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This article explains the theory of Repetitive Deficit in a practical way. After reading you will understand the basics of this powerful change management tool.
What is Repetitive Deficit
Processes in changing organisations are very similar despite of the differences in branches. This occurring phenomenon is called the Repetitive Deficit.
The experience stems from such different branches as career services, quality assurance in higher education, library branch, arts education, government, weeklies and assurance.
Repetitive Deficit in practice
Employees, in this situation mostly highly educated professionals, have to change behaviour in connection with the new order. Some do not bother.
The new behaviour is easily produced on behalf of their understanding and convinced of the new situation and their will to be a part of it. They are energized and are reviving.
They proclaim to understand that they are not mad after all, in order to point out their frustration in the old days.
Others on the other hand fall back to old standards and cannot internalise the new ones. They work hard, get entangled and do wrong. Of course we do confront them, stimulate them and give them time and opportunities. But when it does not work out there is this inevitable moment of take one’s leave.
In this situation we assume the employee is good willing, was highly rewarded in the former days, and – to a certain extend – tried to show new behaviour. Nevertheless it is not enough.
In words of drama: the repertoire is not there. Nowadays we know from psychology that not everyone is able to learn certain tasks and we that stress provokes regressive behaviour.
The manager experiences that the employee does not understand, is filled with indignation, and gets angry on you. Do not blame yourself, the employee is projecting his deficit on you, before you arrived everything was all right!
He was highly appreciated. Since this outsider came in everything is changed. And mind you: this is all correct…isn’t it?
If he really understood the new course, if he really embraced it by mind and by heart, than his behaviour would have changed. Now this isn’t the case he regresses to old standards and idealizes the behaviour that complies with them.
Moreover he points out his former contributions and the years he contributed to the organisation (as if effort is more accountable than result).
His deficit hinders him to behave in the new way and is the obstruction to see that the time to leave has come, that he is the owner of the deficit, that his convictions are based on self defence, and that he’s better off in another situation where his competences are paying etc. etc..
In the end it is the same deficit that – in these following phases – obstructs him. That’s why I called it the repetitive deficit.
The employee will understand that his decision is about to be made.
There are two possible approaches to turn the situation around:
The collective approach
Hire an highly valued outsider that – in an intensive setting of two days –elaborates the principles behind the new business model with the professionals. In his words cause your words are worn out.
At the end they make a presentation for you. There were some beautiful results to report with this approach.
The individual approach
Let an confidential agent have an consult were the future and the happiness of the professional are the focus.
It’s Your Turn
What do you think? Do you recognize the practical explanation about Repetitive Deficit or do you have any additions? What are your success factors for a organizational culture change?
Share your experience and knowledge in the comments box below.
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Editor's Note: Please welcome Helana Brigman, a Maine-bred, Louisiana-based author, columnist, and photographer who spent her summer researching a lobster boat in Port Clyde, Maine, as part of a project on the Maine lobstering industry. She documented many of the challenges and triumphs of the season on her blog, Dances with Lobsters: Clearly Delicious Recipes from the Coast of Maine to the Gulf of New Orleans, but now she's compiled her experiences into a comprehensive narrative. Last week we looked at the numbers game that dictates the lobstering industry, and today we're learning about the physical realities of life on the boat and five essential tips for using Maine lobsters.
Growing up in Maine, I have always found lobstermen to be intimidating figures. They were big men who handled snapping sea creatures, most often seen on their boats, fighting the weather.
But it takes more than applying for a fishing license to trap off the coast of Maine. One element of Thompson's success is that he was born into a family that has fished the Port Clyde area for two centuries. Being a lobsterman from an old family typically gives him access to some of Maine's most coveted waters. Centuries of fishing have taught men where to look for lobsters and how to think like the Homarus Americanus.
Today, successful trapping requires a masterful blend of ancestral and technical knowledge. In addition, a lobsterman's ability to keep up with the possible effects of global warming and damaging species like "gorilla hair" (a thick brown algae that weighs down traps and tangles gear) is also a plus.
When asked about his family's ties to the fishing industry, Thompson proudly admits that a huge part of what he knows about lobstering has been passed down to him from his father and grandfather. "By the time I was fourteen, I already had my own boat in the water and some of my father's old traps," he explains.
For Thompson, these are the perks of being born into a fishing family, but for the stern men on his boat, even being as established as "third-generation" can indicate a lack of necessary skills for life on the water. Because so much of what lobstermen do is learned firsthand, shared, and inherited, fishermen hoping to join the likes of the Maine lobster industry must pay their dues and fight for admittance into an already insular community. In fact, "lobster gangs" and territory wars are a fact of life amongst these densely populated pockets along the Maine coast. "Trap-Cutting Feuds" makeup regular local media stories and often revolve around the same issue: someone fishing in someone else's waters.
There are no schools for lobstering. "I've been through 14 stern men since January," Thompson announces, wrinkling his brow. Since starting this piece, I've seen Ruthless's second stern man turn over twice, and there's much speculation as to whether the iPod-wearing twenty-year-old "kid," Chris, he just hired will be able to finish the summer.
"He's just unprepared for class," Thompson explains after hauling. He's referring to Chris's poor attire, granola bars for lunch, and the ear buds he wears when baiting traps. "Unprepared for class" might also mean failing to have "sea legs," easily becoming sick, disliking long hours, complaining of sunburn, or not owning a poncho, gloves, or pair of boots.
"This was my first day even touching the traps," Chris says. "Or the lobsters," he adds, lighting a cigarette. Later, Chris tells Thompson he's never spent so much time working with his hands, except for video games. Thompson is not amused.
But despite Chris's lack of experience, Thompson might have underestimated him. The second Ruthless docks at Port Clyde Lobster, he hustles to transfer their haul from blue water tanks to orange bins, sorting hard shells from soft and "select" lobsters. "Ow!" bursts from Chris's direction as he shakes his hand rapidly above the tanks. A hard shell's walking legs have pinched through the stern man's gloves.
Erupting in laughter, Thompson and his first stern man joke, "It pinched you, eh?" as they poke fun at his beginner status. When the jokes subside, Thompson's good-humored smile transforms into a hard, stern look when he scolds the boy for sorting incorrectly. Picking up a robust hard shell Chris has placed in the wrong barrel, Thompson flips the lobster onto its back, points to the knuckles, and says, "Look, see how this joint moves little when you flex it? That's a hard shell."
Chris nods his head in agreement, but I can tell he's failing to see the significance. He's still recovering from the pincher claw, an incident that, by now, has occurred several times. It is clear that Thompson expects his stern men to learn the tricks from firsthand experience, rarely cutting anyone slack. Working on a lobster boat means being a lobsterman, not the twenty-year-old "kid" you were on shore.
"I know I'm hard on him, but it just seems so clear to me," Thompson remarks after hauling that day. If Chris had made this mistake half a dozen times, then he could have cost the boat anywhere from forty to fifty dollars. At $4.10/lb., hard shells are worth twice what soft shells receive at the wharf, an important detail to keep in mind as a Maine lobsterman.*
*Note: 4.10/lb. reflect July 2013 prices at Port Clyde Lobster Wharf. Pricing has gone up since this time.
Two months have passed since I first watched Justin Thompson haul a rusted metal trap aboard the Ruthless. The Atlantic's temperature has dropped to the 50s, and Maine lobsters have begun their migratory crawl to darker, more temperate waters. At the Port Clyde Lobster wharf, prices have jumped across the board, reflecting decreases in soft shell lobsters and a sign that summer must come to an end. Like the seasons, the Maine lobsterman follows a system of change, tracking valuable—although less and less rare—resources and making them available at my local market and yours.
Speaking with these men, experiencing life on their boat, and studying the Maine lobster industry has taught me a lot, but most importantly, it has taught me the value of taking advantage of our natural resources, whatever they may be. What's "affordable, fresh, and available" has long been my motto when cooking, and I find the glut of the Maine lobster and the hard-working lobsterman a lesson in food trends around America. That Maine lobster is born of long-held food traditions, and Mother Nature's ability to grow and breed may be an analogy for your state's changing food traditions, too.
After all, indulging in what's abundant and available is what made Maine lobster great—and later, what allowed it to become a kind of expensive, less accessible seafood that few people had the privilege to enjoy. Although these numbers are changing today, it may be time to rethink the abundance of the Maine lobster. So the next time you're planning menus or grocery shopping, seek out not what is missing, but what is already there. And, while you're at it, check out the price of Maine lobsters.
5 Essential Tips for Making Use of Maine Lobsters
You don't need to spend time on a commercial fishing boat to learn lobstermen's secrets for selecting and cooking Maine lobster at home. Here are five no-fail tips.
- Be Sexist: Gender affects everything when choosing live Maine lobsters. Typically, males will have larger claws and females will have wider—possibly, larger—tails. Because of time spent fighting other males, male lobsters develop oversized crusher and pincher claws that yield far more tender, sweet lobster meat that's less likely to shrink down when cooking. Similarly, females grow wider tales for mating purposes, a tip to keep in mind when looking for thicker, meatier hunks of lobster meat for your recipes. But, if toughness is an issue for you, don't be afraid to ask for male lobsters over female ones.
- Use Everything: Some of the best parts of lobsters are what we tend to throw away. After picking the shells clean, you can recycle lobster heads, claws, knuckles, and tails by converting them into homemade stocks for soups, stews, and sauces. I always compare this tip to well-done recipes for Vietnamese pho: like the bone marrow necessary for flavoring an authentic broth, so too do Maine lobster shells pack serious flavor. Loaded with salty, seafood goodness, shellfish leftovers should be boiled with a mirepoix (onions, carrots, and celery), herbs, and enough water to cover.
- Cut Unnecessary Sodium: Brining is a hot button issue with everything from corn to Thanksgiving turkeys. When boiling Maine lobster, locals suggest heavily salting the water so it tastes like the sea, or using fresh seawater if you can get it. However, Serious Eats taste tests have shown that Maine lobster packs enough flavor from time spent in the ocean and requires no extra salting. Do yourself a favor and cut the unnecessary sodium here.
- Avoid Over-Cooking: Nothing is worse than over-cooked meat, especially shellfish, which takes on a rubbery quality if exposed to heat for prolonged periods. Fortunately, lobster meat is relatively easy and quick to cook. For hard shell lobsters, add lobsters to boiling water and wait until steam begins to escape from under the lid. At this point, set your timer for 17 to 18 minutes. For soft shells, set your timer for 15 minutes. To test if the lobster is done, check the two frontal antennae. If they've already fallen off or remove easily when pulled, then the lobster is done. But if they still possess some give, continue cooking for several minutes until the antennae remove easily. Here's more on how to cook and shuck a lobster.
- Be Prepared (to Make a Mess): First-time lobster eaters might wonder what the red and white bib is really about—lobsters, in one word, are messy. After they've been boiled, steamed, or baked, they still possess a relatively high amount of liquid from both cooking and life under the sea. When cracking the shell, always have a bowl handy to crack over. The biggest mistake first-time lobster diners make is eating over a flat plate, which will instantly pool with liquid (this is especially bad if tearing into a soft shell for the first time, which has more space between the meat and shell to contain liquid). This way, you keep your plate relatively clean and can save the liquid as a flavoring agent/ingredient for seafood stock or other recipes.
About the Author: Helana Brigman is a food writer, photographer, cook, and the creator of the award-winning blog Dances with Lobsters: Clearly Delicious Recipes from the Coast of Maine to the Gulf of New Orleans. She writes the "Fresh Ideas" column for Louisiana's state newspaper, The Advocate, and is the author of the book, The Fresh Table: Cooking in Louisiana All Year Round (LSU Press, 2013). A doctoral candidate in English, Brigman lives in Baton Rouge with her dog Cara, where she writes and cooks. She is currently finishing her second book, Salt for Pepper: Cooking Up the Victorian Recipe. Follower her on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, Tumblr, and Instagram. | <urn:uuid:f9788621-7afc-4413-9c31-40914fb91c84> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.seriouseats.com/2013/09/considering-the-lobsterman-welcome-to-lobster-school-five-essential-tips.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963952 | 2,410 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Phlebotomy is the procedure of taking out a patient's blood meant for testing, experimentation or for blood assessment. You might be interested to get involved with phlebotomy if you're a person who wants an exciting career in the medical industry and isn't frightened or sickened together with the idea of dealing with blood. Once you've chose to obtain your own http://www.ephlebotomytechnician.com certification, it's about time for you to find a very good phlebotomy school that may work for you. There are numerous phlebotomy colleges that basically provide phlebotomy certification. In finding the right school, you must think about things like for example the place in the institution, simply how much does it financially impact you, the convenience it may provide you with and the importance of your certificate.
First of all, you need to do an investigation about the phlebotomy institution that you are considering. You must discover how their program works, just like how much time would it require to finish off the course, know more regarding their curriculum, faculty and the how much would it set you back to have the phlebotomy class. Based on the recent research, it has been determined that there will be a rising need for phlebotomists in the next several years. What you will be required to have to obtain a career as a phlebotomist is actually a bachelor degree in Science plus a phlebotomy course. This specified requirement has triggered the escalating range of phlebotomy schools who's today offering to provide phlebotomy certification.
Phlebotomist training systems are available simply by some phlebotomy academic institutions for many who contain the interest in joining the medical care industry. Students in phlebotomy courses are taught through the school on how to collect blood not to mention process it. Other than that, students are also trained about CPR. Simply, a college for phlebotomy would be the foundation of just how much students could grasp the nature of phlebotomy and just how it functions within the health care industry.
Besides the phlebotomy programs supplied by the phlebotomy schools, furthermore, they provide programs for EKG. You can certainly find employment in clinics, hospitals, blood banks or any health department whenever you have finished any of the programs. In phlebotomy programs, training is much more on how you really perform the job instead of the theoretical part of the course. It is because being a phlebotomist demands a good skill in performing the duties inside an actual workplace. | <urn:uuid:1fb4a4eb-1af3-4884-86cc-e47edfe5c4cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://en.netlog.com/shannonlara/blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00353-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968271 | 534 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The State of Pennsylvania is in he midst of giving serious consideration to how it can change its laws concerning access to alcohol. The state of Pennsylvania is the only retailer of wine in the state. One must go to wine stores run by the state to pick up your bottle of Cab, Pinot, Chard or any other wine you want. This is bad for competition, selection and pricing. Additionally, residents of PA can’t purchase and have wine sent to them from out of state wine store and out of sate wineries. This too may change this year.
Here is an interview with AWCC’s Executive Director Tom Wark, conducted by the Commonwealth Foundation in which these matters are explored. Take a watch. | <urn:uuid:c07f50cb-3ad8-4e14-860d-1210eb9086b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wineconsumers.org/the-move-to-help-pennsylvania-wine-consumers-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972529 | 148 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The medal is made of a bronze stamp. The obverse of the medal in the center depicts the symbol of the Dutch National Socialist movement on a swastika and the inscription - "Lotsverbondenheid 10-14 Mei 1940". The reverse bears the slogans - "Dietschers en Duitschers", "Saamgedreven Door het Lot Vereend in Gevaar", "Verbonden in de Toekomst".
Diameter: 40 mm
The safety is good.
This medal was awarded to members of the NSB and German citizens interned by the Dutch government during the German invasion from 10 to 14 May 1940. Elements of the medal, such as the Wolfsengel rune and the Nazi swastika with an intertwined chain, as well as the inscription on the back of the medal, were supposed to emphasize the NSB's connection with the German Reich. To this end, they awarded three gold awards to such figures as Seyss-Inquart, Schmidt and Hauptmann Siebel. | <urn:uuid:6c3d2544-8507-4eda-b41b-5b3ec5771810> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://derkrieg.com/shop/germaniya/nagrady-germanii/nastolnye-medali/1895649-Medal-Gollandskogo-natsional-sotsialisticheskogo-dvizheniya-NSB.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.934247 | 211 | 2.5 | 2 |
Childhood obesity is reaching epidemic proportions here in America and in response 19 chain restaurants have announced that they will start including healthier items on their children’s menus. But that doesn’t mean that French fries and burgers are going anywhere and just because you put apples on a fast food menu does it really mean that anyone is going to order them?
Childhood Obesity by the Numbers
- 1 in 3 Children in America is overweight
- According to the CDC almost 20% of children are obese
- 50% of overweight children are overweight before the age of 2
- Over 30% of children are now expected to develop diabetes during their lifetime
- 1/3 of infants and toddlers have zero servings of fruit and vegetables on any given day
- Obesity and inactivity kill almost half a million Americans each year
- On average children spend 5 ½ hours a day on sedentary media related activities
In response to these alarming numbers and the increasingly hostile public perception of fast food, The National Restaurant Association is trying to step in line with current dietary guidelines. New menus will feature more whole grains, lean proteins, fruits and vegetables featured prominently alongside more traditional offerings. These items will also contain less sodium, calories and fat. To be included in the program each restaurant must have at least one combo meal that totals 600 calories or less and contain one side dish that has less than 200 calories.
What to Expect
With some 16,000 restaurant locations participating expect to not only see new menu items but to have healthy options displayed more prominently as well. Burger King for example has reduced the sodium content of their chicken nuggets and is having its staff suggest apple “fries” instead of traditional ones. IHOP is now limiting all of its children’s meals to 600 calories and is promoting dishes like fruit pancakes and scrambled eggs with fruit. In the past there has usually been one or two healthy options hidden amidst all the junk food but with this new initiative their will be a wide variety of healthy option and encouragement from the establishments themselves to choose the higher quality item.
Can it Work
At the end of the day you can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him drink may apply to these menu changes. While some go to fast food chains out of convenience many go because they like high fat, high calorie salty food. Just because you put apples on the menu doesn’t mean children will no longer beg for fries. Ultimately it’s going to be up to parents to ensure that their children are eating properly, not just at restaurants but all day every day. | <urn:uuid:9c402d8f-2279-46df-bbab-3944f1bec9f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kwikmed.com/restaurants-prepare-to-launch-new-healthy-childrens-menus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.960438 | 530 | 2.5 | 2 |
Be aware: Google has introduced a new campaign type that will replace Smart Shopping: Performance Max Campaign (PMC). All Smart Shopping Campaigns will automatically be migrated to PMCs, starting July 2022.
Read more about Performance Max here, or download our whitepaper for more in-depth information.
What is a POAS target?
Before I go deeper into the buckets method, I will first discuss the POAS (“profit method”), which you may already be familiar with. POAS also stands for Profit On Ad Spend.
With a POAS target, you look at the profitability of your ads, in contrast to a ROAS objective, where you look at the sometimes “misleading” revenue from ads. I call this misleading because you can perform quite well on the basis of turnover, but you can ultimately suffer a loss.
Take a look at the calculation example below. The gross margin of both handbags is the turnover excluding VAT, minus purchase costs, shipping costs and payment costs. However, advertising costs have not yet been included.
If you then subtract the advertising costs from the gross margin, you arrive at a net margin, which on the left comes to -825 euros and on the right to +1665 euros.
ROAS versus POAS
If you look at the ROAS and POAS results in the calculation example above, you might have stopped ad B based on ROAS. That would be a good choice if you are looking at sales, but if you look at the profitability of the ads, you see that ad B (POAS> 100%) wins over ad A.
POAS <100%, in the case of ad A, means that your gross margin is less than your Ads’ costs and that you are therefore at a loss. POAS> 100%, on the other hand, means that you are making a profit.
Note: the term gross margin is interpreted in different ways by marketers; sometimes, for example, as a metric where the shipping costs are not yet taken off. Do you want to understand this method properly? Then it is important that you interpret the terms in the way that I use them in this article.
Bucket = Performance Max campaign
Now that you understand POAS, I can move on to buckets. For that I will first go to Google’s advice: Google recommends creating Performance Max campaigns based on margin%.
After all, for products with a low margin%, you want to offer less (or: set a higher ROAS target) than for products with a high margin%.
Performance Max campaigns, classified on the basis of products with an equal order margin%, are translated as buckets. These are flexible (profit) buckets in which you place products with the same gross order margin%, or gross order margin / turnover of order (both excluding VAT).
If we go back to the example with the handbags and apply the above calculation to it, the ad with handbag B would end up in a bucket where the following gross margin% of 42% fits, because:
6165 / (18000 – 3200) * 100% = 42%
You prefer not to have a separate bucket for each gross margin%, so it is advisable to make a division into ranges. You can have 8 buckets, but also 3. It is important that the layout fits your business.
Each profit bucket (i.e., Performance Max campaign) then receives its own ROAS target, which is based on the gross margin%.
Note: This concerns orders from advertisement with equal margin%
Note, the most important thing is that you base this gross margin% on the orders resulting from the advertisement of the product. The product you sell is not always the product you advertise on. You can find out more about that in this blog entry on cross and upsell insights.
If we are going to portray the above story, it looks like this:
Buckets for Search Campaigns
Good to know: Buckets can also be used for Search Campaigns, but not per product, but per keyword.
Instead of classifying products based on gross margin%, you can also determine the gross margin% for each keyword and thus create the bucket classification. A ROAS target is then set for each bucket.
In practice, you often take the gross margin% of the campaign or multiple campaigns together, instead of the gross margin% of a keyword. This is preferred because with Search, it is less easy to move keywords to another bucket. You advertise not only on products, but also on brands, product types, etc. (You could also adjust your campaign structure to your gross margin%, but you will prefer not to do this too often, because this takes a lot of time.)
How do you use ROAS correctly?
The ROAS objective is often a “given” that is adjusted by a marketer with the aim of, for example, generating more sales or reducing costs. However, this can be used in a much better way.
Ideally, a bucket with a high gross margin% will have a lower ROAS target than a bucket with a low gross margin%.
As you may know, a ROAS target is actually always indirectly based on the gross margin%.
For example, if a bucket has a gross margin% of 20%, then you want to be able to pay your Ads costs from that 20% margin and probably still have some left over. So for every euro you spend in Ads, you want at least 5 back.
If you look at the image above, in the case of a 20% margin, it corresponds to a ROAS target of at least 500%, because 1 / 0.20 * 100% = 500%. This way you can also calculate that for the green and blue bucket.
How does the Google bid simulator work?
I’m now going to make the switch to Google’s bid simulator. The Google bid simulator can provide insight into how different objectives can influence your traffic for different ROAS objectives of one Performance Max Campaign (bucket).
For example, the bid simulator looks like this for the blue bucket:
The Google Ads bid simulator shows how changes to ROAS targets can affect campaign performance.
In this example, you can see that the current ROAS target is 500%. By lowering the target to, say, 460%, Google expects you to get around 8,000 additional clicks for just over $6,000 in costs and nearly 200 additional conversions.
Improve Google bid simulator in 2 steps
As you saw in the image above, the Google bid simulator is about conversion value, but not about profit. You want to set the ROAS objective in such a way that the net margin / profit (or gross margin minus ads costs) is the maximum you can achieve.
To do this, you must first take two steps:
1) Improve conversion value
Google wants to simplify its service and keep it simple to be able to serve as many parties as possible with automation. It is good to know that the conversion value in Ads depends on your implementation.
For example, the conversion value including or excluding VAT can be used here, but the shipping fee (what the customer pays) can also be included by Google or not.
My advice is to at least optimize this conversion value, which you do by setting the conversion value ex. VAT as a starting point and also by processing cancellations and returns. These are almost never corrected in Ads.
Also, the conversion value in the bid simulator does not consider the conversion rate change when lowering or increasing the goals.
The conversion rate will be lower when the ROAS target is lowered because you will be shown more with generic, and often less converting, search terms and vice versa.
For these reasons, I recommend calculating the conversion value yourself, by determining and combining the following factors separately:
- The conversion rate;
- The average conversion value per conversion;
- The number of clicks from the bid simulator.
2) Add POAS margin information
By subsequently adding POAS data to the bucket and combining this with the improved conversion value, you can predict what the net margin will be for the various ROAS objectives.
POAS data is about gross margin data: including purchase costs, shipping costs, etc.
The net margin is the gross margin minus the Ads costs: decreasing the ROAS target will increase the Ads costs and increasing the ROAS target will decrease the Ads costs. You would therefore prefer to increase your net margin.
25,000 more turnover due to 2000 less margin
In the example below, you can see the blue bucket with 40% margin again, but in combination with the Google bid simulator, improved in the above way. Pay attention to the 10 colored boxes, which I will explain below:
In the example above, 500% is the starting situation of this marketer (see dark blue boxes).
As you can see, the net margin has reached the optimum with a ROAS target of 550% (see green boxes). You can set this optimum, but you can also choose to settle for less margin but more turnover, for example, with a target of 420% (see yellow boxes).
At EUR 2000 less margin (EUR 33076: orange box) than the margin at the optimum (EUR 35050: green box), the conversion value will increase by almost EUR 25,000 (see two light blue boxes).
What a top insight, isn’t it? You could never have known this without adding this data. I don’t know whether that would also be the best outcome for you. What is best is different for every organization, depending on your KPIs.
Please note: these figures are less reliable when lowering / increasing the ROAS target in large steps. Google, as you know, is not very good at dealing with extreme changes (it is then more difficult to achieve objectives), so ideally you better move towards the optimum in small steps.
How can you apply the above principle yourself?
A very basic version of the above principle is not difficult to implement. It can be achieved by, for example, creating buckets based on product margins, followed by finding the optimal ROAS target using the bid simulator.
Please note that this can deviate strongly from reality. In such a basic version, you assume that the product that is advertised will also be bought. But in many cases, the order contains products other than the one advertised, as I explained above. As a result, the gross margin% of the order will probably be different from the gross margin% of the product.
It is also not easy to include cancellations and return dates in such a basic version and the gross margin% is less reliable. With a small difference in gross margin%, the optimum of the net margin can be completely different. It is therefore advisable to include the order data (preferably including returns, etc.) in determining the optimal ROAS target.
To make the above clear, you need at least knowledge of different data sources and how to link them together. Data science certainly comes into play here.
Conclusion: Use automation in the ultimate way
I will summarise everything briefly and succinctly:
By including ROAS and POAS objectives, you can steer on net margin, turnover or both. Depending on what fits the KPIs of your organization.
PPC management software automatically adds improved insights to Google’s bid simulator through the use of data science.
Does this all sound like a far-off show? In any case, start with step 1 from this article: making your POAS transparent. A small step in the right direction, but already extremely valuable in automation. | <urn:uuid:75269dbf-090c-4f94-81f7-cbecb4158fc6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adchieve.com/en/blog/google-ads-bid-simulator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.92827 | 2,396 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Hong Kong's annual inflation accelerated as expected for March, the Census and Statistics Department said Monday.
The composite consumer price index rose 4.9 percent year-on-year in March, in line with expectations, up from 4.7 percent in February.
Netting out the effects of all government's one-off relief measures, underlying inflation was 5.6 percent, also larger than that the 5.4 percent in February.
Looking ahead, with imported inflation gradually receding upon the peaking of global food and commodity prices last year and with a slowing local economy, inflation should come down further in the period ahead, a government spokesman said.
by RTT Staff Writer
For comments and feedback: email@example.com
What parts of the world are seeing the best (and worst) economic performances lately? Click here to check out our Econ Scorecard and find out! See up-to-the-moment rankings for the best and worst performers in GDP, unemployment rate, inflation and much more. | <urn:uuid:f8dbafcf-8b60-4650-bd42-f66bc6de2753> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.rttnews.com/1865265/hong-kong-inflation-rises-in-march.aspx?type=aeco&SimRec=2&Node= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00178-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934149 | 210 | 1.867188 | 2 |
The DICT Development Group
6 definitions found
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 :
Pass \Pass\ (p[.a]s, p[a^]s), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Passed; p.
pr. & vb. n. Passing.] [F. passer, LL. passare, fr. L.
passus step, or from pandere, passum, to spread out, lay
open. See Pace.]
1. To go; to move; to proceed; to be moved or transferred
from one point to another; to make a transit; -- usually
with a following adverb or adverbal phrase defining the
kind or manner of motion; as, to pass on, by, out, in,
etc.; to pass swiftly, directly, smoothly, etc.; to pass
to the rear, under the yoke, over the bridge, across the
field, beyond the border, etc. "But now pass over [i. e.,
pass on]." --Chaucer.
On high behests his angels to and fro
Passed frequent. --Milton.
Sweet sounds rose slowly through their mouths,
And from their bodies passed. --Coleridge.
2. To move or be transferred from one state or condition to
another; to change possession, condition, or
circumstances; to undergo transition; as, the business has
passed into other hands.
Others, dissatisfied with what they have, . . . pass
from just to unjust. --Sir W.
3. To move beyond the range of the senses or of knowledge; to
pass away; hence, to disappear; to vanish; to depart;
specifically, to depart from life; to die.
Disturb him not, let him pass paceably. --Shak.
Beauty is a charm, but soon the charm will pass.
The passing of the sweetest soul
That ever looked with human eyes. --Tennyson.
4. To move or to come into being or under notice; to come and
go in consciousness; hence, to take place; to occur; to
happen; to come; to occur progressively or in succession;
to be present transitorily.
So death passed upon all men. --Rom. v. 12.
Our own consciousness of what passes within our own
mind. --I. Watts.
5. To go by or glide by, as time; to elapse; to be spent; as,
their vacation passed pleasantly.
Now the time is far passed. --Mark vi. 35
6. To go from one person to another; hence, to be given and
taken freely; as, clipped coin will not pass; to obtain
general acceptance; to be held or regarded; to circulate;
to be current; -- followed by for before a word denoting
value or estimation. "Let him pass for a man." --Shak.
False eloquence passeth only where true is not
This will not pass for a fault in him. --Atterbury.
7. To advance through all the steps or stages necessary to
validity or effectiveness; to be carried through a body
that has power to sanction or reject; to receive
legislative sanction; to be enacted; as, the resolution
passed; the bill passed both houses of Congress.
8. To go through any inspection or test successfully; to be
approved or accepted; as, he attempted the examination,
but did not expect to pass.
9. To be suffered to go on; to be tolerated; hence, to
continue; to live along. "The play may pass." --Shak.
10. To go unheeded or neglected; to proceed without hindrance
or opposition; as, we let this act pass.
11. To go beyond bounds; to surpass; to be in excess. [Obs.]
"This passes, Master Ford." --Shak.
12. To take heed; to care. [Obs.]
As for these silken-coated slaves, I pass not.
13. To go through the intestines. --Arbuthnot.
14. (Law) To be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or
other instrument of conveyance; as, an estate passes by a
certain clause in a deed. --Mozley & W.
15. (Fencing) To make a lunge or pass; to thrust.
16. (Card Playing) To decline to play in one's turn; in
euchre, to decline to make the trump.
She would not play, yet must not pass. --Prior.
To bring to pass, To come to pass. See under Bring, and
To pass away, to disappear; to die; to vanish. "The heavens
shall pass away." --2 Pet. iii. 10. "I thought to pass
away before, but yet alive I am." --Tennyson.
To pass by, to go near and beyond a certain person or
place; as, he passed by as we stood there.
To pass into, to change by a gradual transmission; to blend
or unite with.
To pass on, to proceed.
To pass on or To pass upon.
(a) To happen to; to come upon; to affect. "So death
passed upon all men." --Rom. v. 12. "Provided no
indirect act pass upon our prayers to define them."
(b) To determine concerning; to give judgment or sentence
upon. "We may not pass upon his life." --Shak.
To pass off, to go away; to cease; to disappear; as, an
agitation passes off.
To pass over, to go from one side or end to the other; to
cross, as a river, road, or bridge.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 :
Pass \Pass\, v. t.
1. In simple, transitive senses; as:
(a) To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like; to
proceed from one side to the other of; as, to pass a
house, a stream, a boundary, etc.
(b) Hence: To go from one limit to the other of; to spend;
to live through; to have experience of; to undergo; to
suffer. "To pass commodiously this life." --Milton.
She loved me for the dangers I had passed.
(c) To go by without noticing; to omit attention to; to
take no note of; to disregard.
Please you that I may pass This doing. --Shak.
I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array.
(d) To transcend; to surpass; to excel; to exceed.
And strive to pass . . .
Their native music by her skillful art.
Whose tender power
Passes the strength of storms in their most
desolate hour. --Byron.
(e) To go successfully through, as an examination, trail,
test, etc.; to obtain the formal sanction of, as a
legislative body; as, he passed his examination; the
bill passed the senate.
2. In causative senses: as:
(a) To cause to move or go; to send; to transfer from one
person, place, or condition to another; to transmit;
to deliver; to hand; to make over; as, the waiter
passed bisquit and cheese; the torch was passed from
hand to hand.
I had only time to pass my eye over the medals.
Waller passed over five thousand horse and foot
by Newbridge. --Clarendon.
(b) To cause to pass the lips; to utter; to pronounce;
hence, to promise; to pledge; as, to pass sentence.
Father, thy word is passed. --Milton.
(c) To cause to advance by stages of progress; to carry on
with success through an ordeal, examination, or
action; specifically, to give legal or official
sanction to; to ratify; to enact; to approve as valid
and just; as, he passed the bill through the
committee; the senate passed the law.
(e) To put in circulation; to give currency to; as, to
pass counterfeit money. "Pass the happy news."
(f) To cause to obtain entrance, admission, or conveyance;
as, to pass a person into a theater, or over a
3. To emit from the bowels; to evacuate.
4. (Naut.) To take a turn with (a line, gasket, etc.), as
around a sail in furling, and make secure.
5. (Fencing) To make, as a thrust, punto, etc. --Shak.
Passed midshipman. See under Midshipman.
To pass a dividend, to omit the declaration and payment of
a dividend at the time when due.
To pass away, to spend; to waste. "Lest she pass away the
flower of her age." --Ecclus. xlii. 9.
To pass by.
(a) To disregard; to neglect.
(b) To excuse; to spare; to overlook.
To pass off, to impose fraudulently; to palm off. "Passed
himself off as a bishop." --Macaulay.
To pass (something) on (some one) or To pass (something)
upon (some one), to put upon as a trick or cheat; to palm
off. "She passed the child on her husband for a boy."
To pass over, to overlook; not to note or resent; as, to
pass over an affront.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 :
Pass \Pass\, n. [Cf. F. pas (for sense 1), and passe, fr. passer
to pass. See Pass, v. i.]
1. An opening, road, or track, available for passing;
especially, one through or over some dangerous or
otherwise impracticable barrier; a passageway; a defile; a
ford; as, a mountain pass.
"Try not the pass!" the old man said. --Longfellow.
2. (Fencing) A thrust or push; an attempt to stab or strike
an adversary. --Shak.
3. A movement of the hand over or along anything; the
manipulation of a mesmerist.
4. (Rolling Metals) A single passage of a bar, rail, sheet,
etc., between the rolls.
5. State of things; condition; predicament.
Have his daughters brought him to this pass. --Shak.
Matters have been brought to this pass. --South.
6. Permission or license to pass, or to go and come; a
psssport; a ticket permitting free transit or admission;
as, a railroad or theater pass; a military pass.
A ship sailing under the flag and pass of an enemy.
7. Fig.: a thrust; a sally of wit. --Shak.
8. Estimation; character. [Obs.]
Common speech gives him a worthy pass. --Shak.
9. [Cf. Passus.] A part; a division. [Obs.] --Chaucer.
10. (Sports) In football, hockey, and other team sports, a
transfer of the ball, puck, etc., to another player of
one's own team, usually at some distance. In American
football, the pass is through the air by an act of
throwing the ball.
[Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC]
Pass boat (Naut.), a punt, or similar boat.
(a) A book in which a trader enters articles bought on
credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser.
(b) See Bank book.
Pass box (Mil.), a wooden or metallic box, used to carry
cartridges from the service magazine to the piece.
Pass check, a ticket of admission to a place of
entertainment, or of readmission for one who goes away in
expectation of returning.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) :
adj 1: of advancing the ball by throwing it; "a team with a good
passing attack"; "a pass play" [syn: passing(a),
pass(a)] [ant: running(a)]
n 1: (baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who
receives four balls; "he worked the pitcher for a base on
balls" [syn: base on balls, walk, pass]
2: (military) a written leave of absence; "he had a pass for
3: (American football) a play that involves one player throwing
the ball to a teammate; "the coach sent in a passing play on
third and long" [syn: pass, passing play, passing game,
4: the location in a range of mountains of a geological
formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got
through the pass before it started to snow" [syn: pass,
mountain pass, notch]
5: any authorization to pass or go somewhere; "the pass to visit
had a strict time limit" [syn: pass, passport]
6: a document indicating permission to do something without
restrictions; "the media representatives had special passes"
[syn: pass, laissez passer]
7: a flight or run by an aircraft over a target; "the plane
turned to make a second pass"
8: a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs [syn:
pass, strait, straits]
9: a difficult juncture; "a pretty pass"; "matters came to a
head yesterday" [syn: pass, head, straits]
10: one complete cycle of operations (as by a computer); "it was
not possible to complete the computation in a single pass"
11: you advance to the next round in a tournament without
playing an opponent; "he had a bye in the first round" [syn:
12: a permit to enter or leave a military installation; "he had
to show his pass in order to get out" [syn: pass, liberty
13: a complimentary ticket; "the star got passes for his family"
14: a usually brief attempt; "he took a crack at it"; "I gave it
a whirl" [syn: crack, fling, go, pass, whirl,
15: (sports) the act of throwing the ball to another member of
your team; "the pass was fumbled" [syn: pass, toss,
16: success in satisfying a test or requirement; "his future
depended on his passing that test"; "he got a pass in
introductory chemistry" [syn: passing, pass,
qualifying] [ant: failing, flunk]
v 1: go across or through; "We passed the point where the police
car had parked"; "A terrible thought went through his mind"
[syn: pass, go through, go across]
2: move past; "A black limousine passed by when she looked out
the window"; "He passed his professor in the hall"; "One line
of soldiers surpassed the other" [syn: travel by, pass
by, surpass, go past, go by, pass]
3: make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation;
"They passed the amendment"; "We cannot legislate how people
spend their free time" [syn: legislate, pass]
4: pass by; "three years elapsed" [syn: elapse, lapse,
pass, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by, slide
by, go along]
5: place into the hands or custody of; "hand me the spoon,
please"; "Turn the files over to me, please"; "He turned over
the prisoner to his lawyers" [syn: pass, hand, reach,
pass on, turn over, give]
6: stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or
extend between two points or beyond a certain point; "Service
runs all the way to Cranbury"; "His knowledge doesn't go very
far"; "My memory extends back to my fourth year of life";
"The facts extend beyond a consideration of her personal
assets" [syn: run, go, pass, lead, extend]
7: travel past; "The sports car passed all the trucks" [syn:
pass, overtake, overhaul]
8: come to pass; "What is happening?"; "The meeting took place
off without an incidence"; "Nothing occurred that seemed
important" [syn: happen, hap, go on, pass off,
occur, pass, fall out, come about, take place]
9: go unchallenged; be approved; "The bill cleared the House"
[syn: pass, clear]
10: pass time in a specific way; "how are you spending your
summer vacation?" [syn: spend, pass]
11: pass over, across, or through; "He ran his eyes over her
body"; "She ran her fingers along the carved figurine"; "He
drew her hair through his fingers" [syn: guide, run,
12: transmit information ; "Please communicate this message to
all employees"; "pass along the good news" [syn:
communicate, pass on, pass, pass along, put
13: disappear gradually; "The pain eventually passed off" [syn:
evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet,
14: go successfully through a test or a selection process; "She
passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now"
[syn: pass, make it] [ant: bomb, fail, flunk,
15: be superior or better than some standard; "She exceeded our
expectations"; "She topped her performance of last year"
[syn: exceed, transcend, overstep, pass, go past,
16: accept or judge as acceptable; "The teacher passed the
student although he was weak" [ant: fail]
17: allow to go without comment or censure; "the insult passed
as if unnoticed"
18: transfer to another; of rights or property; "Our house
passed under his official control"
19: pass into a specified state or condition; "He sank into
nirvana" [syn: sink, pass, lapse]
20: throw (a ball) to another player; "Smith passed"
21: be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land
returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir
that everybody had assumed to be dead" [syn: fall,
return, pass, devolve]
22: cause to pass; "She passed around the plates" [syn: pass,
23: grant authorization or clearance for; "Clear the manuscript
for publication"; "The rock star never authorized this
slanderous biography" [syn: authorize, authorise,
24: pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and
functions necessary to sustain life; "She died from cancer";
"The children perished in the fire"; "The patient went
peacefully"; "The old guy kicked the bucket at the age of
102" [syn: die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass
away, expire, pass, kick the bucket, cash in one's
chips, buy the farm, conk, give-up the ghost, drop
dead, pop off, choke, croak, snuff it] [ant: be
25: eliminate from the body; "Pass a kidney stone" [syn:
excrete, egest, eliminate, pass]
From Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0 :
964 Moby Thesaurus words for "pass":
OK, abalienate, abandon, abysm, abyss, accept, access, accredit,
act like, administer, adopt, advance, affiliate, affirm,
aggrandize, agree to, aisle, alien, alienate, alley, allow,
ambulatory, amen, amortize, answer, ante, ante up, aperture,
approach, approval, approve, arcade, arise, arroyo, artery,
artful dodge, artifice, assign, attempt, authenticate, authority,
authorization, authorize, autograph, avail, avenue, back,
bag of tricks, barter, be all over, be annihilated, be at sea,
be blooded, be consumed, be destroyed, be done for, be equal to,
be found, be gone, be innocent of, be lost, be met with,
be no more, be past, be realized, be regarded as, be successful,
be wiped out, bear, bearings, beat, become extinct, become void,
befall, bequeath, bestow, bestride, bet, bet on, betide,
bill of health, bind, bite the dust, black out, blind, blink at,
blow over, bluff, bosey, bottleneck, bottom, bottom glade, bottoms,
bowl, box canyon, breach, break, breakers ahead, broadcast, buck,
bypass, call, canal, canyon, cardhouse, carry, carry over, case,
cash in, cast, catapult, catch, catch on, catch up with,
cause for alarm, cavity, cease, cease to be, cease to exist,
cease to live, cede, certify, change of pace, change-up, channel,
chap, chasm, check, chicanery, chimney, chink, chouse, chuck,
chunk, circulate, circumstance, clearance, cleft, cleuch, click,
climacteric, cloister, close, clough, clutch, col, collapse,
colonnade, come, come about, come across with, come along,
come down, come off, come on, come through, come to naught,
come to nothing, come to pass, come true, come up to, come up with,
communicate, communication, commute, complication,
complimentary ticket, condition, conduit, confer, confirm,
conk out, connect, connection, consecrate to, consign, constitute,
consume, contingency, continue, convergence of events, convey,
coquet with, corridor, cosign, coulee, couloir, countersign,
course, cover, cover ground, covered way, crack, cranny, crawl,
creep, crevasse, crevice, crisis, critical juncture,
critical point, croak, cross, crossroads, crucial period, cruise,
crunch, crux, curve, curve-ball, cut, cwm, dabble, dale, danger,
dangerous ground, dart, dash, deal, deal out, decease, declare,
decline, decree, dedicate to, deed, deed over, defecate, defile,
deliver, deliver over, dell, dematerialize, demise, depart,
depart this life, deport, design, develop, device, devolve upon,
devote, die, die away, die out, diffuse, dike, dingle, dirty deal,
dirty trick, disappear, disburse, discharge, discontinue, discount,
discount ticket, dismiss, dispel, dispense, disperse, dispose,
disregard, disseminate, dissipate, dissolve, distance, distribute,
ditch, do, do a fade-out, do it, dodge, dole, dole out, donga,
downcurve, drag, draw, drift, drop, dwindle, effort, effuse, egest,
elapse, elevate, eliminate, embarrassing position, embarrassment,
embrace, emergency, emit, employ, enact, enact laws, end,
endangerment, endeavor, endorse, endure, enfeoff, engage, ennoble,
erode, espouse, estate, evacuate, evanesce, evaporate, eventuate,
exalt, excavation, exceed, exchange, excrete, exigency, exit,
expel, expend, expire, export, express, extend, extradite,
extravasate, extremity, exudate, exude, fade, fade away, fade out,
fail, faint, fall, fall asleep, fall out, fare, fare forth,
farewell, fast deal, fastball, fault, feint, ferry, fetch, ficelle,
filibuster, fill, fill the bill, fine how-do-you-do, fire, fissure,
fix, flaw, flee, fleet, flight, fling, flip, flit, flow, flow on,
flume, fly, footing, ford, forget, forgo, fork, fork over, forsake,
forswear, forward, forward pass, fracture, free admission,
free pass, free ticket, freedom, fritter away, fulfill,
full pratique, furrow, gain ground, gain on, gain upon, gallery,
gambit, gamble, gang, gap, gape, gaping chasm, gash, gather head,
gathering clouds, get across, get ahead, get ahead of, get along,
get by, get over, get the floor, get through, gill, gimmick, give,
give in, give off, give out, give over, give over to,
give permission, give the go-ahead, give the imprimatur,
give thumbs up, give title to, give to, give up, give word, glen,
glide, go, go across, go ahead, go along, go around, go as,
go away, go beyond, go by, go fast, go forward, go great guns,
go in for, go off, go on, go out, go over, go over big, go to town,
go west, go-ahead, googly, gorge, graduate, green light, groove,
grove, guest pass, gulch, gulf, gully, hack it, hand, hand down,
hand forward, hand in, hand on, hand out, hand over, hap, happen,
have it, have its time, have no idea, have run out, have the floor,
hazard, heave, hell to pay, hide, hie, hinge, hobble, hocus-pocus,
hold, hold the field, hold up, hole, home thrust, hot water,
house of cards, how-do-you-do, hurl, hurtle, ignore, imbroglio,
imitate, impart, imperilment, impersonate, import,
improper suggestion, incision, incurve, indecent proposal, initial,
inlet, instance, interchange, intersection, intervale, issue,
isthmus, jab, jam, jeopardy, jerk, joint, joker, journey, juggle,
junction, juncture, just do, keel over, kick the bucket,
kick upstairs, kill, kloof, knight, know a little, know not,
know not what, know nothing of, knuckleball, lance, lane, lap,
lapse, last, lateral, lateral pass, launch, lay, lay a wager,
lay down, leak, leave behind, leave no trace, leave standing,
leave the scene, leave word, legislate, let fly, let go by,
let pass, liberty, lie, lob, lobby through, location, log, logroll,
lot, lunar rill, lunge, make a hit, make good time,
make head against, make headway, make known, make nothing of,
make over, make progress, make progress against, make strides,
make the grade, make up leeway, masquerade as, measure out, meet,
meet a bet, meet requirements, meet with success, melt, melt away,
melt like snow, menace, mess, metastasize, metathesize, mete,
mete out, mimic, mix, moat, modality, mode, morass, motion, move,
move along, move forward, move on, narrow, narrows, neck,
negotiate, not know, not rightly know, not understand, notarize,
notch, nullah, occupy, occur, offer, okay, omit, opening, ordain,
outcurve, outdistance, outdo, outgo, outlet, outmatch, outpace,
outrun, outsail, outshine, outstrip, overhaul, overlook, overpass,
overreach, overrun, overshoot, overshoot the mark, overstep,
overstride, overtake, paper, parcel out, parlay, parlous straits,
part, pass, pass along, pass around, pass as, pass away, pass by,
pass for, pass muster, pass off, pass on, pass out, pass over,
pass the buck, pass up, pass upon, passage, passageway, passport,
pay out, peg, peg out, pelt, perfuse, peril, perish, permission,
permit, peter out, pickle, pigeonhole, pinch, pitch, pitchfork,
place, play, play against, pledge, plight, ploy, plunge, pocket,
portico, portion out, pose as, position, posture, pratique,
predicament, prefer, press on, pretend to be, pretty pass,
pretty pickle, pretty predicament, prevail, proceed, progress,
promote, pronounce, proposal, proposition, prosper, protection,
punt, push, push on, put, put in, put in force, put off mortality,
put the shot, put through, quagmire, qualify, quicksand,
quit this world, railroad through, railroad tunnel, raise, rank,
ratify, ravine, reach, refuse, reject, relay, render, renounce,
rent, repair, report, request, resign, resolution,
retire from sight, return to dust, rift, rime, rise, risk, road,
rocks ahead, roll, roll logs, roll on, route, rub, rubber stamp,
run, run its course, run on, run out, rupture, ruse, safe-conduct,
safeguard, sanction, sashay, satisfy, say amen to, scheme,
scissure, scrape, scratch the surface, screwball, scurvy trick,
seal, seam, second, secrete, see, sell, send, send word, serve,
serve the purpose, service, set forth, settle, settle on,
sexual advance, share, share with, shift, shoot, shoot ahead of,
shot-put, shy, sign, sign and seal, sign away, sign over, signal,
sink, sink away, sinker, situation, skip, sleight, sleight of hand,
sleight-of-hand trick, slide, slider, slight, sling, slip,
slip away, slip by, slit, slot, slough, smatter, snap, spend,
spitball, spitter, split, spoon out, spot, spread, spurn, squeeze,
stab, stage, stake, stand, stand pat, stand the test, stand up,
standing, state, state of affairs, station, status, steal a march,
stem, step forward, step over, stew, sticky wicket, stop,
stop breathing, storm clouds, straddle, strait, straits, stratagem,
strath, stream, stretch, subscribe to, subterfuge, succeed,
succumb, suffer an eclipse, suffice, suggestion, support, surmount,
surpass, surrender, swamp, swear and affirm, swear to, sweep,
swing, switch, swoon, table, take, take it, take place,
take the floor, take up, tell, terminate, thin ice, threat, throat,
throw, thrust, tight spot, tight squeeze, tightrope, tilt,
tolerate, top, toss, toy with, trade, traject, trajet, transcend,
transfer, transfer property, transfuse, transit, translate,
translocate, transmit, transpire, transplace, transplant,
transpose, transude, travel, trench, trial, trick, tricky spot,
trough, try, tunnel, turn, turn down, turn over, turning,
turning point, twofer, underpass, undersign, undertake, underwrite,
unholy mess, up, up and die, upcurve, upgrade, urinate, use up,
utter, vale, validate, valley, vanish, vanish from sight, veto,
visa, vise, void, wadi, wager, waive, warrant, waste, waste away,
way, wayfare, wear away, wear off, weep, wend, while, while away,
wile, will, wonder, wonder whether, work, work well, work wonders,
wot not of, yield the floor, yield the ghost, zero hour
From Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Ed (1856) :
PASS, practice. To be given, or entered; to proceed; as, let the judgment
pass for the plaintiff.
email@example.com Specification=RFC 2229 | <urn:uuid:cdfd6060-4416-47cc-89ea-b717dcdcd346> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&Database=*&Query=pass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.860873 | 7,828 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By a vote of 387-36, the House of Representatives passed a spending bill for energy and water programs that contains 7.5 million dollars to study the feasibility of the so-called Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, which one Energy Department official insisted "would enhance the nation's ability to hold hard and deeply buried targets at risk."
The Senate approved the measure by voice vote later Tuesday night. It will now go to President George W. Bush for his signature.
US scientists are looking into the possibility of converting into bunker-busters two existing warheads - the B61 and the B83, according to Bush administration officials.
The B61, which has selectable yields ranging from 0.3 kilotonnes to 300 kilotonnes, is a tactical thermonuclear gravity bomb that can be delivered by strategic as well as tactical aircraft -- from B-52 and B-2 bombers to F-16 fighter jets.
The B83, whose yields range from one to two megatonnes, is designed for precision delivery from very low altitudes, most likely by B-2 stealth bombers, military experts said. It has a nose cone capable of withstanding a supersonic-speed collision with concrete or steel and a delayed detonation to allow the aircraft to escape the blast.
The main task now is to find a way of hardening these bombs' shells to allow them to survive penetration through layers of rock, steel and concrete before detonating close to their deep underground targets, the officials said.
But the 7.5 million allocated for the penetrator represent a 50-percent reduction from the 15 million requested by the administration.
An additional six million dollars have been earmarked to study low-yield nuclear weapons that some experts believe could be useful in high-precision strikes. Experts say that a five-kilotonne or smaller nuclear explosive detonated, for example, right on a missile silo door will vaporize the door as well as the missile inside.
Low-yield weapons could also be effective against other types of underground facilities such as command posts and hardened ammunition dumps.
According to the Defense Intelligence Agency, at least 10,000 such bunkers currently exist in over 70 countries around the world.
More than 1,400 of them are used as strategic storage sites for weapons of mass destruction, concealed launch pads for ballistic missiles as well as leadership or top-echelon command and control posts, the DIA estimates.
The bill also contains 24.9 million dollars to heighten readiness at the Nevada test site to enable it to conduct a nuclear test 24 months after the White House decides to do so. The administration had been insisting on an 18-month readiness window, down from the current 36 months.
Overall, Congress allocated 6.3 billion dollars for nuclear weapon activities in fiscal 2004 -- 303 million dollars more than last year, but 94 million below Bush's request.
Research projects focusing on new types of nuclear weapons have been roundly criticized by many congressional Democrats and independent disarmament experts as potentially destabilizing.
"Congress and the Bush administration have made a mistake by opening the door to a new wave of global nuclear weapons competition" Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association, said in a statement. "This sends a dangerous message that will hamper US efforts to prevent other nations from developing nuclear weapons." | <urn:uuid:8b24c4b4-6e4e-457a-92da-d85644fa4723> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.spacewar.com/2003/031119083219.5yckcfta.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00220-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94356 | 682 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Bill of Rights
During the debates on the adoption of the Constitution, its opponents repeatedly charged that the Constitution as drafted would open the way to tyranny by the central government. Fresh in their minds was the memory of the British violation of civil rights before and during the American Revolution. They demanded a "bill of rights" that would spell out the immunities of individual citizens. Several state conventions in their formal ratification of the Constitution asked for such amendments; others ratified the Constitution with the understanding that the amendments would be offered.
On September 25, 1789, the First Congress of the United States therefore proposed to the state legislatures 12 amendments to the Constitution that met arguments most frequently advanced against it. Articles 3 to 12, ratified December 15, 1791, by three-fourths of the state legislatures, constitute the first 10 amendments of the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. Article 2 concerning “varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives” was finally ratified on May 7, 1992 as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution. The first amendment, which concerned the number of constituents for each Representative, was never ratified.
- 1 See also
- 2 Further reading
- 3 Transcript of Bill of Rights (1791)
- 4 See also
- Amar, Akhil Reed. The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. (1998). 412 pp. standard history
- Arsenault, Raymond, ed. Crucible of Liberty: 200 Years of the Bill of Rights. (1991). 215 pp.
- Bodenhamer, David J. and Ely, James W., Jr., eds. The Bill of Rights in Modern America: After 200 Years.' '(1993). 246 pp.
- Conley, Patrick T. and Kaminski, John P., eds. The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties. (1992). 542 pp.
- Ely, James W., Jr. The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights. (1992). 193 pp.
- Hickok, Eugene W., Jr., ed. The Bill of Rights: Original Meaning and Current Understanding. (1991). 487 pp
- Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., eds. The Bill of Rights: Government Proscribed. (1997). 463 pp. essays by scholars
- Lacey, Michael J. and Haakonssen, Knud, eds. A Culture of Rights: The Bill of Rights in Philosophy, Politics, and Law, 1791-1991. (1992). 474 pp.
- Levy, Leonard W. Origins of the Bill of Rights. (1999). 306 pp.
- Licht, Robert A., ed. The Framers and Fundamental Rights. American Enterprise Institute Press, 1991. 194 pp.
- Pacheco, Josephine F., ed. To Secure the Blessings of Liberty: Rights in American History. (George Mason Lectures.) (1993). 194 pp.
- Wood, James E., Jr., ed. The First Freedom: Religion and the Bill of Rights. Baylor U., Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, 1990. 181 pp.
- Cogan, Neil H., ed. The Complete Bill of Rights: The Drafts, Debates, Sources, and Origins. (1997). 708 pp.
Transcript of Bill of Rights (1791)
Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Article the first
After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.
Article the second
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
Article the third
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Article the fourth
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Article the fifth
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Article the sixth
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Article the seventh
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Article the eighth
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Article the ninth
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Article the tenth
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Article the eleventh
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Article the twelfth
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
ATTEST, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate
John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Sam. A Otis Secretary of the Senate
Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America
Bill of Rights:
1 - Freedom of speech, press, etc.
2 - Right to bear arms
3 - Quartering of soldiers
4 - Warrants
5 - Due process
6 - Right to a speedy trial
7 - Right by trial of a jury
8 - No cruel or unusual punishments
9 - Unenumerated rights
10 - Power to the people and states
11 - Immunity of states to foreign suits
12 - Revision of presidential election procedures
13 - Abolition of slavery
14 - Citizenship
15 - Racial suffrage
16 - Federal income tax
17 - Direct election to the United States Senate
18 - Prohibition of alcohol
19 - Women's suffrage
20 - Terms of the presidency
21 - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment
22 - Limits the president to two terms
23 - Electoral College
24 - Prohibition of poll taxes
25 - Presidential disabilities
26 - Voting age lowered to 18
27 - Variance of congressional compensation | <urn:uuid:b10113ae-aa0b-4f90-99e5-11f846b06e71> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Bill_of_rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913589 | 1,958 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Snowplow soars within the clouds as Captain America in tribute to the true heroes our men and women in the U.S. military serving America wherever that may take them. In honor of the tremendous work of the service dog and soldier dogs assisting the wounded warriors and veterans the costume is in the light of my reflection as a flight nurse and USAF veteran with a care and concern as we try to make the world a better place.
Snowplow’s Pilot-in-training costume is designed using a system approach in the following steps.
- The airplane is developed from foam and involved several sittings and dog cookies to get the alterations just right on our bundle of love. It is sewn together using both a hand stitch and electronic sewing machine. Every detail is sewn including the iconic Stars on the wings and the propeller.
- Using Snowplow’s measurements, a pattern was drawn on roll of paper obtained from the discarded rolls at the local newspaper. The template for the Aviator bomber hat was made in the same manner.
- After the airplane was created from the foam and sewn together, the form was covered using a cotton polyester blend fabric covering of red, white and blue. The propeller template was designed in the same manner and cut from grey felt
attached with a large fabric button.
- The American Stars are appliqued on each of the wings.
- The landing gear and undercarriage of the costume is adhered with Velcro straps so the costume is soft and cozy for our special pilot.
- We did a test run for our pilot in training to ensure he could take off with no limitations.
- The numerous fittings of course required the addition of his favorite cookie treat.
- The vintage fighter pilot hat was designed using an authentically styled vintage pilot’s flight cap modeled after the WWII pilot. A brown wool suede cloth was used to mimic the leather/wool pilot hat. The hat was made in two layers sewn together The template was created with ear flaps and a low brim for added protection for the wind The hat and lining was sewn together near the edge so the lining would have a finished edge. The lining was constructed from a faux sheepskin. The addition of the flaps made the hat comfortable on Snowplows head.
- His Gold Doggles were used to resemble the pilots goggles in the same tradition as his WWII counterpart.
- For an added touch of panache, we added a silk scarf. The white authentic aviator scarf is made from 100 silk and hand sewn It is 6feet by 14 inches to complete his pilot attire. He ready to take off sporting the stars and stripes from the airplane wings to the novelty landing gear of red striped ribbon around his paws.
- He issues a Mayday to bring attention to our American Heroes with the admiration and care we have for each of them.
Snowplow is our 170 lb. bundle of love and certified therapy dog. He loves being involved in everything and the center of attention. His strength of love for family and friends makes him very popular in the neighborhood especially with the children. Everyone wanted to hug him and of course Snowplow returned with his kisses.
The reaction ranged from “He’s magnificent” ” He’s beautiful” to “He’s adorable.” Others drew an analogy with Snoopy and his fighter pilot image on his doghouse. Snowplow wants to be part of everything and the center of attention so he was right at home in his airplane and pilot attire..Snowplow is very popular with everyone in the community especially the military and veterans.
Snowplow works with the local Saint Bernard Rescue, Saints of the West, 1 of 30 Saint Bernard Shelters in the country dedicated to bring attention to the wonderful efforts in search and rescue and love of this breed.
This is Captain Snowplow to the Coolest Homemade Costume Contest
Mayday! Mayday! Please pick me. | <urn:uuid:e817aefc-8a53-4ce9-93d3-cc43e0151efa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ideas.coolest-homemade-costumes.com/2013/11/15/saint-bernard-dog-costume-captain-america-to-the-rescue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960929 | 830 | 1.617188 | 2 |
And a Purple Dinosaur Shall Lead Them: Barney and the Future of Intergenerational Politics
Issue #12, March 1994
When I was very little, I had a reason to get up in the morning. The world was a scary place — stagflation, Three Mile Island, and scariest of all, disco — but I didn't care, because I knew that at four o'clock sharp I could sweep the clouds away and spend an hour where the air was sweet. That's right: Sesame Street. I was a 'Sesame Street' freak. I watched it every single day. In fact, the one time I accidentally slept through it I was so distraught that I spent the next several days in a sort of existential despair (and if you think confronting the ultimate absurdity of existence is hard now, try it when you're four years old.) Seriously, though, for a couple of years there my life really did revolve around 'Sesame Street', and even after I grew out of it, it was always sort of heartwarming to know that Big Bird and friends were continuing to bring joy and enlightenment into the lives of generation after generation of little kids.
Now, suddenly, Big Bird is passé.
That's right — the powers that be seem to have decided that 'Sesame Street' is not the ideal children's show it was once thought to be. Among the complaints that have been leveled against it by child psychologists and media watchdogs are: it's too fast; the world it presents is too unsettling for young children; most of the humor goes over the kids' heads; and so on. In the end, they conclude, 'Sesame Street' may be an effective educational tool, but it can also be quite harmful. After all, the first generation to grow up on 'Sesame Street' has now come of age — and look how *they* turned out: alienated, cynical, completely devoid of any kind of attention span. And I suppose the critics have a point. 'Sesame Street' *is* fast. It'll cut from the live-action storyline to an unrelated vignette between Bert and Ernie to a cartoon about the letter V to a quick documentary about dolphins to a news flash with Kermit the Frog to a cartoon about the number 7 and then back to the storyline, all in the space of a couple of minutes. You might even say that 'Sesame Street' is a perfect primer for — no! not that! anything but that! — MTV. (Insert dramatic 'DUM-DUM-dum' sound here.) So, yeah, it's fast. And true, while it may seem kind of hard to believe at first, the world of 'Sesame Street' might well be a little unsettling. After all, Bert and Ernie are constantly squabbling, various muppets are collapsing from exhaustion or extreme pain every five minutes, and there's a nasty green guy lurking in the trash can. So it's not all bliss and harmony. And while I didn't realize this when I was four, a lot of the humor on 'Sesame Street' *is* aimed at adults. A surprising amount of 'Sesame Street' is satirical in nature. While the kids are learning about different kinds of animals, their parents are laughing at the Springsteen parody in 'Barn in the USA'; while the kids are giggling at the sight of pigs with tennis rackets, it's for their parents' benefit that Old MacDonald mentions that the withdrawal of government subsidies has forced him to convert his farm into a condominium complex complete with health spa; and while the kids happily watch Oscar the Grouch groan in distress while some strange woman praises his candor, their parents (and college students doing research for 'Bad Subjects' articles) are getting a kick out of the fact that the woman in question is Jodie Foster slumming on PBS between films. So it's true that 'Sesame Street' isn't completely accessible to the kids. But people have been making these kinds of complaints for years now. Why are they suddenly gaining so much attention? Because now there's an alternative, one that's earned the praise of child psychologists and the undying love of little children everywhere: Barney. (Insert another dramatic 'DUM-DUM-dum' sound here.)
Those of you who have spent the last year or so in a deep coma are probably wondering who or what Barney is. Well, Barney is a dinosaur from our imagination, and when he's tall he's what you'd call a dinosaur sensation. At least that's what the opening jingle says. It's a good thing they tell us, too, because otherwise it's kind of hard to tell. I suppose he does look vaguely reptilian, but then he's also purple, cuddly, and five feet tall, qualities not normally associated with your typical T. rex or velociraptor. But it's not his appearance that separates Barney from the 'Sesame Street' crew — after all, if you can accept an eight-foot yellow talking bird, you can accept a five-foot purple talking dinosaur thing. No, what sets him apart from 'Sesame Street' (and related programs like the dearly departed 'Electric Company') is his disposition and the world he inhabits. In the world of 'Barney & Friends', there is no conflict whatsoever. None. No one fights or disagrees, nothing bad ever happens. They just hang around and sing songs and learn how to count to ten over and over and over and play games and sing some more songs and then the credits roll. The songs themselves are also very different from those in 'Sesame Street'. The songs in 'Sesame Street' are quite sophisticated, with complex melodies and often borrowing from rock, rap, music from other cultures, and in my day, disco. The songs in 'Barney & Friends' are very, very simple, usually featuring tunes borrowed from other children's songs like 'Yankee Doodle' and 'This Old Man'. And there is absolutely nothing in 'Barney & Friends' that is not completely comprehensible to any three-year-old. So the child psychologists love Barney. And most little kids would gladly fall on a grenade for him. Why, then, does everybody else seem to hate him?
Barney, you see, has become the victim of one of the most vicious backlashes in recent memory. This backlash comes in two flavors. First, there are the parents of all the little Barneyphiles. Forced to buy every single scrap of Barney merchandise, forced to play the Barney videotapes over and over and over, and worst of all, forced to listen to the 'I love you, you love me, we're a happy family' song roughly eighty thousand times a day, theirs is a classic case of backlash due to overexposure. (Others who have fallen prey to this phenomenon include Nirvana, the Energizer Bunny, and Ross Perot.) But then there's the curious case of all the people who hate Barney with a passion despite having never seen the show. Among these are the kids who quite literally beat the stuffing out of Barney in a Texas shopping mall. They haven't been forced to listen to the saccharine songs, they haven't had to suffer through the wretched acting, they haven't had to deal with Barney's grating voice clawing at their eardrums. So why does their hatred match, if not surpass, that of the parents who've had to deal with Barney firsthand? Neil Howe and William Strauss have an answer.
Howe and Strauss, in their landmark pop sociology book Generations, posit that each generation possesses one of four 'peer personalities': idealist, reactive, civic, or adaptive. The idea is pretty simple. What makes our character? Heredity and environment. Don't these vary wildly from one person to the next? Of course. But a big part of our environment is the world in which we live, and real-world events and trends, social, economic and cultural, are going to reach out and affect *everyone* — at least everyone in the dominant culture. And *how* they affect you is going to depend on your age. Take the counterculture of the 60's for example. If you're middle-aged and have lived most of your life according to a certain set of values, and then the counterculture comes along and attacks your values, that's going to affect you one way. If you're in the prime of life and feel stifled by the rules of older generations, and the counterculture comes along and offers you a chance to be free and experiment with life, that's going to affect you another way. And if you're very young and the counterculture comes along and suddenly your parents are out 'finding themselves' instead of taking care of you, that's going to affect you yet another way. Everyone of the same age grew up in the same era and shares a certain set of experiences, and that's what makes a generation. It's a social construction, but no more than race or gender or any of those attributes that people seem to find meaningful.
So let's return to the four generational peer personalities. In Generations, Howe and Strauss use them to analyze the entirety of American history. This is where they tend to embarrass themselves: four hundred years of history is simply way too big an entity for anyone to get any kind of handle on. But this doesn't mean that generational analysis can't be useful. It's a very interesting way at looking at various facets of pop culture. Pop culture such as, say, 'Barney & Friends'. Let's take a look at how it works. (Be warned: generalizations ahead. Like all generalizations, none of this can be applied to any particular individual ?? your mileage may vary. End of disclaimer. No lawsuits, please.)
Our story begins in the fifties. The idealist Boomers were kids, the adaptive Silent were in high school and college, and the civic GI Generation controlled the airwaves. (I'm borrowing these names for the generations from Howe and Strauss, though I'm applying them much more broadly than they do. For instance, they actually spend a paragraph or two arguing that someone born on January 1, 1943, is going to be fundamentally different from someone born on December 31, 1942, but not from January 2, 1943. I think that's just silly. So you can use this as a rule of thumb: the GIs were born in the first quarter of the 20th century; the Silent were born between the mid-twenties and mid-forties; and as for the Boomers — well, we all know who they are. We now return you to your regularly scheduled article.) Education around this time was for the most part nice and boring, just the way the GIs liked it: the three R's, Dick and Jane, and the occasional well-groomed scientist on TV mixing chemicals to show America's youth that through technology we could triumph over our godless communist oppressors. It was the same kind of education that had enabled the GIs themselves to kick Nazi butt, invent the atomic bomb, and bring about the 'Ozzie & Harriet' fifties. But then, in the sixties, the counterculture hit ?? the type of 'spiritual awakening' (to use the Howe/Strauss term) that comes along once in a lifetime and fundamentally changes the nature of society. By this time, the GIs were showing signs of age, and it was the Silent Generation that was primarily in charge of the educational system. The Boomers were pushing them to reform education, and the Silent themselves weren't exactly enamored of the old system. So they came up with some ideas: New Math, mandatory busing, and of course, 'Sesame Street'.
By the time 'Sesame Street' began in 1968, a whole new generation of kids had come on the scene: the 13th Generation (to use the Howe/Strauss term) or, as they (we?) have come to be known, Generation X. According to the theory, the generation born in the aftermath of a spiritual awakening ends up with a reactive peer personality — cynical, alienated, apathetic, nihilistic — and Gen-X was no exception. This was mostly because of other factors, such as a skyrocketing divorce rate, a dramatic plunge in the amount of time parents spent with their kids, and so forth, but 'Sesame Street' helped. Sounds kind of farfetched, you say? Well, consider this: by the late seventies, the percentage of children age three to five who watched 'Sesame Street' at least a couple of times a week was in the high nineties. That's right, the high nineties. So chances are that if you spent any portion of the seventies in diapers, you had at least a passing familiarity with Big Bird. And what kind of education were you getting? One without any kind of core curriculum or lesson plan, where you sort of picked up whatever you could from among all the bells and whistles, where learning about cultural diversity was just as important as learning the alphabet. Which was fine, but it wasn't the sort of thing likely to lead to stratospheric SAT scores. Nor was it likely to inspire patience for anything that wasn't completely entertaining at all times. And like I said earlier, it taught that the world is full of conflict, and that the misfortune of others is funny — muppets are always tripping and falling and banging their heads and stuff, and the other muppets laugh. It's not 'Beavis and Butt-head', but for educational TV, there's quite a bit to raise the eyebrows of the media police.
Okay, great. So 'Sesame Street' fosters a reactive peer personality. Yes, and? Well, the 'and' part is that finally, 'Sesame Street' viewership rates are dropping. It's Barney who's scoring up in the high nineties. Today's kids just plain like Barney better. And Barney does *not* foster a reactive peer personality. (This, I think, is why reactives who have never ever seen the show hate Barney so much: he goes against all their values. The most important thing for a member of a reactive generation to be is 'cool' — and Barney is pretty much the definition of 'uncool.') Let's take a quick look at the kind of education Barney's legions are getting. First of all, it's much more structured. Every show is built around one theme, and sticks to it fairly faithfully — if the show's about how to count to ten, ninety percent of the show is going to be about how to count to ten. Over and over and over. Secondly, unlike 'Sesame Street', there is only one authority figure in 'Barney & Friends': Barney himself. Barney has all the answers and the kids follow him without question. And what does Barney preach? Universal love, community, sincerity, friendship, team spirit; but also conformity, unquestioning adherence to authority, and enforced happiness. (One recent episode revolved around the attempts of Barney and some other kids to pester a little girl into cheering up ?? they simply *would not let* her be sad for a while.) These are the kind of values, both positive and negative, associated with the civic peer personality. So the fact that the children of the nineties are both growing up on Barney and actively choosing to watch him strongly suggests that the generational cycle has finally moved out of the reactive phase and into the civic phase. Gen-X has had its last birthyear.
Again, so what? So far, this entire article has been little more than an exercise in taxonomy: through the lens of children's TV shows, we can determine that the reactive 13th Generation has given way to the civic Millennial Generation. It looks pretty on a chart, but what does it mean? Well, the answer is very simple. Left unchecked, civic generations can be dangerous.
It all has to do with their lifecycle type. Reactive generations, according to the Howe/Strauss theory, live a picaresque lifecycle. They have to pick up survival skills very early in life and pretty much make it on their own. Those who do survive into adulthood (and this survival rate is significantly lower for reactive generations than for any of the other three types) typically suffer exhaustion while they're quite young (Coupland's 'mid-twenties breakdown'.) Thus we end up with slackers — and today's slackers aren't really all that different from the reactive Lost Generation survivors who haunted Parisian cafés in the 1920's. But civic generations live a heroic/hubristic lifecycle. For instance, let's look at the previous civic generation, the GI Generation that I mentioned earlier. They were the first Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, the soldiers and WAVES who won WWII, the 'organization men' of the fifties. When they were young, older generations sacrificed to give them the GI Bill; now that they're old, younger generations are sacrificing to give them Social Security. They're the most direct beneficiaries of the national debt, yet the statistics tell us that its lifetime cost will be five times greater for Gen-X than for the GIs. Taxes on a retired couple with a $30,000 income are one-fifth of the taxes on a Gen-X couple with one child and the same income. Thirty percent of the US budget is spent on the elderly. And none of this is going to change until they're gone. Why not? Because the GI Generation, like all civic generations, excel at collective action. As long as the AARP is around, Congress will never do anything to shift the balance in favor of younger generations — the seniors' lobby is the most powerful in the country. Besides, they make an argument that's hard to beat: they earned it. They put in their time at the company, deferred their own gratification to indulge their (Boomer) children. And now they're going to get their reward even if it kills the rest of us.
Flash forward to the Millennial Generation. Listen to the popular rhetoric about crime, drugs, the economy, and one message becomes clear: it's too late for the teenagers, but we've got to help the kids. If history repeats itself, and it usually does, it won't be long before we older generations are asked to make economic sacrifices to give the Millennials a head start, just like the one the GIs got. And what is Generation X going to do about it? After all, the reputation of today's youth for political apathy and withdrawal isn't entirely unwarranted. But tomorrow's youth is a different story.
Which brings us finally to how this article fits into Bad Subjects. This publication is in large part a call for organization and collective action for positive change. Viewed from this perspective, the prospect of a generation of uncynical young people who excel at just this type of thing is positively utopic. But collective action isn't good in and of itself. It has to be turned toward the right ends. Our goal as older generations must therefore be to steer Barney's army in a positive direction. Civic generations can accomplish great things, as the GIs did in winning WWII, or building the massive public works projects of the thirties. But the last thing we need is for the Millennials to establish a generational hegemony like their GI predecessors. When historians look back on the early twenty-first century, the use toward which the civic aptitude for accomplishment was put will be one of the defining aspects of the era: what that turns out to be will be largely up to us. At any rate, it's something to think about the next time you see your local toddler plopping down in front of the TV to spend another half-hour with everyone's favorite purple dinosaur.
Adam Cadre is a senior English major at UC-Berkeley, doing his honors thesis on generational polemic in 20th-century America, and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. He was born in 1974, which, if you believe Coupland, is the year everything started to go downhill. | <urn:uuid:887c591c-4153-4909-abe2-08a240b43d29> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://bad.eserver.org/issues/1994/12/cadre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00303-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970124 | 4,175 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Farrington (2006) - The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Aim: To research the start, duration and end of offending. To identify the influences from family back ground on offending.
Sample: 411 boys aged 8-9 from 6 East London School (mainly white, working class - issues of representitiveness)
Method: A longitutdinal survey + data gathered from interviews (at 3 stages in their lives) and criminal records. At the end of the study there was still 365/411 stil participating. There were also parental interviews and Teacher questionnaires.
Results: 41% convicted with an average conviction career aged 19-28 years. Offences peak at age 17. Most important risk factors were family criminality, rick-taking, poor school attainment, poverty and poor parenting
Conclusion: As most profilic offenders start early, suggests ten year olds should be targeted.
Farrington study - Evaluation
Evaluation: Large sample - High reliability
Self- Report measure - Can cause Social Desirability
Objective data from Criminal records.
Longitudinal study - allows to study their development.
Debates: Illustrates the Nurture side of the debate.
( psychodynamic perspective)
Sutherland - (1947)
A theory comprising nine principles including:
1. The more time spent with criminals increases the chance that you will become criminal.
2. Criminal behavior is learned.
3. It is learned via interaction with others.
4. The largest influence on an individual is personal groups i.e Family and Friends ( However consider Media influences)
5. Learning includes techniques involved in commission off crime.
Sutherland (1947) - Evaluation
Evaluation: issues of crdibility an usefulness
not much mention of influences of media suggest it lack validity - Outdated
Reductionist - does not include influences of media and technology
Individuals still have free will.
Wikstrom and Tajfel (2003) The peterborough youth study.
Aim: to test and identify which are the best predictors of criminal behaviour.
Sample: 1957 14-15 year olds from 13 state schools.
Method: Cross sectional, Snap shot study. Using a questionnaire followed up by a random sample of 339 who were interviewed about week activities. Aswell as data from a disadvantaged neighbourhood obtained from a 1991 census.
Wikstrom and Tajfel (2003) Evaluation
Evaluation: Large reliable sample.
Self report - Social Desirability
Debates : investigates large range of factors makign it less reductionist.
however ignores biological factors.
very usful for investigating prevention tactics. | <urn:uuid:f442385b-7e3d-421f-a6cd-bd4cbf974b92> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/upbringing_7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00235-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912549 | 549 | 2.484375 | 2 |
The Detroit Lions’ 2012 season may be disappointing, but the students and staff at Jack Harvey Elementary School in Sterling Heights could not have cared less Tuesday.
Several members of the Lions visited as part of the NFL’s Play 60 fitness campaign. Players answered students’ questions and led the boys and girls through 60 minutes of physical activities.
Oh, and they dropped off $10,000 while they were at it.
Harvey was one of just 34 schools in the nation and the only one in Michigan to earn a NFL Play 60 grant to be used for health and wellness programming or equipment.
“It is very special,” said Nick Russo, Harvey principal.
Gosder Cherilus, Drayton Florence, Jonte Green, Will Heller, Ashley Palmer and Stephen Tulloch were among the Lions who visited. During a short assembly, the players interacted with students and answered questions about fitness and nutrition.
“Physical education is very important,” Tulloch told the students, “especially nowadays with all the video games out there … (And) getting your rest is important, too.”
Heller, a 10-year NFL veteran, said his keys to lasting fitness include eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and avoiding fast foods.
“It’s shocking, I know,” he told the students. “But the nuggets are not actually chicken.”
Carol Beninati is a volunteer mom with two children enrolled at Harvey. She serves on the school’s health team and wrote the grant application that resulted in Harvey earning the $10,000.
“We’re always looking for opportunities to get new money for the school,” Beninati said. “We wanted to improve our playground for our 50th anniversary. I thought it was a good opportunity so I decided to write it and give it a shot. And we won.”
The money is earmarked for playground improvements.
Christine Johns, Utica Community Schools superintendent, said the Lions’ visit illustrates how well-known adults can provide positive role models for the students who look up to them.
“I think any adult that’s in a celebrity role or any kind of leadership role has an impact on young children,” Johns said. (Students) know who the Lions are. They see them on TV and based on the kids’ responses, they were really excited.”
Beninati even suggested the health and fitness message delivered Tuesday by the NFL players might go further than all the encouragement from well-meaning moms and dads.
“I think it impresses them more because they listen to them more than they do to mom and dad,” she quipped. | <urn:uuid:d2b966e2-33f5-4dc0-a5af-a5629b6d5314> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.macombdaily.com/article/20121205/SPORTS03/121209803 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969462 | 575 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Coastal zones around the world are extremely vulnerable today because of the unprecedented pressures of industrial and urban development as well as climate change related devastations, such as the growing intensities of cyclonic storms, the rise in sea surface temperature, sea surges, and sea level rise. In India, where about 35% of the population lives within 100 kilometers of the coastline, fisheries are a major driver and safety net for economic development and coastal livelihoods. Coastal ecosystems are closely linked with socio-economic systems, which require carefully planned coastal zone management (CZM) actions.
To discuss the current status of work on CZM and to enhance India–European Union (EU) cooperation in dealing with coastal zone issues, an international workshop that was the third in a series, was organized by Nansen Environmental Research Centre India as part of the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project “Indo-European Research Facilities for Studies on Marine Ecosystem and Climate in India” (INDO-MARECLIM).
Postdocs and scientists with broad disciplinary strengths from India and the EU participated in the workshop, which addressed four thematic issues related to CZM: oceanographic facets, technological aspects, socio-economic issues, and governance. Speakers highlighted the advances in oceanography and technology that are employed for the benefit of coastal communities and disaster management. Alterations in the composition of coastal ecosystems due to climate change, pollution, overfishing, and erosion and the resultant socio-economic impacts were also discussed. Sensitive issues such as crossing national boundaries during fishing, fishing by multinational trawlers, the impact of tourism, and violations of coastal zone regulation were heatedly debated.
Round table discussions were designed to bring participants together on a common platform to discuss research gaps and to find avenues for future collaboration. A major outcome of the discussions was the plea for a multidisciplinary approach to coastal zone–related research. Future research should aim at technological and ecological solutions for coastal zone issues. Attendees emphasized the need to educate coastal and fishing communities through stepwise status assessment, awareness, and empowerment programs that are flexible in time and space and are acceptable to all stakeholders.
Another remarkable aspect was that issues such as pollution, fisheries, and erosion that were listed as the most pressing ones at an international workshop held in 1997 in Cochin, Kerala, continued to be the major problems of today, next to urban development and employment. These problems have to be understood within the context that an increase in the present fish catch and related income is not expected.
Workshop participants concluded that a better understanding of ocean dynamics and the application of technologies related to remote sensing and geoinformation services could be used to tackle coastal zone issues effectively. Ecotourism and ornamental fisheries were suggested as potential alternative income sources. Joint efforts by local, regional, and national research institutions, fishermen societies, and policy makers are required to bring about practically implementable legal frameworks for CZM.
—N. Nandini Menon, Nansen Environmental Research Centre India, Cochin, India; email: [email protected]; Tanya Singh, Climate Change and Adaptive Land and Water Management, Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands; and Lasse H. Pettersson, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Citation: Nandini Menon, N., T. Singh and L. H. Pettersson (2014), Integrated Research Approaches to Coastal Zone Management, Eos Trans. AGU, 95(49), 463, doi:10.1002/2014EO490009. | <urn:uuid:039d0963-6c45-4b87-af2a-aabdfd29cb7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://eos.org/meeting-reports/integrated-research-approaches-coastal-zone-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00355-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937658 | 735 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Past toxics cases set the stage for PFAS lawsuits
By Sharon Udasin and Rachel Frazin | The Hill | January 28, 2022
Read the full article by Sharon Udasin and Rachel Frazin (The Hill)
Last in a four-part series.
“When Erin Brockovich was already knee-deep into investigating a chromium-six contamination case plaguing the Californian desert town of Hinkley, her boss Ed Masry warned her that he had run into a problem.
‘He pulled me into the law library one day and just said he didn’t think we could go forward,’ Brockovich told The Hill. ‘I was stunned. And I said, ‘Why?’ And he said, ‘Well, there’s a statute of limitations.’’
A statute of limitations — or a law that prohibits legal claims after a prescribed period passes following the harm — can be a decisive factor when it comes to trying, or even taking on, a toxic exposure lawsuit. These restrictions, which vary in length and detail from state to state, are today playing a role in the litigation emerging following community exposure to ‘forever chemicals,’ or per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
But these statutes have long been a central player in other toxic exposure cases — making an appearance both in Brockovich’s real life and the Hollywood blockbuster film based on it starring Julia Roberts.”…
Check out the prior article in the series.
This content provided by the PFAS Project. | <urn:uuid:96e2dae2-21be-4b14-9c86-1663f5e5abee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pfascentral.org/news/past-toxics-cases-set-the-stage-for-pfas-lawsuits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.94399 | 334 | 1.625 | 2 |
Skills & Talents
Facts & Trends
Entrepreneurship: Facts & Trends
- Dramatic Increase in Workforce Diversity
- The Workforce 2020 Report from the Hudson
Institute indicates that by 2020 the U.S. workforce will be 6% Asian, 14% Latino, 11% black and 68% non-Latino white
(down from 76% today).
Key additional trends in the workforce include increasing telecommuting and further aging of the workforce.
- Small Businesses are THE Economic Engine
- According to The Small Business Economy, published by the U.S. Small Business Administration, small businesses have been responsible for creating 60 to 80% of new jobs in the economy in recent years.
- Good Place to Be in an Economic Recovery
- According to The Small Business Economy: "...past research has suggested that smaller firms have been able to recover from economic downturns with respect to employment growth more rapidly than their larger counterparts.
Data from the SUSB indicate that net job creation in the immediate years following the 1990-1991 and 2001 recessions stemmed from employment generated by small firms with fewer than 500 employees, while large businesses grew little because of net contractions in employment."
- Downturns are a Good Time to Start a Business
- Accoding to
Shramm and Litan: "
Time and again, entrepreneurs have led the way out of past economic downturns. Current business legends like Microsoft, Federal Express, Intel, Charles Schwab, and Southwest Airlines started in recessions or down markets. Indeed, 18 of the 30 companies that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average were launched in recessions
or in bear stock markets."
- Franchising Is Big Business and Getting Bigger
- Franchising commands 40% of all retail sales in the U.S. Franchisees are becoming sophisticated managers
in order to compete. Just as in larger organizations, they are managing with an eye on the systematic use of teamwork,
employee empowerment, and communication. Adding to the sophistication
is the fact that many
franchise companies have franchisees who come from corporate backgrounds. Additionally, more franchise systems are
entering strategic alliances with outside major corporations as franchisers seek new ways to
expand market share. The proportionate number of failures
among franchises is significantly less than that of other start-up ventures. The current failure rate for franchises is
estimated to be about 10% per year.
- Nontraditional Sites are Key to Future Franchise Growth
- Subway and Baskin-Robbins are now located in Coleman Oil's gas convenience stores. Lackmann Food Service franchises
have opened at airports, sports stadiums, college campuses, and hospitals. Sbarro's Pizza has opened stores in casinos,
college campuses, convention halls, river-boats, and retail stores. If you wish to open a franchise of a large chain that has
already saturated traditional markets, these nontraditional sites may present more attractive opportunities -- or indeed,
the only available opportunities.
- Net Breaks Down Barriers Holding David from Goliath
- Most small businesses are now using the Internet for advertising, client tracking, inventory tracking and other
services. Small firms can act much like big firms electronically and are increasingly competing on the same level.
- Networks and Ecosystems Key
- Small businesses have access to networks that let them take on problems they could not solve alone. They get help on bank
loans, business plans, and even create alliances to address issues like government regulation. Small businesses have access
to very sophisticated
market information and business data that only the Fortune 500 could afford ten years ago.
- Haven for Corporate Refugees
- More corporate refugees are applying their business skills to start-ups and franchising, changing the face of small
business. They use their contacts, business partners, access to capital, and knowledge of specific products and markets
to make small business very polished and professional.
- Regulatory Burdens Growing
- State and local government regulation and federal legislation are constantly evolving, and entrepreneurs must deal
with all of the rule changes that may affect their business.
These include labor regulations regarding EEO, family leave, disability, affirmative action, diversity, OSHA,
minimum wage, health care, etc.; as well regulations concerning environmental, security, and other policy issues. | <urn:uuid:b0d8c8b6-d39c-4a4e-a68b-b857ebf5a59c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://careers-in-business.com/enfacts.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92929 | 897 | 2.3125 | 2 |
A large number Hengjiu chains are being supplied to various water treatment equipment for use in transit water treatment, grit deposition tanks, primary deposition and secondary deposition. To meet the functional requirements of different water treatment equipment, Hengjiu offers water treatment chains in stainless steel and special alloy steel materials, and cast link chains. Cast link chains can more than prove their worth especially with the more generous clearances which greatly assist when handling dusty or clogging materials where conditions of shock, abrasion, corrosion and heat persist.
Hengjiu water treatment chain, of up to 24-inch pitch length, was developed based on the working conditions and application requirements of different sections of the water treatment process. By selecting different materials for various combinations, the chain parts form a variety of different product characteristics to suit a wider range of applications. | <urn:uuid:cdaeab4f-16c2-4ae8-9e95-3bcb3fc44583> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hengjiu-pt.com/app/water-treatment-39.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.932549 | 169 | 1.71875 | 2 |
eso0515 — Science Release
Yes, it is the Image of an Exoplanet
Astronomers Confirm the First Image of a Planet Outside of Our Solar System
30 April 2005
An international team of astronomers reports today confirmation of the discovery of a giant planet, approximately five times the mass of Jupiter, that is gravitationally bound to a young brown dwarf. This puts an end to a year long discussion on the nature of this object, which started with the detection of a red object close to the brown dwarf.
In February and March of this year, the astronomers took new images of the young brown dwarf and its giant planet companion with the state-of-the-art NACO instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope in northern Chile. The planet is near the southern constellation of Hydra and approximately 200 light years from Earth.
"Our new images show convincingly that this really is a planet, the first planet that has ever been imaged outside of our solar system," tells Gael Chauvin, astronomer at ESO and leader of the team of astronomers who conducted the study.
"The two objects - the giant planet and the young brown dwarf - are moving together; we have observed them for a year, and the new images essentially confirm our 2004 finding," says Benjamin Zuckerman, UCLA professor of physics and astronomy, member of NASA's Astrobiology Institute, and a member of the team. "I'm more than 99 percent confident." The separation between the planet and the brown dwarf is 55 times the separation of the Earth and Sun.
Anne-Marie Lagrange, another member of the team from the Grenoble Observatory in France, looks towards the future: "Our discovery represents a first step towards one of the most important goals of modern astrophysics: to characterize the physical structure and chemical composition of giant and, eventually, terrestrial-like planets."
Last September, the same team of astronomers reported a faint reddish speck of light in the close vicinity of a young brown dwarf. The feeble object, now called 2M1207b, is more than 100 times fainter than the brown dwarf, 2M1207A. The spectrum of 2M1207b presents a strong signature of water molecules, thereby confirming that it must be cold. Based on the infrared colours and the spectral data, evolutionary model calculations led to the conclusion that 2M1207b is a 5 Jupiter-mass planet. Its mass can be estimated also by use of a different method of analysis, which focuses on the strength of its gravitational field; this technique suggests that the mass might be even less than 5 Jupiters.
At the time of its discovery in April 2004, it was impossible to prove that the faint source is not a background object (such as an unusual galaxy or a peculiar cool star with abnormal infrared colours), even though this appeared very unlikely. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, obtained in August 2004, corroborated the VLT/NACO observations, but were taken too soon after the NACO ones to conclusively demonstrate that the faint source is a planet.
The new observations show with high confidence that the two objects are moving together and hence are gravitationally bound.
"Given the rather unusual properties of the 2M1207 system, the giant planet most probably did not form like the planets in our solar system," says Gael Chauvin. "Instead it must have formed the same way our Sun formed, by a one-step gravitational collapse of a cloud of gas and dust."
The paper describing this research has been accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics.
The same European/American team has had another paper just accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics; this paper reports the imaging discovery with the same VLT/NACO instrumentation of a lightweight companion to AB Pictoris, a young star located about 150 light years from Earth. The estimated mass of the companion is between 13 and 14 times the mass of Jupiter, which places the companion right on the border line between massive planets and the lowest mass brown dwarfs.
Among the most essential quests of modern astronomers, taking direct images of planets outside of our solar system is certainly up there among chart-toppers. Obtaining such images of a so-called exoplanet would enable scientists to study in detail the physical nature of the object and, in particular, to analyse the composition of its atmosphere. The astronomers' ultimate goal is of course to perform such analysis for earth-sized planets, in the hope of detecting a telltale signature of extraterrestrial life.
Such an ultimate objective is still at least decades in the future, as earth-size and even Jupiter-size planets around stars as old as the Sun are too faint to be detected by present-day technology.
Nevertheless, great progress can be achieved by taking images of giant planets orbiting much younger objects. Because giant planets a few tens of millions of years old are much hotter and brighter than their older brethren, they can be much more easily detected. Moreover, as the first tens of millions of years are considered to have been a critical period in the formation of Earth and of our own solar system, the study of nearby young planetary systems provides astronomers with invaluable insight on our own origins, something that is difficult if not impossible to decipher from investigation of old, mature planetary systems.Several surveys are therefore currently in progress that particularly aim at finding and taking direct images of sub-stellar companions - brown dwarfs and exoplanets - close to very young objects. Last year, an international team of astronomers reported the first image of a Giant Planet Companion to 2M1207. On NACO/VLT images obtained in April 2004, they detected a faint reddish speck of light in the close vicinity of this young brown dwarf member of the 8 million year old TW Hydrae Association. The feeble companion, now called 2M1207b, is more than 100 times fainter than the brown dwarf, 2M1207A. The spectrum of the companion presents the strong signature of water molecules. Based on the infrared colours and the spectral data, evolutionary model calculations lead to the conclusion that 2M1207b is a 5 Jupiter-masses planet . Its mass can be estimated also by use of a different method of analysis which focuses on the strength of its gravitational field; this technique suggests that the mass might be even less than 5 Jupiter mass.
In April 2004, the spectroscopic and photometric analysis strongly indicated a planetary mass object close to the star. An alternative explanation, that the faint detected object was a background source unrelated to the young brown dwarf (such as an extragalactic object or a peculiar cool star with unusual infrared colours), appeared very unlikely. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, obtained in August 2004 (i.e. only 4 months later), corroborated the VLT/NACO observations, even though they were obtained too soon after the NACO ones to provide a definite answer. Additional observations at a later epoch were required to prove beyond any doubt that the two objects, 2M1207A and 2M1207b, indeed move together in the sky and are therefore gravitationally bound to each other.
Such additional observations have now just been performed by the same team of European and American astronomers. They used again NACO on Yepun, the fourth 8.2-m Unit Telescope of ESO's Very Large Telescope . The team took new images in February and March 2005 and measured the apparent motion on the sky of the young brown dwarf. For the three different epochs (April 2004, February and March 2005), they then accurately determined the relative position of the Giant Planet Companion with respect to the brown dwarf.
These observations show, with high accuracy, that there is no change in relative position between the two objects. This is exactly what one expects over a time scale of one year if 2M1207b is gravitationally bound to its host 2M1207A . Over much longer time spans, we should see the two objects orbiting around each other.
For Gael Chauvin, astronomer at ESO and leader of the team of astronomers who conducted the study, "this new set of NACO measurements unambiguously confirms that 2M1207b is a planetary mass companion to the young brown dwarf 2M1207A. The image released last year is thus truly the first image ever taken of a planet outside of our solar system."
"The two objects - the giant planet and the young brown dwarf - are moving together; we have observed them for a year, and the new images essentially confirm our 2004 finding", says Benjamin Zuckerman, UCLA professor of physics and astronomy, member of NASA's Astrobiology Institute, and a member of the team. "I'm more than 99 percent confident. This would also be the first time that a planet outside of our solar system has been detected far from a star or brown dwarf - nearly twice as far as the distance between Neptune and the sun."
"Given the rather unusual properties of the 2M1207 system, the giant planet most probably did not form like the planets in our solar system," says Gael Chauvin. "Instead it must have formed the same way our Sun formed, by a one-step gravitational collapse of a cloud of gas and dust.
In the course of the same survey, the astronomers also discovered an interesting companion to the young star AB Pictoris of the 30 million years old Tucana-Horlogium Association located about 150 light years from Earth. This companion, imaged for the first time in March 2003, has a near-infrared luminosity and spectrum which points to a light and cool object.
Using the same strategy as for 2M1207b, the astronomers observed the AB Pic system at different epochs over a time span of a year and a half and confirmed that the companion is not a background object. Evolutionary model calculations point to a 13 to 14 Jupiter masses object with a temperature of ~1700 Kelvin. As the presently accepted separation between a high mass planet and a low mass brown dwarf is at 13.6 Jupiter masses , the newly discovered companion thus may lie at the exact boundary between these two classes of sub-stellar objects. It might therefore play the role of a unique "Rosetta stone" in the future. Remarkably, this companion is located very far from its host star - about 9 times further from AB Pictoris than Neptune is from the Sun. Nothing like this situation has ever been seen before in a planetary system.
Recently, a group of German astronomers presented evidence, based on VLT/NACO data, for a sub-stellar companion to the 1 million year old star GQ Lup. However, the precise nature of this sub-stellar companion is still unknown as the very young age of the system makes comparison with theoretical models quite complicated. It was therefore only possible to assess with certainty that the close companion to GQ Lup has most probably a mass between 1 and 42 Jupiter-masses, and therefore could be either an exoplanet or a brown dwarf.
The discovery of 2M1207b, AB Pic b and GQ Lup b/B, all within a short period of time, bring evidence that new, carefully designed surveys, using state-of-art instruments on the most advanced facilities, can provide astronomers with images of planetary companions.
The first image of an exoplanet may now have been taken and confirmed and there can be little doubt that others will follow soon. The detailed study of a growing number of exoplanets with different masses and orbital properties will provide insight on theoretical formation models and afford a unique opportunity to learn more about how the solar system formed, hence about our own origins.
Anne-Marie Lagrange, another member of the team from the Grenoble Observatory (France), looks towards the future: "Our discovery represents a first step towards one of the most important goals of modern astrophysics: to characterize the physical structure and chemical composition of giant and, eventually, terrestrial-like planets."
: The team consists of Gael Chauvin and Christophe Dumas (ESO-Chile), Anne-Marie Lagrange and Jean-Luc Beuzit (LAOG, Grenoble, France), Benjamin Zuckerman and Inseok Song (UCLA, Los Angeles, USA), David Mouillet (LAOMP, Tarbes, France) and Patrick Lowrance (IPAC, Pasadena, USA).
: 2M1207A and its companion belong to the TW Hydrae association and are therefore most probably 8 million year old. Evolutionary model predictions are still uncertain at such young ages and need to be calibrated, which could modify the nominal mass of the planet. However, even an implausibly large error of a factor ten on the predicted flux would still place 2M1207b within the planetary mass regime.
: Due to the estimated period of ~2500 years for 2M1207B, the orbital motion of the companion around 2M1207A is not expected to be detected with NACO over only one year. Several decades will be indeed necessary with NACO. Moreover, due to the accuracy of the VLT/NACO measurements and the looseness of the young association, the fact that the two objects are so close and move together on the sky can only mean they are gravitationally bound.
: The International Astronomical Union has recently adopted a definition to differentiate giant planets and brown dwarf companions. The latter are objects with masses above the minimum mass for deuterium burning (13.6 MJup). Based on this criterion, 2M1207B can be consider as a giant planet companion orbiting a young brown dwarf.
The result about 2M1207 presented in this ESO Press Release is described in a Letter to the Editor accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics ("Confirmation of a Giant Planet Companion to the brown dwarf 2MASSWJ1207334-393254" by G. Chauvin et al.). The work on AB Pictoris will also be published by Astronomy and Astrophysics ("A light substellar companion to the star HIP 30034" by G. Chauvin et al.) The papers are available prior to publication at astro-ph/0504658 and astro-ph/0504659.
Broadcast quality video material is available with this press release. It is available on the anonymous ftp server ftp.eso.org (user: anonymous) at pub/general/hboffi n/ : two files are available: STATEMENT.mov is an interview in English with Dr. Gael Chauvin (ESO) while ANIMATION.mov is a computer animation showing the 2M120 7 system. A preview of both files is available as ESO video eso0515a.
Santiago , Chile
Los Angeles, USA | <urn:uuid:4199b3d7-9ac9-46ad-8e33-6965d7d2706f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/news/eso0515/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930977 | 3,058 | 3.28125 | 3 |
When those who wield power in our federal government force executives and our military into re-education training as they are doing today, their actions can no longer be described as a theory, but are better described as being indoctrination. Critical Theory is just that…anti-American and explicitly racist indoctrination.
The powers-that-be are teaching white leaders that they are “white supremacists” and responsible for mass killings. They blame all whites for America’s alleged historical wrongs. Then, they force the trainees to write out an apology for having alleged white privilege. The secular progressives are hiding the real definition of Critical Race Theory.
To them, it is scientifically acceptable to unjustly criticize America and, specifically, white people. In truth, Critical Race Theory sponsors are nothing more than hateful and racist at the core.
Critical Hate was mainly instituted to redefine (lie about) the historical narrative of America and paint America as a racist and evil empire. For this reason, BLM and Antifa tried to destroy many historical statues in cities and colleges across the country.
To defeat Critical Race (Hate) Theory America needs to understand that critical hate is rooted in Marxism. In 1848, the Communist Manifesto–a document proven to hate everything American–was written by Karl Marx and Frederic Engels.
Marx and Engels believed the free market (capitalism) could be replaced by a socialist system of collectivism, which is government power and control over major enterprises. This takes power and control from the people and gives the government the power to redistribute wealth, which means government decides who gets wealth and who doesn’t.
This is happening today in America in the form of Obama Care, Medicaid expansion, welfare, and unemployment benefits that all take from the productive and give to the unproductive.
The Manifesto then directs Communists to take away individual freedoms in an effort to prohibit the masses from having the ability to strive and control their own destiny. Then, they seize private property and condemn Christianity because they claim it is “the opiate of the masses.”
Next, to gain more control over the people, they abolish the traditional family and parental authority in order to control education and ensure indoctrination. All of these have been implemented today. From colleges to grammar schools, the left has been slowly succeeding in indoctrinating our children for the last 50+ years.
The Manifesto ends by advocating the “forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.” Progressives are successfully pushing sexual delusions, the cancel culture, identity politics, and their support for their own form of Nazi Brown Shirts–Black Lives Matter–operated by Antifa.
To these, add Critical Hate Theory and they have managed to complete the total divide-and-conquer activism of the Marxist ideology. Unbelievably, their doctrine is supported by some of the largest corporations in the U.S., who shower supporters with millions of dollars in gifts donated by Apple, Amazon, AT&T, etc., and coordinated by the new Socialist Democrat Party, which is headed by the current President of the United States.
Under the Biden Administration, Critical Hate is being pushed in public school systems across America in an attempt to indoctrinate children to hate their country and each other. In some cases, locals don’t even know their schools are operating as political cells whose objective is to cancel the American culture.
Their motive is obvious; this darkness is searching out and stamping out anyone who stands up against this egregious tyranny.
Adding to the threat, this progressive Marxist agenda is supported by today’s major fake news outlets and social media giants. They repeat the Socialist Democrat propaganda that condemns or prevents the Patriots Christians from expressing their political or religious beliefs. These news outlets attack these Americans on social media, and the social media giants cancel patriotic American’s free speech.
This is why we see many people in major companies, public offices, the military, religious individuals, and school employees across the country being canceled (attacked civilly or fired) for expressing the truth of this tyrannical orthodoxy of lies, hate, and tyranny.
This is causing Americans to fear and remain silent by discouraging their speaking the truth in public, from the pulpit, or on social media.
When people start to buy into the fear and remain silent, the progressive takeover of America gains ground and we, perhaps unknowingly, support their long-term goal.
We will certainly lose our country to Marxism if we continue to concede the public debate to those pushing this anti-American, anti-God ideology.
During the 20th Century alone, the world had several Marxist-style revolutions, and every one ended in death and destruction. Look at the Soviet Union, Germany, China, Cambodia, Cuba, North Korea, and Venezuela, to name a few.
The body count adds up to nearly 150 million lives lost. Try to visualize the pain and suffering that goes with millions of killings. It’s unimaginable. These countries are remembered for their gulags, show trials, death camps, executions, and mass starvations.
In reality, Marxism unleashed the darkest of all brutalities known to humankind in the 20th Century, and now, in America, this same evil is trying to do it again.
On the other hand, America was built as a meritocracy, where color, sex, and background are not considered when it comes to qualifying for advancement.
Just look at the National Football League. One is chosen to participate if he earns a spot for his hard work and ability. This is what has made America the tremendous success story for the past 245 years.
Patriot Christians must own and defend Christ’s moral standard. We must not allow ourselves to be confined by the evils of sexual delusion, cancel culture, identity politics, and critical hate theory controlled by secular progressives in politics, big corporations, and news outlets.
The task seems overwhelming, but it can be accomplished by understanding the evil that we currently face while admitting the fact that we don’t face many evils, but one evil spirit in many forms.
To combat the takeover of America, we collectively–and I mean millions of us– have to start exposing and teaching the fraudulence of critical race theory (Marxism). This will counteract their lies with the truth.
We must promote the true, benevolent story of America. America’s history is of an honest country, a morally good people who have worked and died to correct injustices at home and around the world.
America has, throughout our history, placed God’s truth at the apex of our “Republic for which we stand.”
Every Citizen needs to stand in the spirit of America and defend our liberty and freedom that will at the same time expose, challenge, and destroy the progressive socialist attempt to take over our country.
May God Bless America’s people to stand for liberty,
Senator David Howard, SD29 Park City, MT | <urn:uuid:2820d6b2-75e3-4bef-9e09-e646babd5df4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://montanadailygazette.com/2021/05/25/op-ed-critical-race-hate-theory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.950058 | 1,429 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Why do you need a gas tank for TIG welding?
A gas tank is necessary with TIG welding to provide the constant flow of gas needed to protect the weld. This means its generally better performed indoors and away from the elements. TIG welding is a precise form of welding that creates visually appealing welds and doesnt require cleanup, as there is no spatter.See all results for this questionWho are the leading tank Fabricators in Malaysia?As a leading tank fabricator in Malaysia, we cover various industries including oil & gas, petrochemical, oleochemical, palm oil, refinery, construction and other production plants.See all results for this questionWhich is the most common type of tank in Malaysia?Tank fabricator Malaysia capable to manufacture either metal or nonmetallic tank, and steel tank is the most common type tank applied for many users. Steel storage tank is essential to many sectors such as grain, chemical, oil, national defense, firefighting, food, petroleum and transportation.See all results for this question
Welding Defect - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
All types of welding defects must be minimized as they directly affect the properties. The most important defects are micro-fissures, cracking caused by slag inclusion, porosity, oxide tints and disbonding from the substrate. Material fissures caused by non-metallic elements, like sulfur and phosphorus, increase tensile stress between the grains.Used Dredges for sale in Russia | MachinioA dredge for the extraction of non-metallic materials (sand, gravel, ASG, etc.), dredging and underwater trench development. The vessel is transported by one eurofura without dismantling. The Storage Tank Fabrication Malaysia | Design & Engineering angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma weldingTank fabricator Malaysia capable to manufacture either metal or nonmetallic tank, and steel tank is the most common type tank applied for many users. Steel storage tank is essential to many sectors such as grain, chemical, oil, national defense, firefighting, food, petroleum and transportation.Estimated Reading Time: 6 mins
Steel Design Engineer Nigeria | Services For Steel Industry
The plasma cutting is the process that used in fabrication work of metal sheet. It is a very cost effective, reliable that works by having an inert gas blown at high speed. The plasma stream is generated by directing the flow of an inert gas through an orifice where an electric arc ionizes the gas.Stainless Steel Welding Services in Maryland (MD) on angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma weldingWelcome to the premier industrial source for Stainless Steel Welding Services in Maryland. These companies offer a comprehensive range of Stainless Steel Welding Services, as well as a variety of related products and services. ThomasNet angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma welding provides numerous search tools, including location, certification and keyword filters, to help you refine your results.Shims - Shim Stock Materials - Plastic - Non-Metallic angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma weldingOverview of Shims. Laminated Shims are comprised of layers of plastic, non-metallic or metal foil. The foil layers are then coated with a very thin adhesive, and then are compressed and bonded into a single solid sheet. Sheets can be any thickness -- typical are .020", 1/16", 1/8". When the sheets are cut into shims, the resultant parts are angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma welding
SUPPLIERS - RAS SUPPLIERS DATABASE
Serbian Development Agency (RAS) Resavska 13-15, 11000 Beograd, Srbija T. +381.11.3398.510 F. +381.11.3398.550 E. [email protected]@ras.gov.rsSANS 10131: Above-ground storage tanks for petroleum BS 2654, Specification for manufacture of vertical steel welded non-refrigerated storage tanks with butt-welded shells for the petroleum industry. BS 7076-3, Dimensions of gaskets for flanges to BS 1560 Part 3: Specification for non-metallic envelope gaskets. EN 760, Welding consumables Fluxes for submerged arc welding Classification.SAC Codes: SAC Code 9954 & SAC Code for Job Works | Nov 18, 2019 · To understand this better, let us take an example of SAC code 9954. SAC code 9954: Breaking up this SAC code reveal us the nature of service or the classification of service as under. First two digits. 99. Common for all Services. Second two digits. 54. Major nature of service. And 54 classifies construction services.
Request for suggestions on coating a steel cleaning angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma welding
Aug 29, 2016 · Hi all, I am putting together a quote for the fabrication of a steel cleaning solution tank for a mobile power cleaning outfit. Aside from building the tank (made of 3' x 6' steel), they want it coated with a protective sealer of some type that can resist the chemicals. They are moving to a heavier tank from the original 1/8" or 3/16" plate to help making it last longer.Plasma ESAB Welding and Cutting Machine | SalvexSeller Description. This Plasma ESAB Welding and Cutting Machine is being sold by a company to recover funds and storage space as part of their surplus.. Details. Product: Plasma ESAB Welding and Cutting Machine Quantity: 1 Unit S/N: 1752110 Seller Terms. Salvex and the seller have the right to reject any and all offers. This product is sold AS IS, WHERE IS. angola non metallic oil tank building Plasma weldingOur Brands - WeldCut Middle EastOur quality solutions measure tank inventories, automate tank processes, ensure workplace safety and protect the environment. WestCal Instruments design, manufacture and market the best Level Measurement, Leak Monitoring and Process Control instruments for your chemical, water, wastewater, oil and dry solid applications.
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Sep 26, 2014 · A turning propeller shaft on a ship becomes electrically insulated from the hull by the lubricating oil fi lm in the bearings and by the use of non-metallic bearing materials in the tail shaft. When the shaft is insulated in this way, an electrical potential can be measured between the shaft and the hull, which can accelerate corrosion in the ship.Some results are removed in response to a notice of local law requirement. For more information, please see here.Images of Angola Non Metallic Oil Tank Building Plasma Wel See allSee all imagesHow is plasma arc welding different from GTAW welding?Plasma arc welding is similar to GTAW, but it uses a smaller arc, increasing the precision of the weld. It also uses a different torch, achieving much higher temperatures. Gas is pressurized inside the wand, creating plasma. The plasma is then ionized, making it electrically conductive.See all results for this question | <urn:uuid:4957e6fd-df69-490f-b714-fe2474cc575b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.kramaruvzamek.cz/storage-tank/angola-non-metallic_5279.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.90021 | 1,461 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Scraping noise from inside of front end beam.
The shock cord or chain may be routed incorrectly, worn or may have jumped off pulley. See the Return Mechanism Schematic PDF for proper routing of the shock cord and chain. Contact Concept2 if replacement parts are needed.
There is a creaking noise from footplate area.
Two mating surfaces of monorail and front end are working against each other. Separate the monorail from the front end. Apply a light coat of thick lubricant (Vaseline or Chapstick) to the front facing and bottom rear facing aluminum hooks located at front of the monorail. Reassemble and row.
There is a clicking or crunching sound from the seat.
This is usually caused by worn out seat rollers or by dirt on the seat rollers or the monorail. Clean the rollers and monorail. Replace the top seat rollers if problem persists. | <urn:uuid:a2577b8b-8373-457a-90ce-6cf455673205> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.concept2.co.uk/service/indoor-rowers/model-c/troubleshooting/odd-noise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.878789 | 220 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Graham, Hilary and Inskip, Hazel M. and Francis, Brian and Harman, Juliet (2006) Pathways of disadvantage and smoking careers : evidence and policy implications. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60 (Supple). ii7-ii12. ISSN 1470-2738Full text not available from this repository.
Objectives: To investigate in older industrialised societies (a) how social disadvantage contributes to smoking risk among women (b) the role of social and economic policies in reducing disadvantage and moderating wider inequalities in life chances and living standards. Methods: Review and analysis of (a) the effects of disadvantage in childhood and into adulthood on women’s smoking status in early adulthood (b) policy impacts on the social exposures associated with high smoking risk. Main results: (a) Smoking status—ever smoking, current smoking, heavy smoking, and cessation—is influenced not only by current circumstances but by longer term biographies of disadvantage (b) social and economic policies shape key social predictors of women’s smoking status, including childhood circumstances, educational levels and adult circumstances, and moderate inequalities in the distribution of these dimensions of life chances and living standards. Together, the two sets of findings argue for a policy toolkit that acts on the distal determinants of smoking, with interventions targeting the conditions in which future and current smokers live. Conclusions: An approach to tobacco control is advocated that combines changing smoking habits with reducing inequalities in the social trajectories in which they are embedded. Policies to level up opportunities and living standards across the lifecourse should be championed as part of an equity oriented approach to reducing the disease burden of cigarette smoking.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health|
|Additional Information:||RAE_import_type : Journal article RAE_uoa_type : Statistics and Operational Research|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Keywords ; women ; smoking ; disadvantage ; social policies ; social inequalities|
|Subjects:||H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General)|
|Departments:||Faculty of Health and Medicine > Health Research|
Faculty of Science and Technology > Mathematics and Statistics
|Deposited On:||01 Apr 2008 12:15|
|Last Modified:||17 Jan 2017 01:28|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:8d681b1b-190d-4734-8095-28f2333a2476> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/2481/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838208 | 488 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Brussels, 25 November 2020
A group of leading European producer responsibility transfer organizations (TROs) is calling on the EU to review its WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) policy. WEEE Forum, an organization made up of Producer Responsibility Transfer Organizations (TROs) around the world, presents a new vision that emphasizes the need to review the current system of extended producers' responsibility, including of the imposed targets, which are no longer appropriate in the current context.
Based on recent research by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), amid the small number of EU Member States that can meet the 2019 collection targets for WEEE and despite significant progress in collecting increasing quantities WEEE Forum highlights four vital steps that need to be applied to ensure a fair and achievable system.
FOUR-STEP POLICY REVIEW
- The first step is application of the principle of "involvement of all actors"
It is a principle that involves all public and private entities that have access to WEEE, in the collection, logistics, preparation for reuse, reconditioning, treatment or recycling of WEEE or associated monitoring, legislative and implementation activities. All actors are subject to minimum legal obligations regarding, inter alia, compliance with the law, reporting to the competent authorities and compliance with official and communication standards.
Approaching the “all actors” principle means that all actors have legal obligations that the competent authorities must impose and verify in order to ensure that everyone contributes in accordance with legal requirements. This approach provides a fair perspective and equal market opportunities, as well as in-depth market monitoring.
2. Secondly, OTRs are required to collect only WEEE to which they have access, ie those at collection and retail points or handed over directly to OTRs and should not be liable for WEEE to which they do not have access , for example WEEE lost in the scrap stream.
For WEEE that is accessible to them, the collection obligation is 100%. The proposed approach also recommends a role for OTRs axat on means and not just on objectives. OTRs would also play an important role in supporting actions that will transform undeclared WEEE flows into officially reported and properly treated WEEE.
3. The third step It is suggested that more measures be introduced that the authorities should implement to support increased WEEE collection. These include setting up a coordinating body, improving the collection network and better monitoring WEEE flows.
4. Finally, a revision of the calculation method is required in setting the targets for the quantity of WEEE to be collected in each Member State. It is based either on the amount of electrical and electronic equipment placed on the market or on the amount of WEEE previously generated.
Commenting on this last step, Jan Vlak, President of WEEE Forum, mentioned:
"An approach of all actors and support measures will certainly increase collection rates, but it is not a guarantee for achieving the current targets. Unexpectedly, the research shows that the method used to calculate the current collection targets is not suitable for the purpose and determines inadequate targets and contrary to the intended purpose. This should become a priority. ”
He went on to say: “The main shortcomings of the WEEE target calculation methodology are the fluctuations in collection volumes due to economic cycles, inaccuracies related to the equipment placed on the market and the duration of their use. Moreover, the high collection targets based on the quantities placed on the market conflict with the current waste cycle hierarchy, which promotes the prevention of waste generation and the extension of the life of appliances. "
The WEEE Forum document, which sets out its vision for the future of Extended Producer Responsibility, is available for download on the website at: https://weee-forum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/EPR-and-the-role-of-all-actors_final.pdf
The UNITARY report, which forms the basis of what the WEEE Forum suggests: https://weee-forum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/In-depth-review_WEEE-Collection-Targets-and-Rates_UNITAR_2020_Final.pdf | <urn:uuid:30f1d626-2bde-4f40-8845-46265954e2c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.ecotic.ro/news/the-main-actors-request-the-revision-of-the-deee-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.940757 | 877 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Young Israeli lawmakers are arriving in parliament after an entire life in which Israel’s control over Palestinians is the natural state of the world.
No fewer than 49 new members of Knesset took their oath of office on Tuesday, in large part thanks to the dizzying success of the stand-for-nothing Blue and White party. The new Knesset boasts way fewer women and many more young members: 26 of the freshman class of parliamentarians are in their 30s. The youngest among them, Yorai Lahav Harzano of the Blue and White party, is 30.
In a normal world, perhaps that would be a source of hope. In our reality, however, young Israelis are more religious, conservative and right wing than their peers in the club of Western democratic states to which Israel claims to belong.
According to a new study on voting trends in Israel by Dr. Noa Lavi and Dr. Irit Adler from the Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, from 2008 to 2016, 64.3 percent of young Israelis between the ages of 18-29 voted for right-wing parties. In the 30-55 age group, only 54.9 percent voted for the same parties, compared to 57.3 percent among Israelis who were 56 years and older.
Just under half of the members of the 21st Knesset were born after June 1967, when Israel occupied Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Almost all the other members were either children or teenagers at that time.
Even if we set aside for a moment the questionable nature of Israel’s “democracy” in the years prior to the ’67 occupation, about half of Israeli lawmakers today have not known a single day without explicit apartheid —Israeli rule over an area in which two separate legal systems apply for two sets of people whose civic status is defined differently. Like their older colleagues, the younger members of Knesset have also not known a reality in which Arab citizens of Israel were perceived as citizens with equal rights rather than as a demographic threat. In all their years of education, it’s unlikely that they’ve come across a map of Israel that addresses the Green Line in any way. It is even less likely that even a few of them could draw the boundaries of occupation on a map.
What sort of democratic consciousness can develop in such a reality? The young members of Knesset are arriving at the gates of parliament after an entire life of political indoctrination in which Israel’s control of a Palestinian population is recognized as a fact of life, a kind of natural state of existence.
This is not to say that the veteran MKs are champions of democracy — far from it. But the latter shaped their political consciousness at a time when the current reality was considered an anomaly, and one worth confronting. There’s reason to doubt whether this conflict is present at all among the younger MKs. The old guard worked profusely to craft Israel’s current political consciousness, and the younger generations who were raised in this reality, reflect the depth to which this consciousness has successfully seeped into Israeli society.
In other words, when Benjamin Netanyahu uses rhetoric that ostracizes Palestinian citizens and explicitly incites against them, he is well aware of his manipulation. When new member of Knesset May Golan talks about citizens of the “Nation of Israel” as opposed to citizens of Israel, one can assume that this is not an attempt to manipulate but a serious and deep lack of understanding of basic democratic concepts. Not only is the concept of citizenship absent from her worldview, but also the idea of a political opposition. The reality of apartheid that Golan was bred in is dichotomous in nature; a consciousness of masters and subjects, winners and losers. It’s a destructive reality that produces destructive language, which produces a destructive political awareness.
This doesn’t mean that anyone born after the occupation supports it, or that those who were born before it oppose it. In any case, the apartheid regime that the ’67 occupation introduced is in many ways the natural continuation of the institutional discrimination that was rooted in this country’s system of governance since day one.
But the generations that were born and raised into a reality of apartheid in the occupied territories are required to acutely reconstruct the narrative that the establishment has drilled into their brains since the day they were born, according to which war crimes and daily human rights violations are merely a “political conflict.”
Those who were born and raised in a reality in which apartheid, in all its horrors, is the natural order of things, will need unusual strength just to understand the depth of the havoc Israel wreaks every day. Five decades of aggressive indoctrination make it impossible to even imagine a different reality that isn’t characterized by masters and subjects.
Whoever believes that a real change can come from the Knesset is blind to just how long the political pendulum in Israel has been derailed, and that it is only moving in one direction. It’s safe to guess that the future generation of Israeli politicians will have even fewer inhibitions and less of a basic understanding of democratic thinking. Their friends who were sworn in this week will do everything in their power to guarantee that.
Correction: A previous version of this article said that more than half of the members of Israel’s 21st Knesset were born after 1967. It is actually just under half.
This article was first published in Hebrew on Local Call. Read it here. | <urn:uuid:99b8b2bc-4c36-4a54-89ec-df60226a155e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dev.972mag.com/apartheid-israel-young-knesset/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.97813 | 1,138 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Ole authors’ new books gain attention
A St. Olaf College alum’s chronicle of growing up gay in small-town North Dakota is earning national attention, including a New York Times review calling it a “truly great” and “frighteningly relevant” memoir.
Taylor Brorby ‘10, author of the memoir Boys and Oil: Growing Up Gay in a Fractured Land, is one of two Ole authors who released books featuring queer representation during the June celebration of Pride Month. Brian Kennedy ‘02 just released a young adult novel, A Little Bit Country, that sets a romance about two boys who fall in love against the backdrop of a country music theme park.
Brorby, the Annie Tanner Clark Fellow in Environmental Humanities and Environmental Justice at the University of Utah, teaches courses on and writes and speaks about issues including the environment and hydraulic fracking, queerness, disability, climate change, and rural literature. He says writing Boys and Oil was about understanding the importance of representation.
“I wrote this book because no book like it existed for me when I grew up in the small, 600-person town of Center, North Dakota,” he says. “If you grow up without a story of a person like you where you live, how can you ever hope to feel rooted?”
Brorby’s descriptions of his hometown evoke vivid imagery as he discusses the turmoil caused by mining and fracking. Many of his descriptions of the disrupted environment where he grew up serve as metaphors for his childhood.
“To my knowledge, this is the first memoir about growing up gay on the rural Great Plains and the Intermountain West — that’s a huge region and a large gap in literature that needs to be filled,” he says.
Kennedy, who works at an LGBTQ nonprofit organization in New York City, drew inspiration for his novel, A Little Bit Country, from his love for country music and Dollywood.
He found a way to connect his passion for storytelling and his appreciation for country music, despite obstacles.
“Country music hasn’t always been inclusive, but I do believe there’s a large queer audience for it,” he says. “So for me, it felt really special to be able to write a story that celebrates both country music and the LGBTQ community.”
The novel, with a setting inspired by Dolly Parton’s Dollywood theme park, is lighthearted. But it also dives into important, weightier topics.
“One of the themes I wanted to explore was authenticity — how to be your true self, and how that may look different for people, especially through a queer lens, where not everyone is in an environment where they feel safe or ready to come out,” Kennedy says.
Kennedy has another young adult novel in the works that should be available in the summer of 2023. | <urn:uuid:ddc4cf5f-5eaf-4a16-ac3f-22b9c3498fc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wp.stolaf.edu/news/ole-authors-new-books-gain-attention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.961054 | 613 | 1.632813 | 2 |
A soldering station is a multipurpose power soldering device designed for electronic components soldering. This type of equipment is mostly used in electronics and electrical engineering. Soldering station consists of one or more soldering tools connected to the main unit, which includes the controls (temperature adjustment), means of indication, and may be equipped with an electric transformer. Soldering stations may include some accessories – holders and stands, soldering tip cleaners, etc.
Soldering stations are widely used in electronics repair workshops, electronic laboratories, in industry. Sometimes simple soldering stations are used for household applications and for hobbies.
The main soldering station elements which determine its compatibilities are soldering tools. Different tools are used for different applications and soldering stations may be equipped with more than one of them at a time. The main tools for soldering are:
Soldering iron is the most common working tool of a soldering station. Some stations may use simultaneously several soldering irons to make the process quicker and more convenient, as there is no need to change the soldering tips or readjust the station or the soldering temperature. Some stations may use some specialized soldering irons, such as ultrasonic soldering irons or induction soldering irons.
Soldering iron as a part of soldering station has a number of advantages.
However, most soldering stations can only be used on your desktop. Also, it costs more than just a separate soldering iron.
Desoldering is a very important stage in PCB repair. It is often needed to disassemble some components just to make sure they work or check their condition. That is why it is important to detach the elements without any possible damage to them.
The means that may be integrated in soldering stations are:
SMD hot tweezers heat up and may not only melt the solder alloy but grab the needed component as well. They may have different types of tips for different applications.
Desoldering iron is usually made in a shape of a gun. It is capable of taking in the air (vacuum pickup) and solder alloy.
Non-contact heating tools include hot air and infrared heaters. They are used for SMT disassembling.
They use a hot air stream for heating up the components. Hot air is focused on the certain area using special hot air nozzles. Usually soldering hot air guns are capable of providing temperatures from 100 to 480 °C.
Soldering stations with infrared (IR) heaters are a separate type of soldering stations and differ a lot. Such stations provide high-precision soldering and the process is more like that in electronics industry. The temperature profile may be set based on the components being soldered. This minimizes the risk of components deformation or damage due to the temperature difference.
This type requires a soldering iron equipped with an electronic temperature adjustment unit. The main technical parameter of the contact soldering station is the power. The power determines the operation convenience and soldering effectiveness. The modern stations have power from 10 to 200 W and more. The most common are the models with 50-80 W power. The higher is the power the more amount of heat you may transmit for the same time. It allows reducing the temperature on the heating element to the minimal possible value for melting the solder alloy. And vice versa – the lower is the power the higher temperature you need to melt the solder. High temperature means a risk of a component overheating. Especially it concerns semiconductor components or electrolytic conductors.
According to the solder alloy used these soldering stations may be divided into two subtypes:
This type of stations is characterized by heating element with a power up to 160 W. Lead-free solder alloys need higher temperatures to be melted, so the station needs more power. If the station is equipped with a temperature regulator, it may be used for operation with a traditional lead-containing solder.
The stations may be divided into digital and analogue according to the control unit operation method.
Analogue stations have a temperature stabilization that operates as follows:
The operation is ensured by the magnetoelectric relay. It is controlled by electronics and a temperature sensor. Analogue control system has an advantage – it is the cost. The disadvantage is a low operation precision that results in soldering tip overheating. This leads to problems like: electronic components overheating, often tip change.
Digital soldering station is operating using a PID regulator that is controlled by a microprocessor. Digital control method is more precise.
Induction soldering stations are characterized by high power and excellent thermal stability. They use the technology of heating and thermal stabilization based on Curie temperature.
American manufacturer Metcal is a leader in this market segment, however there are other brands.
Stations with hot air guns are used in cases when just a soldering iron is not enough. Disassembling microchips requires a hot air gun. SMD components soldering with hot air is much more convenient. Hot air guns usually come with special nozzles for hot air stream regulation. Popular manufacturers: Hakko, Quick, Accta, Goot, etc.
For professional laptop, game console and other electronics repair, special repair systems are used. These repair systems usually combine several components: hot air gun, soldering iron, desoldering gun, etc. This equipment allows effective desoldering and soldering large BGAs. These operations require special approach and certain amount of process automation. The most popular manufacturers: Ersa, Martin, Jovy Systems, Quick, Scotle. | <urn:uuid:3a10f56c-b1e3-47c0-b7ce-3b73362d9e73> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.knowpia.com/knowpedia/Soldering_station | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.937348 | 1,147 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Evolutionary psychology is essential to understand human behavior and the human mind. Evolution gives ultimate , not proximate explanations.
In ethology, the study of animal behavior, causation can be considered in terms of these two mechanisms.
- Proximate causation: Explanation of an animal’s behavior based on trigger stimuli and internal mechanisms.
- Ultimate causation: Explanation of an animal’s behavior based on the principles of evolution. The ultimate causation requires that the behavioral and physical traits are genetically heritable, and explains behavior by correlating behavioral traits to mechanisms that favor evolutionary development, such as natural selection.
Why are men more unfaithful and promiscuous then women?
- ultimate explanation: A woman can only have one offspring every few years. No matter with how many men she has sex. So she can only influence the genetic quality of her offspring, and try to find a good father, a good caretaker. A promiscuous man can have an unlimited number of offspring, the world record being many hundreds. So more partners gets more offspring for men. And thus the genes for promiscuity in men spread faster then the genes for faithfulness.
- proximate explanation: testosterone, culture, ….
Literature on Evolution
- Evolutionary Psychology Primer by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby
- Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions
- The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture
- Human Behavior and Evolution Society
- Evolution and Human Behavior
- Human Behavior Research in Vienna
- The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
Richard Dawkins lecture on natural selection and evolutionary psychology Part 1/2
Richard Dawkins lecture on natural selection and evolutionary psychology Part 2/2
Richard Dawkins talking to Steven Pinker about Evolution and the Mind
Why Richard Dawkins Doesn’t Debate Creationists
- Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. 1992. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary psychology and the
generation of culture. NY: Oxford University Press.
- Dawkins, R. 1986. The blind watchmaker. NY: Norton.
- Pinker, S. 1994. The language instinct. NY: Morrow.
- Williams, G. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. | <urn:uuid:a5d089aa-3704-4ff0-8b01-f4984ba9c3b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://human-stupidity.com/science/evolution-psychology-darwin/evolutionary-psychology-reading-list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00208-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821017 | 478 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Code of Conduct
Online communities include people from many different backgrounds. The AgnosTechValley members are committed to providing a friendly, safe and welcoming environment for all, regardless of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, disabilities, neurodiversity, physical appearance, body size, ethnicity, nationality, race, age, religion, or similar personal characteristics.
The first goal of the Code of Conduct is to specify a baseline standard of behavior so that people with different social values and communication styles can talk about technology effectively, productively, and respectfully.
The second goal is to provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts in the community when they arise.
The third goal of the Code of Conduct is to make our community welcoming to people from different backgrounds. Diversity is critical to the group; for it to be successful, it needs contributors and users from all backgrounds.
We believe that healthy debate and disagreement are essential to a healthy project and community. However, it is never ok to be disrespectful. We value diverse opinions, but we value respectful behavior more.
These are the values to which people in the AgnosTechValley community should aspire.
- Be friendly and welcoming
- Remember that people have varying communication styles and that not everyone is using their native language. (Meaning and tone can be lost in translation.)
- Productive communication requires effort. Think about how your words will be interpreted.
- Remember that sometimes it is best to refrain entirely from commenting.
- In particular, respect differences of opinion.
- Interpret the arguments of others in good faith, do not seek to disagree.
- When we do disagree, try to understand why.
Avoid destructive behavior:
- Derailing: stay on topic; if you want to talk about something else, start a new conversation.
- Unconstructive criticism: don't merely decry the current state of affairs; offer—or at least solicit—suggestions as to how things may be improved.
- Snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments)
- Discussing potentially offensive or sensitive issues; this all too often leads to unnecessary conflict.
- Microaggressions: the everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based soley upon their margianalized group membership.
Code of Conduct
In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment include:
- Using welcoming and inclusive language
- Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
- Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
- Focusing on what is best for the community
- Showing empathy towards other community members
Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
- The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or advances
- Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
- Public or private harassment
- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic address, without explicit permission
- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
Community organizers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
Community organizers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be further defined and clarified by community organizers.
We do not believe that all conflict is bad; healthy debate and disagreement often yield positive results. However, it is never okay to be disrespectful or to engage in behavior that violates the community's code of conduct.
If you see someone violating the code of conduct, you are encouraged to address the behavior directly with those involved. Many issues can be resolved quickly and easily, and this gives people more control over the outcome of their dispute. If you are unable to resolve the matter for any reason, or if the behavior is threatening or harassing, report it. We are dedicated to providing an environment where participants feel welcome and safe.
Reports should be directed to Erik Straub or Blain Smith, the community organizers. It is the community organizers' duty to receive and address reported violations of the code of conduct.
We will investigate every complaint, but you may not receive a direct response. We will use our discretion in determining when and how to follow up on reported incidents, which may range from not taking action to permanent expulsion from the community and community-sponsored spaces. We will notify the accused of the report and provide them an opportunity to discuss it before any action is taken. The identity of the reporter will be omitted from the details of the report supplied to the accused. In potentially harmful situations, such as ongoing harassment or threats to anyone's safety, we may take action without notice.
This Code of Conduct is adapted from the Contributor Covenant, version 1.4, available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html
- Treat everyone with respect and kindness.
- Be thoughtful in how you communicate.
- Don’t be destructive or inflammatory.
- If you encounter an issue, please get in touch with Erik or Blain. | <urn:uuid:801cdf94-7ccc-411d-b7f2-648cd59472ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://agnostechvalley.com/code-of-conduct.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.919192 | 1,300 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This research considers what public administrators at mass transit agencies say they do in pursuit of engagement with their communities. The decisions that public administrators in transit agencies make regarding service retrenchment or expansion have deep, profound consequences on poor and vulnerable transit-dependent populations. Such transit administrators exercise a great deal of power over their ridership’s lives since agency decisions have real-world consequences. Therefore, it is a critical research question to examine the methods, techniques, and underlying rationale of transit administrators’ pursuit of community engagement. This research finds that public transportation agency approaches to community engagement can be typified into two broad perspectives of how the agency views individuals in their community: Community as Citizens and Community as Customers.
Wellman, Gerard C.
Citizens or Customers? Transit Agency Approaches to Community Engagement.
Journal of Public Transportation, 18 (1): 1-11.
Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol18/iss1/8 | <urn:uuid:a6681b75-d3af-4c77-8d4b-a156e02babed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol18/iss1/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873546 | 204 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Dance, writing, movement - and all that flows from We dance around in a ring and suppose But the secret sits in the middle and knows. Robert Frost
As a child I was awkward and silent with adults, so I was taken to my first ballet class in the hope it might reform me. In those days pre-school ballet classes were held in the ballroom of Chester’s Grosvenor Hotel. The highly polished floor was an enormous square pool surrounded by the security of the red carpet. On a low stage an old woman played the grand piano, and led by Miss Faulkner in her black silk dress, we all hopped and frolicked around to Mulberry Bush and other nursery rhymes – at least the other children did. I stood on the edge, clinging to my mother and watching, until I found myself somehow at the end of a long line of children. As each child tripped across the ballroom to take Miss Faulkner’s hand and curtsey to the pianist, the line grew shorter until there I was alone with the expanse of floor stretching before me – a miserable creeping performance, watched by parents and children alike, my skirt twisted to a knot in my hands, and the humiliation of Miss Faulkner having to come to me in order to draw a close to the painful proceedings.
Strangely I must have known even then that I had to dance. Instead of refusing ever to return to the Grosvenor Hotel and the horrors of ballet, I insisted I went the next week, and then again and again.
Then alongside dance, came the wonderful discovery of words and fiction. Sometime during those days before school I was left at home with my father one afternoon. He was reading by the fire and was therefore unavailable. Sitting in a playpen with my books and toys, I found that the words I already knew flowed together into the most wonderful stories. This was what books were for! I can still remember my delight - a kind of illumination. | <urn:uuid:ace1a709-1407-471c-90dc-42e4df6736fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.movingthemind.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00576-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980976 | 412 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Glaucoma causes blindness by killing ganglion cells at the back of the eye that send messages to the brain. Vitamin B3 supplementation can help prevent and possibly reverse blindness in glaucoma patients. Currently, scientists from Melbourne''s Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA) are trialing vitamin B3 supplements to prevent or reverse blindness as a result of glaucoma. This study is the world''s first clinical trial.
Disclaimer - All information and content on this site are for information and educational purposes only. The information should not be used for either diagnosis or treatment or both for any health related problem or disease. Always seek the advice of a qualified physician for medical diagnosis and treatment. Full Disclaimer | <urn:uuid:2ed19399-7a3d-4ea7-900f-ff8d060c5981> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medindia.net/health-tips/vitamin-b3-can-help-treat-glaucoma.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.872973 | 147 | 2.625 | 3 |
Yesterday marked the 40th edition of Steamboat’s Cowboy Downhill, the annual “ski rodeo” that celebrates the resort’s unique Western history and modern-day ski culture. Seventy-five professional rodeo cowboys and cowgirls traded their bulls and broncs for skis and snowboards in this legendary race series at the base of Mt. Werner.
Events include the Dual Slalom where competitors, in side-by-side courses, raced through gates, launched off a large jump, lassoed a person, saddled a horse and crossed the finish line. While the fastest racer across took home the title, just making it to the end seemed to be reward enough as many cowboys were“bucked” from their skis and snowboards or had to saddle an uneasy steed at the bottom.
Another favorite event is the Stampede – an all-out melee down the same course without the gates. This year, Yvan Jayne was crowned the fastest cowboy on skis for the second year in a row. Dalon Daris, a Saddle Back rider from Oklahoma, took home the title for the best crash after he exploded off the jump and lost all his equipment in the process.
Check out the racing action (and carnage) in this video:
Steamboat’s Ranching History and the Birth of the Cowboy Downhill
When Steamboat became a city in the early 1900s, its primary industry was ranching. It wasn’t until the 1960s that James Temple developed Storm Mountain (later renamed Mt. Werner) into the world-famous ski resort that’s present today. Like many other great Colorado ski resorts, Steamboat continues to celebrate its roots, which bestowed its town with iconic architecture and a rich history.
The Cowboy Downhill was birthed back in 1974 when Billy Kidd, Steamboat’s director of skiing, and Larry Mahan, six-time All-Around World Champion cowboy, had the bright idea to invite a few ProRodeo stars to Steamboat for a day of skiing and riding. Today, the Bud Light Cowboy Downhill has become a truly unique festival featuring cowboys who are excellent skiers to first-timers.
The Cowboy Downhill is always scheduled in January to coincide with the National Western Stock Show and Rodeo in Denver. Participants must be entered at the Stock Show and be a member of the ProRodeo Cowboys Association or the Professional Bull Riders to compete in the event.
Even if you missed this year’s festival, you can experience Steamboat’s Western hospitality and unique culture on a ski vacation this season. Find more information about the destination on our Steamboat resort page, or start planning your ski trip by chatting now with a Steamboat Vacation Specialist. | <urn:uuid:920f137c-d1ac-4aff-8a06-f83e8252454d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ski.com/blog/steamboat-ties-up-40th-annual-cowboy-downhill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949375 | 582 | 1.671875 | 2 |
More on Higehr education in Canada
Higher education in Canada can be classified into three groups which include the under-listed:
- College: In Canada, the term College usually refers to a community college or technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associate’s degree, bachelor's degrees and postgraduate degrees.
- University: A University is an Institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A University is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
- Graduate School: A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees (i.e master's degree, Ph.D.)
For more information, contact us. | <urn:uuid:f39879a6-cc34-48df-97fb-a722bfc8bea5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://studyincanada.com.ng/canada-education-system/more-on-higher-education-in-canada.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00012-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944612 | 155 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Last of the top 30 rules
19 of 30, sinners1 Don’t envy bad people.
Don’t wish you could hang out with them.
2 They think violence.
They talk trouble.
20 of 30, homebuilding3 Wisdom is what builds a home.
Understanding gives it structure.
4 Knowledge fills every room
With a wonderful treasure.
21 of 30, strength5 Wisdom makes people strong.
A person with knowledge is stronger because of it.
6 It takes strategies to fight a war.
A big team of advisors will improve the odds of victory.
22 of 30, wisdom7 Wisdom sounds fuzzy to fools. They can’t get it.
So, they’ve got nothing to contribute to it.
23 of 30, jerks8 People constantly plotting to do what’s wrong
Have a name: crooks.
9 It’s wrong for people to scheme and scam, hurting others.
Jerks like that disgust everyone.
24 of 30, perseverance10 If you let hope fade when life gets tough,
Your strength will fade, too.
25 of 30, rescuing11 It’s your job to rescue people about to get killed.
Save them as they stumble to their deaths.
12 Let’s say you excuse yourself afterward by saying,
“Well, my oh my, I didn’t realize what was happening.”
The one who knows you from the inside out sees what’s going on. Right?
He watches everything you do, so he knows the truth. Right?
Won’t he give everyone exactly what they deserve?
26 of 30, wisdom13 Kids, dig in to that honey. It’s great.
A dripping honeycomb is messy, but it sure is sweet.
14 Wisdom has a sweetness about it, too.
Bite into it and you’ll live.
It’ll give you hope for a future.
27 of 30, comebacks15 Don’t target good people, like a crook would do.
Don’t attack their families.
16 Good people might get knocked down seven times, but they always get back up.
When bad folks fall, they’re down for good.
28 of 30, enemies17 Don’t celebrate when your enemies lose.
Don’t throw a party when they fall.
18 Otherwise, the LORD will see it and he won’t be happy.
And his anger toward your enemies will disappear.
29 of 30, wicked19 Don’t worry about those bad folks you’re seeing.
And certainly, don’t envy their success.
20 Bad folks have no future.
They’re going to get their lights put out.
30 of 30, agitators21 My children, show respect to the LORD and your leaders.
Stay away from people who don’t.
22 They’re in for sudden trouble.
Who knows what the LORD or the leaders will do to them?
More sensible advice23 Here’s more wise advice from sages.
Don’t play favorites when you’re supposed to make a fair judgment call.
24 If you tell bad people, “You’re good,”
Folks everywhere will cuss you out and hate you for it.
25 But if you condemn bad behavior, good for you.
You’ll get happy rewards for that.
26 When you say the right thing at the right time,
It’s as good as a kiss.
27 Make plans before you tackle something big, like building a house.
Lay the groundwork.
Then build the house.
28 Don’t testify against someone if they didn’t do anything wrong.
29 Don’t say, “I’m going to do them like they did me.
I owe them a little something special.
And I’m going to make doggone sure they get it.”
Lessons from the lazy30 I walked by the farmland of a lazy bum.
And I passed the vineyard of an idiot.
31 The land was consumed in thistles.
Weeds grew everywhere.
Stone walls around the fields were falling apart.
32 I thought about what I saw,
And I realized there was a lesson in it.
33 Sleep a little. Hit the Snooze.
Fold your hands on your tummy and rest a little longer.
34 Then poverty will attack you like a robber.
You’ll lose everything, as if armed intruders stole it from you.
Literally, get everything ready in the field. Taken literally, this is advice for a farmer to do the prep work for the crops before building the house. Food first. Shelter second. But the saying has a broader message, too, for folks who aren’t farmers.
- Sorry, there are currently no questions for this chapter. | <urn:uuid:2fc20073-17d3-47f3-810e-35596cbe2af8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.casualenglishbible.com/bible_chapter/proverbs-24/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.917611 | 1,088 | 1.945313 | 2 |
In 1884 Pope Pius XII had officially established October month as Rosary month. This was done by dedicating the most adored prayers related to the rosary. The chanting of prayers using rosary came into existence in the Middle ages. This might be the reason for less mention of the rosary in the holy bible. Rosary holds a very precious place in the lives of believers hence it is also considered as one of the images which represents the utmost faith and dedication of the followers. This has inspired the Nazareth store to offer up a collection of handcrafted items in form of a Catholic Gift Shop Online.
Purpose of Rosary
The sole purpose of the rosary is considered to be the anchor of faith and strength for the believers. It is often considered to be helpful in mediating through the chanting of prayers. A term introduced to describe the divine effects of prayers via rosary is the Compendium of the Gospel. An unambiguous way of saying that rosary guides us and leads to repentance and redemptive reincarnation. As the making and chanting of the rosary are simple that's the fact that many of the people connect with it easily. The continuous chanting of prayers creates a peaceful environment which is believed to be a connection with Mary.
Who is our Lady of Rosary?
The feast of Our Lady of Rosary is allied with one of the most interesting stories in the history of Catholics. The story dates back to the 16th century a time when the Turks were a threat to Christianity. During these difficult times Pope Pius V put forth an alliance along with Spain, Venice to lead an expedition to defeat the Turks. During the same time of the battle, the Rosary Confraternity of Rome chanted rosary prayer for the success of the expedition. The victory achieved was accredited to Blessed Virgin Mary. Thus the day was dedicated to the celebration of the feast of Rosary.
The Rosary & St. Dominic
Considered as a colossal devotee of Mother Mary St. Dominic lived in the era of 1170 - 1221. He is the actual founder of the Dominican order. The question arises as that how is he related to Blessed Virgin Mary. It is recorded in history that during his missionary work in France he was distressed due to the less success of his preaching. This led him to pray to the Mother of God who in returned appeared in his dreams and gave him instructions to use Hail Mary prayers in his preaching. These prayers were earlier known as Psalter and later came to be recognized as “Rosary”.
The path which is followed by chanting the prayers of catholic rosary with the help of rosary beads is often accompanied by mysteries. These mysteries are a replica of the birth, death, resurrection, and heavenly abode of Jesus. The 20 mysteries are divided into 4 groups known as joyous, sorrowful, glorious, and luminous. Each of these groups includes 5 mysteries that help us to realize the divine power and love of God towards his children. The Nazareth store covets to connect people through spirituality and follow the ethical path and teachings put forth by our God. The God who sacrificed himself for Humankind. | <urn:uuid:51743b06-76c5-47e8-976f-f9818a5df692> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nazarethstore.com/blogs/christian-articles/october-the-holy-rosary-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.980962 | 655 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1 The Historic Dimension Series A student publication series by the UNCG Department of Interior Architecture Conserving American Treasures: Progressive & New Deal Era murals This brief will provide a short history of early twentieth century Public Art Murals; pictorial examples to show the variety & artistry of the murals; and a discussion of current conservation efforts; challenges & techniques used during two notable mural restoration projects in Chicago, IL & Norwalk, CT. Mural painting in the United States has a long history dating back to the 1700 s with the early 1900 s being the most prolific period of mural creation. Because they were federally funded, these murals can be found in virtually every state in the Union. Fortunately, many of these murals survive today, albeit in various stages of repair. As a result, every citizen can easily view and enjoy these great works of art made by American artists at the dawn of the twentieth century. The U.S. government is the owner and caretaker of all existing Progressive and New Deal murals housed in federal buildings. Post offices and school districts house and own thousands of additional murals from this time period. In order to establish the historical context, this brief will highlight the two great eras of federal public arts projects in the United States. The first era is called the Progressive Era. It took place between 1904 and The second era, called the New Deal Era, took place during the Great Depression and ended during the early years of World War II. Two important mural restoration projects from these eras exemplify how conservation of these murals is technically demanding, expensive and time consuming. In order to discuss the complexity and painstaking care that mural preservation requires, this brief will discuss the Progressive and New Deal Era mural programs and two restoration projects. Finally, the various conservation techniques that were used on these collections will be discussed. The two collections are those owned by the Norwalk Transit Authority in Norwalk, Connecticut and by the Chicago Public School System in Chicago, Illinois. Between 1935 and 1941, the city of Norwalk, Connecticut had over 50 works of art produced for its public schools, libraries, and post offices. (These murals are currently owned and maintained by the Norwalk Transit Authority). The majority of the works were funded by the Works Progress Administration s Fine Art Program (WPA/FAP). In 1984, the city of Norwalk, in conjunction with its Historical Commission, decided that private funds would be solicited for the restoration of the Norwalk High School murals. Appointed by the mayor in 1987, the WPA Murals Restoration Committee was granted the authority to oversee the restoration process and to solicit the necessary funds for this endeavor. The scope was later expanded to include all of the remaining murals in the city of Norwalk. To raise funds and awareness, the Adopt-a- Mural program was launched in August of Government agencies paid half of the $518,000 total cost of restoring 46 murals. To celebrate this collection, the Norwalk Transit Authority published a book on the subject called, Norwalk s Collection of WPA Era Art Commissioned for Public Buildings, In 1994, Flora Doody, a teacher at Chicago s Lane Technical High School was concerned about a deteriorating mural in her building. As a result, she contacted the Chicago Conservation Center. This concern led to the discovery of what is now thought to
2 Fig. 2: Merlin, Justin Gruelle, c1936, oil on canvas, Norwalk City Hall, Norwalk, CT. Fig. 3: City Activities with Dance Hall, Thomas Hart Benton, 1930, distemper and egg tempera with oil glaze and gessoed linen, New School for Social Research, NY. be one of the largest early-twentieth-century mural collections in an American school system. Thanks to Ms. Doody, the Chicago Conservation Center personnel Barry Bauman and Heather Becker, and concerned citizens, nearly 440 murals produced between 1904 and 1943 have been restored and reinstalled in the Chicago Public School system. Together these works comprise one of the largest mural collections remaining in the country. Since 1995, 437 of these murals in 68 locations have been catalogued and restored. This amazing story and effort are documented in Heather Becker s book, Art for the People: The Rediscovery and Preservation of Progressive- and WPA-Era Murals in the Chicago Public Schools, America. U.S. artists in the 1920 s were just as likely to follow the lead of artists in the Mexican muralist movement and use the medium to spread social consciousness and public concern. Yet, U.S. industrial might was widely recognized as the basis of its prosperity and artists were also open to celebrating this on the walls of public buildings. In general, the murals of this period glorified work but stopped short of social commentary about harsh working conditions or white supremacy over black workers (Fig. 9). History of US Mural Painting Progressive Era: The Progressive Era started with President Theodore Roosevelt. He ran for office on a platform proclaiming a Square Deal for the American people. He used public art as a means to create jobs and communicate the administration s policies dedicated to the concerns of workers, women, the poor, the natural environment, and this country s role in the world. Mural painting flourished after 1904, and murals reflected outstanding social issues of the day. The depiction of social issues, industrial themes, and proto-social realism as well as women s issues was a marked transition from the neoclassical murals of the previous century. The first 33 years of the twentieth century were a time of experimentation for muralists. Murals included a wide variety of subjects and themes. It would be difficult to define one particular style or subject of the murals painted during these years. Subjects could be academically allegorical (Fig. 2), modernistic, narrative of the human condition, or pro-technology and industry (Fig. 4). Muralists often focused on land and labor in Stylistically, the look of murals changed dramatically during this period due to Mexican and European influences. There is no one style that epitomizes murals from this era. Initially, artists in the early part of the twentieth century followed their classical European training. It was not until after 1920 that artists began to use an Art Deco style of mural painting. By the late 1920 s muralists were influenced by European Cubism. At first, American muralists adopted the cubist style but then made it their own. This style became known as Regionalism. As artists were often instructed to focus on land and labor in America, over time they adopted a fundamentally realistic style, which greatly influenced the look and subjects of murals in the New Deal era. New Deal Era Art Projects: In 1932, President Teddy Roosevelt s distant cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), was elected president. FDR did a great deal to promote the arts (just as he had done when governor of New York) during his record three terms as president of the United States. His government spawned four major public art projects. The works of art created under the federal art programs of the 1930 s and 1940 s are called New Deal artwork, as they were created during the era of FDR s New Deal economic recovery programs. UNCG Historic Dimension Series 2
3 Fig. 4:Steel Mill, Margaret Hittle, 1909, oil on canvas, Lane Technical High School, Chicago, IL. The New Deal art programs all created works of art for public use but differed in the way they operated. Each public art project had a slightly different focus and time period. Some programs were set up to provide economic relief and paid artists an hourly wage, while other programs administered competitions to commission murals and sculptures for specific sites within public buildings. The Department of the Treasury created the first federal art program in 1933 when it initiated the Public Works of Art project. Two subsequent programs, the Treasury Relief Art project and the Section of Fine Arts, also originated under the Department of the Treasury. In 1935, the Works Public Administration (WPA), an independently operating federal agency, established the Federal Arts Project. All of the programs had different goals and different artistic levels of performance. The breadth and magnitude of the WPA effort, aside from its ancillary FAP, is astounding. During its existence, the WPA built 350 airports, more than 500,000 miles of road, 40,000 new buildings, 78,000 new bridges, and 8,000 new parks. It provided work for 8 million people at a cost of over $5 billion. On a national level, the FAP funded the creation of 2,566 murals, 108,099 easel paintings, 17,744 sculptures, and 350,000 fine prints, (from 11,285 original designs), all at a cost of $35 million. The New Deal Public Works of Art Project: The goal of the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) was to furnish work for unemployed artists in the decoration of public buildings and parks. Artists were selected on the basis of their need for employment plus their professional ability. The PWAP was funded as a part of the Civil Works Administration under the auspices of the Treasury Department as one of the agencies to extend relief to the professional class during the Great Depression. The PWAP was the first federal relief program for artists. Its objective was to employ unemployed artists in the decoration of public buildings and parks. Almost 14,000 artists were on the PWAP payroll and received weekly salaries. When the program ended in 1934, over 15,000 works of art had been created, with many of them being lent to government officials or public institutions such as orphanages, libraries, schools, and museums. The Section of Fine Arts: The Section, as it was commonly known, worked with the Public Building Service, also under the Treasury Department, to put art, both paintings and sculpture, in federal buildings constructed during the Depression. The goal of the Section was to decorate new federal buildings with work of the highest quality. The Section was not a relief program. Artists were selected through regional and national competitions. The Section awarded commissions and paid artists a lump sum for their work. In addition, the competitions were open to all artists, regardless of economic status, and typically required entries to follow a certain theme relating to the building s function and geographic location. The Section, in particular, required the artists to visit the community for which they were producing art to talk to people about the subject of their work. Regionalism was often the central theme of the piece of art. In total, the Section commissioned over 1,300 murals and 300 sculptures. The Section was not funded directly by the federal government. Instead, an agreement with the Public Building Service gave it approximately one percent of the funds appropriated for new federal buildings. Most of The Section work is in post offices and can be found in towns and cities of all size in all of the 48 states of the UNCG Historic Dimension Series 3
4 Fig. 5: Before restoration, historical scene, untitled, James Edwin McBurney, , oil on canvas, Wentworth Elementary School, Chicago, IL. Mural has separated from the wall due to severe water damage. Fig. 6: After restoration, historical scene, untitled, Mc- Burney, see figure 5. Fig. 7: Evidence of water damage. time. The number of commissions awarded to each state depended in large part on the size of the state and its need for federal buildings. Hence, New York and Illinois received large numbers of art work, while Wisconsin and Montana received very few. The Section was to have been a permanent project, but it was ended in 1943 because of U.S. involvement in World War II. The Federal Arts Project: The goal of the Works Progress Administration/Fine Arts Program (FAP) was to provide jobs for unemployed artists. Work done by WPA/FAP artists was available for allocation to tax-supported and partially taxsupported institutions. This was a relief program and 90% (later 75%) of the artists had to come from the relief rolls. Under this program, murals were painted in many public buildings. Schools were among the public buildings that were recipients of murals and sculpture. Fig. 8: Evidence of structural damage to the wall. The FAP was the largest of the New Deal art programs in both its scope and the number of artists employed. Its most productive period lasted until 1939, when a massive reorganization of all New Deal relief programs resulted in the FAP being renamed and reduced in size. Upon its discontinuation in 1943, the WPA s Art Program had produced over 108,000 easel paintings, 11,300 fine prints, 2,500 murals and 18,000 sculpture works. Completed works of art were either loaned or allocated to federal, state, and local governmental entities, tax supported organizations, or non-profit UNCG Historic Dimension Series 4
5 Fig. 9: Shucking Oysters, Alexander J. Rummler, WPA/FAP era, oil on canvas, Maritime Aquarium, Norwalk, CT. organizations. The Treasury Relief Art Project: The goal of Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP) was to commission art from unemployed artists to decorate federal buildings such as post offices, courthouses, and U.S. embassies. This was a relief program, and 90% (later 70%) of the artists on TRAP had to come from relief rolls. TRAP was directed by the Treasury and financed by the WPA. The work done through this project was somewhat limited, but works included easel paintings, murals for existing buildings, and sculpture. Most of the art was oil on canvas, so that even murals were usually done in a studio and transported to the site by the artist for installation. However, unlike the WPA, TRAP only loaned art to federal government agencies. During its three year tenure, TRAP employed over 400 artists to create paintings, murals, and sculptures. The majority of New Deal murals were studio works of oil painted on canvas. The canvas was then transferred to the site and adhered to a plaster wall with various types of glue. Some oil paintings, because they were moved or originally on loan, were canvas mounted on wooden stretchers. However, a small percentage of the murals were frescoes (oil paint applied to wet plaster), and the fate of each fresco was often linked with the condition of the wall on which it was painted. Mural Ownership Today The General Services Administration s responsibility for administering New Deal works of art came from the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of The Act established the General Services Administration (GSA) and in the process transferred all records, property, personnel, obligations, and commitments of the Federal Works Agency, including those of all agencies of the Federal Works Agency. Included in the mandate was the stewardship of the portable artworks created under the federal government s New Deal art projects. There are numerous New Deal works of art in post office buildings nationwide. In most cases, the works of art are the property of the U.S. Postal Service, which has responsibility for their care. Causes of Damage to Murals Progressive and New Deal murals were intentionally created for and placed in public places, federal office buildings, court houses, schools, hospitals, libraries, and post offices. Their very locations exposed them to all manner of physical and environmental dangers over time. As with many historic buildings, water damage, from leaks or excessive moisture from badly placed heating or AC vents, is the overall leading cause of damage to murals (Fig. 7). The causes and degree of damage vary depending on the exact location of each mural but include the following: abrasions, graffiti, pencil, ball-point pen, spit-balls, and various types of food (many murals are in public school cafeterias and post offices) (Figs. 8, 11, 12). Damage from nails used to hang posters, public address systems, and frames resulted in missing mural sections. Light, air pollution, and tobacco smoke (especially in the south) are also leading culprits in the aging, fading, and darkening of many murals (Fig. 10). Other problems include mildew and over-painting; murals were sometimes whitewashed because they were thought to be controversial, passé, or just plain unattractive. UNCG Historic Dimension Series 5
6 Fig. 10: Before, during and after conservation views of a James Edwin McBurney mural. The mural was coated with a heavy soot film. Untitled, , oil on canvas, Wentworth Elementary School, Chicago, IL. Mural Conservation Approaches There is no defined recipe or prescription for restoring murals. The best advice is: it depends. However, mural conservation can be divided into two fundamental divisions: visual and structural repairs. Visual repairs require testing the paint surface using aqueous or organic solvents to determine whether or not it is safe to remove overlying discolored films. The conservator has to understand the techniques and styles of painters from the period. He must also understand the chemical composition of paint films and solvents necessary to remove veiling varnish and dirt. This is the most critical part of any treatment. The goal of a conservator is to return a work of art to its original pristine condition so as to preserve its cultural value. He or she attempts to reverse years of damage while paying homage to the artist s intent at the time of creation. The first step for a conservator is to thoroughly examine and evaluate an object. This involves restoring the structure, materials, and condition of the object and understanding the historical context in which it was created. Scientific analysis may be conducted as well as research into records and photographs. The conservator identifies the extent and causes of any damage and takes into consideration the environment in which it is to be maintained and the owner-intended use of the object. The conservator then prepares a written condition report of his findings and proposes a specific treatment. Some typical treatment steps include: Removal of surface dirt and old coatings such as discolored varnish. Stabilization of deteriorating materials. Repair of damaged areas. Improvement of the appearance of the object, often by adding new materials. Display or storage of the object in such a way as to optimize its appearance and minimize any future damage. Once the treatment is finished, the owner is provided with complete documentation: the condition report, proposal, and a treatment report on what was actually done including photographs of other visual materials from each stage of the treatment. This documentation is important to the history of the object and should be available to future owners and conservators. Mural Conservation Techniques In the book, Norwalk s Collection of WPA-Era Art Commissioned for Public Buildings, , Paul Gratzand and E. Eugene Bechtel, conservators at Greenwood Studio, describe their process. The approach taken by the Greenwood Studio involved a number of steps. Painted in oil on canvas, the murals were attached to the walls with water-soluble glue. Fortunately, this meant that the bond holding the murals to the walls could be broken. Our technique for removing the murals involved a process called facing. This is done by adhering cotton duck canvas to the face or front of the painting with a hot wax-resin compound, ensuring the integrity of the painted surface. We then physically separated the painting from the wall, rolled them face out on 14 inch diameter tubes, covered them with heavy plastic, and stored them vertically until future restoration. The restoration process involved lining the paintings with heavy cotton duck canvas using hot wax resin, removing the facing canvas, cleaning the surface of dirt, grime and foreign materials, filling and in-painting missing areas, and finally protecting the paintings with two coats of varnish. The paintings were then attached to heavy-duty wooden stretchers, which enabled them to be hung as paintings rather than as murals adhered to a wall. After restoration, the murals were hung for the first time UNCG Historic Dimension Series 6
7 Fig. 12: caption goes here in Helvetica Neue 10 pt. italic. Fig. 11: caption goes here in Helvetica Neue 10 pt. italic. with preservation in mind. To ensure their longevity, murals hung in the new Norwalk City Hall were given a one-inch space behind each canvas to allow air to circulate. In addition, the murals were no longer exposed to sunlight but rather installed on safe interior walls with appropriate lighting. The Rediscovery and Preservation of Progressive and WPA-Era Murals in the Chicago Public Schools, , describes three different unique conservation processes used by the conservators on Chicago Public School murals. The approach taken by the Chicago Conservation Center, exclusive conservators for the Chicago murals, varied depending on the unique challenges presented at each of the 68 locations. Lucy Flower Career Academy High School The WPA/FAP fresco paintings at Lucy Flower Career Academy High School by Edward Millman had been painted over with two paint layers. A white oil film was resting on top of a red calcimine layer. In addition, the mural was 54 feet wide by 9 feet tall. After many tests and much time, it was determined that a poultice paste of sodium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide would remove the two layers of paint without damaging the original paint. The paste was mixed in a 60:40 mixture and left on the mural for 85 minutes to produce the desired result. The top oil layer was softened so that it could then be removed with a spatula and palette knives. Remnants of the calcimine were removed using isopropyl alcohol. Areas no larger than two feet by four feet could be treated at a time. As the work progressed additional damage was discovered on the mural from nails that had held posters to the wall. These areas were filled with gesso (marble dust and rabbit-skin glue) and retouched to match the original in both value and hue with reversible colorfast and lightfast conservation pigments. Tilton Elementary Three murals at Tilton Elementary school were painted over with a layer of lead-white paint. The overprint was carefully removed under binocular magnification. Due to the paint layer s fragile condition, numerous areas of lifting paint had to be reset into place using a 1:10 gelatin adhesive. A layer of aged dirt and grime was removed using detergent solvents. The canvas supports were weak and brittle. To offer long-term stabilization, the paintings were reinforced to secondary canvasses using a non-aqueous adhesive under controlled vacuum hot-table procedures at 1 degree mercury. The paintings were then restretched onto custom-made auxiliary stretchers to precisely accommodate their arch-shaped format. Several of the paintings showed large interior losses. These areas were filled with canvas inserts to reiterate the original canvas weave. Smaller losses were filled with marble dust and rabbit-skin glue. The varnish and losses were retouched using conservation pigments. A final non-yellowing spray varnish completed the repairs. UNCG Historic Dimension Series 7
8 Fig. 13: Outstanding American Women: Frances Perkins, Edward Millman, , fresco, Lucy Flowers Career Academy High School, Chicago, IL. Wendall Phillips High School The four Wendall Phillips High School murals were oil on canvas paintings and were glued to plaster walls, which had deteriorated, causing cracking paint, chip losses, and curling supports. To save the paintings it was necessary to remove them from their sites. The painted surfaces were first protected using Japanese tissue paper and a starch paste adhesive. Successful removal of the murals was carried out using mechanical tools. The paintings were then rolled onto protective tubes and taken back to the conservation laboratory. Wall plaster had adhered to the verso of each canvas. The paintings were placed face down and the encrustations were removed with paring knives and scalpels. The applied protective Japanese tissue paper was then removed. A layer of dirt and grime rested on a layer of discolored varnish. Both of these layers were missing the original color relationship in the paintings with the effect of flattening the three dimensional quality of the scene. Conservation solvents removed these layers of dirt and grime. Once the paintings were cleaned, they were lined with Belgian linen using a nonaqueous adhesive to strengthen the weakened canvas. Finally, they were restretched onto redwood springstretchers. These stretchers have the ability to expand and contract under varying humidity conditions, offering constant and even tension. Small losses were filled with marble dust and rabbit-skin glue. A layer of non-yellowing varnish was applied, and the loss areas were retouched to match original paint value and hues using conservation pigments. A final spray varnish completed the repairs. The four paintings were reframed and reinstalled in their original location at the school. Conclusion New Deal murals are a national treasure of the United States. Not only do they represent American s overcoming the hardship of World War I and the Great Depression through art, but they tell a uniquely American story of vision and a changing populace and culture during the first 43 years of the twentieth century. The fact that many murals still exist in their original location, if not condition, is astounding. Sadly, many murals have been lost to neglect, changing tastes, and the wrecker s ball. The Norwalk Transit Authority and the Chicago Public School System s efforts are nothing short of heroic in finding the funding and political will to save their murals for future generations. They have also added to the collective knowledge base on how to restore and care for murals, for there are still many more murals to be located and restored. Fortunately, murals still exist in all fifty states, so one does not need to travel far to see a Progressive or New Deal mural to appreciate the legacy left by these artists and the federal government s ongoing stewardship. Bibliography Becker, H. (2002). Art for the people: the rediscovery and preservation of Progressive and WPA era murals in the Chicago Public Schools, San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. The Depression Era Art Projects in Illinois. (n.d.) Retrieved January 18, 2006, from edu/ipo/200/ihpsp0004.html Flannery, N.A. (in press). WPA murals in Chicago and the Chicago park field houses: The politics of art. Preserve and Play. Retrieved March 26, 2006, from Kristin K. (2003, Summer). Mural paintings and conservation in the Americas: A symposium. The Getty Newsletter, 18(2). General services administration fine arts desk guide. (2004). Legal Title to Art Work Produced Under the 1930 s and 1940 s New Deal Administration. United States Government. Marling, K.A. (1982). Wall to wall America: A cultural history of post-office murals in the Great Depression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Norwalk Connecticut Transit District. (2001). Norwalk collection of WPA Era Art: Commissioned for public buildings Norwalk, CT: Norwalk Transit The Historic Dimension Series is a collection of briefs prepared by UNCG students under the direction of Professor Jo Ramsay Leimenstoll. For information on other topics in the series please visit the website at UNCG Historic Dimension Series 8
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We're in Romans chapter 1 again tonight for our study of God's Word and looking at the first seven verses again, as we examine a very important introduction to the book. We spent a little more time with this introduction because we really feel it sets the tone for the rest of the epistle. And again tonight we look back at these same marvelous seven verses. Let me read them to you as a setting for our thinking tonight. Romans, chapter 1 and verse 1:
“Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, which He had promised before by His prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who was made of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, by whom we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith among all nations, for His name, among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ: to all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called saints, grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
Did you notice that that's one sentence? Paul is famous for that. He writes "Paul" in verse 1, "to all that be in Rome" in verse 7, and adds practically the entire gospel in the phrases in between. And so, we have been dealing with those very important phrases and shall again tonight look at this same marvelous passage.
There was an extremely wealthy man who possessed vast treasures of art. The man had one son who was a very ordinary boy, who passed away his adolescence in obscurity and had little effect on anybody. He reached a certain age in his life and he died rather unexpectedly as a young man. The father mourned the son greatly. Within a few months after the death of his son, the father died as well.
And he left this incredible wealth bound up in art treasures. He left a will and he said that everything was to be auctioned. And strangely enough in the will, the father stipulated that one particular painting had to be auctioned first and that was a painting of his son done by an artist that no one really knew. And so the auctioneer in accord with the will did exactly what was to be done, and first of all, to the large crowd that had assembled, he directed their attention to this painting of the rather obscure son of the wealthy man and started the bidding there. No one knew the boy. No one knew the artist. No one really cared about the boy.
A long time passed without any bid at all, and finally an old black man who had been a servant in the house of the wealthy man came forward and he said he would like to place a one-dollar bid on the portrait of the son, whom he loved very much. And at that point in his life that was all he could afford. There were no other bids and the black servant was able to purchase the painting of the son for one dollar.
Then the dramatic moment came as he read the next portion of the will. It said this. "All the rest of the treasure shall go to the one who loved my son long enough and strong enough to purchase his portrait."
There is no way to comprehend the riches that God has provided for those who love His Son, no way. They are infinite. Jesus said the kingdom of heaven is like a treasure. The Bible says eye hath not seen, nor ear heard the things that God has prepared for those who love Him. And this, beloved, is the good news—
isn't it?—that if we love the Son, we inherit all the riches of the Father. In Christ we have treasure beyond imagination. The Bible says that if we love the Son we will have a faithfulness that will never be removed. We will have a life that will never end. We will have a spring of water that will never cease to bubble up within us. We will have a gift that will never be lost. We will have a hand out of which the resources will never end. We will have a chain that will never be broken. We will have a love from which we can never be separated. We will have a calling that will never be revoked, a foundation that will never be destroyed and an inheritance that will never, ever, ever fade away. Now this is the good news.
And this is the message of the epistle to the Romans, that God has good news for those who love His Son. And then as we are beginning the epistle, we are examining just the introduction in the first seven verses. And already we have begun to sense the riches and we're going to see more tonight.
Now these seven verses contain the seed of truth that blooms fully in the remaining sixteen chapters. And we have noted for you that there are at least seven elements to this introduction, seven features regarding the good news. There is the preacher of the good news, the promise of the good news, the person of the good news, the provision of the good news, the proclamation of the good news, the privileges of the good news, and the purpose of the good news.
Now let me remind you briefly of the first three. First of all, the preacher of the good news is introduced to us in verse 1: "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, a called apostle, separated unto the gospel of God." And there we have met the preacher of the good news. And it points us to a very important reality, and that is this, that God has chosen human vessels to be the instruments of the transporting of the good news. Paul, a man like us, a servant of Jesus Christ, a called apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, pointing to the fact that God has chosen to use human agency. God has designed to use men and women to proclaim the good news. In fact, it tells us in 1 Corinthians that God has chosen by the foolishness of preaching to proclaim His message, and even use weak and ignoble and foolish preachers to do it.
So, no one's faith stands in the wisdom of men, but it stands only in the power of God through the weakness of men. God's people are still the instruments. Jesus commanded us to go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. The preacher: a human instrument.
Secondly, we looked at the promise of the good news, verse 2: "Which He had promised before by His prophets in the holy Scriptures." The good news, or the gospel, had already been promised in the Old Testament. That's why in Matthew 5:17 Jesus said, “I didn't come to destroy the law but to fulfill it.” I came to fill it up, to bring it to fulfillment, to bring it to fruition, to bring it to wholeness, to bring it to completeness. The New Testament is the Word of God that completes the Old Testament; that consummates the promise. So the good news is going to come through a human preacher and the good news is going to be based upon the promises of God in the Old Testament.
And thirdly, we saw not only the preacher and the person, or rather the preacher and the promise, but the preacher and the promise and the person. What and whom is the heart and object of the good news? Look at verse 3. It concerns “His Son Jesus Christ our Lord who was made of the seed of David according to the flesh and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead."
The person of the good news is Christ. That's the issue. It is what you do with God's Son, the Lord Jesus Christ, that determines whether you inherit the riches of the Father. And there is in those two verses an absolutely wonderful presentation of Christ. We see His humanness in verse 3; “He was made of the seed of David according to the flesh.” He was a real human being. We see His deity in verse 4; He was “declared to be the Son of God with power through the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead.” We see His humanity. We see His deity. He had to be man to take man's place. He had to be God to conquer sin and death and hell and Satan.
Now I want you to notice one thing in verse 4, just as we conclude our thoughts on the person. It says that this was accomplished, that is His power and resurrection, according to the Spirit of holiness. That is another way to say the Holy Spirit. It was the Holy Spirit working in Christ; through the agency of the Spirit, Christ did what He did. He expressed His power and He was raised from the dead through the agency of the Holy Spirit.
Now this relationship is very important. If you look back, for example, at Matthew chapter 3 for a moment; let me take you just on a very fast tour of how Jesus was related to the Holy Spirit in His incarnation. The Holy Spirit's the third member of the Trinity, as you know. And within the Trinity, they were equal. And yet, when Jesus was incarnate, He submitted Himself to the will of the Father and to the power of the Spirit in a voluntary submission. And we find that at His baptism in Matthew chapter 3; He was baptized in verse 16. He went up out of the water. The heavens were opened to Him and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and lighting upon Him. And a voice from heaven saying, "This is My beloved Son in whom I am well pleased."
Now the Father was bestowing on Christ the Spirit. Now mark this. I believe that from this time on, and this was the initiation into His ministry, His ministry was controlled by the power of the Holy Spirit. Now follow a little further into Matthew chapter 12 and verse 31. He said this to those who accused Him of being of the devil. They accused Him of being of Satan. They accused Him of being representative of Beelzebub, which was a pagan term for Satan. And He said in verse 31, "I say unto you, all manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Holy Spirit shall not be forgiven men. And whosoever speaks a word against the Son of Man, a word against the Son of Man can be forgiven. But whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit shall not be forgiven."
Now what was He saying? He's saying you might say something against My humanness, and that would be forgivable. But when you blaspheme the Spirit of God who is doing the work through Me, that is unforgivable. Now we'll see in full what that means. But the point that I want you to see is this, that when they denied the works of Christ, He says you're not blaspheming the Son of Man, you're blaspheming whom? The Holy Spirit. Why? Because He had surrendered to the power of the Holy Spirit, and when they blasphemed His works, they were blaspheming the Spirit, because it was the Spirit working through Him.
And so, you have just in this introduction in that one little phrase, not only an understanding of the humanity of Christ and the deity of Christ but His relationship to the Holy Spirit, one of the most marvelous of all theological categories.
Well, listen to what it says in Luke 4:1, "And Jesus, being full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan." After His baptism He went from that place full of the Holy Spirit.
In John 3:34, it says this: "For God giveth not the Spirit by measure unto Him. The Father loves the Son and hath given all things into His hand." When God gave the Son the Spirit, He gave Him the Spirit without measure, in other words, in absolute and utter fullness.
Now this is a mystery, people. Jesus is God. He's one with the Father and one with the Spirit. The Trinity is one and yet distinctly three. But in a marvel of the incarnation, there was some kind of separation. The Son took on a voluntary submission, did only the will of the Father and only through the power of the Spirit. And so it was the agency of the Holy Spirit that empowered Him in His voluntary humiliation. It was the agency of the Holy Spirit that was doing the work through Him. And that shows you, that shows you the utter submissiveness of Christ. And when it says in Philippians that He set aside these things, that he took on the form of a servant and was found in fashion as a man and humbled Himself, it really means that. He did only what the Father showed Him to do and only in the power of the Spirit; quite a submission for one who is fully God and has been and will be for all eternity.
And so, it was the Spirit who empowered Him in His resurrection. You say, "Why is that important?" It is important because it indicates to us that the Trinity, that God Himself is involved in the living and the dying and the rising of Christ. And the greatest affirmation that Jesus was who He claimed to be was that God Himself raised Him from the dead through the instrumentation of the Holy Spirit. So Christ is the God-man, fully man and fully God. And that is fully indicated in that God Himself raised Him from the dead through the agency of the Holy Spirit. That's good news. He came to identify with us. He came to be a man as we are men, to suffer, to understand the role of human life, but at the same time He was God and He overcame by the power of the Spirit and rose from the dead.
The marvel of His humanity and deity and that mysterious union we can never fully understand. And we can never fully understand how He was related to the Father and how He was related to the Spirit because it is so mysterious. We can't really grasp it all. But that is precisely what the Bible teaches, fully man and fully God.
I think maybe you can understand it a little bit by just looking at illustrations of it. Listen to Matthew 17:24, "And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tax money came to Peter and said, ‘Does not your Master pay taxes?’ He said yes." Now that's interesting. Jesus paid taxes. Think of that the next couple of weeks; make you feel better. Jesus paid taxes. That shows His humanness. That shows that He was a man like other men.
"And when he was come into the house, Jesus spoke first to him, saying, ‘What are you thinking about, Simon?’ Of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute, of their own sons or strangers? Peter said unto Him, ‘Of strangers.’ Jesus said unto him, ‘Then are the sons free.’" In other words, He's saying, in effect, we don't really belong to the system. They really tax their own and we are not of this world, but nevertheless, lest we should offend them, right? We don't really belong to this world but lest we should offend them, we're going to pay our taxes just like everybody else. And then He says this, "Go down to the sea and throw in a hook and pull out the first fish you catch and open its mouth and you'll find a piece of money. Take that and give it to the tax collector for you and Me."
Now wait a minute. It's one thing to pay your taxes, but that's another way to get the money that none of us can handle. You see, there you have a perfect illustration of the marvel of His humanity and His deity. He paid His taxes but He had ways of providing that were absolutely supernatural.
In Mark chapter 4, verse 35, and we've read this recently, "The same day when the evening was come, He said unto them, Let's pass over to the other side [going across the Sea of Galilee] and when they had sent away the multitude, they took Him even as He was in the boat and there were also with them other little boats,” a little flotilla going across. “There arose a great storm of wind and the waves beat into the boat so that it was now full." Now you know as well as I do that it's okay for the boat to be in the water but it's not okay for the water to be in the boat. And get this, verse 38, "And Jesus was in the stern of the boat asleep on a pillow." Now that's His humanness. He was tired. The crowds literally dogged His steps without relenting. He was tired and He was asleep in a storm.
"And they said to Him, ‘Master, don't you care that we perish?’ And He arose and rebuked the wind—rebuked the wind—and unto the sea He said, ‘Peace, be still.’ And the wind ceased and there was a great calm." You see His humanity in the one hand; He's asleep because He's so tired. On the other hand, He stops the storm instantly. You can't explain the mystery, you can only see it.
Luke 23 verse 39, and one of the malefactors who were hanged railed at Him saying, "’If Thou be the Christ, save Thyself and us.’ But the other answering rebuked Him saying, ‘Dost not thou fear God seeing thou art in the same condemnation? And we indeed justly for we receive the due reward of our deeds, but this man hath done nothing amiss.’" There you see His humanness. He's a victim, mercilessly hammered to a cross with a cloak of blood and flies, spit on, mocked, stared at in His nakedness, humiliated. "’And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when Thou comest into Thy kingdom.’ And Jesus said to him, ‘Verily I say unto thee, today shalt thou be with Me in paradise.’" That's His deity. And you see this co-mingling all through His life.
So, we meet the preacher. We see the promise and the person of the good news, Jesus Christ, God in human flesh doing the will of the Father, whose Son He has become in the power of the Spirit.
Now let's come, number four, to the provision of the good news, the provision. If you love the Son, what happens? If you receive the good news, what happens? Two things first pop out of the treasure-trove that God has provided. Verse 5 says, "By whom we have received grace and apostleship," and you can stop there.
What is it that the good news gives us? What is it that the good news bestows upon us? What is the treasure that we inherit when we love the Son? First, grace; second, apostleship. First, watch this, conversion; second, vocation. First, to be called; second, to be sent.
First, let's look at grace. We receive grace. What do you mean, Paul? Well, there is the possibility that he could be meaning the grace of apostleship, that's possible. But I like to think he's saying something more distinct than that, that the translation of the Authorized is right, that he is saying we have received grace and apostleship. What is grace? It's unmerited favor, unearned favor. The good news is that salvation is by grace. Ephesians 2:8 and 9 says, "For by grace are you saved through faith, that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works, lest any man [should what?] should boast." We're saved by grace: “The grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men.” It is grace, unmerited favor, the kind goodwill, the mercy, the loving kindness of God grants this as a gift and all we do is respond in believing.
A baby breathes because it is slapped. And we enter into the kingdom of God and receive the gift of life from Him, because with divine sovereignty He whacks us and we begin to breathe spiritually. If we are alive, it is because His breath has been breathed into us. We are born from above. There's no place for self-congratulations. There's no place for human achievement. We are not saved by works. In fact, in Romans this will be developed for us in the third chapter so that you could never miss it. In Romans 3, verse 24 it says, "We are justified freely by His grace." Verse 27: "Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law or works? Nay, but by the law of faith." We believe and God is gracious.
In Romans chapter 5, he'll develop that more. In verses 20 and 21 talks about where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Mercy without cause, kindness without deserving. So, salvation did not come by confirmation, salvation does not come by communion, does not come by baptism, does not come by church membership, does not come by church attendance, does not come by trying to keep the Ten Commandments or trying to live the Sermon on the Mount. It does not come by giving to charity. It does not come by believing there is a God, or there is a Christ. It does not come by simply being moral and respectable. It does not come even by claiming to be a Christian. It comes when we receive by faith the gift of grace. By the way, hell will be full of people I've just described who think they have salvation in the wrong thing.
And so, Paul says we receive grace. That's the first provision of the gospel, that you don't have to earn it. You couldn't if you wanted to. It's impossible. "For by the deeds of the law shall no flesh be justified."
Dr. Barnhouse had a good word. He said this: "Love that looks upward is worship. Love that looks outward is affection. And love that stoops is grace." And God has stooped to give us grace though we don't deserve it.
The dying saint Payson said this: "Grace is the only thing that can make us like God. I might be dragged through heaven, through earth and through hell and I would still be the same sinful polluted wretch unless God Himself should cleanse me by His grace." And we're going to see a lot more about grace, so I'm just going to leave it there. But it is free. It is a gift. The first provision: grace.
The second: apostleship. And I think Paul is expanding his thinking here. He starts with himself, "Paul." By the time he gets to verse 5 he has the word "we." We have received grace. And I think he embraces the believing community. We have received a certain kind of apostleship. I know he sees himself in that "we" and he sees the other apostles there and those who worked with him. It's also possible he senses the breadth of that term in its broadest possible context. The gospel not only brings us the grace of salvation, but the task of apostleship.
And we saw, didn't we, in our study this morning, that it means to be sent, to be a sent one. We are called and saved to be sent to reach the world. And for Paul, his apostleship was that very unique apostleship, a very unique...in fact, there was none like it. There was the twelve: Judas fell out, Matthias was added, that kept the twelve intact. And later Paul appeared on the scene as born out of due season, an apostle as truly as any of the others who saw Christ personally after the resurrection. And yet there was a uniqueness about his apostleship. And I think he sensed that. But he also realized that all of us are encompassed in the concept of being sent ones. You know that Hebrews 3:1 calls the Lord Jesus an Apostle? He was sent from the Father.
So, in its widest sense, I believe, the term refers to any gospel messenger. Commentator William Hendriksen agrees with that. He says, "Anyone who is on a spiritual mission, anyone who in that capacity represents the sender, anyone who brings the message of salvation is in a sense an apostle." But please don't be confused. We are not equal to the apostles of the New Testament. They were unique for their own time.
But you can find as you study, and we've seen this in past lessons so we won't belabor the point, that there were many who were sent ones. For example, in Romans 16:7 it says, "Greet Andronicus and Junias." Have you ever heard of them? You know anything about them? I don't. It says, "Who are of note among the apostles." What kind of apostles were Andronicus and Junias? Well, certainly not apostles with a capital "A", not the official ones. But they were dispatched. They were sent ones on a mission of proclaiming the truth of Christ in His behalf. And so, I believe this is what we are learning here, that there is not only the grace of salvation but the challenge of being sent.
By the way, in Acts 14:14 it calls Barnabas an apostle. He wasn't one of the twelve and nor was he the equivalent of Paul in that sense. And this goes on throughout the Scripture. You have the term apostle being broadened and broadened in many texts so that we can't confine it to just some limited specific individuals.
Now let me just see if I can give you an illustration to help you. I grew up with athletics as a background. And I was on a lot of different teams. And some coaches that I played for in various sports were kind souls. Others were not so kind; winning was everything. But I can remember several different teams that I was on in my life where a boy would come and he would try out for the team and he really wasn't very good, didn't have a lot of ability. But maybe his father had died, or maybe he was a poor fellow, or maybe he was just kind of the sort of person that draws sympathy out of you. And every once in a while a coach would just put him on the team, you know. Just give him a uniform, make him feel a part. But he'd never play, never get in the game.
And I thought about that in reference to this. The Lord doesn't work that way. If you get on the team, you're going to get in the game. It's going to be grace and apostleship that He's called us to. It is not just to be redeemed, it is to be redeemed and then sent. He graciously puts us on the team. And by the way, we're all like that little kid who couldn't do anything. And He puts us on the team and then He uses us. And we saw this morning in our study what a tough bunch we are to work with. The good news, beloved, is that He provides conversion and vocation, the high and holy privilege of serving Jesus Christ.
Oh my, do you have any comprehension of what a high calling that is? It says in Ephesians 2:10 that we have been created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God has before ordained that we should walk in them. We have been created in Christ Jesus unto good works. That's the whole point.
A victor at the Olympic Games in ancient times was asked, "Spartan, what will you gain by this victory?" He replied, "I, sir, shall have the honor to fight on the front line for my king." That's it. We're called to serve with all of our limitations.
D.L. Moody gave an address one time in Chicago. And it was typical Moody. At the close of the address a highly educated man came to him and said, "Sir, excuse me, but you made eleven mistakes in your grammar tonight." Mr. Moody said, "I probably did. You see, my early education was very limited and faulty, but I'm using all the grammar that I know for the cause of Christ. How about you?"
That was the right answer, wasn't it? One time some fellow came up to Moody and said, "I don't like your invitation. I don't think it's the right way to have an invitation." He said, "Well, you know, I appreciate that." He said, "I've always been uncomfortable with that, too. I wish I knew a better way. What's your method of inviting people to Christ?"
"Oh," the fellow said, "I don't have one."
He said, "I like mine better."
Whatever our limitations are I believe that God wants us to not only have grace but apostleship, to be sent. And I know the primary point here is that Paul is reflecting on his own apostleship and the grace of God in his own life. But it's much bigger than that.
Dr. Barnhouse reflected on a very interesting time in his life that parallels an experience I had and I just want to share them with you. He was being ordained into the Presbyterian ministry and he writes that: "The moderator of the presbytery asked me questions and I answered them. They told me to kneel down. Men came toward me and one man was asked to make the prayer. I felt his hand come on my head and then the hands of others touching my head and pressing down on his and the other hands. The ring of men closed in on me and one man began to pray. It was a nice little prayer and had one pat little phrase in it, `Father, guard him with Thy love, guide him with Thine eye and gird him with Thy power.'
"I kept thinking about those three verbs: guard, guide and gird. It seemed as foolish as performing a marriage ceremony upon two people who had been living together for a quarter of a century and who had a family. I knew I had been ordained long ago and that the hands that had been on my head were hands that had been pierced and nailed to a cross.
"Years later, the man that made the prayer that day signed a paper saying that he was opposed to the doctrine of the virgin birth, the doctrine of the deity of Jesus Christ, the doctrine of the substitutionary atonement, the doctrine of the miracles of Christ, the doctrine of the inspiration of the Scriptures as tests for ordination or a man's good standing in the ministry.
"When I read his name on that list, I put my hand on the top of my head and smiled to myself, wondering how many dozen times I had had my hair cut since his unholy hands had touched me. And I had the profound consolation of knowing that the hand of the Lord Jesus Christ, wounded and torn because of my sin, had touched me and given me an apostleship which was from God and which was more important than any that man could approve by their little ceremonies."
Now you've got to hear Dr. Barnhouse preach that to understand how strong he said it. God gave him his ministry and his mission. I read that and thought of my own ordination. Good and godly men were there. They asked me all kinds of questions. And they came up and they put their hands on me and they prayed. All of them signed my ordination certificate. In fact there weren't enough lines for them and there's one name written bigger than any other name. It must have been an ancestor of John Hancock, great huge writing. He wrote his name on the first line of my ordination that hangs on my wall.
Not long after that, he abandoned the ministry, was involved in replete immorality, denied the faith, denied Christ, became an outspoken atheist, became a philosophy professor at USC. And I, like Dr. Barnhouse, thank God that my apostleship, my ministry, didn't come from men, but it came from Christ Himself.
Listen, what is the provision of the good news? It is grace to save, apostleship to serve. So, we see the good news: the preacher, the promise, the person, the provision. And then we come to the proclamation. Now that we're going to serve, we're going to be sent with a message. What is it we proclaim? Verse 5 again, we proclaim obedience to the faith among all nations. And then he says in verse 6: “Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ.”
In other words, just like you've been called to Christ, we're going to go out and call others to Christ. This really extends the last thought, the good news about Jesus Christ which has brought us grace and service leads us to go out and proclaim it and to call for the nations of the earth to be obedient to the faith. That's a great statement, folks. I wish we had time tonight just to go over the whole thought of obedience to the faith. You ought to write; put a circle around that phrase in your Bible, "Obedience to the faith." A tremendous statement, a statement just literally jammed with meaning. And it appears again at the end of Romans in chapter 16, verse 26, the next to the last verse: "To make known to all nations the obedience of faith." The obedience of faith; listen, if there's one thing about faith, it is that faith is what? Obedient. You show me someone who says he believes and lives a life of disobedience and I'll show you someone who is not redeemed. For faith, if it does not manifest works of obedience, is dead. We are not saved by works; we are saved unto good works. And the message of Christianity is a call for people to be obedient to the faith.
When you come to Christ, you affirm the faith. And by the way, that is a very definite statement—the faith. And Jude uses it, "The faith once for all delivered to the saints." It means the content of the gospel, the content of the message. It means teaching them to observe “all things whatsoever I have commanded you.” That's how you go about preaching. It is obedience that we preach, obedience to the faith, the duly constituted faith. We are preaching a message of obedience. And sadly that isn't the message that people are hearing today. We must call people to faith, but faith that obeys is the only genuine faith. People say they believe and live the life of disobedience, they lie and the truth is not in them. People who really believe will obey.
And so, the design of our apostleship, the design of Paul's apostleship, was to bring all nations to obedience to the faith. And the faith is more than just believing in Jesus, it's the faith. It's all that our faith embodies. The faith once for all delivered to the saints. If you want to know what the faith really is, it is the full content of the Word of God revealed. We call people to obey.
Now listen to me. It is not faith plus obedience equals salvation. No, it is an obedient faith equals salvation. True faith is verified in obedience. That's why the Bible constantly says that Jesus is Lord, that Jesus is Lord, that Jesus is Lord, because that demands submissive obedience. There's no faith without obedience. There has to be obedience for faith to be genuine.
Look at, for a moment, a good illustration right in Romans chapter 1 verse 8, verse 8. "I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world." How so? How was it that their faith was spoken of throughout the whole world? Chapter 16 verse 19, here's how, 16:19, "For your obedience is come abroad unto all men."
In the beginning it is your faith that is spread abroad. In the end it is your obedience that is spread abroad. Why? Because one must exist with the other; it is not faith unless it obeys. Salvation is submission. Salvation is affirmation of the lordship of Christ.
Now you don't want to have a theology that makes a Christian out of somebody who lives a life of absolute disobedience. There is no recognition of the lordship of Christ. "If thou shalt confess with thy mouth," Romans 10:9 and 10, "Jesus as Lord," and that means obedience to His lordship, "thou shalt be saved." That is the true stuff of which salvation is produced. "Let all the house of Israel know,” says Peter, “that God has made that same Jesus whom you crucified both Lord and Christ." And Jesus said to the Pharisees, in effect, in Matthew 5, "I don't care what you believe; by the way you live you deny salvation." A faith without obedience is a faith that won't save anybody. It is piling on the broad road that leads to destruction. That's what it is. It's building a nice big religious super-structure on sand. A faith without obedience is no saving faith. It's the kind of thing that deludes and deceives but doesn't save.
People say, "Oh, I believe in Jesus, I believe in the Bible, I remember when I walked the aisle, I remember so forth and so forth." That doesn't save unless there's a life of obedience. Listen to Hebrews 12:14, "Follow peace with all men," now listen to this, "and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord." No holiness, no heaven.
So, the proclamation is to bring all men to the obedience of faith, to the obedience of faith. And, beloved, this is something he says in verse 6 that we should long to do because it's something we've received, "Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ." In other words, you've been called to this, now you go call the other nations to this same thing. It's a great statement in verse 6, "Ye also are the called of Jesus Christ." We've been drawn to Christ. We've come out of that life of disobedience into a life of obedience, out of unbelief into faith. And he says because that's happened to us and we're a part of those called to Christ, we ought to carry the message to call others. We sang that chorus, "God forgave my sin in Jesus' name. I've been born again in Jesus' name. In Jesus' name I come to you to share His love as He told me to. He said, ‘Freely, freely you have received, freely, freely [what?] give. Go in My name and because you believe, others will know that I live.’” That's what he's saying.
We are sent for obedience to the faith among all nations because that is what has happened to us. We are the called who have been drawn to Christ.
So, we see the preacher of the good news, the promise of the good news, the person of the good news, the provision of the good news—grace and apostleship—the proclamation of the good news. And it is a proclamation of obedience. Beloved, don't ever leave that part out. I’ll give you two in closing: The privileges of the good news, the privileges.
Look at them in verse 7. "To all that be in Rome," and he sure can extend it beyond that, to all believers. He...he gives them three marvelous truths about their privileges. First, they are beloved of God. Second, they are called, and you ought to put a comma after that, and if you have some words in italics, that means they aren't there in the original. There's three things here: beloved of God, called and saints; beloved of God, called and saints. Those are the privileges of the good news.
What does it mean to be beloved of God? Well, it just means we are loved. And that is all over the Scripture. God has loved us. He has put His love upon us. In Ephesians chapter 2, (I just love that verse) verse 5...verse 4, rather, "God who is rich in mercy for His great love with which He loved us even when we were dead in sins has made us alive together with Christ." He loved us. He loved us even when we were dead in sin. In 1 John 3:1 it says, "Behold what manner of love." And the word "what manner," a very interesting Greek word, potapan, it has to do with something that's foreign, something that's other-worldly, something that belongs in outer space. I mean, what kind of a strange inhuman thing is this to love us?
In Ephesians 1:6 it says that through Christ we have been made accepted in the Beloved One. God can love us because He loves us in His Son. Romans 5 says: "The love of God is shed abroad in our hearts." Romans 8 says: "Nothing will ever separate us from the love of Christ." Nothing. And so, the privilege of the good news is that we're loved by God, and when God loves God pours out blessing.
Secondly, we are called. We're called. And that is the effectual call. That is referring to the actual call to salvation. And we'll see that in detail when we get to chapters 9 and 10. But we have been called. We are saved because of the sovereign act of God. This isn't referring to some general external call. Not just the proclamation as in Isaiah 45, "Be ye saved all the ends of the earth," or Isaiah 55, "Seek the Lord while He may be found." This isn't just the general call like Ezekiel 33 when He cried, "Turn ye, turn ye," or Matthew 11 where Jesus said, "Come unto Me all ye that labor," or John 7, "If any man thirst, let him come unto Me and drink," or Revelation 22, "And the Spirit and the bride say, ‘Come,’" or Romans 10, "Faith comes by hearing a speech about Christ." It isn't just that general calling out of the gospel. This is an indication of that very effectual purposeful call to redemption that comes by the sovereign will of God. We are the called. It's another word, if you will, for the elect, for the elect. We are the chosen. The Bible says chosen in Him before the foundation of the world; a tremendous truth. We are the called, called by God, the elect.
You can study this through the New Testament. And as I said, we get to chapter 8, 9 and 10, we'll see it in detail. But there are over and over again statements made to the effect that anyone who is a believer is one who was sovereignly called and predestinated by God.
May I add this quickly? It is never ever calling alone, but there is always with that call the act of faith in Christ that goes with it. But nonetheless, we're called. From our viewpoint, we come to Christ as an act of our will. But from God's viewpoint, it was determined before the world began and He called us to Himself. It's a marvelous truth. And we'll see it unfold as we go on in the epistle.
So, we are the beloved and we are the called. And grab that third one, we are saints, we are saints. You say, "You don't know me very well." Oh, but I know you well enough to know that if you're a Christian, you're a saint. You know what it means? A holy one, hagios, a holy one. By virtue of being beloved of God, by virtue of being called, you are a saint. You've been made holy. What does it mean? To set apart, to set apart from the world unto God.
In the Old Testament, they had many things that were set apart. They said that the holy place was set apart; the Holy of Holies was set apart. The tithe was set apart. The priests were set apart. In Exodus 19:6 says the whole nation of Israel was set apart. In other words, all those things were holy: the holy place, the Holy of Holies, the tithe, the priests, the nation were all holy unto the Lord. In other words, they were set apart unto God.
In the New Testament we don't have that anymore. The Holy of Holies doesn't exist, the veil was rent. The holy place is no more, the temple's been destroyed. The tithe isn't anymore because we're not under a theocracy. The priests aren't around anymore. The nation of Israel has been temporarily set aside. What is left that is holy? I'll tell you what it is: It is the new temple of God, which is His church. And we're holy. We're set apart unto God. Set apart from sin unto God. And we're to live like that.
But think of it, the privileges to be beloved of God, to be called from before the world began to be His child and to be set apart from sin unto Himself, separated to Him. Oh my, fitting that to such a people is the benediction in verse 7, "Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."
You know something? The only people who could ever receive such a benediction would be those who were beloved of God, called of God, and made holy by God. We're the only ones who can receive His grace and the only ones who can experience His peace—grace and then peace.
Now listen as we close. Finally, after all the other points that we've seen, I want to give you the purpose for the good news, the last point. We've gone through all of them except this, the purpose. And it's at the end of verse 5.
Why does the preacher preach? Why was the promise made? Why did the person come? Why have we received the provision of the gospel? Why have we experienced the proclamation responsibility? Why has God given us the privileges?
For one reason, the end of verse 5: "For His [what?] name." And I know that those of you who have been at Grace Church for any time understand this. This simply means that everything focuses on the glory of God. People are to be saved. Why? Oh, you say, "To keep them out of hell." That's secondary. "Oh, so they can experience the love of God." That's secondary. "Oh, so they can go to heaven." That's secondary. "Oh, so they can have God guide their life." That's secondary.
People are to be saved for the glory of God, because it is affrontery to His holy nature that someone should live in rebellion against Him. It is His glory that is the issue. And that is the reason for everything. In Philippians 2 it says that every knee should bow and confess Jesus as Lord to the glory of God the Father. Salvation is for His glory, the gospel is for His glory. Paul says in 2 Corinthians 4:15, "We preach the gospel that the thanksgiving of many may redound to the glory of God." The reason we want to bring you to salvation is so you can praise God's glory.
See, God is glorified when you believe His gospel. God is glorified when you love His Son. God is glorified when you accept His diagnosis of your sin and your need. God is glorified when you take Him into your life. God is glorified when your plans become His plans and your thoughts become the thoughts that are common to Him. We live and exist for the glory of God.
Madame Guyon wrote, "Glorious, Almighty, God without end, when wilt Thou melt the mountains and descend? When wilt Thou shout abroad the conquering rays and teach these Adams Thou hast made Thy praise?"
And so we come full circle. The good news comes from God. It is the gospel of God, verse 1. And it is preached by the preacher, promised in the Old Testament, personified in Jesus Christ, providing grace and service, proclaimed by those who receive eternal privileges and it is all for the purpose of glorifying God.
I trust that God will be glorified in your life as you respond to His good news and proclaim it. Now listen. I've just touched on so many vast subjects, it frustrates me to death. But we're going to see these unfold as we move through the book of Romans together. Will you bow your heads and listen to these words by William Blaine?
“He who wept above the grave, He who stilled the raging wave, meek to suffer, strong to save, His shall be the glory.
He whose sorrow’s pathway trod, He that every good bestowed, Son of Man and Son of God, His shall be the glory.
He who bled with scourging sore, thorns and scarlet meekly wore, He who every sorrow bore, His shall be the glory.
Monarch of the smitten cheeks, scorn of Jew and scorn of Greek, Priest and King divinely meek, His shall be the glory.
On the rainbow circle throne, mid the myriads of His own, never more to weep alone, His shall be the glory.
Man of slighted Nazareth, King who wore the thorny wreath, Son obedient unto death, His shall be the glory.
His the grand eternal wait, His the priestly regal state, Him the Father maketh great, His shall be the glory.
He who died to set us free, He who lives and loves even me, He who comes whom I shall see, Jesus only, only He, His shall be the glory.”
And, Father, we know that's the heart of Paul and the message of the book. Help us to see it ever so clearly for Christ's glory. Amen.
You may reproduce this Grace to You content for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Grace to You's Copyright Policy (http://www.gty.org/connect/copyright). | <urn:uuid:2f13ea59-5732-486c-8547-e172f2d301cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gty.org/resources/print/sermons/45-04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00279-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980972 | 10,554 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Detailed ESE Syllabus for Electrical Engineering 2020
Here is a Syllabus of both the ESE Papers together – ESE EE Syllabus
It is Syllabus for UPSC ESE Stage-I (objective type Paper-II) and ESE Stage-II (Conventional type Paper-I and Paper-II)
Branch/Discipline: Electrical Engineering
ESE PAPER – I
1. Engineering Mathematics:
Matrix theory, Eigen values & Eigen vectors, system of linear equations, Numerical methods for solution of non-linear algebraic equations and differential equations, integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Line, Surface and Volume Integrals. Fourier series, linear, non-linear and partial differential equations, initial and boundary value problems, complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, probability and statistics fundamentals, Sampling theorem, random variables, Normal and Poisson distributions, correlation and regression analysis.
2. Electrical Materials:
Electrical Engineering Materials, crystal structures and defects, ceramic materials, insulating materials, magnetic materials – basics, properties and applications; ferrities, ferro-magnetic materials and components; basics of solid state physics, conductors; Photo-conductivity; Basics of Nano materials and Superconductors.
3. Electric Circuits and Fields:
Circuit elements, network graph, KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis, ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, transient response of DC and AC networks, Sinusoidal steady state analysis, basic filter concepts, two-port networks, three phase circuits, Magnetically coupled circuits, Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’s laws; inductance, dielectrics, capacitance; Maxwell’s equations.
4. Electrical and Electronic Measurements:
Principles of measurement, accuracy, precision and standards; Bridges and potentiometers; moving coil, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments, measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor, instrument transformers, digital voltmeters and multi-meters, phase, time and frequency measurement, Q-meters, oscilloscopes, potentiometric recorders, error analysis, Basics of sensors, Transducers, basics of data acquisition systems
5. Computer Fundamentals:
Number systems, Boolean algebra, arithmetic functions, Basic Architecture, Central Processing Unit, I/O and Memory Organisation; peripheral devices, data represenation and programming, basics of Operating system and networking, virtual memory, file systems; Elements of programming languages, typical examples.
6. Basic Electronics Engineering:
Basics of Semiconductor diodes and transistors and characteristics, Junction and field effect transistors (BJT, FET and MOSFETS), different types of transistor amplifiers, equivalent circuits and frequency response; oscillators and other circuits, feedback amplifiers.
ESE PAPER – II
1. Analog and Digital Electronics:
Operational amplifiers – characteristics and applications, combinational and sequential logic circuits, multiplexers, multi-vibrators, sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters, basics of filter circuits and applications, simple active filters; Microprocessor basics- interfaces and applications, basics of linear integrated circuits; Analog communication basics, Modulation and de-modulation, noise and bandwidth, transmitters and receivers, signal to noise ratio, digital communication basics, sampling, quantizing, coding, frequency and time domain multiplexing, power line carrier communication systems.
2. Systems and Signal Processing :
Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals, shifting and scaling operations, linear, time-invariant and causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals, sampling theorem, Fourier and Laplace transforms, Z transforms, Discrete Fourier transform, FFT, linear convolution, discrete cosine transform, FIR filter, IIR filter, bilinear transformation.
3. Control Systems:
Principles of feedback, transfer function, block diagrams and signal flow graphs, steady-state errors, transforms and their applications; Routh-hurwitz criterion, Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, root loci, lag, lead and lead-lag compensation, stability analysis, transient and frequency response analysis, state space model, state transition matrix, controllability and observability, linear state variable feedback, PID and industrial controllers.
4. Electrical Machines :
Single phase transformers, three phase transformers – connections, parallel operation, auto-transformer, energy conversion principles, DC machines – types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors, Induction motors – principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control, Synchronous machines – performance, regulation, parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications, servo and stepper motors.
5. Power Systems :
Basic power generation concepts, steam, gas and water turbines, transmission line models and performance, cable performance, insulation, corona and radio interference, power factor correction, symmetrical components, fault analysis, principles of protection systems, basics of solid state relays and digital protection; Circuit breakers, Radial and ring-main distribution systems, Matrix representation of power systems, load flow analysis, voltage control and economic operation, System stability concepts, Swing curves and equal area criterion. HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts, Concepts of power system dynamics, distributed generation, solar and wind power, smart grid concepts, environmental implications, fundamentals of power economics.
6. Power Electronics and Drives :
Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs – static characteristics and principles of operation, triggering circuits, phase control rectifiers, bridge converters – fully controlled and half controlled, principles of choppers and inverters, basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives, DC-DC switched mode converters, DC-AC switched mode converters, resonant converters, high frequency inductors and transformers, power supplies. | <urn:uuid:d66fcb72-ae0b-4b8b-be6a-f9e74ba52d35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://logicwork.in/ese-ies-syllabus-for-electrical-engineering-2020-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.800009 | 1,318 | 2.75 | 3 |
✓ Vitamin D3
Studies found that vitamin D supplementation decreases ocular surface inflammation and Vitamin D deficiency may cause dry eye. Studies have reported dry eye syndrome (DES) to be a localized autoimmune disease and vitamin D can help to relieve the syndrome as a result of its anti-inflammatory properties.
✓ Vitamin E
People who like to take care of themselves naturally say that Vitamin E, an antioxidant, is really useful for dry eye syndrome by helping protect the eyes against damaging free radicals.
✓ Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are known among many people to have numerous benefits including helping those with Dry Eye Syndrome. Both flaxseed oil and fish oil are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids: Flaxseed oil is rich in ALA (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) and Fish oil is high in EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid), which contributes to the maintenance of normal vision.
✓ Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Lutein and Zeaxanthin are two carotenoids that are widely used in the management of eye diseases and eye health. Indeed, many studies have suggested that lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk of various eye diseases, such as dry eye syndrome. You can find Lutein and Zeaxanthin naturally in many food like green leafy vegetables and other green or yellow vegetables. You can also take it as food supplements.
Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal vision and to normal metabolism of vitamin A, which support the vision function of eyes. Indeed, it is said to play an essential role in the delivery of vitamin A from the liver to the retina in order to produce melanin, a protective pigment for the eyes. It is why this mineral is known to be a pigment that protects your eyes and supports eye health, in general and in case of Dry Eye Syndrome.
✓ Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2 contributes to the maintenance of normal vision. They are used to support the vision function of eyes since they are known to be the key for good vision and a healthy functioning ocular surface. Many people are used to take this vitamin in case of Dry Eye Syndrome.
✓ Vitamin B Complex
Generally, Vitamin B Complex include Vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cobalamin), and choline. The complex is used in case of many health issues, such as Dry Eye Syndrome. People use this complex to have healthy eyes & vision.
- Products based on natural raw materials
- Not available worldwide
Dry Eye Syndrome
Our eyes are protected by a film of tears that moisturises them and ensures their comfort. But when this film is missing, various unpleasant symptoms can appear and cause irritation. What are the causes? How can we prevent them?
Dry eye is a disease that consists of a deficit in the quantity of tears and/or a deterioration in the quality of tears, producing inflammation of the surface of the eye, making the eyes painful and inflamed. It is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, the dry eye syndrome medical term. It is usually bilateral and is more common in women than in men, especially during and after the menopause.
Can dry eye syndrome be fixed?
Yes, there is good dry eye syndrome treatment, but it depends of the types of dry eye. Naturally, good eye hygiene is essential, artificial tears are recommended, and anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops are recommended if the dryness has resulted in an infection. But to relieve the patient, the glands must also be unblocked. This can be done by massaging the eyelids, rubbing them with small lateral movements, with the eyes facing upwards to act on the lower eyelids, and downwards for the upper eyelids. You can also try the latest treatment for dry eye syndrome with new devices and technologies but the safest way is to use home remedies.
What is the main cause of dry eyes?
Whether it’s a burning sensation in the eye after a long day of staring at a computer screen or eye sensitivity after a sunny afternoon of cycling, these dry eye symptoms are uncomfortable and often annoying.
In general, there are three main reasons why you may be experiencing dry eye syndrome. Here are some dry eye causes:
- Your eyes may not produce enough tears: The simplest explanation is that your body simply does not produce enough normal tears to keep your eyes hydrated. This condition, called aqueous deficiency dry eye, occurs when the lacrimal glands do not produce enough tears to keep the surface of the eyes moist or healthy. This could be due to age, certain medications, a medical condition or even the use of screens.
- Tears may evaporate from your eyes too quickly: Tears may evaporate too quickly because of their quality or the environment (for example, a heated or air-conditioned place). It may also be due to lacrimal glands not functioning properly, producing tears that do not contain enough of the water component.
- The balance of your tears may be altered: Tears are made up of a complex mixture of ingredients that keep the eyes hydrated, lubricated and clean. If the balance of these ingredients is altered, the tears do not work as they should and you may experience dry eyes. This can happen if you have a blocked gland or if you have certain skin conditions such as rosacea.
What is the most dominant symptoms in dry eye syndrome?
Dry eye syndrome symptoms can be different from person to person. You may experience different symptoms at different times, but in general you may experience the following symptoms:
- Burning or stinging eyes
- Redness of the eyes
- Feeling of grit in the eyes or itching of the eyes; you may feel as if something is in your eye
- Eye fatigue or blurred vision
- Tingling of the eyes
- Teary or sticky eyes
- Sensitivity to light
- Difficulty driving in the evening
- Discomfort when wearing contact lenses
- It can cause blindness in worst cases
What can you do for dry eye syndrome?
Symptomatic treatment of dry eye syndrome involves moistening the eye by instilling artificial tears in the form of eye drops. Lubricating your eyes and wetting gels can also be applied several times a day depending on the degree of discomfort.
- Eye drops: When choosing eye drops, it is important to ensure that they do not contain any preservatives or excipients. Anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops can also be prescribed in case of infection or anti-allergy in case of allergy.
- Eyelid massage: Massage the eyelids and the inner corner of the eye: gently make small circular movements, with the eyes facing upwards, to act on the lower eyelids, then downwards for the upper eyelids. Then place a heated flannel on both eyes for 5 to 10 minutes, once or twice a day.
- Exercises: Several exercises can be used to relax and reduce the discomfort felt by, for example, placing one’s hands for a few minutes on the previously closed eyes. Another exercise consists of yawning several times in a row in order to tense and then relax the muscles surrounding the eyes, allowing for a better distribution of tears over the eyes.
- Take vitamins, minerales and omegas.
You can find more information about prevalence, assessment, and management of dry eye disease on: Pubmed studies. | <urn:uuid:4e43765e-b7e5-4fa0-9966-5772b5cfccbb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.24go.me/how-to-naturally-relieve-your-dry-eye-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.929098 | 1,614 | 2.8125 | 3 |
[Tutor] Win32 extensions
inthefridge at gmail.com
Thu Sep 11 23:52:23 CEST 2008
I am tasked with a project to use WMI to script something on Windows Server
2003. I was wondering if it is possible to create a script on a linux
machine and use the Win32 extensions...since I need those to use WMI python
module as well. Is this actually possible? Otherwise I would have to use a
windows server in order to run these scripts. I do not want to use VB is I
don't have or a windows server. I am deploying Windows Servers from behind
a linux PXE.
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More information about the Tutor | <urn:uuid:035038d6-3615-43f3-bc00-4879081c18a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2008-September/064208.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839451 | 163 | 1.6875 | 2 |
There is a particular impact on the psyche that consistent exposure to the extrajudicial executions of Black bodies has, which is that it leaves me either traumatized or numb. Neither is okay. I’ve been trying to make sense of the implications of the past week’s chain of events for the movement, particularly when it comes to criminalizing resistance.
One thing that the murders of the past week have reaffirmed is everyday community members’ right to capture and share executions by police through their own mobile devices without questionable interference or tampering from police departments. In addition to Black women’s survival instincts, Diamond Reynold’s quick thinking to livestream the interaction in Minnesota on Facebook points to this ability. It demonstrates an understanding that if we aren’t our own reporters and crusaders, no one else will be.
Beyond the public awareness factor, however, video footage of police killings and other police misconduct is not sufficient to end police violence or even ensure accountability for it. In many cases when we’ve had video footage — whether from body camera, dash camera, or phone — accountability hasn’t followed. Think of Rodney King and Tamir Rice. Oscar Grant. Eric Garner. All resulted in not much more than subjection to triggering or traumatizing footage. In addition, the legitimacy of and rationale for investment in body cameras for police is weak at best.
Why, then, should the Department of Justice and police departments across the country spend millions of dollars to equip officers with body-worn cameras when states like North Carolina now have the sovereignty to keep body camera footage from the public in the absence of a court order? Instead of further resources going into body cameras that are more likely to reinforce surveillance than to lead to greater accountability, those investments should be going into building our communities.
Further, the fact that the murders of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile would likely not be nationally-known without smartphones, one has to wonder why cop-watching (the act of observing and documenting police misconduct and brutality) isn’t the standard alternative to the futility of body cameras. But then I think about Chris LeDay, Ramsey Orta, and anyone else who has been criminalized for cop-watching and remember that the state is allergic to accountability.
When people take accountability into their own hands, the state finds a way to criminalize it. Case-in-point: “Blue Lives Matter” legislation.
The federal government quickly kicked off a wave of what’s being dubbed as “Blue Lives Matter” laws back in March, and days ago with the Back the Blue Act. The former makes police officers a protected class under hate crime legislation, while both bills create specific aggravating factors for crimes against law enforcement. In an instance at a protest, for example, where sometimes police have been known to initiate aggression, those aggressions can turn into trumped up charges that might trigger enhanced penalties under either statute, if passed.
Alton Sterling was killed in Baton Rouge while selling CDs outside of a convenience store after someone placed a 911 call saying he had a gun. The graphic cell phone video that captured what ensued when police arrived incited righteous rage and protest in the people of Baton Rouge and all over the country. The risks of expressing that righteous rage is higher in Louisiana than in other states, thanks to the passage of the state’s “Blue lives matter” law.
Similar legislation has also shown up in Chicago — the same city whose police department killed Rekia Boyd, Dominique “Damo” Franklin, Ronald “Ronnieman” Johnson, and Laquan McDonald, but whose people have been consistently and unapologetically refusing to be silent and demanding accountability.
If history is any prologue, the narrative that is being built on the acts of lone gunmen in Dallas and Baton Rouge that resulted in the death of eight police officers is going to be used to catapult a far-reaching strategy to criminalize the movement for Black lives’ commitment to resistance and accountability. We’ve seen this before in the Civil Rights Movement that coincided with the War on Crime.
Fear is being spewed in order to legitimize the need to protect police and justify a surge in formalized protective measures for police officers across the county. These measures are nothing more than attempts to censor and criminalize political resistance and protests of police violence. Lawmakers aren’t trying to protect officers; they’re trying to suppress a movement.
But dissent is not hate. It’s not police that need to be protected against hate crimes, it’s Black people. Despite the police killings in Dallas and Baton Rouge, shooting deaths of police officers under the current presidential administration is significantly lower than it was under both Reagan and Bush. But violence against Black people by police? Not so much.
Alton Sterling — just like with Tanisha Anderson and countless others — lost their lives after police were called. We have no other choice than to be more vigilant than ever — not only in our resistance, but in our commitment to building an abolitionist future in our everyday lives. We have to be unyielding in our right to resist, and brave, imaginative, and bold enough to interrogate all the ways in which we don’t have to rely on police; we have to increasingly rely on, love, support, and protect each other. Our lives depend on it. | <urn:uuid:b80d4039-869d-4550-a060-d55652c105ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ips-dc.org/movement-black-lives-will-not-criminalized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.950902 | 1,115 | 1.617188 | 2 |
American Bison Society Meeting and Workshop 2016
- American Bison Society Meeting and Workshop 2016
- Join us September 26-29, 2016, for the 2016 American Bison Society Meeting and Workshop. The theme will be "The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Bison Ecological Restoration."
- Sep 26, 2016 04:00 PM to Sep 29, 2016 05:00 PM (Canada/Mountain / UTC-600)
- The Banff Centre, Banff, AB
- Visit external website
- Add event to calendar
For the first time in its history the American Bison Society (ABS) will meet in Canada, at The Banff Centre in Banff National Park. Bison enthusiasts, managers, producers, advocates, philanthropists, and artists are invited to share experiences and strategies to guide future progress toward the ecological restoration of wood and plains bison.
There are some great things planned, including:
- 60 speakers in two days;
- Over dozen posters;
- Two very special relationships stories for lunch;
- The launch of the Last of the Buffalo: Return to the Wild book during the evening banquet with The Wardens providing music.
You will also have the opportunity to take share in some truly unique opportunities with First Nations from Alberta, BC and Saskatchewan, and Tribes from Montana on the traditional importance of buffalo. A bison feast and a cultural evening is organized for Wednesday evening while an inter-tribal community fusion will also happen that afternoon. The official Buffalo Treaty Ceremony is the next afternoon. And a Special REDx talk will be happening for the first time in Banff on Thursday morning.
Y2Y is proud to be a co-sponsor of ABS, supporting the restoration of bison and the strengthening of the cultural connection of people to bison.
Bison are one of the iconic animals in the Y2Y region, and Y2Y supports targeted restoration of this one much more widely spread icon.
Y2Y recognizes that the loss of bison affected indigenous peoples across the Y2Y region. Many communities associate the restoration of their culture with the restoration of bison, which is also important for ecosystem health as many other species benefit from the presence of bison. | <urn:uuid:09fb32c8-d68f-4787-b47c-ec74d283d069> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://y2y.net/news/events/american-bison-society-meeting-and-workshop-2016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00049-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906035 | 457 | 1.828125 | 2 |
2020 has been a year like none other in living memory. The global pandemic has wrought massive changes. The world we live in now has changed beyond all recognition. For those fortunate enough to still be in gainful employment the world of the traditional workplace is no more. The facilities we once took for granted that kept us entertained, amused, and fed are no longer necessarily there for us.
Considering all this many are now re-evaluating their lifestyle choices and priorities. For many this has been the trigger for pressing the ‘reset’ button, taking a step back and deciding what is important in their lives. The starkness of the global environment has provided a reality check and a reassessment opportunity.
One thing that has become apparent is there is now a huge movement of people worldwide. Many are seizing the opportunity to relocate for a variety of reasons. This is not just restricted to the UK. At one point in the pandemic over 1,000 Americans, a day were moving to Florida to set up residence.
The reasons for the exodus tend to fall into one of two categories. People are either moving away from something, whether being actively pushed by a situation or distancing themselves from something now seen as undesirable. Or people are moving towards something seen as more desirable or aspirational for them and their families.
1. The lost charm of the big city
A recent BBC article by their reporter Natalie Sharman in New York has headlined: ‘New York is not dead, but it is on life support. Many of the small businesses, entertainment and food venues that made this the city that never sleeps’ have closed now, some possibly for good. As a result, there is less of a vibrant ambience. One of the things people thought they wanted when moving to the city is no longer there.
This phenomenon is not restricted to the USA. A recent careers advisory service in London found that 51% of registered people wanted to move out of London as opposed to 20% the previous year. In London too as remote working has increased so the businesses and venues that depended on regular office worker footfall for their livelihood have fallen away. This shift away from the centralised office is a rapid acceleration of a trend that was already in place and is unlikely to reverse in any significant amount. As the CIO of a multinational recently stated “geography is irrelevant”.
This is driving large numbers away from big cities. The allure and facilities are no longer there so there is no reason to buy property in a large city centre any longer.
2. Spacious suburban and rural homes
Our first point referenced the fact of an ultimately mobile workforce. The ability to work remotely means that you no longer need to pay big-city housing prices, food, and transport costs to command big-city wages.
In this post-pandemic world, it is not where you work, but how you live that matters more. Why would you want to live in a cramped studio flat in a metropolitan centre when you can live on a Spanish beachfront villa and still do the same work for the same organisation? A spokesman from the Spanish property specialist has said there has been a 40% increase in enquiries from UK residents looking for a property in Costa Blanca.
Young families and others are discovering that it is finally possible to get a true work/life balance. That they can provide themselves room to grow, space to enjoy life and still maintain, at the very least, their current lifestyle.
This is one of the ‘pull’ factors where people are looking at what they currently have and realising that they can have more. It is all there for the taking.
3. Cost of living
Not only is it viable to upscale property size and quality by moving out of the UK to a destination like Spain but it can also be a lot cheaper to live.
According to the site Numbeo the average cost of living in Spain is 18.2% lower than in the UK. As part of their lifestyle evaluation, many people are crunching the numbers and discovering that life outside the UK can provide them with not only more space but more discretionary spend left of their income at the end of the day.
For some, the reduced cost of living and more affordable properties provide them with the only realistic scenario they can envisage to become homeowners. A first step on the property ladder has become more and more out of reach for young people in Britain today. Now that it is possible to move abroad with an existing job and to move to a more affordable country more and more young families are taking up the opportunity.
Several European countries are offering schemes to actively attract people to relocate. Sometimes with the inventive of extremely cheap properties, the availability of subsidies for renovations or both.
The security of owning a home has proved to be an extremely attractive pull for a significant number of UK residents to up sticks and relocate.
5. Quality of life
The final attraction of buying and moving abroad is a combination of some of the factors above and many more.
In the final analysis, the quality of life that one enjoys is of paramount importance. Life quality is measured on several things, including, but not restricted to:
- Health care
- Recreational facilities
- Community involvement
- Local economy and employment opportunities
One of the most common destinations of choice for the British ex-pat is Spain and for particularly good reason. Looking at the example of Javea and its write up on ValuVillas this town has an average of 320 days of sunshine a year, a beautiful sea breeze and a moderate climate. Spain has a health care system internationally recognised as excellent. There are multiple, international schools. The community is a diverse mix of Spanish citizens, British, Scandinavian and German ex-pats. There are numerous clubs and entertainment opportunities. Spanish seafront cuisine is both healthy and delicious. An HSBC survey showed ex-pats in Spain have an average employment rate of 88% compared with 78% for ex-pats in general so there are plenty of active members of the community.
All things told, now is a very good time to reflect upon life and examine whether it could be better lived in the surroundings of your choice rather than where one has been by habit or for reasons of work. | <urn:uuid:99b4468d-194c-41d9-878c-c2fe4fae0c32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hiboox.com/uk-residents-moving-abroad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.968733 | 1,301 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Dr Ludwig Keke recalls Hammer deRoburt
Nauru's current ambassador to Taiwan, Dr Ludwig Keke, served as Parliament's Speaker and Deputy Speaker, and was an associate of President deRoburt. He was interviewed by Michael Powles in 2011.
Dr Ludwig Keke: My involvement in political issues of Nauru actually started in 1967, at that time I returned from Brisbane after working in Australia as a dentist. I’m a graduate from Queensland University in dentistry, and after graduation when I got back to Nauru at the end of 1966 or early ’67 that’s when the convention started being formed.
MP: Michael Powles: The convention leading to the constitution and independence?
LK: Yeah, the constitutional convention, that’s the word. The convention was being formed and I came at the time when the Nauru local government council was operating on behalf of the Nauruan community. We had to have an election for a member of the constitutional convention and although there were others better qualified, I was fresh from Australia at that time and I got personally involved when I became member of the constitutional convention in 1967.
MP: This would have been quite an exciting time I assume, the preparations and everybody thinking and talking about independence.
LK: Yes the issue was discussed quite widely amongst the community, by the local government council. Not only by the head chief but by the members of the NLGC as we called it.
MP: At that time Hammer DeRoburt was both head chief and president of the Nauru Local Government Council?
LK: He was, yes, head chief and chairman of the council.
MP: Was he at the lead in pushing for independence?
LK: Hammer was unanimously elected as the head chief and the chairman of the Nauru Local Government Council. It was that time that they really pushed ahead for independence, though the issue of independence had been in and out of the council meetings for years before that.
MP: For how long before that had it been something that people talked about?
LK: Well probably between themselves it had probably been going on since the mid- or late-50s. Hammer himself and a couple of his colleagues, they were moving in and out of Australia, and to the UN and attending trusteeship council meetings to push their view to the council.
MP: I take it that at that time, memories of the Second World War would have still been very strong in people’s minds.
LK: It was, yes.
MP: I remember when I first visited Nauru in about 1980 I think, President DeRoburt took me and showed me the war memorial. I remember asking him if he had taken the Japanese ambassador to see the war memorial also and he was almost angry with me, he said, ‘yes of course, of course.’ The war memorial referred to the murder of innocent civilians by the Japanese, you probably know all about that.
LK: I have a fair idea Michael.
MP: Would those sensitivities have been part of the background picture which led to a strong feeling of wanting to run your own affairs?
LK: Well that would be one factor...
MP: …other factors?
LK: Well the council between themselves and even some of the older Nauruans, you see Nauru was under foreign domination for many years, centuries actually.
MP: Starting with the Germans, right?
LK: Yes it started with Germans, then under the League of Nations with Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain, and then the Japanese in WWII, and then under UN trusteeship council, Australia and New Zealand were nominated.
MP: And Australia was the actual administering power under the trusteeship council?
LK: Australia was administering from Canberra yes, that’s true.
MP: By the time you came back from Brisbane about 1967 or so, was there significant anti-Australian feeling? A desire to get rid of the Aussies in Nauru?
LK: Half of the population were aware of the Nauru Local Government Council proposal to go for independence, half would just cruise along with the rest of the community. There was a form of dissatisfaction with the way the British Phosphate Commissioners, and the way the Australian government had been administering the island. That’s the feeling that I got.
MP: Was the dissatisfaction more to do with the BPC, the British Phosphate Commission, than the Australian administration?
LK: That would be correct in some ways. BPC was a very powerful organisation. Sometime they almost overruled the administration, or ran the administration, because they had control of the shipping which brought in supplies, and everybody depended on BPC. The other camp: BPC were one camp, Australian administration was another camp, and the rest of the community was the other camp.
MP: In some ways Nauru was run a bit like what the Americans would call a company town?
LK: Yes it is. That’s my personal view.
MP: So when people were beginning to talk about independence, was the objective more to get independence to govern yourselves, or was the objective partly to get control of the resources away from the BPC? Or was it a mixture of wanting to look after your own affairs, and control Nauru’s own resources?
LK: Well if I may use the quote that had been said often by a member of Nauru Local Government Council was that “Nauru is for Nauru”. Their main idea was to have Nauru completely independent, looked after by the Nauruans themselves. Associated with that is the second issue, the control of the phosphate industry, which has been under control of foreign companies. The council thought it was about time in the early 60s or late 60s when independence seemed to be sweeping through the Pacific, that Nauru should now be capable to run its own show, look after Nauru, and take over the phosphate industry and run it themselves, rather than have a foreign country running it.
MP: Did the issue of compensation from the three governments, Australia, Britain, and New Zealand, the issue of compensation come up later, or was it already being talked about around the time of independence?
LK: I believe so. It had been talked about at that time, maybe even a little bit before that. During the council meetings. Certainly during independence and afterwards. I was also involved in a meeting with members of parliament and our legal counsel on the issue of compensation and of course, Australia, New Zealand and Britain refused to discuss the issue. They think it's not part of their mining activities, which is perhaps not quite correct.
MP: Exactly. Later acknowledged that it was not correct.
LK: That's it, and that's why Nauru took Australia to the court at the Hague, seeking compensation.
MP: Exactly, Ludwig. Can you remember and tell us anything about Hammer DeRoburt's role and leadership during that period?
LK: He was a natural leader in many ways. A very hardworking person and to me, a man of great principle and he got the vision and then during the meeting with the Administrator who often, not always, attended Nauru Local Government Council meeting, the issue of independence and later the takeover of the phosphate industry was very much discussed. So the rehabilitation programme was to be undertaken by the three governments, which they refused, and that led to the court in Hague.
MP: Yes you refer to Hammer DeRoburt’s vision. Is there any more you could say about that, did he articulate that in public speeches quite a bit, to encourage public support for independence?
LK: Well he tried to, he tried very hard but there was mixed feelings amongst the community, especially with two members of the council who were not quite agreeable with the method of independence. They were trying to set the council to run a referendum for the people to decide whether they wanted independence or not.
MP: Was it their aim to stick with Australia in some way?
LK: The aim was to be associated with Australia.
MP: When independence was being discussed in Kiribati, quite significant numbers of people both in Kiribati and Tuvalu really did not want the British to go away, of course the majority in the end did. Perhaps the same in Nauru, it was not a clear-cut case of everybody wanting the colonial power to depart.
LK: No not really, my recollection was that the council wanted Nauru to be run by the Nauruans. But the relationship with Australia would remain. Because Australia at the time of independence, they offered to look after the military defence system of Nauru. It was not really a matter of removing everybody, a matter of saying to Australia ‘goodbye’. No, the idea was that the Nauruans would run Nauru, and the industry. But still associated, the friendship would still very much be associated with Australia and New Zealand.
MP: So there was not really a great deal of bitterness in relations during the negotiations with Australia? Not really?
LK: Not publicly. I think people were aware how difficult it was for us to deal with Australia.
MP: Difficult in what way Ludwig?
LK: Difficulty was that the Australian government and New Zealand and Great Britain at the time certainly were not in discussion about independence on Nauru. At that time my personal feeling and what I gather from some of the people, naturally Australia and Great Britain did not want Nauru to be independent.
MP: Of course this is quite early in terms of independence in the Pacific wasn’t it? Samoa had become independent in 1962 but I don’t think any other Pacific states had become independent before Nauru.
LK: Samoa I believe is the first country to become independent, then followed by Nauru in 1968. Then from then on there’s a flow on of independence going on across the Pacific. 1970 I think, Fiji.
MP: That’s right, so with Samoa, Nauru was one of the pathfinders in independence in the Pacific.
LK: Yes I believe so.
Displaying the new flag, 31 January 1968. Left to right: Mr DJ Carter, representing the NZ Government; Mr CE Barnes, Australian Minister for territories; Sir Charles Johnston, representing the United Kingdom; and Mr Hammer deRoburt, Head of State of the Republic of Nauru.
MP: Did you meet or have anything to do with Professor Jim Davidson, who came I think as advisor to the Nauruan government at the time?
LK: I met him the first time at the constitutional convention. I believe that he was, well Hammer at the time also was very friendly with the leader of the Samoan government.
LK: Mata’afa I believe, and Geoffrey Henry of the Cook Islands, I think with their guys and maybe advice of some of his fellow colleagues that he had Professor Davidson and another lady that came with him, assisting Nauru with the constitutional convention.
MP: Can I ask you whether you have any other thoughts or anecdotes or recollections that you could give us about Hammer DeRoburt at the time?
LK: Well as I said, I found him a man of vision and certainly got great principle, and workaholic, he’s really hardworking and he had the issue of Nauru at heart. He worked hard and he demanded perfection of himself and his staff and I said earlier, he seemed to be a natural leader for Nauru at the time. His relationship as you mentioned with the Japanese - he had no hatred for the Japanese people, like everybody else he had hatred for the war. In fact after the war, Hammer made a trip, his first trip to Japan, and he looked for some of the friends that used to help us on Truk during the war.
MP: Yes that was where many Nauruans were sent to do forced labour by the Japanese.
LK: That is correct. And he made friendship with the Japanese. In fact during his time they formed the Japanese Nauru Association. Then later on he developed a relationship with Japan whereby he obtained the Japanese government agreement for Air Nauru to fly to Japan once weekly. Many of his friends are Japanese that he met during the war and later on. There’s no hatred of Japanese people because of the war.
MP: Do you feel that when eventually the international court ruled on the compensation reparations in relation to the phosphate dispute, there was then a degree of overall satisfaction in Nauru and on the part of Hammer DeRoburt about how things had happened and how things had worked out in the end?
LK: Well unfortunately there was a great dissatisfaction among the members of parliament. Some conflict about the compensation amount that we were issued.
MP: That it was far too low.
LK: That it was far too low, in fact, when we had parliamentary meetings with our legal counsel who went to the court, many of us were thinking in the vicinity of $300m. When actually the Australian Prime Minister came up to Nauru, he had a forum meeting, and handed over the cheque to President Bernard Dowiyogo, Hammer had passed away then, it turned out that the amount is rather meagre, $190m or something. Conditions had been set whereby Nauru didn’t really have that money, it’s been discharged on a monthly or yearly basis in certain years.
MP: That would have been Prime Minister Keating or was it before that?
LK: Paul Keating, that’s right.
MP: I remember the forum meeting, I was actually by chance there at that meeting.
LK: I was present at the handover of that money to President Dowiyogo at the civic centre.
MP: Now finally Ludwig, are people reasonably happy with how things have gone since independence? I know there have been financial problems and troubles, but is there a sense of confidence or pessimism in Nauru at present?
LK: There’s a sense of pessimism, the legacy that Hammer DeRoburt left behind is to make Nauru a happy and prosperous society. His vision of creating all those investments worldwide was to cater for Nauru’s future. We knew that there would be a period of time where the phosphate industry would one day wind down.
I remember bringing up the issue in the late 60s, early 70s, that we should be looking for a second or third income-generating industry, but at that time we were so heavily indulged ourselves with the phosphate industry that we missed out on the fishing industry, which was a big thing at the time. Years later we thought about it, but it’s too late. So no fishing industry really brought in any benefit at all.
MP: So there was not really any time to develop a fishing industry, or resources to do so?
LK: That’s right. There were talks about establishing canning, fish canning or transportation and export of fish to Guam. The fishery started at one time but it did not continue on. Our resources are such that we cannot involve ourselves or we cannot get engaged in huge industry, but the fishery people more or less are becoming our guardian for the fish around the Pacific, and we just rely on the fishing licenses, not the big industry itself. You know what fishery is like.
We could not even find time to find out what would be our third income-generating industry. I believe the phosphate industry is dwindling down. I believe there is the possibility of secondary mining. We don’t know exactly what is the actual quantity or how much and how long and what income it will bring, although the president of the Nauru Phosphate Corporation is trying to find out what other income they could get no longer out of phosphate but out of generating industry in relation to the coral chips or coral slag.
MP: So there are some possibilities there still?
LK: There are some possibilities, there are some further possibilities but don’t forget at that time the population was more and so the income is quite high simply divided by the number of people, but population getting high, and with a very large youth sector of the population and currently many of them are unemployed. So looking for employment facilities is another issue that Nauru government is looking at. But the Nauruans are taught to be hopeful. Unless we can rally ourselves up it’s going to be a very difficult life ahead, unless the industry or something else comes up.
MP: Has there been any attempt to develop the tourism industry?
LK: Tourism has been around since as long as independence or even before that, tourism is a big word used for everyone in the region. Nauru tourism is nonexistent in terms of actual organisation. Apart from using Nauru as the stepping point to other tourist areas like Fiji and maybe Kiribati, but no there’s not much potential for tourism.
I think the future for Nauru is to look ahead and try our best to make what is available and we’ll see what happens after that.
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The new 30,000 SF Waynflete Lower School building replaces an outdated white brick addition built in 1968. Undersized and overused, the former school building was a confusing, multi-level conglomeration of several buildings and additions that tended to separate and isolate the school’s four learning age groups.
The new building is designed to integrate the four age groups and organize their “habitats” around a central lobby and atrium that runs right through the middle of the building, connecting the upper level playground at the front entrance with the lower level playfield behind the building.
The design organizes the building into two wings joined by the atrium and a shared classroom, which allows natural daylight to flow into three sides of each classroom grouping. The building includes flexible learning spaces for PS/K, 1/2, 3/4, and 4/5 grade students, as well as art studio and after school spaces on the lower level, opening out to the playfield for after school activities.
The building has a high-performance exterior envelope and high efficiency mechanical and lighting systems. It is designed to achieve Passive House certification, which will reduce the energy use to 80% less than energy code requirements. Construction was completed in the summer of 2018.
This project is the continuation of a master plan by SA that includes the updated Waynflete Arts Center.
The project was a recipient of the 2019 AIA Maine Honor Award. | <urn:uuid:060e6b51-025e-4d58-bc4a-c225492c3cb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://passivehouseaccelerator.com/projects/waynflete-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.969257 | 296 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Year : 2019 | Volume
: 37 | Issue : 1 | Page : 110--111
Government initiatives for better oral health: A glimpse
Arpit Gupta1, Vijay Prakash Mathur2,
1 Unit of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health Promotion, National Centre of Excellence for Implementation of National Oral Health Program, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Dr. Vijay Prakash Mathur
#602, Centre for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi - 110029
|How to cite this article:|
Gupta A, Mathur VP. Government initiatives for better oral health: A glimpse.J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019;37:110-111
|How to cite this URL:|
Gupta A, Mathur VP. Government initiatives for better oral health: A glimpse. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent [serial online] 2019 [cited 2022 Aug 17 ];37:110-111
Available from: http://www.jisppd.com/text.asp?2019/37/1/110/252859
It is indeed a pleasure reading your editorial titled “A vision for pediatric and preventive dentistry oral health policy in India.” One cannot negate that the National Oral Health Policy should primarily address the high-risk group with a focus on the pediatric population. However, through the columns of your esteemed journal, we wish to apprise the readership about National Oral Health Policy, the National Oral Health Program (NOHP), and various other steps being undertaken by the Government of India in relation to oral health.
In 1995, The Fourth Central Council of Health and Family Welfare accepted 10 points in principle to be included in the National Health PolicyThe NOHP in its present form has been operational since 2014 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under the flagship of the National Health Mission., Various state Governments are being supported for taking this program across almost all states/union territories of the countryThe National Health Policy 2017 is holistic and inclusive. Its equitable health goals had paved way for the National Oral Health Policy. After this, the Health Ministry has constituted a task force for drafting the National Oral Health Policy. The task force is currently organizing workshops/meeting to develop a comprehensive policy documentThe NOHP is focusing on various components including IEC/SBCC (Information Education and Communication / Social Behaviour Change Communication) strategies for oral health awareness including media campaigns, support to the State Government for enhancing the availability of oral health services and improving accessibility to oral health care at various levels. It also has components of creating a training cascade and capacity building by training the paramedical workforce, school teachers, and other allied health professionals for oral health promotionThe key consideration like recognition of dental caries as a preventable disease is being addressed. NOHP has been instrumental in rolling out a school-based pit and fissure sealant program across 12 Dental/Medical colleges on a pilot basisNOHP is also considering the enhancement of dental research, innovation, and new technologiesNOHP had supported the establishment of almost 760 dental services to PHC (Primary Health Centre) level across 33 states under the Umbrella of National Health Mission. The Ministry is presently considering setting up of more such services. This is a stepwise escalation system for strengthening the oral health-care facilities at various levels starting from districts to villages. These services are in addition to the already existing State government facilitiesThere is an increased thrust for early childhood caries prevention and control through various mother and child healthcare programs and also through the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK). The RBSK screening teams are supposed to screen 6 weeks to 18-year-old for 30 key diseases, which includes dental caries as wellThe National Professional Organizations such as the Indian Academy of Pediatrics and the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry are expected to initiate appropriate large-scale measures systematically to improve the oral health awareness. They may come forward in providing technical support and also in the implementation of various preventive programs.
Such initiatives by the Government accompanied by our support and active participation would surely make oral health care more accessible and affordable for the generations to come.
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
|1||Baliga S. A vision for pediatric and preventive dentistry oral health policy in India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2018;36:223-4.|
|2||Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Operational Guidelines: National Oral Health Program. Available from: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/51318563751452762792_0.pdf. [Last accessed on 2018 Dec 12].|
|3||Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. National Health Mission. Available from: http://www.nhm.gov.in/. [Last accessed on 2018 Dec 12].|
|4||Directorate General of Health Services. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Available from: http://www.dghs.gov.in/content/1352_3_NationalOralHealthProgramme.aspx. [Last accessed on 2018 Dec 12].|
|5||Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram. Available from: https://www.rbsk.gov.in/RBSKLive/Default.aspx. [Last accessed on 2018 Dec 12].| | <urn:uuid:6cfa5ddb-75ac-440a-bfe2-59450d211478> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jisppd.com/printarticle.asp?issn=0970-4388;year=2019;volume=37;issue=1;spage=110;epage=111;aulast=Gupta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.904651 | 1,241 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Dealing with a mental illness is never easy but with the proper strategies and tools, you can learn to manage your mental health while living a happy life.
Self-care is the root for coping with mental illness. I never understood the meaning of self-care until I was hospitalized. It sounds simple to take care of yourself but you would be surprised by how many people neglect self-care.
Many of us tend to take care of everyone else without realizing that we are more valuable and effective if we take the time to give ourselves some TLC. 3 John 1:2 says “Dear friend, I hope all is well with you and that you are as healthy in body as you are strong in spirit.”
God desires for us to be healthy. But, how can He dwell within in us if we aren’t healthy in our mind, body, and spirit?
According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, Anxiety disorders affect approximately 40 million adults in the United States. It is also common for individuals with depression to have an anxiety disorder or vice versa. In fact, 6.7 percent of the United States population has major depressive disorder (MDD).
However, the good news is that 80 percent of those treated for depression and anxiety show improvement in their symptoms within four to six weeks of beginning medication, psychotherapy, attending support groups or a combination of these treatments. In addition to clinical treatment, there are a variety of coping mechanisms that help manage your symptoms.
Feeding your spirit can include praying and/or reading your Word. However, we, as Christians, may also want to consider opening our minds to additional coping strategies that will impact one’s spirit, body, and mind.
I have been in therapy for a year and a half, and it has been a long process but I am reaping the benefits for sticking it out. Find a therapist that you like and feel comfortable talking to. Therapy offers personal insight, empowerment, coping strategies, prevention of future illness distress, and someone to talk to without judgment. I was hesitant in the beginning because I thought to myself “I am not crazy. I do not need therapy.” However, I am glad I put my fear aside and gave it a try. While you can talk to a friend, family member or pastor, I recommend that you speak with a person who has a background in mental illness.
2. Balanced Diet
It is not rocket science but the foods we eat impact our illness. If your mental illness is a mood disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder, it is important to be conscious of how food affects you. I have noticed when I consume an obsessive amount of comfort foods such as ice-cream and cookies, I feel worse. Here is the problem with overeating; it decreases your energy because your body must work harder to break down the food. Not to mention, overeating can lead to being overweight. A balanced diet helps with concentration and energy levels. According to Everyday Health, foods such as turkey, walnuts, fatty fish, whole grains and green tea help with depression.
You do not have to go to the gym every day if that is not your thing but you can take a walk, attend a dance class, play sports or play with children. When you exercise, your body releases chemicals , such as endorphins. Endorphins, also known as the feel-good chemical, interact with the receptors in your brain that reduce your perception of pain. Endorphins also trigger a positive feeling in the body, similar to that of morphine. Exercise also helps to alleviate stress, improve self-esteem, and sleep.
4. Create a support group
It can be frustrating when you have a mental illness and no one understands you and/or judges you. Finding the right support team is important. This may include a life-coach, therapist and/or psychiatrist, significant other, family or friends. Each individual should help in some way by meeting a need or needs. If the relationship is not healthy then you may want to consider removing them completely from your life. You should be able to share with your support group whether you are having a good or bad day. When you struggle with a mental illness, every day will not be sunshine and rainbows, and that is okay.
5. Listening to nature sounds
Before I go to sleep, I play sounds of waves as it helps to relax my mind and body. I enjoy hearing the sounds of waves, raindrops, and waterfalls. When most of us take vacations, we tend to go to the beach, tropical islands or lakes to relax and rejuvenate. So, it makes sense that the sound of nature such as birds chirping and waves help many relax, specifically, the sound of water. According to an article by the Huffington Post, water gives our brain rest from overstimulation and induces a meditative state.
6. Himalayan Salt Lamp
I had no idea of the benefits of a Himalayan salt lamp. The lamp is a carved piece of rock from the Mountains in Northeast Pakistan and stretches across approximately 186 miles from the Jhelum River to the Indus River. The Himalayan salt lamp releases negative ions which promote a relaxing environment and increases the feel-good chemical serotonin in the brain. WebMD explains it perfectly. Negative ions are odorless, tasteless, and invisible molecules that we inhale in abundance in certain environments. Think mountains, waterfalls, and beaches. Once they reach our bloodstream, negative ions are believed to produce biochemical reactions that increase levels of the mood chemical serotonin which help to alleviate depression, stress, and boost energy.
While journaling is not anything new in the mental health world, I think it is important for anyone struggling with a mental illness. It helps you be honest with yourself, track changes, create goals and express feelings through journaling. The beautiful thing about journaling is that you can be as free as you want and it is a judgment-free zone. You can journal once a day, a few times a day or every few days; there is no set schedule so it does not feel like a chore. If you are in therapy, journaling can allow you to write topics and concerns that you can discuss in therapy that will better aid you in your recovery and healing. Journaling helps to clarify your thoughts, reduce stress and solve problems. It has also been proven that journaling is one of the most effective coping skills.
While the above seven strategies mentioned are not the only strategies for coping and taking care of yourself, it is important to find what works for you. Take the time and step outside of your comfort zone for managing your mental illness and begin your journey to healing. God often pushes us outside of our comfort zone to strengthen our faith in Him and ourselves. | <urn:uuid:08834071-caf3-44e3-988e-e80c51caa7a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://urbanfaith.com/tag/african-americans-and-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.961981 | 1,404 | 2.328125 | 2 |
A Japanese condiment made from ume plums that are harvested before they are ripe, and then soaked in a brine with red shiso leaves to be pickled. The red shiso leaves, rich in minerals, add flavor and a pinkish-red coloring to the plums. Shiso leaves are often prepared as a condiment using a ground powder of the dried leaves to produce what is referred to as Mitoku. Inside the fruit, the meaty pulp of each plum covers a small hard pit. This condiment, which is present at many Japanese meals, is quite salty and has a noticably tart flavor. With its alkalizing benefits that neutralize acids, it is commonly eaten to aid digestion and is believed to assist with other health conditions such as motion sickness, increased energy levels, increased saliva output, relief for muscle cramps, and a few other daily health concerns.
Umeboshi plums are often used for making salad dressings or as ingredients for salads, rice dishes, and steamed vegetables. Other uses of this plum include wine, jam, vinegar, flavorings, food paste, and heath foods such as ume concentrate, ume pearls, ume plum balls, and ume energy drinks. | <urn:uuid:3a3f8699-370d-4667-8f51-7b4f7fcd4e97> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--34916/umeboshi-plum.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00069-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968869 | 254 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The world of fish farming is now well and truly a billion dollar business with a dozen players dominating the market. For those who do not know a fish farm is a net suspended near the shore line in which fish are kept or as in India and Asia old paddy rice fields have been […]
I took this picture recently of a chicken farm in Staffordshire. What is so noticeable is this green tin shed with no windows and natural light but it is surrounded by empty grass fields. What we know is to keep chickens in these clinical sheds requires a huge amount of husbandry and chemical interventions to […]
LBC interviewer Nick Ferrari speaks to a lady who started cycling to work. Some comments were interesting!
Richard Freeman, a US novelist, believes Australia’s leaders are “sending it to its doom”.
It took all history to 1800 AD to reach 1 billion. The next billion took 130 years, and the third billion took 30 years. We expect 10 billion people on the planet by 2057.
The skies over an Indonesia province have become so polluted by widespread forest fires that they began to glow a post-apocalyptic red over the weekend.
Just two Scottish councils serve sustainable organic lunches at schools
A “meat tax” could prevent almost 6,000 deaths per year in the UK.
Eating less meat could not only improve our health but also improve the health of the planet. | <urn:uuid:918f5257-b948-4bed-967c-5b701e5d101e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://staging1.youdrivehealth.com/tag/ecology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.975876 | 289 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The American Colonist's Library
TREASURY OF PRIMARY
Primary Source Documents Pertaining to
An invaluable collection of historical works which contributed to the
formation of American politics, culture, and ideals
The following is a massive collection of the
and documents which were most relevant to the colonists' lives in
If it isn't here, it probably is not available online anywhere.
ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE (500 B.C.-1800
(Use Your Browser's FIND Function to
Given the Supreme Court's impending decision, the ultimate historic
of the national motto, "In God We Trust" and the phrase "under God" are
drawing interest. Click
Here to learn the history.
Classical Literature Having Significant Influence
Upon the American Colonists
Philosophers and Poets, Most of the founding fathers in
were thorougly familiar with these Greco-Roman authors: e.g.,
Plato, Cicero, Virgil.
The Latin Library,
Livy, Horace, etc.) Ability to read these sources extemporaneously was
an entrance requirement at colonial schools such as Harvard.
Vulgate, The Holy Bible in Latin.
The Bible, The best
Bible online, which allows the user to immediately discover the Hebrew
and Greek words behind the English words.
The Bible, This book
was, of course, the most influential piece of literature in Colonial
The church father of choice among American Puritans.
English translations of his works on predestination which greatly
Major Medieval Sources Having
Influence Upon the American Colonists
of William the Conqueror Sowing the seeds of separation of Church
State in the English world.
of William the Conqueror
of Clarendon (1164) Established rights of laymen and the church in
(1166) Defined rights and duties of courts and people in criminal
Foundation of the principle of "due process."
Assize of Arms
(1181) Defined rights and duties of people and militias.
(1215) One of the American colonists' most revered documents, the Magna
Carta established the principle that no one, not even the king or a
is above the law of God.
Et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, Henry de Bracton (1268) This text
was the most important legal treatise written in England in the
period as it organized, systematized, and explicated the principles of
English Common Law later embraced by the American colonists.
Summa Theologica, St.
Thomas Aquinas (1265-1273) Pinnacle of Scholasticism. Covering a wide
of topics, by the colonial times, most educated people in the Western
were thoroughly familiar with this important text.
Polo's Travels [excerpt] (@1300), the description of the South
which inspired Columbus to attempt to go to India by way of the
First Manual of Parliamentary Procedure (@ 1350)
English Law Library, The sources studied by many of the lawyers who
founded the U.S.
of Arbroath (1320) Scotland's declaration of independence from
An early model for the U.S. Declaration, this document ends with a
parallel to that of the U.S. Declaration: "and to Him as the Supreme
and Judge we commit the maintenance of our cause, casting our cares
Him and firmly trusting that He will inspire us with courage and bring
our enemies to nought."
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century
Profoundly Impacting the History of America
Maleficarum, Directions for witch hunting (1486)
Christopher Columbus, (1492). This document begins with Columbus'
that the reason why Isabella sponsored his voyage was for the sake of
to India to convert Khan to Roman Catholicism.
De Insulis Nuper Inventis, Christopher Columbus (1493)
to the King and Queen of Spain, Christopher Columbus (1494)
VII's Commission to John Cabot (1497) Cabot was the first
to discover New England.
Machiavelli (1513) Practical advice on governance and statecraft,
thoughts on the kinds of problems any government must be able to solve
of Martin Luther, The father of the Protestant Reformation, his
were a major part of the American colonists' worldview.
Secular Authority, Luther (1523). This document started the
discussion about religious liberty which led to the American
In this document Luther sets forth the idea of "two kingdoms," one is
and the other is spiritual, and the two ought be separate. President
Madison commended this "due distinction, to which the genius and
of Luther led the way, between what is due to Caesar and what is due to
to F.L. Schaeffer, December 3, 1821).
Bondage of the Will, Luther (1524). Luther claimed that this
document was the cornerstone of the Protestant Reformation; it argues
idea of predestination and God's sovereignty, two principles which were
paramount to many of the American colonists.
Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII (1534). By this act, the English
began, and the pope was stripped of his jurisdiction over the English
This allowed Lutheran principles to make their way into the English
and led to the birth of Puritanism.
of the Christian Religion, John Calvin (1540). Calvin's magnum
The most celebrated American historian, George Bancroft, called Calvin
"the father of America," and added: "He who will not honor the memory
respect the influence of Calvin knows but little of the origin of
liberty." To John Calvin and the Genevan theologians, President John
credited a great deal of the impetus for religious liberty (Adams,
VI:313). This document includes a justification for rebellion to
by subordinate government officials; this particular justification was
at the root of the Dutch, English, and American Revolutions.
Report to Mendoza (1540)
to the King of Spain (1541)
Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza De Vaca (1542)
Account of the Devastation of the Indies, Bartolome de la Casas
the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus (1543). This
touched off the Scientific Revolution as it repudiated the Geocentric
and asserted a Heliocentric theory of the solar system.
of Trent (1545) The Roman Catholic responses to the Protestant
Exercises, Ignatius Loyola (1548). Rules for the Jesuits written by
the founder of the Jesuit Order.
Magdeburg Bekenntnis or Magdeburg Confession (1550). A
written by followers of Luther stating a theological justification for
Genevan Book of Order (1556) The Form of Prayers and Ministration
the Sacraments, etc. Used in the English Congregation at Geneva
A Short Treatise
on Political Power, John Ponet, D.D. (1556) President John Adams credited
this Calvinist document as being at the root of the theory of
adopted by the the Americans. According to Adams, Ponet's work
"all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated
on by Sidney and Locke" including the idea of a three-branched
(Adams, Works, vol. 6, pg. 4). Published in Strassbourg in
it is the first work out of the Reformation to advocate active
to tyrannical magistrates, after the Magdeburg Bekenntnis (the
Powers Ought to Be Obeyed by Their Subjects, Christopher Goodman
Justifying a Christian's right to resist a tyrannical ruler. Goodman
that he had presented the thesis of this book to John Calvin, and
Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, John
Knox (1558). A vigorous critique of the tyranny of "Bloody Mary's"
in England, and a call to resist. A large portion of the Americans who
fought in the American Revolution were adherents to Knox's doctrines as
set forth in this document.
Supremacy, Elizabeth I (1559). After the brief and bloody reign of
I, who executed numerous Protestants for the cause of Roman
this document states Elizabeth's intention to reaffirm the English
independence from Rome. Her beloved status among her subjects caused
first settlers of America to name their colony "Virginia" in honor of
of Elizabeth I, Including her letters and her poems.
and Speeches of Elizabeth I
Foxe's Book of Martyrs
(1563). Detailing the bloody persecutions of Puritans during the reign
of Mary I, this book was second only to the Bible in its popularity in
the American colonies.
Calvinism, Theodore Beza (1570) Laying out the principle that God
and predestined the fall of Adam and the existence of sin and evil.
assertion became the most controversial philosophical conflict among
colonists up through the 19th century.
(1570) Philosophy of Education among English people, particularly with
respect to the importance of learning Latin.
Articles of Religion (1571) The official statement of faith of the
Church of England; this document formally adopts the Calvinistic
of predestination and repudiates common notion of "free will."
Act (1571) Forbidding criticism of Queen Elizabeth.
Day Massacre (1572)
The Right of
Over Their Subjects, Theodore Beza (1574). Expanding upon Calvin's
political resistance theory set forth in the final chapters of his
this work by Calvin's successor in Geneva, Theodore Beza, was published
in response to the growing tensions between Protestant and Catholic in
France, which culminated in the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre in 1572.
text suggests that it is the right of a Christian to revolt against a
King: a principle central to the American colonists' cause.
Of the Tabaco
and of His Greate Vertues, Nicholas Monardes (1577)
The Works of
Sir Walter Raleigh, Sponsor of the First Settlements in Virginia
De Jure Regni
apud Scotos, George Buchanan (1579) Considered the most important
of political writing in the 16th century as it articulated the doctrine
of "the rule of law."
Contra Tyrannos, or, A Vindication Against Tyrants (1579). This
document is one of the first to set forth the theory of "social
upon which the United States was founded. The idea was disseminated
the English Calvinists to the pen of John Locke, and eventually into
Declaration of Independence. John Adams reported the relevance of this
document to the American struggle.
Declaration of Independence (1581); This Calvinistic document
as a model for the U.S. Declaration of Independence. In his
Jefferson indicated that the "Dutch Revolution" gave evidence and
to the Second Continental Congress that the American Revolution could
commence and succeed. Recent
has has suggested that Jefferson may have consciously drawn on this
John Adams said that the Dutch charters had "been particularly studied,
admired, and imitated in every State" in America, and he stated that
analogy between the means by which the two republics [Holland and
arrived at independency... will infallibly draw them together."
Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, Thomas
of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, (1584)
Voyage To Virginia, Arthur Barlowe (1584)
Commonplace Book (1586) Early diary of a Puritan whose family
settled in America.
of Roanoke, Ralph Lane (1586). The first English attempt at
the New World
To Roanoake, John White (1590) Relating the surprise of the loss of
the Roanoake colony and the few clues left regarding their fate.
Papists (1593) Parliament's tough words against those who would
to depose Elizabeth for her Protestantism.
Works of Richard
Hooker (1593) Anglican political commentator and major influence
of Coronado (1596)
Law of Free Monarchs, James I Stuart (1598). Championed the
of "Divine Right of Kings." This oppressive political theory
to the exodus of the Puritans to America in 1630, and resistance to it
was the ultimate goal of three revolutions: 1) the Puritan Revolution
the 1640s, 2) the Glorious Revolution, and 3) the American Revolution.
Dutie of A King, Sir Walter Raleigh (1599) Promoting the doctrine
"Divine Right of Kings."
Geneva Bible, 1599 update of the translation made by the Puritans
Geneva 1560. This was the Bible of choice in New England. These are the
footnotes which provide a Calvinistic theological interpretation of the
Seventeenth Century Sources
to American History
of all the Colonies
Dictionaries of the 16th & 17th Centuries, six bilingual
-- John Palsgrave (1530; English-French), Sir Thomas Elyot (1538;
English), William Thomas (1550; Italian-English), Thomas Thomas (1587;
Latin-English), John Florio (1598; Italian-English), and Randle
(1611; French-English) -- these give pairs of French, Italian, and
dictionaries, each pair separated by 50-80 years; four English
dictionaries -- Edmund Coote (1596), Robert Cawdrey (1604; courtesy of
Raymond Siemens), John Bullokar (1616), and Henry Cockeram (1623) --
one English word-list by Richard Mulcaster (1582); the first full
dictionary -- Thomas Blount (1656).
The Works of King James
Samuel de Champlain (1604)
Sources Pertaining to the Gunpowder Plot (1605)
First Virginia Charter (1606)
for the Virginia Colony (1606)
of Francis Bacon, Identified by Jefferson as one of his three most
Settlement at Jamestown, John Smith (1607) Including the famous
of Smith being saved by Pocahontas.
Foundation of Quebec, Samuel de Champlain (1608)
Text of Robert Juet's Journal (1609)
Second Virginia Charter (1609)
Smyth's Confession (1609) the religion of a Baptist.
Church At Jamestown, William Strachey (1610)
Third Virginia Charter (1612)
News From Virginia, Alexander Whitaker (1613)
Ordinance and Constitution of the Virginia Company in England for a
John Smith (1616)
Starving Time, John Smith.
of Virginia (1610)
to Carelton from Jamestown (1619)
in Virginia (1619)
of Arminius Arminius was a Dutchman who dared to challenge Luther
Calvin on the predestination issue. His writings led to a major
in Holland while the "Pilgrims" were residing there. Arminius's views
adopted by Archbishop Laud of England, which greatly contributed to the
English Calvinists' desire to leave England in 1630.
Canons of Dort
(1619). The Synod at Dort in the Netherlands was called to respond to
views of the Arminians. Participating in this Synod moderated by
was the leader of the Pilgrims, as well as William Ames (the leading
theologian of the day). As a result of this synod, the "five points of
Calvinism" were developed. The "five points," also called TULIP, became
a centerpiece of Puritanism and were ardently defended by American
such as Jonathan Edwards. The conflict between Calvinists and Arminians
was perhaps the most explosive debate in America in the early 18th
On the Calvinist side, Americans such as Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan
Edwards wrote philosophical defenses; on the Arminian side, John Wesley
was the premiere mouthpiece. While Madison wrote in defense of
Thomas Jefferson utterly repudiated it.
of New England (1620)
Compact (1620). The first political covenant of the New England
State and General Assembly, 24 July 1621.
Plantation (Written 1630-1654, first published 1854). This is
William Bradford's history of Plymouth, the most comprehensive primary
source available on early Plymouth.
Plantation, William Bradford. An eyewitness history of the first
settlers of New England.
A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth . (London, 1622). This
written by several Pilgrims--namely William Bradford and Edward
events at Plymouth from the Mayflower's arrival in November 1620
the First Thanksgiving in October 1621, and everything in between.
The Sin and Danger
of Self-Love (1621) There were no clergymen among the pilgrims at
when they first settled. This sermon was written and given by a layman,
Robert Cushman, to the Plymouth congregation in December 1621. Robert
was a member of the Pilgrims church in Leyden, Holland, and came on
returned in) the ship Fortune.
the Plymouth Settlers
Last Wills and
Testaments of the Settlers at Plymouth We can tell a lot
a culture by looking at their wills.
from New England (London, 1624). This book, authored by Edward
continues the journal in Mourt's Relation, covering the years 1622 and
1623 at Plymouth.
for War Against Spain (1624)
Law of War and Peace, Hugo Grotius (1625, Latin) One of the first
on international law.
the Purchase of Manhattan (1626) The source of the $24 dollar
First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Sir Edward
(1628) Written by a Puritan leader of Parliament, this document was
the only textbook for lawyers (e.g., Jefferson) during the American
Period. Coke's influence over the minds of American politicians is
Clear traces between Coke and the U.S. Constitution are apparent in
of Right, Sir Edward Coke (1628). This document set forth
of the members of Parliament to King Charles I regarding rights of due
process. Charles did not receive this complaint warmly. As a result,
I shut down Parliament, which ultimately culminated in the English
War, and contributed to the exodus of 20,000 Puritans to New England.
of the House of Commons, Documents showing the growth of
hatred for King Charles I, first complaining against his closet
his Arminianism, and his presumptuousness in levying taxes without the
consent of Parliament.
, John Winthrop. A Journal of Religious Experiences.
Salem Covenant (1629)
Bay (1629). This document sets forth the Puritans' commission in
of John Winthrop's Father, A catalogue of the books available for
Puritan Laywer who founded Boston.
Memoir of the
the Plantation in New England
1628). This document states clearly and forcefully that the motivations
of the Puritans who came to New England @ 1630 were fundamentally
who founded the Massachusetts Bay Commonwealth (1628-1630)
Genealogical Dictionary of New England This comprehensive source
the entire families who lived in New England in the early 17the century.
Short and True Description of New England, by the Rev. Francis
Cambridge Agreement among the leaders of the settlement (1629)
of the First Settlements as told by Capt. John Smith, Admiral of
Constitution of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay
Theologica (The Marrow of Theology), William Ames (1629). The
was the principal required textbook in the Ivy League in the American
Period. One cannot adequately grasp the intellectual climate of New
without understanding the concepts in this book. The following two
on the Decrees of God and Predestination highlight the central
of Puritan theology. Ames was unequivocal in stating that God controls
the universe and that humans do not "change" or "determine" God's
in any way.
Marrow of Theology, William Ames (1629), Excerpts.
Model of Christian Charity by John Winthrop (1630). A sermon
aboard one of the ships carrying the Puritans to New England.
Boston Covenant (1630)
Watertown Covenant (1630)
Humble Request of the Puritan emigrants (1630)
Oath of a Freeman, including a list of men who took this oath
to Planters of New England, by Capt. John Smith (1631)
continued, by Capt. John Smith (1631)
to William Pond (1631)
Indictment of Galileo (1633) The height of the conflict between
Glorious Work in Maryland, Andrew White, S.J. (1633)
of A Maryland Jesuit (1634)
From Lion Gardiner's Journal (1635)
Constitution of Plymouth Colony (1636)
Salem Covenant (1636)
Dedham Covenant (1636)
Testimony (1636), the Boston Governor's account of his Christian
Cotton Condemns Democracy (1636)
of The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1636)
in New Canaan, Thomas Morton (1637)
of Indians, Thomas Morton (1637)
Against the Power of the Church To Sit in Judgement on the Civil
Magistracy, John Winthrop, Esq. (1637) A treatise indicating an
the Puritans to keep church and state separate.
of the Commonwealth from 1630 to 1686.
of the Commonwealth: the complete rolls from 1630 to 1636.
of Thomas Shephard
of Thomas Shephard to his son at Harvard College
of New Towne, (later
called Cambridge) from the original town Court records, 1632-1635,
Memoir of Capt. Roger Clapp (1609 -1691) Events in Massachusetts
Colony to about the year 1640.
National Covenant (1639) Scotland's declaration of resistance to
of Connecticut (1639) Acknowledged by scholars to be a prototype of
the U.S. constitution.
Hampshire Compact (1639)
Exeter Covenant (1639)
of New England Indians, William Wood (1639)
Winthrop's Journal, John Winthrop (excerpts), Tremendous and
insights into the mind of the Puritan leader.
Wicked Capitalism of Robert Keayne, John Winthrop (1639) A merchant
named Robert Keayne was practicing capitalistic economics in Boston and
was squarely rebuked for it by John Cotton and Governor Winthrop.
Regulating the Price of Tobacco in Virginia (1639-40)
Brief Discourse Concerning the Power of Peers, John Selden (1640)
Constitution of Rhode Island (1640) A document guaranteeing liberty
Bay Psalm Book (1640) With an Introduction written by Richard
England's First Fruits, The first written history regarding the
of Harvard College (@1640)
Records of Springfield, Massachusetts, Including information about
crimes and punishments.
Body of Liberties (1641) Early written expression of the liberties
asserted by the colonists in reaction to the oppressions of European
Thomas Hobbes (1641-47) Discussion of the natural law foundations of
(1641) An oath taken by British citizens loyal to the Puritan interests
to Justify Their Proceedings and Resolutions to Take Up Arms (1642)
Thomas Jefferson, in his Autobiography,said that this Puritan
was an inspiration to the American cause.
of a Particular Visible Church, by John Cotton (1642)
Bay School Laws (1642) Requiring that every father teach his
the Catechism; if not, the children shall be taken from the home.
College Admission and Graduation Requirements (1642-1700)
With the Indians (1642-43)
of the United Colonies of New England (1643) The first attempt at a
union of colonies, foreshadowing the United States. This document
several colonies together for the primary purpose of national defense.
This is the first document resembling a federal constitution in
Medici, Thomas Browne (1643) The Religion of a Physician; showing
link between religion and Enlightenment science in the 17th century.
The Bloody Tenet
of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, Roger Williams
A Plea for
Liberty, Roger Williams (1644) Early expression of the principle of
religious tolerance by the founder of the colony of Rhode Island.
League and Covenant (1643-44) The document which allied the Scotch
Presbyterians and the Puritans in their struggle against Charles I.
Military Accounts of the English Civil War
Lex Rex This
systematized the Calvinistic political theories which had developed
the previous century. Rutherford was a colleague of John Locke's
Most of John Locke's Second Treatise on Government is
of Lex Rex. From Rutherford and other Commonwealthmen such as
Lawson, through Locke, these theorists provided the roots of the
of Independence. This page provides the list of questions
Rex, Samuel Rutherford (1644).
Rex, Samuel Rutherford (1644). This excerpt shows Rutherford's
contract theory and includes the Puritan theory of resistance to a
John Milton (1644). A treatise arguing that true Christianity can win
own arguments, and does not need to worry about challenges from other
of view, and therefore, the Government should not prevent the
of any ideas. This idea was later articulated by Locke in his Letters
Toleration, and picked up by Madison and Jefferson in their
of religious liberty in the U.S.
Description of New Amsterdam by Isaac Joques (1644)
of the Iroquois, Rev. John Megapolensis (1644)
Government Vindicated, John Winthrop (1644)
, John Winthrop (1645) Discusses liberties demanded by the colonists.
Unmasked (London, 1646). This is a religious treatise written by
Character of A Puritan, John Geree (1646)
Confession of Faith (1646) In addition to being the decree of
as the standard for Christian doctrine in the British Kingdom, it was
as the official statement of belief for the colonies of Massachusetts
Connecticut. Although slighlty altered and called by different names,
was the creed of Congregationalist, Baptist, and Presbyterian Churches
throughout the English speaking world. Assent to the Westminster
was officially required at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Princeton
Benjamin Warfield wrote: "It was impossible for any body of Christians
in the [English] Kingdoms to avoid attending to it."
Catechism (1646) Second only to the Bible, the "Shorter Catechism"
of the Westminster Confession was the most widely published piece of
in the pre-revolutionary era in America. It is estimated that some five
million copies were available in the colonies. With a total population
of only four million people in America at the time of the Revolution,
number is staggering. The Westminster Catechism was not only a central
part of the colonial educational curriculum, learning it was required
law. Each town employed an officer whose duty was to visit homes to
the children recite the Catechism. The primary schoolbook for children,
the New England Primer, included the Catechism. Daily recitations of it
were required at these schools. Their curriculum included memorization
of the Westminster Confession and the Westminster Larger Catechism.
was not a person at Independence Hall in 1776 who had not been exposed
to it, and most of them had it spoon fed to them before they could
Petition to Establish the Laws of England in America (1646)
Salamander Discovered (London, 1647). This is another religious
written by Edward Winslow.
Old Deluder Act (1647)
Cobbler of Aggawamm in America, Nathaniel Ward (1647).
of the People (1647) A proposal for a republican government in
Laws of Massachusetts (1648)
of Westphalia (1648) An attempt at religious peace in Europe.
Laws, New Haven
Indian Deed for East-Hampton (1648)
Maryland Toleration Act (1649)
Charles I's Speech at His Trial (1649); Including Judge Bradshaw's
response appealing to social contract theory.
Execution of Charles I Stuart (1649)
King Charles I's Speech
Just Before His Execution (1649)
Non-Compelling of Heathens, Samuel Rutherford (1649) Exploring the
extent to which a government can coerce religious conformity.
of the Free People of England (1649) The manifesto of the
the leaders of the 1649 English Civil War that deposed Charles I and
a period of parliamentary rule. It expresses many of the ideals that
inspired the American Revolution.
The Tenure of
Kings and Magistrates (1650) by John Milton in defense of the
of Charles I by the British Parliament a few days after its occurance.
It includes an excellent evaluation and summation of the political
produced on the Continent in the 16th Century. Charles I was the first
monarch executed in Europe by his subjects, setting the stage for a
struggle which would grip Britain for several decades to come. The
and spelling of this edition has been done directly from the 1650
of John Milton
Thomas Hobbes (1651) Laid basis for social contract theory, providing
branching point for the theories of constitutionalism and fascism.
to the year 1651
Gospel Covenant, Rev. Peter Bulkely (1651)
Laws in New England (1651) Laws regarding what one may and may not
Deed Assignment to the Inhabitants of East-Hampton (1651)
Instrument of Government, 1653; The Constitution of the English
under Oliver Cromwell. Many of the founders, such as Samuel Adams,
Oliver Cromwell their hero, and considered the Commonwealth as the
years of England.
Question, Sir Henry Vane, 1656, published the following tract,
the principles of civil and religious liberty, and proposed that method
of forming a constitution, through a convention called for the purpose,
which was actually followed in America after the Revolution.
Commonwealth of Oceana, James Harrington (1656) Outline of a plan
Flushing Remonstrance (1657) Proclamation granting liberty to
Muslims, and Quakers" on Long Island, New York, on the grounds of New
graciousness. Extremely progressive for the American colonies.
Garlick Testimony in Witchcraft Trial (1657)
to the Revision of the New Plymouth Laws (1658)
Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes; Showing That it Is
Lawful For Any Power on Earth to Compel in Matters of Religion,
Milton (1659). A formative influence upon the ideals of religious
adopted by John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison.
Declaration of Breda, King Charles II Stuart (1660), As the Stuart
King was to be restored to the throne after the end of the reign of the
Puritan Protectorates, one of his first decisions was to attempt to
another religious war, by granting religious liberty to "tender
so long as they did not disturb the peace.
Restoration of Charles II to the Throne of England (1660); A
of Both Houses of Parliament.
from the Navigation Acts, 1660-1696, The first Parliamentary
toward the colonies which would lead to the colonial rebellion of the
of Elenctic Theology, [excerpt on predestination] Francis Turretin
(1660) The principle textbook used by students in American colleges in
the 18th century (used at Princeton into the late 19th century).
of Elenctic Theology, Francis Turretin (1660). Excerpts.
of the Pequot War, Lion Gardiner (1660)
Narrative of the
Pequot War, John Mason
Status of Religion in Virginia (1661)
Records Dealing with Runaway Slaves in Virginia
Book of Common Prayer (1662) As the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell
came to an end and Charles II was restored to the throne of England,
Church of England once again introduced a new Book of Common Prayer.
was the guiding document for many throughout the American colonies,
Anglican Catechism (1662) The document which provided the religious
training for many of the founding fathers of the U.S. (e.g.,
Madison, Henry, Wythe, Mason).
Pratt (1662) Recounting the settlement at Plymouth
Day of Doom and other Poems, Michael Wigglesworth (1662)
Penalties in Maryland (1664)
and Punishments in Massachusetts (1664-1682)
Trials in New York (1665)
From The Duke of York's Laws (1665-75)
Description of Carolina, Robert Horne (1666)
Lost, John Milton (1667)
Constitutions of Carolina, John Locke (1669)
Treatise, Baruch de Spinoza (1670) Discussed the ultimate source of
legitimate political power.
in Witchcraft Times, Samuel Green, ed. (c.1671)
Naturae, Samuel Puffendorf (1672, tr. Basil Kennett 1703)
Hominis Et Civis Juxta Legem Naturalem Libri Duo ,
Pufendorf (1673). The political theorist of choice among American
in the early 18th century.
of John Bunyan, According to Ben Franklin's Autobiography, Bunyan
his "favorite author."
Documents I A tremendous library of 17th and 18th century Quaker
Body of Divinity, Samuel Willard. The primary textbook used at
The New England
Primer, The best-selling textbook used by children in the colonial
period. Millions of copies were in print. Filled with Calvinist
the influence of this little document is inestimable.
Dangers That Threaten Canada and the Means to Remedy Them, January
Declaration in the Name of the People, 30 July 1676
Bacon's Rebellion, Governor William Berkely, 19 May 1676
of Mary Rowlandson (1676)
Baruch de Spinoza (1677) Constitutional considerations of various
of government, including ideas that later influenced the Founders.
Poems for Her
Husband, Anne Bradstreet (1678)
Act (1679) English Parliament established key right which was
of the New England Synod (1679), a "Jeremiad."
Robert Filmer. A treatise defending the "divine right of Kings." This
was the document which Locke and Sydney both had in mind as they wrote
their political tracts which formed the American founders' political
Although this was written around 1640 in defense of Charles I's divine
right, it was not published until 1680.
to Exclude the Duke of York (1680), Attempts by the Whig Party to
James II off the throne.
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
for the Carrying on the Negro's Christianity, Morgan Goodwyn
Redivivus, Henry Neville (1681)
of Pennsylvania, William Penn (1682) Early model for written
Fruits of Solitude In Reflections And Maxims, William Penn (1682)
Penn to His Family (1682)
a Democratic Government (1682)
of the Massachussetts Bay Company, Edward Randolph, 12 June 1683
Constitution of New York (1683)
of King Phillip's War, Edward Randolph (1685)
to Sir Edmund Andros (1686)
Charter of East
Declaration of Toleration (1686)
Orders to Governor Andros (1686-1687)
Isaac Newton (1687) One of the three most significant influences upon
the Duty of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law, Samuel
(1688) Based law and right on natural law.
II Creates the Dominion of New England, April 7, 1688
Invites William of Orange to England (1688)
of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (1688) Parliament pledges its
to William and Mary.
Full Text of Huntington's Declaration of Rights
Sending Sir Edmund Andros To England (1689)
King's Oath (1689) Established the requirement that the monarch
"the Protestant reformed religion"
of Rights (1689) Early model for recognizing natural rights in
Much of its language appeared later in the Declaration of Independence
and U.S. Constitution.
on Government John Locke (1689) Principal proponent of the social
theory which forms the basis for modern constitutional republican
Toleration, John Locke (1689) Classic statement of the case for
of those holding different views.
Reasonableness of Christianity, John Locke.
Act of William and Mary (1689)
Boston Uprising, Samuel Prince (1689)
London Confession of Faith (1689) Drawn from the Westminster
this document set for the beliefs of English Baptists during this era.
of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland (1690)
Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions, Cotton Mather
Government, Table of Contents. Algernon Sidney (1698) Built
of popular government from foundation of natural law and the social
This book has been considered by scholars the "textbook of the American
Government, Algernon Sidney, excerpts.
Journal of George
Fox, Founder of the Quakers.
of the Salem Witch Trials (1692) This is one of the web's best and
most complete primary source documents, containing all of the court
of the Salem Witch trials. An invaluable resource.
Confession of Anne Foster at Salem (1692)
of the Invisible World (excerpts), Cotton Mather (1693)
of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits, Increase Mather (1693)
Character of a Good Ruler, Samuel Willard (1694)
Plan for a Union (1697)
Samuel Sewall Repents His Participation in the Salem Witch Trials
Story of Squanto, Cotton Mather (1698)
Execution of Hugh Stone, Cotton Mather (1698)
Account of West Jersey and Pennsylvania, Gabriel Thomas (1698)
Eighteenth Century Sources Which Profoundly
Documents Pertaining to Africans and Slavery in America Massive
of primary sources regarding slavery in America.
of Joseph, Samuel Sewall (1700) An argument against the slave
Representing the Present State of Religion on the Continent of North
, Thomas Bray, D.D. (1700) Documenting the Anglican view of the
and appended with a proposition to found the SPG (Society for Progating
William Addresses Parliament on the French Question, 31 December
At His Calling, Cotton Mather (1701)
Christi Americana, Cotton Mather (1702)
Beverley on Bacon's Rebellion (1704)
Money and Trade
Considered With a Proposal for Supplying the Nation with Money, by
John Law (1705)
Laws in Virginia (1642-1705)
Repentance of a Salem Witchcraft Accuser, Ann Putnam (1706)
Union (1707) The document creating "Great Britain"
Commentary, Pierre Bayle (1708) A writer recommended by Thomas
Bayle criticised French Catholic persecution of Protestants; and argued
for toleration as a matter of Biblical principle.
Byrd's Diary [excerpt] (1709)
Byrd's Diary [excerpts regarding slave punishments] (1709)
Americana ("God's City: America"), Cotton Mather (1709) This
from Mather's sermon shows how Mather, with other Puritans, believed
America was truly the "Promised Land." This thinking led ultimately to
the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, whereby Anglo-Americans believed that
it was their divine commission to spread their culture from Atlantic to
Truths Tending to Conversion, Increase Mather (1710). A sermon
with the paradox between predestination and man's effort toward
Mather appears nearly contradictory throughout.
the Duties of Husbands and Wives, Benjamin Wadsworth (1712)
of the Boston Latin Grammar School (1712)
History of the Common Law of England, Matthew Hale (1713)
Concerning the Jacobite Rebellion
North Carolina Biennal Act (1715)
of the Government of New England Churches, John Wise (1717) A
political sermon which included most of the principles of government
by the founders of the U.S.
Angel of Bethesda, Cotton Mather. Here, as a watershed in the
of medical science in America, Mather takes a position in favor of
Cato's Letters, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (1720-23) English
newspaper articles advocating Whig principles, which much influenced
of the Iroquois Confederacy A model for a federal system of
for several Native American nations, Franklin lauded the Iroquois for
ability to confederate.
of the College of William and Mary (1727) The rules governing the
where Thomas Jefferson received his training.
House of Representatives on the Governor's Salary, 11 September
Burnet of Massachusetts on the Governor's Salary, 17 September 1728
Story of Venture Smith (1729-1809)
Reasons for Presbyterians Dissenting, Andrew Clarkson (1731);
against unconditional submission to the National Church and
Upon Parties, Henry St. John Bolingbroke (1733). A heavy influence
Vision for Georgia, General James Oglethorpe (1733)
Regarding the Settlement of the Georgia Colony, Count Zinzendorf
of the Trial of Peter Zenger (1735)
on the Study and Use of History, Henry St. John Bolingbroke (1735)
Patriotism, Bolingbroke (1736)
Gabriel Johnston's request to repeal the Biennal act, 18 October
of the North Carolina Biennal Act (1737)
of a Patriot King, Bolingbroke (1738)
on the Five Points [Of Calvinism], Daniel Whitby. The text which
Jonathan Edwards to write his most important book, The Freedom of
Grace, John Gill (1738) Defense of Calvinism by a celebrated
of the SPG (Society for the Propagation of the Gospel) (1740) The
of this group to land an Anglican Bishop in the American colonies
the American Revolution.
True Scripture-Doctrine Concerning Some Important Points of the
Faith, Jonathan Dickinson (1741) Jonathan Dickinson was the first
of the College at Princeton, New Jersey. In this excerpt, Dickinson
that atheism is pure "stupidity" and "madness." Dickinson's opinion in
this regard represented the consensus in America. Subsequently all of
founders of the United States were certain of the existence of a Deity.
On the other hand, Dickinson here emphasizes the doctrine of
which was the central controversy of the eighteenth century in the
Colonists' opinions were divided in this regard. Earlier in the century
predestination was the majority view, but by the end of the century a
in "free-will" had become prevalent among many such as Methodists.
The Works Of Jonathan Edwards
, Enlightenment Philosopher, Theologian, Orator, Scientist; Edwards was
the most important American-born Great Awakening preacher and defender
of orthodox Calvinism.
of George Whitefield, Known for his supreme oratory skills,
was the most famous inter-colonial celebrity during the Great
The inter-colonial nature of Whitefield's ministry was an important
in the development of the intercolonial union which commenced in the
and 70's. A strong advocate of predestination, Whitefield entered into
a bitter dispute with his Methodist colleague, John Wesley over the
and the movement was split.
of John Wesley, An English preacher, Wesley developed the practice
of itinerant preaching: out of doors, traveling long distances on
Wesley was a strong opponent of the Calvinism which was prevalent in
Letters of John Wesley
Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants, Elisha Williams
An excerpt explaining what makes something a person's property, from a
Boston minister who vigorously promoted liberty of conscience.
at Yale College (1745) Showing the centrality of Calvinism and the
Westminster Confession in colonial higher education.
Presence of Great God in the Assembly of Political Rulers, John
(1746) A early warning against tyranny from one of Boston's ministers.
of the Deliverance of Briton Hammond, An account of an
taken captive by Native Americans (1747)
Principles of Natural Law, J. Burlamaqui, tr. Thomas Nugent (1748,
tr. Thomas Nugent 1752) This was the textbook on political theory used
at Harvard. It was this book that gave James Otis, John Hancock, Samuel
Adams, Joseph Warren, and John Adams their understanding of political
of Politic Law, J. Burlamaqui, tr. Thomas Nugent (1748, tr. Thomas
Nugent 1752) Sequel to The Principles of Natural Law carrying
law into constitutional law. Commentary on the ideas of Grotius,
Puffendorf, Barbeyrac, Locke, Clarke, and Hutchinson.
The Spirit of Laws,
Charles de Montesquieu, (1748, tr. Thomas Nugent 1752) Laid the
for the theory of republican government, particularly the concepts of
separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial, a
republic, representatives elected from political subdivisions, a
legislature, and a system of checks and balances. Montesquieu was the
frequently cited political theorist during the founding of the U.S.
into the Principles of Political Economy, James Steuart.
by Jefferson as one of the best books on political science.
of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Hutchinson, excerpt regarding coinage.
on the Fable of the Bees, Frances Hutcheson (1750)
Captivity Narrative, Mary Jemison (1750)
Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the
Powers, Jonathan Mayhew (1750) About this document, John Adams
"It was read by everybody; celebrated by friends, and abused by
It spread an universal alarm against the authority of Parliament. It
a general and just apprehension, that bishops, and dioceses, and
and priests, and tithes, were to be imposed on us by Parliament." This
sermon has been called the spark which ignited the American Revolution.
This illustrates that the Revolution was not only about stamps and
but also about religious liberty.
to Parliament: Reasons for Making Bar, as well as Pig or Sow-iron
to Parliament: Reason Against a General Prohibition of the Iron
on the English Aggression, October 1750
on the French Colonies in North America, December 1750
Franklin, and Madison: Accounts of Their Original Plans to be Christian
Party Divisions, William Livingston (1753)
A Discourse on the
Origin of Inequality, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1754) Discussion on
inequality, its origins and implications.
A Discourse on
Political Economy, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1755) Discussion on the
principles affecting the politics of a society.
Samuel Johnson (1755) This was the standard dictionary of the late
Value and Purpose of Princeton College, Samuel Davies and Gilbert
(1754); an appeal to British citizens to support the seminary which
and Patriotism the Constituents of a Good Soldier, Samuel Davies
Davies, a Presbyterian preacher and president of the College at
here interprets the French and Indian war as a religious war. In this
from a sermon preached in Virginia, Davies rouses the anti-Catholic
of his hearers to rally them to arms against the French in the Ohio
Documents of the French and Indian War
Pertaining to the French and Indian War
Complete Poem by Jupiter Hammon (1760)
The Social Contract,
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762) Discussed legitimate government as the
of the general will.
Curse of Cowardice, Samuel Davies (1758)
Against the Writs
of Assistance, James Otis (1761)
Role of the Indians in the Rivalry Between France, Spain, and England
, Governor Glen (1761)
of Criticism, Lord Kaims [Henry Homes] (1762), Highly recommended
Jefferson, in this excerpt Kaims discusses the problems with fiction.
Paris (1763) Ended the French and Indian War and gave the English
of all the land east of the Mississippi River.
Acts of Parliament concerning the American Colonies
Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, James Otis
Royal Proclamation of 1763 Forbid colonists from crossing the
Currency Act, 1764
Sugar Act, 1764
Quartering Act, 1765
Stamp Act, 1765 Precipitated the "Stamp Act Crisis" which fomented
rebellion throughout the colonies
Declaratory Act, 1766 The English Parliament repealed the Stamp
but couldn't leave well enough alone, and adopted this statement of
supremacy over the British colonies.
Townshend Act, 1767
Tea Act, 1773
Administration of Justice Act, 1774
Boston Port Act, 1774
Massachusetts Government Act, 1774
Quebec Act, 1774
Quartering Act, 1774
(1765) Considered the book that "lost the colonies" for England. This
delineates the legal principles of common law which ensure the
rights of Englishmen. Blackstone was quoted by the colonists twice as
as they quoted Locke.
Against God and Religion," William Blackstone (1765). Showing the
understanding that the integrity of the judicial system depends upon
participants' belief in God.
Against the Public Peace" William Blackstone (1765)
Husband And Wife", William Blackstone (1765)
Daniel Dulany, October 1765
Objections to the Taxation Consider'd, Soame Jenyns (1765)
Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, October 19, 1765
of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress (1765) Developed the concept
people could not legitimately be taxed except by their elected
Pitt's Speech on the Stamp Act, January 14, 1766
of Benjamin Franklin in the House of Commons (1766)
and Punishments, Cesare Beccaria (1766) Set out rights of the
in criminal proceedings. Argues for crime prevention over punishment,
against the death penalty and torture.
of Civil Society, Adam Ferguson
Dickinson's Letter 2, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768
Dickinson's Letter 4, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768
Misfortune of Indentured Servants, Gottlieb Mittelberger
Election Sermon, Daniel Shute; Delivered in Boston,
26 May 1768.
Nonimportation Resolutions (1769)
From Mary Cooper's Diary (1769)
Bergen Rapelje's Full Manuscript (1770-1797)
Boston Massacre, The Boston Gazette, 12 March 1770
Account of the Boston Massacre, 5 March, 1770
Thomas Preston's account of the Boston Massacre, 13 March 1770
of Isaac Watts, After the Bible and the Catechism, this was the
most commonly used book in colonial New England.
of the Colonists, Samuel Adams (1772) John Adams indicated that all
the concepts which Jefferson later set forth in the Declaration of
were first introduced here.
Oration on the Beauties of Liberty, Reverend John Allen (1772)
Deliverd at Boston, Joseph Warren (1772)
Oration Delivered at Boston, Joseph Warren (1772)
Election Sermon, Simeon Howard (1773) Demonstrating that an armed
against a tyrant was a Christian's duty.
Sovereign Decrees of God, Isaac Backus (1773)
Account of the Boston Tea Party, George Hewes (1773)
of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Establishing an Intercolonial
of Correspondence (1773)
Virginia Religious Petitions (1774-1802) Thomas Jefferson, a
of the Virginia Committee on Religion, was greatly impacted by these
in developing his thoughts about religious liberty.
Oration, John Hancock (1774)
Before the Massachusetts Legislature, Isaac Backus (1774)
on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British
Parliament, James Wilson (1774)
the Inhabitants of the Several Anglo-American Colonies, William
Rights of the Continental Congress (1774) John Adams said that the
Declaration of Independence was not much more than a recapitulation of
Prayer Given in the Continental Congress, Rev. Jacob Duche (1774)
of the Continental Congress, 34 Volumes. This invaluable collection
of documents tells what took place in Philadelphia as the United States
was being birthed.
of the House of Burgesses in Virginia (1774) This resolution was
by similar resolutions made in the Puritan Revolution of 1641; the
resolved to commit their crisis to prayer and fasting.
on Civil Liberty, Nathaniel Niles (1774) An example of how
stoked the revolutionary spirit.
Olive Branch Petition (1774). This document is a last-ditch attempt
to mend the tears between Britain and America. But George III never
Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies, Joseph
Suffolk Resolves, Joseph Warren (1774)
Wheatley to Samson Occam (1774)
of Henry Laurens, President of the Continental Congress
Most Frequently Cited by the Founders
Adams Discusses the Historic Sources Which Provided the Intellectual
of American Political Theory
Documents of the
Founding Fathers, This is the most comprehensive site online
featuring the writings of the founding fathers.
Works of Benjamin Franklin
Works of Sam Adams
Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity (1725), A little known
work in which Franklin made a metaphysical argument for predestination
and against free-will. Franklin concluded that all things are
good, because God is in total control and God is good.
Writings of Benjamin Franklin, The most complete site containing
Advice Concerning His Friend's Sexual Affairs (1745), Illustrating
a side of Franklin's character which is seldom exposed.
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1733)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1734)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1735)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1736)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1737)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1738)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1739)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1740)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1741)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1742)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1743)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1744)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1745)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1746)
Benjamin: Poor Richard (1747)
Benjamin: Poor Richard Improved (1748)
Benjamin: Poor Richard Improved (1752)
and Suppositions Towards Forming a New Hypothesis for Explaining the
Phenomena of Thunder Gusts, (1749) The insights which led to
famous Kite experimentation, which, in turn, gave Franklin his
reputation which mattered greatly as the U.S. was being birthed.
on the Increase of Mankind (1751)
of Benjamin Franklin
Plan for a Union (1754) Ben Franklin's first attempt to Unite the
Plan for Colonial Union, Benjamin Franklin (1754) Arguments in
of the Albany Plan of Union, which was rejected as too democratic.
Franklin, How I Became a Printer in Philadelphia
Motion for Prayer at the Constitutional Convention
Advice to Thomas Paine Regarding the Age of Reason, In this letter,
Franklin advises Paine to burn his manuscript of the Age of Reason,
because it undermines religious ideals.
Tentative Approval of the Constitution
last Letter to Ezra Stiles, Detailing Franklin's religious opinions
Works of George Washington
of Samuel Adams One of the most thorough internet sites of its kind
including numerous letters and newspaper articles.
Works of John Adams
- Papers of
(Library of Congress). This is the most comprehensive source on the web
for documents authored by George Washington.
for Civility (1744)
to State Governments
Orders, July 2, 1776
to John Hancock, September 24, 1776
- The Battle
about George Washington Praying at Valley Forge, 1778
to the Members of the Volunteer Association and Other Inhabitants...
, December 2, 1783
to George Chapman, December 15, 1784 (On importance of education)
to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786 (On the abolition of slavery)
to the President of the Continental Congress, September 17, 1787
Inaugural Address, April 30, 1789
to the United Baptist Churches in Virginia, May 10, 1789
from Drafts of the First Inaugural Address (1789)
Annual Message, January 8, 1790 (Order of business for a young
of Washington's Diaries (1790)
to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, August, 1790 (On what is a
and good government)
of Neutrality, 1793
of George Washington 30 September-19 October 1794
to the Vice President, November 15, 1794
to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, January 28, 1795
(On education and establishment of a university)
Address, September 19, 1796 (Public opinion should be enlightened)
of George Washington (Yale Library)
Will And Testament of George Washington (1799)
Obituaries of George Washington
Adopted Daughter Discusses Washington's Religious Character Nelly
lived with the Washingtons at Mt. Vernon for twenty years (1779 until
As a daily observer of his life, she was qualified perhaps more than
other to assess George Washington's religion (even perhaps more than
himself, who was reluctant to speak about his own religious affections).
Weems' Biography of George Washington (1800), the classic source
for most of the greatest stories about George Washington, including the
"cherry tree" story.
Works of Thomas Jefferson
of John Adams, excerpts illustrating Adams' sentiments regarding
of Conscience Traced to Back Calvin's Geneva (1776)
to James Sullivan, May 26, 1776 (On women and voting rights)
to Zabdiel Adams, June 21, 1776 (On reason, honor, and love of
between John and Abigail Adams, March-April 1776 (On nature and
on Davila--XV," 1776 (Contrast of natural equality and inequalities)
on Government", 1776 (On republican government)
Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law
of the American Constitutions, An important excerpt in which Adams
recommends various writings of Protestant political theorists
to the Defence of the Constitutions, 1787 (On the good effects of
Inaugural Address (1797)
Constitution is Inadequate to Govern Atheists, 1798
to the Senate on the Death of George Washington, December 23, 1799
to Benjamin Rush and Samuel Miller, illustrating Adams' hatred for
Thomas Paine and his admiration for Calvinists.
Independence Achieved Upon the Principles of Christianity (1813)
to Evans, June 8, 1819 (The founding's opposition to slavery)
to H. Niles, February 13, 1818 (On the Revolution as a religious
of ideas and principles)
to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822. Detailing Adams' recollection
of the production of the Declaration of Independence. Adams states here
that there is not an idea in the Declaration which had not been
in Congress for two years before. According to Adams, the substance of
the Declaration is contained in the in the Declaration
of Colonial Rights of the Continental Congress, and the essence of
it is contained in The
Rights of the Colonists, written before the first Congress met, by
of John Adams, This is the best source of material written by John
Adams that is available on the web.
Annual and Special messages to Congress
Messages to Congress
Works of James Madison
The Works of Thomas Paine
American Revolution Military Documents
Convention of 1787, James Madison. These are the proceedings of the
Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia, an essential guide to
the intent of the Framers.
- Works of James
Madison, Probably the best such source available online at this
First Inaugural (1809)
Second Inaugural (1813)
Federalist Papers, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
(1787-88) Arguments for
of the proposed Constitution.
and Remonstrance (Virginia, 1785)
speech proposing the Bill of Rights, June 8, 1789
(>1817), detailing Madison's views of the importance of no religious
to F.L. Schaeffer (1821) in which Madison credits Luther with
the way for the appropriate distinction between church and state.
Letters of the
Founding Fathers, The most comprehensive source for letters written
by the members of the Continental Congress.
of the Midnight Ride, Paul Revere (1775)
Royal Proclamation of Rebellion (1775)
Accounts of Revolutionary War Battles
of the American Revolution
of the American Revolution
Battle of Bunker Hill, Major-General Sir John Burgoyne to Lord
Battle of Bunker Hill, Lieutenant J. Waller, First Royal Marine
to His Brother, Camp of Charlestown Heights, 22 June 1775
- The Battle
, George Washington (1776)
Recruiting Service, Captain Alexander Graydon, 1776
Life, Captain Georg Pausch, 8 September 1776
Vail's Journal (1775-1782)
Hale's Capture (1776)
, Hessian Account (1777)
, Major-General Burgoyne to his nieces, Albany, 20 October 1777
at Brandywine, Captain Ferguson, 70th Foot, September 1777
the Diary of a Surgeon at Valley Forge, Albigence Waldo (1777)
Valley Forge (1778)
with France (1778)
of General Nathaniel Greene
Treaty of Amity and Commerce February 6, 1778
on Hessian Troops, Lieutenant W. Hale, Philadelphia, 23 March 1778
Court House, Lieutenant Hale, Neversunk, 4 July 1778
with the Delawares (1778)
Treason and other Spy Documents (1780)
Headquarters, Francois Jean, Marquis de Chastellux, 1780
, Saturday, February 17, 1781
Surrender of Cornwalis (1781)
the Diary of Ebenezer Denny (1781) describing the surrender of
Between the King and the Thirteen United States of North America,
at Versailles July 16, 1782
Articles of Peace, U.S. and Great Britain, 30 November 1782
for Suspension of Arms and Cessation of Hostilities, Signed at
January 20, 1783
Jones; Naval Hero
of Paris (1783)
III Laments the Loss of the Colonies
Ethan Allen, Revolutionary War hero and Deist.
Farmer Refuted, Alexander Hamilton (1775). In this defense of the
cause in response to an Anglican minister's criticism of the
Hamilton states that laws, rights, and political principles are all
in the existence and law of God.
Criticizing Arminians (1775) A letter from the author of "Amazing
claiming that repentance is the not key to atonement.
Leonard's Letter of January 9, 1775
Defensive War in
a Just Cause Sinless, David Jones (1775). Sermon justifying the
on Conciliation with America, Edmund Burke, March 22, 1775; Burke
the character of the American colonists and links their commitment to
to their Protestantism.
by Vice, and Recovered by Righteousness, Samuel Langdon, May 31,
This sermon preached a year before Jefferson wrote his declaration,
this phrase: "By the law of nature, any body of people, destitute of
and government, may form themselves into a civil society, according to
their best prudence, and so provide for their common safety and
Passive Obedience, and Nonresistance, Jonathan Boucher (1775)
Calm Address To Our American Colonies, John Wesley (1775)
Vine, Jacob Duche (1775)
Charlotte Town Resolves (1775) Resolutions of Presbyterians of
Me Liberty or Give Me Death, Patrick Henry (1775). Famous oration
motivated Southerners to join in the battle already taking place in New
the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms, Jefferson and
July 6, 1775. This document was inspired by the Puritan Declaration of
August, 1642, "Declaration
of the Lords and Commons to Justify Their Taking Up Arms,"
in John Rushworth, ed., Historical Collections of Private Passages
State, Weighty Matters in Law, Remarkable Proceedings in Five
(1680-1722),vol. 4, pp. 761-768.
Doodle The anthem of the Continental Army
Flight into the Wilderness, Samuel Sherwood, January 17, 1776; A
which labels British tyranny Satanic.
Virginia Declaration of Rights, George Mason (1776) Unquestionably
a document which Jefferson had in mind when writing the Declaration of
of the Declaration of Independence (1776) Documents which prove
Jefferson modeled the Declaration largely upon the 1689
Declaration of Rights .
Dominion of Providence Over the Passions of Men, John Witherspoon,
May 1776. This sermon was preached by a member of the Second
Congress during the period in which the members were deciding upon
of Independence (1776) According to recent scholarship,
this document was modeled after the Dutch Calvinist Declaration of
In other words, this statement of basic principles was simply a
of what Protestant Political theorists and preachers had been saying
on the Mood at the time of the Signing, Benjamin Rush
Constitutions A collection of the constitutions of each colony.
Clauses of State Constitutions Demonstrating that most states had
On the Right to
Rebel against Governors, Samuel West (1776)
Interest of America Impartially Stated, Charles Inglis (1776). A
of an American loyal to the King.
of Nations, Adam Smith (1776). The manual for capitalism, the
backbone of the United States. Jefferson said this was the best book of
of the Continental Congress
Upon Tyrants, Jacob Cushing, April 20, 1778; a sermon on the three
year anniversary of the war.
Sermon, Phillips Payson (1778)
(1779) A sermon vindicating the activity of General George Washington.
Sermon on the Day of the Commencement of the Constitution, Samuel
Articles of Confederation The first Constitution of the United
Origins and Progress of the American Revolution Peter Oliver
Oliver, a tory, names the persons he feels are most responsible for the
rebellion. James Otis and the Calvinist clergy ("black regiment") were
the chief culprits.
Articles of Confederation (1781)
Coeptis (1782), the religious motto for the U.S.A. that was
approved by the founding fathers.
From an American Farmer, Crevecour (1782)
on Money, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian theologian and president
of American Policy, Noah Webster (1785)
and Remonstrance, James Madison (1785). Championing the principal
of 1785 (Jefferson). Detailing the manner in which the Northwest
shall be partitioned and sold.
Annapolis Convention (1786), prelude to the Constitutional
Papers 1-85, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton's defense of Federalism
Debates in the
Federal Convention of 1787, James Madison. These are the
of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia, an essential
to interpreting the intent of the Framers.
Affiliations of the Framers of the Constitution, contrary to the
this chart shows that only 3 out of 55 of the framers classified
Records of the
Constitutional Convention (Farrand's Records)
Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal
Ordinance (1787) Detailing the manner in which new states may be
to the United States.
in the First Federal Congress Regarding A Religious Amendment to the
(1789), edited by Jim Allison. An important source for understanding
intention of the framers concerning religious liberty. Mr. Allison has
collected together the debates in the House and the Senate on this most
of Rights and the Amendments to The Constitution (1791) The
to the Anti-Federalists to win their acceptance of the Constitution.
Laws and Judicial Precedents in Early America
the First Sixteen Federal Congresses
Trade and the Middle Passage, Alexander Falconbridge (1788)
Life of Olaudah Equiano, A Slave's Autobiography (1789)
Virginia Chronicle, John Leland (1790). Champion of religious
Friend and influence upon James Madison.
Dissenting from the Episcopal Church, John Leland (1790)
the Natural Rights of Individuals, James Wilson (1790-91)
the Equality of the Sexes, Judith Sargent Murray (1790)
The Funeral of
Arminianism, William Huntington (1791)
Slave Law of 1793
Treaty with a number of Indian Tribes (1795)
Concerning Political Justice, William Godwin (1793) Part of
library of political works.
of Tripoli (1795)
Mode of Education Proper in a Republic (1798), Benjamin Rush,
of the Declaration of Independence, emphasizing the religious
and goal of all education.
Discourses On The General First Principles of Deism (1798), Samuel
E. McCorkle, D. D. The biggest intellectual controversy of the 1790's
called the "deist controversy." On the one side were the followers of
Paine, on the other side were the orthodox Christians as represented
by the Rev. McCorkle.
of George Washington
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807J. Phycol. 38, 807–820 (2002)A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW RED ALGAL ORDER, THE THOREALES1Kirsten M. MüllerDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1Alison R. SherwoodDepartment of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USACurt M. PueschelDepartment of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, 13901, USARobin R. GutellInstitute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USAandRobert G. Sheath2Provost’s Office, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096, USARepresentatives of the freshwater red algal familyThoreaceae were studied to resolve their taxonomicand phylogenetic status. Three specimens of Nema-lionopsis and five collections of Thorea were exam-ined for pit plug ultrastructure and analyzed for thesequences of the genes coding for the large subunitof RUBISCO (rbcL) and the small subunit of rRNA(18S rRNA). The phylogenetic trees generated fromthe two genes, and a combined tree all showed theThoreaceae to be contained in a well-supportedmonophyletic clade that is separate from the othertwo families currently classified in the Batrachosper-males, the Batrachospermaceae and the Lemanea-ceae. In addition, secondary structure elements ofthe 18S rRNA gene were observed at positions 650and 1145 (Escherichia coli numbering system) that arenot present in other members of the Rhodophyta.The pit plugs of the gametophytic and chantransiastages of the Thoreaceae contain two cap layers, theouter one of which is typically plate-like, though oc-casionally inflated ones have been seen. No pit plugcap membrane has been observed. These findingsindicate the Thoreaceae has been misclassified inthe Batrachospermales and should be placed in itsown order, the Thoreales. This order is character-ized by having freshwater representatives with multi-axial gametophytes, a uniaxial chantransia stage, andpit plugs with two cap layers, the outer one of whichis usually plate-like.Key index words: 18S rRNA gene; Batrachospermales;Nemalionopsis; rbcL gene; Thorea Thoreales ord. nov.The freshwater red algal genera Thorea and Nemalion-opsis are currently classified in the family Thoreaceaeof the Order Batrachospermales (Sheath et al. 1993,Pueschel et al. 1995, Necchi and Zucchi 1997, Entwisleand Foard 1999). This family is delineated from otherfreshwater Rhodophyta by having gametophytes that aremultiaxial, with a colorless central medulla and determi-nate lateral assimilatory filaments (Starmach 1977). Theother families of the order, the Batrachospermaceaeand Lemanaceae, have uniaxial gametophytes (Sheath1984). The thoreacean genera are largely separatedfrom each other based on the positioning of the mono-sporangia. In Thorea they are on short branches andhence are axial in their position (Sheath et al. 1993); inNemalionopsis they are at the tips of assimilatory fila-ments, localized in the thallus periphery.Our main objective is to resolve the taxonomic andphylogenetic relationships of the Thoreaceae to otherred algal lineages. In particular, it is necessary to deter-mine whether this family is properly classified in theBatrachospermales because both ultrastructural andDNA sequence analyses have raised doubt about its tax-onomic status. For example, Schnepf (1992) notedthat Thorea hispida (Thore) Desvaux (as T. ramosissimaBory de Saint-Vincent) contained pit plugs with a dis-tinct plate-like outer cap layer. This observation differsfrom those of Lee (1971) and Pueschel (1989) for Tho-rea violacea Bory de Saint-Vincent (as T. riekei Bischoff)in which the outer pit plug cap layer is domed, a char-acteristic that is used to distinguish the Batrachosper-males. The Batrachospermales are also delineated byhaving pit plugs with no cap membrane (Pueschel1994); however, this feature has not been observed inThorea or Nemalionopsis. Hence, observations of pitplugs of the Thoreaceae using freeze substitutionmethods would be helpful in resolving the classifica-tion of this family. In terms of molecular data, Vis et al.(1998) demonstrated, using sequence analysis of the1Received 20 March 2001. Accepted 1 May 2002.2Author for correspondence: e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
808 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL) and small subunit ofrRNA (18S rRNA) genes, that Thorea violacea is posi-tioned on a branch separate from other members ofthe Batrachospermales, a result that is well supportedby bootstrap resampling in the combined gene tree.These authors concluded that Thorea should be re-moved from the Batrachospermales and should benoted as incertae sedis until further studies of the Tho-reaceae could be undertaken. Subsequent molecularanalyses using rbcL and 18S rRNA genes supported theconclusions of Vis et al. (1998) (e.g. Acrochaetiales:Harper and Saunders 1998, Balbianiales: Sheath andMüller 1999). Clearly more representatives of the Tho-reaceae need to be examined for pit plug ultrastruc-ture and sequence analyses of the rbcL and 18S rRNAgenes before the phylogenetic status of the family canbe conclusively determined. The present work has at-tempted to add as many samples as available for eachgenus. A secondary objective of this investigation is toascertain whether the separation of Nemalionopsis andThorea, based primarily on the positioning of themonosporangia, is supported by molecular analyses ofthe rbcL and 18S rRNA genes. A third goal is to deter-mine if the Nemalionopsis and Thorea species used in thisstudy are supported as being distinct taxa in moleculartrees of the rbcL and 18S rRNA genes.materials and methodsSamples of Thorea and Nemalionopsis were obtained for studyas follows:1. Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Göttingen(SAG):• 41.94 Nemalionopsis shawii Skuja f. caroliniana Howard etParker, Lower Barton Creek, Wake Co., NC, USA, iso-lated by F. D. Ott, 1973.• 42.94 Nemalionopsis tortuosa Yagi et Yoneda, Hanabusa atKikuchi-City, Kumamota Prefecture, Japan, isolated by F.D. Ott, 1973 (SAG).• 46.94 Thorea hispida (as T. ramosissima), River Thames atCookham, England, collected by D.M. John, isolated byF. D. Ott, 1992.• 45.94 Thorea violacea (as T. okadai Yamada), Kikuchi River,Yamaga City, Kumamota, Prefecture, Japan, isolated by F.D. Ott, 1973 (SAG 1).• 47.94 Thorea violacea (as T. riekei), New Braunfels, Texas,USA, isolated by F. D. Ott, 1973 (SAG 2).2. Field collections:• Nemalionopsis tortuosa, Tangipahoa River in Kentwood, Loui-siana, USA, 24.iv.2000, collected by R. G. Sheath (LA).• Thorea violacea, Hudson River near Thompson Island, Sa-ratoga County, New York State, USA, 29.ix.1994,29.x.1996 collected by C. M. Pueschel (NY).• Thorea violacea, San Marcos River, San Marcos, Texas,USA, 1.xii.1994, collected by R. G. Sheath (TX7b).Samples for LM and EM were fixed and processed as previ-ously described (e.g. Sheath and Müller 1999). To determinewhether a cap membrane is present in the pit plugs, the freezesubstitution method of Pueschel (1994) was followed.Some sequences of both the rbcL and 18S rRNA genes ofThorea and Nemalionopsis were obtained; GenBank accessionnumbers are noted in Table 1. In addition, samples wereground in liquid nitrogen, and the DNA was extracted either bythe protocol outlined by Saunders (1993) with modificationsgiven in Vis and Sheath (1997) or using the Qiagen DneasyPlant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Mississauga, Canada). The primer com-bination F160 (5Ј-CCT CAA CCA GGA GTA GAT CC-3Ј) andrbcLR (5Ј-ACA TTT GCT GTT GGA GTC TC-3Ј) was used toamplify a 1272-base pair fragment of the 1467-base pair rbcLgene (Vis et al. 1998). The reaction volume of 95 L consistedof 2 L of genomic DNA; 20 M each of dATP, dCTP, dGTPand dTTP; 0.4 M of each primer; 2 mM MgCl2; 10 L 10ϫ re-action buffer (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA); and 2 units ofAmplitaq. The 18S rRNA gene was amplified using the primerpair G01 and G07 (Saunders and Kraft 1994). Double-strandedPCR products were amplified in a Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, CT,USA) Gene Amp 2400 Thermal Cycler as follows: initial dena-turation at 95Њ C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturationat 93Њ C, primer annealing at 47ЊC (rbcL) or 58Њ C (18S rRNA) for1 min, extension at 72Њ C for 4 min, and a final extension at 72Њ Cfor 6 min. All PCR products were subsequently purified using theQIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Mississauga, Canada) ac-cording to the protocols of the manufacturer. The double-stranded PCR products were sequenced using an ABI PRISM TaqFS Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems,Foster City, CA, USA) and an ABI 377 Automated DNA Se-quencer. Sequencing reactions were performed using the origi-nal amplification primers as well as internal primers (Table 2).Sequences of the rbcL and 18S rRNA gene sequences wereassembled using DNA sequencing software (ABI). Alignment ofthe rbcL gene was easily accomplished because of the absenceof insertions or deletions. The 18S rRNA gene sequences weremanually aligned using the alignment editor AE2 (developedby T. Macke, see Larsen et al. 1993) on the basis of primarystructure similarity and previously established eukaryotic sec-ondary structure features (Gutell 1993). The aligned databasewas then subjected to a process of comparative sequence analy-sis (Gutell et al. 1985) as follows: 1) searches were conductedfor compensating base changes using computer programs, 2)the resulting information was used to infer additional second-ary structural features which refined the sequence alignment,and 3) the revised alignment was reanalyzed and the entire pro-cess was repeated until the proposed structures were entirelycompatible with the alignment. Secondary structure diagramswere generated interactively with the computer program XRNA(developed by B. Weiser and H. Noller, University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz and are available at http://www.rna.icmb.utexas.edu/).Table 1. GenBank accession numbers, culture, and collection information for members of the Thoreaceae used in this study.Taxon Collection informationGenBank accession numberrbcL 18S rRNANemalionopsis shawii Skuja SAG 41.94 AF506266 AF506272Nemalinonopsis tortuosa Yagi et Yoneda SAG 42.94 AF506267 —Thorea hispida (Thore) Desvaux SAG 46.94 (ϭ Thorea ramosissima) AF506270 AF506273Thorea violacea Bory de Saint Vincent (as T. violacea[SAG1] in figures) SAG 45.94 (ϭ Thorea okadae) AF506269 AF506274Thorea violacea (as T. violacea [SAG2] in figures) SAG 51.94 AF506271 —Thorea violacea (as T. violacea [NY] in figures) New York State, USA, collected by C. M. Pueschel AF506268 AF506275
809NEW RED ALGAL ORDERGenBank accession numbers for previously published red algalsequences used in the analyses are listed in Appendix 1. Mem-bers of the Bangiophycidae were used as outgroups for the phy-logenetic analyses, and the GenBank accession numbers forthese taxa are also given in Appendix 1.Parsimony trees for the rbcL and 18S rRNA genes were gen-erated with the heuristic search option under the conditions ofrandom sequence addition (100 replicates), steepest descent,and tree bisection-reconnection branch swapping using theprogram PAUP (version 4.0b 4a; Swofford 2000). The data werethen subjected to bootstrap resampling (1000 replicates). Anal-yses of the rbcL gene were performed with each base weightedequally as well as weighting first, second, and third positions ofthe codon, following the criteria of Albert et al. (1993), and a par-simony analysis of amino acid sequences was performed. Neigh-bor-joining (NJ) trees (Saitou and Nei 1987) were constructedusing PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package; Felsenstein 1993)from a matrix of distance values estimated according to theKimura two-parameter model (Kimura 1980). A transition/trans-version ratio of 2.0 and a single category substitution rate wereused. The data were also bootstrap resampled (1000 replicates)according to PHYLIP. Number of base pair changes between se-quences was calculated using the program MEGA (MolecularEvolutionary Genetics Analysis; Kumar et al. 1993).Maximum likelihood analysis of the 18S rRNA gene align-ment was carried out using the puzzle function in PAUP (version4.0b 4a) as described by Strimmer and von Haeseler (1996) with1000 puzzling steps. This method applies maximum likelihoodtree reconstruction to all possible quartets that can be formedfrom all sequences that serve as starting points to reconstruct aset of optimal n-taxon trees (Strimmer and von Haeseler 1996).This method has been shown to be equally or better able to re-construct the true tree than NJ methods (Strimmer and von Hae-seler 1996). The values above the branches represent the per-centage of times that a particular cluster was found among the1000 intermediate trees (quartet puzzling step [QPS] values).resultsUltrastructure of pit plugs. We examined in detail thepit plugs of T. violacea (NY) gametophyte and chantran-sia phase, T. violacea (TX 7b) gametophyte, and Nema-lionopsis tortuosa (LA) gametophyte (Fig. 1, A–E). Inaddition, we also surveyed cultures of N. shawii, N. tor-tuosa, T. hispida, and T. violacea, the life history phaseof which is uncertain but appears to be the chantran-sia (not shown). All pit plugs observed (over 100) con-tained two cap layers, the inner of which is quite thinand typically electron translucent. The outer cap layer istypically plate-like but more electron dense and abouttwice as thick as the inner layer (Fig. 1, A and C–E).Although most of the outer cap layers are not domed,a small number were found to be inflated, such asthose of the N. tortuosa (LA) gametophyte (Fig. 1E).Freeze-substituted specimens of T. violacea (NY) wereanalyzed for the presence of a pit plug cap mem-brane. Neither the gametophyte (not shown) nor thechantransia stage (Fig. 1F) was observed to have a capmembrane.rbcL gene and 18S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Se-quence data for all taxa included in this study weresubmitted to GenBank, and accession numbers aregiven in Table 1 and in the Appendix. The rbcL genewas successfully amplified and sequenced for six sam-ples of the Thoreaceae. The gene contained no inser-tions or deletions, which facilitated the constructionof a final alignment of 1201 nucleotides (out of 1467nt). A NJ tree from analysis of the rbcL gene is de-picted in Figure 2, and parsimony analysis of 537 phy-logenetically informative characters resulted in threemost parsimonious trees with a length of 4275 and aconsistency index (CI) of 0.2271, one of which isshown in Figure 3. The quartet-puzzling tree is similarin topology, and hence the branch support is given onthe parsimony tree (Fig. 3, second value). One of themost notable features of these trees (Figs. 2 and 3) isthat members of the Thoreaceae form a well-sup-ported clade (maximum parsimony [MP], 99% boot-strap; NJ, 100% bootstrap; QPS, 85%). The Tho-reaceae forms a well-supported clade (97% bootstrap)with two other red algal orders, the Balliales and Bal-bianiales, in the NJ tree (Fig. 2). However, this rela-tionship is not supported in the parsimony or quartetpuzzling analyses (Fig. 3). In fact, relationships amongthe various florideophyceaen orders are not well re-solved in any of the analyses. The exception is the as-sociation between the Palmariales and the one se-quence of Audouinella hermannii (Roth) Duby of theAcrochaetiales (MP, 73% bootstrap; NJ, 90% bootstrap;QPS, 80%). The Batrachospermales forms a moderatelysupported entity (MP, 78% bootstrap; NJ, 97% boot-strap; QPS, 61%) and the family Thoreaceae is onlyweakly associated (MP, 61% bootstrap; QPS, Ͼ50%)with this order in the parsimony and quartet puzzlinganalyses (Fig. 3) and moderately associated (82% boot-strap) along with the Balbianiales and Balliales in theNJ analysis (Fig. 2).Table 2. Primers used to amplify and sequence the rbcL and 18S rRNA genes.Primer Gene Sequence (5Ј to 3Ј) ReferenceG01 18S rRNA CAC CTG GTT GAT CCT GCC AG Saunders and Kraft 1994G02.1 18S rRNA CGA TTC CGG AGA GGG AGC CTG Modified from Saunders and Kraft 1994G04.1 18S rRNA GTC AGA GGT GAA ATT CTT GG Modified from Saunders and Kraft 1994G06 18S rRNA GTT GGT GGT GCA TGG CCG TTC Saunders and Kraft 1994G07 18S rRNA TCC TTC TGC AGG TTC ACC TAC Saunders and Kraft 1994G08.1 18S rRNA GAA CGG CCA TGC ACC ACC AAC Modified from Saunders and Kraft 1994G09 18S rRNA ATC CAA GAA TTT CAC CTC TG Saunders and Kraft 1994F160 rbcL CCT CAA CCA GGA GTA GAT CC Rintoul et al. 1999F949 rbcL CTG TAA GTG GAT GCG TAT GGC Rintoul et al. 1999R897 rbcL CGA GAA TAA GTT GAG TTA CCT GC Rintoul et al. 1999rbcLR rbcL ACA TTT GCT GTT GGA GTC TC Rintoul et al. 1999
810 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.Within the Thoreaceae both Nemalionopsis shawiiand N. tortuosa are closely associated, but on a branchdistinct from the Thorea samples (MP, 100% boot-strap; NJ, 100% bootstrap, QPS, 97%). In addition, allfour collections of T. violacea (SAG1, SAG2, TX7, andNY) and the one sample of T. hispida form a solid clus-ter that is well supported by bootstrap and decay anal-ysis (MP, 99% bootstrap; QPS, 99%; NJ, 97% boot-strap) (Figs. 2 and 3). Interestingly, Thorea hispida isstrongly associated with T. violacea (SAG1) in the NJ(100% bootstrap) and QPS (99% support, not shown)and identical to T. violacea (SAG1) when only phylo-genetically informative sites are considered in the par-simony analysis. In addition, T. violacea (NY) is alsoclosely positioned with these two collections (MP, 99%;NJ, 100%; QPS, 97%). The two remaining collectionsof T. violacea (SAG2 and TX7), which are both fromTexas, are well supported as being distinct from T. vi-olacea (NY, SAG1) and T. hispida; thus, T. violacea isparaphyletic (Figs. 2 and 3).The corrected sequence divergence values of therbcL gene between members of the Thoreaceae andthe other orders of red algae ranged from 16.6% (be-tween Batrachospermum atrum and N. tortuosa) to 25.9%(between T. violacea [TX7] and Rhodogorgon carriebowen-sis Norris et Butcher). The Thoreaceae differed fromother members of the Batrachospermales by 16.6%–25.0% corrected sequence divergence. Within the Thor-eaceae the sequence divergence ranged from 5.42%to 16.3%. In the genus Thorea, the sequence diver-Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrographs of the pit plugs of the Thoreaceae. (A and B) Nemalionopsis tortuosa (LA) gameto-phyte. (A) Outer cap layer is plate-like (arrowheads). (B) Outer cap layer is slightly domed (arrowheads). (C and D) Thorea violacea(NY). (C) Gametophyte pit plug with flat plate-like outer cap layer (arrowheads). (D) Chantransia stage pit plug with a plate-likeouter cap layer (arrowheads). (E) Thorea violacea (TX7b) gametophyte with pit plug having a plate-like outer cap layer (arrowheads).(F) Thorea violacea (NY) chantransia state freeze substitution image of pit plug with no discernible pit plug cap membrane.
811NEW RED ALGAL ORDERFig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree from analysis of 1201 nucleotides of the rbcL gene. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrapresampling results (% of 1000 replicates). Branches lacking values had less than 50% support. Batrachospermum1 ϭ Batrachospermumvirgato-decaisneanum. Members of the subclass Bangiophycidae are used as outgroup taxa.
812 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.Fig. 3. One of three most parsimonious trees from analysis of the rbcL gene sequence data containing 537 phylogenetically infor-mative characters. The first of the numbers above the branches represents bootstrap values from maximum parsimony analysis (% of1000 replicates). The second value is the reliability value of each internal branch determined by the quartet puzzling method and in-dicates in percent the frequency that the corresponding cluster was found among the 1000 intermediate trees. An asterisk or branchlacking values had less than 50% bootstrap support. Members of the subclass Bangiophycidae are used as outgroup taxa.
813NEW RED ALGAL ORDERgence ranged from 5.42% (between T. violacea [SAG1]and T. hispida) to 13.3% (between T. violacea [TX7] andT. violacea [SAG1]). The two genera, Thorea and Nema-lionopsis, differed by 0 (SAG1 and NY) to 8 (N. tortuosaand T. hispida) amino acids and differed from the re-maining Rhodophyta in the analysis by 12 to 32 aminoacids (out of a total 400 codons). Parsimony analysisof amino acid sequences resulted in 1436 most parsi-monious trees (not shown) (l ϭ 179, CI ϭ 0.49).Members of the Thoreaceae again formed a well-sup-ported (100% bootstrap) clade in the amino acid treein which the relationship was unresolved with the re-maining taxa in the Batrachospermales and the otherorders (not shown).An NJ tree from analysis of the 18S rRNA gene isdepicted in Figure 4 and parsimony analysis of 732phylogenetically informative characters resulted in100 most parsimonious trees with a length of 3871and a CI of 0.4324, of which a strict consensus isshown in Figure 5. These 100 most parsimonious treesdiffered due to low resolution among the variousflorideophyte orders and within the Acrochaetialesand the Batrachospermales. The quartet puzzling treeis similar in topology, and hence the branch supportis given on the parsimony tree (Fig. 5, second value).As seen in the rbcL analyses, the Thoreaceae forms awell-supported entity (MP, 100% bootstrap; QPS,98%; NJ, 96% bootstrap) that is not strongly associ-ated with the remaining florideophyte orders or theBatrachospermales (Figs. 4 and 5). In fact, the Tho-reaceae appears to be more closely associated with theAcrochaetiales, Balbianiales, Nemaliales, and Palmari-ales than with the Batrachospermales (Figs. 4 and 5)(albeit this is not well supported by parsimony boot-strap [57%] or quartet puzzling [52% QPS] and onlymoderately supported by NJ bootstrap [77%]). Clus-tering within the Thoreaceae is similar to that ob-served in the rbcL gene sequence analyses; T. violaceais paraphyletic with the collection T. violacea (SAG1),being strongly associated with T. hispida. In addition,the genus Nemalionopsis is associated with the two col-lections of T. violacea (SAG2 and TX7). This relation-ship is well supported by MP bootstrap (100%) and NJbootstrap (99%) and weakly supported by QPS (68%)(Figs. 4 and 5).The sequence divergence between N. shawii and N.tortuosa was 2.88%. Within the genus Thorea, the se-quence divergence ranged from 2.50% (T. hispidaand T. violacea [SAG1]]) to 6.36% (T. violacea [SAG2]and T. hispida). These taxa differed from the genusNemalionopsis by 2.18% (T. violacea [SAG2]]) to 4.72%(T. hispida) corrected sequence divergence.Secondary structure signatures. Figure 6 depicts a sec-ondary structure model diagram of the 18S rRNAgene from T. violacea (TX7) highlighting two regionsA and B (Escherichia coli numbering: 650 and 1145 re-gions, respectively) in which structural elements existthat separate members of the Thoreaceae from the re-maining Rhodophyta (based on an alignment of over400 18S rRNA gene sequences, representing all rho-dophyte orders, Müller et al. 2000, unpublished data).Figure 7 depicts a gallery (collection of secondary struc-ture elements from different samples) of the 650 re-gion (E. coli numbering, also represented as A in Fig.6) in which there is an additional A-U rich helix rang-ing from 10 to 25 nucleotides in sequences of the ge-nus Thorea. This helix is not found in either the genusNemalionopsis (depicted also in Fig. 7) or any otherRhodophyta sequences examined (not shown). Themost striking example of a structural signature is thelarge extended helix in the 1145 region (Fig. 8), ofwhich there is no homologous structure in all otherRhodophyta 18S rRNA gene sequences examined.This extended helix is found in all members of theThoreaceae sequenced thus far and ranges from 21(N. shawii and N. tortuosa) to 124 (T. violacea [SAG2])additional nucleotides and is characterized by a con-served tetra-loop (GCAA) at the end of the helix anda conserved sequence in the beginning of this helix.The phylogenetic analyses depicted in Figures 4and 5 excluded these regions because they would beconsidered autapomorphies for the delineation ofthis group. However, phylogenetic analyses were car-ried out incorporating these regions, and there waslittle or no difference in the topology or supportwithin the Thoreaceae or with its relationship withother clades. Thorea violacea (SAG2) and T. violacea(TX7) were depicted in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 andform a strongly supported group; in fact, both thesetaxa were found to contain longer extended helices(121–124 nt). On the other hand, T. hispida and T. vi-olacea (SAG1) had smaller helices (73–75 nt, respec-tively) and the two sequences of the genus Nemalionop-sis had identical helices of only 21 nucleotides. Thesestriking features, in addition to the position of themembers of the Thoreaceae on a clearly separatebranch from other members of the Batrachosper-males, justifies the separation of the Thoreaceae fromthis order into a new order, the Thoreales.discussionUltrastructure of pit plugs. Ultrastructural observationsof pit plugs of members of the Thoreaceae have beenreported by several authors, nearly all of whom agreeon the existence of an outer cap layer. However, thecharacterization of this layer as a plate or as a dome hasbeen the subject of dispute. Bischoff (1965) did not de-scribe a plug cap in the gametophytic phase of T. viola-cea (as T. riekei), but a thin cap layer is discernible in hismicrograph of a pit plug. By contrast, Lee (1971) dem-onstrated domes in the cultured chantrasia phase ofthe same species. In two surveys of pit plug structure(Pueschel and Cole 1982, Pueschel 1989), the outercap layers of members of the Thoreaceae were catego-rized as domes, and in a cytochemical study of thechemical composition of outer cap layers (Trick andPueschel 1991), a dome-shaped cap of the Thoreachantrasia stage was demonstrated by LM. In the onlydetailed ultrastructural study of a member of the Tho-reaceae, Schnepf (1992) clearly demonstrated pit plugs
814 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.Fig. 4. Neighbor-joining tree from analysis of 2486 nucleotides (including alignment gaps) of the 18S rRNA gene. Numbersabove the branches represent bootstrap resampling results (% of 1000 replicates). Branches lacking values had less than 50% support.Members of the subclass Bangiophycidae are used as outgroup taxa.Fig. 5. Strict consensus of 100 most parsimonious trees derived from analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence data containing 752phylogenetically informative characters. The first of the numbers above the branches represents bootstrap values from maximum par-simony analysis (% of 1000 replicates). The second value is the reliability value of each internal branch determined by the quartetpuzzling method and indicates in percent the frequency that the corresponding cluster was found among the 1000 intermediatetrees. An asterisk or branch lacking values had less than 50% bootstrap support. Batrachospermum1 ϭ Batrachospermum virgato-decais-neanum. Members of the subclass Bangiophycidae are used as outgroup taxa.
816 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.Fig. 6. Secondary structure model determined by comparative sequence analysis (using Ͼ 5000 eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene se-quences, see http://www.rna.icmb.utexas.edu) of the 18S rRNA gene in Thorea violacea (TX7). (A) Region 650 (Escherichia coli num-bering) depicted in Figure 7. (B) Region 1145 (E. coli numbering) depicted in Figure 8. ᭺, A:G pairings; ᭹, noncanonical (non-Wat-son Crick) pairings; ؒ, G:U pairings.
817NEW RED ALGAL ORDERFig. 7. Gallery (collection of secondary structure elements from different samples) of secondary structure diagrams of the 650 re-gion (Escherichia coli numbering) in the 18S rRNA gene, highlighting differences among members of the Thoreaceae, (depicted as“A” in Fig. 6). ᭺, A:G pairings; ᭹, noncanonical (non-Watson Crick) pairings; ؒ, G:U pairings.
818 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.with thin plates in field-collected gametophytes of Tho-rea hispida. Our current study includes both field-col-lected gametophytes and cultured chantransia stages ofboth Nemalionopsis and Thorea, with the vast majorityhaving plate-like outer cap layers that are up to threetimes wider than the inner layer (Fig. 1, A and C–E). Inthe other members of the Batrachospermales in whichthe domed outer cap layers are typical, the dome isconsiderably wider than the inner cap layer by a factorof 10–15 (e.g. Brown and Weier 1970, Aghajanian andHommersand 1978, Pueschel and Cole 1982, Trick andPueschel 1991, Sheath and Whittick 1995, Sheath et al.1996a,b). Among the small number of cases in theThoreaceae with an inflated outer cap, the outer caplayer is up to four times wider than the inner layer (e.g.Fig. 1B). Hence, the outer cap layer appears to be agood characteristic to delineate the Thoreaceae fromother members of the Batrachospermales.Demonstrating the presence or absence of a capmembrane is made more difficult by the fact that theedges of the outer cap layer can produce an appear-ance that is easily mistaken for a membrane (Pueschel1987, 1994). Freeze substitution has clearly demon-strated cap membranes in Cumagloia andersonii (Far-low) Setchell et Gardner and Nemalion helminthoides(Velley) Batters (Nemaliales) (Pueschel 1994) andconfirmed the absence of cap membranes in somemembers of the Batrachospermaceae (Pueschel 1994).In the present study, freeze substitution showed nocap membranes in either the chantrasia or gameto-phytic phase of Thorea violacea, a finding that is consis-tent with an absence of cap membranes in a variety ofspecimens of the Thoreaceae prepared by conven-tional chemical fixation.In summary, the ultrastructural study of the pitplugs demonstrated that Nemalionopsis and Thorea arenot well classified in the Batrachospermales in thatthey differ in the outer cap layer largely being a flatplate.Molecular analyses. All the gene trees generatedshow the Thoreaceae to be a well-supported mono-phyletic clade that is a distinct lineage from that ofthe other batrachospermalean families, the Batracho-spermaceae and Lemaneaceae. These findings con-firm those of previous molecular studies, which in-cluded only one member of the Thoreaceae, such asHarper and Saunders (1998), Vis et al. (1998), andSheath and Müller (1999). These findings furthersubstantiate that Nemalionopsis and Thorea should beremoved from the Batrachospermales.The three molecular trees generated all exhibit adistinct separation of the two genera of the Tho-reaceae. Hence, the current basis for distinguishingNemalionopsis from Thorea primarily by peripheral ver-sus axial positioning of monosporangia (Starmach1977, Sheath et al. 1993) is supported by this study. Bycontrast, the distinction of T. hispida from T. violaceabased on degree of branching (Sheath et al. 1993) isnot supported in the gene trees. Thorea hispida(Thore) Desvaux 1818 has precedence over T. violaceaBory de Saint-Vincent 1808 because the basionym forT. hispida is Conferva hispida Thore 1799. However, atthis time there are not enough samples or moleculardata to justify the synonymy of T. hispida and T. viola-cea. This is despite the little support in the moleculartrees for the use of primary or secondary branching asa defining taxonomic character.The separation of the Thoreaceae from the Batra-chospermales is further substantiated by the findingof unique secondary structure signatures in the 18SrRNA gene of Nemalionopsis and Thorea. Over 400 se-quences of this gene were examined within the Rho-dophyta, including representatives of all orders to makethis finding (Müller et al. 2000, unpublished data).Fig. 8. Gallery (collection of secondary structure elements from different samples) of secondary structure diagrams of the 1145 re-gion (Escherichia coli numbering) in the 18S rRNA gene, highlighting differences among members of the Thoreaceae (depicted as “B”in Fig. 6). ᭺, A:G pairings; ᭹, noncanonical (non-Watson Crick) pairings; ؒ, G:U pairings.
819NEW RED ALGAL ORDERWoese (1987) justified using the higher order structurefrom a phylogenetic perspective, and Winker and Woese(1991) delineated three domains of organisms basedon a combination of homologous and non-homolo-gous signature sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Theunique helices in members of the Thoreaceae in thepositions 650 and 1145 of the 18S rRNA gene are suchsignature sequences. The A:U rich helix at position 650in Thorea has not been found in any other eukaryotic18S rRNA gene sequences examined to date (Ͼ5000,Gutell unpublished data). The large extended helixin the 1145 region of both genera is not present inother red algal 18S rRNA gene sequences (Müller et al.2000, unpublished data). These nonhomologous sig-natures appear to be diagnostic of members of the ge-nus Thorea (position 650) and the family Thoreaceae(position 1145), respectively.Taxonomic conclusions. This study has shown that theThoreaceae is well separated from other members ofthe Batrachospermales based on the following charac-teristics: 1) multiaxial gametophyte thallus; 2) pit plugswith typically plate-like outer cap layers; 3) position inrbcL, 18S rRNA, and combined gene trees; and 4)presence of signature elements in the 18S rRNA gene,particularly at position 1145. Based on the fact thatthe Thoreaceae is well supported as a separate mono-phyletic grouping in the gene trees, we propose that anew order be described for members of this clade asfollows:Thoreales ord. nov. Müller, Sheath, Sherwoodet PueschelFilum multiaxialis cum gametangia, filum chanstra-nium uniaxialialis, obturamentum lacunum cum stratumexternum planum, in aquis dulcibus.Multiaxial gametophytic filaments, alternating withuniaxial chantransia stage, pit plugs with plate-likeouter cap layers, freshwater habitats.Type family: Thoreaceae (Reichenbach) Hassallwith same characteristics as order.Type genus: Thorea Bory de St.-VincentSupported by NSERC grant 0183503 to R. G. S., OGS scholar-ship to K. M. M., NSERC PGSB scholarship to A. R. S. and NIHGM48207 and the University of Texas start-up funds to R.R.G.We thank the Culture Collection of Algae at the University ofGöttingen (SAG) for supplying five cultures used in this studyand Dana Couture, Gary Sullivan, and John Titus for help infield collections and Jaime Cannone for assitance with rRNA se-quence and structural analyses. 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820 KIRSTEN M. MÜLLER ET AL.sima (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta): taxonomic implications ofThorea pit plug ultrastructure. Pl. Syst. Evol. 181:233–44.Sheath, R. G. 1984. The biology of freshwater red algae. Phycol. Res.3:89–157.Sheath, R. G. & Müller, K. M. 1999. Systematic and phylogenetic re-lationships of the freshwater genus Balbiania (Rhodophyta). J.Phycol. 35:855–64.Sheath, R. G., Müller, K. M., Vis, M. L. & Entwisle, T. J. 1996a. A re-examination of the morphology, ultrastructure and classifica-tion of genera in the Lemaneaceae (Batrachospermales,Rhodophyta). Phycol. Res. 44:233–46.Sheath, R. G., Müller, K. M., Whittick, A. & Entwisle, T. J. 1996b. A re-examination of the morphology and reproduction of Nothocladuslindaueri (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta). Phycol. Res. 44:1–10.Sheath, R. G., Vis, M. L. & Cole, K. M. 1993. Distribution and sys-tematics of the freshwater red algal family Thoreaceae inNorth America. Eur. J. Phycol. 28:231–41.Sheath, R. G. & Whittick, A. 1995. The unique gonimoblast propa-gules of Batrachospermum breutelii (Batrachospermales, Rhodo-phyta). Phycologia 34:33–8.Starmach, K. 1977. Flora S odkowodna Polski, Vol. 4. Phaeophyta-lBrunatnice and Rhodophyta-Krasnorosty. Polska Academia Nauk,Warsaw.Strimmer, K. & von Haeseler, A. 1996. Quartet puzzling: A quartetmaximum-likelihood method for reconstructing tree topolo-gies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:964–9.Swofford, D. L. 2000. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony.Version 4.0b 4a. URL: http://www.sinauer.com.Trick, H. N. & Pueschel, C. M. 1991. Cytochemical evidence for ho-mology of the outer cap layer of red algal pit plugs. Phycologia30:196–204.Vis, M. L., Saunders, G. W., Sheath, R. G., Dunse K. & Entwisle, T. J.1998. Phylogeny of the Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta) in-ferred from rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA gene sequences. J. Phy-col. 34:341–50.Vis, M. L. & Sheath, R. G. 1997. Biogeography of Batrachospermum ge-latinosum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) in North Americabased on molecular and morphological data. J. Phycol. 33: 520–6.Winker, S. & Woese, C. R. 1991. A definition of the domainsArchea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit riboso-mal RNA characteristics. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14:205–10.Woese, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51:221–71.Appendix 1rbcL: Ahnfeltia plicata U04168, Amphiroa fragilissima U04039, Antithamnion sp. X54532, Audouinella hermannii U04033, Balbianiainvestiens AF132293, Ballia callitricha AF149029, Bangia atropurpurea AF043370, B. fuscopurpurea AF043366, Batrachospermum atrumAF029139, B. gelatinosum AF026045, B. helminthosum AF029142, B. louisianae AF029144, B. macrosporum AF029145, B. turfosumAF029147, B. virgato-decaisneanum AF029148, Bonnemaisonia hamifera U04044, Chondrus crispus U02984, Compsopogon coeruleusAF087116, Dumontia contorta U26823, Erythrotrichia carnea AF087118, Gelidium elegans AB030623, Gracilaria tikvahiae U04172,Gracilariopsis sp. U04170, Grateloupia filicina AB038612, Halosaccion glandiforme U04173, Halymenia dilatata AB038604, Lemaneafluviatilis AF029150, Nothocladus nodosus AF029152, Palmaria palmata U04186, Paralemanea catenata AF029154, Porphyra miniataAF168663, Porphyridium aerugineum X17597, Psilosiphon scoparum AF029155, Ptilophora subcostata U16835, Rhododraparnaldiaoregonica AF029156, Rhodogorgon carriebowensis U04183, Rhodymenia pseudopalmata U04182, Sirodotia suecica AF029158, Thoreaviolacea(TX7) AF029160, Tuomeya americana AF029352.18S rRNA gene: Ahnfeltia plicata Z14139, Amphiroa fragilissima U60744, Antithamnionella floccosa AF236788, Audouinella amphiroaeAF079785, A. arcuata AF079784, A. asparagopsis AF079795, A. caespitosa AF079787, A. dasyae L26181, A. daviesii AF079788, A.endophytica AF079789, A. hermannii AF026040, A. macrospora (1) AF199505, A. macrospora (2) AF199506, A. pectinata AF079790, A.proskaueri AF079791, A. rhizoidea AF079792, A. secundata AF079784, A. tenue AF079796, A. tetraspora AF079793, Balbiania investiensAF132294, Ballia callitricha AF236790, Bangia atropurpurea AF043365, B. fuscopurpurea AF043365 AF043355, Bangiopsis subsimplexAF168627, Batrachospermum boryanum AF026044, B. gelatinosum AF026045, B. helminthosum AF026046, B. louisianae AF026047, B.macrosporum AF026048, B. turfosum AF026049, B. virgato-decaisneanum AF026050, Bonnemaisonia hamifera L26182, Bostrychiamoritziana AF203893, Camontagnea oxyclada AF079794, Champia affinis U23951, Chantransia sp. AF199507, Chondrus crispus Z14140,Chroodactylon ornatum AF168628, Compsopogon coerulus AF087124, Corallina elongata U60946, Dumontia contorta AF317099,Erythrotrichia carnea L26189, Galaxaura marginata AF006090, Gelidium elegans AB017670, Gracilaria gracilis L26205, Gracilariopsis sp.L26208, Grateloupia filicina U33132, Halosaccion glandiforme L26193, Halymenia plana U33133, Hildenbrandia rivularis AF208830, H.rubra AF108413, Lemanea fluviatilis AF026051, Meiodiscus spetsbergensis U23814, Nemalion helminthoides L26196, Nemalionopsis tortuosaAF342743, Nothocladus nodosus U23815, Palmaria palmata Z14142, Paralemanea catenata AF026052, Plocamiocolax pulvinata U09618,Plocamium cartilagineum U09619, Porphyra miniata AF175540, Porphyridium aerugineum L27635, Psilosiphon scoparum AF026041,Ptilophora subcostata U60348, Rhodochorton purpureum U23816, Rhododraparnaldia oregonica AF026043, Rhodogorgon carriebowensisAF006089, Rhodymenia leptophylla U09621,Sirodotia suecica AF026053, Sirodotia huillensis AF026054, Thorea violacea (SAG2)AF342744, Thorea violacea (TX7) AF026042, Tuomeya americana AF026055. | <urn:uuid:d7a678f5-2cb2-48de-96b6-df37974ed61f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideshare.net/robingutell/gutell-082jphy2002380807 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00229-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.780509 | 13,042 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Image By: PetitPlat – Stephanie Kilgast
It is a well-known fact that eating a healthy diet is important to those that want more energy and less sickness. If you counsel with any doctor, whether conventional or natural, you will hear the similar advice that eating a healthy diet is important to staying fit and healthy.
But many people don’t realize the impact that eating raw fruits and vegetables can have both in preventing and in treating sickness and diseases.
Fruits and vegetables contain phytonutrients, which are nutrients derived from the plants. These phytonutrients can protect the body and help fight diseases and cancers, boost the immune system, and slow down the aging process.
It is best to eat a variety of fruits and vegetables of all colors, to be sure your body is getting that variety of phytonutrients. Fruits and vegetables with the brightest and deepest colors tend to contain more nutrition.
While there are many that could be mentioned, below is a list of 7 fruits and vegetables that have a great benefit to our health: | <urn:uuid:81140f77-94c5-4bf8-8931-dbbc7dcd6674> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jillshomeremedies.com/2013/08/fruits-and-vegetables-an-alternative-medicine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.952401 | 219 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Making the move from designing for print to designing for screen, and particularly for the web, can be a frustrating process. It feels like everything should be straightforward and simple; you’ve got design skills so these should just translate like-for-like... right?
Unfortunately, while the fundamental aspects of good design very much apply - size, colour, position, white space, typographical best practice and so on - there are many unique characteristics that make transitioning from print to screen a challenge.
Here we boil down the primary differences between designing for print and designing for the screen into seven general principles. Get your head around these and you'll soon be on the way to pixel perfection...
01. Space is unlimited
When you’re designing for print, you’re limited by the amount of page space you can use. This tends to mean that you need to get all your key messages communicated on a single spread, leading to heavier marketing that isn’t always subtle and refined.
On the web, you can use the medium to tease out your marketing messages across a virtually unlimited amount of space, allowing you to refine your approach. Crucially, don’t automatically assume that the same copy will work equally well on screen as it does in print; attention spans are shorter on the web, but you can spread your copy out to become more refined and subtle. You can also take advantage of analytics to see the path your reader takes, allowing you to adapt and improve your copy.
02. You can use rich media
One of the biggest differences between designing for print and the web is that in print you’re limited to words and pictures, while on the web you have the opportunity to use a variety of different media to help tell a story, engage the reader and demand their attention. Clever use of video, audio and user interaction can help you to establish a relationship with your visitor (reader), causing them to spend more time on your website, spend more money in your online shop or recommend your content to more people.
That’s not to say that you should automatically shoehorn every kind of media you can lay your hands on into a page; content of any sort should add value to the user experience, offering them an experience or content they can’t get elsewhere. If you achieve the right balance, you’ll have not only moved beyond what you could have achieved in print, but you’ll also develop loyal visitors.
03. Collaboration is key
Most successful websites combine a number of different technologies, requiring disparate skills. Don’t be scared of asking experts for help. It can be a worthwhile investment, and is part of what makes the web such a vibrant community.
04. One size doesn't fit all
When you design for print everything can be reliably measured in inches, picas, and points. When you design for screens, the basic unit of measurement is a pixel - but a pixel might be a different size between two different screens. That's an idea that many print designers struggle with when making the transition.
Don’t assume that because you see 300px rendering as one inch on your retina MacBook, everyone else will. The most common approach is to assume 72px to occupy an inch, but that’s entirely nominal - on screen, everything is flexible.
05. Your designs aren't set in stone
To expand on the previous point, one of the biggest challenges is letting go of the idea that your design is set in stone and fixed in appearance. On the web, different browsers will render your content slightly differently. Text settings can be overridden by your visitors, and depending upon the screen and window size being used your site may render completely differently (in fact, it’s now accepted best practice that it should render responsively to the screen/window size).
Don’t spend time trying to get a pixel-perfect match between browsers - you’ll never achieve it, and one of the strengths of design for is that it’s a fluid medium.
06. User experience is everything
Unlike print, the web is an interactive medium that can provide instant feedback to a user. As such, designing a website is much more like creating a user experience than a designing a brochure. You need to consider how the reader can move around your content, navigating from page to page.
Keep in mind that a website is often also acting as a brand ambassador, so it needs to convey all the values of the business it represents. Focus on usability, making interactive areas (such as links navigation bars, image galleries and videos) simple to spot and use.
07. The 'fold' is irrelevant
In print you’re always taught to design so that the most important content is 'above the fold' - the part of a newspaper that’s shown when the paper has been folded into its stack.
On the web, there’s still a fold; the area outside the immediately visible portion of the screen that you need to scroll to view; but unfortunately as a web designer you have no way of knowing where that fold is on any given browser’s screen.
The problem is that there are so many different screen resolutions across devices, and users can resize their browser windows, such that what you see as the fold on your computer will almost certainly differ substantially from what everyone else sees.
Instead of worrying about where the fold is, take comfort in the fact that web users know how to scroll, and are quite comfortable with the concept. Make like Fiasco Design and focus instead on designing compelling, attractive and engaging content that encourages your visitors to want to scroll to view more!
08. Layouts are fluid, not fixed
One of the most difficult things for print designers to learn is that web pages can be fluid in their layout. Instead of prescribing fixed sized content areas, on the web, individual text boxes, images and columns can be sized according to the width of the browser window (the viewport). This difference does mean you need to let go of the idea that you can completely control how your design is going to render, but it also has benefits.
09. Knowing the basics helps enormously
Even if you've got someone else to write the code, understanding how the web’s building blocks work helps to overcome a lot of the frustrations associated with designing a website.
Taking the time to learn HTML (the basic building block of the web) and CSS (the method by which we apply aesthetic attributes to content), will help you understand both the limitations and opportunities of the medium. Our article Web design training: the top online resources should help you find the appropriate learning resource to get started.
10. Web typography is fiddly
Until recently, the web was limited to a very small selection of 'web-safe' fonts, which led to a lot of homogenization of web typography. Thankfully, there are an increasing number of web fonts available through services such as Google Web Fonts and TypeKit.
These and similar services are having a revolutionary effect on the typography you’ll see on the web, but there are still some gotchas to be aware of. The degree of control over your type is far more limited on screen than in print. For example, you can still set your leading, but there’s no control over kerning whatsoever, and if you want to use ornamental glyphs you’ll need to get dirty with code to manually substitute letterforms or specialized sub-set fonts.
The web is full of fantastic resources for designers, covering everything imaginable. We’ve picked out a few of our favourite websites that will help you get started in designing for screen.
CreativeBloq’s sister title, .net magazine covers the full range of website design and development options. As well as fantastic tutorials, the magazine offers a wide range of industry comment and analysis, news and features.
This online web magazine has long been considered to spearhead best-practice definition and adoption in designing for screen. A wide range of articles, including extensive archives, cover everything from font usage to layout tips and tricks.
Words: Sam Hampton-Smith
Like this? Don't forget to check out:
If you have any other tips to tell us about designing for screen rather than print, use the comments box below... | <urn:uuid:3c51904f-551f-42d5-90bf-6d185f07b15d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.creativebloq.com/web-design/how-design-screen-guide-print-designers-1131786 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00447-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933549 | 1,723 | 1.773438 | 2 |
“The more you learn about the dignity of the gorilla, the more you want to avoid people.”
― Dian Fossey
For Dian Fossey, it was about the gorillas. It was never about her. She didn’t start out as a primatologist, she simply loved Africa and travelled there in 1963. It was Louis Leaky who was studying fossils of our ancestors who convinced her that to learn about us, she had to learn about our relatives, the apes.
Fossey set up a research station in Rwanda and became a member of the mountain gorilla family with a method called habituation. It’s her greatest gift to the world in that it led the way for researchers to establish human gorilla relationships and friendships.
Dian’s favorite gorilla was called Digit because of a crooked finger; he lived to be 12 but was murdered by poachers. Dian never recovered fully from the loss of Digit and it sparked a new conflict with the Rwandan government and poachers alike. The heartbreak over the loss of Digit led her to publicly share his story around the world, and that in turn lead to increased awareness of the plight of the mountain gorilla and her work with them. The loss also leads to her writing a book, Gorillas in the Mist, which subsequently became a major motion picture.
“Gorillas are almost altruistic in nature. There’s very little if any ‘me-itis.’ When I get back to civilization, I’m always appalled by ‘me, me, me.’ Dian Fossey
For Dian, it was about the gorillas, all about the gorillas, it was never about her. Their safety, longevity and conservation were her directed focus. I wanted to honor Dian in a quilt and could think of no better way than simply with the face of her beloved Digit.
Woman’s Groundbreaking Accomplishment
She brought the plight and conservation of the Mountain Gorilla to the world through her work, loves, and loss.
Pencil sketch on white fabric, thread scribbled then paint added then more scribble. Applique leaves, standard quilt sandwich and binding.
Cotton fabric and batting. Poly cotton thread. Textile and acrylic paint with water. | <urn:uuid:7faea803-abc8-496e-a530-145285ec8ce9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://herstoryonline.gallery/project/williams-tracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.976404 | 487 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Governor McAuliffe has issued a certificate of recognition (PDF) proclaiming April 2016 as the Month of the Military Child, a special time to celebrate and honor our military-connected children and their families. Throughout the nation and commonwealth educators and communities will take time in April to recognize the contributions of children whose parents serve in the military.
One way to celebrate the Month of the Military Child is by wearing purple on April 15. For additional ideas and materials for your Month of the Military Child celebrations see Month of the Military Child. We encourage schools to use these materials and ideas in planning Month of the Military Child activities throughout April.
Virginia is home to some of the nation's largest and most important military installations, so it is not surprising that the commonwealth's schools educate more military children than almost any other state. In nearly every community in Virginia, there are children with parents or guardians on active duty with the armed forces. As of September 2015, the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) estimates that there are 71,655 school age military-associated children of active duty members in Virginia.
Frequent moves, family separations through deployments, and reintegration following deployments can make school-, home-, and community-life challenging for military children. Yet, even in such circumstances, these students continually demonstrate resilience and perseverance. Their contributions to our schools and communities also include unique and valuable perspectives on learning, friendship, and growing up.
Virginia is a proud member of the Interstate Compact on Educational Opportunity for Military Children and is committed to the care and education of the children of the men and women of our armed forces. By partnering with school liaison officers, military leaders, educators, and community organizations, the Virginia Department of Education provides resources and support for military service children and their families during all stages of transition and deployment.
TIP: Use the menu to the right to navigate to sub-sections of this topic:
- Virginia Council on the Interstate Compact on Educational Opportunity for Military Children
- Guidance Documents & Training Materials
- Virginia Laws Related to the Education of Military Children
- School Liaison Officers Contact Information
- Model Programs & Initiatives
- Military Family Resources
- Month of the Military Child | <urn:uuid:461c6bdb-ad70-4cf8-83c6-d5ee77ca2738> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.doe.virginia.gov/support/student_family/military/index.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00219-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941339 | 447 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Google introduces Google Buzz
Wednesday, February 10, 2010
On Tuesday, Google introduced a new service called Google Buzz, a new feature to share updates, photos and videos. The service is built into Gmail, which already has 176 million users, according to comScore. Buzz's features will be available on Android operating system based phones as well as the iPhone, allowing real-time updates.
Buzz has a built-in group of friends which are automatically selected including the people that the user communicates with most frequently via Gmail and Google Talk.
Google Buzz will be available as a mobile Web application, letting the user provide status updates by voice and geotagging their posts. Location-based updates can be read while one is using Google Mobile Maps. Posts by fellow users can be classified location-wise.
Google executives said that Buzz would help tackle the problem of information overload, as Google would apply its algorithms to help people find the information most relevant to them.
Facebook currently has more than 350 million active users worldwide. Google already has a micro-blogging site Jaiku, comparable to Twitter in terms of format. Orkut also has been one of Google's previous ventures in social networking. Google Buzz will look to compete with such sites.
- Edward Ho. "Google Buzz in Gmail" — , February 9, 2010
- Miguel Helft and Brad Stone. "With Buzz, Google Plunges Into Social Networking" — , February 9, 2010
- Jared Newman. "Gmail goes social with Google Buzz" — , February 10, 2010 | <urn:uuid:71c5ed34-3041-405f-a406-c3c35cb5df3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Google_introduces_Google_Buzz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946191 | 316 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Bill Would Create Regime Change 'Fund' for Syria
Sen. Robert Menendez (D – NJ), the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has introduced a bill that will explicitly allow for the arming of Syrian rebel factions. This follows last week’s Obama Administration commits admitting that they are considering doing so.
The bill would do several other things as well, including imposing additional sanctions and creating a $250 million “fund” aimed at helping fund the initial transition to a rebel government after regime change.
The bill also gives lip-service to removing 2003 sanctions after the regime change is finished, but makes several demands of the not-yet-in-power new regime with regards to “cooperating” with the international community.
Menendez cited the allegations of Syrian chemical weapons use, insisting it “crossed a red line,” and also insisted that imposing regime change in Syria would be a “strategic setback” for Iran. The bill includes accusations that Syria’s forces used sarin, but did not address UN reports that the only chemical weapons use in Syria appears to have been by the very rebels he proposes arming.
Last 5 posts by Jason Ditz
- US Spies Using Intercepted Communications to Seek Links Between Russia, Trump Allies - January 20th, 2017
- Trump Inauguration Address Centers on Fighting Islamic Terror - January 20th, 2017
- Denmark to Send Special Forces to Syria - January 20th, 2017
- ISIS Shifts Focus to Syria as They Lose Ground in Iraq - January 20th, 2017
- CIA Is Directorless as Senators Block Pompeo Vote - January 20th, 2017 | <urn:uuid:4352ba5b-2897-49b7-8eb2-179f20f39102> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.antiwar.com/2013/05/06/senate-foreign-relations-chief-pushes-bill-to-arm-syrian-rebels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00441-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952674 | 343 | 1.609375 | 2 |
I have been a bookworm this summer. I have read so many great books and can’t tear myself away from Mockingjay currently. It seems that I use whatever I can find as a bookmark. An old receipt, a candy wrapper, a tissue (not a used one though). Please tell me I’m not the only one who does this. I decided enough is enough. Mama needs her own bookmark. So here’s how you can make your own Bookmark for Mama
You’ll need: Scrapbook paper wooden popsicle sticks (I’ve heard that Hobby Lobby has some different shaped sticks that would be fun.) Mod Podge ribbon ink pad sandpaper
I just traced a pattern with my popsicle sticks onto the paper and cut it out. I didn’t worry too much about it being nice and straight. I Mod Podged the paper onto the sticks and then sanded the edges. I did another layer of Mod Podge and then inked. Next I got my ribbon and had fun.
With one, I cut a hole in the center and ran my ribbon through it. (I would suggest using a drill if you want a nicer hole, but you can’t tell with the ribbon I used.) With the other bookmark, I made little chinks in the edges so that my ribbon would hold tight on the sides and then just tied a cute little knot.
I just love these! It’s so nice to have an actual bookmark and not some random thing stuck in my book. These would be great for a fun little teacher gift along with a gift card to a bookstore, or as a gift to a friend inside a fun book.
Hope you enjoy!
(Oh, and I think I’ll finish Mockingjay tonight. Any suggestions on other books for me to read?) | <urn:uuid:03c2b399-615c-40c4-bb12-8e3770880d37> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thecraftingchicks.com/bookmark-for-mama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964053 | 383 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Pesticides and allergies
Once upon a time, we got some negative feedback from someone who did not believe there was a link between allergies and pesticides in food.
I just blocked out names out of respect to those involved.
In the end, we just told everyone that all we could do was hold up all the good that permaculture had done for us in our own lives in hopes that it might help others.
Permaculture allows us to:
- feed ourselves the most delicious, nutrient-dense foods
- teach ourselves and our children how food grows in rhythms and cycles
- commune with nature and with God
- heal the planet
But just in case, you may be faced with a similar situation or may want to know if there really is science behind what we're talking about...
Here are some scientific studies which show that there really is a link between pesticides in food and food allergies:
- Link between the chemicals called dichlorophenols (DCPs) and the presence of a food allergy
- First US study showing pesticide induced anaphylactic allergy
- Link of Organophosphates in inducing food (plant) allergies
Some allergies are of course, caused by genetics.
Either they are inherited or they arise as a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors.
Pesticides and cancer
What I noticed though is that most of the pesticide research is actually linked to cancer.
According to ecologist and cancer advocate, Dr. Sandra Steingraber there are 66 possibly carcinogens in the food that we eat.
Here are some studies linking pesticide use with the development of cancer:
- Pesticides and pancreatic cancer
- Pesticides in childhood leading to cancer
- Summary of several studies on pesticides and cancer
The Pesticide Action Network says,
"In the U.S., one of every two men and one of every three women are likely to develop cancer over the course of a lifetime — and pesticides in food are part of the reason why."
It was at this time that we also started watching documentaries like Food Inc.,
This movie, among many others that followed, strengthened our suspicions that there was a link between pesticides in food and the rise of children's allergies (and other health issues as well).
Now we were starting to believe actually that the conventional commercial American food system was flawed.
Pesticides & the Environment
But not only do pesticides harm humans. They affect several different ecosystems!
- They kill off beneficial pollinator insects such as bees.
- They annihilate micro & macro-organisms, bacteria, fungi and archaea in soil t
- When pesticides enter the water table and leach out into the waterways, they contaminate aquatic creatures as well and have turned male frogs (& fish) into females!
It was because of these connections that we decided to buy organic as much as we could.
Of course this change in buying habit did not occur overnight.
At first, we decided to buy only organic milk.
And then cheese and then, becoming aware of the Dirty Dozen, we went for organic veggies.
Little by little,
year after year,
everything that we could buy organic,
And as you can imagine, our grocery bill went through the roof!
But was that enough?
Was that all we needed to do? Buy organic.
Not everything in our grocery stores is organic.
Would buying organic alone solve our problem?
Would that one act get rid of our kids' allergies?
And let's say for one magical moment that all the pesticides and herbicides currently being used in the market were deemed safe for consumption and that this was true.
I would like to know whether or not these same fruits and veggies actually solved the problem of human hunger.
Did these conventionally-grown foods actually nourish us?
I'll answer at least one of the questions on the next page. | <urn:uuid:92538512-51e5-4806-9955-0a18f06e12fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://growmyownfood.com/pesticides-in-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.970619 | 817 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What substantive audit procedures apply to taxes?
Answer to relevant QuestionsHow does the auditor investigate disclosures for debt, pension and postretirement benefits, and taxes?Why does the auditor need to identify and understand related party transactions?Gene is a new staff-level auditor on the audit of CalPower, a publicly traded energy and utility company. On his first day, his senior informs him that the engagement team is scheduled to have lunch with the internal auditor ...Some universities now offer degrees in forensic accounting. Based on what you read about the activities of a forensic accountant, what are your thoughts about someone starting out fresh with an accounting degree going ...Upton Industries, a public company, prepared a comprehensive interim financial report covering the first two quarters of their fiscal year 2011, which ends December 31. Upton management engaged Jamison, CPAs, to perform a ...
Post your question | <urn:uuid:acf53073-80d2-4b46-9597-590fb9151d56> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.solutioninn.com/what-substantive-audit-procedures-apply-to-taxes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956002 | 175 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Norwich is stuffed with the biggest, finest, oldest and firsts in all the realm. There’s a gem on virtually every corner. These are a few of my favourites. Hover over the image for a brief hint and click for more scintillating facts that you never knew you wanted to know.
The Millennium Library is a fitting successor to the first provincial municipal library – the most visited outside London. And guess what? They stock my book
The largest lips in the East and a great kisser
The only English example of a beguinage (a community of lay women living a life of poverty and chastity). The pretty thatched-roofed building is now the Briton’s Arms Restaurant
England’s most highly ornamented castle keep sitting atop England’s largest castle mound. Norwich Castle was founded a few years after the nasty Norman Conquest of 1066 when poor Harry got it in the eye. That happened to me once
The largest cathedral close in England and a great place for a picnic on a hot summer’s day
The only English city to have been excommunicated by the Pope when revolting peasants sacked the priory in 1274
Church of St John Maddermarket
The largest walled medieval city in England and bigger than the City of London. You need a vivid imagination – there’s little left of it now, more’s the pity
The first mass production of shoes in Britain – because life’s a catwalk
The first driving school in Britain opened in 1919. I could never be bothered to learn and relied on the kindness of strangers during my street walking days
The largest and most elaborate guildhall outside London. It’s rather dwarfed by the over-imposing and slightly Stalinistic Art Deco City Hall
England’s first provincial newspaper founded in 1701. It didn’t last long. The newspaper closed in 1713 after the Great Carrier Pigeon Hacking Scandal of 1712 (I’m kidding)
This is the rather over-imposing, slightly Stalinistic City Hall. The impressive building retains many of its original Art Deco features and has the longest balcony in Britain (at 365 feet). That’s the Catholic cathedral in the distance
The first and still only UNESCO World City of Literature in England
The first book written by a woman in the English Language came from the pen of Julian of Norwich in 1395. Strange name for a woman but, by all accounts, she was off with the fairies
The first blank verse to be published was written by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (eldest son to the Duke of Norfolk). Also, Harry and his mate Sir Tommy Wyatt were the first English poets to write in the sonnet form that Shakespeare later used. Harry didn’t make it to duke as the other Harry (that randy despot Henry VIII) had him beheaded for treason.
Rosary Cemetery was the first non-denominational cemetery in England where people of faith and people of none could together rest in peace
The only medieval friary to survive the Reformation intact – St Stephens and Blackfriars Halls are now used for all sorts of jollities including the annual beer fest piss-up
The largest cathedral cloister in England and very peaceful it is too
Lollards Pit is the only gay pub in the world to be found on the very site where heretics (the Lollards) were once burned to death. A delicious irony, don’t you think?
The first all-metal aeroplane in the world (1919)
Elm Hill is reputed to be the most complete medieval street in England, with buildings dating back to Tudor times. There’s not an elm tree to be seen, though.
The first municipal computer was delivered to Norwich City Hall in 1957 – with the brain power of a Casio pocket calculator (probably)
The Norman Cathedral is one of the most complete Romanesque buildings in Europe. That’s something to get down on your knees for
With thanks to Visit Norwich for much of this treasure trove. | <urn:uuid:3510f610-dd00-4c5a-a070-e44465b19f27> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://perkingthepansies.com/2014/02/22/the-norwich-book-of-records/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94235 | 863 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Front Page Mag: The major instigators of antisemitism today come from the radical right, radical left and radical Islam. Even though these three major groups despise each other, and would like to destroy each other, they are united in their irrational hate of the Jewish people.
These haters of Israel and Jews, are distorting and manipulating the important concepts of advancing human rights, fighting foreign occupations, pursuing peace and equality, in order to make them fit into a new narrative of “intersectionality.” Meaning, anti-Semites and anti-Zionists are “hijacking solidarity” by joining other minority groups, in order to use them to amplify their hate towards Israel.
Many books have been written about this phenomenon, but it seems that the most recent wave of antisemitism has gained momentum due to a deceptive, multimillion-dollar, “influence machine” that is targeting and supporting the pernicious denial of the well documented right of the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland in the land of Israel. The overwhelming majority of Jews are considered to be supporters of Israel, and therefore all Jews are being targeted.
This “influence machine”, is working overtime to paint the Arab-Palestinian Authority and Hamas terror group as being the underdogs, instead of being called out for what they really are. Entities that brainwash children and adults with a hatred of Jews, pay salaries to terrorists, all while Hamas continues to build a terror infrastructure designed to kill Israeli civilians and destroy the State of Israel. Read More …
Opinion: The opening sentence “The major instigators of antisemitism today come from the radical right, radical left and radical Islam” is missing a major group.
Beginning in 250 AD, early church father Origen, known as the father of allegory, turned 4/5ths of prophecy upside-down. By the mid-400’s AD (Saint) John Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople along with (Saint) Augustine, began teaching that God was finished with the Jew and that all the promises given to Abraham and his descendants after him (Genesis 17:7-8; Roman 9:3-5) had been transferred to the church.
‘Killers of Christ’ became the anti-Semitic mantra of Replacement Theology, and it is alive and well today in Catholicism, WCC, PBUSA, ELCA, and the Methodist denomination.
Covenantal Theology began in the 18th century, teaching that all the redeemed of Christ are Israel and it remains the majority teaching for Protestantism.
(Both Replacement Theology and Covenant Theology are Amillennial)
Anti-Semitism In The Church Age – The Mystery of Iniquity
“For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only He who now restrains will do so until He is taken out of the way” 2 Thessalonians 2:7.
- Replacement Theology: 2nd-5th century AD – God changed His mind and transferred the blessings of Abraham to the church
- Blood Libel: 12th-14th century – Jews accused of using blood of Arab children to make matzo
- Spanish Inquisition: 15th century – Convert to Catholicism or die
- Reformation: 16th-17th century – Protestant/Catholic churches continue Replacement Theology
- Covenant Theology: 18th century – Protestant shift ‘the church is Israel’
- Pogroms: 18-19th century Russia – government sanctioned murder of Jews
- Nazism: 20th century “Final Solution” – 6 million Jews are murdered
- EU Boycott Divest Sanction: 21st century against products made in Israeli settlements
- US Democrat Party: 21st century House of Representatives condones anti-Semitic tropes against Israel
Global resurgence in anti-Semitism as we near the Tribulation – God is calling His chosen home, Ezekiel 39:28: “… then they shall know that I am the Lord their God, who sent them into captivity among the nations, but also brought them back to their land, and left none of them captive any longer.”
See Dispensational Theology in Bible Prophecy 101 Chapter 3 HERE | <urn:uuid:a2c83753-bc13-49d1-9e9b-5b52c2b8975d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://prophecytracker.org/jew-hate-rising/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.946729 | 889 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Remember a couple months ago, when the President came out in support of a Middle East peace framework based on the 1967 borders with mutual swaps, and every conservative in America pilloried him for it? Funny story, now Benjamin Netanyahu agrees:
In a dramatic policy shift, Israel’s prime minister has agreed to negotiate the borders of a Palestinian state based on the cease-fire line that marks off the West Bank, a TV station reported Monday.
Up to now, Benjamin Netanyahu has refused to spell out his plan for negotiating the border. A senior Israeli official would not confirm outright that the prime minister was now willing to adopt the cease-fire line as a starting point, but said Israel was willing to try new formulas to restart peace talks based on a proposal made by President Barack Obama.
A government official pushed back on this in the LA Times but admitted that Netanyahu was willing to show “flexibility.” According to the UK Telegraph, said that the offer was in exchange for the Palestinians agreeing not to pursue statehood at the United Nations in September.
There are a number of things we can say about this. First, it was a good idea for the President to bring up the 1967 borders back in May, and it did have the effect of bringing Netanyahu, who called those borders “indefensible” at the time, toward that position. But Obama aside, there were two dramatic forcing events that I would say pushed the Israeli government toward this view. First, the Palestinians had a credible threat to take statehood to the UN General Assembly. President Obama, in that same May speech, said that would only be divisive and wouldn’t solve anything, but he happened to be dead wrong. It provided the leverage that could kick-start actual negotiations.
The other forcing event is the ongoing protests against privatization and living conditions that have rocked Israel in recent weeks. The Likudnik government is responding to that with this show of flexibility. The same people in the streets are the ones who make up a majority of Israelis in wanting to pursue peace.
I do think it’s worthwhile, as Adam Serwer does, to point and laugh at reactionary neocons who called the President “anti-Israel” for daring to suggest a peace process along preliminary borders that every US President of the last several decades has considered a starting point to a deal.
Of course, the 1967 lines have been the framework for negotiations for years. Obama’s proposal couldn’t have been news to Netanyahu, who had released a statement with Hillary Clinton last November calling for negotiations “based on the 1967 lines with agreed swaps.” So the best part about Netanyahu’s latest overture, from his perspective, is that it’s barely a concession at all.
I look forward to the harsh condemnations of Netanyahu from American members of Congress. | <urn:uuid:9e4e365c-1c9e-4fb9-8d00-f5065ddbab7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shadowproof.com/2011/08/02/noted-israel-hater-benjamin-netanyahu-agrees-on-1967-borders-as-starting-point-in-negotiations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.975276 | 589 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Australia has a notoriously tough housing market for first home buyers, but how does it compare globally?
First home buyers have all but deserted the Australian housing market as median house prices rise ever higher. CoreLogic research head Tim Lawless recently told finder.com.au that first home buyer participation in Sydney had fallen to about 10%, which Lawless said was a record low.
While it’s easy for Aussies locked out of the property market to curse their luck for living in a country where property is so eye-wateringly expensive, are we alone in our home buying struggles? We checked out some of the other countries where first home buyers have it tough.
Hong Kong is the only city that consistently tops Australian capitals on lists of least affordable housing markets. The special administrative region of China is one of the world’s most densely populated urban areas, so space is at a premium. Residents of Hong Kong face a number of hurdles in getting into the housing market.
Hong Kong median house prices are 19 times the median pre-tax household income according to a 2016 Demographia survey. The figure puts the city well above Sydney, with a median house price 12.2 times median pre-tax household income, and even further above Melbourne where the median house price is 9.7 times median pre-tax household income. This year marked the sixth year in a row Hong Kong topped Demographia’s list of the world’s least affordable housing markets.
According to the Global Property Guide, the average price per square metre for residential property in Hong Kong is $33,570. By comparison, Global Property Guide puts the average price per square metre of Australian property at $9,525.
First home buyers also won’t be getting a lot for their money in Hong Kong. Australia has the largest average new home size in the world, at 214 square metres according to a CommSec survey. Hong Kong, by contrast, has the world’s smallest at just 45 square metres.
It shouldn’t come as a surprise that the jet-setting home of the super rich and lavish royals also has some steep property prices. Monaco, according to Global Property Guide, is actually home to the most expensive property in the world on a per-square-metre basis. The average property in the tiny European kingdom goes for around $64,844 per square metre.
Fortunately, Monaco is also home to the world’s highest median salaries. The World Bank estimates the gross national income per capita in Monaco is more than $245,000. This high salary could come as little comfort for those looking to buy, though. Parking spaces in the principality sell for more than the average per capita income, while studio apartments start at around 4.5 times annual income.
The balmy city-state of Singapore has seen house prices decline slightly in recent years, but it’s been of little comfort to Singaporeans whose incomes have also stagnated. According to a 2015 study by UBS, Singapore actually trumped Sydney with a median house price 13 times the median household income. Though prices had already declined by 6% over the three years to the time of the survey, UBS ranked the country as the most at-risk for a housing bubble.
Singapore also beats Australia in price per square metre. According to the Global Property Guide, you can expect to pay about $18,065 per square metre in Singapore. In spite of this, Singapore has one of the highest homeownership rates in the world. According to official government statistics, 90.3% of Singaporeans own a home. Also, much like in Australia, Singapore offers a first home buyer grant. First-time buyers who meet eligibility requirements can receive SGD$20,000 toward the purchase of their first home.
The housing affordability situation in London looks different depending upon which data you trust. Demographia’s housing survey puts the city several spots below Sydney, with median house prices 8.5 times median household income. UBS paints a much bleaker picture, ranking London as the world’s second-least affordable city with a median house price 14 times median household income. UBS also ranks London as the global city most in danger of a housing bubble.
The current median house price in London is just over $1 million, which would put the city roughly on par with Sydney. Low and moderate income earners do receive some help, though, in the form of the government’s First Steps London program, a shared ownership scheme which allows renters to buy a portion of the property they’re renting.
Before finding itself knocked down a peg by Sydney, Vancouver held the dubious distinction of ranking as the world’s second-least affordable city in Demographia’s survey. Median house prices in the Canadian city are 10.8 times the median annual income. That puts the median house price in Vancouver at around $754,000.
Like Sydney and Melbourne, Vancouver has seen a massive influx of foreign investment that some have blamed for rising house prices and lower first home buyer participation. The furore over foreign investment has seen foreign buyers in Vancouver slugged with an additional 15% tax.
British Columbia, the province in which Vancouver is located, does offer eligible first home buyers a $10,000 grant. But that could be little comfort given the difficulty associated with saving a deposit. A study earlier this year by the National Bank of Canada found it would take the average Vancouver first home buyer 11 years to save a deposit for a home. | <urn:uuid:833fc71f-1eed-4300-813f-e82dd8295df1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.finder.com.au/cities-where-first-home-buyers-also-have-it-tough | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00155-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94782 | 1,145 | 1.617188 | 2 |
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Flowing Plasma ion Collection Model
The electrons are traveling at approximately 188 km/s throughout LEO. This means that the orbiting body is traveling faster than the ions and slower than the electrons, or at a mesosonic speed. This results in a unique phenomenon whereby the orbiting body 'rams' through the surrounding ions in the plasma creating a beam like effect in the reference frame of the orbiting body.
There are three active electron emission technologies usually considered for EDT applications: hollow cathode plasma contactors (HCPCs), thermionic cathodes (TCs), and field emitter arrays (FEAs). System level configurations will be presented for each device, as well as the relative costs, benefits, and validation.
Electronic polarization: This resonant process occurs in a neutral atom when the electric field displaces the electron density relative to the nucleus it surrounds.
This displacement occurs due to the equilibrium between restoration and electric forces. Electronic polarization may be understood by assuming an atom as a point nucleus surrounded by spherical electron cloud of uniform charge density.
Dispersion may be caused either by geometric boundary conditions (waveguides, shallow water) or by interaction of the waves with the transmitting medium. Elementary particles, considered as matter waves, have a nontrivial dispersion relation even in the absence of geometric constraints and other media.
Quantum theory tells us that every particle exhibits wave properties. In particular, massive particles can interfere and therefore diffract.
Diffraction of electrons and neutrons stood as one of the powerful arguments in favor of quantum mechanics. The wavelength associated with a particle is the de Broglie De Broglie equation wavelength.
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with sub atomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light.
Ionized Air Glow
Ionized-air glow is the fluorescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, of color called electric blue, by air subjected to an energy flux.
Electromagnetic Electron Wave
In plasma physics, an electromagnetic electron wave is a wave in a plasma which has a magnetic field component and in which primarily the electrons oscillate.
In an unmagnetized plasma, an electromagnetic electron wave is simply a light wave modified by the plasma. In a magnetized plasma, there are two modes perpendicular to the field, the O and X modes, and two modes parallel to the field, the R and L waves.
Plasma acceleration/plasma fields/ionization[b]
A plasma consists of fluid of positive and negative charged particles, generally created by heating or photo-ionizing (direct / tunneling / multi-photon / barrier-suppression) a dilute gas. Under normal conditions the plasma will be macroscopically neutral (or quasi-neutral), an equal mix of electrons and ions in equilibrium. However, if a strong enough external electric or electromagnetic field is applied, the plasma electrons, which are very light in comparison to the background ions (at least by a factor of 1836), will separate spatially from the massive ions creating a charge imbalance in the perturbed region. A particle injected into such a plasma would be accelerated by the charge separation field, but since the magnitude of this separation is generally similar to that of the external field, apparently nothing is gained in comparison to a conventional system that simply applies the field directly to the particle. But, the plasma medium acts as the most efficient transformer (currently known) of the transverse field of an electromagnetic wave into longitudinal fields of a plasma wave.
originally posted by: NoCorruptionAllowed
a reply to: Rob48
Some of the out of focus circular doodads also go behind the tether, which means they are far far away from the camera.
On every mission you see lots of debris that is released from the shuttle’s payload bay, or frozen propellant from the main engines or the thrusters that drifts along with you, in some cases for several days after you arrive in orbit. And so that little cloud of particles gets captured by the low light TV cameras on the space shuttle that are used by the ground controllers at night, and when those wind up on video, and if you don’t know the context for when those pictures were taken, those little particles might seem to you like distant stars or moving objects in space. The video I have seen in STS-80 is just that. It’s the low light TV camera capturing those ice particles in the very near field, only 10 or 20 feet away, and in the camera view they look like they are flashing, in fact they are just tumbling little ice flakes.
There are more than 50 sources of ice on the shuttle, plus a steady source of debris such as insulation flakes from inside the payload bay. This includes 38 primary RCS jets and 6 vernier jets (which burn the hypergolic [self-igniting] propellants of nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine), an air dump line, a waste water dump line, a supply water dump line, two fuel cell purge lines (the hydrogen one is always leaking water), two flash evaporators, a water spray boiler, and so forth. No surprise, then, that floating debris near the shuttle is a common sight. The particles usually (not always) spin, and depending on the axis of spin they may or may not flash, and depending on the speed of spin their flicker may or may not be picked up by the camera CCD scanner.
originally posted by: Havick007
a reply to: wildespace
I havent wasted any time... The more you can grasp the science of what is happening in these clips, the clearer it becomes.
originally posted by: NoCorruptionAllowed
a reply to: ngchunter
That is no explanation at all. Using a blinking light on that object to explain all of those things?
You don't even know all of the answers, | <urn:uuid:9ffeb53c-abbb-4730-b1e1-b18477f63077> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1029074/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.917511 | 1,398 | 3.328125 | 3 |
UF Small Animal Hospital Saves Dog
    UF is one of a handfull of facilities in the nation that can offer this kind of treatment for animals.
    And for Bear, it's saving her life.
     Betty Skel,
the dog's owner, says bear was poisoned with antifreeze by their
neighbor, there's an on-going investigation in their hometown right
now. And Skel is offering a $10,000 reward for more information.
    So in order to save Bear's life, her owner has to drive back and worth from Stuart to Gainesville twice a week...
    And pay $500 per treatment.
    Right now, Bear has to have three treatments a week, but her owner says it's worth every penny.
     "At any cost, i have to save her," Skel said.
- Dogs Left Inside Car Saved By Samaritans & Officer
- Gator players hope to raise funds to save dog
- Levy County Animal Services Takes 15 Dogs In For Animal Cruelty-- But Are Conditions Any Better There?
- National Challenge Encourages Local Shelter To Save Lives
- Missing Dogs Found at Phoenix Animal Rescue, Owners Say They Struggled to Get Them Back
- Trenton Dog Owners Deny Running Puppy Mill
- October is Adopt-A-Shelter- Dog
- Emaciated Dogs Found In Newberry
- UF offers free eye exams for service dogs
- 30 neglected dogs get second chance at life | <urn:uuid:28248eb9-0785-4668-8012-dfc7a5633d9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wcjb.com/local-news/2009/02/uf-small-animal-hospital-saves-dog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934244 | 362 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Diploma in Agriculture
Collections in this community
(2013)Human activities generate wastes that are often discarded, as they are considered as worthless. The most common method of waste disposal is to first collect waste from the source and then dispose it in the dumpsite or ...
(2019)This study conducted a waste analysis and characterization study (WACS) of wastes generated in Guimaras State College - Salvador campus. All daily wastes collected and stored in the Residual Containment Area of the college ... | <urn:uuid:b1daf797-1777-4240-9e49-e13643caeb71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://repository.cpu.edu.ph/handle/20.500.12852/556?locale-attribute=ko | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.9343 | 112 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The federal Department of Education was made a part of the president’s Cabinet by new world order facilitator Jimmy Carter. Prior to that, America had the finest education system in the world. In 1980, Ronald Reagan promised that, if elected, he would get this unconstitutional department abolished.
That promise was abandoned after his election. While campaigning for his doomed-to-lose bid for the presidency, Bob Dole said on Sept. 9, 1996, while in Georgia, “We’re going to cut out the Department of Education.” At that time, the GOP presidential platform read, in part:
Our formula is as simple as it is sweeping: The federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the workplace. That is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning.
We therefore call for prompt repeal of the Goals 2000 program and the School-To-Work Act of 1994, which put new federal controls, as well as unfunded mandates, on the States. We further urge that federal attempts to impose outcome- or performance-based education on local schools be ended.
Of course, just the opposite has taken place and, in fact, the goals for creating the “New Communist Man” was given a huge boost with President Bush’s deceptive “No Child Left Behind” program. As for the repeal of the School-To-Work Act of 1994, Council of Foreign Relations kingpin Henry Hyde explained it this way:
When carried to its logical extreme, it chooses careers for every American worker. Children’s careers will be chosen for them by Workforce Development Boards and federal agencies at the earliest possible age …
Statewide Workforce Development Boards have formed to study which labor skills are needed in each state to determine “human resources” training requirements. Of course, this will decide also where these human resources will reside.
Chilling to say the least – and it gets worse when one reads President Bush’s Executive Order, signed June 20, 2001, titled “21st Century Workforce Initiative.” The blueprint for forced labor is now being implemented quietly while parents and politicians scream, “More money for education.” Essentially they are asking to pay for the rope to hang their own children.
Most Americans believe “communism is dead,” but nothing could be further from the truth and one of the major goals of the propagators of global communist tyranny has always been to get control of America’s education system. What better way to reach “the unwashed masses” than through a federal department of education? The tenth plank of the “Communist Manifesto” reads: “Free education for all children in public schools,” and this is one of the highest goals of communitarians. Jeri Lynn Ball, author of “Masters of Seduction” explains:
The communitarian efforts to take over the American education system began in 1918 after World War I. Early in the 20th century, John Dewey, “the father of Progressive Education,” worked with internationalists to transform America into a communitarian society.
Dewey held that the basic goal of education is the eradication of the child’s individualistic traits and “the development of a spirit of social cooperation and community life.” Dewey did not want the child to think at all, but to learn to live and work within the narrow, primitive bounds of communitarian vocabulary and thought patterns.
According to the testimony of Norman Dodd, the staff director of the 1953 Congressional Special Committee to Investigate the Tax-Exempt Foundations, the minutes of the Carnegie Foundation revealed that the trustees of the Foundation decided right after World War I that they “must control education in the United States.”
They joined together with the Rockefeller Foundation and created a plan to take control of domestic and international education. Dodd interviewed and Rowan Gaither, president of the Ford Foundation and discovered how he operated the foundation under strict instructions and orders “to the effect that we should make every effort to so alter life in the United States that we can be comfortably merged with the Soviet Union.”
The federal Department of Education is unconstitutional. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution does not authorize Congress to legislate education within the independent, sovereign states who are themselves a “Republican form of government.” There is only one solution to stopping the brainwashing of America’s children and that is for the states of the Union to completely sever any relationship with the federal Department of Education.
Most Americans don’t have the financial resources to put their children in private or Christian schools and because so many mothers have been forced into the workplace to basically work to pay taxes, they can’t homeschool. However, the people of the states can do the same thing the great folks down in Tennessee did over their fight against a state income tax: Put the heat on the state house and their state legislatures.
The federal Department of Education must be booted out of the states. Public schools must return to educating children with the basics and stop all social engineering and communitarian indoctrination. To continue down the same path of tossing trillions of dollars at the federal Department of Education is to guarantee transforming America’s precious children into the “New Communist Man.” We the people must stop this madness. | <urn:uuid:e05d3050-9d38-4344-91de-0582e2697aa2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wnd.com/2004/12/27895/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958454 | 1,136 | 2.078125 | 2 |
6 Degrees of Kevin Bacon: How to use Linkurious to explore and visualize graphs
Thursday September 05 08:00 PDT / 17:00 CEST
Just like the small world of Hollywood movies, the graph data you store is a mine of information. We'll see how Linkurious helps you explore your Neo4j database to find valuable insights.
Speakers: Sébastien Heymann, Co-founder and CEO, Linkurious
Sébastien is co-founder and CEO of Linkurious. His goal is to democratize network thinking. He’s also a co-founder of Gephi, the leading open source software for exploring networks of all kind. He is currently finishing a PhD in computer science at the Sorbonne University, France, where he studies the dynamics of real-world complex networks (social networks, computer networks, the web...). He graduated in computer science at the Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France, with a minor degree in cognitive science.
Jean Villedieu, Co-founder, Linkurious
Jean is a co-founder of Linkurious where he is in charge of customer development. He has worked in the consulting industry on R&D projects and in sales. He has a degree in political sciences and a degree in competitive intelligence. works with a startup that provides 'Graph Search' for home improvement jobs. | <urn:uuid:13bc6689-5c41-4c96-8882-1109e7a12ab9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://info.neo4j.com/0905-linkurious-register.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935241 | 288 | 1.695313 | 2 |
2015 Iowa Land Value Survey Results
The results of the 2015 survey show that the statewide average value of farmland fell by 3.9 percent ($310 per acre) from November 2014, which marks the first time that Iowa land values drop two years in a row since 2000. The average estimated value of Iowa farmland is now about $7,633 per acre.
2015 Land Value Survey News Conference
The results of the 2015 land value survey were announced by Dr. Zhang at a news conference on Monday, December 14. The full hour-long news conference video is at the bottom of this page. Additional materials from the news conference are available below.
Three minute highlights of the 2015 survey results
2015 Land Value Survey Resources
- Iowa Land Value Survey Overview (pdf)
This briefing paper includes background information on the Iowa land value survey, including historic information, an analysis of highest/lowest land values and changes from last year’s survey.
- Iowa Land Value Survey News Release (pdf)
The full news release made available on December 18. Includes an analysis of survey information by Dr. Zhang.
- Iowa Land Value Survey Brochure
- Comparative Iowa Land Values table with maps (pdf)
- Iowa Land Values table by District and Land Quality (pdf)
- Slide show (pdf)
The complete slide show presented by Dr. Zhang at the 2015 conference.
- 2015 Media Coverage | <urn:uuid:fead8173-bf4b-4b4d-bfd8-d0a897b6ea6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.card.iastate.edu/land-value/2015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00289-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828082 | 288 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Power is the glue of politics. That is why a government is expected to be in array and opposition generally in disarray. Ideology is a fickle custodian of unity in an age of convenience. Its absence has eliminated the difference between single-party rule and coalition government. Both are held together by individual or sectarian self-interest, which is why they last. Ideology is a differentiator; it makes a partnership untenable even if the partners consider it sustainable. Sentiment is irrelevant to any political marriage. This is true of all democracies where coalitions become necessary. Politicians live for power; why would they invite a premature death?
Indian politics, reduced to minimalist, notional ideology, devoid of individual or party accountability, is peculiarly suited to coalitions. If there were accountability, the DMK’s A Raja would not remain in Manmohan Singh’s Cabinet. Because there is none, the current coalition will survive without either condemnation or confession. An occasional spot of PR-driven tinkering is all that is needed.
Sometimes alliance parties find it convenient to simulate conflict, but this is public posturing to satisfy populist opinion before an election. Bengal and Bihar are the new templates of posture-politics.
Mamata Banerjee would, ideally, like to marginalize Congress and usurp the Congress vote. But as long as Congress has some vote she cannot afford to destroy the alliance. There will be variations in the mathematics of the equation, which is perfectly reasonable, since even a municipal election jerks the kaleidoscope to induce new patterns. The entrails of Bengal’s May municipal results must have been fully read by now, but a glaring fact was obvious very early: the Left Front did far better against Congress than against Trinamool. Mamata will consequently squabble for additional space, but she has not lost her political marbles. She knows the tensile strength of her alliance with Congress and will not stretch it to breaking point. Nor does Congress care if her nickname in Delhi has become Derailways Minister. The game is political. A new game may or may not begin after the Bengal Assembly elections next year.
In Bihar, Nitish Kumar and the BJP are equipped with multi-megabyte calculators, which work on long-lasting batteries powered by mutually-beneficial ground reality. The photograph of a Nitish-Narendra Modi armshake was not exactly news to the Bihar voter. It made the front page much before the last general election. A substantial number of Muslims voted for Nitish Kumar in 2009 despite that photo because they wanted to thank him for keeping the peace as well as giving them jobs. They knew they were voting for the NDA. Since then, however, there has been some slippage in minority support for Nitish. Nitish’s political gasp at the reappearance of the photo was an attempt to buy a few brownie points at easy rates, a familiar tactic of electoral politics. Similarly, the BJP’s gruff huff and puff was intended to energize its own core vote. Neither party will win in Bihar if they split their support, and their leaders have tasted the comforts of office.
The real conflicts in the UPA2 era are not inter-party but intra-party. The BJP has done signal service to news media over the past year, feeding it with a constant supply of stories about personal bickering such as the one over Jaswant Singh’s Jinnah book. The author-MP’s return to the party marks a partial restoration of sense but much more reparation is needed on the long road ahead to credibility. Congress, as the main ruling party, should have been happily becalmed.
But it has been restive, pushing unpopular policy decisions such as deregulation of petrol prices while its spokespersons shoot themselves in both feet with gold-medal accuracy. For the first time in years they seem to be happier abroad than in domestic TV studios. Congress is complacent because it believes that it has time to recover before the 2014 general election. The states have dropped off the radar because most of them are in a mess.
Congress is suffering from insurrection in Andhra Pradesh, abdication in Karnataka, uncertainty in Maharashtra, indifference in central India, bondage in Bengal, futility in Bihar and drift in Punjab. Its spirits are concentrated around a single hope, that Rahul Gandhi will engineer a miraculous rebirth by offering himself as candidate for UP chief minister in a diamond-versus-dimple election.
Regional parties need their share of headlines and so Mulayam Singh Yadav discovers ways in which to expel Amar Singh, while no soap opera could ever have the courage to script any serial akin to the inheritance wars of the DMK. It is perfectly logical that a feudal culture should breed feuds. There is calm in the one-woman party because its leaders cannot expel themselves. The glue of power melts only in the heat of public anger. Corruption, prices and Bhopal have induced a simmer, but it will need more heat to reach boiling point. | <urn:uuid:71d5fd0e-661e-45a4-9d54-6b1084ac6371> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thesiegewithin/now-politics-is-all-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968255 | 1,046 | 1.765625 | 2 |
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In a study released last week, computer scientist Selim Akl of Queens University demonstrated that slime mold is fantastically efficient at finding the quickest route to food. When he placed rolled oats over the country’s population centers and a slime mold culture over Toronto, the organism grew its way across the Canadian map, sprouting tentacles that mimicked the Canadian highway system. It’s an experiment that’s been replicated globally several times now — in Japan, the UK, and the United States — all with a similar outcome.
So what is slime mold, and how does it do this?
Slime mold is not a plant or animal. It’s not a fungus, though it sometimes resembles one. Slime mold, in fact, is a soil-dwelling amoeba, a brainless, single-celled organism, often containing multiple nuclei. View this slide show for some examples.
Frederick Spiegel, a biology professor at the University of Arkansas and an expert on slime molds, first encountered them nearly 40 years ago. “I thought they were the most beautiful, sublime things I’d ever seen,” he said. “I said, ‘I’ve got to work with these.'”
They come in every color of the rainbow, except — due to lacking chlorophyll — a true green, according to Steve Stephenson, professor of biology at the University of Arkansas. They form strange and sophisticated shapes – some resemble honeycomb lattices, others blackberries. And then there’s the slime mold known as “dog vomit,” because it looks just like the stuff. Some remain microscopic, and others grow rogue, forming bulbous masses, as long as 10 to 13 feet. Yet humans largely ignore them.
“Very few have been consumed as food. You can’t build a house with them. They escape our noses most of the time,” Stephenson said.
Still, our world is crawling with them. More than 900 species of slime mold exist, Spiegel said, and they’re found on every continent. Stephenson and his team — the Eumycetozoan Research Project at University of Arkansas — spent years trying to catalog all species of slime mold around the globe from the Arctic Circle to the tip of Chile. Slime molds are particularly fond of forest floors where they break down rotting vegetation, feeding on bacteria, yeast, and fungus.
When all is well, the slime mold thrives as a single-celled organism, but when food is scarce, it combines forces with its brethren, and grows. Starving amoebas work in tandem, signaling to each other to join and form a multicellular mass, like a “moving sausage,” Spiegel said.
Then, once the mass is formed, the cells reconfigure, changing their shape and function to form stalks, which produce bulbs called fruiting bodies. The fruiting bodies contain millions of spores, which get picked up and transported by the wind, a passing insect or an animal. There, they start the process again as single-celled organisms. Meanwhile, the cells that formed the stalks die, sacrificing themselves.
For creatures without feet, they can travel incredible distances. Stephenson said one of his students identified slime molds in New Zealand that are genetically identical to groups found in the United States. How they got there is unknown.
Slime molds were likely an inspiration for the 1958 science-fiction film, “The Blob,” scientists say. And it’s in these plasmodial, “blob” states that they spread like highway networks and even solve mazes.
When ripped in half, the halves continue to grow independently and the nuclei in each half continue to divide and develop in sync. This makes the organism uniquely appealing to cancer drug research, said Jonatha Gott at Case Western University, because it provides researchers with multiple identical samples dividing at the same time.
Plus, unlike other organisms, the amoeba’s genetic information makes an uncommonly large number of corrections during the RNA editing phase, Gott said. She compared it to a contractor continually making changes to an architect’s plans.
“As it’s making a copy of the DNA, it changes it,” Gott said, “It’s incredibly precise and incredibly accurate. If it doesn’t do this, it dies. It’s a really crazy way to express genes.”
Computer scientists like Akl also study slime mold to better understand how nature “computes.” The hope is that these amoebas will teach them how to develop better algorithms for delivering information.
The highway experiments, for example, show that slime mold is capable of computing optimal coverage of the map while using the least amount of energy, Akl said.
Nature, in this case, was able to compute an efficient network in less time than humans could. If we could harness the algorithm to do so, we could build more efficient systems, he added.
“We are always searching for the best way to connect people…yet here is this lowly species that can do it,” Akl said.
Support Provided By:
Additional Support Provided By: | <urn:uuid:d59fbdc3-86f7-4383-ad60-82488a51a859> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/the-sublime-slime-mold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.940715 | 1,142 | 3.25 | 3 |
תשע”ט פ’ אמור
Volume 28, Issue 10
INSIGHTS from the SEDRA
Insights from the Sedra is a project of the Scholar’s Kollel of Great Neck. It aims to provide several questions and answers about the Sedra, culled from various commentaries, including the following: Baal Haturim, Darash Moshe, Vedebarta Bam by Rabbi Moshe Bogomilsky, Torah Treasures by Dov Furer, Wellsprings of Torah by Alexander Friedman, and Kol Dodi by Rabbi Dovid Feinstein, Great Torah Lights by Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Goodman, Something To Say by Dov Wasserman, The Vilna Gaon, Growth Through Torah by Zelig Pliskin and The Call of the Torah.
שבע שבתות תמימות תהיינה
“Seven weeks, they shall be compete…” (23:15)
When are the weeks complete? When Klal Yisrael does the will of Hashem (Vayikra Rabbah 28:3). We count from Pesach until Shavuot to demonstrate that the two are connected. Pesach is the geulat haguf, our physical redemption, and Shavuot is the geulat hanefesh, our spiritual redemption. One is not completely free until he has a geulat hanefesh; until then, one is still a slave to his yetzer hara. By fulfilling the will of the Ribono Shel Olam during this period of sefira, one will merit “temimot tih’yena” – the fusion of what Pesach and Shavuot represent, to achieve a complete redemption. (Maharam Shick)
וספרתם לכם ממחרת השבת מיום הביאכם את עמר התנופה שבע שבתות תמימות תהיינה
“You shall count for yourselves from the day after the day of rest from the day that you bring the Omer of the waving, seven weeks, they shall be complete.” (23:15)
Unlike all other Yomim Tovim, Shavuot is not a set date on the calendar, but rather is always fifty days form the counting of the Omer, which begins on the second day of Pesach. We make the bracha “Al sefirat ha’omer”; why is the counting called “sefirat ha’omer”? Being that we are counting towards Shavuot, the time of our receiving the Torah, it would seem more appropriate that the bracha should include the wording related to kabbalat haTorah. The following divrei Torah will expound on this topic, and perhaps support the p’shat offered in the closing paragraph.
We start counting sefirat ha’omer on Pesach to acknowledge that the main reason we were taken out of Egypt was to accept the Torah. The entire world was created in order for Klal Yisrael to receive the Torah. We are supposed to count sefira each day with an anticipation of approaching the day of Matan Torah. A person should work on improving and elevating himself in order to be worthy of receiving the Torah.
Perhaps now we can understand why the focus of our counting is on the korban omer, when we’re actually counting the days towards kabbalat haTorah. Learning Torah builds worlds in shamayim and brings one closer to the Ribono Shel Olam. The Omer alludes to the mann that Bnei Yisrael received in the midbar directly from Hashem Himself. There were no intermediaries between Hashem and Bnei Yisrael.
As we count to kabbalat haTorah, we must remember this message. The first two dibrot were given directly by Hashem to Klal Yisrael. Kabbalat haTorah, like the omer, demonstrates to us the direct connection that we have to Hashem. In order to receive the Torah properly we must strengthen our direct connection with Hashem. (Sefer HaChinuch)
“And when you reap…you must leave them for the poor and for the stranger, I am Hashem your G-d…” (23:22)
This verse, mandating gifts of the harvest to the poor, is included with the laws relating to Shavuot, the Zman matan Torateinu, the time of the giving of the Torah. This is an indication that the Torah comprises not only chukim, super-rational commands, but also the rational dictates of ethics, such as charity and compassion for the poor and the stranger. For unless these dictates are rooted in Emunah, faith in Hashem, man will disregard them and turn into a brutal, heartless beast.
It is for this reason that the Torah includes the ethical mitzvot of gifts to the poor and the stranger among the laws of Shavuot, the Zman Matan Torateinu. Thus, you must “leave them for the poor and for the stranger,” because, “I am hashem your G-d,” because you are motivated by your belief in Hashem. (Meshech Chochmah)
היום שלשה ושלשים יום לעומר
“Today is the thirty third day of the Omer.”
QUESTION: Every night when counting sefirah we say “Today is so many days לעומר – of the omer”. Why do we call the 33rd day “Lag ba’omer” and not “Lag La’omer”?
ANSWER: Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai was a reincarnation of the neshama of Moshe Rabeinu. The words “ל”ג בעומר” have the numerical value of 345, which is also the numerical value of “משה”.
Lag Ba’omer is the day on which the famous sage Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai passed away. He is one of the greatest sages of the Talmud and the author of the holy Zohar. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai is mentioned very frequently throughout the Talmud. The day of his hilula – rejoicing on his yahrtzeit – Lag ba’omer – is the thirty third day of the counting of the Omer. It has been noted that the story of his stay in the cave is related in the Gemara (Shabbos) on page 33 and it is the 33rd time that he is mentioned in the Talmud. (Ta’amei HaMinhagim) | <urn:uuid:27b6ffec-defd-4573-8824-d7bf62826111> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gns.org/emor-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.928376 | 1,549 | 1.890625 | 2 |
This is a name list of the different manifestations of the Creator and Former, mainly taken from the Books of Chilam Balam (CHB), Lacandon ethnography (LAC), Landa (L), and Popol Vuh (PV). Depending on the source, the name is Yucatec or K'iche'. The Classic Period names (belonging to a language related to modern Chol and Chorti) are only rarely known with certainty. Only those names have been listed which are familiar from popular books on the Maya, or which play an important role in scholarly discussions. Between square brackets, the correspondence with the deities in the revised Schellhas-Zimmermann-Taube list of codical deities has been indicated.
The word "God" should not be used
A fish god and the patron deity of fishermen. He blessed their catches, yet also ate them if they drowned.
A group of four Chorti rain gods who live in lakes and make rain clouds from the water in those lakes. Each of the rain gods was associated with a cardinal direction, similar to the Bacabs. Chiccan was also the name of a day in the Tzolkin cycle of the maya calendar.
A god of medicine and healing.
A giant who, by Vucub Caquix, was the mother of Cabrakan and Zipacna.
Also spelled Ek Chuah, the "black war chief" was the patron god of warriors and merchants, depicted carrying a bag over his shoulder. In art, he was a dark-skinned man with circles around his eyes, a scorpion tail and dangling lower lip. In early modern studies of Maya art and iconography, he was sometimes referred to as God M before his identity was firmly established.
Feathered Snake god and creator. The depiction of the feathered serpent deity is present in other cultures of Mesoamerica. Gukumatz of the K'iche' Maya is closely related to the god Kukulkan of Yucatán and to Quetzalcoatl of the Aztec.
Worshipped by the Lacandon people as their patron deity.
The founder of the Maya culture, he taught his people to grow maize and cacao, as well as writing, calendars and medicine. Once mentioned as the father of the Bacabs. Connected to Kinich Ahau and Hunab Ku.
Feathered Snake god and creator. The depiction of the feathered serpent deity is present in other cultures of Mesoamerica. He is also more commonly known as Kukulcan.
The mighty Mayan god of target shooting. He resembles a totem pole of sorts and is made up of four constantly spinning segments (not counting his head), each covered in targets and dart-spewing faces. The ratio of faces to targets increases the further up his body.
A sky god and one of the creator deities who participated in all three attempts at creating humanity.
Tohil was a patron deity of the K'iche'. There was a great temple to him at their ancient capital of Q'umarkaj.
God of Chaos. He's the son of Gukumatz, but the other Gods, also his own father, banish him to Xibalba after he tried to make a complete chaos of the whole world.
legendary ancestral deity, Chiapas.
Bird demon, severs arm of Hero Twin, wife is Chimalmat, sons the demonic giants Cabrakan and Zipacna.
god of travelers and merchants, who gave offerings to him on the side of roads while traveling.
Xbalanque *PV* [god CH]
War Twin, one of the Hero Twins companion to Hunahpu
Xmucane and Xpiayoc *PV*
A creator god couple which helped create the first humans. They are also the parents of Hun Hunahpu and Vucub Hunahpu. They were called Grandmother of Day, Grandmother of Light and Bearer twice over, begetter twice over and given the titles midwife and matchmaker.
One of four Mopan 'Grandfathers' of the earth and chief lightning god.
God of the woods, of wild nature, and of the hunt; invoked before carving out a maize field from the wilderness. | <urn:uuid:339c2725-ead1-457d-95d6-fa05db41e7a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957751 | 901 | 3.015625 | 3 |
"Formation" Salute The Black Panthers; My Homage To The 'Old Man Of Athens'
Referencing 2 Maccabees 6:1-7. 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book which focuses on the (Hebrews or) Jews' revolt against Antiochus IV Epiphanes and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work.
The author is not identified, but he claims to be abridging a 5-volume work by Jason of Cyrene.
Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider the work to be canonical and part of the Bible.
Read Full Story: https://youtu.be/LrCHz1gwzTo | <urn:uuid:dbbfb83e-ed06-4757-a982-27fd8cbebfea> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.blackplanet.com/news/article_comments.html?news_item_id=26780407 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861872 | 162 | 2.078125 | 2 |
The Very Large Array radio telescope network in New Mexico recently captured this amazing view of a 20,000 year old nebula that intriguing enough is shaped like a manatee – the famous and adorable sea cow native to the greater Gulf of Mexico – in its favorite position: floating on its back with its fins across its belly.
The nebula, initially named W50, was produced after a massive supernova exploded, but before the original star that formed it died, it “puffed out its outer gaseous layers, which now swirl in green-and-blue clouds around the dead hulk of the star, which has collapsed into a black hole,” according to the researchers. The nebula is actually one of the most massive the VLA has come across so far, spanning across 700 light years and covering two degrees on the sky (the equivalent of four full moons).
The astronomers believe the crushed relic of the past star now feeds on gas from a companion star, forming a stream of gas around the black hole that eventually births a disk of matter. The cannibalized disk of matter and the black hole together for a powerful network of magnetic field lines which grabs charged particles from the disk and channels them outward in powerful jets. This makes W50 shine brightly in both radio and X-rays, and all the better for us viewers.
The name W50 is rather boring, so considering its uncanny resemblance, the nebula was named Manatee Nebula. Besides, since this gorgeous animals is currently threatened by extinction, the astronomers thought they could pitch in to raise awareness. The biggest risk manatees face are the deadly encounters with boat propellers that carve deep wounds causing intense amount of pains, which most of the time prove fatal. As the Florida coastline develops even further, the manatee is at ever greater peril.
“Manatees are endangered, in part because boat propellers often cut deep gashes into the herbivores’ sides, injuring or killing many manatees every year. The nebula, too, bears streaky scars carved out by particles in the two protruding jets emitting from the black hole at its core,” the researchers write.
The findings were published in the journal PLoS. | <urn:uuid:b94a116e-5347-4065-ab58-19e840c73a00> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.zmescience.com/space/manatee-nebula-imaged-p432423/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959705 | 456 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Guidelines that Will Help You in Organizing Your Office
How your office appears will not because of the good d?cor and office furniture alone. It will also be affected by the way you organize your office documents. It will also ensure the efficiency in the delivery of your services. You will find it easy to locate vital documents that you require for the running of your business. It is good to get hence to know of how to arrange your office files best. You can hence read more from the info that is offered on this website.
The first thing that you should do in this is to put the files in categories. For the various offices, you will have different types of files. You should hence make sure that you consider the best categories for the files in your office. In your office, it will be good to think of the categories that you can create. It is good to assure your professionalism to anybody who gets to your office, and this will be by having the different files in their relevant categories.
You should get to introduce the subcategories in which to put your office files. Once you have sorted your files in categories, you will need to create subcategories for these files. The subcategories are important as they will help you in coming up with the file placed in a category. In a given category, you will have numerous files, and thus you need to divide them. For the subcategories in the payments category, you can view here.
A coding system will be vital when it comes to organizing your office. It is good to code the files as you will get to trace the documents fast. One of the best ways is getting the colored folders. Labelling will be a great idea for those who are not into the colored folders. Stickers will be good for labeling. If you have something that will help you identify the files easily, then you will be efficient in your office than before.
The next thing that you will need to do when you need to organize your office is to consider the storage. Different documents keep on being generated in an office. It is important to ensure that you store the files in your office. A filing cabinet will ensure that you get to get to store your documents in the best way. You can also consider using the boxes which will be cheaper. Labelling of the boxes will ensure that you can identify the files you store. Different websites will offer information on the best storage office equipment. | <urn:uuid:85f17b2a-9c06-4d0c-aa9b-6869a3ac3d31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://projects2.us/2018/12/26/getting-creative-with-advice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.95047 | 497 | 1.5625 | 2 |
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Al Capone The Great Depression had strong effects on many families in the early 1900s Many people were left with out jobs or homes to reside in Most unemployed workers turned to the West such as California to search for new jobs to support their families Realizing once they had gotten there that most opportunities had been taken Steinbeck Then there are the others who took matters in their own hands Revolting against the government became a new trend Al Capone was the single greatest leader of illegal scams which defied the United States government during the 1920s prohibition era Al Capone was born on January 17 1899 in Brooklyn New York Baptized Alphonse Capone by his father Gabriele and his mother Teresina Capone was the first of his family to be born and conceived in America Bardsley He grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two kid gangs the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors Kobler 11 Capone at age fourteen was expelled from school when he physically lost his temper with his teacher He never went to school again Bardsley Between scams he was a clerk in a candy store a pin boy in a bowling alley and a cutter in a bookbindery Halper 102 At age 18Capone became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked as a bouncer and a bartender in the Harvard Inn owned by gangster Frankie Yale While working at the Inn Capone insulted a beautiful lady and was attacked by her brother This was where Capone received the infamous facial scars which lead to his nickname Scarface Bergreen 16 Capone later went on to work for Frankie Yales old mentor John Torrio Torrio noticed Capones potential strength and intelligence Soon Capone was helping Torrio manage his bootlegging business Capone was made Torrios right-hand man and together they controlled saloons gambling houses and brothels Kobler 13
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Figuring out what to do about the background of a needlepoint piece is often perplexing.
The design is so pretty on it’s white background. But stitch and suddenly something more is needed — a background. Some canvas come on colored or metallic canvas so a possible background is there. Some canvases have a painted background.
But almost always you will need to stitch something. I have tried all kinds of different things for backgrounds from a pulled canvas background, to an all-metallic Giant Diagonal Mosaic. Some have worked well, some haven’t, but here are some of my favorite techniques for backgrounds.
I’ve found several ways to think about what will work for a background before I make a stitch and discuss them in this post.
Needlepoint Damask uses two threads with a slight contrast to make a background which is stitched entirely in Tent Stitch, but which has pattern in it.
Another technique I love for backgrounds is Blackwork. I like the look of it in matching threads on colored canvas or in colored threads on white canvas. This post has tips on how to do it.
Most often I use a textured stitch for a bacgkround. When the combination of thread, color, and stitch is right, this is a perfect, but simple background. Here are five great stitches for them.
Stripes make powerful backgrounds. This post, on the Random Stripe Generator program, has some ideas for how to use them.
One of the most common types of background is a sky. While there are many great techniques to stitch skies, here are some of the ones I use again and again.
Don’t be afraid of doing something unique for your background. Even if you only have learned Basketweave there is plenty you can do to make your backgrounds exciting. | <urn:uuid:c3efdce9-a9dd-45bc-8900-7455a1170cd0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nuts-about-needlepoint.com/lets-get-stitching-backgrounds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951173 | 380 | 1.9375 | 2 |
2019 International Conference on Advances in Literature, Arts and Communication
Visual Stylization and Emotional Analysis of Format Design
Bing Liu, Ruiqiu Pang
Format design is the overall art form of layout of various kinds of information in magazines, periodicals and advertisements. With the help of visual stylization and emotional shaping, excellent format design can effectively attract the audience's attention, cause the audience's emotional fluctuation, make the audience perceive the attitude and position of magazines, periodicals and advertisements to specific news events, and better perceive the personality and emotional color of the magazine, periodicals and advertisements. Format design can guide the audience to interpret the order of information, facilitate the audience to search for information of concern, and deepen the transmission of information by means of visual style and emotional expression.
Format design; Visual stylization; Emotional
Cite this paper:
Bing Liu, Ruiqiu Pang. Visual Stylization and Emotional Analysis of Format Design. 2019 International Conference on Advances in Literature, Arts and Communication (ALAC 2019). 2019, Vol.1: 48-51. https://doi.org/10.35532/JAHS.V1.011 | <urn:uuid:b4123a20-1688-4e5d-b19e-3561037dd266> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aeescience.org/ppapers/2019093001/ALAC93011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.82414 | 275 | 1.851563 | 2 |
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The Epic Story of World War II's Most Daring Submarine Raid
By Peter Sasgen
In 1945-with no knowledge of the development of the atomic bomb- American submarine commanders, desperate to avoid an invasion of the home islands, believed that if the Japanese merchant fleet was sunk, the enemy would be forced to surrender. The problem: the ships were protected in the Sea of Japan from American submarines by a seemingly impenetrable barrier of deadly minefields. For the first time, Peter Sasgen tells the gripping story of Operation Barney, a suicide mission in which nine submarines, nicknamed Hellcats, were tasked with the impossible-get through the underwater mines and decimate the enemy fleet. Success would hinge on a new experimental sonar system that would-with luck-guide American submarines safely past the mines. Drawing on original documents and the poignant personal letters of one doomed Hellcat commander, Sasgen crafts a classic naval tale of the heroic submariners and one of World War II's most ambitious and dangerous missions. | <urn:uuid:1dfbb62d-dadf-4952-8124-bededa6af0b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mail.uboat.net/books/item/2366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.901982 | 233 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Date(s) - 30th Sep 2019
The 2nd May 2019 marked the quincentenary of the death of the consummate Renaissance man, Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519). This provides great scope to reflect on the prolific career of one of the most prodigious and multifarious talents of all time and heralds the unveiling of The Leonardo Project, 2014 to 2019. Scientist, inventor, engineer, architect, mathematician, artist and musician, Leonardo was the epitome of the Renaissance polymath. Leonardo devised pioneering prototypes for flying machines using the wing-structure of birds at a time when he also developed designs for caterpillar tracks for tanks and paradigms for the parachute and helicopter. As a giant of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, in fact, only completed approximately fifteen paintings. Furthermore, few of his designs were published in his lifetime and many remain inchoate yet leaving a legacy far from untouched: most recently American aeronautic engineers replicated Leonardo’s blueprint for the parachute, thankfully enjoying a pleasant flight!
Synonymous with dissection and visionary scientific invention himself, perhaps the most fascinating development has been the attempt to posthumously extrapolate DNA from Leonardo’s remains in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert at the Château d’Amboise in the Loire Valley in order to develop his genetic profile. The intention being; to make his clone. Dolly the Sheep was one thing, but a living Leonardo would surely be quite another!
Come along and provide your perspective on the most celebrated genius beyond Albert Einstein and assess how more contemporary geniuses such as Steve Jobs and James Dyson stack up against the percipient polymath of the cinquecento.
An exhibition to mark the quincentenary has been touring nationwide and is currently at the Queen’s Gallery London until 13 October.
The talk will be given by Nick Nelson, Head of History of Art at Cheltenham College and Director of Arcadia Education for Art History.
Time: Coffee from 11:00. Speaker: 11:30-12:30. Cost: £10.
If you have any questions please phone Alison on 01242 519413.
Please book using one of the following options:
- On-line bookings with a debit or credit card, or Paypal account, can be made using the form below. Alternatively you may reserve your place, select the ‘off-line’ payment option and pay by bank transfer or cheque.
- Bank transfer – please email email@example.com and wait for confirmation that places are available before arranging your bank transfer.
- Cheque – please complete a booking form (download here or available in the Friends’ newsletter) and post it with your cheque.
Places are not confirmed until payment is received.
Bank transfers should be made to 30-91-87 00005816. The reference must include your surname plus as much of the event title as will fit, for example SMITH T173.
Please make cheques payable to Friends of The Wilson and send with a SAE or clearly written email address to Mrs Alison Pascoe, 77 Naunton Lane, Cheltenham, GL53 7AZ.
Bookings are now closed for this event. | <urn:uuid:3d4199bf-1a66-4f58-ada7-3eeb4bb841b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.friendsofthewilson.org.uk/events/coffee-morning-talk-173-leonardo-da-vinci/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.935296 | 705 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A U.S. 8th Fighter Command plane piloted by Lieutenant Christenson attacks a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter during World War II.
European Theater Date:1944 Duration:17 sec Sound:NO SOUND
A German aircraft is attacked by a U.S. aircraft on 15th March 1944 in the European Theater during World War II. A U.S. aircraft of 8th Fighter Command is piloted by Lieutenant Christenson of 62nd Squadron. A German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft is being chased by the U.S. aircraft. It explodes after facing fire.
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
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Be the first to correct or edit this clip's info! Edit Now | <urn:uuid:471cf860-caf4-4825-a740-93fff509e21c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675047661_attack-on-Focke-Wulf-Fw-190-fighter_62nd-Squadron_Fw-190-chased_Fw-190-explodes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93408 | 174 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Border collies are generally considered to be the most intelligent breed of dog. Dog intelligence is often measured in terms of how trainable and obedient a breed is.
The Intelligence of Dogs is a book on dog intelligence by Stanley Coren, a
professor of canine psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver
. Published in 1994, the book explains Cor...
Jun 9, 2016 ... PetBreeds, a Graphiq vertical search engine, used data from ... The dogs on the
list will be ordered according to intelligence tiers, and then ...
WebMD lists the 10 smartest dog breeds including what they were bred for and if
they make good family pets.
Feb 1, 2015 ... Dogs are smart in different ways, by instinct, eagerness to please or training. The
American Kennel Club lists the smartest dog breeds.
Jan 24, 2016 ... Here is a list of 100 of the smartest dog breeds in descending order, with the
smartest at the end. 100. Afghan Hound. These gentle giants are ...
Aug 18, 2014 ... More than just a foofoo haircut, poodles consistently land on the list of smartest
dog breeds. They were originally bred in Germany for bird ...
Here is a list of the 10 smartest dog breeds. Is your dog one of them? Border
collie. The Border collie is energetic, affectionate, and — of course — smart.
A list of the 23 smartest pure- and mixed dog breeds.
Ranking of dogs' intelligence by breed. ... According to S. Coren, author of "The
Intelligence of Dogs", there are three types of dog intelligence: Adaptive ... | <urn:uuid:59f01e1a-3744-4f2d-9cb0-4ea3aed460ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=A+List+of+the+Smartest+Breeds+of+Dogs&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00193-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89167 | 343 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Image-sharing social platform Pinterest has stopped showing search results related to vaccines in an effort to curb misinformation.
Pinterest, a popular image-sharing social network, is taking a strict stance on content around anti-vaxxer content, according to a report from The Wall Street Journal.
The spread of misinformation about vaccinations online is a growing issue, with the World Health Organization citing reluctance to vaccinate as one of the top 10 risks to global health in 2019.
Earlier in February, experts highlighted the proliferation of anti-vaxxer claims within private groups on Facebook. Some of these private groups have tens of thousands of members. Other social media firms such as YouTube have also been criticised for allowing anti-vaxxer content to proliferate.
Pinterest takes tough stance
Earlier this week, it was reported that Pinterest conducted a review of vaccine-related content on the platform and found that the bulk of it consisted of warnings about the dangers of vaccines, despite general scientific consensus saying otherwise. The company has now taken the step of not returning results for the vaccination category at all.
Ifeoma Ozoma, manager of public policy and social impact at Pinterest, said that it was “better not to serve those results than to lead people down what is like a recommendation rabbit hole”.
According to Gizmodo, searches for ‘vaccination’ and ‘anti-vaccination’ returned no results, but some other key words surfaced some content. The company has said it is difficult to remove this content in its entirety, but the ban is in place until a more permanent plan can be implemented.
A spokesperson for the company said: “We want Pinterest to be an inspiring place for people, and there’s nothing inspiring about misinformation. That’s why we continue to work on new ways of keeping misleading content off our platform and out of our recommendations engine.”
Examining unwanted content
As well as content around vaccines, the company has taken steps to block posts promoting false cures for cancer as part of a broader plan to deal with health-related misinformation that has been in place since 2017. The company calls such content “polluted”.
According to The Guardian, Pinterest also includes health misinformation content in its “hash bank”, which prevents users from repinning anti-vaxxer content that has been reported on another part of its platform. Pinning from certain websites has also been banned entirely.
Facebook recently told Bloomberg that it is exploring ways to remove anti-vaccine information from its platform. Congressman Adam Schiff contacted Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Google head Sundar Pichai imploring them to address the issue.
Facebook said solutions may include “reducing or removing this type of content from recommendations, including Groups You Should Join, and demoting it in search results, while also ensuring that higher-quality and more authoritative information is available”. Google is said to be looking into similar measures. | <urn:uuid:9d1db11b-5b7d-4107-8e97-b9494613c846> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/pinterest-vaccines-antivaxxers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.949968 | 611 | 2.015625 | 2 |
- BACKGROUND ART
This invention relates to rapidly initiating operation of a fuel cell power plant at sub-freezing temperature, in which product water is removed by drawing it into the water transport plates by means of a vacuum.
It is generally agreed that one difficulty with utilizing fuel cells to power the propulsion system of electric vehicles is the requirement that such vehicles be operable at temperatures below that at which water will freeze. Freezing provides potential mechanical damage as a consequence of the expansion of ice, and presents problems due to the inseparability of water and the fuel cell processes. Heretofore, various methods of initiating operation of a fuel cell, preparatory to the operation of an electric vehicle, have concentrated on providing heat, either by reaction or combustion of fuel, or by means of battery power, to various water and other coolant conduits and reservoirs. Other efforts are directed toward processes designed to accelerate the rate at which a fuel cell stack will heat up to above-freezing temperatures, as a consequence of its own operation.
In copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/390,439 filed Mar. 17, 2003, a PEM fuel cell stack at subfreezing temperature is connected to a vehicle propulsion system or other electric load within a few seconds or as soon as the stack provides open circuit voltage. According to the invention, the fuel cell stack is started with more than a stochiometric flow of fuel and at least stochiometric flow of oxidant, which may be at subfreezing temperatures, or not, whereby to prolong operation without localized heating, thereby permitting the vehicle (or other load) to be used during the time that the apparatus and fluids are being heated to suitable, operational temperatures.
In one known type of PEM fuel cells, the coolant water is managed through porous water transport plates, and by recirculating the water through a restriction, the water is caused to be at between 7 and 21 kPa (1 to 3 psi) below the pressure of the reactants, which are typically at atmospheric pressure. This ensures that water will not pool in the reactant gas channels, that the water is forced into the water channels, and that the hydrophilic substrates will not be flooded and will have sufficient open porosity to permit reactant diffusion. However, when freezing temperatures are encountered, the water in the reactant channels, coolant channels, water pump and other conduits of the water circulatory system is drained upon shutdown of the fuel cell system; upon startup, there is no circulating water so there is no way to maintain negative pressure in the water channels. Therefore, water can build up in the reactant channels.
- DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
In one embodiment of said copending application, at least one of the reactant gases is provided to the fuel cell stack at a pressure of at least about 4 kPa (0.6 psi) above the pressure of any water in the water channels, which typically will be about atmospheric pressure. This prevents liquid water from pooling in the reactant channels, and flooding the electrode substrates, which is particularly important in the oxidant gas reactant channel where product water can accumulate.
Objects of the invention include: operating, at subfreezing temperature, a fuel cell stack without flooding of the cathode; improved initiation of fuel cell operation at subfreezing temperature; initiating fuel cell operation at subfreezing temperature without pressurizing the reactant gases; and avoiding the need for reactant pressure above atmospheric when starting a frozen fuel cell stack.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in the light of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 is a simplified, sectioned side elevation of slightly more than one fuel cell which may be part of a stack with which the present invention may be practiced.
MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle engine propulsion system, including a fuel cell stack by which it is powered, which may practice the present invention.
The invention may be used with a wide variety of fuel cell stacks, having fuel cells of various configurations.
According to the invention, when starting a PEM fuel cell stack at below-freezing temperatures, the water in at least one of the reactant gas flow fields is drawn into porous water transport plates by means of a vacuum created in the water flow channels of the fuel cells. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a cross sectional view of a typical fuel cell 12, which includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 16, an anode support plate 17 and a cathode support plate 19. The MEA 16 comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane (“PEM”) 70, an anode catalyst 72 and a cathode catalyst 74. The anode catalyst 72 and the cathode catalyst 74 are secured on opposite sides of the PEM 70.
The anode support plate 17 and cathode support plate 19 may include hydrophobic diffusion layers 76, 78 and hydrophilic substrate layers 80, 82. The anode diffusion layer 76 is adjacent to a side of the anode catalyst 72, and the anode substrate layer 80 is adjacent to the anode diffusion layer 76 opposite the anode catalyst 72. The anode diffusion layer 76 and the hydrophilic anode substrate layer 80 allow the fuel reactant gas, which passes through a passageway 94 in a water transport plate 84, and the water, which passes through a passageway 96, to reach the anode catalyst 72. In the general case, the water passageways may be adjacent to the plate that provides the reactant gas passages. The fuel cell 12 also includes a hydrophobic cathode diffusion layer 78 and a hydrophilic cathode substrate layer 82, which allow the oxidant reactant gas passing through a passageway 92 in a water transport plate 86 to reach the cathode catalyst 74. The cathode diffusion layer 78 is adjacent to a side of the cathode catalyst 74, and the cathode substrate layer 82 is adjacent to the cathode diffusion layer 78 opposite the cathode catalyst 74. The hydrophobic cathode diffusion layer 78 and the hydrophilic cathode substrate layer 82 also allow the product water, which forms in the cathode catalyst 74, to migrate toward the water transport plate 86.
The diffusion layers 76, 78 are applied to both the anode and cathode substrate layers 80, 82, within the anode support plate 17 and cathode support plate 19, by procedures well known in the art. One procedure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,181. The diffusion layers 76, 78 are typically constructed of porous conductive layers that are rendered hydrophobic or partially hydrophobic by means of a hydrophobic polymer.
As shown in FIG. 1, the anode water transport plate 84 is adjacent to the anode support plate 17, and the cathode water transparent plate 86 is adjacent to the cathode support plate 19. The anode and cathode water transport plates 84, 86 may be structured and/or oriented to cooperate with adjacent water transport plates 88, 89 such that the passageways 96 and 98 simultaneously serve as the coolant stream for both the anode of one cell and cathode of the next cell.
The water transport plates 84, 86, 88, 89 are typically porous graphite having a mean pore size of approximately two (2) to three (3) microns and a porosity of about 35% to 40%. It is preferable to make the water transport plates 84, 86, 88, 89 hydrophilic by treating them with tin oxide (SnO2) such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,414, which is owned by the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference.
The hydrophilic porous nature of the cathode water transport plate 86, in conjunction with a negative pressure differential between the coolant and oxidant reactant gas streams, ensures proper removal of the product water formed at the cathode. Specifically, the water flows from the cathode support plate 19, through the water transport plate 86 and into the coolant passageways 98. Also, the anode water transport plate 84 furnishes the anode support plate 17 with a continuous supply of water, which eventually reaches the PEM and prevents it from becoming dry.
Alternatively, a fuel cell may differ from the fuel cell 12 in FIG. 1, in that the anode support plate may include a hydrophilic substrate layer but not include a diffusion layer. Not using a diffusion layer on the anode support plate further increases the performance capability of the fuel cell by removing all hydrophobic or partially hydrophobic barriers to the transport of liquid water from the anode water transport plate 84 to the anode catalyst 72.
In another alternative, a fuel cell which may be used with the present invention may have interdigitated reactant passageways within the substrate layers, rather than in the water transport plates thereby allowing the reactant gas streams to pass directly into and through the substrate layer. Whether the reactant gas passageways have a conventional or serpentine flow-through configuration or interdigitated configuration, the water transport plates include additional grooves on their opposite side. When this opposite side abuts another water transport plate, or any other plate, these grooves serve as passageways for the coolant stream to pass therethrough.
Additionally, when the anode and cathode water transport plates abut each other and these grooves align, these grooves jointly create a single coolant stream passageway that serves as water transport plates for both the anode of one cell and the cathode of an adjacent cell.
The fuel cell stack may have solid separator plates between fuel cells disposed between the anode water transport plates 84, 89 and the cathode water transport plates 86, 88. Or, each cell may be separated from an adjacent cell by solid separator plates having coolant channels therein, as shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/036,181, filed Dec. 28, 2001. The coolant channels would similarly be placed, at every fourth or so fuel cell, between an anode water transport plate, such as one of the plates 84, 89, and a cathode water transport plate, such as one of the transport plates 86, 88, of an adjacent fuel cell. In the case of coolant plates between adjacent cells or occasionally interspersed in the stack, the coolant therein may either be antifreeze solution, or it may be water.
In the usual case, if separate coolant channels are utilized, antifreeze may typically be used so as to simplify the handling of coolant in climates which are below the freezing temperature of water.
There are additional configurations disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/733,133, filed Dec. 8, 2000, with which the invention may be used.
The invention may also be used with passive water management fuel cells, such as that disclosed in the aforementioned application Ser. No. 10/036,181, in which the ends of water channels adjacent to corresponding reactant gas inlet manifolds are dead ended, and the other ends of the water channels drain excess water into a related reactant gas exhaust manifold.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a vehicle 150 includes a fuel cell stack 151 comprising a plurality of contiguous fuel cells, only one fuel cell 12 being shown in FIG. 2. The electrical output at the positive and negative terminals of the fuel cell stack 151 is connected by a pair of lines 155, 156 through a switch 158 to a vehicle propulsion system 159. The output is also connected through a switch 160 to an auxiliary heater 161 in a reservoir 164 of a water circulation system, the reservoir having a vent 165. The water circulation system may include a trim valve 166, water passages, such as those within water transport plates 84, 86, 88, 89, a radiator and fan 168, 169 which is selectively operable to cool water circulating in the system, and a water pump 170. Ambient air at an inlet 173 is provided by a pump, such as a blower 174, to the oxidant reactant gas flow fields of the cathode 19, and thence through a pressure regulating valve 175 to exhaust 176. Hydrogen is supplied from a source 179 through a flow regulating valve 180 to the fuel reactant gas flow fields of the anode 17, and thence through a pressure regulating valve 181 to exhaust 182. A fuel recycle loop includes a pump 183.
A controller 185 responds to load current determined by a current detector 186 as well as to the voltage across the lines 155, 156; it may also have temperature of the stack provided on a line 187. The controller, in turn, can control the valve 180 over a line 190 as well as controlling the other valves, the switches 158, 160 and the pumps 174, 170, as shown in FIG. 2.
The controller 185 responds to start and speed control signals from the vehicle propulsion system 159 on lines 193 and 194, which will indicate when the fuel cell should commence operation, and the amount of power being demanded by the vehicle propulsion system.
It is assumed that the vehicle propulsion system will be started up in a condition in which at least a portion of the fuel cell stack 151 is below the freezing temperature of water. When that is the case, the entire vehicle may be in an ambient environment which is below the freezing temperature of water. It is further assumed, for the explanation that follows, that the fuel cell stack has had substantially all of the water in the porous support plates and the reactant gas flow fields removed, which may be achieved in accordance with a procedure disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/826,739, filed Apr. 5, 2001. Thus, there will likely be ice in the PEM, in the anode and cathode catalyst layers, as well as within the pores of the water transport plates. However, it should be borne in mind that the water transport plates themselves can hold ice within the pores without doing damage to the water transport plates, as in the case for the PEM. Furthermore, the substrates 80, 82 (FIG. 1) are sufficiently close to the PEM itself (as seen in FIG. 1) that the temperature of the water that is transferred into the substrates will very nearly follow the temperature of the PEM, rather than the temperature of the reactant gases themselves. Thus, even though the water transport plates have ice in the pores thereof, product water will not freeze in the substrates due to the transient heat transfer characteristic of the membrane electrode assembly.
According to the invention, a valve 200 is provided so as to be able to isolate the water transport plates 84, 86, 88, 89 in conjunction with the valve 166. Additionally, a line 202 is provided to a valve 203, which in turn is connected to a small vacuum pump 205. During initial startup, with the valves 166 and 200 closed, and the valve 203 open and the vacuum pump 205 operating, any water formed adjacent to the cathode will be drawn into the water transport plates. The pressure of the reactant gases will be above the pressure in the water channels by at least 4 kPa (0.6 psi) and preferably 4 to 21 kPa (0.6-3 psi), due to the vacuum in the water channels. The pressure differentials are measured between the reactant exhaust manifolds and the water inlet manifold of the stack.
Whenever a start signal is sent from the vehicle propulsion system 159 over the line 193 to the controller 185, signals from the controller will cause the valves 166 and 200 to be closed, the valve 203 to be open and the pump 205 to run. Also, the valves 180, 181 and the pump 183 will be operated appropriately so as to provide fuel reactant gas to the flow fields of the anode 17, and the valve 175 and pump 174 will be operated appropriately to provide ambient air to the flow fields of the cathode 19. Initially, more than a stochiometric amount of hydrogen based on current density during startup will be provided to the anode 17. Similarly, at least twice the stochiometric amount of air is provided initially; preferably an amount up to about five times stochiometric requirement of air is initially provided. The more air that is provided, the more uniform will be the current distribution among the various cells of the stack 151.
When fuel and air of sufficient quantity have been provided uniformly to the cells, open circuit voltage will be detected on the lines 155, 156 by the controller 185. At that time, the controller 10 closes the switch 158 so as to connect the fuel cell stack 151 to the vehicle propulsion system 159. Optionally, the controller 185 may also close the switch 160 at the same time so as to connect the fuel cell stack to an auxiliary load, which may comprise the heater 161 in the reservoir 164, which will start to melt some of the ice in the reservoir 164. With the fuel cell stack providing power to the loads, heat produced by the reactions within the fuel cell stack causes the fuel cell stack materials and the ice to begin warm up.
When the temperature of the stack reaches about 0° C. (32° F.), the heat generated by the stack is absorbed as the heat of fusion of the ice within the stack, substantially all of which is in the water transport plates. In fact, the water transport plates may have as much as 10 or 20 times more ice than the PEM, causing the temperature of the stack to remain at 0° C. out to nearly three minutes after startup, depending upon the power level. After about two and one-half minutes, heat generated by the operation of the stack is absorbed as sensible heat by the materials of the stack and the water inside the stack. Then, evaporative cooling begins to occur.
Although the air and hydrogen that are being brought into the stack may be very cold, and even below the freezing temperature of water, as the gases pass through the flow fields, they rapidly warm up and after about three and one-half minutes, will begin evaporating product water and water in the water transport plates into the gas streams, thereby providing cooling to the cell stack. During the entire initial time that the cell stack is operating, up to about seven and one-half minutes, the stack is relying on air cooling and primarily evaporative cooling to prevent excessive local heating at any point within the stack.
At about seven and one-half minutes after initiating stack operation, there typically will be sufficient liquid water in the reservoir 164 to fill the water circulating system. The controller then opens valves 166 and 200, closes valve 203, shuts off the pump 205, and turns on the pump 170. Water then passes from the tank through the valve 166, through the water transport plates, through the valve 200 and the radiator 168, the pump 170 and back to the reservoir 164. Although there may not be sufficient water to replace all of the ice in the reservoir 164 at this time, that is not, however, necessary. Therefore, circulation of water flowing within the water circulation system, including the water passages in the cell stack, can begin, and suitable negative water pressure will be achieved through adjustment of the valve 166 by the controller 185. Thereafter, liquid cooling of the cell stack, as in normal cell stack operation, will take place.
Note that the vehicle was placed in condition for operation within about 15 seconds of starting the flow of reactant gases into the stack; the stack was maintained in a sufficiently cool state by the heat of fusion of the melting ice in the water transport plates, by the heating up of the mass of the stack and water, and by the evaporation of water from the water transport plates into the reactant gases, particularly the oxidant reactant gas (air).
All of the aforementioned patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.
Thus, although the invention has been shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and various other changes, omissions and additions may be made therein and thereto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. | <urn:uuid:93915410-7ba7-4ef0-86fe-ad9bf0f5b97d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US20040224191 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933108 | 4,199 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hundreds of S.F. Transit Stops To Be Eliminated
Perhaps every bus rider has such experience that the bus on the most heavily used routes is always stopping to pick up and drop off passengers when he/she is hurrying to work or school. This week S.F. Municipal Railway officials made a proposal to eliminate some stops in order to speed up service.
""This will be controversial," said Muni chief Nathaniel Ford.
It also would be one of the cheapest ways to improve Muni's on-time performance, which hit a record-high 74.5 percent in the latest reporting period that covered the first three months of the year but still fell far short of the 85 percent on-time performance mark mandated by city voters 10 years ago.
The proposal is the next step in Muni's efforts to overhaul the transit system. Plans already are under way to steer more service to the most popular lines." | <urn:uuid:0f963dfd-fa26-49fa-9e8a-28e0e2e1d81d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.planetizen.com/node/39213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00489-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961941 | 188 | 1.523438 | 2 |
You can control the up-and-down hormones in these easy ways
One of the major reasons behind problems like constipation, diabetes is the up-down of hormones. Therefore, it is important to keep getting health checkups done from time to time so that it can be known whether they are normal or not. So if your hormones are disturbed then it can be managed with some measures. Let’s know how?
The main function of this hormone is to control the level of glucose in the blood and to deliver energy to every cell of the body. Apart from this, insulin also works to store fat inside the body. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, reduce your sugar intake as much as possible. This will keep your insulin level under control.
Fat cells in the body secrete the hormone leptin, whose job is to control appetite by sending signals to the hypothalamus of the brain. In some cases (such as inflammation in the hypothalamus or increased insulin levels) the body may act against this hormone, increasing your appetite, leading to weight gain. To fix this, you need to limit your intake of fatty, sugary food as well as exercise daily.
This is another hormone that works in conjunction with your brain’s hypothalamus and tells you when you need to eat. However, the trouble comes when the level of this ‘Hunger Hormone’ drops and your body doesn’t understand when to eat and when not. So the best way to keep ghrelin levels normal is to consume protein in limited amounts.
It is also known as the ‘stress hormone’ and this is the reason why you tend to eat more whenever you are under stress. So if you want to keep your weight under control, it is very important to keep the level of cortisol normal. For this, sleep well, be happy and also avoid junk food.
If you want to keep your estrogen hormone normal, then include things rich in fiber in your diet. Also, eat more and more vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, etc.
Also read- If you also live tired all day, then definitely read this news | <urn:uuid:86a39d5d-4317-4961-83e2-be77f4e580fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tezzbuzz.com/health/you-can-control-the-up-and-down-hormones-in-these-easy-ways/cid8186138.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.947647 | 457 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Fullerene is a third form of carbon, after diamond and graphite. Its molecules may be roughly spherical in shape, in which case they are known as buckyballs, or tubular in shape, in which case they are known as carbon nanotubes. Fullerene, also known as buckminsterfullerene, is named after the American architect whose geodesic domes the molecules resemble.
Related category• SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact | <urn:uuid:f846402a-1424-40e5-8b72-73248381b4df> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/F/fullerene.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00251-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952396 | 118 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The American Civil
Yank Irishmen Charging - "Clear the way!"
A list of Doyle men that have been identified so far
from American Civil War Official Records
1. Color Sergeant Arthur Doyle, Co."B"
Confederate Guard Response Battalion
2. F.N. Doyle (Killed In Action), 16th Iowa Infantry
3. Cpl Daniel Thomas Doyle, (Killed In Action), Co.
"D" Alabama 2nd Lt Artillery Confederate Army
4. Patrick Doyle, Co "C" 6th New York
5. Captain Charles Doyle, 5th Conn Inf
6. James Doyle (Killed In Action), 5th New York
(attacked by Mosby)
7. Sergeant Dennis Doyle, Co. "H" 13th Conn
8. 1st Lieutenant Ed. Doyle, Co. "C" 13th
Tenn Inf (Confederate Army)
9. Thomas Doyle (Killed In Action), 6th Div Mo.State
10. Sergeant Edward Doyle, 3rd 5th Confederate Infantry
(Selected for Roll of Honor 8-10-64)
11. George W. Doyle, Co. "H" 2nd US Artillery
12. Captain Richard N. Doyle, 8th Mich Infantry
13. Captain J. A. Doyle, Commissary
14. Sergeant James Doyle, 3rd New Jersey Cavalry
15. Captain James Doyle, 110th NY Infantry (Fort
16. Lieutenant William Doyle, (Adjutant) 17th Indiana
17. N. Doyle, Parish Prison of Orleans (Confederate
18. John Doyle, prisoner Castle Thunder in Richmond
19. John Doyle, Representative Recruit from New York
20. Lieutentant John Doyle, GM 15th Mich Infantry
21. John Doyle, 1st Pa Lt Artillery
22. Color Sergeant Joseph Doyle, 1st Maryland Infantry
23. Lieutenant Martin P. Doyle, 21st Pa Cavalry
24. Captain Robert L. Doyle, 3rd Virginia Infantry
25. Captain Stephen M. Doyle, 72nd New York Infantry
26. Lieutenant Thomas Doyle, 1st Mo Cavalry Militia
27. Lieutenant J. Doyle, 10th Virginia Cavalry
28. John Doyle, 99th New York Infantry
29. Private Dennis Doyle 39th New York Infantry
30. Cpl James Henry Doyle 120th Indiana Regt.
31. Frank Doyle Confederate States Navy August
* Frank Doyle was killed in action when the 'C.S.S.
Hunley' was sunk in Charlestown harbour, South Carolina.
The 'Hunley' was a primitive submarine that has been credited
with being the
first submarine to sink an enemy ship of war. You can find this at:
32. Captain Michael C. Doyle Co "C" Iowa
** There were many more Doyle men serve on both
sides during the American Civil War - so, if you have any
recorded details about your DOYLE ancestor in the American
Civil War, please send this information to us so that we can
include it in the next up-date of The Doyle Page.
To send in details of
DOYLE men and women who have been killed
at war, for inclusion in the Doyle Roll of Honour. Please
contact us by e-mail! | <urn:uuid:6cfce780-a3ba-45b2-a11f-7b039f59604b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://doyle.com.au/honour_american_civil.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00447-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896324 | 694 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Facilities and Purchasing
To provide comprehensive building & grounds maintenance programs that improve and extend the life of facilities and ensure that they are attractive, comfortable, safe, energy efficient, and functional for all authorized building users and approved organizations. To deliver quality purchasing and distribution to students staff and vendors while seeking the most economical, effective, and efficient acquisition and payment of goods and services.
Facilities and Purchasing has a total of 200 full-time employees working toward maintaining and serving 30 school sites — 2 Early Education, 19 Elementary Schools, 4 Middle Schools, 3 High Schools and 1 Alternative School. They provide Custodial, Grounds, Maintenance, Purchasing and Distribution services. The objective of the Custodial Services is to maintain a safe, sanitary, and healthy environment for both staff and students. The purpose of the Grounds is to maintain large lawn, landscaping, and sports turf areas in a manner that supports the educational goals of the district. The goal of the Maintenance is to maintain equipment and buildings, throughout its expected useful life. The plan of the Purchasing and Distribution is to deliver quality products, provide exceptional customer service and create a safe and secure environment. | <urn:uuid:de6350b4-cc7a-467c-88b3-d760db67ef90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sites.isdschools.org/purchasing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939697 | 236 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Trade unions extend nationalist campaign to defend “British jobs”
18 February 2009
Recent unofficial strikes, which began at the Lindsey oil refinery in Lincolnshire, England, and spread to power stations and oil refineries across the UK were conducted based on the demand “British Jobs for British workers.”
While nominally “unofficial,” they were fully endorsed by the Unite and GMB trade union bureaucracy.
The World Socialist Web Site opposed these strikes and explained that the legitimate grievances of workers against rising employment were consciously being diverted into a noxious right-wing campaign antithetical to their class interests. Following the strike, Unite organised official action and demonstrations on February 11 at two power stations currently under construction, one at Staythorpe in Newark, Nottinghamshire, and the other at the Isle of Grain in Kent.
According to the union, around 400 “skilled but unemployed construction workers” blocked the main gate at Staythorpe, while some 70 unemployed workers demonstrated outside the Grain Power Station.
At both of the sites, Alstom is the main contractor. The company is using two subcontractors at each of the sites.
At Staythorpe, Alstom was contracted by RWE to build the gas-fired station. Alstom then subcontracted the work on the site project to two Spanish companies, Montpressa and FMM.
At the Isle of Grain, the contract was awarded to Alstom by the power company E.on to build the power station. Alstom then subcontracted some work to the Polish firms Remak and ZRE Katowice.
A statement issued by Unite on February 10 said of Montpressa and FMM and the dispute at Staythorpe, “These two non-UK contracting companies say they have no intention of employing any local labour to undertake the work.”
Unite said it estimated “that 600 jobs will be needed to build the power station's turbine and boiler (Montpressa will fit the turbine and FMM will fit the boiler) and another 250 to build the pipe connecting the two. None of these jobs will go to UK workers.”
On the dispute at the Grain Power Station, it added, “Two sub-contractors, Remak and ZRE, have also refused to consider applications for work from UK-based labour. Unite estimates that the two sub-contractors will require 450 workers over the lifetime of the project.”
The joint general secretary of Unite, Derek Simpson, spelled out what it is that the union is demanding. “Alstom has the power to insist that the sub-contractors end this scandalous situation. UK-based labour must be given a fair chance to get a cut of the action to build a new generation of UK power stations”.
As with the Lindsey dispute, the trade unions have attempted to portray the disputes at Staythorpe and Grain as based on defending trade union rights and conditions and a protest against unscrupulous employers who import cheap labour.
During the Lindsey strike, it emerged that the Unite trade union official Bernard McAuley was involved in three meetings with IREM, the Italian firm at the centre of the dispute, prior to the action. According to reports in the media, McAuley negotiated agreements on the terms and conditions of the 140-strong Italian workforce at Lindsey.
Alstom has denied the claims of the trade unions and has said that its employees, whether British or European, are paid the same rates. The company said last week, “For the Staythorpe and Grain construction sites British workers will carry out two-thirds of the work from start to finish. The claim that we discriminate against British workers is simply not true.”
The most recent statement issued by the “Britons first” campaign underlined the thoroughly reactionary nature of this movement. On February 13, a statement was issued on the ConstructionWorkerUK/bearfacts.co.uk website entitled “Staythorpe Campaign Bulletin of the joint trade unions UNITE and the GMB.”
The statement said of Alstom's claim that two thirds of the workforce on the site will be British, “This is not the case in regard to engineering construction workers. We believe that FMM and Mompressa will utilise around 400 workers on the turbine and the boiler, Alstom 250 on the scope transmission work all utilising exclusively overseas labour. We are led to believe that the Balancer plant is about to be awarded to an Italian firm. Obviously all eyes will be on where they source their workforce. These figures are difficult to reconcile with the Alstom statement.”
The statement then called for construction workers to attend further planned demonstrations and made it clear that these protests were being supported by a substantial number of British corporations. It continued, “Some employers are offering tacit support to the aims of our campaign by taking a relaxed attitude to a proportion of their workforce attending our protests.”
It added, “I have been requested to explain that we could minimise the financial strain on our members and also keep our relationship with the more enlightened employers on an even keel if we had delegations from many sites in attendance at the regular protests, rather than lots of workers from one site.”
The statement also called for workers to support and attend the planned “March for Jobs, Justice & Climate” being organised by the Trade Union Congress on March 28.
“This event is an appropriate vehicle for us to demonstrate our anger at the negative impact that globalisation in the shape of multinational construction companies is having on our employment prospects,” it states. “Globalisation is what is behind the attack on our agreement and is the root cause of all of the issues we are currently facing.”
Denunciations of globalisation and demands for a “Britons first” employment policy translate into a protectionist strategy that can only have the most devastating consequences for all workers, regardless of nationality.
Global corporations are indeed involved in a bitter struggle for markets and in order to maintain profitability and survive. But sowing national divisions amongst workers facilitates this process by pitting each against all and asserting shared interests between workers and corporations based in “their” nation. The logic of economic nationalism is war, with workers sent to kill each other on behalf of various national capitalist cliques.
The struggle of the working class is of necessity an international one and must be based on a defence of the common interests of all workers against the world capitalist system.
The nationalist perspective of the Unite and GMB trade unions is shared by the entire trade union bureaucracy. In the last week, the Rail, Maritime and Transport Worker (RMT) trade union launched a campaign against the awarding of a £7.5 billion government contract to Agility Trains, a group that includes John Laing Plc, Hitachi Ltd. and Barclays Plc.
The contract is to build "Super Express" train carriages, the replacement for the rail network’s Intercity 125 trains. The government claimed that the contract and maintenance of the trains would lead to the creation of 12,500 jobs.
Agility Trains and the Brown government have stated that 70 percent of the value of the contract would be spent in Britain, but the RMT and sections of the Labour Party have opposed the deal on the basis that workers in Japan will also be involved in the manufacturing of the trains. They are employed by Hitachi.
The RMT stated that it wanted to know why the bid failed from Express Rail Alliance, which brings together rolling stock manufacturers Bombardier and Siemens, leasing firm Angel Trains and financiers Babcock & Brown. Bombardier, a Canadian engineering group, has a factory in the UK employing 2,200 people.
Justifying the protest, RMT General Secretary Bob Crow graphically illustrated how the economic nationalism of the trade unions complements and exacerbates a drive towards trade war by the major powers. He said of the contract, “We have been campaigning long and hard to protect what is left of Britain's train-making capacity and skills base…. We need to know why the order was not placed with Bombardier, which has established train-building capacity and a skilled workforce in Derby. If Japan can manage to ensure that high-speed fleet that operates on its own railways are manufactured entirely at home there is no earthly reason why Britain cannot either.”
Crow’s statement was echoed by Bob Laxton, the Labour MP for Derby North, who commented, “This is a crass decision which gives the Japanese an opportunity of getting into the UK market. I don't believe for one moment the figure of 12,500 jobs because work will be brought into the United Kingdom from overseas.”
The same RMT that now claims to stridently defend jobs at Bombardier refused to mount any campaign in Derby in 2004 when the same company shed 1,000 jobs. The losses were part of a worldwide restructuring by Bombardier, which led to the closure of 6 of its 35 plants in Europe. Earlier this month, the firm cut a further 300 jobs at the aerospace division of its Belfast factory in Northern Ireland. | <urn:uuid:111f1912-2ef8-487a-ba2a-6963f7d5a726> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/02/brit-f18.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962043 | 1,918 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The security technology called "sandboxing" aims at detecting malware code by subjecting it to run in a computer-based system of one type of another to analyze it for behavior and traits indicative of malware. Sandboxing -- one alternative to traditional signature-based malware defense -- is seen as a way to spot zero-day malware and stealthy attacks in particular. While this technique often effective, it's hardly foolproof, warns a security researcher who helped establish the sandboxing technology used by startup Lastline.
When it comes to malware detection, "a sandbox shouldn't be considered a silver bullet," says Christopher Kruegel, associate professor, computer science department at University of California at Santa Barbara, who is also chief scientist at Lastline, which has its own sandboxing techniques. His admonition comes at a time when the sandbox approach, typically applied to email, is getting more attention as a way to uncover stealthy zero-day attacks intended to compromise organizations and steal data.
[ IN THE NEWS: McAfee acquires ValidEdge sandboxing technology ]
FireEye, Trend Micro, Palo Alto with its WildFire service, GFI, AhnLab, Damballa, Norman and Sourcefire are among the security firms with some form of sandboxing; McAfee recently acquired ValidEdge to expand its own approach.
But malware authors are aware of sandboxing and they come up with various ways to evade sandbox detection, Krugel warns, in what he says is an "arms race." Among malware evasion methods that are part of this growing trend are:
- Stalling code. According to Lastline, "this new evasive technique, which we refer to as stalling code, delays the execution of malicious cade so that a sandbox times out. However, to do this, the malware does not simply sleep. Instead, the malware performs some (useless) computation that gives the appearance of activity."
The stalling technique by the malware works because it "simply executes, and from the point of view of the malware analysis system, everything is normal." According to Lastline's research, it can be part of the sandbox "blind spot":
- A "blind spot" in the sandbox implementation. To monitor malware, "a sandbox introduces hooks," Lastline says. "These hooks can be inserted directly into a program to get notifications (callbacks) for function or library calls. The problem with direct hooks is that the program code needs to be modified, and this can be detected by malware or interfere with dynamic code generation (unpacking)." But the main problem with hooking system calls is that "the sandbox cannot see any instruction that the malware executes between calls. This is a significant blind spot that malware authors can target; and they do so with stalling code, which is code that runs between system calls."
Another evasive method is done through environmental checks, Lastline points out.
- Malware authors can add novel, zero-day "environmental checks" related to the operating system and "manipulate the return value" as an evasive maneuver that forces vendors to "patch" their sandbox to catch it, according to Lastline.
Lastline seeks to address these sandbox-evasion tricks in its Previct appliance it offers, but Kruegel acknowledges "there is no 100% security."
Some information-security managers say they appreciate sandboxing as a defensive technology but don't seem to have any illusions that it is going to be perfect in detecting and stopping malware.
"Sandboxing will get some of it," says Brad Stroeh, senior network security engineer at First Financial Bank, a Sourcefire customer, in discussing a wide variety of security approaches and the credence he places in them. It's worthwhile subjecting malware when possible to a sandbox test, and using it as part of the overall defensive process. But since malware could bypass sandbox checks, it only makes sense to use other malware-detection methods as well.
Ellen Messmer is senior editor at Network World, an IDG publication and website, where she covers news and technology trends related to information security. Twitter: @MessmerE. Email: email@example.com.
Read more about wide area network in Network World's Wide Area Network section. | <urn:uuid:59f984c7-4516-4cdd-a90c-096028ef300d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www2.cso.com.au/article/457373/malware-detecting_sandboxing_technology_no_silver_bullet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.937252 | 870 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Now that the apocalypse has been postponed, most of us do not really think that we need protecting ourselves from a zombie invasion. But even so, it is always advisable that you be prepared and be ready for a time when the zombies might actually attack.
One of the main things that you would need proofing in your car because it is the only way that you would be able to get from one place to another as well as use when and if you need to escape.
One of the first things that you should have in your car is the ejector seat function so that you might get out when ever the need arises. Also it is advisable to install fortified windscreen and windows in order to avoid possible breakage. | <urn:uuid:0e738a3b-0ce0-491f-b548-4d443264b602> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://graphs.net/zombie-proofing-your-car.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973363 | 145 | 1.695313 | 2 |
C. SLAVERY IN ANCIENT ROME (cont.)
Slavery in Ancient Rome: Laws. Treatment of Slaves.
By the original Roman law the master was clothed with absolute dominion over the slave, extending to the power of life and death, which is not surprising when we consider the nature of the patria potestas. The slave could not possess property of any kind; whatever he acquired was legally his masters. He was, however, in practice permitted to enjoy and accumulate chance earnings or savings, or a share of what he produced, under the name of peculium. A master could not enter into a contract with his slave, nor could he accuse him of theft before the law; for, if the slave took anything, this was not a subtraction, but only a displacement, of property. The union of a male and female slave had not the legal character of a marriage ; it was a cohabitation (contubernium) merely which was tolerated, and might be terminated at will, by the master ; a slave was, therefore, not capable of the crime of adultery. Yet general sentiment seems to have given a stronger sanction to this sort of connexion ; the names of husband and wife are freely used in relation to slaves on the stage, and even in the laws, and in the language of the tombs. For entering the military service or taking on him any state office a slave was punished with death. He could not in general be examined as a witness, except by torture. A master, when accused, could offer his slaves for the "question," or demand for the same purpose the slaves of another and, if in the latter case they were injured or killed in the process, their owner was indemnified. A slave could not accuse his master, except of adultery or incest (under the latter name being included the violation of sacred things or places) ; the case of high treason was afterwards added to these. An accused slave could not invoke the aid of the tribunes. The penalties of the law for crime were more severe on guilty slaves than on freemen ; "majores nostri," say the legists, "in omni supplicio severius servos quam liberos punierunt." The capital punishment of the freeman was by the sword or the precipice,of the slave by the axe or the cross. The lex Cornelia punished the murder of a slave or a freeman alike ; but the master who killed his own slave was not affected by this law.
Columella, like Xenophon, favours a certain friendliness and familiarity in ones intercourse with his farm slaves. Cato ate and drank the same coarse victuals as his slaves, and even had the children suckled by his wife, that they might imbibe a fondness for the family. But that rigid old economist had a strict eye to profit in all his dealings with them. He allowed the contubernium of male and female slaves at the price of a money payment from their peculium. Columella regarded the gains from the births as a sufficient motive for encouraging these unions, and thought that mothers should be rewarded for their fecundity; Varro, too, seems to have taken this view. The immense extension of the rural estates (latifundia) made it impossible for masters to know their slaves, even if they were disposed to take trouble for the purpose. Effective superintendence even by overseers became less easy ; the use of chains was introduced, and these were worn not only in the field during working hours but at night in the ergastulum where the labourers slepta practice which Pliny lamented as a disgrace to agriculture. Urban slaves had probably often a life as little enviable, especially those who worked at trades for speculators. Even in private houses at Rome, so late as the time of Ovid, the porter was chained. In the familia urbana the favourites of the master had good treatment, and might exercise some influence over him which would lead to their receiving flattery and gifts from those who sought his vote or solicited his support. Doubtless there was often genuine mutual affection; slaves sometimes, as in noted instances during the civil wars, showed the noblest spirit of devotion to their masters. Those who were not inmates of the household, but were employed outside of it as keepers of a shop or boat, chiefs of workshops, or clerks in a mercantile business, bad the advantage of greater freedom of action. The slaves of the Zeno and the lanista were probably in most cases not only degraded but unhappy. The lighter punish-ments inflicted by masters were commonly personal chastisement or banishment from the town house to rural labour ; the severer were employment in the mill (pistrinum) or relegation to the mines or quarries. To the mines speculators also sent slaves; they worked half naked, men and women, in chains, under the lash and guarded by soldiers. Vedius Pollio, in the time of Augustus, was said to have thrown big slaves, condemned sometimes for trivial mistakes or even accidents, to the lampreys in his fishpond. Cato advised the agriculturist to sell his old oxen and his old slaves, as well as his sick ones; and sick slaves were exposed in the island of Aesculapius in the Tiber ; by a decree of Claudius slaves so exposed, if they recovered, could not be reclaimed by their masters.
Though the Roman slaves were not, like the Spartan Helots, kept obedient by systematic terrorism, their large numbers were a constant source of solicitude in the later period of the republic and under the early empire. The law under which the slaves of Pedanius were put to death, probably first made under Augustus and more fully enacted under Nero, is sufficient proof of this anxiety, which indeed is strongly stated by Tacitus in his narrative of the facts. There had been many conspiracies amongst the slaves in the course of Roman history, formidable insurrections, We hear of a conspiracy about 500 B. C. and another in 419 B.C. ; again just before the sea-fight of Duilius and between the battles of Trasimenus and Cannae. In 198 B.C. a servile war bad almost broken out; in 196 B.C. there was a rising in Etruria and in 185 B.C. in Apulia. The growth of the latifundia made the slaves more and more numerous and formidable. Free labour was discountenanced. Cato, Varro, and Columella all agree that slave labour was to be preferred to free except in unhealthy regions and for large occasional operations, which probably transcended the capacity of the permanent familia rustica. Cicero and Livy bear testimony to the disappearance of a free plebs from the country districts and its replacement by gangs of slaves working on great estates. The policy of the Gracchi and their successors of the popular party was opposed to this reduction of the free working population, which they sought to counteract by agrarian laws and by colonization on a large scaleprojects which could not be effectively carried out until civil supremacy was united with military power in the hands of a popular chief, and which, even when this condition was satisfied by the establishment of the empire, were inadequate to meet the evil. The worst form of praedial slavery existed in Sicily, whither Mommsen supposes that its peculiarly harsh features bad been brought by the Carthagin-ians. In Sicily, accordingly, the first really serious servile insurrections took place, at once provoked by the misery of the slaves and facilitated by the habits of brigandage which, it is said, the proprietors had tolerated and even encouraged as lightening the cost of subsistence of their slaves. The rising under Eunus in 133 B.C. was with some difficulty suppressed by Rupilius. Partial revolts in Italy succeeded ; and then came the second Sicilian insurrection under Trypho and Athenio, which, after a severe struggle, was put down by Aquilius. These were followed by the Servile War in Italy under Spartacus, which, occurring at an otherwise critical period, severely tested the military resources of Rome. In the subsequent civil conflicts the aid of slaves was sought by both parties, even by Marius himself, and afterwards by Catiline, though he finally rejected their services. Clodius and Milo employed bands of gladiators in their city riots, and this action.on the part of the latter was approved by Cicero. In the First Civil War they were to be found in both camps, and the murderers of Caesar were escorted to the Capitol by gladiators. Antony, Octavius, and Sextus Pompeius employed them in the Second Civil War; and it is recorded by Augustus on the Monumentum Ancyranum that he gave back to their masters for punishment about 30,000 slaves who had absconded and borne arms against the state. Under Tiberius, at the death of Caligula, and in the reign of Nero there were threatening movements of the slaves. In the wars from Otho to Vespasian they were employed, as Tacitus tells us, even by the most scrupulous generals.
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"Slavery" Article - Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:3af019de-2c4d-43bb-b909-e69ad5ee81ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SLA/slavery-07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984115 | 1,941 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A federal appeals court on Wednesday rejected a North Carolina widow’s lawsuit blaming the Coast Guard for failing to save her husband’s life, saying the agency does not have a legal obligation to launch life-saving rescues.
The 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Richmond, Va., ruled that Susan and Roger Turner suffered an accident in coastal waters on July 4, 2007, and it wasn’t because of Coast Guard negligence. The court ruled that federal law authorizes but does not impose a duty for the Coast Guard to launch rescue efforts.
“Because the USCG has no duty to rescue, the law imposes no standard of care until an attempted rescue commences,” U.S. District Judge John Gibney wrote for the three-judge panel.
The court said bad weather kicked up after Susan and Roger Turner left a friend’s holiday party in their 20-foot-long motorboat, heaving them overboard. Neither wore a life jacket.
Roger Turner’s father reported the couple overdue after midnight. The Coast Guard didn’t launch a search boat until about eight hours later because rescue crews were busy on other missions, the Turners were well-equipped, experienced boaters and strong swimmers, and their four likely destinations near Mann’s Harbor were widely separated, the court said.
A friend found the Turners’ beached boat about the time the Coast Guard started searching. Susan Turner survived by clinging to crab pot buoys for nearly 12 hours and came ashore about the same time. Her husband’s body washed ashore two days later.
“We find that the USCG did not violate the relevant standard of care in any action taken or decision made,” the court said. | <urn:uuid:ac0c628f-2f58-4279-9eec-0c0421af5dbe> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2013/11/22/312040.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961398 | 366 | 1.617188 | 2 |
North School pupil reading, ca. 1910
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A student at North School on Congress Street in Portland reads a book.
The school on Munjoy Hill had more than a thousand pupils in the early years of the 20th century. It served many immigrant communities.
There were reportedly 20 different nationalities at the school in the 1920s.
Please post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form. | <urn:uuid:3df34870-30b1-4f88-86cc-7a1f67181ae3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/10392/enlarge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959798 | 115 | 1.960938 | 2 |
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