He gets to do his homework, play games, build relationships with mentors and eat dinner that someone else cooked for him. He gets to be a kid.
Jason is smart and loves school. He seeks challenging classes and asks for opportunities to learn more. Jason’s mom understood that her child was not being challenged enough at school but is paralyzed with multiple mental disorders and isn’t able to leave her home to take Jason to programs that can provide him with academic opportunities. Jason’s mom learned of Higher Achievement, he excelled in the program and is headed to college next year.
Higher Achievement provides opportunities for middle school students that they would not otherwise have. Opportunity does not look the same for each Higher Achievement scholar and that is why it works. Some scholars need a safe place to spend their evening and summers. Some need a consistent adult in their life. Some need academic help. Some just need to be reminded they are awesome.
Before working at Higher Achievement, I spent the majority of my professional years at an environmental nonprofit. I was comfortable in this arena and accustomed to being the expert in the room. When I moved to Richmond, I was ready to find my next opportunity, and also ready to get out of my comfort zone. Higher Achievement gave me that opportunity. Every day is not always a success and I am definitely not the expert in the room on education, but personal growth doesn’t happen in a comfortable place. Higher Achievement has given me the opportunity to see and believe in the potential of our youth, and that makes me a better person and a better citizen.
Summer break is here, but learning shouldn’t end after the last school bell of the year. This is why Robins Foundations partners with organizations like Higher Achievement in supporting middle schoolers from underserved communities after the school day and during the summer – so they can excel in top-ranked high schools and beyond.
Higher Education recognizes that talent doesn’t always go hand in hand with opportunity. They engage educators, community partners and citizens in mentoring and supporting children with resources during the most critical developmental years. During the summer, Higher Achievement not only continues to tutor students in core areas so they can shine during the next school year, they also enable learning outside of the classroom with weekly field trips and a college visit.
Backed by 40 years of experience and a list of impressive stats and awards, Higher Achievement has a track record of developing engaged, well-prepared students who succeed in school, despite all odds.
As we work toward improving the lives of children and families in Richmond, we’ll continue to work with organizations like Higher Achievement to close the opportunity gap.
“Each of us comes with life experiences that help to frame who we are, and more importantly who we can be.”
–Robert Bolling, CEO of ChildSavers
Robert takes us on his journey through the experiences that drive his passion for his work – from the example set by his parents during his childhood and the challenges of raising his adopted twins, to continually looking for ways to “deliver the mission” to families whose access to life-changing resources are far more limited than his.
Culture and Family Drives Mission
Soon I will enter my seventh decade of life. I am thinking a lot about legacy. What will I leave for the future of our community’s children’s? Well this story is one outline of my gift. It hovers around three years: 2012, 1958 and 1996.
I stared out my office window on a warm sunny November day in 2012. Less than one month after becoming Chief Executive Officer at ChildSavers, a nearly century-old nonprofit in the Church Hill neighborhood that provides mental health and child development services to vulnerable children. The grass on the back lawn remained green although the flowers and foliage had started to brown, some falling to the ground. Smelling the aroma of the black coffee warming my hands, I called my bride. Three rings and then the pick up:
“I am here for mission, believe me”, I say.
“I know Honey, but what’s wrong?”, she replies.
“Nothing. I am looking out my window at the downtown skyline, one of the best views in the city. And more, I work at a place full of a variety of beautiful paintings – a true art gallery. What could be better?
But I absolutely came here for mission!”, I smiled.
It’s now 1958. David Allen Bolling, Sr. and Evelyn Natalie Jones Bolling, parents of three young boys ages seven, six and four with another in the oven decided to search for a permanent home away from the Jackson Ward community decimated by the construction of Interstate 95.
By my birth, my parents had found the house that I would eventually grow up in Church Hill. We moved in on May 30, thirty days into my young life. We were the third Black family on the block and within a year the community was nearly entirely Black. Surely my block had reached that milestone.
My parents went on to raise five boys and one girl (the youngest and as she says today “not the baby”) in this home. Mom and Dad made life better for us. Books, intellectual challenges, scouts, church and family – nuclear and extended – were steadfast.
My father was a certified nursing assistant at the Veterans’ Hospital located about seven miles from our home. He reported to work daily for the 7:30 am shift. We had no car, so most mornings he walked. He often made the return trip to be home by dinner at 6:00 pm. He did this for most of his thirty-seven-year career.
My mother worked inside the home until all the kids were adults, except on occasion when the family was cash-strapped. The local bakery at Miller & Rhoads department store, day work helped provide the extra income. This proud woman was active in the PTA and education and civil rights causes for most of my childhood. Well-read and a superb debater, in another time she could have easily become a lawyer. Later in life she got an associate degree and had a career at the IRS.
These hardworking, loving parents were my example.
Shift to 1996. My wife and I start our family with the adoption of five-year-old twins. Beautiful children who completed us. Yet with all this joy came buried secrets from a past life for our children – neglect, abuse, family mental illnesses, detachment, and witness to deplorable things that no child should see or experience. Much of this was not initially apparent to us even though we had months of training and insights during the adoption process.
By age 15, my “daddy’s girl” started to change. The difference was incremental at first. She lost interest in favorites, school and sports. Neglecting to wash or groom. Discovering cigarettes hidden under the mattress with phones that we did not purchase coupled with large sums of money we had not given.
This escalated to running away and being returned by police; running again, sometimes gone for days or weeks. Then, the night. She became like the character from the movie, The Exorcist. We hospitalized her, followed by trial and error with therapists. Over the course of the next five years, this pattern happened countless times. At one juncture she disappeared for two years.
Today life for her and for our family is much better. Our daughter is a proud mother of two of our grandchildren. Her twin, our son, watched all this transpire, and once asked, “What happened to my sister?” He too had challenges before graduating from college and becoming a father to our first grandchild, now an autistic five-year-old.
What I learned is that each of us comes with life experiences that help to frame who we are, and more importantly who we can be. Our daughter once told me that, we, her parents, were traditional and that she was different. She liked to experience life even when the consequences were adverse. Eye-opening, and profound. From that I learned to find the ‘good’ attributes and to celebrate the opportunities to grow.
These experiences drove me to ChildSavers, and still drive my passion for our work. My family had resources to eventually find the supports and services for our children and grandchildren. For those families served by ChildSavers, resources are far more limited. So I look out that window and find ways to deliver mission while enjoying the view and the artwork.
We must clarify the role of philanthropy and the Robins Foundation in supporting local public schools and government services.
The mission of the Robins Foundation is to lead transformational change in the greater Richmond community by listening, learning, and engaging through innovative philanthropy that inspires solutions to society’s greatest challenges. Specifically, we focus on the birth-to-postsecondary education continuum, knowing that education above all can unlock an individual’s fullest potential. Robins supports Richmond Public Schools (RPS) and surrounding school divisions through six-figure strategic partnership grants, by funding the City-led expansion of high-quality afterschool programming, and by supporting a vibrant nonprofit sector that offers critical services to students both during and outside of the school day.
Richmond’s public schools, as Superintendent Kamras and Mayor Stoney have detailed at length, have been chronically underfunded at the state and local level by tens of millions of dollars, year after year, decade after decade. Research suggests that providing an excellent education that meets the needs of our student population would require, in an ideal world, at least double the per-pupil expenditures currently issued. Robins provides grants totaling roughly $6 million a year. If the Robins Foundation did nothing every year but transfer that money to the RPS bank account, their approximately $300 million operating budget would still face at least a double-digit gap and schools would remain in desperate need of additional financial support to provide a high-quality education to every student. As the conversation continues in Richmond around the Mayor’s budget proposal, one thing should be clear: neither Robins Foundation nor philanthropy writ large has the funding capacity to stand in the gap.
Even if this region’s funders did have the capacity, it would be inappropriate for philanthropy to supplant government as the primary funder of public schools, roads, or any other government service. Taxpayer dollars support these public goods because they belong to and benefit all of us. This is why we have elections to put into place democratically accountable leaders to oversee those dollars. There are reasonable arguments against tax increases but expecting philanthropy to step in when elected representatives fail to meet our community’s needs allows both taxpayers and leaders to abdicate responsibility.
At their best, philanthropy and government work hand in hand. Government provides the vehicle for progress while philanthropy provides the booster fuel for innovation and ancillary services. Philanthropy cannot, and should not, displace government, and those who would point to philanthropic dollars as a reason to not support tax increases are relying on a myth.
We are community partners. We invest in this community and its people. We look forward to continuing our support of city and school division leaders as they consider the courageous choices needed to fully fund our schools and lift up our students, teachers, and community.
The sale of the Lora M. Robins Family Learning Center (LMRFLC) to Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Authority (VCUHSA) has been finalized. The childcare center at LMRFLC which has been operated by VCUHSA since 2010 will continue to operate under the new ownership.
In support of our commitment to children and families in Richmond’s Northside, we plan to invest proceeds from the sale to support organizations and programs in the Northside and throughout the region that align with the community needs and assets identified in our Northside Report (Portrait of Vulnerable Families & Community Needs in Richmond’s Northside). This report highlights the importance of creating safe and enriching spaces for children and families, investing in accessible quality early child development services, and connecting families to jobs that have the promise of a family-sustaining wage.
This sale provides the opportunity for us to make an impact investment so that we can continue advancing innovations and initiatives that benefit children and families in the Northside community. Our founders’ vision was to collaborate and engage with others working to nurture a greater, stronger Richmond for all. We will continue to build on this vision.
Throughout our exploration for transitioning ownership of the building, the priority was to find a buyer capable of and committed to increasing the impact of the facility on children and families in the Northside. We have been working closely with VCUHSA throughout the pre-sale period to ensure that, as the new owner, they will uphold the commitments we have made to this community.
Robins Foundation was established in 1957 by E. Claiborne Robins and Lora M. Robins. Our vision is to advance the greater Richmond community through strategic partnerships, collaborations and education, all of which will serve as a model for creating an environment of fairness and opportunity for everyone to thrive. To achieve this vision, we continue to conduct and support initiatives that encourage policy shifts, align with peers and nonprofits around community issues, and make investments that cultivate and support innovative solutions.
Robins Foundation announces the pending sale of the Lora M. Robins Family Learning Center (LMRFLC). We plan to reinvest proceeds from the sale to innovations and initiatives that positively impact Northside communities and align with our vision and mission.
We remain committed to children and families in Richmond’s Northside and will continue to invest in and support organizations and programs that align with the community needs and assets identified in our report, Portrait of Vulnerable Families & Community Needs in Richmond’s Northside.
Partnership for Families (PFF), which was launched along with the LMRFLC in order to support children families in Northside neighborhoods, has announced that they will transition to a temporary location upon closing of the sale, and are working to secure their new permanent location.
We expect to continue working with PFF as they too adapt their service delivery model to work more closely with families in the neighborhoods they serve.
“Throughout this process, we have ensured that the future owner upholds the commitments we made to provide quality childcare and school readiness in the community,” said Kelly Chopus, the foundation’s president and CEO. “The new owner is capable of and prepared to do that. They will continue to provide access to affordable, high-quality childcare for children of the community.”
We anticipate a closing for the sale of the LMRFLC by late spring, 2019. | <urn:uuid:9fb16409-2682-4b19-8932-a6444cdf83bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://robinsfdn.org/author/jill_carmichael/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.970768 | 3,679 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Chocked with vitamins, beta-carotenes, starch and flavor, squash is the guardian angel of fall. In its many incarnations, it can be eaten for breakfast, lunch and dinner; and, of course, dessert. Yes, dessert! Remember, pumpkin pie isn’t just for pumpkins…it’s for all the winter squashes, and each type lends a signature twist to the pie. Back in the day, my friends and I had a pumpkin/squash pie business. This gave me the opportunity to prove, scientifically, that one can live for weeks on squash pie alone, three meals a day plus dessert.
The experience inspired me to verse. I’ll call this “Ode to Squash”: Squash, squash, you ripen in the season of the dying plants. Thanks for reminding me how dirty my Carhartts are. I think of you and wash my pants.
Squash. Why is it that so many people are cornered by the stale advice that it’s best cooked by cutting it in half and baking face-down on an oiled cookie sheet until soft? Yes, you can cook squash this way. And yes, it’s really easy. But unless your goal is to scoop out and eat spoonfuls from a baked squash half, the next step becomes: “What do you dress it with to make it more interesting?” Unfortunately, most people resort to butter, or soy sauce or maple syrup (as if squash isn’t sweet enough). Nothing is wrong with that, from time to time, but I have a hunch that our cultural habit of cooking squash this way is responsible for the widespread conviction that squash is boring. Maybe this also has something to do with the fact that the most popular squashes—acorn, butternut and spaghetti squash—are in my opinion the most boring varieties there are.
Baking squash like this is a good first step to more complex recipes, like ravioli with squash stuffing, or squash pie. But if you have no such intentions, here is my favorite way of cooking squash. First, cut open the squash and scoop out the seeds with a spoon. Then place the squash, cut side down, on the cutting board, and cut off the hard peel with a sturdy knife. Cut the squash flesh into small cubes, put them in a pot with a few inches of boiling water and cover with a tight-fitting lid.
While the squash is cooking, get some goodies going in a fry pan. Start with oil or butter and/or chopped bacon. Sauté onions, garlic, ginger, peppers…whatever you like. Then, when the squash in the pot is soft, stir in the goodies from the pan and taste. Season with black pepper, salt or soy sauce and cider vinegar. Add water if you want squash soup, or slowly cook it down if you want something thicker. When almost ready to serve, stir in some chunks of a sturdy cheese, like feta.
If that’s too vague and micromanagement is what you want, here’s a nice recipe I adapted from a sweet potato soup served at the Good Food Store. I substituted squash for sweet potato and made a few more adjustments.
Spread one cup shredded coconut on a sheet pan and toast at 350 until golden (about five minutes). Heat one tablespoon canola or grapeseed oil in a pot on medium heat. Sauté one chopped onion until translucent. Add two tablespoons dark mustard seed, one cubic inch of chopped ginger, one tablespoon turmeric, one (or more) chopped hot peppers and one tablespoon curry powder. (I like Bengali-style curry powder the best here). Sauté this mixture, stirring constantly, for about a minute.
Then add a cup of chicken or veggie stock and seven cups squash, peeled and cubed as described above. My favorite squashes for this are blue hubbard, kabocha, buttercup, red curry and sweet meat. Add enough water to just cover the squash. Simmer until tender, then stir in one can coconut milk. Remove from heat and purée the soup, ideally with a submersible blender (aka “the tool”). A whisk works too. Or leave it chunky. Stir in one cup frozen peas and the toasted coconut. Season with salt and cider vinegar.
You’ll never call squash boring again. You might even need to wash your pants. | <urn:uuid:f5de6188-b83c-4b7e-8f43-35a8905302d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/squash-falls-guardian-angel/Content?oid=1136009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924009 | 927 | 1.78125 | 2 |
“Hope” is the desire to have something happen or to make something become true.
We hope to be in a meaningful relationship, sharing our lives with someone special.
We hope our children lead happy, healthy and productive lives.
We hope to get to a service station before the gas tank is dry.
Hope for Early Stage Breast Cancer Survivors
In early stage breast cancer, hope is about getting through treatment and eliminating breast cancer in the body. It’s about wanting to get through therapy without too many life disruptions, eventually putting cancer in the rear view mirror. It’s about wanting to live a cancer-free life.
There are many inspirational memes for early stage breast cancer patients, messages intended to lift spirits and ease anxiety of being a breast cancer patient. For example, “Once you choose hope, anything’s possible.” – Christopher Reeve
For those living with Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC), the hope-centered memes turn into educational messages like this: “Metastatic Breast Cancer Can Be Treated But Not Cured.”
Is this a hopeful message?
I’ve been living with MBC since 1998. I think the message is extremely hopeful. When originally diagnosed, there were only seven therapies for MBC. Now there are over 60 with more in clinical trials.
How I’ve Redefined Hope
Hope, for me, isn’t about being cured and putting cancer behind me.
Hope is that I will live as long as I can while experiencing a reasonable quality of life.
I also hope that when I die of MBC, it won’t be a long, painful process, one that emotionally rips my family apart. I don’t want to be grasping for treatments when it’s clearly the end, treatments that ruin the quality of whatever time I have left. I don’t want my family to feel guilty that they could have done more.
What is realistic to hope for living with MBC? Should hope even be realistic? Or is what we hope for meant to inspire us?
Dr. Leslie Blackwell explains in her TEDxCharlottsville talk about how hanging on to hope can actually shorten and reduce the quality of life for terminal cancer patients whose bodies can’t tolerate more therapy or who have no viable therapy options. Her talk is called “Living,Dying and the Problem with Hope.” She brings up excellent points about our inability as a culture to see death as the natural conclusion of living.
What Others Living with MBC Say about Hope
I asked MBC group members on FaceBook how the concept of hope has changed for them once diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer. Here is a summary of their words:
Thoughts on Longevity:
“I cling to hope even more now. I want to live as long as possible.”
“I hope to live longer even if my quality of life is low. I want be with my kids as they grow up.”
“My hope at one time was to make it to Christmas. I’m doing much better and believe I will live to see next year.”
“I include hope as an essential part of my cancer treatment.”
Thoughts about Family:
“Hope today centers around my children. I want to do all I can now to set them up for bright futures.”
“I hope my small children remember me after I die.”
“I hope my death won’t traumatize my family.”
Thoughts on Faith:
“I’ve turned to God as I have no hope in man or science.”
“Hope is like a thread, not a rope. However, my faith, rather than hope, comes from inside and gives me strength.”
Difficulty with Hope:
“I struggle with hope and give a fake smile when people advise me to ‘have hope.’”
“I try to balance hope with the reality of my situation. I used to hope I would be cured.”
“I hope research accelerates to the point that there will be treatment options for me that provide durable responses: years versus months or weeks.”
“To me, hope is research to benefit the next generation.”
Other Types of Hope:
“What I hope for changes by the day, week and month. These are short term hopes like getting a good scan report or that I’ll feel better tomorrow.”
“Hope for me is the ability to wake up every day.”
“I hope to enjoy every moment I’m alive.”
“I hope I have the courage to embrace death with acceptance when my times come.”
“Hope gives me the spark to set new goals, learn new things and appreciate life.”
“Hope is the lock that keeps fear in a box. It allows me to enjoy the time I have without living in a state of constant anxiety.”
Like most things in life, hope is complicated. We view hope differently once diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. Please avoid sharing your version of hope with those living with MBC. If you do, don’t expect to get a big “thank you.”
Hope is personal. | <urn:uuid:645a5727-d285-4476-85c1-4f1b36c84ecd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.komen.org/articles/redefining-hope-in-mbc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.955361 | 1,140 | 2.421875 | 2 |
This square antique long perfume bottle used to adorn a lady's dressing table in the early 1900s. The bottle is beautifully clear and is closed with a small glass stopper and further capped with a silver cap marked with the London sign and the year 1902. Some small dents in the cap.
Really from the old days, writing with a fountain pen, dip pen or a feather. Because of writing with ink, it took some time to let these dry so that there were no stains. To make things go a little faster, this antique ink roller was regularly used to roll over the written text so that the text could not get smudged. The antique ink roller has a beautifully tooled Sterling silver handle in Victorian style and is from the period around 1900
*Handle to roller: 11 cm. Roller: 7 cm wide | <urn:uuid:7d662c7a-4312-4ca7-bd4f-28574b8cb4ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sansantique.nl/en/producttag/2145/flea-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.957649 | 173 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Monday, July 26, 2010
The End Of The U.S. Economy As We Know It?
It's the End of the World As We Know It
By Phil Davis of Phil's Stock World
What are 308,367,109 Americans supposed to do?
First of all, despite clamping down on immigration, our population grew by 2.6M people last year. Unfortunately, not only did we not create jobs for those 2.6M new people but we lost about 4M jobs so what are these new people going to do? Not only that, but nobody is talking about the another major job issue: People aren’t retiring! They can’t afford to because the economy is bad - that means there are even less job openings… The pimply faced kid can’t get a job delivering pizza because his grandpa’s doing it.
There are some brilliant pundits who believe cutting retirement benefits will fix our economy. How will that work exactly? Pay old people less money, don’t cover their medical care and what happens? Then they need money. If they need money, they need to work and if they need to work they increase the supply of labor, which reduces wages and leaves all 308,367,109 of us with less money. Oh sorry, not ALL 308,367,109 - just 308,337,109 - the top 30,000 (0.01%) own the business the other 308,337,109 work at and they will be raking it in because labor is roughly 1/3 of the cost of doing business in America and our great and powerful capitalists have already cut their manufacturing costs by shipping all those jobs overseas, where they pay as little as $1 a day for a human life so now, in order to increase their profits (because profits MUST be increased) they have now turned inward to see what they can shave off in America.
How does one decrease the cost of labor in America? Well first, you have to bust the unions. Check. Then you have to create a pressing need for people to work - perhaps give them easy access to credit and then get them to go so deeply into debt that they will have to work until they die to pay them off. Check. It also helps if you push up the cost of living by manipulating commodity prices. Check. Then, take away people’s retirement savings. Check. Lower interest rates to make savings futile and interest income inadequate. Check. And finally, threaten to take away the 12% a year that people have been saving for retirement by labeling Social Security an "entitlement" program - as if it wasn’t money Americans worked their whole lives to save and gave to the government in good faith.Check.
As Allen Smith says: "Ronald Reagan and Alan Greenspan pulled off one of the greatest frauds ever perpetrated against the American people in the history of this great nation, and the underlying scam is still alive and well, more than a quarter century later. It represents the very foundation upon which the economic malpractice that led the nation to the great economic collapse of 2008 was built. Essentially, Reagan switched the federal government from what he critically called, a “tax and spend” policy, to a “borrow and spend” policy, where the government continued its heavy spending, but used borrowed money instead of tax revenue to pay the bills. The results were catastrophic. Although it had taken the United States more than 200 years to accumulate the first $1 trillion of national debt, it took only five years under Reagan to add the second one trillion dollars to the debt. By the end of the 12 years of the Reagan-Bush administrations, the national debt had quadrupled to $4 trillion!"
Both Reagan and Greenspan saw big government as an evil, and they saw big business as a virtue. They both had despised the progressive policies of Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson, and they wanted to turn back the pages of time. They came up with the perfect strategy for the redistribution of income and wealth from the working class to the rich. If Reagan had campaigned for the presidency by promising big tax cuts for the rich and pledging to make up for the lost revenue by imposing substantial tax increases on the working class, he would probably not have been elected. But that is exactly what Reagan did, with the help of Alan Greenspan. Consider the following sequence of events:
1) President Reagan appointed Greenspan as chairman of the 1982 National Commission on Social Security Reform (aka The Greenspan Commission)
2) The Greenspan Commission recommended a major payroll tax hike to generate Social Security surpluses for the next 30 years, in order to build up a large reserve in the trust fund that could be drawn down during the years after Social Security began running deficits.
3) The 1983 Social Security amendments enacted hefty increases in the payroll tax in order to generate large future surpluses.
4) As soon as the first surpluses began to role in, in 1985, the money was put into the general revenue fund and spent on other government programs. None of the surplus was saved or invested in anything. The surplus Social Security revenue, that was paid by working Americans, was used to replace the lost revenue from Reagan’s big income tax cuts that went primarily to the rich.
5) In 1987, President Reagan nominated Greenspan as the successor to Paul Volcker as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. Greenspan continued as Fed Chairman until January 31, 2006. (One can only speculate on whether the coveted Fed Chairmanship represented, at least in part, a payback for Greenspan’s role in initiating the Social Security surplus revenue.)
6) In 1990, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York, a member of the Greenspan Commission, and one of the strongest advocates the 1983 legislation, became outraged when he learned that first Reagan, and then President George H.W. Bush used the surplus Social Security revenue to pay for other government programs instead of saving and investing it for the baby boomers. Moynihan locked horns with President Bush and proposed repealing the 1983 payroll tax hike. Moynihan’s view was that if the government could not keep its hands out of the Social Security cookie jar, the cookie jar should be emptied, so there would be no surplus Social Security revenue for the government to loot. President Bush would have no part of repealing the payroll tax hike. The “read-my-lips-no-new-taxes” president was not about to give up his huge slush fund.
The practice of using every dollar of the surplus Social Security revenue for general government spending continues to this day. The 1983 payroll tax hike has generated approximately $2.5 trillion in surplus Social Security revenue which is supposed to be in the trust fund for use in paying for the retirement benefits of the baby boomers. But the trust fund is empty! It contains no real assets. As a result, the government will soon be unable to pay full benefits without a tax increase. Money can be spent or it can be saved. But you can’t do both. Absolutely none of the $2.5 trillion was saved or invested in anything.
That is how the largest theft in the history of the world was carried out. 300M people worked and saved their whole lives to set aside $2.5Tn into a retirement system that, if it were paying a fair compounding rate of 5% interest over 40 years of labor (assuming an even $62Bn a year was contributed), would be worth $8.4Tn today - enough money to give 100M workers $84,000 each in cash! The looting of FICA hid the massive deficits of the last 30 years in the Unified Budget. Presidents and Congresses were able to reduce taxes on the wealthiest Americans without complaint from the deficit hawks, because they benefited. The money went directly from the pockets of average Americans into the pockets of the rich.
Now that it is time to repay those special bonds in the Trust Fund, we are inundated in opinion pieces in the leading newspapers and magazines complaining about Social Security and its horrible impact on the budget. Government finances have been trashed by foolish tax cuts, unpaid wars, tax loopholes for corporations and the very wealthy, the failures of economists, the greedy search for greater returns in financial markets and the collapse of moral values in giant businesses, but Social Security is supposed to be the problem that needs fixing…
Social Security is not "broken"--the money is in the Trust Fund. But the people who manage the finances of the United States don’t want to repay the bonds held by the Trust Fund. They want to default selectively against average people, their fellow citizens, who paid their taxes expecting to be protected in their retirement. Refusing to repay the $2.54 trillion dollars in bonds held by the Social Security Trust makes the US look like Greece, just another nation unable to govern itself coherently. The people who manage US finances come from the financial elites, the best that Wall Street and enormous corporations have to offer. Selective default exposes them as charlatans. The claims of the economics profession to expertise are puffery. Their theories about the benefits of tax cuts are proven false. Their mathematical proofs about free markets collapse in the real world.
So, what is this all about? It’s about forcing 5M people a year who reach the age 65 to remain in the work-force. The top 0.01% have already taken your money, they have already put you in debt, they have already bankrupted the government as well so it has no choice but to do their bidding. Now the top 0.01% want to make even MORE profits by paying American workers even LESS money. If they raise the retirement age to 70 to "balance" Social Security - that will guarantee that another 25M people remain in the workforce (less the ones that drop dead on the job - saving the bother of paying them severance).
What’s next? Is it fair to say that children can’t work in a struggling family business? Isn’t it to everybody’s benefit that kids should be allowed to help out at the family store? That will be the next step towards turning America into a 3rd World country. The seemingly innocent concept of "letting" kids work will deprive another 5M people of paying jobs - throwing them out into the labor force as well and driving labor costs down even further.
There’s an expression that goes "give them an inch and they’ll take a yard." The top 0.01% of this country have taken their inches and they are foreclosing on the yards and they will come for the rest of your stuff next. If you think you are "safe" from the looting of America, it is only because they haven’t gotten around to you yet. As I explained in "America is 234 Years Old Today - Is It Finished?" - the game is rigged very much like a poker tournament. The people at the top table don’t care how well you do wiping out your fellow players at the lower tables, they know they will get you eventually and your efforts to scoop up a pile of cash for yourself simply makes their job easier when they are ready to take it from you.
The average American is $634,000 in debt thanks to the efforts that Reagan and Greenspan put in motion 30 years ago and the richer you are, the more of that money is going to come out of your hide eventually and the more you lobby to make sure that the "rich" are not taxed unfairly, the less fair it will be to you because, no matter how rich you THINK you are, unless your income is measured in MILLIONS PER MONTH, you aren’t even close to the top 30,000.
No progressive tax? That means that people and corporations who make $1M PER DAY should pay no more tax than a person making $1M per year, right? Well that means that the $2.5M debt that your family of four owes will be paid by you over 2.5 years of labor while the $2.5M owed by your Billionaire competitor will be paid over a long weekend, after which he can turn his attention back to crushing your business by creating cheaper goods - maintaining profit margins by driving down local labor costs and outsourcing the rest.
It’s a new world, America, and you’d better get used to it - we were sold down the river on a slow boat to China long ago and we’re only just beginning to feel the first effects of waves that wash back to our own shores. The people who own the media don’t want CHANGE. That’s why you never hear this stuff in the MSM - things are going exactly according to plan and the old money crowd is playing a long, patient game and they already have most of the chips - the last thing they want is people questioning the system… | <urn:uuid:564dd898-ee11-4b4c-acf1-3bab20bb9714> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://thefinalhour.blogspot.com/2010/07/end-of-us-economy-as-we-know-it.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00013-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965896 | 2,682 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Go to:Introduction to the Instructor Resources
Psychology Subdisciplines:History of Psychology
At the end of the nineteenth century, when psychology was emerging as a scientific discipline, William James (1842-1910) published his dense text The Principles of Psychology (1890), in which he drew from philosophy, biology, and psychology to explicate his original (and influential) ideas about human self and experience. James's understanding of experience was informed by his appreciation of the natural world. According to biographer, Daniel Bjork (1997), James " found natural settings indispensable to his creative life" and once "attributed creative insight to the natural scene and mood that catalyzed his thinking in an isolated wilderness camp high in the Adirondacks" (p. 67). Bjork tells the story of James's adventures on a scientific expedition in Brazil in 1865 with anti-Darwinian Harvard professor Louis Agassiz. During the expedition, James wrote to his brother from a rainforest glade that he dubbed the "Original Seat of the Garden of Eden,"
I almost thought my enjoyment of nature had entirely departed, but here she strikes such massive and stunning blows as to overwhelm the coarsest apprehension... The bewildering profusion and confusion of vegetation, the inexhaustible variety of its forms and tints... are literally such as you have never dreamt of. [Bjork, 1997, pp. 61-62]
More than thirty years later, and a decade after he published Principles, James (1899) wrote an essay entitled, "On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings." James begins the essay with the statement, "OUR judgments concerning the worth of things, big or little, depend on the feelings the things arouse in us." He goes on to address the lack of empathy humans exhibit regarding the feelings of "creatures and people different from ourselves." He claims that recognizing the connections between all living things is a means to finding significance in life. He refers to the Romantic poets Wordsworth and Shelley and transcendentalists Emerson and Whitman as he makes the argument that rapturous sessions spent reflecting on the natural world are not the waste of time that they might seem when viewed from the abstract perspective of the highly educated class, or when evaluated in terms of commercial value. James claims that by reconnecting with nature on a primal sensory level, humans are able to tap into a profound appreciation of the meaningfulness of all forms of existence,
The remedy under such conditions is to descend to a more profound and primitive level. To be imprisoned or shipwrecked or forced into the army would permanently show the good of life to many an over-educated pessimist. Living in the open air and on the ground, the lop-sided beam of the balance slowly rises to the level line; and the over-sensibilities and insensibilities even themselves out. The good of all the artificial schemes and fevers fades and pales; and that of seeing, smelling, tasting, sleeping, and daring and doing with one's body, grows and grows. The savages and children of nature, to whom we deem ourselves so much superior, certainly are alive where we are often dead.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and other evolutionary theorists had a significant impact on the field of psychology. In 1909, the journal Psychological Review published four articles commemorating the 50th anniversary of the publication of Darwin's Origin of the Species. James Rowland Angell's essay in the volume, "Darwin's Contribution to Psychology" suggests that Darwin's "radical theories" were easily accepted by psychologists and had a "potent influence" on the functional and genetic approaches in psychology. Angell highlights Darwin's contributions to three primary content areas in psychology: the interaction of instinct and intelligence, the evolution of the "mind of civilized man," and the expression of emotion. The field of psychology witnessed a resurgence in interest in the evolutionary perspective in the 1990.; This revival proved controversial and provocative because some critics saw it as representing a potential return to unpopular ideas such as Social Darwinism, biological determinism, eugenics, and the like. Supporters of the evolutionary perspective suggest that it is progressive, not regressive, in that an acceptance of the fundamental biological nature of human beings and their evolved predispositions will allow us to better understand behavior in all its complexity (e. g., Pinker, 2002). This includes understanding of human behaviors that contribute to environmental problems (e. g., Penn & Mysterud, 2005; van Vugt, Griskevicius, & Schultz, 2014; Wilson, Daly, & Gordon, 1998).
The American Psychological Association hosts a searchable electronic database of important dates in the history of psychology compiled by Professor Warren R. Street. Some of the relevant dates to be found in the database include the following:
Donald Dewsbury (1990) describes how the contemporary conflict between animal researchers and animal welfare advocates can be traced back almost 200 years. He describes the Victorian era anti-vivesectionist movement that developed from, and in response to, the humane movement in England that had spurred the creation of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Similar movements and legislative efforts to restrict animal research arose in the United States shortly thereafter. Dewsbury describes the conflicted position of many British evolutionists, including Charles Darwin, who simultaneously held a deep love for animals and also a strong belief in the benefits of animal research. Darwin was a staunch opponent of animal cruelty but a supporter of vivesection. William James had similarly complex attitudes, referring to vivesection as a "painful duty." Dewsbury provides several examples of researchers and university administrators who were attacked by the media during the antivivisection movement, just as they are today by animal rights advocates; early targets included G. Stanley Hall, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and Edward Thorndike. The APA Committee on Animal Experimentation was formed in 1924. Dewsbury suggests that although the animal rights movement today is much broader than the anti-vivesection movement of the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, the criticisms voiced by animal advocates are very similar: animal research is unnecessary because alternatives are available, animal research involves pain and suffering, and animal researchers are more concerned about career ambitions than animal welfare. In both time periods, scientists have argued against these claims. See Baldwin (1993) and Bowd and Shapiro (1993) for essays for and against animal research in psychology. See Saucier & Cain (2006) and Knight, Vrij, Bard, & Brandon (2009) for research on the roots of attitudes about animal research.
In 1982, B. F. Skinner gave a presentation to the American Psychological Association entitled, " Why we are not acting to save the world. " The talk was published in his1987 book Upon Further Reflection. As students learn about Skinner and behaviorism, instructors can include information about Skinner's take on the environmental crisis. In his talk Skinner criticized efforts of environmental (and other) social activist groups as not consistent with operant learning principles.
Many organizations are dedicated to the prevention of nuclear war, overpopulation, and the exhaustion and destruction of a livable environment, but their protests are necessarily directed toward governments, religions and economic systems, and there they stop. Moreover, the principal modus operandi of these organizations is to frighten people, rather than offer them a world to which they will turn because of the reinforcing consequences of doing so (Skinner, 1987, p. 13).
Skinner titled his 1948 utopian novel about a world based on behaviorist priniciples, Walden Two, after transcendentalist nature writer Henry David Thoreau's (1854) Walden; or, Life in the Woods , an autobiographical account of his two-year experiment in "simple living." Students may be interested in visiting the websites of two intentional communities inspired by Skinner's novel: Twin Oaks in Virginia and Los Horcones in Sonora, Mexico.
Division 34 of the American Psychological Association is also known as the Society for Environmental, Population, and Conservation Psychology (SEPCP). The APA Council of Representatives admitted Division 34 on August 30, 1973. At that time, and for three decades after, it was called "Population & Environmental Psychology." The name was changed in 2011 to reflect the growing field of psychology applied to environmental sustainability. In addition to environmental, population, and conservation psychologists, SEPCP members include ecopsychologists (see next topic). For the early history of Division 34, see Richards (2000). For current news and events, visit the division's website.
"Matter in the wrong place is dirt. People got dirty through too much civilization. Whenever we touch nature, we get clean."- Carl Jung
Ecopsychology emerged in the early 1990s as a theoretical perspective and applied approach focused on the psychological implications of the bond between humans and nonhuman nature. A fundamental tenet among ecopsychologists is that the disconnect between humans and nonhuman nature that is typical in modern industrial cultures is unhealthy for humans and, subsequently, harmful to the planet. For overviews of ecopsychology, see Schroll (2003), Fisher (2002), Scull (1999), and Boston (1996). Ecopsychology is a rich topic to address in a history course because it is an example of what can happen when scholars within our discipline are inspired to break out of the dominant paradigms and infuse their work with ideas from other intellectual and cultural traditions. Ecopsychological theory and practice is informed by philosophical perspectives such as deep ecology and phenomenology, spiritual traditions such as Buddhism, the transcendental writings of authors such as Thoreau and Emerson, and the life practices of indigenous cultures around the world. Within the discipline of psychology, the first generation ecopsychologists connected primarily with the work of Carl Jung (e. g., Aizenstat, 1995; Sabini, 2002; Yunt, 2001), Gestalt psychology (e. g., Cahalan, 1995; Swanson, 1995 ), and the Humanist and Transpersonal traditions (e.g., Davis, 1998; Kuhn, 2001; Reser, 1995). Today there are some empricists among the ranks of ecopsychologists. Their work can be found in the journals Ecopsychology and European Journal of Ecopsychology.
Contemporary developments in psychology will be tomorrow's history of psychology. Students of psychology history benefit from considering the future trajectories of the field. One such development is the emergence of Conservation Psychology (CP). Carol Saunders's (2003) pioneering paper on CP, and the numerous responses that followed it in a special issue of Human Ecology Review, brought up many interesting questions about what shape this discipline might take. Questions included whether the discipline would reside within psychology or would be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that includes psychology. These questions are not yet resolved. Conservation Psychology was addressed in the July/August 2005 issue of the APA's Monitor on Psychology ("A closer look at Division 34: The call of the wild"), and in 2011, APA Division 34 added "Conservation Psychology" to its name. To see what is currently happening in the field, visit http://www.conservationpsychology.org.
The American Psychological Association has a history of engagement in public policy and politics. In 2008, the APA's Council of Representatives initiated the Task Force on the Interface between Psychology and Global Climate Change. Chaired by Pennsylvania State University psychologist Janet Swim, Ph. D., the task force was comprised of members appointed by APA president Alan Kazdin, Ph. D.: Susan Clayton, Ph. D., College of Wooster; Thomas Doherty, Psy. D., Sustainable Self, LLC; Robert Gifford, Ph. D., University of Victoria; George Howard, Ph. D., University of Notre Dame; Joseph Reser, Ph. D., Griffith University; Paul Stern, Ph. D., National Academies of Science; and Elke Weber, Ph. D., Columbia University. At the August, 2009 meeting of the APA, in Toronto, the task force presented its report, Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. For relevant documents (executive summary, policy recommendations, etc.), click here.
Students of History of Psychology courses are commonly assigned to research a subdiscipline of psychology and present their findings in a formal paper and/or oral presentation. The areas of Environmental Psychology, Conservation Psychology, and Ecopsychology offer interesting histories with connections to schools of thought and historical figures that students are likely to encounter in the history course.
As described above, several prominent individuals in the history of psychology have interesting connections to the world of nonhuman nature and environmental issues. For this assignment, students write an " environmental biography" of an individual addressed in their text or in class. Good choices for historical subjects include William James, Carl Jung, Edmund Husserl, Jean Piaget, B. F. Skinner, and others. (Good choices for contemporary subjects are the scholars who feature prominently on this website). Basic questions to guide students' research could include the following:
This site is a searchable calendar hosted by the American Psychological Association.
SUGGESTED READINGS FOR STUDENTS
Aizenstat, S. (1995). Jungian psychology and the world unconscious. In T. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, & A. D. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind (pp. 92-100). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
James, W. (1899/2001). On a certain blindness in human beings. In Talks to teachers on psychology and to students on some of life's ideals. Mineaola, NY: Dover. Also available online here.
Richards, J. M., Jr. (2000). A history of Division 34: The division of population and environmental psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.) Unification through division, histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, (Vol. 5, pp. 113-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Saunders, C. D. (2003). The emerging field of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review, 10, 137-149.
REFERENCES CITED IN THIS SECTION
Aizenstat, S. (1995). Jungian psychology and the world unconscious. In T. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, &
A. D. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind (pp. 92-100). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Angell, J. R. (1909). Darwin's influence on psychology. Psychological Review, 16, 152-169.
Baldwin, E. (1993). The case for animal research in psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 121-131.
Bowd, A., & Shapiro, K. J. (1993). The case against laboratory animal research in psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 133-142.
Bjork, D. W. (1997). William James: The center of his vision. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Boston, T. (1996). Ecopsychology: An earth-psyche bond. Trumpeter. Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/rt/printerfriendly/269/402.
Cahalan, W. (1995). The earth is our real body: Cultivating ecological groundedness in Gestal therapy, Gestalt Journal, 18, 99-100.
Davis, J. (1998). The transpersonal dimensions of ecopsychology: Nature, nonduality, and spiritual practice. Humanistic Psychologist, 26, 51-67.
Dewsbury, D. (1990). Early interactions between animal psychologists and animal activists and the founding of the APA Committee on Precautions in Animal Experimentation. American Psychologist, 45, 315-327.
Fisher, A. (2002). Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life. New York: State University of New York Press.
James, W. (1899/1912). On some of life's ideals: On a certain blindness in human beings: What makes a life significant (pp. 3-46). New York: Henry Holt & Co.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.
Knight, S., Vrij, A., Bard, K., & Brandon, D. (2009). Science versus human welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 463-483. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01609.x
Kuhn, J. (2001). Toward an ecological humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 9-24.
Penn, D., & Mysterud, I. (Eds.) (2005). Evolutionary perspectives on environmental problems (Evolutionary foundations of human behavior). Somerset, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
Reser, J. P. (1995). Whither environmental psychology? The transpersonal ecopsychology crossroads. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 235-257.
Richards, J. M., Jr. (2000). A history of Division 34: The division of population and environmental psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.) Unification through division, histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, (Vol. 5, pp. 113-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Sabini, M. (Ed.) (2002). The Earth has a soul: The nature writings of C.G. Jung. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Saucier, D. A., & Cain, M. E. (2006). The foundations of attitudes about animal research. Ethics & Behavior, 16, 117-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1602_3
Saunders, C. D. (2003). The emerging field of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review, 10, 137-149.
Schroll, M. A. (2003). Remembering ecopsychology's origins: A chronicle of meetings, conversations, and significant publications. Gatherings: Journal of the International Community for Ecopsychology [online]. Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://www.ecopsychology.org/journal/ezine/ep_origins.html
Scull, J. (1999). Ecopsychology: Where does it fit in psychology? Online verion of paper presented at the annual psychology conference, Malaspina University College, March 26, 1999. Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://members.shaw.ca/jscull/ecointro.htm.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1987). Upon further reflection. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Swanson, J. (1995). The call for Gestalt's contribution to ecopsychology: Figuring in the environmental field. Gestalt Journal, 18, 47-85.
Thoreau, H. D. (1854). Walden; or, Life in the woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
van Vugt, M., Griskevicius, V., & Schultz, P. W. (2014). Naturally green: Harnessing stone age
psychological biases to foster environmental behavior. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 1-32. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12000
Wilson M., Daly M., & Gordon S. (1998) The evolved psychological apparatus of human decision-making is one source of environmental problems. In T Caro (Ed.), Behavioral ecology and conservation biology (pp.501-523). New York: Oxford University Press.
Yunt, J. D. (2001). Jung's contribution to an ecological psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 96-121. | <urn:uuid:0f7c9499-8cdb-4cab-9d5e-fbacea3dc258> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.teachgreenpsych.com/history-and-systems.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896745 | 4,243 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Regina's eyes light up as she talks about psychodrama, a type of group psychotherapy that has been used to help people with a variety of mental health issues including complicated grieving and post-traumatic stress disorder.
"In a nutshell," says Regina, "it's a method that allows people to work through their issues instead of just talking about them."
How Does Psychodrama Work?
Psychodrama typically takes place in a group. Some groups welcome 50 or more participants; others may be open to no more than four or five people. Each group is led by a counselor, referred to as a director.
Each group session features at least one protagonist, a member who has volunteered to act out an issue. The protagonist and the director work out a scenario, such as saying goodbye to a loved one lost to suicide. The protagonist then asks other group members to play auxiliary roles, such as the role of the person who died.
As the interactions unfold, the director frequently asks the protagonist to reverse roles with the auxiliary, stepping into his or her loved one's shoes.
At the end of the interaction, all of the group members, those who participated and those who watched, are encouraged to share their feelings about what they have just seen. Please note that the group is not to analyze, interpret or share suggestions with the protagonist; they are only allowed to share their personal reactions to the interaction. (For instance, "When I watched your drama, I felt..." instead of, "Have you tried...?")
Why Does Psychodrama Work?
While some people assume that catharsis is the ultimate goal in psychodrama, Regina says that nothing could be further from the truth. "The goal is integration," she says, "bringing an experience back into the here and now. And the secondary goal is insight. The group reactions can help with that."
Regina explains that when intense, traumatic memories are created by the brain, "the time/date stamp is missing. In the brain it's always happening right now."
Psychodrama allows group members to pull those terrifying memories into the daylight and temper them with healing interactions. From then on when the brain is triggered by something that reminds it of the trauma, it will also hold a memory of the healing.
It's All Right to Take It Slow
While some psychodrama protagonists may want to stage an emotionally-charged confrontation around an issue they're having, others may use their time in the group to work on smaller steps like creating a safe space or learning how to stand up to negative or blaming self-talk.
Most people find they need to attend several psychodrama groups to achieve lasting integration and change. "Improvement happens gradually," says Regina. "It's not a Band-Aid. It's deep work."
It is the responsibility of the director to create safety and boundaries within the group. "Because the work can get very intense, you have to know your own capabilities. You never take someone further than you can bring them back," Regina says.
She adds that in order for a director to be certified, he or she must go through 780 hours of training and must hold a graduate degree in one of the helping sciences. If the director is licensed in her field, 680 hours worth of training are required. Practitioners must also undergo 40 sessions of supervision each year.
"We practice on each other," Regina says of the training program. "Before you direct a protagonist, you have been a protagonist yourself a number of times."
How to Find Psychodrama Groups
Anyone interested in joining a psychodrama group should check with the American Board of Examiners in Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy (ABE) or with the American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) to find out if there is a group in their area.
Before joining a group it's a good idea to spend some time talking with the director. "Ask yourself if you feel this person will be able to provide the support you need to feel safe," Regina advises.
Regina, who has been studying psychodrama for more than a decade, says that she finds the modality so valuable because it intuitively makes sense. "We're wounded in relationships, and we heal in relationships," she says.
Regina Sewell is a professional counselor and published writer. She has a PhD in Sociology and currently serves on the executive council of ASGPP. | <urn:uuid:afc5e998-abb8-4d34-bb5c-0604fc95b4e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.allianceofhope.org/blog_/2012/03/healing-modalities-psychodrama.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00176-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968378 | 920 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose was most dynamic leader of India`s struggle for independence. He is more familiar with his name Netaji. His contribution towards India`s Freedom struggle was of a revolutionary. Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd Jan, 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa, India. From his childhood he was a bright student and was a topper in the matriculation examination from the whole of Kolkata province. He graduated from the Scottish Church College in Kolkata with a First Class degree in Philosophy. Influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda, he was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. He went to England to fulfil his parents` desire to appear in the Indian Civil Services. He stood fourth in order of merit. But he left civil Service`s apprenticeship and joined India`s freedom struggle.
During his service with the Indian National Congress, he was greatly influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Sri Aurobindo. He did not agree with Gandhiji`s methods of achieving Independence through non-violence. He believed that the only way of achieving Independence was by shedding blood. He therefore returned to Kolkata to work under Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali freedom fighter and co-founder of the Swaraj Party. He was imprisoned for his revolutionary activities on various occasions. In 1921, Bose organized a boycott of the celebrations to mark the visit of the Prince of Wales to India for which he was imprisoned for the first time. Bose was elected to the post of Chief Executive Officer of the newly constituted Calcutta Corporation in April 1924. That same year in October, Bose was arrested on suspicion of terrorism. At first, he was kept in Alipur Jail and later he was exiled to Mandalay in Burma. Bose was once again arrested on January, 1930. After his release from jail on September 25, he was elected as the Mayor of the City of Kolkata. Netaji was imprisoned eleven times by the British over a span of 20 years either in India or in Rangoon. During the mid 1930s he was exiled by the British from India to Europe where he championed India`s cause and aspiration for self-rule before gatherings and conferences. Throughout his stay in Europe from 1933 to 1936, he met several European leaders and thinkers. He travelled extensively in India and in Europe before stating his political opposition to Gandhi. Subhash Chandra Bose married Emilie Schenkl, an Austrian born national, who was his secretary, in 1937 in German. Bose wrote many letters to Schenkl of which many have been published in the book “Letters to Emilie Schenkl”, edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose.
Subhas Chandra Bose became the president of the Haripura Indian National Congress against the wishes of Gandhiji in 1938. He was elected as the president for two consecutive terms. Expressing his disagreement with Bose, Gandhi commented “Subhas` victory is my defeat”. Gandhi`s continued opposition led to Netaji`s resignation from the Working Committee. He was left with no alternative but to form an independent party, the “All India Forward Bloc”.
In his call to freedom, Subhas Chandra Bose encouraged full participation of the Indian Masses to strive for independence. Bose initiated the concept of the “National Planning Committee” in 1938. His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. The contrast between Gandhi and Bose is captured with reasonable measure in a saying attributable to him “”If people slap you once, slap them twice”. Having failed to persuade Gandhi for the mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow`s decision to declare war on India`s behalf without consulting the Congress leadership, he organised mass protests in Kolkata. The disobedience was calling for the `Holwell Monument` commemorating the Black Hole of Kolkata. He was thrown in Jail and was released only after a seven-day hunger strike. Bose`s house in Kolkata was kept under surveillance by the British. With two pending court cases; he felt that the British would not let him leave the country before the end of the war. This set the scene for Bose`s escape to Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. In Germany he instituted the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz, broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio. Here he founded the “Free India Centre” in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion consisting of some 4500 soldiers who were the Indian prisoners of war. The soldiers had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces.
Workers and Peasants Party
The Workers and Peasants Party (WPP) was a political party in India, which worked inside the Indian National Congress 1925-1929. It became an important front organisation for the Communist Party of India and an influential force in the Bombay labour movement. The party was able to muster some success in making alliances with other left elements inside the Congress Party, amongst them Jawaharlal Nehru. However, as the Communist International entered its ‘Third Period’ phase, the communists deserted the WPP project. The WPP was wound up, as its leadership was arrested by the British authorities in March 1929.
Founding of the party The party was founded in Bengal on November 1, 1925, as the Labour Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress. The founding leaders of the party were Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad and Shamsuddin Hussain. The founding manifesto was signed by Kazi Nazrul Islam.During the first three month of existence, the party organisation was very provisional. At the All Bengal Praja Conference, held at Krishnagar on February 6, 1926, a resolution was moved by Faizuddin Hussian Sahib of Mymensingh for the creation of a workers-peasants party. The move was seconded by Braja Nath Das of Bogra. The resolution was passed by the conference, and in accordance with this decision the name of the party was changed to ‘Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal’.Dr.Naresh Chandra Sengupta was elected party president and Hemanta Kumar Sarkar and Qutubuddin Ahmad were elected as joint secretaries.
Build-up of the WPPs of Bengal and Bombay
As of 1926, the WPP of Bengal had only 40 members, and its growth in membership was very slow.A two-room party office was set up at 37, Harrison Road, Calcutta. British intelligence perceived that the Bengal Jute Workers Association, the Mymensingh Workers and Peasants Party (with branch in Atia), the Dhakeswari Mill Workers Union, the Bengal Glass Workers Union, the Scavengers’ Union of Bengal (with branches in Howrah, Dacca and Mymensingh) and the Workers Protection League were led by the party. Soon after the 1926 conference of the WPP of Bengal, the underground Communist Party of India directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties. The Comintern organiser M.N. Roy took part in the build-up of the WPP. A WPP was formed in Bombay in January 1927.D.R.Thengdi was elected president and S.S.Mirajkar general secretary. The WPPs gained influence within the Bombay and Bengal Pradesh Congress Committees. From the WPP of Bombay, K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar and D.R. Tengdi were elected to the All India Congress Committee. From the WPP of Bengal, two party representatives were elected to the AICC. The WPP representatives together with Nehru were able to convince the AICC to make the Indian National Congress an associate member of the League against Imperialism.
At the 1927 annual Congress session in Madras a leader of the WPP of Bombay, K.N.Joglekar presented a proposal for a resolution in the Subjects Committee, that the Indian National Congress should demand full independence for India. The proposal was seconded by Jawaharlal Nehru. At the open session of the Madras Congress, Nehru moved the resolution and Joglekar seconded it. The resolution was passed unanimously. This was the first time in history that the Indian National Congress officially demanded full independence from British rule. During the Madras session, the WPP functioned as a fraction. Directly after the Madras Congress, the WPP took part in a ‘Republican Congress’ meeting together with other left elements of the Congress Party and radical trade unionists. Nehru chaired the meeting.
Trade union struggles
Particularly the WPP of Bombay was successful in mobilising trade union work. It built unions amongst printing press, municipal and dock workers. It gained influence amongst the workers of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. During 1928 the WPP led a general strike in Bombay, which lasted for months. At the time of the strike, the Girni Kamgar Union was founded.
During the protests against the Simon Commission, the WPP played a major role in organising manifestations in Calcutta and Bombay. In Bombay it also mobilised ‘hartal’ (general strike) in protest against the Simon Commission.
1928 Bengal party conference
The WPP of Bengal held its third conference in Bhatpara, in March 1928. After the conference the executive of the party published the conference documents in a book titled A Call for Action. In the book an argument is presented that national independence was not possible as long as capitalists dominated the freedom struggle. British intelligence sources claimed that Philip Spratt had been the author of the book.
Formation of WPPs in Punjab and UP
At a conference in Lyallpur in September 1928 the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party (Workers and Peasants Party of Punjab) was formed by the Kirti group. Chabil Das, a Lahore propagandist of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, was elected president of the party. In October 1928 two WPPs were formed in the United Provinces. One of them was the Bundelkhand Workers and Peasants Party, with N.L.Kadam as its secretary and headquartered in Jhansi. The party held its founding conference in Jhansi on October 28-October 29, 1928.Jhavwala from Bombay presided over the conference. The other was the U.P. Peasants and Workers Party which was founded at a conference in Meerut. P.C. Joshi was elected president and Dharamvir Singh was elected general secretary The Meerut conference was attended by Philip Spratt, Muzaffar Ahmed and Kedar Nath Sahgol.
All India WPP conference
In late November 1928 the WPP of Bengal executive committee met with Philip Spratt and Muzaffar Ahmed. They decided to appoint Sohan Singh Josh of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party to chair the All India Workers and Peasants Conference, to be held in Calcutta in December. The provincial WPPs attended All India Workers and Peasants Conference in Calcutta on December 22-December 24, 1928, at which the All India Workers and Peasants Party was formed. A 16-member national executive was elected. The Bengal, Bombay, Punjab and United Provinces were allocated four seats each in the national executive. Out of these 16, ten were either identified as CPI members or as ‘communists’.R.S. Nimbkar was the general secretary of the party. The conference discussed an affiliation of the party with the League against Imperialism. Spratt and Ahmed urged the conference to approve the affiliation of the party to the League. The conference decision to postpone a decision on the issue to a later occasion.
1929 Bombay municipal election
The party contested the January 1929 Bombay municipal election, mustering around 12,500 votes.
Comintern turns against the WPP
The political fortune of the WPP was to be terminated by changes in policy of the Communist International. The July 1928 sixth congress of the Communist International declared that ‘The Union of all communist groups and individuals scattered throughout the country into a single, illegal, independent and centralized party represent the first task for Indian communists.’ This was a statement made in opposition to the building of the ‘multi-class’ WPP. The new line was promoted at the congress by the Finnish communist Otto Kuusinen. In his report, he stated that it was ‘necessary to reject the formation of any kind of bloc between the Communist Party and the national-reformist opposition’ in the colonies. Moreover, he claimed that parties like WPP could develop into petty bourgeois parties. Leon Trotsky concurred with this view. In June 1928, he had submitted a document which called WPP an invention of Joseph Stalin and that the party was a ‘thoroughly anti-Marxist formation’. Abani Mukherji, a founding member of CPI, had described WPP as a ‘Kuomintang Party’ and that WPP ‘is accumulating by itself the elements of future Indian Fascism.’. S.N.Tagore and the delegates of the Communist Party of Great Britain argued for retaining the WPP. This declaration created confusion amongst the communist ranks in India. On December 2, 1928, the Executive Committee of the Communist International had drafted a letter to the WPP, which singled out the WPP as consisting ‘…largely of petit-bourgeois intellectuals, and they were tied up with either the system of landlordism and usury or straight away capitalist interests.’ The letter did however take long time to reach the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the ECCI, July 3-July 19, 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.
Meerut Conspiracy case
On March 20, 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. Most of the WPP leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years, thus outliving the WPP. Tengdi, the WPP of Bombay president, died whilst the trial was still going on.S.S. Mirajkar stated in his defense that:”It has already been pointed out to the Court that the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party was a party inaugurated with a view to establish national independence through revolution.” Abdul Majid on his behalf stated that:”If there is any resemblance between the Communist Party and the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party is that the immediate programme of the former and the ultimate programme of the latter is one and the same … As both are revolutionary bodies it is necessary that their national revolutionary programme should resemble each other.”
The judgement in the case was ended with the following passage:
“As to the progress made in this conspiracy its main achievements have been the establishment of Workers and Peasant Parties in Bengal, Bombay and Punjab and the U.P., but perhaps of deeper gravity was the hold that the members of the Bombay Party acquired over the workers in the textile industry in Bombay as shown by the extent of the control which they exercised during the strike of 1928 and the success they were achieving in pushing forward a thoroughly revolutionary policy in the Girni Kamgar Union after the strike came to an end.”After the arrests of its main leaders, the WPP was dissolved.
The founding manifesto of the Labour Swaraj Party stressed that the party was organised on the basis of class struggle, for the liberation of the masses. The party combined demand for full independence with socio-economic demands. In 1927, the WPP of Bombay presented a programme of action to the All India Congress Committee. The programme proposed struggle for full independence combined with active socio-economic policies for the toiling classes. The WPP of Bengal had submitted a manifesto the Madras Congress session, which sought that the Congress should engage in mass struggles for full independence and that a Constituent Assembly should determine the constitution of an independent India. The party also worked for the abolishment of ‘zamindari’ system in agriculture.
The organ of the Labour Swaraj Party, and later the WPP of Bengal, was Langal (‘Plough’). The chief editor of Langal was Kazi Nazrul Islam and the editor was Manibhusan Mukhopadhaya. Langal stopped publication after 15 issues. On August 12, 1926 it was substituted by Ganavani. In 1928, the party also had a weekly Hindi organ, Lal Nishan (‘Red Flag’). A weekly newspaper in Kushtia, Jagaran (‘awakening’), was politically close to the party.In Punjab the publication Kirti (‘Worker’) had been started in 1926 by Santokh Singh of the Ghadar Party. Soon it became the organ of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party and managed by Sohan Singh Josh.
When the Indian leadership failed to come up with a constitutional solution of the communal issue, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced his own formula for solving the problem. He said that he was not only a Prime Minister of Britain but was also a friend of the Indians and thus wanted to solve the problems of his friends. After the failure of the Second Round Table conference, Mr. MacDonald announced the ‘Communal Award’ on August 16, 1932. According to the Award, the right of separate electorate was not only given to the Muslims of India but also to all the minority communities in the country. The Award also declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindu depressed classes were given a number of special seats, to be filled from special depressed class electorates in the area where their voters were concentrated. Under the Communal Award, the principle of weightage was also maintained with some modifications in the Muslim minority provinces. Principle of weightage was also applied for Europeans in Bengal and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, and Hindus in Sindh and North West Frontier Province.
Though the Muslims constituted almost 56 percent of the total population of Punjab, they were given only 86 out of 175 seats in the Punjab Assembly. The Muslim majority of 54.8 percent in Punjab was thus reduced to a minority. The formula favored the Sikhs of Punjab and the Europeans of Bengal the most. The Award was not popular with any Indian party. Muslims were not happy with the Communal Award, as it has reduced their majority in Punjab and Bengal to a minority. Yet they were prepared to accept it. In its annual session held in November 1933, the All India Muslim League passed a resolution that reads; “Though the decision falls far short of the Muslim demands, the Muslims have accepted it in the best interest of the country, reserving to themselves the right to press for the acceptance of all their demands.” On the other hand, the Hindus refused to accept the awards and decided to launch a campaign against it. For them it was not possible to accept the Untouchables as a minority. They organized the Allahabad Unity Conference in which they demanded for the replacement of separate electorates by joint electorates. Many nationalist Muslims and Sikhs also participated in the conference. The Congress also rejected the Award in Toto. Gandhi protested against the declaration of Untouchables as a minority and undertook a fast unto death. He also held meetings with the Untouchable leadership for the first time and try to convince them that they were very much part of the mainstream Hindu society. He managed to sign the Poona Pact with Dr.B.R. Ambedker, the leader of Untouchables in which the Congress met many of the Untouchables’ demands.
Poona Pact of 1932
Poona Pact of 1932 is an agreement between the untouchables or depressed classes of India and the Hindus. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar led the depressed class. The Poona Pact took place at Yerawada Jail in Pune, Maharashtra on 24th September, 1932.During the first Round Table Conference, Ambedkar favored the move of the British Government to provide separate electorate for the oppressed classes as was done in case of other minorities like Muslims, Sikh etc. The British invited various Indian leaders in Round Table Conferences during 1930-32 to draft a new constitution involving self rule for native Indians. Mahatma Gandhi did not attend the first Round Table but was present in the later ones. Gandhiji strongly opposed the proposal of separate electorate for the depressed classes as he thought that it would disintegrate Hindu society. He went for an indefinite hunger strike starting from September 20,1932 against the decision of the then British Prime Minister J.Ramsay Mac Donald. Mr. Ramsay granted communal award to the depressed classes as he gave them separate position in the constitution for governance of British India.
The whole country was agitated at the health concern of Mahatma Gandhi. A mass upsurge generated in India to save the life of Gandhiji. Ambedkar was put in a great pressure and he was forced to soften his stand. The compromise between the leaders of caste Hindu and the depressed classes were achieved when Dr. B.R.Ambedkar signed the Poona Pact on September 24, 1932.The resolution was announced in a public meeting on September 25 in Bombay, which confirmed-” henceforth, amongst Hindus no one shall be regarded as an untouchable by reason of his birth and they will have the same rights in all the social institutions as the other Hindus have”. This was a landmark step for Dalit movement in India that gave share to the Dalits in the political empowerment of democratic India.
The following text represents the agreement achieved between the leaders acting on behalf of the oppressed classes and of rest of the community, regarding the position of that particular class in the legislature and certain other matters involved with their welfare.
1.There shall be reserved seats for the depressed classes out of general electorate seats in the provincial legislature as follows- Madras 30; Bombay with Sind 25; Punjab 8; Bihar and Orissa 18; Central Provinces 20; Assam 7; Bengal 30; United Provinces 20. Total 148.These figures are based on the Prime Minister`s (British) decision.
2. Election to these seats shall be by joint electorate subjects by the following procedures – the members of the depressed classes formed the Electoral College, which was in liberty to elect the panel of the depressed classes. Voting system was taken into consideration then. The legislature pointed out that the method of the single vote and four persons getting the highest number of votes in such primary elections shall be the candidates for election by the general electorate.
3. The symbol of the Depressed Classes in the Central Legislature shall be based on the principle of joint electorates and reserved seats by the method of primary election in the manner provided for in clause above for their representation in the provincial legislatures.
4. In the Central Legislature eighteen per cent of the seats allotted to the general electorate for British India in the said legislature shall be reserved for the Depressed Classes.
5. The system of primary election to a panel of candidates for election to the Central and Provincial Legislatures as herein-before mentioned shall come to an end after the first ten years, unless terminated sooner by mutual agreement under the provision of clause 6 below.
6. The system of representation of Depressed Classes by reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislatures as provided for in clauses (1) and (4) shall continue until determined otherwise by mutual agreement between the communities concerned in this settlement.
7. The Franchise for the Central and Provincial Legislatures of the Depressed Classes shall be as indicated, in the Lothian Committee Report.
8. There shall be no disabilities attached to any one on the ground of his being a member of the Depressed Classes in regard to any election to local bodies or appointment to the public services. Every endeavour shall be made to secure a fair representation of the Depressed Classes in these respects, subject to such educational qualifications as may be laid down for appointment to the Public Services.
9. In every province out of the educational grant an adequate sum shall be earmarked for providing educational facilities to the members of Depressed Classes.
Emergence of the Communist Party of India
The Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent on October 17, 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy, Evelina Trench Roy (Roy’s wife), Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof (Abani’s wife), Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan), Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui and M.P.B.T. Acharya. The CPI began efforts to build a party organisation inside India. Roy made contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal.Small communist groups were formed in Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani) and Punjab (led by Ghulam Hussain). However, only Usmani became a CPI party member.
During the 1920s and beginning of 1930s the party was badly organized, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were four conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Second Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Moscow Conspiracy Case and the Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. On March 17, 1924, M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific charge was that they as communists were seeking “to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution.”Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India. Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French Pondicherry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience. Dange was released from prison in 1925.
On December 25, 1925 a communist conference was organized in Kanpur. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference.The conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a ‘national communism’ and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest.The conference adopted the name ‘Communist Party of India’. Groups such as LKPH dissolved into the unified CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organization now operating inside India. Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.
The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the ‘national-reformist leaders’ and to ‘unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance’. The congress did however some differentiation between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to utilize the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists. The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, July 3, 1929 – July 19, 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.
On March 20, 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years. As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay; Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan. The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International. When Indian leftwing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist. In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward Popular Front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left wing of Congress. Through joining CSP the CPI accepted the CSP demand for Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.
In July 1937, the first Kerala unit of CPI was founded at a clandestine meeting in Calicut.Five persons were present at the meeting, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, Krishna Pillai, N.C.Sekhar, K. Damodaran and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras. Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha. In 1936-1937, the cooperation between socialists and communists reached its peak.At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build ‘a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism’. At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.
In Kerala communists won control over CSP, and for a brief period controlled Congress there. Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Z.A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive. On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to utilize the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolution uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.
In July 1942, the CPI was legalised. Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time; communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 of its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats. It won in eight seats. In total the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somanth Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly. In 1946 the party launched the Tebhaga movement in Bengal, a militant campaign against feudalism. During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between leftwing and right-wing positions. In February, 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B.T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party. The conference adopted the ‘Programme of Democratic Revolution’. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.
In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala. The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Communists built up a people’s army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle.BTR was deposed and denounced as a ‘left adventurist’.
In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party.In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state.E.M.S.Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Communist Party of China directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.
A serious rift within the party surfaced in 1962. One reason was the Sino-Indian War, where a faction of the Indian Communists backed the position of the Indian government, while other sections of the party claimed that it was a conflict between a socialist and a capitalist state, and thus took a pro-Chinese position. There were three factions in the party – “internationalists”, “centrists”, and “nationalists”.”Internationalists”, including B.T.Ranadive, P.Sundarayya, P.C.Joshi, Makineni Basavapunnaiah, Jyoti Basu, and Harkishan Singh Surjeet, supported the Chinese stand. The “nationalists”, including prominent leaders such as S.A. Dange, A.K.Gopalan backed India.”Centrists” took a neutral view; Ajoy Ghosh was the prominent person in the centrist faction. In general, most of Bengal Communist leaders supported China and most others supported India. Hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Some of the nationalists were also imprisoned, as they used to express their opinion only in party forums, and CPI’s official stand was pro-China. Ideological differences lead to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
FORMATION OF ALL INDIA KISAN SABHA
All India Kisan Sabha is the peasant or farmers’ wing of the Communist Party of India. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. Gradually the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of India. All these radical developments on the peasant front culminated in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, with Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first president. The other prominent members of this Sabha were N.G. Ranga, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Bankim Mukerji, and it involved prominent leaders like N.G. Ranga, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, Rahul Sankrityayan, P. Sundarayya, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Bankim Mukerji. The Kisan Manifesto, released in August 1936, demanded abolition of the zamindari system and cancellation of rural debts; in October 1937 it adopted the red flag as its banner. Soon, its leaders became increasingly distant with Congress and repeatedly came in confrontation with Congress governments, in Bihar and United Province.
In the subsequent years, the movement was increasingly dominated by Socialists and Communists as it moved away from the Congress. By the 1938 Haripura session of the Congress, under the presidency of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, the rift became evident and, by May 1942, the Communist Party of India, which was finally legalized by the government in July 1942, had taken over AIKS all across India, including Bengal where its membership grew considerably. It took on the Communist Party’s line of People’s War and stayed away from the Quit India Movement which started in August 1942, though this also meant losing its popular base. Many of its members defied party orders and joined the movement. Prominent members like N.G. Ranga, Indulal Yagnik and Swami Sahajananda soon left the organization, which increasingly found it difficult to approach the peasants without the watered-down approach of pro-British and pro-war, and increasing its pronationalist agenda, much to the dismay of the British Raj which always though Communists would help them in countering the nationalist movement. The Communist Party of India (CPI) split into two in 1964; following this, so did the All India Kisan Sabha, which each faction affiliated to the splinters.
Government of India Act, 1935
The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 had brought a large scale discontentment among the people of India. The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi had fanned the fire of this discontentment. In order to give some concession to Indians in the field of administration, the Government of India Act, 1935 was designed on the basis of the recommendation of Simon Commission. It envisaged an administrative set-up for India such as:
1. A Federal government would be established in India with the inclusion of the native States.
2. Diarchy introduced by the Act Of 1919 should be abolished from the State and established in the Centre.
3. The provinces would be given complete autonomy and the administrative subjects divided into three lists i.e. Federal List that included the subjects assigned to the Central Government; the Provincial List that consisted of all the subjects under the sole jurisdiction of the provinces and finally, the Concurrent List upon whose subjects both the Centre and Provinces would exercise their combined authority.
4. A Federal Court was established at the Centre.
Besides these main provisions, it also contained the provisions of the formation of the provinces of Sindh and Orissa, separate and communal electorate system with reduction of the qualification of voters; separation of Burma and Aden from India and so on. Accordingly, the Home Government in England was reformed. The Indian Council was abolished and a few advisers varying from 3 to 6 were appointed to advise the Secretary of States in his policy formulation towards India. The Secretary was normally not expected to poke his nose in the Indian affairs which were to be carried on by Governors.
Further, a High Commission was to be appointed by the Viceroy of India for a period of five years. Coming to the Federal Government, the Viceroy remained its head. He exercised a wide range of power concerning administration, legislation and finance. The Act had created provisions for Reserved Subjects which were looked after by Viceroy through Executive Councilors and transferred Subjects through the Indian ministers, not more than 10 in number selected from the Legislature. Thus, this system of Diarchy was fully introduced in the Centre. At the Centre the Federal Legislature consisted of two Houses, the Council of States and Federal Assembly consisting of 260 and 375 members respectively. The Council of States (Upper House) was permanent body whose one-third members retired every year.
In case of the Provincial Government, the Governor carried on the administration with the help of a Council of Ministers selected by him from among the members of the Provincial Legislature. Of course, the composition of the Provincial Legislature was different in several Provinces. The Legislatures of U.P., Bihar, Assam, Bengal, Madras and Bombay consisted of two Houses – the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council whereas in other provinces, it consisted of one House i.e.Legislative Assembly. The members of these Houses varied from Province to Province.
The India Act of 1935 was sugarcoated quinine as was apparent from the very beginning. Though it introduced Diarchy in the Centre and autonomy in the Province but the power of the elected or nominated members were limited. Further, it fanned the fire of communalism by retaining separate reserved electorates. In actual practice, this Act did not create scope for the self-experience of the Indian Legislators as they enjoyed only limited powers. On the other hand, the India Act, 1935 had its merits too. It introduced Diarchy in the Centre and granted provincial autonomy. It also created field for some practical experiences on the part of Indian leaders. In the ensuing election of 1936-37, the All-India Congress gained majority in Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, U.P., Bihar and Orissa. In Assam and northwestern frontier, it became the largest single party. Similarly, the Muslim League got absolute majority in Sindh. The legislators got experience in forming ministry in these provinces. The most important fact regarding the achievement of the Act can be stated that the political experience ingenerated in the minds of the Indian leaders went a long way in making the people of India conscious for their political liberty which they achieved in 1947.
The Provincial Elections of 1936-37 was a leading event which highlighted the clashing powers of both Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Though the terms of the Government of India Act was not acceptable to both the parties yet both chose to contest the election which would help them to assess the view of the common mass and the popular acceptance of the parties. As such the parties depended on the outcome of the election to read the reaction of the common man towards the prevailing political upheaval.
Provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935
The provincial elections came as a result of the provision made in the Government of India Act of 1935 which stated that an electorate of nearly 36 million as compared to 7 million in 1920, representing 30 percent of the adult population, would elect 1585 representatives for the provincial legislature. This created excitement among all the Indian political parties who considered it to be the first constitutionally responsible effort made by the British government towards India making India constitutionally more responsible .The Act envisaged that the party which will win the majority of seats in the legislature will form the ministry that will function on collective responsibility.
The Outcome of the Provincial Election in 1936-1937
The Provincial Elections which came as an outcome of the Government of India Act of 1935 was contested by both the parties with an expectation to have a chance for creating one`s own government with their own representatives. In spite of their personal contentions over the provisions of Government of India Act, 1935 these parties decided to prepare the agenda for elections and contest it with utmost sincerity. The election manifesto of both the parties showed a lot of differences. While the manifesto of Muslim League was vague and could hardly impress its community with any particular promise except the concern showed towards the Muslim community for their religious rights which it claims to protect, further asks for the repeal of all the repressive laws, reduction of cost of administration, social, economic as well as political upliftment of the Muslim communities.
The election manifesto of the Congress, on the other hand, had been quite clear. As drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru it was more specific in which it rejected `the new constitution to its entirety`. It further presented the growing mass support of the people and the role played by them in participating in the freedom struggle. The election showed the popular strength of Indian National Congress all over the country. Out of 1161 seats it won 716 seats and secured a clear majority in almost six provinces out of eleven provinces in British India. It emerged as one of the largest party winning the majority of three large states of India. Congress fared best in the state of Uttar Pradesh where it secured 133 out of 288 seats, in Bihar 95 out of 152, in Bombay (now Mumbai) 88 out of 175 ,in Central Province 71 out of 112, in Madras (now Chennai) and Orissa it gained 150 out of 215 seats and 36 out of 60 seats respectively. The success of Congress in North West Frontier Province shattered the Muslim League. The League also fared badly in Muslim majority provinces like Bengal. Out of 117 seats it won 38, in Punjab 2 out of 84 and in Sindh 3 out of 33. Thus the election results exhibited the popularity of the Congress where the Muslim League could stand in no competition. However, even after winning popularity none of the parties could claim the Muslim representation as in case of Congress the election results could only show its popularity but not popular representation.
- APPSC GROUP 1 Mains Tests and Notes Program 2022
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- APPSC GROUP 1 Prelims and Mains Tests Series and Notes Program 2022
- APPSC GROUP 1 Detailed Complete Prelims Notes 2022 | <urn:uuid:612039e5-61dd-4ca7-b389-d734d6cd473b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/history-booster/indian-freedom-struggle-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.97394 | 9,878 | 3.625 | 4 |
Project and Top-Level Model
An SoC application model developed using the SoC Blockset™combines multiple subsystems and reference models. Each subsystem and reference model maps to a particular feature of an SoC device. Organization of the models and shared configuration settings requires a Simulink® project.
Create a new SoC Blockset project named
SampleSoCApplication. Creating a new project automatically creates a new project folder with the same name. For more information on creating projects, see Create a New Project From a Folder.
Open a new Simulink model. Save the model as
soc_hwsw_top.slxinto the project folder.
In MATLAB®, on the Project tab, in the Tools section, select Run Checks > Add Files and add the
soc_hwsw_top.slxmodel file to the project.
In Simulink, configure the
soc_hwsw_top.slxmodel to as an SoC application. On the Apps tab, under Setup to Run on Hardware, click System on Chip (SoC).
In the System on Chip (SoC) pop-up window, select Hardware Board > Xilinx Zynq ZC706 evaluation kit. Click Finish.
You can optionally choose any of the available hardware boards based to suit your system requirements.
On the System on Chip tab, click Hardware Settings. On the Configuration Parameters dialog box, in the Solver tab, set Solver selection > Type to
Variable-step. Click OK.
Create three box areas and label them as
Processor. For more information on creating box areas, see Box and Label Areas of a Model. In the following sections, these areas are populated for various aspects of your SoC application.
Create a new MATLAB function to initialize variables used throughout the project.
function soc_hwsw_init % Initialize the model wide variables and set them in base workspace. SourceSTime = 1e-7; FrameSize = 1000; ProcSTime = SourceSTime*FrameSize; FPGASTime = SourceSTime; FPGAFrameSize = 1; assignin('base','ProcSTime',ProcSTime); assignin('base','FPGASTime',FPGASTime); assignin('base','SourceSTime',SourceSTime); assignin('base','FPGAFrameSize',FPGAFrameSize); assignin('base','FrameSize',FrameSize); end
In the project folder, save the file as
soc_hwsw_init.min a new subfolder,
utilitiesand add the file to project. | <urn:uuid:0204a86d-9c4e-4dad-acdd-0b26c95b1e3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://it.mathworks.com/help/soc/ug/project-and-top-level-model.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.702988 | 555 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Robert Bosch, an old-line metals basher that is one of the world’s biggest auto-parts makers, revealed Monday that it willing to pay a pretty penny to acquire German solar-cell maker Ersol Solar Energy. Bosch is offering 1.1 billion euros ($1.7 billion) in a deal that could herald a spate of similar acquisitions.
“There is speculation that we might see similar bids,” Hartmut Moers, analyst with Oppenheim Research, told Forbes.com.
Oppenheim said in a note to clients: “We see this as the boldest move so far in what we see as the start of a consolidation process in the solar industry.” It added: “In particular, we see companies from mature industries such as the automotive or the semiconductor industry bringing process know-how to the solar industry.”
Unlisted Bosch has agreed to buy 50.5% of Ersol from Ventizz Capital Fund, a Swiss private-equity shop, for 546.4 million euros ($849.5 million), and it intends to make the same cash offer of 101.0 euros ($156.9) per share for the rest.
The 101 euros ($156.91) per share bid, a 63.3% premium to Ersol’s closing price on Friday, is 21.4 times Ersol’s projected 2009 earnings per share.
The Erfurt, Germany-based Ersol makes photovoltaic products used to convert sunlight into electricity. Its sales leapt 25.0%, to 160.0 million euros ($248.57 million), last year.
Bosch’s automotive offerings include antilock braking and fuel-injection systems, auto electronics, starters, and alternators. It already has some green operations, including Bosch Rexroth, which makes gears and drives for wind turbines and hydraulic systems for solar power stations, and Bosch Thermotechnology, whih makes electric heat pumps and solar collectors for hot-water generation.
Westlb Research analyst Peter Wirtz told Forbes.com Ersol is a key investment for Bosch. Ersol has quite a good technical knowledge, a solid research department, and their sales have an above-average efficiency rate, Wirtz said.
They are among the leaders in the technology sector. You need proper technology to enter into the market, Wirtz said.
Reuters contributed to this article. | <urn:uuid:5066061e-fc31-401f-9f25-16b657f96836> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.forbes.com/2008/06/02/ersol-bosch-takeover-markets-equity-cx_je_0602markets06.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00034-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922308 | 517 | 1.5 | 2 |
Challenge yourself. Be yourself.
It’s who you are
When you're thinking about applying to college, it’s not generally useful to pursue activities or study subjects just because you think they will impress an admissions officer. What will impress us is YOU. You, letting your application express some aspect of your own story. You’ve established a great track record. Let your application clearly reflect your interests and motivation.
It’s not who you know
Dartmouth doesn’t designate one application reader to all of the applicants from a particular school or geographic region, so you don’t need to worry about meeting any one member of the admissions staff to improve your chances for admission.
Personal Essay Dos and Don’ts
- Don’t try to summarize your entire life or high school career.
- Focus on a topic that's of interest to you; choose an experience, a class, a person, an issue that truly matters to you.
- Make it personal.
- Don’t write about your awesome grandfather.
- Do write about how you have changed because of your awesome grandfather.
- Don't try to be something that you're not. (If you're always funny, that's great. This is probably not the place to start trying to be funny.)
- Don't forget to proofread. (Really. Spellcheck isn’t sufficient.) | <urn:uuid:ee3feecd-18e1-462b-9f3a-9c3748a566e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://admissions.dartmouth.edu/facts-advice/application-advice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921902 | 296 | 2.203125 | 2 |
"The Vatican treats this as a pilgrimage. We consider it a pilgrimage it with political implications." So a Palestinian official involved in negotiating the precise form of Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land told me yesterday. The comment, though, could as easily have come from an Israeli government source.
The pope's two hosts agreed on this much and no more: His pilgrimage, so carefully choreographed that even the spontaneous moments were planned in advance, sparkled with symbolism. The battle was over determining what the symbolic journey would stand for. The Palestinians won: They largely succeeded in making Francis's visit part of their campaign for statehood through international recognition. And yet, both the pope and the Palestinian strategy are subject to the same question: How much does symbolism really count for?
The Vatican itself—not the Israelis or Palestinians—initiated the visit, and in the Vatican's narrative, it was a peace mission within an entirely Christian context: The pope came to meet Greek Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople and to commemorate the breakthrough religious summit 50 years ago in Jerusalem between Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople.
So this trip was, in theory, the Vatican's show. The Holy See laid out the program it wanted, Israeli and Palestinian sources told me. But even when it drew up plans, it had to maneuver within the protocol each side expected for a head of state. Then it negotiated for months with the two governments on the details. Pope Francis was the star, and made choices—but often between pieces of pre-written scripts.
The Palestinians won their first victory in March, when the Vatican announced the official itinerary. "The Holy Father will visit three countries: Jordan, the State of Palestine, and Israel," it said. He'd fly by helicopter directly from Amman to Bethlehem, rather than arriving via Israel, and proceed immediately to a "courtesy meeting with the president of Palestine," Mahmud Abbas. The symbolic statement was this: The pope would not be visiting the occupied West Bank, certainly not Judea and Samaria (as Israel officially labels the territory), but independent Palestine. This, presumably, was the pope's choice - but given Abbas's ongoing diplomatic efforts for recognition of Palestinian statehood, the Vatican couldn't evade a decision on whether to use that wording.
The Dehaishe refugee camp outside Bethlehem wasn't part of the Vatican's original proposal—so Hanna Amira, head of the Palestinian Presidential Committee for the Pope's Visit, told me. The Palestinians asked that Pope Francis visit the camp; the Vatican said the schedule was too tight. The solution, Amira told me, was the brief stop at the Phoenix community center at the camp entrance, where the pope met Palestinian children.
The apparent addition to the itinerary to satisfy Israel was laying a wreath at the grave of Theodor Herzl, author of Der Judenstaat and founder of political Zionism. Actually, though, this wasn't a special request. According to Rabbi David Rosen, an international interfaith expert and a key figure in Vatican-Israel relations, a ceremonial stop at the grave has been added to Israeli protocol for visiting leaders since the last papal visit, by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. It was diplomatic ritual, not a special demand imposed on Pope Francis. If Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wanted it to hint at papal approval of his demand that the Palestinians recognize Israel specifically as a Jewish state, the symbolism was oblique and weak.
Then there were the events that didn't appear on the schedule. On Sunday, during the Palestine piece of the pilgrimage, the motorcade suddenly halted near the Israeli separation barrier—at that point, a high concrete wall. Pope Francis got out of his car, walked to the wall, put his hand on it, and prayed. According to Amira, "he stopped spontaneously." But the agreed program was that he would see the wall, and in a pilgrimage scripted to the minute, pure spontaneity stretches credibility.
The Israeli answer, in any case, was certainly negotiated with the papal party, as compensation: The next morning, after visiting Herzl's grave in the Israeli national cemetery, the pope and Netanyahu added a stop at a memorial for Israeli terror victims, where the prime minister explained that Israel built the separation wall to stop attacks against its citizens. Pope Francis, again, prayed briefly. In the symbolism contest, the moment lacked the force of the pope dwarfed by a concrete expanse.
That was the prelude to the station of the pilgrimage where the visitor most obviously insisted on his independence: Yad Vashem, the national Holocaust memorial. There he made his trademark gesture of humility, kissing the hands of the Holocaust survivors who were chosen to meet him.
In his short, poetic speech, the pope used the Hebrew word "Shoah" for the genocide—but otherwise said nothing about the particular identity of the murderers or the murdered. Instead, he asked how humanity created by a good God could commit such evil. He described God again posing the question, as to Adam after he sinned, "Where are you?", and cast the Holocaust as a new, more terrible Fall of Man, thereby placing genocide within Catholic theology. His explanation of the evil as rooted in self-deification—the most extreme failure of humility—could be seen as reflecting his personal religious stress.
This was provocative. On one hand, the Holocaust indeed raises universal questions about human evil, and should challenge the faith of anyone who believes in God. It makes sense for a pope, as theologian, to confront those questions. On the other hand, for the head of the Catholic Church to visit a Jewish memorial and say nothing of the historical Holocaust—the Jewish victims; the role of the Church in creating in European anti-Semitism, the questions about the Church's own actions during the genocide—is jarring, to understate the matter. The pope, let us surmise, was afraid of affirming the constant political use that the current Israeli government makes of the Holocaust. He apparently decided if he didn't want to follow his hosts' narrative, he'd have to depart from it entirely.
Here lay the pilgrim's dilemma: Israel's offered symbols of the past to justify current policies. The Palestinian script offered symbols of current suffering as a reason for urgent change. The latter script is more mediagenic. And the pope who has cast himself as champion of the downtrodden was apparently more comfortable with it.
But then, how much is the symbolism worth? Pope Francis's critics have already raised this problem: For all his gestures of understanding for gays or single mothers and his criticism of capitalism, he hasn't yet changed the powerful, patriarchal institution that he leads, and offers little indication that he will do so. A similar criticism pertains to Abbas's diplomatic strategy: Palestine can be recognized by scores of countries, but so what? On the ground, there is no state.
The answer, perhaps, is that symbols don't alter harsh reality. Years later, we may discover that they were an excuse for inaction—or that they prepared people's minds to create real change. It will take a long time to judge whether the pope's pilgrimage actually had political implications.
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Some of us just know when we’re ready. Some of us never feel like we’re ready but dive in anyway. Some of us don’t even plan on conceiving, but when it happens we’re overjoyed. Or at least equal parts overjoyed and terrified. The truth is pregnancy is different for everyone, but if you are planning on having a baby you’ll find plenty of helpful advice here.
Good habits start early
Everyday life takes over and it’s easy to neglect your diet and exercise regime. While conception is different for all women, here’s a simple rule of thumb that we can all follow: it’s never too early to start taking care of yourself. Healthy parents have a better chance of conceiving and giving their baby the best possible start in life.
It is recommended that you follow a healthy balanced diet because eating well helps prepare your body both before and during pregnancy. Eat three regular meals every day with a small snack in between if needed. Eat a variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day. Choose and prepare foods and drinks which are low in saturated fat, with little or no added sugar and that are low in salt. Drink plenty of fluids, water is best.
Folic acid is a must
Folic acid is an essential B-vitamin that is important during conception and pregnancy to help prevent birth defects such as spina bifida. Take one 800ug folic acid-only tablet daily for at least four weeks before pregnancy, and until the end of the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid is found in some foods like green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, legumes and grains. You don’t get enough folic acid from diet alone during pregnancy, and that’s why you need to take a folic acid-only supplement. Your doctor or midwife will recommend a folic acid-only supplement to take before and during pregnancy.
Try to achieve a healthy body weight with heathy eating and regular physical activity. Work on improving your fitness, as carrying excess weight can put extra strain on your body. Even small amounts help, so when you get a chance to add exercise into your day – take it! It is recommended that you do at least 2 ½ hours of moderate-intensity or 1 ¼ vigorous-intensity physical activity spread throughout the week before pregnancy.
Aim to quit well before you start trying for a baby. There are a lot of resources to help you take that healthy leap.
If you’re concerned about your diet, weight or fitness, see your health professional for advice or referral to a dietitian.
Ministry of Health. 2020. Eating and Activity Guidelines for New Zealand Adults. Updated 2020. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
The materials published on this website are of a general nature and have been provided for informational purposes only. Always consult your medical practitioner or a qualified health provider for any further advice in relation to the topics discussed.
Have your say... | <urn:uuid:a7398377-122b-405f-b9b0-f372ee308e83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forbaby.co.nz/for-baby-chat/100145300018/preparing-your-body-for-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.948159 | 638 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Post-Dogmatism, as an art movement has no official art style, all art styles are appendages of Post-Dogmatist expression. Post-Dogmatism is all-inclusive, self-validating, and profound beyond definition. Post-Dogmatism stands at the threshold between the infinite potential of reality and the expressions of human consciousness. As such, it is continually self-generating, self-harmonizing, self affirming, self-expressing, self-defining and self-evident.
The International Post-Dogmatist Group has been founded to advance creative endeavor in all of its multifarious expressions, to encourage freedom of creative experiment and diversity of perspective, to foster tolerance and understanding among creative persons of all nations, to provide a context for interaction and association, to honor and acknowledge all those who, whether known or unknown, have worked to encourage and nurture the creative unfoldment of the human spirit and to overcome the oppression of ignorance and fear.
Membership in the Post-Dogmatist Group is open to all. We have adopted a bureaucratic organizational model in which everyone is assigned or assigns themselves to a post of their choosing which is in accordance to their nature and experience. These posts then become your interface with the group at large.
Additionally, each member is at once a drop in the ocean and an ocean in a drop meaning that the organization is also holographic in that each member is as if the whole group. No one governs, no one controls beyond the scope of his or her own domain nor is controlled or governed except as individual projects dictate. We do not seek anarchy but rather Harmony of a higher order where each is a sovereign whole and yet a part of a greater Whole. Of course, a little chaos now and then it a good thing
Rights and Privileges
1) The privilege to establish a post, office, department, title and have your website officially sanctioned by the IPDG!
2) The privilege of participating in the proliferation of Post-Dogmatism around the world like a great art virus!
3) The right to call yourself a Post-Dogmatist or not!
4) The right to think about, discuss and otherwise pursue Post-Dogmatism or not!
5) The right to work and think independently and to pursue such goals and aspirations as you deem worthy of your efforts with the full support and encouragement of the International Post-Dogmatist Group!
6) The privilege of having access to, and use of all Post-Dogmatist support materials.
7) The privilege of participating in all Post-Dogmatist group activities and dialogue or to refrain from same!
8) The privilege to shape and form Post-Dogmatism according to your own unique nature or accept it as it is!
9) The privilege of submitting artifacts and documents to the Ontological Museum!
10) The right to receive all honor and respect due to any Post-Dogmatist!
The evidence of life of the International Post Dogmatist Group is embodied by the Ontological Museum. It is an archive of thousands and thousands of works of art by collage artists, assemblage artists, mail artists, concrete and asemic poets and Fluxus artists. It is a unique and invaluable 21st Century Art Project created by contemporary artists to document and preserve for the future an art collection that would not otherwise exist. The OM is the home of several wings such as the International Museum of Collage, Assembage and Construction, The Fluxmuseum, The Museum of Snapshot Photography and the Archives of the Eternal Network.
The OM celebrated its 25th anniversary during the year 2019. And we are now working very hard to pull all the parts together as a single whole to make it easier to see the magnitude and importance of this project online.
Accomplishing this task is expensive and time consuming and requires a lot of hands. We are asking for you to become a subscribing member at any of the levels listed to help us grow and keep the collection well organized and online so that all of the members who have contributed works to the collection may benefit from the exposure we are providing and hope to continue to provide.
We also produce niche market books and catalogs for the collection as well as physical and digital exhibitions. We also need to upgrade our archive and storage facilities for the collection so that we can keep things archived properly and well documented. There is also the need of museum quality archival framing of works for exhibition purposes and the requisite storage for framed works. We are at 7,000 feet altitude in the High Desert because it is good for paper: low moisture and low insect population. Without your generous support we are unable to proceed forward.
Won’t you sign up and become a subscribing member? We need and are grateful for your support! You are the backbone of this operation.
We have 4 annual membership options listed…
- $5.00 a month is a basic membership that helps us provide access to all of the Museum’s websites.
- $10.00 a month is a stronger membership that helps us provide access to all of the Museum’s websites and work on publications
- $25.00 a month is an even stronger membership that helps us provide access to all of the Museum’s websites, keep growing them and work on publications plus we’ll send you publication from Ontological Museum Publications once a year.
- $50.00 per month – give a significant amount of support and we’ll send you at least one additional publication or other cool items and your name listed as a sponsor to any projects or publications produced during your annual membership. | <urn:uuid:27db4b87-6b9b-4c2e-9933-2c9b77943682> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://postdogmatist.com/membership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.946676 | 1,180 | 1.695313 | 2 |
“There are many ways to divide history, but it is undoubtedly the most special cut from technology. In terms of time, science and technology is almost the only field that shows accelerated progress, while politics, literature, art, and other aspects show more spiral progress. More than three hundred years after the steam engine blasted for the first time, the magnificent technological level has undergone a magnificent transition, so bright that the previous tens of thousands of years of history have been dim.
In the first industrial revolution, a series of technological innovations triggered a major leap from manual labor…”
Leer más: https://www.sohu.com/a/343303622_742157 | <urn:uuid:0f3c52d3-5651-458b-8914-b98ccdb3e6ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dive-medical.com/the-temperature-of-technology-visually-impaired-kenya-daliang-mountain-and-saving-the-rainforest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.908423 | 149 | 2.0625 | 2 |
7. Cloud Credential Council
What it's all about: The Cloud Credential Council (CCC) is an international body that drives standards training and certification for cloud computing pros. The CCC is independent and vendor-neutral, and members come from the public sector and academic institutions, cloud providers, cloud consumers, cloud brokers, professional associations and international certification bodies from across the world. The certifications are geared toward cloud consumers, cloud vendors or cloud solutions, and service providers that want to improve their skills in defining, choosing, building, operating and managing cloud services. Currently, CCC offers two associate level and five professional level cloud certifications.
How to prepare: The Cloud Credential Council offers courses and preparation material on its website. | <urn:uuid:6f4e73a4-3b36-4e6e-97ea-3c1b66c98cfb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cio.com/article/2895792/certifications/10-top-vendor-neutral-cloud-computing-certifications.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00373-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928728 | 152 | 1.570313 | 2 |
The creation of non-contributory pension schemes is becoming increasingly common as countries struggle to reduce poverty. Drawing on data from Mexico's Adultos Mayores Program (Older Adults Program) --a cash transfer scheme aimed at rural adults over 70 years of age-- we evaluate the effects of this program on the well-being of the beneficiary population. Exploiting a quasi-experimental design whereby the program relies on exogenous geographical and age cutoffs to identify its target group, we find that the mental health of elderly adults in the program is significantly improved, as their score on the Geriatric Depression Scale decreases by 12%. We also find that the proportion of treated individuals doing paid work is reduced by 20%, with most of these people switching from their former activities to work in family businesses; treated households show higher levels of consumption expenditures (on average, an increase of 23%). Very importantly, we also rule out significant anticipation effects that might have been associated with the program transfers. Thus, overall, we find that non-contributory pension schemes target to the poor in developing countries can improve the well-being of poor older adults without having any indirect impact (through potential anticipation effects) on the earnings or savings of future program participants.
Non-contributory pensions poverty mental health well-being | <urn:uuid:89f008c6-3516-47ed-b9f7-291118b88e15> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/115461 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00388-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950981 | 261 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Organization Calls for Volunteers to Help with the Planning of the Annual FIRST Robotics Competition Program Events
Hauppauge, New York — The FIRST® (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) Long Island Robotics programs have continually seen growth each year. As such, School-Business Partnerships of Long Island, Inc. (SBPLI) increasingly requires assistance with the organization and execution of events and related program development associated with its Annual FIRST Robotics Competition. In support of this effort, FESTO Corporation, a longtime SBPLI sponsor, located at 395 Moreland Road in Hauppauge, is hosting a Development Council Recruitment Event on Thursday, November 17 from 6 to 8 p.m.
Business professionals, educators, parents and FIRST alumni, are invited to join current Development Council members during the informational event, which will feature presentations from Development Council members and a current FIRST team. Guests will be treated to real-life success stories from students, alumni and business members who have participated in the program, in addition to learning the benefits that the SBPLI programs offer to Long Island students, including immersion in critical STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) programming in an enjoyable, engaging learning environment and the chance to develop problem-solving skills, in a cooperative manner.
Participation in the Development Council has many benefits to its members, from first-hand input in the programs that matter to the students, to potential corporate connections. Additionally, Development Council Members have the chance to take a leadership role within the SBPLI organization, overseeing many key events and fundraisers.
The SBPLI Long Island Regional FIRST Robotics Competition, presented annually by SBPLI at Hofstra University in March/April, brings together teams of students and their mentors from more than 50 Long Island school districts, as well as from the Metropolitan area and from around the country and abroad. Students aged 14 to 18 (grades nine to 12) are eligible to participate. Teams form in the Fall and typically consist of 25 members or more. A kick-off event, at which teams learn about the “game” for this season and receive a kit of parts common to all participants, is held at Stony Brook University each January.
After kick-off, teams are tasked with designing and building a robot, weighing up to 120 pounds, in a six-week timeframe using a common set of rules and challenges, which changes each year. Once these future technology leaders create their robots, teams participate in the regional competition for a chance to move on to the national competition. As the teams compete with their robots, members are cheered on by teammates, competitors and thousands of fans over a three-day period.
The judges measure the effectiveness of each robot as well as the collaborative efforts and determination of the students. Awards are presented for design, technology and sportsmanship. Members learn about friendly competition, teamwork, problem-solving and gracious professionalism. In addition, they are challenged to fill roles ranging from research to “design and build,” computer programming and animation, as well as fundraising and community outreach.
This experience enriches students to seriously consider the pursuit of a college education and intended careers in technology-related fields. SBPLI hosts this program to provide students with scholarships, internships, and employment opportunities to hopefully keep talent on Long Island.
For more information about FIRST Long Island Robotics, visit www.firstlongisland.org.
About School-Business Partnerships of Long Island, Inc.
School-Business Partnerships of Long Island, Inc. (SBPLI) is a fully volunteer-run 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 1984 by Fred Breithut with the goal of developing partnerships between local high schools and businesses. His goal was to provide students with practical experience and curriculum development, while helping the business community develop its future workforce, which resulted in the formation of over 100 partnerships. In 1999, SBPLI brought the FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) Robotics Competition to Long Island, which featured just eight high school teams. Since then, the Long Island Regional FIRST Robotics Competition has grown to over 50 teams competing each year. SBPLI also hosts Long Island’s annual FIRST LEGO League Qualifying and Championship Tournaments and the FIRST LEGO League Junior Expos, in which almost 2,000 elementary and middle school students from Nassau and Suffolk Counties take part each year. In 2016, SBPLI added the FIRST Tech Challenge to its roster of programs. For more information about the programs, or to learn how to become a sponsor, visit www.sbpli.org.
FESTO is a leading manufacturer of pneumatic and electromechanical systems, components and controls for process and industrial automation. For more than 40 years, FESTO Corporation has continuously elevated the state of manufacturing with innovations and optimized motion control solutions that deliver higher performing, more profitable automated manufacturing and processing equipment. For more information, visit www.festo.us or via: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and YouTube. | <urn:uuid:4030ef61-e97d-444a-a188-a0b7ce594474> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://beforeitsnews.com/press-releases/2016/10/festo-corporation-hosts-first-long-island-robotics-program-development-council-recruitment-event-3016974.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955819 | 1,039 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Well, for me and Ted Chaing, I’m sure this is welcome news. We debated how this might be done several years back. Looks like this new lens doesn’t do much yet, but they can at least build some of the components now. And a rabbit was able to wear the lens for at least 20 minutes without going blind. (btw, I thought we stopped testing eye products on rabbits…). I figure what it really needs is a DMD laser to shine straight on the retina vs. trying to make a correct virtual image at such a close distance.
Anyway, for anyone who hasn’t contemplated the benefits of the VR contact lens, it’s the ultimate in augmented reality. Wherever you look, you could see a mix of real and virtual objects — when the technology is sufficiently advanced, you couldn’t even tell the difference. Phone conversations will then include a "ghost" image of the person you’re talking to, real as if they were standing there with you.
And the interface to more abstract virtual worlds becomes pretty easy too — just close your eyes and you’re someplace else entirely.
Well, we’re not quite there yet. But soon, perhaps. | <urn:uuid:c5e1dcc0-f762-4297-9fd4-d15d3d256d66> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.realityprime.com/blog/2008/01/enter-the-vr-contact-lens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00023-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959693 | 257 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Unpacking Indonesia's Palm Oil Export Ban
Khor Yu Leng, Political Economist, Segi Enam Advisers
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Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producer, contributing to 60% of the market supply. They recently banned exports of their palm oil in a move to control their domestic cooking oil prices. We discuss the factors contributing to Indonesia's decision, its effect on the global markets, and how Malaysia may stand to benefit.
Image source: Nazarizal Mohammad, Pexels
Produced by: Jeremy Ng, Sharmilla Ganesan
Presented by: Lee Chwi Lynn, Sharmilla Ganesan
Download the BFM mobile app. Stay at home and stay up-to-date. | <urn:uuid:383cdfe9-d7db-46ea-8401-a4587df07161> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bfm.my/podcast/evening-edition/evening-edition/unpacking-indonesias-palm-oil-export-ban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.903235 | 193 | 1.65625 | 2 |
The nation’s preeminent group of pro-life Democrats believes that even with its promised accommodation, the Obama administration’s contraception mandate fails to provide adequate conscience protection for religious organizations that object to it.
Democrats For Life of America argued that “the government should give meaningful – not minimal or grudging – accommodation of conscience” in the context of health care.
The group warned that the administration’s proposed accommodation to protect objecting religious organizations “has simply proven insufficient to separate the organization from involvement in the coverage.”
On June 19, Democrats for Life submitted comments to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services opposing its controversial contraception mandate, which will soon require employers to offer health insurance that covers sterilization and contraception, including some drugs that can cause early abortions.
Although the regulation includes a religious exemption, it is very narrow and applies only to non-profit organizations that exist primarily to inculcate religious values and that hire and serve primarily members of their own faith.
Religious schools, hospitals and charitable agencies, which commit themselves to serving people of any religion, do not qualify for the protection offered by the exemption.
The mandate has drawn widespread criticism and numerous lawsuits arguing that it poses a severe threat to the religious freedom of those who object to its demands.
Faced with mounting opposition, the Obama administration proposed plans for a future “accommodation” for religious groups.
The promised accommodation – which was not included in the finalized regulation – would force objecting religious employers to buy insurance plans from companies that would be required to provide the coverage for free.
However, many groups believe that the accommodation is not enough to provide relief to religious institutions that work to serve those in need.
"The religious organizations that are at the center of the contraception debate are in many cases the very same organizations who are helping the sick, the needy, and the poor," said Kristen Day, executive director of Democrats For Life.
The comments filed by Day’s organization call on the Obama administration to expand the original exemption for religious employers in order to protect rights of conscience.
The administration’s narrow definition of religious employer is “extremely restrictive” and “should not appear in federal law at all,” the comments said, because it creates “a second-class category” of religious organizations that emphasize service over explicit preaching or choose to serve or employee members of other faiths.
Furthermore, the group argued, “the narrowness of the current exemption for religious organizations will set a harmful precedent,” particularly if the government were to decide to adopt a similar plan to fund abortion.
In addition, it noted the ability of some drugs included in the mandate to kill an already-created human embryo and urged particular attention to conscience protections in these cases in order to avoid “a very serious imposition on conscience.”
Day told EWTN News on June 21 that the group had initially been favorable to the Obama administration’s promised accommodation.
“We were comfortable at the time that something could be worked out,” she said.
But the organization now believes that the religious exemption must be broadened to allow for adequate conscience protection.
Democrats for Life is one of several organizations and individuals that has changed its stance on the accommodation after previously supporting it.
On June 15, the Catholic Health Association, which had initially applauded the accommodation, also issued comments emphasizing the need for a broader exemption.
Democrats for Life suggested that if the government wishes to offer free contraception coverage, it should so without involving the religious organizations that object.
"We recognize the Administration's goal to provide free contraception, but it could be done without compromising the rights of religious-based organizations who oppose abortion,” explained Day.
“The clearest and best path is to apply one of the many current and tested statutes that provides conscience protection to those organizations whose charitable or educational activities are deeply religiously motivated," she said. | <urn:uuid:f32ee4b6-9389-4c00-8226-2679c7a7d197> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/US.php?id=5686 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965154 | 821 | 1.609375 | 2 |
by Alan Hayward
|A related article: Are geologic strata the result of the Flood?|
Originally published as chapter 8 of Creation and Evolution: Rethinking the Evidence From Science and the Bible (Minneapolis: Bethany, 1995). Reprinted with permission from the original publisher, SPCK, London.
No human investigation can be called real science if it cannot be demonstrated mathematically. —Leonardo Da Vinci.1
We saw in chapter 5 that ‘Flood geology’, the notion that the makeup of the earth’s crust is due to Noah’s Flood, was a seventeenth-century idea which was dropped in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries because it didn’t make sense. After another 150 years of scientific discovery, it makes even less sense today. Why, then, have recent-creationists taken up such an indefensible position?
Presumably because, just as falling mountaineers will grab at an icicle, they feel that any explanation of the geological evidence is better than none at all. For their only alternative escape-route is even worse, as we shall now see.
As chapter 5 mentioned, the only intellectual in the mid-nineteenth century to attempt a logical defence of recent-creationism was Philip Gosse. ‘The earth is not really old,’ he said, in effect. ‘It just looks old, because God made it so. He even created fossils to deceive unbelieving geologists.’
Gosse received little support. The idea that God set out to deceive people was repulsive to most nineteenth-century believers. To their credit, most of today’s recent-creationists also reject it, as these quotations show:
True creation necessarily involves creation of an ‘appearance of age’…. We insist as emphatically as we know how that the doctrine of creation of apparent age does not in the remotest degree involve a divine deception, but is rather inherent in the very nature of creation.2 (Henry Morris – his italics.)
We may be assured that God did not create a world filled with unmistakable and essentially unnecessary testimonies to a previous history simply for the purpose of deceiving man!… Creation with appearance of age is not deceptive, but glorious.3 (John Whitcomb – his italics.)
It seems as if we are, for once, all agreed. Our God is not a deceiver. When he created the heavens and the earth there were certain things that simply had to have an appearance of age. A newly-created man or woman is bound to look as if they had lived at least sixteen years. A sizeable oak tree on the day of its creation would have to look as if it were a hundred years old, or thereabouts. And so on.
It is a matter of logical necessity. As Morris put it, ‘creation necessarily involves creation of an appearance of age.’ The converse of this is, in Whitcomb’s words, ‘God did not create a world filled with…unnecessary testimonies to a previous history.’ God does not go out of his way to deceive. He only does that which, in the nature of things, is necessary.
Fossils did not meet Whitcomb’s and Morris’s requirement of being necessary. To have created such things would evidently have been an act of deceit. Therefore, says everybody, Gosse was wrong: God did not create fossils. (Nor, says nearly everybody, did God allow the devil to create them, because God is the one and only Creator.)
This leaves recent-creationists with no alternative. Only one possible explanation of the origin of fossils is open to them: they are forced to believe that fossils are the remains of living things that perished in the Flood. Whatever its weaknesses, they must cling to ‘Flood geology’ like grim death – otherwise, they would have to drop the whole idea of a young earth.
Letting Gosse in the back door
In practice, recent-creationists find it difficult to do without Gosse’s theory. Having slammed the front door in his face with their firm declaration that God does not deceive, they are under great temptation to let Gosse in through the back door.
Take the point made in the previous chapter, about the absence in nature of a great many radioactive substances with half-lives of less than fifty-million years. I showed how this must mean either that the solar system is billions of years old, or that a fantastically improbable coincidence has occurred. Some recent-creationists would say, ‘Not so. There is a third alternative: God created the earth that way, to give it an appearance of age.’
But that won’t do. There is no question of necessity here. Most Christians find it impossible to believe that God deliberately left out all those short-lived substances at the Creation, merely to make the world look far older than it is. That surely would have been an act of deceit. Slapping fancy names on the situation, like ‘appearance of age’, or ‘mature creation’, does not turn deceit into non-deceit.
Similarly with the expanding gas clouds in chapter 7, which look precisely like the remains of supernovae that exploded tens of thousands of years ago. And those star clusters that lack all the short-lived varieties of stars. Are these things what they appear to be? Or did God create them specially to give astronomers the false impression that the universe is old? Surely not.
Recent-creationists sometimes argue thus: ‘But Christ at Cana miraculously created some excellent wine (John 2.1-10), which must have looked and tasted mature. So why should not God have created a mature universe?’ But this is most misleading, because the apparent maturity of that wine was unavoidable. There could be no parallel with what we are considering here unless Christ had created some unnecessary appearance of age – such as a spurious label from a Galilean wine merchant, with a vintage year written on it.
There is also a serious problem for recent-creationists who believe that God has put an ‘appearance of age’ on some aspects of creation but not others. They themselves spend much time in trying to find scientific evidences of a youthful creation. Why should these exist, if God has tried to make a young earth look old? As John Byrt has put it:
A serious source of perplexity is that if God did in fact build an apparent age into the whole creation, one would expect that he would do it consistently. One would not expect evidences of youth to pop up here and there, as if God had forgotten to ‘artificially age’ these few aspects of his work.4 (His italics.)
In particular, ‘Flood geology’ can be sustained only by falling back on Gosse whenever a problem arises. In chapter 5, for instance, we noted the seven-mile-thick layers of fossil-bearing sediments around the mouths of great rivers. Are these what they look like, deposits that those rivers have built up during millions of years? Or did the Flood, by some amazing coincidences, just happen to dump them in these places?
Some ‘Flood geologists’ are sorely tempted to say there is a third possibility: that God deliberately caused the Flood to do this. But such a Gossism is out of bounds. The leaders of the ‘Flood geology’ movement insist that God is not a deceiver – that he would not miraculously direct the Flood to produce misleading results.
We shall see more examples of this problem when we come to consider ‘Flood geology’ in more detail. But first it is necessary to look at two important geological questions where recent-creationists are not wholly correct.
Do geologists reason in a circle?
Geologists in the nineteenth century gave names to the various layers of sedimentary rock, and arranged them in order of age. This was not too difficult, because the oldest strata naturally occur at the bottom and the youngest on top. The only exceptions to this rule occur where some upheaval in the earth has changed the natural order, and it is nearly always evident when this has happened.
A complete list of all these layers is called ‘the geologic column’, and it is as fundamental to geology as the multiplication table is to arithmetic. Recent-creationists are fond of pointing out that there is nowhere in the earth’s crust where a complete geological column can be seen, but it has to be built up from sections of it. For example, Morris and Parker say:
There is only one place in all the world to see the standard geologic column. That’s in the textbook!… The standard column has been built up by superposition of local columns from many different localities.5 (Their italics.)
Despite the recent-creationist suspicions of the procedure, there is nothing illogical or unscientific about it. In one place we find layers ABCDEFG; in another. DEFGHIJ; in another, GHIJKLMN – and so on. There are so many of these fragmentary columns, and so much overlap between them, that it is quite easy to build up the complete column from A to Z (or from Archaeozoic and Proterozoic to Pleistocene and Recent, if you want to be technical).
The reasons why we never find a complete column are simple: more often than not, a layer of rock that is deposited during one period gets eroded away during a later period. The rocks we see today are the fortunate survivors. Also, sediments are mostly laid down under water; consequently, at any given location we do not expect to find sediments from those geological periods when that area was far above sea-level.
Recent-creationists are convinced that geologists are guilty of circular reasoning in building up the geologic column. They make this accusation in nearly every book they publish. This is a typical example:
Here is obviously a powerful system of circular reasoning. Fossils are used as the only key for placing rocks in chronological order. The criterion for assigning fossils to specific places in that chronology is the assumed evolutionary progression of life; the assumed evolutionary progression is based on the fossil record so constructed. The main evidence for evolution is the assumption of evolution!6
Professor Edgar Andrews also warns of what he calls, ‘the danger of evolution relying on geology for its time, and geology relying on evolution…they could agree about the age of the earth and yet both be completely wrong.7
But these accusations do not fit the facts, which are quite simple. William Smith, the ‘father of English geology’, pioneered the technique and built up the first geologic column in 1799. Evolution did not enter into the matter. Darwin then was still unborn, and Smith remained a creationist all his life. All he did was to reason, ‘How do I know a Type-A stratum when I see it? By the Type-A fossils it contains. The B strata contain B-type fossils, and so on.’ As the Encyclopaedia Britannica expresses it:
Its [palaeontology’s] critical importance in geology arises from the use of fossils as time markers in stratified rocks. Near the start of the 19th century independent workers in England and in France discovered that units of sedimentary rocks can be traced over wide areas by means of distinctive fossils in each unit….
Some of the fossil species were found only in single beds or a few successive beds; and those ranging through somewhat greater thicknesses were seen to be replaced in higher beds by different species. Such changes seem commonplace under present concepts of evolution; but the discoverers accepted the facts merely as a rule of thumb to aid in classifying and mapping the thick sections of sedimentary rocks.8(My italics.)
Of course, any good thing can be abused. As certain writers that recent-creationists love to quote have pointed out, some misguided evolutionists have used the geologic column in an illogical way, by basing circular arguments upon it. But these are the rare exceptions and it is quite unreasonable to criticize orthodox geology because of them.
The geologic column itself was built up in a thoroughly logical way, long before the theory of evolution was invented, and many of those who contributed to its building were creationists. And there is nothing illogical or ‘circular’ about the way that mainstream geology uses it today.
Two views of uniformitarianism
The modern science of geology was born when the principle of uniformitarianism was recognised. This simply states that the same sort of geologic processes have gone on throughout the earth’s geological history. Most of them are still going on, somewhere, today.
Consequently, if we want to understand how sandstone was formed in one place and shale in a nearby place, we only need to observe a river estuary. There it is easy to see how the muddy waters slow down as the estuary widens out. As the speed of flow gradually reduces, the turbulence of the water becomes less, and this makes it impossible for large particles to stay in suspension. So the coarse grains of sand settle out first, then the finer grains a little farther out to sea, and finally the fine clay.
Similarly, if we want to know how a particular kind of limestone was formed, we can go to see a coral reef where similar limestone is being formed today. And so with almost any other rock-forming process you care to name. As the cliché has it, ‘The present is the key to the past.’
It goes without saying that the rates at which these processes occur must vary from time to time. In the early days of geology some uniformitarians thought that such variations would not be very great, and could therefore be ignored. They attempted to explain all past events in terms of present-day rates. Some of the other early geologists disagreed on this question of rate, though not on the actual fact of uniformitarianism, which is only common-sense.
Nowadays there is no question as to which view was right. For a long time geologists have agreed that rates of sedimentation and erosion must have varied considerably, with variations in circumstances. They have long insisted that we must also take account of occasional interruptions in these slow processes, caused by sudden major events such as giant floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. More recently they have added that even greater catastrophes, such as the fall of occasional giant meteorites, may possibly have played a part in the earth’s geological history, too.
Extraordinarily, many recent-creationists seem unaware of these facts. Their view of uniformitarianism is as naïve as it is incorrect. For example, Dr D. B. Gower wrongly asserts:
This is really the Theory of Uniformitarianism – the rate at which things are happening has been constant from the beginning.9
When they criticize that sort of uniformitarianism, recent-creationists are only attacking a man of straw. The real principle of uniformitarianism is so obviously sensible that it cannot be gainsaid.
Many recent-creationists are evidently aware of this, because – although they wouldn’t dream of admitting it – they utilize the real principle of uniformitarianism themselves! This we shall see in what follows.
The basis of ‘flood geology’
The great classic of ‘Flood geology’, The Genesis Flood,10 is based upon a principle which has since been stated succinctly by one of its authors, Dr John Whitcomb:
God maintains a definite economy of miracles. Otherwise, miracles would become commonplace and would thus lose their uniqueness and significance.… Apart from the specific miracles mentioned in Scripture, which were necessary to begin and to terminate this period of global judgement, the Flood accomplished its work of destruction by purely natural processes that are capable of being studied to a certain extent in hydraulics laboratories and in local flood situations today.11 (His italics.)
Although Whitcomb seems to be unaware of it, he is here recommending uniformitarianism. If you want to understand what the Flood must have done, don’t just write it off as a miracle that we cannot possibly understand. Go and study floods occurring today, or carry out laboratory experiments on simulated floods, he advises.
The advice is excellent. The only trouble is that ‘Flood geologists’ have never followed it. ‘Flood geology’ bears all the signs of an idea that has not been properly thought through: its implications have never been carefully considered.
Let us begin with a simple example. Conglomerate is a rock that looks rather like a natural concrete. It has a matrix of sandstone or other fine-grained rock, but embedded in this are many rounded pebbles of various sizes, and even boulders. Sediments like this are brought down by rivers under extreme conditions of flood. The Institute for Creation Research textbook admits this:
When vast region-wide blankets of conglomerate rocks are found, only region-wide floods can explain them. And such phenomena are not at all uncommon in the geologic column. The Shinarump conglomerate of the Colorado Plateau, for example, spreads over an area of 125,000 square miles.12
They go on to imply that Noah’s Flood was responsible for this, and for all the other great concentrations of conglomerates throughout the world. But they nowhere face up to the great problems that this idea creates.
One major difficulty is that many large deposits of conglomerate lie on top of great thicknesses – often several miles – of fine-grained sedimentary rock. The great conglomerate sea cliffs near Marseilles, for instance, are hundreds of feet high and contain boulders more than a foot in diameter. What ‘purely natural processes’ (Whitcomb’s phrase) would enable the Flood to deposit a thickness of several miles of fine-grained sediments first, and then place the boulder-laden conglomerate on top? Have ‘Flood geologists’ not heard the expression, to ‘sink like a stone’?
Another problem for them is the clean, sharp line often found at the boundary between a conglomerate and an underlying sandstone. Clearly, the lower layer must already have hardened into rock when the conglomerate was dumped on top, as otherwise the stones would have sunk into it. If one Flood deposited both layers in quick succession, how could this be?
Above all, there is the fact that the boulders in conglomerates often contain fossils. How did they get there if, as ‘Flood geologists’ assert, fossils are the remains of creatures that died in the Flood? And these boulders are nearly always rounded, as if they had been rolled around on a river or sea bed for long periods before being dumped in their last resting place.
Of course, one can always argue that God specially created these rounded, fossil-laden boulders, and then miraculously caused the Flood to place them on top of the fine-grained deposits. But that would be to break the very rules that the leading ‘Flood geologists’ themselves have pronounced in the extracts quoted in this chapter: no deceit by God, and purely natural processes operating in the Flood.
More difficulties of ‘flood geology’
Another problem that ‘Flood geologists’ have never squarely faced is the sheer volume of sedimentary rock in the earth’s crust. Take just the so-called ‘Phanerozoic’ sedimentary rock, that is to say, the rock containing fossils, and which is therefore supposed by ‘Flood geologists’ to have been deposited by the Flood. This alone comes to 654 million cubic kilometres, whereas the total amount of water on earth is less than 1,400 million cubic kilometres.13
Try mixing water and dry soil in those proportions – or, if you don’t trust the accuracy of the figures quoted above, even with double the proportion of water. The result is not just dirty water, but a rich, creamy mud, in which no fish life could possibly survive. Did Noah’s ark float on water or on an earthy soup?
Now try another experiment. Borrow one of those garden fishponds where the bottom is on two different levels, to give twice the depth of water at one end as at the other. Thoroughly stir up the mud in it, and leave it to settle. Then examine the bottom of the pond. What do you find?
Where the water was twice as deep, the mud is nearly twice as thick, because there was nearly twice as much of it in suspension in the deeper water. For this reason, ‘Flood geology’ would lead us to expect a thick layer of sedimentary deposits at the bottom of the oceans, and a thin layer over the continents where the water was much shallower. (It only cleared the highest peaks by a mere 15 cubits – 25 feet – remember.14)
Unfortunately for ‘Flood geology’, what we actually find is the exact opposite. The sedimentary rocks on and near the continents are in many places several miles thick, while in the deep oceans far from land they are only a small fraction of a mile thick – which is just what orthodox geology would lead us to expect.
Then there is the problem of the molten rock that formed the igneous intrusions. ‘Flood geologists’ have often spoken eloquently of the great volcanic eruptions that must have accompanied the Flood to produce these intrusions. But they never seem to have made any mathematical analysis of the consequences.
Recently, however, Robert Moore has taken the trouble to calculate the heat that would have been released within one year, if the ‘Flood geologists’ were right. He made it ‘3.65 octillion calories15 – which he calculated was enough to raise the temperature of the oceans by more than 2700 degrees Centigrade! Even if his result was fifty times too high, this would still have been enough to melt the pitch off the Ark and cook its precious cargo.
Strata in the sedimentary rocks
There is one quite astonishing example of the unwillingness of ‘Flood geologists’ to consider the implications of their theory. The sedimentary rocks are arranged in clearly defined layers, or strata. But floods only produce neatly stratified deposits under special circumstances, and then only in a limited total thickness.16 Floods generate so much turbulence that they commonly mix everything up, and so deposit a gorgeous mishmash. As we saw in the previous section, ‘Flood geologists’ themselves have recognized this fact when discussing the origin of conglomerates.
Stratified deposits, on the other hand, are usually produced by slow, long-continued sedimentation. It is possible to see them forming slowly today, in many places where muddy rivers discharge into lakes or the sea. Consequently, the universal existence of thousands of feet of strata in the sedimentary rocks is powerful evidence that they were laid down slowly, one at a time, and not all at once by one great Flood. The response of ‘Flood geologists’ to this evidence is quite inadequate.
Take, for example, the standard textbook of the Institute for Creation Research17, Scientific Creationism. This admits on page 112 that strata are generally quite thin: ‘Each stratum may be from a fraction of an inch to several inches in thickness.’ Then it goes on to claim, on page 115, that all the strata must have been laid down, one above another, during the Flood.
But it makes no attempt to explain how this could have happened. Nor does it pause to look at the obvious difficulties involved: it merely declares that it must have happened. In chapter 3 I quoted Hitching’s criticism that Darwinists, when at a loss, use the ‘Abracadabra technique’; here we see that recent-creationists are equally fond of it.
Now let us do a few sums, of the kind that recent-creationists avoid doing. We will take the average thickness of strata as 3 inches, which is really an overestimate. Consider a place where the sedimentary layer is only 20,000 feet thick. (There are some places where it is twice that thickness.) Combining these figures gives a total of 80,000 strata in a typical column of sedimentary rock.
The Flood lasted about a year, but during the first part of it the flood waters were building up, so only a portion of the year would have been available for the deposition of sediments. Let’s allow 9 months, which is probably over-generous. 80,000 strata in 9 months works out at 5 minutes each.
In each 5 minutes, then, the Flood had to bring in a particular kind of sediment, distribute it fairly uniformly over a wide area – often over many tens of square miles – and deposit it on top of the previous layer. The two layers might sometimes be similar in composition, but would often be quite different. The Flood would have had to deposit the upper layer so gently that the layer deposited in the previous 5 minutes was not disturbed, so that no mixing of the two layers could occur. And it would have had to be so firmly in place at the end of the 5 minutes that the next layer could then safely descend upon it – and so on, every 5 minutes for 9 months.
Then there is the observation of geologists that the upper surfaces of strata often have fossil limpets or barnacles on them. This shows that those layers had time to harden into rock and attract rock-clinging shellfish before the next stratum was laid down;18 this is hardly likely to happen in 5 minutes!
In some areas the problem would have been even more severe than I have portrayed it. The Raymond rock formation in the USA is only a portion of the sedimentary column, with other rock formations above it and below it. Yet the Raymond formation, less than a mile thick but extending over a large area, contains more than 30,000 alternating layers of shale and sandstone – two entirely different types of rock.’19‘
Shale is made of compacted clay. As most readers will have noticed, clay consists of exceedingly fine particles which take a long time to settle in water. Turbulence keeps them in suspension, and consequently clay will only settle in quite calm water.
The ‘Flood geologist’ looking at the Raymond formation has a problem. How did the Flood bring in a thin layer of sand and deposit it over a large area, then bring in a thin layer of clay and allow this to settle quietly – all in a matter of minutes? And then repeat the whole performance fifteen thousand times?
It seems rather obvious that there is only one way in which such a series of events could possibly occur. God would have had to direct and control the whole process miraculously to achieve this result. But what of our agreed rules, that God would not use his powers to produce an effect which would mislead scientists, and that the Flood operated by Whitcomb’s ‘purely natural processes’?
Once more we are back at the same old dilemma. ‘Flood geology’ can be made to work only if we prop it up in many places with Gosse-like explanations.
Too many fossils
Recent-creationists are well aware that there are a great many fossils in the earth’s crust. Morris and Parker, for example, state that ‘the Karroo Beds in Africa contain the remains of perhaps 800 billion vertebrates.’20 Yet they never seem to spend any time pondering the consequences if, as they assert, all these animals died in the Flood.
Robert Schadewald21 has now carried out some of the calculations that recent-creationists have avoided. 800 billion, if spread over the entire land surface of our planet, would average 21 animals per acre. The Karroo fossils range from lizards to animals the size of cows, with the average size about that of a fox.
And that is only the fossilized animals found in one spot. By what should we multiply this figure to allow for all the other fossil deposits all over the world, and for the animals that drowned in the Flood but whose bodies putrefied instead of fossilizing? A million? A thousand? Schadewald decides to be conservative and multiplies by only a hundred, which is almost certainly far too low a figure.
But even that highly conservative estimate leads to 2100 animals per acre, which allows them each a plot the size of a hearthrug. Try feeding somebody’s pet rabbit on the produce from that much ground, and see how long he survives.
That is only the beginning of the fossil problem, however. The vast majority of all fossils are shellfish. Chalk is composed almost entirely of such fossils. Many limestones also contain high proportions of fossil shellfish. To allow for other rocks which may be devoid of fossils, Schadewald estimates that on average there is at least 0.1 per cent of marine fossil material in sedimentary rock. This is undoubtedly a great underestimate, because it is known that about 20 per cent of the sedimentary rocks are chalk, limestone and similar materials.22 We could multiply Schadewald’s figure by 10 and still end up with an underestimate. From his ultra-conservative estimate Schadewald concludes:
If all the fossilized [marine] animals could be resurrected, they would cover the entire planet [land and sea] to a depth of at least 1-5 feet. What did they eat?
Schadewald may be an unbeliever, but it must be admitted that he has a point. It really does not make sense to assert that all the multitude of fossils in the earth’s crust have come from a single generation of living creatures.
Most recent-creationist books have a page or two on coal. They always deal with the subject in a negative manner, by showing that orthodox geology still has some unsolved problems in this area. They point out, for example, that sometimes a fossil tree trunk is found projecting through two or more coal seams, and that sometimes a coal seam will fork into two seams separated vertically by a layer of rock.
Such cases are indeed a problem for ordinary geology. But let us not exaggerate the size of the problem, as ‘Flood geologists’ are wont to do. Although such ‘polystrate fossils’ are not rare, they affect only a relatively small number – perhaps one per cent – of the world’s many coal seams. They show that a small minority of coal seams must have been formed in some exceptional fashion that is not yet understood, although research into the problem continues. Large local floods may have been involved, though this is not yet proved.
The other ninety-nine percent of coal seams present no great problem to the orthodox geologist. They fit quite well the conventional explanation, of vegetation growing in a tropical swamp and then becoming deeply buried and, eventually, metamorphosed into coal.
But whilst conventional geologists cannot yet explain a few exceptional coal seams, ‘Flood geologists’ have a far greater problem. I have yet to see a detailed, plausible explanation of how the Flood could possibly have produced the world’s store of coal. The difficulties involved are so great that the absence of an explanation is not surprising.
The first problem is, as with animal fossils, the sheer quantity existing. Well over a million million tons of coal have already been located. Nobody knows how much remains to be discovered, but one recent book puts total world reserves of coal at 15.3 million million metric tons.23 The most pessimistic authorities would agree that there is at least 5 million million tons, if you include seams too narrow to be worth mining. That works out at 65 pounds of coal for every square yard of our planet’s land surface. Where did the vegetation come from to produce all that coal? The leading botanist Heribert Nilsson pointed out that it takes a lot of wood to produce a little coal. He wrote:
A forest of full-grown beeches gives material only for a [coal] seam of 2 centimetres.24
A layer that thick would weigh about 80 pounds per square yard. At first glance it looks as if the required figure of 65 pounds is not impossible. But wait. We must take into account the following facts:
- Coal is not made from beech trees. The abundant fossils in coal show that it is mostly composed of the remains of large fernlike plants, which were on average a good deal smaller than beech trees and had a higher water content.
- Not all the earth in Noah’s day would have been covered by this one kind of vegetation. Fossil plants and animals show that there always were many different kinds of habitat in the past, just as there are now.
- Most wood has a habit of floating, and only becomes waterlogged when it has been lying in water for years. The Flood could hardly be expected to bury more than a fraction of the vegetation of Noah’s day. Much of it would end up on the surface, and decompose.
When these factors are taken into account, it is evident that the Flood could not possibly have produced as much coal as there is.
Then there is what we might call the problem of mechanics. Coal seams often occur in groups, one above another, with layers of rock between. How did the Flood manage to produce these series of coal seams?
To appreciate the difficulties, imagine a group of frogmen trying to construct just such a layer cake on the seabed, while stormy currents of water surge around them. Their job is to put down a layer of woody vegetation, then a layer of mud or sand, then more vegetation, and so on. How would they achieve this?
With great difficulty, no doubt – unless they were allowed the benefit of modern technology. In that case they could use a wire cage to hold the vegetation down while they shovelled the mud on top. Without some such device the tendency of vegetation to float and wash away would defeat all their efforts.
It is hard to see how the senseless, raging waters of the Flood could have achieved such an unnatural result. Once more we have an example of the central dilemma of ‘Flood geology’. Genesis portrays the Flood as destructive, the most destructive event in history, in fact. Yet ‘Flood geologists’ portray it as constructive, capable of creating many of the finely arranged strata in the earth’s crust. Is not this almost as illogical as attributing creative powers to natural selection?
One last point about coal. The nature of the stuff is all wrong, from the ‘Flood geologists’ point of view. If they were right, coal should contain plenty of fossils of modern vegetation. But it doesn’t. Most coal was made in the Carboniferous Period from species of ferns now extinct. Such coal contains no flowering plants or trees, and none of their pollen which finds its way into practically all the more recent sediments. And radiocarbon tests on coal cut from virgin seams deep inside the earth always give the same result: ‘Too old to give a meaningful reading.’ This is so well established that radiocarbon laboratories now use coal samples to check the zero readings of their equipment.25
Ancient-creationists have no problem here. They accept the fossil evidence that ferns were created first and flourished during the Carboniferous (‘coal-producing’) Period, while flowering plants and trees were created later. But ‘Flood geologists’ are at a loss to explain these findings. Were there no flowering plants in Noah’s day? Once more it is evident that the facts are not in accord with the theory of ‘Flood geology’.
The Yellowstone fossil forests
In and around the Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming, there are many square miles of fossilized forests. Petrified forests have also been found in other parts of the world, but the interesting feature of those in Yellowstone is that many of them are stacked one upon another. In one place there are as many as 44 successive forest layers in one huge stack, all buried in a kind of rock that is formed from volcanic ash. What evidently happened was this:
- Nearby volcanoes threw up a cloud of ash and chunks of rock, which descended on the forest and buried the trees a few feet deep. This killed the trees and eventually fossilized their lower portions, together with fallen trees and leaves on the forest floor. The tops of the trees, however, stuck up above the ash and slowly rotted away.
- The surface of the ash gradually weathered into soil, and a new forest grew there for a while.
- Then the volcano erupted again and the whole process recurred, time after time.
Because there are thousands of feet of fossil-bearing rock beneath the fossil forests, ‘Flood geologists’ recognize that they cannot have been formed prior to the Flood. This creates a problem for them, for there has not been nearly enough time for all those forests to grow one upon another since the Flood. The solution offered by Whitcomb and Morris26 is that the whole formation was produced by the Flood, in the following way:
- First, the Flood deposited thousands of feet of sediments, complete with the living things that later became fossilized.
- After that, it washed up a layer of uprooted trees and left them exposed on top of the sediments, and temporarily receded.
- A volcano then ejected a cloud of ash, and buried these trees in it.
- This was followed by another great wave of water, carrying lots more floating trees. It did not wash away the freshly deposited ash, but spread out the trees on top of the ash layer as the water receded again.
- Then the volcano buried this second batch of trees in ash, after which the Flood surged up again with another load of trees. And so on, until many layers of alternating wood and ash had been deposited – all within a few months while the Flood was upon the earth.
Intuitively, one feels that such a suggestion is unconvincing. Such co-ordinated behaviour by the Flood and the volcano could not have occurred by mere chance. Only a miraculous operation, of the Gosse kind, could have achieved such a result. But let us see what a leading expert has to say.
Dr Richard Ritland is a palaeontologist who has done a great deal of field research on these fossil forests. He also happens to have long-standing connections with the Seventh-Day Adventists – the church that originally fostered the twentieth-century revival of ‘Flood geology’. His theological background might therefore be expected to incline him to agree with the above explanation. But he does not. His field work has led him to state:
The transport theory for the origin of the fossil forests of the region as suggested by Whitcomb and Morris is not in harmony with the facts.27
The reasons for this conclusion are given in detail in a paper by himself and Stephen Ritland.28 To quote just a few of them:
- Floods carrying trees create ‘log-jams’, with a tangled mass of tree trunks pointing in all directions. But the Yellowstone petrified forests are not at all like this. The majority of the fossil trunks are upright, in positions of growth, and most of the rest are horizontal, like trees that have fallen on a forest floor.
- The spacing of the upright trunks is generally similar to that of trees in living forests.
- Some of the layers contain trees of all ages, while others contain only young trees, thus representing forests that had not been growing very long when they were buried.
- The fossil leaves on the forest floor are not flattened like leaves that have been buried when wet, but have the surface profile of leaves that were buried in a dry condition.
- There are no widespread silt deposits as would be expected in any major flood.
Recently another Christian geologist, Dr William Fritz, has made a detailed study of these forests, with the ‘Flood geologists” theory in mind. He found nothing to support such an idea, though he did find evidence that some of the upright stumps had slid down the mountainside into their final positions. Nevertheless, he concluded:
Even though I believe transportation of upright stumps to have occurred, I argue that many were preserved in place.29 (My italics.)
Thus the Yellowstone fossil forests remain what they have always been: a unique natural formation bearing evidence of many thousands of years’ history. ‘Flood geology’ cannot possibly explain it without falling back on either an unbelievable series of coincidences, or a miracle designed to produce an entirely unnatural result.
Why do fossils of a feather flock together?
We noted earlier that fossils of any particular kind tend to occur at one particular level in the geological column, which is why the various rock levels, or ‘systems’ as geologists call them, can be identified by their fossils.
Thus near the bottom of the column we find the very ancient Cambrian layer, where the animal fossils are all invertebrates (creatures without backbones). Higher up is the Carboniferous, characterized by the coal-forming ferns and by amphibians. Later comes the Jurassic, where the dinosaurs ruled; and higher still the Tertiary, with its numerous mammals.
All this points towards a series of geological ‘periods’: an early age of invertebrates, with a later age of amphibians, later still an age of dinosaurs, and then an age of mammals. (This is in fact a great oversimplification, because there are many more distinct periods than those four.)
‘Flood geologists’, of course, reject this interpretation, and say that all these fossils are of living things that died in the Flood. This leaves them with the problem of explaining how the fossils come to be arranged in such well-defined zones. How do they do it? So far as I have been able to discover they have offered only three possible explanations, none of which sounds likely.
The first might be described as the Theory of Hydraulic Sorting. If you put a handful of gravel, a handful of sand and a handful of clay in a bucket of water and stir it, a layer of gravel will settle out first, then the sand, and lastly the clay. But there will not be a clearcut division between adjacent layers; there will be quite a bit of overlap, in contrast to some of the fossil layers in the rocks, which have a sharp cut-off. Passing over this minor difficulty we soon come to a major one.
The theory proposes that the Flood swept up all the creatures that were fossilized, and allowed them to settle. The larger and denser bodies dropped to the bottom first, the smaller and less dense ones last.
It is an ingenious theory but it is in conflict with the facts. Many trilobites, for instance, are small and of low density;30 yet they are found only at the bottom of the geological column. And they are found at exactly the same level as much larger trilobites, instead of being sorted according to size. Then there are nautiloids and ammonoids, whose beautiful spiral fossils are abundant on the cliffs at Lyme Regis in Dorset; their shells contain buoyancy chambers, and are therefore very light – yet they are never found in the upper levels. And ammonoid specimens ranging in size from a fraction of an inch to several feet across are all found together in the same deposit.31
On the other hand, turtles, which are both large and dense, are only found in the middle and upper layers of rock, never in the lower ones. The Hydraulic Sorting Theory is clearly a non-starter.
Next, there is what I shall call the Theory of Differential Mobility. This holds that the most mobile creatures fled to the high ground and were the last to be drowned, while the least mobile stayed where they were and so were the first to perish. Hence you find shellfish in the lowest layers; the sluggish dinosaurs were only able to make the foothills, and so are concentrated in the middle layers; and nimble human beings all fled to the mountain tops.
This sounds fine, until you stop to think. Then you begin to wonder: why is there not a single human fossil below the topmost layer? Were there no inhabitants of the coastal plains overwhelmed in their sleep? No cripples or sick folk unable to flee? And why are the pterodactyl fossils all in the middle layers? You would think that at least one or two of them would have flapped their way to the hilltops. Then there is the little problem of vegetable fossils. As R. J. Schadewald has put it:
A scenario with magnolias (a primitive plant) heading for the hills, only to be overwhelmed along with early mammals, is unconvincing. And when marine fossils are found in many places above those of land animals and plants, [this theory] loses all credibility, too.32
‘Flood geology’s’ favourite theory
Finally, there is the Theory of Ecological Zoning, which seems to be the one on which ‘Flood geologists’ currently pin their hopes. The basic idea is that the Flood deposited marine creatures at the bottom of the geological column because originally they lived in the lowest places. Creatures from the seashore would naturally come next, then those from lowland regions, and so on. In 1982, Morris and Parker spoke of the Theory like this:
According to creationists, the geological systems represent different ecological zones, the buried remains of plants and animals that once lived together in the same environment. A walk through Grand Canyon, then, is not like a walk through evolutionary time; instead, it’s like a walk from the bottom of the ocean, across the tidal zone, over the shore, across the lowlands, and on into the upland regions.33
This also looks plausible – as long as you don’t take the trouble to think about it. After a moment’s thought, a huge difficulty is apparent. Morris and Parker’s walk from the bottom of the ocean to the upland regions would typically cover at least a hundred miles, horizontally. In the wall of the Grand Canyon, however, those various ecological zones are compressed into one mile, vertically. How did they get there?
Orthodox geology has no problem. Hundreds of millions of years ago the site of the Canyon was under water. Later, the sea evidently receded and the region became a coastal zone, while later still the land rose higher and the Rockies were formed.
But ‘Flood geologists’ have not yet published any details of their Ecological Zoning Theory. How did the Flood manage to transport all those marine creatures more than four hundred miles, and spread them neatly over a great area of Arizona? And, after that, to transport layers of inter-tidal life, and life from the coastal plains, some three to four hundred miles and place them in successive layers? And then top off with layers of living things from the uplands – and all without scrambling the various layers?
When the mind has finished boggling at that thought, it is time to contemplate that the Grand Canyon is by no means the only place to present this problem. Oil company borings have revealed hundreds of sites all over the world where the same sort of vertical zoning occurs. They are found in the mountains, in the plains, and far out at sea in the offshore oil-fields. Over a large part of the earth’s surface, if the Ecological Zoning Theory is correct, the Flood scooped up hundred-mile tracts of surface complete with their inhabitants, and then neatly arranged them into one-mile deep stacks – and in the right sequence, and without intermingling.
If any ‘Flood geologists’ know how the Flood could have achieved this, by Whitcomb’s ‘purely natural processes’, then they should speak out. Until they do, the rest of us must be forgiven for thinking that there is only one way it could have happened in Noah’s time: for God to have worked a whole series of mighty miracles beneath the waters of the Flood.
Even if the Flood could have achieved such a remarkable result in one place, it could not possibly have done so all over the world. The average thickness of fossil-bearing rock throughout the world is about a mile. Yet the precious layer of soil in and on which all life must live (except for swimming fishes and floating plants) is never more than a few feet thick. Did the Flood pick up that thin layer and with it produce sedimentary rock one mile thick? Because, if so, God must have multiplied that precious layer, and its quota of once-living things, like the loaves and fishes of Galilee!
Which brings us back, inexorably, to our earlier conclusion. The Flood cannot possibly have left the earth’s crust the way it is – not unless God worked great miracles to produce an unnatural effect, thus leading geologists along a false trail. In other words, if the ‘Flood geologists’ are right, then Gosse’s ‘deceit theory’ must have been true after all.
But if, as the ‘Flood geologists’ themselves assert, Gosse was wrong and our God does not deceive people, then ‘Flood geology’ is nothing more than a lovely pipe-dream.
They can’t have it both ways.
1. Cited by P. C. W. Davies in reference 21 of chapter 4, p. 221.
2. H. Morris, The Twilight of Evolution (Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Co, Philadelphia, 1963), pp. 56, 57.
3. J. C. Whitcomb, The Early Earth. Evangelical Press, London, 1972, pp. 32, 37. (L. H. Worrad, Jr. makes a similar point in an article in Creation Research Society Quarterly, 13 (March 1977), pp. 199-201, entitled ‘God Does Not Deceive Men.’ He points out that ‘the essence of deceitfulness lies in the intent’; God undoubtedly did not intend to deceive us.)
4. J. Byrt, ‘The roles of the Bible and of science in understanding creation.’ Faith and Thought, 103(3), 1976, pp. 158-88.
5. In reference 17 of chapter 5, pp. 196-8.
6. In reference 22 of chapter 7, p. 136.
7. In reference 9 of chapter 5, p. 58.
8. C. R. Longwell, article, ‘Geology’. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1973, vol. 10, p. 175.
9. D. B. Gower, Radiometric Dating Methods. Pamphlet No. 207 of the Creation Science Movement, Worthing, Sussex (formerly the Evolution Protest Movement).
10. J. C. Whitcomb and H. M. Morris, The Genesis Flood. Presbyterian & Reformed, Philadelphia, 1961.
11. J. C. Whitcomb, The World that Perished. Baker, Grand Rapids, 1973, p. 67.
12. In reference 22 of chapter 7, p. 103.
13. R. A. Moore, ‘The impossible voyage of Noah’s ark.’ Creation/Evolution, 11 (Winter 1983), pp. 1-43.
14. Genesis 7.20.
15. R. A. Moore, op. cit.
16. This is because in a thick deposit, containing many strata, the lower strata need time to harden before the upper layers are deposited. A single flood provides only enough time for a limited number of strata to be laid down.
17. Reference 22 of chapter 7.
18. D. E. Wonderly, in reference 7 of chapter 6, p. 130.
19. E. F. McBride, ‘Flysch sedimentation in the Marathon region.’ In: J. Lajoie, ed., Flysch Sedimentology in North America. Geological Association of Canada 1970, pp. 67-83.
20. In reference 17 of chapter 5, p. 138.
21. R. J. Schadewald, ‘Six “Flood” arguments creationists can’t answer.’ Creation/Evolution (9), Summer 1982, p. 12.
22. J. E. Sanders & G. M. Friedman, ‘Origin and occurrence of limestones’, in Developments in Sedimentology, No. 9A, Carbonate Rocks, 1967, p. 193. Also B. B. Hanshaw, ‘Inorganic geochemistry of carbonate shelf rocks’, American Assoc. of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (abstract), 55 (1969), p. 720. (Cited by D. E. Wonderly in reference 7 of chapter 6.)
23. G. Foley, The Energy Question. Penguin, London, 1976, p. 115. (Cited by Hitching, in reference 20 of chapter 3.)
24. H. Nilsson, Synthetische Artbildung, Lund University, Gleerup, Sweden, 1954, p. 1198. (Cited by Hitching, in reference 20 of chapter 3.)
25. Living things derive freshly-generated carbon-14 from the air. When they die, this store of carbon-14 gradually decays. When their remains are more than 40,000 years old, less than one per cent of the original carbon-14 is left. The radiation emitted by this minute amount then becomes practically impossible to detect, because it is swamped by the background radiation that is always with us. Occasional reports by amateur geologists that they have found radiocarbon dates of (say) 50,000 years on coal are undoubtedly the consequence of their inexperience with background radiation. A few early measurements on coal contaminated with recent material have given young ages, as would be expected. But all authentic measurements on ordinary coal can be relied upon to give a result of ‘no carbon-14 left’. On the other hand, meaningful radiocarbon dates have been obtained on various frozen Siberian mammoth carcases, ranging from 11,450 to 39,000 years old, according to C. G. Weber. (‘Common creationist attacks on geology.’ Creation/ Evolution, 2 (Fall 1980), p. 10.) This provides one more problem for ‘Flood geologists,’ who assert that coal and the mammoths are the same age.
26. In reference 10, above, pp. 418-21.
27. R. M. Ritland, private communication, 1983.
28. R. M. Ritland and S. L. Ritland, ‘The fossil forests of the Yellowstone region.’ Spectrum (a Quarterly Journal of the Association of Adventist Forums), 1974 (1 and 2), pp. 19-65.
29. W. J. Fritz, ‘Geology of the Lamar River formation, Northeast Yellowstone National Park.’ Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Field Conference of the Wyoming Geological Association, 1972, pp. 73-101.
30. This is because their skeletons are composed of both calcium carbonate and chitin. The statement on p. 274 of The Genesis Flood (reference 10, above) attributing high density to trilobites is erroneous. (Based on a private communication from D. E. Wonderly.)
31. The Observer’s Book of British Geology. Frederick Warne, London & New York, 1949, pp. 151-3.
32. Op. cit.
33. In reference 17 of chapter 5, p. 131.
Author: Alan Hayward | <urn:uuid:7f235e70-c360-4b95-9cf8-0a84173a11b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gci.org/articles/flood-geology-and-related-fallacies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.962497 | 11,835 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There are a lot of directories on the internet and there is probably room for a lot more although building a directory that is beneficial to the users, webmasters who add their site and yourself takes a little bit of forethought and a lot of work.
There are many types of directories including general directories and niche (often referred to as vertical) directories. There are also many ways these can be structured.
The first step in planning to build a directory is deciding what it topic matter or niche. You could choose to be a general directory and have a vast array of categories and subcategories where a website on any topic can be submitted or you can choose to have a niche directory which are often referred to as vertical directories. Vertical directories are becoming popular with users and webmasters due to the entire site and it's listings being related to one topic.
Your next choice is whether to have static pages and create each page manually or use a script that creates pages, manages your listings, site submissions and more. Using a script is the popular and sensible choice and if you have programming skills you may choose to build your own. Otherwise there are numerous directory scripts available and some are even free or for a small fee, for example: PHP Link Directory is the one that I have chosen for several of my online web directories due to easy installation, ease of use and most importantly for me an active forum community thats there to help. (see What is phpLD?)
Once you have your directory up and running with all the categories relevant to a general directory or your chosen topic the next task is get listings as without those it's not much. For other webmasters to submit their link they need to be able to find your site so getting links from 'directory of directories' sites are a good place to start in promoting your site. Although there may be catch, those sites may not want to list yours if it's not populated with listings to some extent so choose some quality sites and add them to your categories and sub categories.
For a start you may need to give free listings to get things going although there's something to watch in who you list on your directory which is summed up by quality attracts quality and trash does trash. Screen your listings and be sure they aren't banned by search engines,low quality sites, scraper sites or just plain spam. The quality of your listings will reflect the quality of your directory to users, webmasters and to some extent search engines.
Your next choice once your directory starts to grow is how you will benefit from your work. Choices here can be running Pay Per Click advertising, banner ads, affiliate ads or charging for links or maybe both. (See Making Money)
To get submissions from quality sites and maybe payment for links webmasters will be looking at or for Higher the Google PR the better, well keyworded title and category description, low density of links/listings per page and the quality of the other sites listed. Here is a neat trick, add top ranking sites under the appropriate categories and other sites trying to achieve top ranking for that particular keyword/category title will probably submit to have their site listed.
From there it is a matter of constantly promoting your directory via links to your site, advertising and marketing.
About the Author: Rod L'Huillier is the owner of theAustralian Directory a new directory for Australian websites that is hosted and operated in Australia.
A great prize awaits if you use our recommended host. Take a look at our special offer to find out how you can get our product virtually free. or receive other benefits. We also have a recommended hosts page, and we give you credits such as our product just for signing up with them. | <urn:uuid:da7d33a9-09fa-4ae0-8ebb-147ac049193e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.phplinkdirectory.com/Building_a_Website_Directory_that_Works.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00490-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953115 | 750 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Fescue grass is among the most hardy cool-season grass you can plant for a year-round green lawn.
Fescue grasses include the tall, bunching grasses known as tall fescue and the finer, shorter fescues known as creeping red, hard fescue, chewings fescue and sheep fescue, according to the website fescue.com.
Fescues are also drought- and shade-tolerant.
When to plant
Fescue grass seeds grow best when planted in fall or spring, according to Grassing.com, and can be planted in the United States from the Upper South and Midwest to the Northern areas.
Planting fescue grass seed in the early fall is best because it gives the seeds more time to germinate under ideal growth conditions. Fescue grasses grow best when soil temperatures are between 50 and 65 degrees and the outside temperature is between 60 and 75 degrees.
In order to increase coverage on particularly troublesome areas of your lawn, fescue can be planted in both fall and spring.
Prepare your soil
Fescue seeds, like all grass seed, grow better when planted in freshly tilled, pure soil that does not have any other plants or weeds in it.
Seed and soil contact
Among the keys to getting fescue grass seed to germinate or grow is making sure that the soil comes into direct contact with the seed itself.
Fescue grass seeds should be planted about 1/8 to 1/4 inch below the soil's surface.
Soil should be moist when planting grass seeds. Using a light roller to compact the soil around the seeds when help them sprout and grow.
Summer planting and dormancy
Water becomes an important factor if you plant fescue grass in the summer. However, fescue grass should not be planted when nighttime temperatures are above 70, according to Grassing.com.
Cool-season grasses like fescue become dormant when temperatures are above 90 or below 50. Freezing temperatures and frost can kill seedlings that have not had enough time to mature and survive dormancy.
When to Plant K-31 Fescue
K-31 fescue is the most common variety of tall fescue available for lawns. K-31 is durable and drought tolerant, a cool-season grass...
The Best Fescue Grass Seed
Most fescue is cool-season grass, though one type, tall fescue, does well in transitional zones where the weather is warmer. Widely used...
When to Plant Red Fescue?
Red fescue (festuca rubra) is a species of grass native to North America. It grows in 43 American states and all Canadian...
When Is a Good Time to Plant Grass Seed?
When ugly bare spots dot your lawn, or you need to establish a new lawn, planting grass seed at the right time... | <urn:uuid:72df9cf4-4f27-45fa-a1e5-73f53195059c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.com/way_5575611_plant-fescue-grass-seed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925535 | 615 | 2.9375 | 3 |
On Tour from England: Leon Rosselson & Robb Johnson
Liberty Tree: A Celebration of the Life and Writings of Thomas Paine
"When the rich plunder the poor of his rights, it becomes an example to the poor to plunder the rich of his property" Thomas Paine
The Liberty Tree tells the story of Tom Paine's extraordinary life, interweaving Paine's own words, from his letters and the pamphlets which made him one of the most influential and dangerous writers of his age, with extracts from newspaper reports, diaries, letters and other documents of times. The songs of Robb Johnson and Leon Rosselson add another dimension to the story, reflecting Paine's radical ideas and evaluating them in the context of the 21st century. This unique blend of words and music challenges received opinion in the same way Paine's writings did.
Leon Rosselson has been at the forefront of songwriting in England for 50 years. His best-known song, "The World Turned Upside Down," has been recorded by, amongst others, Dick Gaughan, John McCutcheon, and Billy Bragg (who took it into the pop charts in 1985) and has been sung at numerous demonstrations in Britain and the U.S.
Robb Johnson is now widely recognized as one of the finest songwriters working in the UK today. His songs feature in the repertoires of a wide variety of musicians, from folk legend Roy Bailey to acclaimed cabaret diva Barb Jungr, and he enjoys a similarly diverse spectrum of critical acclaim.
"A highly subversive pairing of two of the left's most eloquent songwriters"
The Daily Telegraph
"Rosselson's songs are teeming with colorful characters, wonderfully descriptive passages and witty observations" Washington Post
"Robb Johnson is Britain's finest songwriter since Richard Thompson" Venue
La Pena Cultural Center
3105 Shattuck Ave.
Berkeley, CA 94705
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From The Workers’ Republic, October 1, 1898 and The Harp, April, 1908, respectively.
Transcribed by The James Connolly Society in 1997.
Talking of Gaelic scholars brings me by an easy and natural transition to speak of the great Celtic renascence of late years.
I think it has its bad and its good points. Its bad points are, in my opinion, only accidental to the movement and were well got rid of.
They consist in the attempt to exclude all other methods of culture, to deny the value of all other literature and the worth of all other peoples and, in general, to make our Irish youths and maidens too self-centered.
I believe the Gaelic movement has great promise of life in it, but that promise will only be properly fulfilled when it naturally works its way into the life of the nation, side by side with every other agency making for a regenerated people.
The chief enemy of a Celtic revival today is the crushing force of capitalism which irresistibly destroys all national or racial characteristics, and by sheer stress of its economic preponderance reduces a Galway or a Dublin, a Lithuania or a Warsaw to the level of a mere second-hand imitation of Manchester or Glasgow.
In the words of Karl Marx, “Capitalism creates a world after its own image,” and the image of Capitalism is to be found in the industrial centres of Great Britain.
A very filthy image indeed.
You cannot teach starving men Gaelic; and the treasury of our national literature will and must remain lost forever to the poor wage-slaves who are contented by our system of society to toil from early morning to late at night for a mere starvation wage.
Therefore, I say to our friends of the Gaelic movement - your proper place is in the ranks of the Socialist Republican Party, fighting for the abolition of this accursed social system which grinds us down in such a manner; which debases the character and lowers the ideals of our people to such a fearful degree, that to the majority of our workers the most priceless manuscript of ancient Celtic lore would hold but a secondary place in their esteem beside a rasher of bacon.
Help us to secure to all our fellow-countrymen, a free, full, and happy life; secure in possession of a rational, human existence, neither brutalised by toil nor debilitated by hunger, and then all the noble characteristics of our race will have full opportunity to expand and develop. And when all that is good in literature, art and science is recognised as the property of all – and not the heritage of the few – your ideals will receive the unquestioned adhesion of all true Irishmen.
I do not ask you to cease for a moment your endeavours on your present lines of education, but only to recognise in us your natural allies, as you should recognise that those who, under any pretext, however specious, would ask you to help them to perpetuate that British capitalism – which now thwarts you at every turn – is your enemy and the enemy of your cause.
The success of our cause is certain – sooner or later. But the welcome light of the sun of freedom may, at any moment, flash upon our eyes and with your help we would not fear the storm which may precede the dawn.
I do believe in the necessity, and indeed in the inevitability of an universal language; but I do not believe it will be brought about, or even hastened, by smaller races or nations consenting to the extinction of their language. Such a course of action, or rather of slavish inaction, would not hasten the day of a universal language, but would rather lead to the intensification of the struggle for mastery between the languages of the greater powers.
On the other hand, a large number of small communities, speaking different tongues, are more likely to agree upon a common language as a common means of communication than a small number of great empires, each jealous of its own power and seeking its own supremacy.
I have heard some doctrinaire Socialists arguing that Socialists should not sympathise with oppressed nationalities or with nationalities resisting conquest. They argue that the sooner these nationalities are suppressed the better, as it will be easier to conquer political power in a few big empires than in a number of small states. This is the language argument over again.
It is fallacious in both cases. It is even more fallacious in the case of nationalities than in the case of languages, because the emancipation of the working-class will function more through the economic power than through the political state. The first act of the workers will be through their economic organisations seizing the organised industries; the last act the conquest of political power.
In this the working class will, as they needs must follow in the lines traversed by the capitalist revolutions of Cromwellian England, of Colonial and Revolutionary America, of Republican France, in each of whom the capitalist class had developed their economic power before they raised the banner of political revolt.
The working class in their turn must perfect their organisations, land when such organisations are in a position to control, seize and operate the industries they will find their political power equal to the task.
But the preparatory work of the revolutionary campaign must lie in the daily and hourly struggles in the workshop, the daily and hourly perfectioning of the industrial organisation.
And these two factors for freedom take no heed to political frontiers, nor to the demarcations of political states. They march side by side with the capitalist; where capitalism brings its machinery it brings the rebels against itself, and all its governments and all its armies can establish no frontier the revolutionary idea cannot pass.
Let the great truth be firmly fixed in your mind that the struggle for the conquest of the political state of the capitalist is not the battle, it is only the echo of the battle. The real battle is being fought out, and will be fought out, on the industrial field.
Because of this and other reasons the doctrinaire Socialists are wrong in this as in the rest of their arguments. It is not necessary that Irish Socialists should hostilise those who are working for the Gaelic language, nor whoop it up for territorial aggrandisement of any nation. Therefore, in this, we can wish the Sinn Feiners, good luck.
Besides, it is well to remember that nations which submit to conquest or races which abandon their language in favour of that of an oppressor do so, not because of the altruistic motives, or because of a love of brotherhood of man, but from a slavish and cringing spirit.
From a spirit which cannot exist side by side with the revolutionary idea.
This was amply evidenced in Ireland by the attitude of the Irish people towards their language.
For six hundred years the English strove to suppress that mark of the distinct character of the Gael – their language, and failed. But in one generation the politicians did what England had failed to do.
The great Daniel O’Connell, the so-called liberator, conducted his meetings entirely in English. When addressing meetings in Connaught where, in his time, everybody spoke Gaelic and over 75 per cent of the people nothing else but Gaelic, O’Connell spoke exclusively in English. He thus conveyed to the simple people the impression that Gaelic was something to be ashamed of – something fit for only ignorant people. He pursued the same course all over Ireland.
As a result of this and similar actions the simple people turned their backs upon their own language and began to ape ‘the gentry.’ It was the beginning of the reign of the toady and the crawler, the seoinín and the slave.
The agitator for revenue came into power in the land.
It is not ancient history, but the history of yesterday that old Irish men and women would speak Irish to each other in the presence of their children, but if they caught son or daughter using the language the unfortunate child would receive a cuff on the ear accompanied with the adjuration:
“Speak English, you rascal; speak English like a gintleman!”
It is freely stated in Ireland that when the Protestant evangelisers, soupers they call them at home, issued tracts and Bibles in Irish in order to help the work of proselytising, the Catholic priesthood took advantage of the incident to warn their flocks against reading all literature in Gaelic. Thus still further discrediting the language.
I cannot conceive of a Socialist hesitating in his choice between a policy resulting in such self-abasement and a policy of defiant self-reliance and confident trust in a people's own power of self-emanciaption by a people.
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Comet Mission Set for Return to Earth Second Time NASA Has Tried to Retrieve Material From Space By NED POTTER Dec. 21, 2005 b - For seven years now, the little ship has wandered the inner solar system, working flawlessly despite the extremes of outer space. Its makers have called it Stardust -- inspired partly by a Joni Mitchell song, partly by its mission. Two years ago, it passed through the tail of a comet called Wild 2, gathering the tiny particles of ice and dust that pelted it at thousands of miles an hour.
Now comes the final challenge: It must return safely home.
In the early hours of Sunday, January 15, Stardust's sample-return capsule will come tearing into Earth's atmosphere at 28,800 miles an hour. Slowed by friction with the air, and then by parachute, it will land on the floor of the Utah desert, at the Dugway Proving Grounds, west of Salt Lake City.
Helicopters will follow it in the dark, carefully landing upwind of the little ship. They will carry it to a clean room, where it will be disassembled forshipment to a sealed laboratory in Houston.
That's what will happen if all goes well. But as often happens in space exploration, "if" is the key word.
This is only the second time since the Apollo moon landings that NASA has tried to bring anything back from deep space. The first time, in 2004, ended in near-disaster.
That probe, called Genesis, also featured a capsule returning to the Utah desert. But instead of wafting down under a parachute, the Genesis sample capsule came tumbling toward the ground at 400 miles an hour.
"We do not see a drogue chute. Negative drogue," reported a waiting controller, referring to the parachute that was supposed to slow the craft's reentry. v As mission scientists watched helplessly, the capsule crashed in the sand --the whole event perfectly framed by an automatic long-range tracking camera.
"Do you have an altitude?" asked a controller who could not see the pictures.
"That's impact, sir," came the irritated reply. "Ground level."
After months of painstaking work, scientists could finally identify cosmic particles collected in space and extract them from the wrecked capsule. An investigation concluded that small servos that controlled parachute release had been installed backward, years before when Genesis was assembled.
"I think the space business has humbled us occasionally," said Firouz Naderi of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Managers of the Stardust mission felt humble too; their ship, while designed differently, was already in space -- and if it was flawed, there might be no way to fix it.
"We went through a very rigorous and extensive process," said Ed Hirst, Stardust's mission system manager, "digging up the blueprints, going through all the testing that was done prelaunch." Hirst and his colleagues were at a news conference to preview the landing. "We're convinced that is not going to happen on Stardust."
But, he said, the 100-pound landing capsule is a complicated machine. "Bringing it home for the first time is the only way to test a system like this."
Older Than the Sun
What can get overlooked, amid the drama of the return, is why Stardust was sent into space in the first place.
"Our mission is called Stardust, in part because we believe some of the particles in the comet will, in fact, be older than the sun," said Don Brownlee of the University of Washington, the Principal Investigator for the mission.
"Comets may be responsible for bringing the oceans and atmosphere to early Earth," said Andrew Dantzler, who directs Solar System exploration for NASA.It is believed that after the sun and planets formed, the solar system was crowded with comets and other leftover debris, crashing frequently to Earth -- and perhaps carrying the chemical building blocks for life as it exists today.
Stardust came within 150 miles of its target comet, passing through its "coma," the cloud of dust and ice that surrounds it. As Brownlee pointed out, the comet has probably been spewing the same material for more than four and a half billion years. Having this material in the lab, scientists say, is well worth the $168 million the mission cost.
They will be out in the cold Utah night waiting for their ship, and Tom Duxbury, the project manager, said the streak of the re-entering capsule will be visible up and down the West Coast.
"We are coming in," he said, "faster than any man-made object has ever come in before."
Copyright B) 2005 ABC News Internet Ventures
(Contributed by Julius Mills)
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Workshop: "Temporality of Sacred Spaces in Antiquity"
November 2, 2022 – November 4, 2022
Organizers: Prof. Dr. Monika Trümper (Freie Universität Berlin), Dr. Chiara Blasetti Fantauzzi (Freie Universität Berlin / Einstein Center Chronoi), Dr. Cinzia Pappi (Freie Universität Berlin / Einstein Center Chronoi)
Venue: Einstein Center Chronoi
Sacred spaces are defined by each society according to their cultural processes, as well as by their
political and social environment. They are characterized by location and temporality, combining both
the perception of a sacred place, as a human built environment, and the temporality of ritual activities.
Ritually defined spaces are strictly related to temporal units, of different extension, related either to
the developments of local cultic calendars or to wider socio-political contexts. Temporally fixed ritual
performances involve both spatial shifts and coexistence or, sometimes, exclusion of sacred spaces,
e.g. seasonal function of specific sacred spaces, such as extra-muros cultic places, palatial areas,
combined with temporally limited or unlimited fruition of sacred spaces, e.g. persistence or changes
in the fruition of cultic centers, driven by changes of the cultural landscape.
Cultic places, e.g. single temples, palatial chapels, or templar complexes, combined with the
complexity of religious activities in which they are performed, served not only as places of
communication with gods, but also as places of social and political relevance, shaped mainly by the
political developments and by several socio-economic factors. Investigations of such a complexity of
aspects under the perspective of the long durée contributed to the development of several models of cultural resilience, defined not only by temporal continuity, expressed in different ways of
appropriation and adaptation, but also marked by states of temporal or definitive abandonment.
At the same time, the concept of temporality encompasses that of synchronicity and asynchronicity.
The (a)synchronous fruition of sacred places by different ethnic groups, as reflected in cyclic ritual
activities, votive offerings, and epigraphic evidence, as well as the (a)synchronous development of
cultic mobility and spatial displacement of cults.
The workshop aims to focus on different aspects of temporality of sacred spaces and attempts to
compare a selection of case-studies from different contexts of the Mediterranean Area and the Middle East.
The program will be available soon, please check back for updates. | <urn:uuid:1daf7717-8e0f-4e4f-a4b6-74924c4dac88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ec-chronoi.de/Events/0fc6bbb4-c865-4e79-93e7-c4f689f314df | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.90074 | 558 | 1.757813 | 2 |
People who wait to have sex until their 20s or beyond are more likely to suffer from sexual dysfunction later in life, scientists say. In particular, men who lose their virginity in their 20s tend to experience later sex-related troubles, ABC News reports. The delay doesn't necessarily cause the difficulty, according to a new study: "Men with sexual problems may avoid sexual interactions and consequently start later."
Still, sexuality experts, while noting that having sex too early carries problems of its own, said the study could be provocative. "It suggests that sexual experimentation is a normal developmental process, and when this process is inhibited or not guided, there can be poor sexual health outcomes," said one. The conclusions come from a study in the American Journal of Public Health. | <urn:uuid:fd62d2f4-5dd4-4d58-84d5-ebf638c0bb5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newser.com/story/12916/twentysomething-virgins-risk-later-sex-problems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00100-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973626 | 154 | 2.234375 | 2 |
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Hypocretins (Hcrts) are two secreted neuropeptides, hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2 that are cleaved from a prepropetide precursor. The locus coeruleus (LC) is adjacent to the fourth ventricle in the brainstem and contains neurons that synthetize the monoamine norepinephrine. Interestingly, physical lesions of the LC do not elicit consistent changes in cortical EEG or behavioral indices of arousal. Optogenetics is a technology in which a genetically encoded neuromodulatory actuator(s) is expressed in a targeted cell type of interest and activated by a specific wavelength of light. Optogenetics has allowed us to make major advances in our understanding of the Hcrt and LC systems, and this technology is applied to dissect other arousal systems as well. The ability to target and selectively manipulate Hcrt and LC neurons allows us the opportunity to study these nuclei in different contexts including rodent models of food intake, addiction, stress, attention, and male sexual arousal. | <urn:uuid:e7c5b074-2108-4e5f-8ca1-453b5b5931b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Paul%20Salin&eventCode=SE-AU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.895877 | 439 | 1.546875 | 2 |
LA PLATA, Md. (August 26, 2010)—Tim LaBelle took center stage in his new classroom Aug. 16, two weeks before his theater students will begin filling the North Point High School auditorium. He wasnt the teacher yet, but still playing the part of a student learning a final lesson from one of Charles County Public Schools (CCPS) top teachers.
One of 164 new CCPS teachers, LaBelle was helping Charles Countys Agnes Meyer Outstanding Teacher, Jill Jowdy, demonstrate the power of words and the importance of how teachers use them. With outstretched arms, LaBelle stood fast as Jowdy tried to bend his arms. But when she asked him if he thought his dress was appropriate for the occasion, he immediately lost confidence and the ability to hold his arms up. How you say something to a student, Jowdy said, makes all the difference.
Charles County Public Schools kicked off the new school year with a back-to-school leadership conference for principals and vice principals the second week of August and new teachers arrived Aug. 16 for orientation. Returning teachers started Aug. 24 and the school year officially starts Aug. 30 when students again fill the classrooms.
Charles County Public Schools Teacher of the Year, Mark Howell, called elementary teachers, especially those teaching kindergarten and first graders to read, the backbone of any school system, and outlined his 31-year career that started in elementary school, continued in middle school and led to his last 17 years as a social studies teacher at Westlake High School. He left teachers with five points: be a professional; be a planner; be positive; be proactive and be patient. You are going to learn a lot this year, and some of what you learn will be from your students.
At the new teacher orientation, there were 21 elementary, 38 middle school, 51 high school, 45 special education and five resource teachers as well as four school counselors. The school system also hired six speech pathologists and occupational therapists, for a total of 170 new hires. As of last week, there were still four middle school vacancies and six special education openings.
Following a morning of fine arts performances by students, new teachers attended benefits sessions and equity training. It wasnt just administrators that shared messages with new teachers. North Point student Gaston Lopez told teachers they have the potential to enrich the lives of their students. Teachers, he said, need to make a connection between their students lives and what they are learning.
Superintendent James E. Richmond urged new teachers to ask for help. Ask
ask those who have experience. Lean on us, he said. He also reminded teachers that reading and reading comprehension are essential for students to learn and technology is a strong tool, but it does not replace a good teacher. Ive never seen any resource that is better than a good teacher, he concluded.
Board of Education chairman Roberta S. Wise addressed the group and advised the teachers to enjoy their experiences and remember the impact they will have on their students. Forty-five years ago, I was where you are today scared to death. But I fell in love with the classroom... There is nothing more invigorating and I loved every moment, she said.
Source: Charles County Public Schools (CCPS) | <urn:uuid:8366bc4b-f07d-42d2-ab5f-aad240a4053c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://somd.com/news/headlines/2010/12314.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00489-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974998 | 672 | 1.53125 | 2 |
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