text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3
values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ERIC Number: ED180445
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1979-Apr-6
Reference Count: 0
SNAP/SHOT Your Ability to Support That Next Application.
Jones, Ernest L.
SNAP/SHOT (System Network Analysis Program-Simulated Host Overview Technique) is a discrete simulation of a network and/or host model available through IBM at the Raleigh System Center. The simulator provides an analysis of a total IBM Communications System. Input data must be obtained from RMF, SMF, and the CICS Analyzer to determine the existing environment and from analysis and users on anticipated applications and their volumes. The simulator permits the introduction of numerous variables in order to evaluate the impact of altering resources such as memory, software, paging devices, CPU's, lines and terminals, and altering volumes of transactions, message mixes, and size of transactions. Indiana University has used SNAP/SHOT twice to identify the volume of transactions that was supportable on existing equipment and the changes that would improve performance. After the first run, a group was assigned to optimize some transactions and additional memory was added to reduce the paging rate. The second run was made to see what had been accomplished and to simulate simultaneous student registration at the six small campuses, and then at the large campuses. Graphs and charts identify the many variables utilized in the processing of Indiana University data and show the results obtained. (Author/JEG)
Descriptors: Computer Oriented Programs, Data Analysis, Data Collection, Data Processing, Models, Networks, Simulation
CAUSE, 137 29th Street, Boulder, CO 80303 (For reproduction costs)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Numerical/Quantitative Data; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Academic Computing Applications (Gary, IN, April 6, 1979); For a related document, see IR 007 915 | <urn:uuid:714f19a5-bb9d-4b7d-8617-8733a29a0e94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED180445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00161-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888286 | 413 | 2.0625 | 2 |
|Calories 375||(1570 kJ)|
|Total Fat||13.8 g||21%|
|Saturated Fat||6.9 g||35%|
|Trans Fat||0 g|
- 1 How many calories are in maruchan ramen noodles?
- 2 How many calories are in Maruchan soup?
- 3 How many calories are in Maruchan Instant Lunch?
- 4 Are Maruchan Instant Lunch noodle soups bad for You?
- 5 How many calories are in a whole pack of ramen noodles?
- 6 How many calories are in a pack of Maruchan ramen noodles?
- 7 How many calories is 2 packs of Maruchan Ramen?
- 8 Are maruchan noodles good for weight loss?
- 9 Does instant noodles cause belly fat?
- 10 Can noodles make you gain weight?
- 11 Is instant noodles good for weight loss?
- 12 How many calories are in maruchan chicken ramen?
- 13 Is ramen healthy without the packet?
- 14 Does maruchan have sugar?
- 15 How many calories does a maruchan soup have?
- 16 How much calories do I need a day?
- 17 Why is ramen so high in calories?
- 18 Can you only eat ramen noodles?
- 19 How many calories in ramen if you don’t drink the broth?
How many calories are in maruchan ramen noodles?
To summarize the nutrition information, one 1/2 block serving of Maruchan Plain Ramen Noodles has 190 calories. A breakdown of calories shows that 34% of calories come from fat, 56% from carbohydrates, and 11% from protein.
How many calories are in Maruchan soup?
Soup with a lot of calories. One 64-gram container of Maruchan Instant Lunch, in any of its three flavors (chicken, beef, or shrimp), has around 290 calories.
How many calories are in Maruchan Instant Lunch?
According to the USDA, one 64-gram container of Maruchan Instant Lunch, in any of its three flavors (chicken, beef, or shrimp), contains around 290 calories. This translates to 4.5 calories per gram, making it a soup with a high energy density. The quantity of calories contained in a food item in relation to its weight is referred to as its energy density.
Are Maruchan Instant Lunch noodle soups bad for You?
- Corleone’s work has appeared on the Huffington Post, Diabetes Self-Management, and in the book ‘Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation,’ edited by John R.
- Bach, M.D.
- Corleone earned a Bachelor of Science in nutrition from the University of California, Los Angeles.
- While Maruchan Instant Lunch noodle soups are convenient for a fast lunch or snack, consuming an excessive amount of them might have long-term consequences for your health.
How many calories are in a whole pack of ramen noodles?
While a single serving of ramen noodles (43 grams) has just 188 calories, most individuals swallow the entire container, which is equivalent to two servings and 371 calories.
How many calories are in a pack of Maruchan ramen noodles?
Approximately how many calories are contained in a maruchan packet? Per serving, there are 188 calories. carbohydrate content (27 grams)
How many calories is 2 packs of Maruchan Ramen?
In two containers of Chicken Flavor Ramen Noodle Soup, there are 743 calories (Dry, Dehydrated). Ramen Noodle Soup with a Chicken Flavor (Dry, Dehydrated)
|Last updated||04 Feb 08 05:07 AM|
|Source||FatSecret Platform API|
Are maruchan noodles good for weight loss?
These quick ramen noodles will also not assist you in your weight loss efforts. They are poor in fiber and protein, both of which are crucial in weight loss, and they are high in calories, especially given the tiny size of the box; even if you eat the entire package (2 servings), you will most likely be hungry again in a short period of time.
Does instant noodles cause belly fat?
Instant noodles are high-calorie meals with a poor macronutrient ratio since they are made with instant noodles. The majority of the calories come from carbohydrates and fats, with protein being neglected, resulting in a greater risk of weight gain and fat retention.
Can noodles make you gain weight?
In the trial, the researchers discovered that pasta did not cause weight gain or an increase in body fat, according to main author Dr. John Sievenpiper, a clinician scientist affiliated with the hospital’s clinical nutrition and risk management center. ‘ In reality, the results of the analysis revealed that a tiny amount of weight had been lost.
Is instant noodles good for weight loss?
Despite the fact that quick noodles are low in calories, they are low in fiber and protein, making them a poor choice for anyone looking to lose weight. Protein has been shown to promote sensations of fullness and decrease hunger, but fiber passes slowly through the digestive tract, resulting in feelings of fullness being induced more frequently.
How many calories are in maruchan chicken ramen?
The nutritional value of Maruchan Ramen Noodle Soup, Chicken Flavor is 280.0 calories.
Is ramen healthy without the packet?
When consuming a product that is high in carbohydrates and fat, such as Ramen Noodles, it is important to be aware of its nutritional data. The reason for this is that even if you don’t use the seasoning package, it is still not a healthy food to consume.
Does maruchan have sugar?
Maruchan Instant Lunch is a wonderful ramen noodle soup that is packed in a compact cup for easy consumption. Maruchan Beef Flavor Instant Lunch is a quick and easy lunch option.
How many calories does a maruchan soup have?
Maruchan Ramen is a unique ingredient that may be used in a variety of ways. Preparation: 1. Ramen Noodle Soup with Maruchan Chicken Flavor.
|Calories from Fat||70|
How much calories do I need a day?
According to the United States Department of Health, adult males require around 2,000-3000 calories per day to maintain weight whereas adult females require approximately 1,600-2,400 calories per day to maintain weight.
Why is ramen so high in calories?
Japanese Ramen has a high amount of fat and carbohydrates, as is typical of most noodle meals. That is, because it has a high concentration of calories, there is a significant risk of weight gain.
Can you only eat ramen noodles?
Theoretically, you could live entirely on ramen noodles, as long as you provided your body with sufficient calories. However, you would not be leading a healthy lifestyle and would be at risk for a variety of illnesses.
How many calories in ramen if you don’t drink the broth?
A single package of ramen (without the spice packet) includes around 356 calories, with half of those calories coming from carbs and the remaining 36 percent coming from fat, according to My Food Data. This package includes more than 14 grams of fat, including 6 grams of saturated fats in each serving size. | <urn:uuid:0f7f9bd3-d1f4-423c-8ed3-f81a8d13bace> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://goszechuanhouse.com/chinese-food/how-many-calories-in-a-bag-of-maruchan-noodles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.925369 | 1,626 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Lots of folks love preaching about the risen Christ on Easter Sunday without talking about what he went through to get there. It’s a bad habit we Protestants have, but plenty of us skip right over Maundy Thursday and Good Friday to Easter. Part of this is because we don’t like to have to deal with the darkness of Jesus’ crucifixion, suffering, death and burial, but it’s also because we don’t really understand the resurrection.
For me, resurrection is a process, rather than a one-time event. It’s more like how Martin Luther King spoke of history’s arc, bending toward justice. God’s arc for the whole of humanity is long, chaotic and sometimes even violent. But it bends toward hope. It bends toward life and love. That love, though not yet fully realized, is a restoring love that is greater than the sum total of the destructive forces humanity can muster.
Resurrection literally means to make something right again. Though we are bent, bruised and bloodied by life’s darkness, God’s love makes us upright once again. Maybe not today. Maybe not tomorrow. But faith in resurrection means that our entire existence bends toward God’s fullness.
Christian Piatt is an author, editor, speaker, musician and spoken word artist. He co-founded Milagro Christian Church in Pueblo, Colorado with his wife, the Rev. Amy Piatt, in 2004. Christian is the creator and editor of Banned Questions About The Bible and Banned Questions About Jesus." He has a memoir on faith, family and parenting — PREGMANCY: A Dad, a Little Dude and a Due Date — hits book stores everywhere April 1. For more information about Christian, visit www.christianpiatt.com, or find him on Twitter or Facebook.
(Crown of thorns image by Nito/Shutterstock) | <urn:uuid:871e7cb9-7369-4379-a857-6e16cf42820e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://sojo.net/articles/resurrection-bending-toward-love | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00250-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932926 | 403 | 1.78125 | 2 |
News: Fremont (12 Jan 1917)
Surnames: Miller, Dow, Oatman, Wilcox, Hutt, Muir
----Source: Granton News (Granton, Clark County, Wis.) 01/12/1917
Mrs. Una Miller and two sons from Marshfield are out since Sunday visiting her mother, Mrs. Hattie Dow.
Mrs. Emma Oatman returned from Nora, Ill., where she has visited the past three months.
Clarence Wilcox sawed wood last Wednesday.
Joe Hutt bought a house from Calvin Muir and Muir moved it for Joe. They are moving into it already so quick.
School started again Monday.
They laid out the new road on Monday.
The Woodmen and Royal Neighbors are to have installation next Friday night, Jan. 12, followed by an oysters supper and spread.
© Every submission is protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998.
Show your appreciation of this freely provided information by not copying it to any other site without our permission.
A site created and
maintained by the Clark County History Buffs | <urn:uuid:28ba3678-d571-4eb9-9f0f-39302c497a83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wiclarkcountyhistory.org/3data/79/79306.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00543-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907198 | 237 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Im very interested in the world of hacking but as said on a post before im a total NOOB, but always wanted to impress my girlfriend by interfering with her laptop (shes easily spooked XD) but also want to try setting my laptop up and hacking it without touching it. I HAVE no idea where to start, Ideally a full tutorial video would be helpful due to learning disabilities. I’d like to be able to access a PC Wirelessly too, access files and add/ copy them if a possibility? whats the easiest way to achieve this? thankyou for reading you guys and gals are amazing.
hello, to access a computer remotely you will need a computer or a Phone capable of running Metasploit. Wireless control beyond the keynote plug in is beyond the power of this device. For a simple demonstration like moving your girlfriends cursor whilst she is typing use the keynote app. Pair it to her laptop and keep it running. Then you will be able to use the arrows to move her cursor | <urn:uuid:1487c46c-72ba-4956-a6a5-baa71232064b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.flipperzero.one/t/easiest-noob-access-to-computers/3891 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.943795 | 207 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The Arkansas Department of Health announced that COVID-19 cases in Arkansas increased by 224 on Wednesday.
The state announced seven new deaths as a result of the virus, bringing the total number of deaths in the state as a result of the pandemic to 5,777.
Hospitalizations were even, keeping the total number of Arkansans hospitalized in the state at 169. There are 42 patients on ventilators, down two from yesterday.
There are currently 2,038 cases of COVID-19 considered active in the state, which includes those that have tested positive by both PCR and antigen testing methods. The ADH dashboard currently lists 177 active cases in Washington County, and 251 in Benton County.
There were 2,231 PCR tests conducted in the state, and 622 antigen tests.
The new cases bring the total cumulative count in Arkansas to 338,043 since the pandemic began.
The state announced that 9,135 doses of COVID-19 vaccine have been administered since last count yesterday, bringing the total number of doses given by the state to 1,832,076. The state lists 246,104 individuals as partially immunized, and 822,457 individuals as fully immunized.
All Arkansans 12 and older are currently eligible for a vaccine.
If you need assistance locating a vaccine, you can call 1-800-985-6030.
The top counties for new cases on Monday were Pulaski (44), Benton (34) and Saline (20). | <urn:uuid:e7c7ed79-2011-42ec-ad5b-4f9200327270> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fayettevilleflyer.com/2021/05/12/case-update-arkansas-covid-19-cases-increase-by-224-wednesday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.956668 | 314 | 1.515625 | 2 |
CLI is a Major Public Health Concern With Prognosis Worse Than Many Types of Cancer
Jihad A. Mustapha, MD, Editor-in-Chief
J CRIT LIMB ISCHEM 2021;1(1):E1-E2.
The Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI) Global Society is a non-profit, patient-centered, advocacy, research, and public awareness professional society formed in 2016. The Society’s mission is to improve the quality of life by preventing amputations and death due to CLI. The Society advocates for patients with CLI by collaborating with like-minded organizations that share an interest in CLI to address treatment, outcomes, and medical coding to improve care and prevent amputations for patients with CLI around the world.
On behalf of the Board of Directors of the CLI Global Society, we are honored to launch the first peer-reviewed journal focusing exclusively on CLI. Journal of Critical Limb Ischemia will bring to light original research from global experts, emphasizing the important role of the multidisciplinary team devoted to CLI treatment, innovative limb-salvage techniques, and related clinical research. You may ask, with so many journals currently available in the vascular space, why do we need a journal devoted to CLI? While CLI is becoming increasingly prevalent and deadly, CLI awareness and data are still severely lacking. Our focus will be to harness quality data and clinical advances and to disseminate this information in a timely manner to all clinicians involved in the treatment of this complex and debilitating disease.
Despite recent guideline updates on peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and CLI treatment, the standard of care for CLI across the United States is still not uniform. As a result, primary limb amputations occur prior to exploring revascularization options in a large proportion of CLI patients.1 An estimated 150,000 amputations due to CLI occur annually,2,3 and primary amputation continues to be first-line therapy for CLI at many healthcare institutions, up to ~20%.4-9 Surprisingly, of the patients who undergo primary amputation, 73% do not have diagnostic angiography8 and 54% receive no revascularization attempts prior to the amputation.9 These statistics underscore that the contemporary management of patients with CLI is still highly variable and inadequate.4,6,7,9
When an individual first receives a diagnosis of CLI, the mortality risk is 24% over the first year and 60% over 5 years.6 Few diseases connote a higher mortality rate. A helpful metric for quantifying the overall mortality burden of a disease is the 5-year incident mortality. That is, among all patients who receive a first-time diagnosis in a year, how many will die over the next 5 years? The annual incidence and 5-year mortality rate for CLI were derived from a Medicare claims analysis undertaken by the CLI Global Society.4 We compared these values with 22 different malignancies derived from the Cancer Statistics Center of the American Cancer Society.10
Because CLI is both common and deadly, more patients die within 5 years of CLI diagnosis than with any type of cancer except for lung cancer. When comparing incident cases of CLI and 22 types of cancer, the diseases responsible for the most deaths over 5 years in the United States are lung cancer (192,000), CLI (58,000), pancreatic cancer (51,000), colorectal cancer (49,000), and liver cancer (35,000).
In a recent study by D. Armstrong, M. Conte, et al, 5-year mortality for people with diabetic foot complications was comparable to cancer. The five-year mortality rate was 46.2% for minor amputations and 56.6% for major amputations. This is compared with 9.0% for breast cancer and 80.0% for lung cancer. Five-year pooled mortality for all reported malignancies is 31.0%.11
Overall, the high incidence of CLI in combination with its highly fatal course make this disease an under-recognized major threat to public health. In 2013, the Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama to develop national strategic plans to address the nation’s deadliest cancers. These are defined as those with 5-year mortality rates >50%, and therefore includes cancers of the pancreas, lung, brain, esophagus, liver, ovary, and stomach. This legislation authorizes governmental research agencies to develop a comprehensive plan of action to coordinate prevention, early detection, and treatment research to lower mortality rates associated with these cancers. Unfortunately, no such legislation is pending for CLI, even though the 5-year mortality of CLI is >50%. Therefore, we encourage collaboration to continue raising public and health professional CLI awareness and concerted efforts to designate CLI as a national public health priority in the same manner as the deadliest malignancies. Only with a coordinated and comprehensive national plan to address all aspects of CLI, including diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients and healthcare providers, can the ever-growing impact of this deadly disease be controlled.12
Despite a multitude of devices and techniques to revascularize the critically ischemic limb, a paucity of high-quality evidence exists to assist in clinical decision-making. Only the results from the BASIL (Bypass Versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg) randomized trial13 provide guidance, with hope that the ongoing National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored BEST-CLI (Best Endovascular vs Best Surgical Therapy in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia) randomized trial will offer modern guidance.14 Of note, the BASIL trial was published in 2010 and is based on the use of older endovascular technology. A recent study published by the CLI Global Society analyzing Medicare beneficiaries with CLI who were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, stent placement, atherectomy, or surgical bypass noted only minor differences in mortality (ranging from 49.3%-54.7%) and major amputation rates (ranging from 6.8%-10.8%) over 4 years regardless of revascularization strategy.15 This highlights the need for the development of new strategies and innovations to care for CLI patients.
In conclusion, despite advancing technologies available to treat CLI, we clearly have a long journey ahead of us on behalf of our patients. We are pleased to be able to provide a forum for original CLI work that will be reviewed by multidisciplinary, international CLI experts who understand the complex nature of CLI. The Editorial Board of Journal of Critical Limb Ischemia comprises physicians from across the globe who understand the difficulty and complexity of gathering CLI data. They are vascular surgeons, interventional cardiologists and radiologists, podiatrists, angiologists, and wound care experts. These experts are well aware of the reality of the advanced and complex nature of CLI disease with high 5-year mortality. Because of this, we believe that CLI trials should be modeled after diseases that have a high mortality rate over a short period of time. We must be able to capture the true nature of the disease and its impact on patients affected by it. If we continue to model CLI studies under the conventional nature of vascular disease in general we will never be able to achieve meaningful and convincing data to change the course of therapy. We desperately need new technologies to treat CLI to reduce the incidence of unnecessary amputations occurring in the United States and throughout the world. We clearly can, and must, do better. Our patients are demanding progress.
Address for correspondence: Jihad A. Mustapha, MD, Advanced Cardiac and Vascular Amputation Prevention Centers, 1525 E. Beltline Ave. NE, Suite 101, Grand Rapids, MI 49525. Email: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:9325382a-72c9-4e65-bf00-21006eda1267> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clijournal.com/article/cli-major-public-health-concern-prognosis-worse-many-types-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.9293 | 1,609 | 1.921875 | 2 |
This post is part of the FemmePharma series, Women We Admire, where we highlight women who inspire us with extraordinary life lessons. For this story, we talked with Kris Messner, an angel investor who has completed dozens of triathlons and refuses to take any grief from entitled men in the boardroom. Here she shares her best career advice for women — especially those struggling to get their voices heard in male-dominated industries — and her thoughts on what it means to be over 50 in 2019.
How long did it take for you to get to where you are now in your career?
Like most people graduating from school, my No. 1 goal was to get a job. I was hired by Mellon Bank (long before it was Bank of New York). They would hire groups of smart recent graduates and teach them banking operations. When you think about banking you often think about people who you see in a branch or the lenders.
Behind all of those services are the technology and processes that make them possible. That’s where we operations trainees were assigned — in the back room, if you will. Mellon was way ahead of the curve in terms of our approach to using technology, being one of the first banks to automate processes that we now take for granted.
Tech and banking can be very male-dominated industries. Would you agree?
I started my career in the mid-1980s. At the time, men were running everything. But my training class at Mellon Bank was about 50/50 — split evenly between men and women. I thought that was pretty progressive. There were women — not always at the highest levels — but in middle-management, and there were more of us coming behind them. It was more equally distributed than in other industries at that time. But when I moved from banking into a software company, there were no women. Really, no women.
What are the biggest challenges of working in a male-dominated industry?
As any woman will tell you, we have to work smarter and harder than anyone around us, which is ridiculous. Unfortunately, that’s the way it is. It’s even more so that way where I am now. A couple of years ago, my husband and I began investing money in small start-up businesses. Now we’re angel investors. The angel world is heavily peppered with men.
When my husband and I go to meetings, he will constantly defer to me. Because the guys will just turn to him and ask him questions, even though we’re equal partners in this business. He’ll say, “Well perhaps Kris will answer that question for me.” And the guys will look at me like, “Really? She can answer the question?”
We are potentially going to put money into your company. We are presenting ourselves as partners. Why would you naturally assume that only one of us is the source of knowledge and decision making?
It blows me away. You spend a fair amount of your time having to be twice as good just to be treated equally.
What advice would you give to other women faced with male-dominated meetings like that one?
I don’t feel like I need to make a comment just for the sake of making a comment because it’s gratuitous, but you see guys doing this all the time and sometimes their comment is completely inane. I sometimes feel like they just want to hear the sound of their own voice. (Or maybe they’re insecure; I don’t know.)
I struggle with always trying to make sure that I am contributing and that what I have to say has some relevance and adds value to the conversation. I will push myself to say more than I feel inclined to say, but also to make sure what I’m saying is pertinent. I think the more you do that the more people begin to realize that you really do have something to say.
There’s also the situation where a man repeats your idea and takes the credit.
That’s happened to me. I’ve said, “Yes, that follows on the comment I made earlier. What do you guys think about that?” There are ways to bring it back around nicely. I cannot tolerate the who-has-the-biggest you-know-what-in-the-room posturing that goes on. I’m not going to lower myself to play that game. But on the other hand, I’m not going to be dismissed either.
There’s a fine line between making sure that you get credit for what you have to say and saying that you have better ideas than something else. Move the conversation in a positive direction.
What career advice would you give your younger self?
Don’t underestimate yourself and don’t be afraid to go out on a limb and do things that you don’t think you’re capable of. I understand that it’s common for women to suffer from imposter syndrome. I was a smart kid; I got good grades. I was capable, and yet there was always this self-doubt when I was younger.
“How did I get here?” “What will they do when they find out who I really am?” Those thoughts can plague women who don’t always get appropriate signals from society in terms of empowerment. Don’t underestimate yourself. Find mentors who can give you honest feedback. Don’t be afraid to ask for that advice.
What’s the best way to overcome imposter syndrome?
I think you need to find people who know you and know your work and ask for their input. Ask them: “I want to go for this job; what do you think?” or “How can I get to a place of change?” Ask them what they see as a potential barrier to you getting what you want. You need someone to say to you, “Wait a second, why can’t you do this?” Sometimes we don’t give ourselves the credit that is due and it takes another person’s viewpoint to help us see how good we really are.
Speaking of communities, why do you think menopausal women are one of the more underserved communities?
I think part of the reason is the reality of where our society has come in terms of average life span. Not that many years ago, a 60-year-old person would be considered elderly! Medicine and other factors have come a long way in terms of extending life, but we haven’t done well in our societal messaging to let people know that just because you’re over 50 doesn’t mean your life is over.
If you told a 20-year-old that they were going to be exactly the same as they are now for the rest of their life, they would laugh at you. Well, that’s also true for a 50-year-old now. At 50, you have a whole lifetime ahead of you. We as a society just haven’t caught up with that reality. We have a youth-obsessed culture, and we don’t focus on the needs of older people.
The 50-plus population is growing every day — especially women. Women are living longer, and we need to meet their medical, physiological, and emotional needs now. Furthermore, we need to think about how those needs will change from menopause to death. Let’s start talking about what that looks like.
Meet another inspiring woman when you read 5 Life Lessons From BioPharma Leader Nancy Phelan. | <urn:uuid:5c6a392c-ef47-49ef-bd4a-4e0d6cc98e9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://femmepharma.com/menopause-blog/menopositivity-kris-messners-career-advice-male-dominated-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.980829 | 1,597 | 1.507813 | 2 |
MODERN GHANA RADIO CENTER
Phrase or word?
"MODERN GHANA RADIO CENTER" is a phrase.
What does it mean?
1 ) The transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio frequency, esp. those carrying sound messages
2 ) The activity or industry of broadcasting sound programs to the public
3 ) Radio programs
4 ) indicating radiation or radioactivity; "radiochemistry"
5 ) medium for communication
6 ) transmit messages via radio waves; "he radioed for help"
7 ) a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves
8 ) Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.
9 ) Radio is a 2009 Hindi language Bollywood film starring Himesh Reshammiya and Shenaz Treasurywala in the lead roles. The film is directed by Isshaan Trivedi.
10 ) "Radio" is a song by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles from her third studio album, I Am… Sasha Fierce (2008). The track charted on the Dutch Top 40 due to strong Digital Downloads. It was also used in different Dutch television commercials to promote local radio stations.
11 ) City is the second studio album released by Client on September 2004. It features guest appearances by Carl Barât and Pete Doherty of The Libertines and by Martin Gore of Depeche Mode.
12 ) Radio is an English language song by Danny Saucedo and the first single taken from his album Set Your Body Free. The song released in 2008 was written by Michel Zirton, Tobias Gustavsson and Danny Saucedo himself.
13 ) Radio, released October 2003, is a film directed by Mike Tollin that is based on the true story of T. L. Hanna High School football coach Harold Jones (Ed Harris) and a mentally-challenged young man James Robert "Radio" Kennedy (Cuba Gooding, Jr.).
14 ) The technology that allows for the transmission of sound or other signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves; A device that can capture (receive) the signal sent over radio waves and render the modulated signal as sound; A device that can transmit radio signals; The continuous
15 ) (Radios) A remote control helicopter requires a five channel radio. One each is needed to control pitch, roll, and yaw. One controls the throttle, and one controls the collective.
16 ) (Radios) This entry gives the total number of radio receivers.
17 ) the lowest-frequency domain that we've needed to name. It extends from wavelengths of a kilometer or so, the longest that will propagate through the interstellar medium, down to about a millimeter (where we generally start speaking of the millimeter, microwave, or even far-infrared).
18 ) The IEEE 802.15.4 radio that is part of every ZigBee device.
19 ) An instrument that uses radio waves to communicate with other vessels. VHF (very high frequency) radios are common for marine use, but are limited in range. Single side band (SSB) radios have longer ranges.
20 ) A checkable input in a group of radio roles, only one of which can be checked at a time.
21 ) Originally radio was a general prefix used for wireless telegraphy or "radio-telegraphy" using Morse code in the very early 1900s (before 1915). This referred to the wireless signal's ability to radiate out in all directions.
22 ) Usually measured as a weekly cume -- the unduplicated number of persons who tuned in at any time during the week during at least one 15-minute period 6 a.m. to midnight, Monday through Sunday. A weekly radio cume measures 504 time periods.
23 ) For a list of digital radio channels, on each DAB multiplex, try the Wornot site. Note that the term 'ensemble' is commonly used in digital radio - effectively, it's a multiplex. For more on DAB Digital Radio, see our DAB section
24 ) Pilots use radio for training purposes, and for communicating with other pilots in the air – particularly when traveling together on cross-country flights.
25 ) Radio also reaches mass and diverse audiences. The specialization of radio stations by listener age, taste, and even gender permits more selectivity in reaching audience segments.
26 ) Region of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radiation of the longest wavelengths.
27 ) The first broadcast medium. It's origins date back to November 1920, when returns of the Harding-Cox presidential election were read over KDKA, Pittsburgh, PA. Radio reaches listeners at home, at work, on the road 24 hours a day.
1 ) Of or relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past
2 ) Characterized by or using the most up-to-date techniques, ideas, or equipment
3 ) Denoting the form of a language that is currently used, as opposed to any earlier form
4 ) belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages; "modern art"; "modern furniture"; "modern history"; "totem poles are modern rather than prehistoric"
5 ) a contemporary person
6 ) a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes
7 ) mod: relating to a recently developed fashion or style; "their offices are in a modern skyscraper"; "tables in modernistic designs";
8 ) characteristic of present-day art and music and literature and architecture
9 ) advanced: ahead of the times; "the advanced teaching methods"; "had advanced views on the subject"; "a forward-looking corporation"; "is British industry innovative enough?"
10 ) Modern is the sixth studio album by punk rock band Buzzcocks. It was released in 1999. It was arranged and produced by Tony Barber
11 ) Modern dance is a dance form developed in the early 20th century. Although the term Modern dance has also been applied to a category of 20th Century ballroom dances, Modern dance as a term usually refers to 20th century concert dance.
12 ) Modern is Wolfgang Voigt's first release under the Gas alias. It is an EP, released in 1995 on the Profan label. Unlike Gas albums, the tracks are titled, and the release lacks the unifying forest theme present on nearly all other Gas releases.
13 ) Didone is a typeface classification recognized by the Association Typographique Internationale (AtypI), and part of the VOX-ATypI classification system.
14 ) The Modern are a British Electropop band. The group were formerly called Dirty Blonde and Matinee Club. They are currently signed to Ninth Wave Records in the United States and EQ Music in Asia.
15 ) Modernity typically refers to a post-traditional, post-medieval historical period, in particular, one marked by the move from feudalism (or agrarianism) toward capitalism, industrialisation, secularization, rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions and forms of
16 ) Someone who lives in modern times; Pertaining to the current time and style
17 ) (modernly) In a modern manner
18 ) (Modernity) social patterns linked to industrialisation
19 ) (Modernity) A period of social development whose chronology is disputed. However, many associate modernity with the post seventeenth century age of Enlightenment in which the emphasis was upon progress, rationality and secularisation.
20 ) (Modernity) something that is constantly changing.
21 ) (Modernity) the modern attitude that almost all ideas of the past are of no value. Moderns are the only "enlightened ones." This attitude is linked to the Enlightenment, although not quite identical with it (some recognize the "genius" of past philosophers).
22 ) (Modernity) the social, economic, political and technological developments that have characterized the transition from traditional (pre-modern) to advanced (modern) civilizations.
23 ) (modernity) The period in which modernism was the dominant mode of thinking beginning in the late eighteenth century (the Age of Enlightenment) and lasting until the late twentieth century.
24 ) Modernity is distinct from modernism. It is conceived of as a period of time, usually perceived of as starting (with the early modern period) around 1500, in which medieval conceptions of knowledge were rejected in favor of a return to ancient Greek and Roman antecedents and secular forms of
25 ) Modernity is the idea that the present is discontinuous with the past, that through a process of social and cultural change (either through progress or through decline) life in the present is fundamentally different from life in the past.
26 ) refers to type styles introduced towards the end of the 19th century. Times roman is a good example of modern type.
27 ) fonts are fonts based on designs developed in the 19th century or later. The moderns have a solid appearance due to their vertical stress. They tend to have more ``character'' or ``attitude'' than the old styles and transitionals, but still carry a certain amount of dignity and formality.
28 ) A modern perfume would be the opposite of a classic perfume – usually using new aroma chemicals, rather than natural materials. It usually has a light fragrance.
1 ) radio receiver: an electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted signals
1 ) This page explains commonly used terms in chess in alphabetical order. Some of these have their own pages, like fork and pin.
1 ) A country in West Africa, with a southern coastline that borders on the Atlantic Ocean; pop. 20,750,000; capital, Accra; languages, English (official) and West African languages
2 ) a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; "Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British"
3 ) (ghanaian) of or relating to or characteristic of Ghana or its people or language; "Ghanaian cocoa production"
4 ) The Republic of Ghana is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King"Jackson, John G. Introduction to African Civilizations, 2001.
5 ) Ghana is third in a three-part series of compilations of songs by The Mountain Goats that have appeared on various releases. It is preceded by Protein Source of the FutureNow!, and Bitter Melon Farm.
6 ) Għana is the term given to a specific type of traditional Maltese folk music. The word can have two literal meanings. The first is richness, wealth and prosperity; rhe second is associated with singing, verse, rhyme and even kantaliena, a type of singing with a slow rhythm.
7 ) Ghana is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 3,973.
8 ) A country in Western Africa. Official name: The Republic of Ghana
9 ) First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)
10 ) A country in West Africa that borders the Atlantic Ocean.
11 ) I studied really hard for this test and I know I'm Ghana get a good mark.
12 ) One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert.
13 ) first shone as a beacon of African hope on March 6, 1957, when it became the first Sub-Saharan African country to achieve national independence.
14 ) is said to have one of W. Africa's best cuisines, although the most highly regarded cooks come from Togo. The staple in the south of Ghana is fermented maize balls, called kenkey, steamed in maize husks; in the north, tozafi (tz for short), a millet porridge, is more common.
15 ) First great sub-Saharan state; created by Soninke people; by 9th century c.e. a major source of gold in the Mediterranean world. (p. 228)
16 ) In Ghana, the typical breakfast across the country includes goat omelets, a very sweet and dense bread, and tea. Porridge is occasionally eaten at home, while many people purchase their breakfasts from street vendors.
17 ) [G], PO > signer, moves from FTs to end of palm of [B], PO up, FO away from signer, 2x. To see the reference source for the sign(s) for this country or to look up other countries in the same geographical area, see Indigenous signs for countries.
18 ) nose. It is one of the twelve āyatanas.
19 ) (formerly Gold Coast). An
20 ) Ashanti, Fante, and Ga
1 ) The middle point of a circle or sphere, equidistant from every point on the circumference or surface
2 ) A point or part that is equally distant from all sides, ends, or surfaces of something; the middle
3 ) A pivot or axis of rotation
4 ) center(a): equally distant from the extremes
5 ) an area that is approximately central within some larger region; "it is in the center of town"; "they ran forward into the heart of the struggle"; "they were in the eye of the storm"
6 ) focus on: center upon; "Her entire attention centered on her children"; "Our day revolved around our work"
7 ) center field: the piece of ground in the outfield directly ahead of the catcher; "he hit the ball to deep center"
8 ) concentrate: direct one's attention on something; "Please focus on your studies and not on your hobbies"
9 ) of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or intellectually
10 ) The term center or centre is used in various contexts in abstract algebra to denote the set of all those elements that commute with all other elements. It is often denoted Z, from German , meaning "center".
11 ) Center (C) is a position in American football and Canadian football (spelled centre in Canadian English). The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team's offense.
12 ) The center, colloquially known as the five or the pivot, is one of the standard positions in a regulation basketball game. The center is normally the tallest player on the team, and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well. A typical NBA center is 6'9" or taller.
13 ) Centre is one of the 26 regions of France, located towards the northwest of the actual centre of the country, around the Loire Valley. Its capital is Orléans, although its largest city is Tours.
14 ) In geometry, the centre (or center) of an object is a point in some sense in the middle of the object. If geometry is regarded as the study of isometry groups then the centre is a fixed point of the isometries.
15 ) The point in the interior of a circle or sphere that is equidistant from all points on the circumference. [from 14th c.
16 ) (centered) pertaining to the location that is middle-most to
17 ) (Centered) A spin that that stays in one spot on the ice. The opposite of traveling.
18 ) (Centered) All lines of type are set upon a central axis.
19 ) (Centered) Centering a block of type, line or character within a line measure.
20 ) (Centered) Text placed at an equal distance from the left and right margins of either the entire page or the imaginary bounding box containing the text.
21 ) (Centered) Text set so as to distribute residual space on the line equally to the right and left.
22 ) If the centered flag input parameter is true, the PWM channel is configured to be center aligned; see PWMCenterAligned(). If the centered flag is false (the default after a hardware reset), the PWM channel is configured to be left-aligned; see PWMLeftAligned().
23 ) (Centering) The relative position of the design of a stamp in relation to its margins. Assuming that a stamp is undamaged, centering is generally a very important factor in determining condition and value.
24 ) (Centering) Grounding your energy through meditation, often before rituals to help harness and direct the balanced energy.
25 ) (centering) falsework used in the construction of arches, shells, space structures, or any continuous structure where the entire falsework is lowered (struck or decentered) as a unit. (See also falsework and formwork.)
26 ) (CENTERING) Critical step in throwing, occurring during and after wheel wedging, whereby the clay mass is formed into a symmetrical lump before penetrating and raising walls.
27 ) (CENTERING) The act of aligning the clay on the potter's wheel in order to proceed with forming and shaping.
Share the knowledge. | <urn:uuid:c39071bb-eb98-448b-a695-ee9a6a677fc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://linguistic-assistant.com/linguistic/show/modern-ghana-radio-center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00332-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935 | 3,673 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Battery Laidley (1900-1931) - Battery Laidley was a reinforced concrete, Endicott Period 12 inch coastal mortar battery on Fort De Soto, Florida. The battery was named in G.O. 78, 15 May 1903 after Col. Theodore T. S. Laidley (Cullum 1116), Ordnance Department, U. S. Army, who rendered conspicuous service in the Mexican-American War and the U.S. Civil War, and who died April 4, 1886, at Palatka, Florida. Battery construction started November 1898, was completed April 1900 and transferred to the Coast Artillery for use 8 May 1900 at a cost of $ 155,651.96. Declared surplus 27 Jun 1931.
Battery Laidley History
Part of the Harbor Defense of Tampa Bay.
Originally built as an Endicott Period concrete coastal mortar battery with eight 12" M1890MI guns mounted on M1896MI carriages.
The U.S. entry into World War I resulted in a widespread removal of large caliber coastal defense gun tubes for service in Europe. Many of the gun and mortar tubes removed were sent to arsenals for modification and mounting on mobile carriages, both wheeled and railroad. Most of the removed gun tubes never made it to Europe and were either remounted or remained at the arsenals until needed elsewhere. The mortars of Battery Laidley were not affected directly by the World War I redistribution but four of the mortars and carriages were removed and shipped to arm Battery Whistler at Fort Rosecrans. The reduction was part of a program to relieve crowding and improve efficiency in 12" mortar pits without significantly reducing rate of fire.
Four mortars and carriages in place. The magazine rooms are in great shape and well labeled.
Visited: 20 Dec 2009
Battery Laidley Picture Gallery | <urn:uuid:023ce839-dbfd-4653-a0db-af76eba020ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Laidley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00437-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957759 | 387 | 2.375 | 2 |
Social meanings and understandings in patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting: a grounded theory study
© Stoddart; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
Received: 22 March 2012
Accepted: 31 August 2012
Published: 5 September 2012
The patient-nurse relationship is a traditional concern of healthcare research. However, patient-nurse interaction is under examined from a social perspective. Current research focuses mostly on specific contexts of care delivery and experience related to medical condition or illness, or to nurses’ speciality. Consequentially, this paper is about the social meanings and understandings at play within situated patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting in a transforming healthcare service.
Grounded theory methodology was used and the research process was characterised by principles of theoretical sensitivity and constant comparative analysis. The field of study was four health centres in the community. The participants were patients and nurses representative of those attending or working in the health centres and meeting there by scheduled appointment. Data collection methods were observations, informal interviews and semi-structured interviews.
Key properties of ‘Being a good patient, being a good nurse’, ‘Institutional experiences’ and ‘Expectations about healthcare’ were associated with the construction of a category entitled ‘Experience’. Those key properties captured that in an evolving healthcare environment individuals continually re-constructed their reality of being a patient or nurse as they endeavoured to perform appropriately; articulation of past and present healthcare experiences was important in that process. Modus operandi in role as patient was influenced by past experiences in healthcare and by those in non-healthcare institutions in terms of engagement and involvement (or not) in interaction. Patients’ expectations about interaction in healthcare included some uncertainly as they strived to make sense of the changing roles and expertise of nurses and, differentiating between the roles and expertise of nurses and doctors.
The importance of social meanings and understandings in patient-nurse interaction is not fully apparent to nurses, but important in the patient experience. Seeking understanding from a social perspective makes a contribution to enhancing knowledge about patient-nurse interaction with subsequent impact on practice, in particular the development of the patient-nurse relationship. The implications are that the meanings and understandings patients and nurses generate from experiences beyond and within their situated interaction are pivotal to the development of their relationship in the transforming community healthcare environment.
The interaction between patients and nurse is fundamental in their experience of receiving or delivering care[1–5]. Communication skills in interaction are firmly established as requisite to developing the patient-nurse relationship with therapeutic qualities[3, 5, 6]. The establishment of a therapeutic patient-nurse relationship is argued to be fundamental to quality of care in all health care delivery settings[3, 7, 8].
Also, the interaction between patient and nurse is linked to patient satisfaction with and the success of healthcare provision – especially in the instance of nurse-led consultations such as those that occur in the community[2, 7].
Patient-nurse interaction is purposeful in that it is about the presentation of need by the patient and response with care by the nurse. It involves many processes of engagement that draw on individual meanings and understandings and, as an encounter, can be described as a social experience with requisite social meanings and understandings brought to it. Furthermore, interaction is fundamental to the development of the patient-nurse relationship which, from the patient’s perspective, is quintessential in their experience of being a patient[9–12]. In the literature, patient-nurse interaction is most often related to specific contexts of care delivery, such as hospital admission or palliative care[1, 13–15]. Because of this, the patient’s illness and/or the nurse’s professional speciality have provided the focus of research attention.
Whilst a focus on specific illness or symptom care is understandable, it means that examining patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting has been under-examined in comparison[15–20]. Overall there is lack of literature that examines patient-nurse interaction from a sociological perspective and that also captures the patient experience.
In contrast, the doctor-patient relationship or encounters in the community have been subjected to considerable examination from a range of perspectives[21–23]. A current focus of attention in that literature is decision-making in the clinical encounter between doctor and patient with skew towards patient involvement[24–26]. Patient involvement is the pivot of contemporary healthcare policy in which quality of care improvement is emphasised. Enhancing patient experience and care outcomes play a major part in that emphasis. The emergence of policy that has led to significant changes in healthcare structure and process has resulted in shift to the community setting in terms of where, how and by whom care is delivered[27–30]. In these terms, care delivery in the community experienced by patients has undergone considerable transformation. Also, the roles, responsibilities and expertise of the community multi-disciplinary team have been transformed[31, 32].
Structural and situated influences in healthcare and nursing are evolving and values are transforming from biomedical to biopsychosocial[33–35]. That transformation includes movement from illness orientation to health that is perceived as an interdependency of physical, mental, and socio-economic factors[15, 36, 37]. In that transformation process for those engaged in healthcare, some core values around the precepts of receiving or delivering care may alter, whilst others remain the same[24, 38, 39]. Also in that process challenges to engagement and involvement in interaction may emerge[6, 12, 40]. Social meanings and understandings relate to cumulative experience and are brought to and interactive within the engagement of patient and nurse as an involved process.
Movement towards the biopsychosocial model of general medical practice can be traced back to the 1970’s. However, some contradictions in understanding prevail for general practitioners (GPs), nurses and patients[33, 34]. The ‘rhetoric or reality’ of the biopsychosocial model has been related to the boundaries of work that GPs identify in that the physical dominates their priorities with the psychological elements of care coming second[2, 33, 34]. Nevertheless, adoption of the biopsychosocial model has led to a restructuring of the nature of the GP-patient consultation towards therapeutic interaction[40, 41]. The therapeutic interaction between patient and GP is now more likely to be subject to negotiation between them[34, 41].
Understanding these transformations and the effects of them on the way healthcare is delivered and received in the community is important to understanding the context in which patients and nurses interact.
Social meanings and understandings and the influence of them in patient-nurse interaction are concentrated upon in this paper. The key research question was:
What social meanings and understandings can be identified in patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting and, what influence do they have within that interaction?
The field of study
The aim of the study reflects traditional concerns with the relationship between individuals in the context in which they interact purposefully. In this instance the context was the community practice setting of four health centres. Health centres were selected because they are where patients and nurses interact purposefully to address health and/or illness needs. The four health centres offer the same level of services in the community with the exceptions of mental health and learning disability. None of these client groups or related nursing staff was included in the participant sample.
Data was collected from the four health centres concurrently and analysed together within the constant comparative analysis process.
Summary of the field of study
NHS Ethics of Research Committee approval was sought and granted. The study complied with requirements of the Economic and Social Research Council Research Ethics Framework. Having been given written and verbal explanation, participants gave informed consent. The requirements of the Data Protection Act (1998) were complied with fully.
Participation was sought from adult patients and nurses encountered within the health centres. The participants were considered to be typical of those attending or working in a health centre and meeting by scheduled appointment. The rationale for this approach was that the research was located in the natural setting, the health centre, and the participants were ‘performing’ and interacting in that environment.
Grounded theory methodology was used in the tradition of Glaser and Strauss using the research procedures they specified. Grounded theory was selected for two main reasons. First, it was originally developed to respond to sociologically derived questions and to theorise about social processes. Second, it is a tested methodology in naturalistic inquiry in areas of study that are under investigated such as this[42–45].
The ad libitum observations served to provide the contextual basis for the analysis. The interviews were in depth, recorded and transcribed. In a process of constant comparative analysis, data was coded and progressively distilled. Also in that process, lines of inquiry were pursued iteratively with interview participants as conceptual constructs emerged from coding of data. Biases occur in using these qualitative methods in relation to the subjective interaction of the researcher in data collection and analysis and in the potential for observational bias[43, 45]. Observational biases were minimised by strategies such as sitting out of view and adopting a non-engaged posture. Biases were addressed primarily by recognising the role they play throughout the research process and by discussion with colleagues. Also, continual engagement with the research aim and questions served to ground data collection and analysis by providing the essential points of reference[44, 46].
Observations involved watching patient and nurse as they interacted purposefully – the patient receiving care and the nurse delivering. Displays of social and conversational conventions overlain with specific, individual strategies by patients and nurses were observed and subsequently annotated. By providing the contextual basis of the analysis, the annotated observations informed the development of the informal and semi-structured interview schedules.
Informal interviews with twelve patients and twelve nurses pursued lines of enquiry related to participants’ background, healthcare experience and interaction. The latter included as examples, forming reactions and developing rapport in their recent interaction. The interviews with patients mostly took place immediately following observation. The nurses were interviewed either on conclusion of the day’s events or the following day.
When no more variation occurred in the concepts identified from the collected, organised and analysed data theoretical saturation was achieved (within the parameters of this small study). The approach to analysis was consistent with principles of theoretical sensitivity and emergence.
Within a constant comparative process, codes were identified from patterns of conceptual meanings in the data and condensed into key properties. Subcategories were generated from a further distillation of those properties. In this way, two categories ‘Experience’ and ‘Investment’ were generated and substantive theory constructed. Achieving theoretical saturation meant that the extent of the explanatory and conceptual power of the analysis could be explained in relation to ‘work, fit and relevance’ in relation to the aim of the research.
Robustness was established by: summarising the key points of each interview to each participant and making any amendments they suggested; continually revisiting the data; and referring to field notenotes in the context of each participant’s account. The size of the research field or the participant sample did not constrain the research design or the depth of analysis achieved in relation to meeting the research aim. Mindful of the interactive role of the researcher within constant comparative analysis, refection was deployed purposefully throughout the research process – including discussion with colleagues.
The work of several traditional theorists was useful in the process of analysis. The work of Strauss contributed helpful concepts related to understanding modus operandi in interaction in healthcare. ‘The social construction of reality’ as conceived by Berger and Luckmann was helpful in understanding the diverse meanings and understandings that patients and nurses brought to interaction.
Finally, the work of Garfinkel regarding social performance was useful in examining processes of navigation in interaction.
Findings with integrated commentary derived from the category of ‘Experience’ follow; specifically, the key properties of: ‘Being a good patient, being a good nurse’, ‘Institutional experiences’ and ‘Expectations about healthcare’. The participants’ own terms are used throughout and quotes reflect similarities and differences in their views. Consistent with writing grounded theory, literature is integrated throughout.
Being a good patient, being a good nurse
Being a ‘good’ patient or nurse emerged from data around performance in healthcare. Whilst participants were reflective about role, they recognised the impact of change and brought that recognition to the role they adopted. They also brought those reflections to the prospect of current relationship development and balance within that relationship.
Participants themselves used the terms ‘good patient’ or ‘good nurse’ and had varying views about what that might mean in healthcare today.
Based on their past experience, two patients considered ‘complying’ with care as an important part of managing their social identity as a ‘good’ patient. They described that in interaction patients and nurses played roles, each facilitating the other in achieving an acceptable balance of compliance and control respectively:
" Patient (P) 9: You don’t ask them … they tell you what’s best. You’re in their hands… I’ve no doubt they discuss you and sort it out between them [practice nurse and GP] it’s important to be a good patient for them. "
As counterpoint to this, nurse participants expected the patient to be involved in their care to some extent. The involvement nurses expected from patients ranged from asking questions and seeking information, to engagement in decision-making. The role of patient was an expression of belief systems related to experience of interaction learned in the past, and expressed in the present:
" P4: I was brought up to follow what they told you. You just let them get on with it … they were the experts and of course you wouldn’t dream of saying anything unless you were asked… "
Viewing a patient as participatory means that they take responsibility for their own health and wellbeing whilst living their everyday lives within and out with the context of interaction in the health centre. However, a central question arises: how much do individuals as patients delegate their everyday responsibility and how much do nurses assume it in patient-nurse interaction?
The patient has ‘work to do’ in terms of taking responsibility for their illness, and health professionals may conceptualise this responsibility as acting appropriately. Acting appropriately relates to who will do what in respect of patient participation in their own care.
Nurse participants acknowledged understandings from an earlier period in time about how to be a ‘good’ patient held by some older people. Those understandings underpinned the extent to which older patients may or may not participate in their own care. Nurses identified that patients continuing in that mode of understanding created an imbalance of expectations in the patient-nurse relationship. Nurses felt that the impact of such imbalance was in terms of reduced communication and collaboration in patient nurse interaction. In addition for some older patients, contemporary definitions of participation in healthcare have not permeated fully and thus are not fully realised.
It was evident that the adoption of a less active role as a patient continued to be embraced by ten patients and six nurses. Some patients preferred a less active role in their care, which was accepted to a lesser extent by nurses:
" Nurse (N) 16: I know how things have changed. The older generations were brought up to respect authority and do as they were asked with few questions. Some patients are still like that today… despite best efforts "
" N2: It’s quite frustrating really because on one hand you want them to do well, but you do want them to be involved at the same time… you can be too good… "
The feeling of agreement of ten patient participants was ‘leave it to the experts’ the patient should have the option of avoiding involvement in their care in relation to decision-making. ‘Leaving it to the expert’ should be perceived as an alternative mode of action. Nurse participants thought that if a patient is not a ‘good’ one within the parameters of their professional beliefs, the prospect of developing a therapeutic relationship would be affected. Important to resolving this potential conflict is establishing what kind of helping/caring relationship patients and nurses value.
The feeling of agreement that the patient should be active to some extent in interaction with the nurse was mostly expressed by patients who were younger or by those who had had sustained contact with community health services over the years:
" P7: I suppose the whole way of it has changed when you think back over the years… it just happens as time passes. I don’t think you’re aware of it at the time… it’s like everything else… washing machines and colour telly and computers "
Nurse participants also mentioned their experiences of change in a range of ways, including references to the professional and, to a lesser extent, personal:
" N2: I can remember when I first started [nursing] there were so many illnesses they could do nothing about… they didn’t understand them. Think about all those operations for stomach ulcers! We used to keep people in bed for days and convalescence was such a drawn out process. Nursing was such a slog. "
" N11: I remember going into hospital when I was child and my parents weren’t even allowed to stay with me. Hospitals were formal places with strict rules and doctors were gods. When I qualified the approach was very much a pathological one… and nursing used a bio-medical approach. "
Two older nurses provided these examples and their reflections characterised considerable changes in healthcare and nursing in the United Kingdom in the last thirty years. Various references were made to changes in nursing itself. These comments related to the professional careers of nurse participants in terms of changing roles and emerging opportunities. N11 and N2 discussed how these issues had been influential in their approach to nursing and patient care and provided different perspectives, principally about how the patient had been regarded:
" N11: I think it has mattered a great deal to me how things have changed. It is important that things have moved on. There is much better understanding of who the patient is rather than just what’s up with them… and only looking at problems. "
" N2: When people talk about the good old days they forget just how bad things could be… things like not knowing what was going on or being asked… you certainly were not a client… and as a nurse, the same was true half the time. "
Despite the assertions by these nurse participants that things have changed in a range of ways, it could be that they were promoting the ideals or ‘received wisdom’ about contemporary practice and policy, rather than accurately describing the impacts of role change in healthcare in particular what might constitute a good patient or a good nurse.
In terms of today’s emphasis upon involvement, the issue of who defines roles in healthcare interaction is at the heart of how the reality of being a patient or nurse is constructed.
Consistent with grounded theory methodology, unexpected findings emerge. In this instance, meanings and understandings drawn on from beyond NHS settings were found to be important to some patient participants and influential in their performance in healthcare settings. It may be the case that patients, who have felt relatively powerless in other institutions by being unable to exert any control over process, may bring those ‘apprehended’ behaviours to their performance in healthcare [48; 50; 51]. That may mean that their belief in engaging in involvement is reduced. That may mean they are perceived as less interactive by nurses. Four patient participants in particular were observed to await instruction from the nurse; they did not assume it was their turn rather waited until the nurse formally invited them to follow and to then to be seated and, continued to respond to instructions without initiating action themselves for example, rolling a sleeve up.
The four patients referred specifically to experiences they had had in other institutions including the Department of Social Security (DSS) and Social Work Department (SWD).
These specific references were made during interviews and emerged around the issue of knowing what to do as modus operandi when meeting the nurse and in need-care interaction. The patients described the rituals they felt obliged to follow if they were to achieve the purpose of their visit to either DSS or SWD:
" P11: It’s like take a number … like at the counter in Tesco … wait your turn, go where you’re telt [told] … dae what you’re telt … an away. "
" P13: You have to just go through the hoops or you’ll get nowhere…they’ve got a way of working … you fit in … get the business done, that’s it "
Participants believed that certain behaviours were appropriate in similar settings, including DSS and the Health Centre. Whilst they identified that systems related to basic organisation were essential, for example to avoid queue jumping, they felt a sense of resignation about going through pre-determined hoops in that what you did and how you did it was not open to negotiation. The participants expressed difficulties with this in a range of ways. In particular, whilst they disliked ‘being a number’ and having to ‘go along with it’, they were resigned to it as appropriate behaviour to adopt to achieve their purpose. Four participants identified that it is reasonable to be asked to ‘sit down there’ or ‘go there’, especially if you were a novice in such a place as the DSS. However, the key issue seemed to be that you would probably be left to pick up clues from others and copy what others did:
" P17: I didn’t have a clue what to do… couldn’t really make head nor tail of it. Eventually I could see some were waiting to have forms checked, some were being called… eventually I worked out that folk at one side were waiting to make inquiries like me… so I moved and sat at the end… "
P17 describes clearly the process of working out what to do in an unfamiliar setting as did others. In order to navigate their way through the unfamiliar, they drew on wider experiences, a process that served them only to a limited extent. The key issue that perplexed them was the lack of signposts that they expected to be there by custom and practice. These signposts were not only the physical, for example, lack of inquiry signs, but also lack of opportunity to interact face to face. The participants noted that there often seemed to be a lack of social engagement with fellow clients and staff in DSS and/or SWD. In effect, the lack of information and supportive actions for example, effective signposts or human communication, hindered individuals’ opportunities to problem solve. The alternative and available action was to be passive and compliant in a process over which they felt they had little control because clues to aid modus operandi were largely concealed. The understandings generated contributed to participants’ beliefs about their competence in institutional settings and the control that could be exerted in settings that they identified as similar, such as the health centre.
Beliefs about parameters of control were related to the individual’s experiences and beliefs about how to navigate in an institutional setting. These beliefs were influenced by interpretations of how to behave conventionally, ‘going through the hoops’ as the participant put it. Berger and Luckmann propose that individuals navigate in the social world by identifying and typifying recognisable patterns of activity. By this process, individuals can predict how their activities will be evaluated and reacted to by others. Berger and Luckmann argue that: ‘The social reality of everyday life is thus apprehended in a continuum of typifications, which are progressively anonymous as they are removed from the ‘here and now’, of the ‘face-to-face situation’. Although the health centre environment was identified as more facilitative than other contexts in terms of interaction, how individuals have ‘apprehended’ interaction in other contexts may be transferred and contribute to the complexity of performance in patient-nurse interaction as exemplified by P13:
" P13: These places have their way of working … the same way more or less… you just settle yourself down to it and let them get on with it. Aye, best way "
The experiences identified by patient participants who had had considerable experience in other institutions (DSS and SWD) support this argument.
Patient participants described that at times their sense of self was undermined. One patient participant used the term ‘diminished’ in relation to being a number [P11] ‘like at the counter in Tesco’.
The sense of being undermined or diminished was particularly true of those who described the encounters significant to them out with the health centre. The significance of these encounters was both the link between the reason for the visit, for example seeking welfare/benefits, and the effect the adherent navigation processes had on them. The demands and challenges of organisational structures and processes compromised their sense of self-determination, including in interaction in healthcare and thus for patient-nurse relationship development.
Expectations about healthcare
Participants’ expectations related to healthcare were sometimes those of uncertainty and they brought that to their performance in situated interaction. They connected their experiences in healthcare in the past to experiences in the present day as an interdependency linked to their performance. In doing so they referred to changes in healthcare, nursing and the roles of patients and nurses.
The inclusion of psychosocial aspects in assessment was the prevalent feature included by nurses in their conceptualisation of delivering nursing care. Their conceptualisation related well to patients’ identification of nursing as being more than giving physical care. Whilst four nurse participants expanded on issues of development and change, as shown in previous examples, the points they raised were also identified to some extent by the other nurses.
These views suggest that the approach to caring by nurses may be different from that expected by patients. Those patients are likely to be older and familiar with traditional bio-medical models of care.
In the terms of the nurses cited whose approach to care went beyond bio-medical matters, a tension between their approach and patients’ understanding of nursing and healthcare emerges:
" P11: I haven’t seen the doctor for years… I didn’t even realise they had practice nurses… took me a while to understand what her drift was [role and approach]. I suppose I thought the doc would give me some tablets and keep an eye on it [hypertension] … but she [the nurse] asks me all sorts about lifestyle and all that. She does more than just check it like I thought she would… she takes her time… very good "
In need-care interactions, nurses’ interpretation of nursing ‘the whole person’ commonly prevailed over patients with expectations of a bio-medical approach to caring. The accomplishment of nurse participants seemed to be to win patients over to their approach to caring, rather than it being explained and agreement established. In other words, patients generally ‘caught the drift’ through co-operating in patient-nurse interactions as P11 did. Importantly, ‘really’ being listened to was identified as critical in the consultation process as eight patient identified explicitly:
" P4: She’s a genuine lassie… puts up with my stories and moans and groans… she doesn’t make me feel like a silly old fool "
" P8: We work things out… even if it’s a daft thing. I like the way they remember you… and relax you really "
As in these examples, it was important to patients to feel that they could express themselves without pressure and in comfort, and nurses welcomed that. Interestingly, the two patients just cited [P4 and P8] identified that it is important that, in addition to listening, nurses also accepted that patients needed to tell their story without feeling ‘silly’ or ‘daft’. In terms of confidence and trust, this related to patients’ concerns about preservation of integrity and the importance placed upon behaving appropriately and being accepted:
" N9: above all, patients just need to feel that they can just talk; it’s about them … how things get sorted out, wee things and feelings get picked up "
The motivator to overcoming any uncertainly was the development through interaction of the patient-nurse relationship (which was valued highly where it existed). Nurse participants recognised that a patient’s emphasis upon the ‘expert’ ‘knowing best’ created an imbalance in their relationship.
Participants revealed how they created and sustained meanings and understandings of healthcare and nursing by talking about their changing expectations and beliefs and relating them to the present day. Meanings emerge in local contexts and situations through interaction with others, and wider historical understandings are drawn upon to do so[48, 49, 52]. The emergence of meanings is an achievement in everyday life in which meanings are created and sustained in performance in interaction.
For the participants, creating and sustaining meanings and understandings emerged in, and of, interaction as it took place. In the process of creating meaning within interaction, patients and nurses draw upon the past to perform in the present – an evolutionary process in which the past articulates with the present.
In this process, some past meanings are sustained and new meanings are created about how to perform in interaction. Their expectations and beliefs have or are changing as a consequence of their contemporary experiences:
" P9: It’s daft when you think about it… only going to the health centre when you’re ill… it’s no called the illness centre. Years ago health didn’t come into it much at all… as they say; the future of the community depends on health. At least now, things are more open… like mental health. Nurses have much more to do now… they’re trained for it … they work alongside other people like the doctor rather than separate. "
Comments such as these represented a largely positive view of changes in community healthcare, and identify what were seen as positive aspects of the evolving role of the nurse and transformation in healthcare:
" N12: I know that some people attending the health centre are quite baffled by who does what now until they get used to it. A lot of that relates to the extended roles we [nurses] have, and the specialist roles that are designed to meet patient’ needs … although I don’t think they always realise that. I suppose it has become very different over the last few years "
Patients have a range of views regarding expertise in the health centre, including confusion about what expertise is and with whom it lies.
These views were explicitly echoed by five patient participants whilst others were won over by the competence of practice nurses:
" P6: I wasn’t sure at first… I was used to the doctor monitoring me. But I got used to the nurse and she knows how to adjust things and we sort them out [blood glucose levels] "
" P13: It’s just that you’re used to something else… the lady doctor always sent for you and checked you over and did the [cervical] smear. The nurse does it now and it’s just the same… no bother. She checks the rest of you out as well so it’s time well spent on yourself eh! "
Some patients stated that they would rather see a doctor in circumstances where a medical condition was subject to regular review, for example, diabetes mellitus:
" P2: I just have more confidence … I prefer medical advice and expertise "
" P7: I don’t doubt her proficiency in lots of ways… I’m used to dealing with the doctor … I just believe the doctor is the best person in my circumstances "
Views such as these do not necessarily express an adherence by patients to a reductionist bio-medical approach, or to hierarchical notions that the services of the doctor are superior to those of nurses. Rather, these views may represent a sense of security generated by familiarity with the doctor as provider of care. In these terms, transformations in health care may result in a sense of insecurity related to expertise for some.
Nurse participants did not include the same meanings identified by patient participants in their accounts; however, they did include reference to changes in nursing including their professional contribution:
" N11: before you were the nurse that worked along with the GPs in your district. The patients were his and you assisted with skills with patients with lots of different needs… I would say it was more about tasks though, not nursing skills as we know it today. "
" N9: Nowadays we have our own caseloads and take responsibility for managing the patients… it’s a turnaround in the way we practice as nurses working as specialists with our multi-disciplinary colleagues and we do bring lots of experience and training to it [the role] "
The nurses’ layers of experience had accrued over time and were expressed in the style of their professional practice and interaction. Those layers included the encounters and experiences they had had in diverse healthcare settings, especially in acute hospitals.
Changing working practices related to interaction include the idea that a ‘blurring’ process occurs as roles evolve[32, 35, 54]. The blurring process is in terms of who does what in a division of ‘caring’ labour as the role and expertise of the nurse extends. The blurring of roles has implications for the patient in terms of understanding interaction with individuals with a range of professional expertise in the health centre.
Roles and professional identities have been redefined in the community practice setting with a movement towards person centred care[16, 33]. Expertise has been redistributed with the ‘up skilling’ of nurses leading to more complex patient cases being seen by the GP as s/he determines. GPs and some nurses are higher up the complexity hierarchy which is bio-medically focused. In this way a ‘hierarchy of appropriateness’ emerges for the patient. Redistribution of roles and expertise contradicts person centredness in that presenting with a biomedical issue becomes the determining factor as to whether you see a doctor or a nurse as a patient in the health centre[3, 34]. For some patients this may mean they may not be able to consult with the healthcare professional of their choice and/or preference. From interviews with patients, it is evident that these arrangements for managing care delivery have not been driven fully by them. Also, it is evident that these arrangements may not be apparent to or easily understood by patients.
Important social meanings and understandings are brought to patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting and impact upon performance. Performance includes the preferred role as patient or as nurse linked to expectations about interaction in the community practice setting. Those meanings and understandings have implications for how we understand performance in interaction and relate it to the development of the patient-nurse relationship.
Some evidence emerged that patients differentiate between their relationship with the doctor and their relationship with the nurse. Within that differentiation, perceptions of expertise and power are embedded. In their endeavours to engage in healthcare, some patients understood that nurses and doctors had different and discreet roles to play in healthcare. In these terms, it may be the case that the notion of professional hierarchy remains pervasive for patients. It is the case that medical encounters and work[3, 9, 33, 35] and patient-nurse encounters and interaction[1–5] have been subject to some examination. However, the perspective of patients is under examined in relation to understanding and acceptance of their role[12, 18, 19]. As contributing evidence, patients and nurses in this study experienced some uncertainty in striving to make sense of the challenges of the changing health service, including roles and expectations. Transformations at the coalface of healthcare and nursing are also somewhat ambiguous for some patients and nurses.
Ambiguity emerges from perceptions that decisions concerning treatment and care should be embedded in the traditional domain of the doctor, rather than the nurse. Others qualified their beliefs about this and located the doctor’s power in the realm of medical diagnosis and treatment in a multi-disciplinary team, and referral to other experts, including nurses. Of note is that uncertainty created challenges in constructing a performance as patient in particular interfaced with who was ‘expert’.
Those challenges of engagement are more important in patient-nurse interaction than previously recognised and suggest that whilst models of medical and nursing care have evolved including roles and expertise[2, 15, 34], the public may not have grasped the changes and all that they encompass. However, if the movement to biopsychosocial and therapeutic models of care is more ‘rhetoric than reality’ then the expectations of those patients seeking a biomedical approach to care will be met.
The articulation of past and present experiences in healthcare was more than the impact of the passing of time or nostalgia. It was about constructing the reality of being a patient or nurse today. Nurses’ reference to changes in nursing matched the meanings and understandings of patients in terms of articulation of past and present experiences. That articulation is a new thread of understanding about making sense of transforming healthcare by and thus for patients and nurses.
The emergence of modus operandi adds to the existing literature[22–25] by capturing the wider institutional experiences that may be brought to patient-nurse interaction by patients. In relation to modus operandi, the complexity of patient-nurse interaction should include consideration of how individuals experience interaction in a range of institutions, because they bring meanings and understandings from that experience to their performance in healthcare. The experiences of patient participants beyond healthcare settings were not entirely positive and were related to difficulties in processes of navigation.
Participants described that they had difficulty in identifying recognisable patterns of activity that they could engage with. Difficulties in navigation resulted in a loss of sense of control. Participation and involvement in patient-nurse interaction were jeopardised for those who had experienced feelings of being powerless in other institutions. Subsequent implications for the patient-nurse relationship can be surmised.
Taking into account that this was a small study, several areas emerged in analysis that deserve further study specifically, modus operandi in healthcare, the import of interaction experienced in other institutions and, the differentiation of the roles of patient, nurse and doctor.
The centrality of social meanings and understanding in patient-nurse interaction is not fully apparent to nurses, but important in the patient experience and to how they perform in role. Seeking understanding from this social perspective makes a contribution to enhancing knowledge about patient-nurse interaction with subsequent impact on practice, in particular the development of the patient nurse relationship.
Organisational structures and processes may compromise the self-determination of individuals by imposing formalities, routines and rituals that appeared to be mostly impenetrable in terms of navigation. The inclusion of these meanings is important to understanding the generation and construction of meanings in situated interaction, especially by the patient in a healthcare setting. Consideration of those more complex social meanings expands understanding of patient-nurse interaction and thus is very relevant in healthcare that is transforming.
Individual experiences of health and social services are influential in perceptions of roles, performance and modus operandi. Whilst health and social services are very relevant to this argument, further understanding could lie in experiences in other social institutions, for example, education, religion and judiciary related (probation and/or prison). For patients and nurses this could also mean other health or social care providers, such as private healthcare or care homes. How individuals have experienced and understood interaction in other institutions contributes to understanding the complexity of situated patient-nurse interaction: an insight missing in existing knowledge.
- Shattel M: Nurse-patient interaction: a review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2004, 13: 714-722. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.00965.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chatwin J: Hidden dimensions: the analysis of interaction in nurse-patient encounters. Quality in Primary Care. 2008, 16: 109-115.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Williams AM, Irurita VF: Therapeutic and non-therapeutic interpersonal interactions: the patient’s perspective. J Clin Nurs. 2004, 13 (7): 806-815. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01020.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Seiger M, Ertyl-Schmuck R, Harking M: Perceptions and interpretations of nurse-patient interaction a qualitative study. Pflege. 2010, 23 (4): 249-259. 10.1024/1012-5302/a000052.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Nordby H: Meaning and normativity in nurse-patient interaction. Nurs Philos. 2007, 8 (1): 16-27.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kralik D, Koch T, Wootton K: Engagement and detachment: understanding patients’ experience with nursing. J Adv Nurs. 1997, 26: 399-407. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997026399.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tejero LMS: The mediating role of the nurse-patient dyad bonding in bringing about patient satisfaction. J Adv Nurs. 2012, 68 (5): 994-1002. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05795.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tropea S: ‘Therapeutic emplotment’: a new paradigm to explore the interaction between nurses and patients with a long-term illness. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 68 (4): 939-947.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- May C, Dowrick C, Richardson M: The confidential patient: the social construction of therapeutic relationships in general medical practice. Sociol Rev. 1996, 44: 187-203. 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1996.tb00421.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hagerty BM, Patusky KL: Reconceptualising the nurse-patient relationship. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2003, 35: 145-150. 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00145.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Henderson A, Van Eps MA, Pearson K, James C, Henderson P: 'Caring for' behaviours that indicate to patients that nurses 'care about' them. J Adv Nurs. 2007, 60 (2): 146-153. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04382.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stoddart KM, Bugge C: Uncovering the features of negotiation in developing the patient-nurse relationship. British Journal of Community Nursing. 2012, 17 (2): 77-84.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tutton E: Patient participation on a ward for frail older people. J Adv Nurs. 2005, 50 (2): 143-152. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03373.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jones A: Creating history: documents and patient participation in nurse-patient interviews. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2009, 31 (6): 907-923. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01190.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Attree P, French B, Milton B, Povall S, Whitehead M, Popay BA: The experience of community engagement for individuals: a rapid review of evidence. Health and Social Care in the Community. 2011, 19 (3): 250-260. 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00976.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kennedy C, Christie J, Harbison J, Maxton F, Rutherford I, Moss D: Establishing the contribution of nursing in the community to the health of the people of Scotland: integrative literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2008, 64 (5): 416-439. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04621.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kennedy C, Harbison J, Mahoney C, Jarvis A, Veitch L: Investigating the contribution of community nurses to anticipatory care: a qualitative exploratory study. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 67 (7): 1558-1567. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05589.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Papastavrou E, Efstathiou G, Charalambous A: Nurses’ and patients’ perceptions of caring behaviours: quantitative systematic review of comparative studies. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 67 (6): 1191-1205. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05580.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Seiger M, Elfrieda F, Them C: In discourse: Bourdieu’s theory of practice and habitus in the context of a communication-orientated nursing interaction model. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 68 (2): 480-489.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- O’Neill M, Cowman S: Partners in care: investigating community nurses’ understanding of an interdisciplinary team-based approach to primary care. Journal of Community Nursing. 2008, 17: 3004-3011. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02068.x.Google Scholar
- Turner BS: Medical power and social knowledge. 1995, Sage Publications, London, 2Google Scholar
- Rapley T: Distributed decision making: the anatomy of decisions-in-action. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2008, 30 (3): 429-444. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01064.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pilnick A, Hindmarsh J, Teas Gill V: Beyond ‘doctor and patient’: developments in the study of healthcare interactions. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2009, 31 (6): 787-802. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01194.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shared decision-making in healthcare achieving evidence-based patient choice. Edited by: Edwards A, Elwyn G. 2009, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2
- Chewning B, Bylund CL, Shah B, Arora NK, Gueguen JA, Makoul G: Patient preference for shared decisions: a systematic review. Patient Education and Counselling. 2012, 86: 9-18. 10.1016/j.pec.2011.02.004.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Adams R, Price K, Tucker G, Nguyen AM, Wilson D: The doctor and patient how is the clinical encounter perceived?. Patient Education and Counselling. 2012, 86: 127-133. 10.1016/j.pec.2011.04.002.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Scottish Executive Health Department: Delivering Care. 2006, Enabling Health, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
- Department of Health: Modernising Nursing Careers: setting the direction. 2006, Department of Health, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Darzi A: High Quality care for all: NHS next stage review final report. 2008, DoH, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Scottish Government Health Department: Leading Better Care and Releasing Time to Care. Implementation and progress to date: a briefing paper. 2010, SGHD, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
- Laurant M, Harmensen M, Faber M, Wollershiem H, Sibbald B, Grol R: Revision of professional roles and quality improvement: a review of the evidence. 2010, The Health Foundation, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Martin GP, Finn R: Patients as team members: opportunities, challenges and paradoxes of including patients in multi-professional healthcare teams. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2011, 33 (7): 1050-1065. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01356.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Charles-Jones H, Latimer J, May C: Transforming general practice: the redistribution of medical work in primary care. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2003, 25 (1): 71-92. 10.1111/1467-9566.t01-1-00325.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dowrick C, May C, Richardson M, Bundred P: The biopsychosocial model of general practice: rhetoric or reality?. Br J Gen Pract. 1996, 46: 105-107.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Allen D: The nursing-medical boundary: a negotiated order?. Sociology of Health and illness. 1997, 19 (4): 498-520.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mead N, Bower P: Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of empirical literature. Social Science and Medicine. 2000, 51: 1087-1110. 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00098-8.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dixon-Woods M: Writing wrongs? An analysis of published discourses about the use of patient information leaflets. Social Science and Medicine. 2001, 52: 1417-1432. 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00247-1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burston S, Chaoyer W, Wallis M, Stanfield J: A discussion of approaches to transforming care: contemporary strategies to improve patient safety. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 67 (11): 2488-2495. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05706.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gray C, Hogg R, Kennedy C: Professional boundary work in the face of change to generalist working in community nursing in Scotland. J Adv Nurs. 2011, 67 (8): 1695-1704. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05601.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Taylor D, Bury M: Chronic illness, expert patients and care transition. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2007, 29 (1): 27-45. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00516.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peters S, Rogers A, Salmon P, Gask L, Dowrick C, Towey M, Clifford R, Morriss R: What do patients choose to tell their doctors? Qualitative analysis of potential barriers to reattributing medically unexplained symptoms. Journal of General Intern Medicine. 2008, 24 (4): 443-449.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Glaser B, Strauss A: The discovery of grounded theory. 1967, Aldine Publications, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
- Charmaz K: Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. 2006, Sage Publications, LondonGoogle Scholar
- The Sage handbook of grounded theory. Edited by: Bryant A, Charmaz K. 2010, Sage Publications, London
- Corbin J, Strauss A: Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 2008, 3View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Glaser B: Theoretical sensitivity. 1978, Sociology Press, Mill ValleyGoogle Scholar
- Glaser B: Basics of grounded theory analysis: emergence versus forcing. 1992, Sociology Press, Mill ValleyGoogle Scholar
- Strauss A: Negotiations: varieties, contexts, processes and social order. 1978, Josey-Bass Publishers, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Berger P, Luckmann T: The social construction of reality. 1967, Penguin, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Garfinkel H: Studies in ethnomethodology. 1967, Prentice Hall, NJGoogle Scholar
- Strauss A, Fagerhaugh S, Suczet B, Wiener C: The social organisation of medical work. 1985, University of Chicago Press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
- Plummer K: Documents of life 2. 2001, Sage Publications, LondonView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bury M: Illness narratives: fact or fiction. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2001, 23 (3): 263-285. 10.1111/1467-9566.00252.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Svensson R: The interplay between doctors and nurses a negotiated order perspective. Sociology of Health and Illness. 1996, 18: 379-398. 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934735.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/11/14/prepub
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:b7d2d2ed-62eb-4e65-96c0-d639f9b5ad93> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6955-11-14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00015-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950823 | 11,186 | 1.59375 | 2 |
By Dallas and Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal
Insurance fraud is governed by Chapter 35 of the Texas Penal Code. It can be summed up as lying to an insurance company to attain benefits and/or coverage, but you should read the statute to clear up any questions you may have.
The statute makes several types of insurance fraud illegal. To be guilty of insurance fraud, one must intentionally or knowingly present false or misleading material information to the insurance company. An example of this might be that someone reports a car accident occurred — which never actually occurred to get insurance money.
Another way the crime is committed is to have instead the person who prepares or causes to be prepared the insurance claim be accountable for any fraudulent statements. An example of this is where someone goes to the dentist to have their teeth cleaned. Unknown to the patient, the dentist has his administrative assistant bill the insurance company for a root canal. In that instance, the dentist and his assistant are both likely guilty of the insurance fraud though the assistant might be shown more leniency. The patient would have no liability assuming they didn’t know about the scheme.
Yet another way the crime can be committed is when someone with intent to defraud or deceive receives a benefit from an insurance policy they know is the result of fraud. A good example of this would be where a plumber and a homeowner decide to split the money for a bogus insurance claim where the plumber unclogged a toilet and the homeowner and he have a handshake deal where they submit it as a busted pipe which destroyed the bottom floor of a house.
Now, if you ask the insurance company — virtually everything someone tells them about a claim they don’t want to pay is “fraud.” And, they’ll have the public think that despite raking in oodles of premiums and having one of out stoutest lobbies in Austin, insurance fraud is a wide-spread epidemic and that they, the insurance companies, are somehow victims. Please contain your laughter. The vast majority of insurance issues that get hashed out in court are done in civil, not criminal disputes.
Chapter 35 contains a lot of language which shows the degree of deceit has to be somewhat steep in order to trigger a crime because insurance claims are inherently subjective and the subject of bitter disputes. For example, there must be showing of intent to deceive as well as the ‘materialty’ or importance of the false statement to the over-all claim. Though some may disagree, blaming the other driver for the car accident probably isn’t going to land you in hot water for criminal insurance fraud assuming you have a good-faith belief for making such a claim.
Truthfully, insurance fraud prosecutions are somewhat rare. But they are serious charges. The charges can range from misdemeanors to felonies based on the dollar amount of the alleged fraud, and the charges would almost certainly qualify a crimes of moral turpitude which impair professional licensing and carry a terrible stigma.
*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice. For legal advice about any situation you should contact an attorney directly. Contacting the author through this blog does not constitute an attorney-client relationship and such communications are not subject to the attorney-client privilege. | <urn:uuid:46b115cc-62e9-46fa-b679-125639855c3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://collincountycriminallawyer.lawyer/2011/11/17/insurance-fraud/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.953362 | 700 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The country's economic fortunes are increasingly tied to those of the global economy
Rapidly growing foreign trade has been key to China's remarkable economic performance of the past three decades, yet the conventional view is that China's growth has been largely domestically driven. According to this view, China uses its abundant labor to assemble imported inputs into low-tech consumer goods and capital goods exports, making it the world's workshop.
Such processing trade typically adds little value to the domestic economy because the import content of exports is high. As a result, the argument goes, changes in global demand or in the exchange rate will have little direct impact on the economy's trade balance or growth—any change in exports will be largely offset by changes in imports.
So how does trade contribute to growth? The answer is through the transfer of better technology. This caricature of China's trade underlies many formal analyses and policy discussions and even garners support from some empirical studies. For instance, Shu and Yip (2006) find that relative price changes have had a small effect on China's exports and trade balance, an outcome that has been attributed to its role as a processing center.
But such a reading of China's economy does not reflect current realities. Although it may have described the Chinese economy in the early stages of reform, when China lacked domestic technological know-how and had to rely on imported intermediate products and capital goods for its production and exports (see Lemoine and Ünal-Kesenci, 2002), a recent IMF study suggests that it may have become less accurate in recent years (Cui and Syed, 2007). The domestic content of China's exports has increased and its products have become more sophisticated, in part because of substantial investments and technological upgrades that have expanded the economy's production capacity.
Advancements in regional vertical integration (the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers) have helped to extend China's domestic value added in the global supply chain, particularly in less sophisticated sectors. These developments, together with a shift in product composition that could make exports more responsive to external shocks, imply that China's trade balance and economic growth have become more sensitive to external demand and exchange rate changes than is generally recognized or estimated from historical averages. This trend is likely to continue as China's trade structure continues to evolve.
A closer look at the trade surplus . . .
Over the past four years, China's trade surplus has risen sharply, reaching about $218 billion, or more than 8 percent of GDP in 2006, from an average of about 3 percent of GDP between 2000 and 2004. The trade surplus has been propelled by a sharp rise in the manufacturing sector surplus. In particular, machinery, electronic appliances, and transportation equipment account for more than half of the trade surplus, compared with a significant deficit only a few years ago.
The widening of the trade surplus has been driven mainly by a significant slowdown in imports, which started to lag export growth by large margins in early 2005. In contrast, during most of the past decade, import and export growth were typically on a par, consistent with China's role as a processing center. Imports of intermediate goods (including parts and components and semifinished goods) slowed the most, explaining more than half of the slowdown in total imports between 2003 and 2005 and accounting for the lion's share of the gap between the growth rates of imports and exports. This development has directly affected China's trade with the rest of Asia and may be altering China's role in regional production chains. Although China's trade surplus with the United States and the European Union continues to grow, its trade deficit with the rest of Asia, traditionally an offset, has shrunk over the past two years. This has raised concerns in some Asian economies, especially those for which exports to China have been a major driver of recent economic growth.
The slowdown in imports occurred during a period of booming investment, as China's increased domestic production capacity has enabled greater domestic sourcing for intermediate products (see Chart 1). In some sectors, such as steel and chemical materials, vast capacity was created following the investment boom during 2003 and 2004 in response to surging commodity prices. In other sectors, such as electronics and machineries, foreign direct investment (FDI) has also played an important role, mirroring a major change in the global production network as more stages of production shift to China. For example, FDI flows into the electronics sector from Taiwan Province of China alone increased from $538 million in 1999 to $2.4 billion in 2005. Reflecting the rising domestic production capacity, exports of final products have continued to grow strongly in many sectors—notably home electrical appliances, ordinary machinery, and, to a lesser extent, higher-tech products such as precision apparatus—despite the recent slowdown in imports of intermediate inputs used in their production.
These developments highlight the evolving role of China in the regional processing trade. It is important to recognize that the category of processing trade is essentially a trade category defined by Chinese customs officials for tax purposes. It is not confined to low-value-added assembly operations, with all materials provided by foreign suppliers. Firms can choose to import all or some intermediate goods (for example, raw materials, parts and components, accessories, and packaging materials) from abroad, obtain the rest from domestic suppliers, and reexport the final products with tax exemptions on the imported inputs. The decision of whether to import or source domestically depends on the availability of the products in different markets and relative prices, similar to that for regular imports.
With the expansion of domestic supply, China is increasingly shifting from simple assembly operations toward operations that have greater scope for using domestic inputs. The share of the former has declined sharply, accounting in 2006 for only about 10 percent of the processing trade balance, down from more than 30 percent in the late 1990s. The latter, in contrast, has increased in importance. Moreover, its margin—defined as the domestic value added for each dollar exported, or the trade balance divided by exports—rose from the teens in the mid-1990s to about 40 percent last year, consistent with the rising domestic content of exports (see Chart 2).
. . . and at trade composition
The large domestic investment in capital goods, sizable inflows of FDI, and technological upgrades have also changed the product composition of trade. Whereas labor-intensive consumer goods (including clothing and toys) once dominated China's exports, their share in total exports has declined more than 20 percentage points over the past decade. Exports of capital goods and parts and components have increased markedly, accounting for more than 40 percent of total exports, compared with 10–15 percent a decade ago (see Chart 3). Such a shift points to the changing trade and production structure in China toward more capital-intensive and technologically advanced products.
More broadly, China's exports have become significantly more sophisticated over the past decade (see Chart 4), as have its imports. One useful gauge of trade sophistication is the "Rodrik index": each product is measured by the weighted average of per capita GDP on a purchasing power parity basis of the countries that export it, with the weights determined by each country's revealed comparative advantage. The sophistication indices for overall trade are then calculated as a weighted average of the sophistication indices across products, with the weights determined by trade shares (see Rodrik, 2006). The goods China imports tend to be more sophisticated than those it exports, and the persistent gap between export and import sophistication suggests that China continues to rely on imports in some areas (particularly high-tech products) for its domestic production.
Sensitivity of trade balance
In exploring the implications of increasing domestic sourcing of exports and growing product sophistication for the sensitivity of the trade balance to external shocks, two questions arise.
Have imports delinked from exports? That is, has the increased domestic production capacity had the predicted effect of weakening the traditionally close link between imports of intermediate products and exports of final products? Disaggregated trade data are used to examine this link for a group of subsectors in the electronics and machinery and transport equipment industries. The sample accounts for about half of China's imports of parts and components. Through panel estimation, each industry's imports of parts and components are regressed on the exports of final products of the same industry, controlling for other variables that represent the domestic demand for these final products, as well as the world price of the input relative to its price in China. The full sample (1994–2005) is also split into two equal periods to assess whether the strength of the relationship between imports and foreign demand, on the one hand, and domestic demand in China, on the other, has changed.
The results show that imports of parts and components are positively related to the exports of final products of the same industry for the full sample period, but this relationship is statistically strong only for the first half of the last decade. Consistent with the hypothesis that imports of parts and components have delinked from exports of final products in recent years, there is no statistically significant link in the second half of the decade. In the latter period, imported inputs have become more strongly associated with domestic demand, suggesting that China's imports of parts and components are increasingly used to meet domestic production needs (which grow with the expanding domestic production capacity).
Therefore, the conventional view of China's main role in international trade as an assembly center is not as good a fit as it once was. External shocks may have more potent effects on China's trade balance and domestic economy, because a slowdown in exports may not be offset by a commensurate decline in imports. At the same time, China's imports are being driven by the country's economic growth, rather than being directly used as inputs of its products to be exported.
Does sophistication affect the sensitivity of trade? That is, how have product characteristics—in particular, their growing sophistication—affected the response of trade flows to aggregate shocks? Again, disaggregated trade data are used to capture the potential product differences within industries, consistent with the view that countries specialize in international trade at much finer levels than industries (see Feenstra and Rose, 2000; Schott, 2004). The statistical framework used to test the hypothesis is an extension of the standard trade model that links exports and imports to external and domestic demand and the real effective exchange rate (see "Why Real Exchange Rates?" on page 46) while allowing trade elasticities to vary according to product sophistication.
The results show that, on the export side, the more sophisticated a product is, the more its exports tend to increase in response to a given increase in foreign demand, and the more its exports tend to drop for a given appreciation of the real effective exchange rate. On the import side, the more sophisticated a product is, the more its imports tend to increase in response to a rise in domestic demand, although they tend to increase less in response to a given appreciation of the real effective exchange rate. Therefore, the rising sophistication level also points to greater sensitivity of China's exports and trade balance to demand and price fluctuations than in the past.
The contribution of net exports to China's growth has increased significantly in recent years, as reflected in the surging trade surplus as a share of GDP. The analysis above suggests that a significant part of the increase reflects structural changes in the Chinese economy, particularly the rising domestic content of its exports. Moreover, the two key trends described here imply that China has become more vulnerable to external shocks, such as a real exchange rate appreciation or a slowdown in external demand, than is generally assumed. This underscores the need to hasten the rebalancing of China's growth away from potentially volatile net exports toward a more sustainable path driven by domestic demand.
The structural changes in China also have important regional implications for trade flows within Asia and the evolution of regional production networks. In recent years, China has displaced the United States as the largest export market for an increasing number of Asian countries. It has also been pivotal in boosting intraregional trade and FDI, particularly in the form of intermediate goods channeled through multinationals as part of cross-border chains. Indeed, intermediate products account for almost three-fifths of the increase in trade within Asia over the past decade. But as China begins to specialize in more parts of the production chain, its imports of intermediate goods from the region could start to fall.
On their own, these trends could decrease intraregional trade links. However, the potential expansion of China's domestic market creates opportunities for the regional economies, for example, to produce higher-tech goods that China is unlikely to be able to produce domestically in the near future. These developments highlight the need for regional economies to advance their technological innovation and move up the quality chain. At the same time, to the extent that China's comparative advantage evolves and its labor costs rise as a consequence, the lower-income countries in Southeast Asia could take China's place at the lower end of these networks. | <urn:uuid:c6a5642c-40dd-4c02-a724-beb0a6add13c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/cui.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.949529 | 2,653 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Cuomo: N.Y. Malls Will Only Be Allowed To Open If They Install Virus-Blocking Air Filters
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo provided an indication of how malls across the state may be able to reopen, saying this week there will be mandates on how air is filtered in the buildings.
“Any malls that will open in New York, large malls, we will make it mandatory that they have air filtration systems that can filter out the COVID virus,” Cuomo said at a press briefing this week, per CNBC.
He added that HEPA filters, a type of filter that uses mesh to stop dangerous particles, have been proven to reduce the virus that causes COVID-19 from circulating air. The governor said the MTV Video Music Awards will be able to take place on Aug. 30 at Brooklyn’s Barclays Center — still with a limited crowd or none at all — because HEPA filters are set to be installed at the facility.
New York City is still in Phase 2 of the staggered reopening plan, and was the last region to begin allowing certain types of businesses to open. The phase commenced last week, and has allowed for office buildings to run at a maximum of 50% capacity and restaurants to seat guests outdoors.
Indoor dining, for example, is due to begin on Monday, but leaders have said it may not be able to proceed considering outbreaks in other parts of the country that have alarmed public health officials.
New Jersey, which was expecting to allow some forms of indoor dining starting Thursday, has pulled back on the plan, Gov. Phil Murphy announced Monday, blaming the situation on other states. A final decision for outdoor dining in New York City is set to be announced Wednesday. Malls, gyms and movie theaters aren’t included in either phases 3 or 4.
There have been multiple malls built in New York City in recent years, including The Shops and Restaurants at Hudson Yards — a 1M SF retail complex in the mixed-use development from Related Cos. and Oxford Properties. BFC Partners last year opened Empire Outlets on the Staten Island waterfront, New York City's first outlet mall which has now opened. Westfield World Trade Center opened in the Financial District in 2016.
CLARIFICATION, JULY 6, 10 A.M. ET: Empire Outlets on Staten Island has been open since the city entered phase 2 of the statewide reopening process. An earlier version of this story did not make that clear. This story has been updated. | <urn:uuid:aafc6c36-b79f-4a78-967a-dd4c4a9add46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bisnow.com/new-york/news/retail/ny-malls-will-only-be-allowed-to-open-if-they-install-virus-blocking-air-filters-105027?utm_source=CopyShare&utm_medium=Browser | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.946173 | 519 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Elizabeth, Volume 5, 1562. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1867.
This premium content was digitised by double rekeying and sponsored by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. All rights reserved.
December 26 to 311562
|Dec. 26.||1347. The Queen to the Admiral.|
The bearer, M. St. Maria (who is desirous of repairing to
him), will inform him how troubled she is to hear of some
adverse accident there.
Draft by Cecil, and dated and endd. by him. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 26.||1348. The Privy Council to Warwick.|
|1. They approve of his preparing to withstand the enemy; and commend his comfortable writing of himself and his company. The Queen is determined to assist him with all things necessary for his preservation.|
|2. It is ordered that 1,200 soldiers (who are ready in Norfolk and Suffolk,) shall be forthwith sent to him, with 200 pioneers; and 800 out of the 1,200 shall be without special captains, because he may place such as he has there without charge. 1,000 pioneers will be sent to him from Kent, London, Hertfordshire, Sussex, and Hampshire, and more if possible; but those sort of people are so scant here that it were easier to send so many more soldiers. Will send 2,000 mattrasses of two sorts.|
|3. Touching the impost of beer, they have ordered that none shall be charged with it who will be bound to come thither, so he may abate a mark on every tun. Hand-mills and horse-mills are already shipped; also English iron from Sussex; and the Spanish will be sent from London. They remit to his discretion the monthly allowance of 2 lbs. of powder to every raw arquebusier. They could be content that they had the 200 lances offered by Mr. Saintleger, if hay and oats could be made for them.|
|4. Provision of victuals shall be made for four months, whereof two months' provision to be at Newhaven, one at Portsmouth, and the fourth in coming to Portsmouth, so as to keep a continuance thereof.|
|5. As he requires Abington to receive a further proportion of money, they request him to inform them how the money due upon the victuals, delivered to the garrison before the last muster and pay, is answered.|
|6. Touching the provision of oils, which are very dear, honey, vinegar, and stock fish, they will do as much therein as possible. They think that a good example should be given by the captains and superiors to the soldiers in unserviceable expense of victuals; which they doubt not but he will have regard to himself. An order was given to Newcastle, before he wrote, for a staple of coals from thence. His last request for a mass of money will be cared for.|
|7. They have heard the opinions of Portinary and Mr. Worseley, and they remember Mr. Lee's opinion about the fortifications. Some would have the outer town fortified and guarded with a garrison, because the ground therein is of most advantage to the enemy. Others would have it spoiled by making trenches and causeways. Some by demolishing the two bulwarks there. Their Lordships mislike none of them, if time might serve.|
|8. They have been spoken to about a long wall betwixt the bulwark La Grange and the Vidame's tower; wherein the best surety is to make a platform of timber at the Vidame's tower and at one of the elbows of the same wall, to flank not only the wall but also the curtain of the bulwark La Grange.|
|9. If the siege should come, if he has any friends who have ships there, he may offer them the courtesy to come with their ships into England, otherwise all of them (saving such as he shall occupy for his fortifications) should be put out of the haven and burnt, to prevent any danger.|
|10. All the women and children and the rest of the Frenchmen there must be sent away; and rather than they should be destroyed by the enemy, he is to send them to divers ports in England. But they would rather that they were disposed in their own countries. He is not either for money or reward to let any salt fish or victuals be permitted to go from thence to Rouen, or elsewhere.|
11. They have received sundry complaints from victuallers
that they are molested by exactions by the water bailiff,
which they beg that he will see remedied.
Hol. Draft by Cecil, and dated and endd. by him. Pp. 7.
|[Dec. 26.]||1349. The Privy Council to Lord —. (fn. 1)|
They request that he will speedily send (as directed by
the Queen's letters), not only the 600 soldiers levied there, but
also 100 pioneers.
Draft in Cecil's hol. P. 1.
|Dec. 26.||1350. Warwick to Lord Robert Dudley and Cecil.|
|1. Since he wrote of the battle he has received no certainty thereof. So bloody a battle betwixt so small a number was never seen in France, at which twelve of the order were slain, besides a great number of Guisians and 4,000 Spaniards, and those who escaped hurt and maimed for the most part.|
|2. D'Aumale has his arm broken; St. André and D'Anville are slain, and the Constable taken, by whose means some hope of peace may be conceived, They will see by the Rhinegrave's letter enclosed, that the field was more than once gained and regained, and that it was held by the Prince for a long time, but in the end Guise possessed it,|
|3. This morning Montgomery goes to Dieppe with 300 soldiers from hence, and looks for 200 from Caen, and purposes to make them up to 1,000. Desires that the Queen will see them paid, for otherwise the Count will not be able to keep them long together. He had 400 crowns of the writer before he went to England, and now 1,400 more, which are not enough for his present necessity.|
|4. Begs that a good mass of money may be speedily sent hither for the payment of the garrison, which, by Mr. Treasurer's estimate, will on Monday next, amount to 10,000l.|
|5. Besides this, Beauvoir has under him 200 soldiers, more than 100 are at Tancarville, upon whom he has disbursed 2,000 francs.|
|6. The Treasurer had not money enough to pay the Scotch band, which cannot serve without present payment for the provision of horse meat, which is both dear and ill to be come by, because of their evil neighbours.—Newhaven, 26 Dec. 1562. Signed.|
|7. P.S.—This day the Count took leave of him and said that Guise and the Constable are both hurt, that D'Aumale is dead, that the Admiral keeps the field, with all the artillery, and that the Duke of Bouillon last Monday caused the Gospel to be preached at Caen, which before he would never permit. But they do not credit these reports.|
|8. Captain Mosoner (who serves at Tancarville with 100 footmen) has promised to make in lieu thereof fifty horsemen, and to have in the same a number of gentlemen well appointed, which is thought here will do better service than 100 footmen, and the Queen's charges not increased thereby.|
9. Mr. Bary died this day, in whose place of Provost
Marshal he has appointed Mr. Robinson, and in his room
Arthur Higham, his brother's man.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 4.
|Dec. 26.||1351. Sir Hugh Poulet to Lord Robert Dudley and Cecil.|
|1. In consideration of the large circuit of the town, and the rawness and weakness of its fortifications, they require such a number as was lately requested by the Lieutenant, together with victuals and money. The want of the latter is such that at the next month's pay they will be quite out of it, and a portion of the last pay, ending the 30th ult., remains unpaid The odds and ends, the Frenchmen serving in the town, at Dieppe, and Tancarville, and what will be due in other respects, will be near 10,000l. The Treasurer affirms also that he has not the value of one penny of the Queen's treasure, but is in debt for money borrowed to satisfy former needful payments, and the store of victuals can scarcely satisfy for fourteen days, as the late certificate will declare.|
|2. The enemy should be made to understand that Newhaven and Dieppe are so manned, fortified, and victualled as neither of them could be easily taken, and that the Queen should have an army in readiness to be sent to succour either of those places as occasion shall require.—Newhaven, 26 Dec. 1562. Signed.|
3. P.S.—They cannot dessemble here with the French
touching their estate; for they are so mingled with them, and
they having occasion to repair to and fro must need daily
understand their case in all respects. If the Prince and
Guise should come to peace, all the French factions will be
included, and they will employ their forces and policies upon
repossessing Newhaven, and practise so that those whom the
English now take to be friends may privily work treason.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 7.
|Dec. 26.||1352. Sir Maurice Denys to the Privy Council.|
|1. Sends a declaration of his account from the beginning of his charge to the 17th ult., and for the last of the same, with a note of what is due and unpaid, and what will be due on the 28th inst., amounting to 8,290l. 5s. There has been a great increase of expenses since his last advertisement, of which a greater part is due on the 28th inst., and of which 1,300 crowns are due to the French bands since the arrival of Sir Hugh Poulet.|
2. Has herein proceeded upon the warrants of the Lord
Lieutenant.—Newhaven, 26 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 26.||1353. Smith to Cecil.|
|1. This day, being at dinner, the Spaniard, formerly Sir Nicholas's "fourrier," came and said that the Queen was gone towards the camp at Dreux, where the Duke of Guise is with Condé, who is sick, and that they have some hope of an accord. At which the writer smiled, and said that whenever the Queen talked about an accord mischief always followed, as at Orleans, Bourges, and now at Paris. "No," he replied, "the Prince has not a greater friend in France than the Queen."|
|2. As the Spaniard had before served Sir Nicholas, and as he told the writer that he was going to the camp within two days, he got him to promise that he would go there to-morrow and carry a letter for him to Sir Nicholas, of which a copy is enclosed, with a copy of one sent by another messenger.|
|3. This day learnt from the Cardinal's house by report of Count Mirandula's brother, (who was on the Papists' side, and taken and spoiled at this battle, and who only returned home on Christmas day,) that at Dreux, the preacher, who was taken at the same time as the Prince was put to execution, that the English Ambassador there was wounded, and in danger, and that he was well attended by the Duke of Guise.|
|4. The Spaniard said that the occasion of the Turk's Ambassador's coming here was to offer the Turk's daughter in marriage to the French King, and with her eight millions of gold, and what aid the King thinks meet; and that she would follow such religion as the King should take, whether it be Calvin's or the Papists'.|
|5. On Christmas day, 200 Italian and Albanese horsemen came to Paris from Piedmont, and are going to the Duke of Guise, who masses again all the people he can, and his army now numbers 16,000 or 17,000. The rest of the Piedmont force in the garrisons is coming after.|
6. This day the poor peasants came here for meat, bread,
and wine, as a company of soldiers had come to the village
near here. They are said to number seven or eight score,
and to have come from Calais. There passed by Montmorency
(a village not more than two leagues hence) 2,000 of the
Prince's Almain soldiers who were defeated, and were being
conducted to Flanders, and report that they had neither
sword, dagger, or knife, but each had a staff. Could not at
first learn whether they were those ruiters who at the defeat
fled into a castle, and being besieged by Guise, rendered
themselves up, or whether they were lanzknechts, but has
since ascertained that they are Almains, those "lowbies" who
did such evil in the Prince's camp; that of the 2,000 Guise
has chosen 400 of the likeliest and sent them to the Rhinegrave; the rest were sent away under the conduct of 100
horse, and sworn not to bear arms against France for six
months.—St. Denis, St. Stephen's day, 26 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 4.
|Dec. 26.||1354. N. Stopio to Mason.|
Wrote last Saturday, since which time the enclosed news
have arrived. (fn. 2) It is reported to-day that Avignon is taken,
but as this is a great festival, the letters have not been read,
or the intelligence published. Letters from Florence of the
19th mention the death of the Duchess. The wife of Paulo
Jordano Ursino has been detected in adultery. Jordano
Ursino has left the service of the French and entered that of
the Venetians.—Venice, 26 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Hol., with seal. Add. Endd. Ital. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 27.||1355. Valentine Browne to Cecil.|
|1. Received his letters of the 9th inst. yesterday, and one from the Council, the answer to which he herewith sends by his clerk. Has according to his request written to Mr. Randolph, and sent besides his diets due one month in advance; who requested him to ask Cecil that they may be enlarged.|
|2. Before he received his letter they heard of the death of their late Lord Governor.|
|3. Since the beginning of the matter in France, has suspected that this garrison and place would not continue at such a charge because of the expenses that way; yet he is sorry that hereby so many soldiers and men of experience should now be cassed. Asks that those who have long served, and the fifty gunners of the great ordnance, who came from Guisnes, may, upon this cassment, be translated to serve elsewhere. The 200 who arrived here last will be glad to be cassed and return to their country.|
4. If it is meant that the works should cease, it would be
better to be done at once, with the money he has.—Berwick,
27 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 27.||1356. Charges at Berwick.|
|1. A brief of all money received by the Treasurer for the charges there, for the three quarters ending Michaelmas 1562, amounting to 17,885l. 6s. 7d.; also of the charges for the same time, viz. for the old and new garrisons, and the extraordinary charges, amounting to 25,551l. 4s. 6d.; leaving due, 7,665l. 17s. 11d.|
2. The sum due to the garrisons for the quarter ending the
21st inst., 4,790l. 13s. 4d., and for the works 1,680l., amounts
Endd. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 27.||1357. Smith to the Queen.|
|1. Likes well the proceedings mentioned in her letters of the 23rd inst. Things standing as they do now on the turn, if that determination is not executed, intends to stay it a while; but thinks if it is done, it little matters.|
|2. They were not greatly inclined to demand peace before upon the price of Calais, and they will be further off now They do but watch until they can either separate the Queen from the Prince, or first defeat the one and then set upon the other. All treating of peace is dissembled, and their having had this advantage over the Prince, will now seek to break with her. They have lost many good captains, but all their trust is in the Duke of Guise, whom they think invincible. He is very skilful, painful, and fortunate.|
|3. The Queen stays a time to answer his demands, and now is gone to the camp to speak with the Prince and Guise.|
4. Has lately been informed that Dieppe is revolted, and
the English soldiers have had an overthrow about Caudebec,
and that Dieppe and Tancarville were taken by the French.
It being winter nothing great can be done, and all their forces
are in a manner together again; and if they consume themselves upon one another this season, they will either be weary
or she shall have the less to do next spring.—St. Denis,
Sunday, 27 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 27.||1358. Jo. Somer to Cecil [?]|
|1. Embarked at Dover on Sunday morning, and not being able to reach Boulogne, therefore was very glad to "claw Calais." It is weakly furnished with men. The overthrow is not so plainly spoken of here as in England. Was told that the Queen Mother understanding that the slaughter was great and continued, and fearing that the realm might be endangered by the loss of so many great men on both sides, sent letters and a special message to the governor here to have great care of his charge, and to assure all for fear of a sudden attack by the English.|
2. They speak fair and show the writer every courtesy,
which moves him no more than common courtesy requires.
Landed here about 10 a.m. Although this is a holyday,
could not see more than 200 soldiers in the place. The ditch
from the Lantern gate to the Water gate is very dry, and the
rest on that side have not much water.— Calais, 27 Dec. 1562.
Orig. Hol., with seal. Nearly entirely in cipher. Add. Endd. Pp. 2.
1359. Decipher of the ciphered passages of the above.
|Dec. 27.||1360. Declaration of Sir Maurice Denys.|
|1. "Declaration of all the Queen's treasure which has come to the hands of Treasurer, Sir Maurice Denys, Knight, from the 10th of September to the 20th of October 1562, together with several defrayments out of the same;" viz., received, 14,000l.; paid, 13,971l. 6s. 7d.; balance 28l. 13s. 5d.; 1,250l. unpaid to certain bands, and due to the whole garrison to the 28th of December, 7,040l. 5s.; total, 8,290l. 5s. Encreased charges since his last advertisement for tasking 1,000 soldiers at 6d. a piece per diem, 700l., and for the stone jetty, with mason's work, 300l.; total, 1,000l.|
2. Cannot make an estimate of what the monthly charges
will be for 500 Frenchmen under Montgomery and Beauvoir.
—Newhaven, 27 Dec. 1562.
Orig. Endd. Pp. 13.
|Dec. 27.||1361. Soubize to Madame Le Roye.|
Has received her letter of the 7th inst., and also one from
Hottoman; the news contained in which about France is incorrect, although that about Germany may be right. The Count
De Beauvoir is well. M. De Cursolles is raising men and money.
Has not heard from the Prince or the Admiral for a long time.
Has learnt, however, from another source that they have
retired from Paris, and that M. De Genlis has gone over to
the Duke of Guise. They have fallen back upon Normandy
in order to join the English. Their camp is only four leagues
from that of the enemy, so that a battle is imminent. M. De
Nemours and the Baron Des Adrets have agreed on an
armistice for some days for Dauphiné solely; during which
Adrets assembled the gentlemen of Dauphiné, and proposed
that they should acknowledge M. De Nemours as the King's
lieutenant, promising them that in the towns where the Mass
had been abolished it should not be restored, and in those
where it existed, churches should be allotted to the preachers.
They, however, would not agree, saying, that as M. De
Nemours had his authority by patents from the King of
Navarre, who was dead, the said patents were void until
confirmed by Condé, who now held the principal position in
the realm. They are in treaty for a further suspension of
arms. M. De Nemours is at Villefranche, watching for an
opportunity to surprise them. He has endeavoured to get
Soubize to recognize him as the King's lieutenant, offering
him the lieutenancy of this town. Soubize replied that he
could recognize no other as chief than Condé, to whom he
was bound in honour.—Lyons, 27 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Copy. Endd. by Cecil. Fr. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 28.||1362. Warwick to the Queen.|
|1. Received this day a letter from the Admiral Châtillon, by which it appears he should have received another enclosed from Condé, written before the battle, but it has not come to hand. Has sent her the Admiral's letter, and another which M. Beauvoir received from him, containing an account of the battle. The Admiral intends to go forward with this enterprise, and asks her to assist him with footmen upon his coming hither, which he purposes to do quickly. It appears (by his advertisements, and the reports of others,) that he is well furnished with horsemen, and only lacks footmen; which want, and the unserviceable demeanour of those which the Prince had during the battle, seems to have been the cause of all the evil. Trusts she will have such consideration thereof as will tend to God's glory, her honour, and the preservation of those whom she has taken into her protection. Begs that he may have leave to go into the field with such aid as she shall send; and that she will appoint for a time some one to supply his place.—Newhaven, 28 Dec. 1562.|
|2. P.S.—No news of Throckmorton. Signed. Orig., with armorial seal. Add. Endd. by Cecil. Pp. 4.|
|Dec. 28.||1363. Warwick to Cecil.|
|1. Fears it is not so well on the Prince's side as reported, for they cannot deny that Guise is master of the field, and that he recovered the greater part of his ordnance. Thinks it was more strange than terrible so many great Princes on both sides, and the numbers so great; and yet the armies departed after such sort that it cannot be judged which side has the victory.|
|2. Thinks it strange that he has not heard from Throckmorton since the battle. Wishes he were with the Admiral in the field with 10,000 footmen to join with his horsemen. It is high time for the Queen to set too her helping hands; if she does not the end will be that those in England, as well as here, will smart for it.—Newhaven, 28 Dec. 1562. Signed.|
3. P.S.—As Bradbridge and Viron have both gone hence
by sickness, the only minister left here is Whittingham, who
is so excellent a man that he could not spare him for the
world. Puts Cecil in remembrance either to procure Mr.
Goodman to come hither, having heard a good report of him,
or else Mr. Wyburn.
Orig. Hol. Add. Endd. by Cecil. Pp. 4.
|Dec. 28.||1364. Warwick to Cecil.|
Asks him to aid Captain Turner's friend, who intends
suing at the next Parliament for his restoration to his blood.—
Newhaven, 28 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig., with armorial seal. Add. Endd. by Cecil's secretary. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 28.||1365. Smith to Cecil.|
|1. Received by Francis on the 27th his letters of the 22nd inst. Is glad that his demand of Calais is avowed by Cecil. Cannot guess what he means by writing, "but of the breach of peace betwixt those folks we could not trust his reports." Wishes him to write plainly how the written demand for Calais, the 200,000 crowns, and the manner and fashion of the writing is liked.|
|2. Is not informed whether he received two letters in cipher about this proclamation and the war, which he sent by way of Flanders, one by King, and the other by the Governor of the merchants in Antwerp. Sent also another by Raulet, the Queen of Scots' secretary, which Cecil has not acknowledged. Sends a copy.|
|3. Concerning peace, things are here even now in a "quandare." Seeing that Guise is all courage, and having been fortunate in battle, thinks they will have war both with themselves and the English. As for sending any more hither, he wishes some who are here were at home. And as for Mr. Somers, thinks it will be non magna accessio to those who are here already.|
4. The Prince's secretary came to Cecil on the 23rd. He
kept Sir Nicholas' letters of the 13th and 15th meetly long.
Raulet (after keeping the Queen's and Cecil's letters to Sir
Nicholas three months,) delivered them to the writer; and
the French Ambassador's secretary kept his [Smith's] wife's
letters three weeks. Wishes that Warwick would send letters
to him in blank or cipher by some peasants. Never had but
one letter from thence since he came into France.—St. Denis,
28 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 28.||1366. The Admiral Châtillon to Montgomery.|
Was glad to hear from him by this bearer, that he had
reduced Dieppe to the service of God and the King. Montgomery will understand by Auberville how their footmen
were defeated because they would not fight. The horsemen
(who only did the execution) are about 4,000, not having
lost more than sixty that day's journey. They are determined
to prosecute their just quarrel. The enemy break up their
camp, refreshing their ruiters for eight or ten days only, and
purpose immediately after to join him and the Englishmen.
Asks the Count to send word upon what succour they may
account, and whether they be minded to find the means to
pass on this side the river, and to possess themselves of some
place where they may meet with the Count and his company,
which he will not fail to do as soon as he shall hear from him.
Begs that he will help them to pass on this side, and to keep
them in good mind, having more need than ever to keep
themselves in force to do speedily some good enterprise, and to
put an end to the troubles and violence. It would be well to
advertise in England, as well as in Normandy, that no credit
be given to the signature of Conde, being in captivity, as the
Count knows, according to their former practices, how the
enemy can abuse men therewith, and counterfeit the Prince's
letters.—The camp at Avarot, 28 Dec. 1562.
Copy. Fr. Pp. 2.
1367. Translation of the above into English.
Endd. Sealed with Cecil's seal. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 28.||1368. Garrison at Newhaven.|
List of officers and men necessary to complete the garrison
at Newhaven, upon the pays due 30th Nov.
Copy. Endd. by Cecil: 28 Dec. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 28.||1369. The Garrison at Newhaven.|
Charges of the same from the 1st to the 28th of Dec., viz.,
6,249l. 17s. 1d., (fn. 3) and the charge for the galley from 11th to
28th of Dec., 169l. 8s. 8d.; total 6,419l. 5s. 9d.
Endd. by Cecil. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 28.||1370. Victuals for Newhaven.|
Victuals for four months, 15,727l. 6s. 8d., whereof received
by Abington 9,700l., of which he delivered in victuals at
Newhaven for three months, ending 28 Dec., 3,738l. 0s. 7d.
He also provided victuals at Portsmouth and Newhaven
amounting to 3,461l. 19s. 5d., leaving in his hands 2,500l.
Of the 15,727l. 6s. 8d. remain 6,027l. 6s. 8d., whereof he has
expended for wheat, malt, and coals, 5,273l. 6s. 8d. The
final remain amounts to 5,961l. 19s. 5d. [sic.]
Endd. Pp. 4.
|Dec. 28.||1371. Victuals at Newhaven.|
Memorandum, that the sum for victuals for one month
ending 28th Dec. 1562, amounts to 1,700l. Signed, Tho.
|Dec. 28.||1372. Windebank to Cecil.|
|1. Both Mr. Thomas and himself wish that they were in England. Mr. Thomas's daily exercise is to hear a sermon in the French church, which is some help to his entertainment of that tongue, and sometimes with Mr. Knolles to Madame De Roy, the Prince of Condé's mother-in-law. For qualities commonly commended in gentlemen, Germany is not the place to obtain them.—Strasburg, 28 Dec. 1562.|
2. P.S.—They have enough money to bring them home,
and if they need more he has a bill of credit for 200 dollars.
Hol. Draft. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 29.||1373. —[to Shers.]|
Has this day received letters addressed to the Ambassador
of England, which apparently were delivered about a fortnight ago, by the courrier from Rome to the person who
brought them to the writer. Persuades him that the affair
is a hoax, but forwards them as they seem of importance.—
Orig. Endd.: 1562, Mr. Shers. Ital. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 30.||1374. Duke of Wurtemburg to the Queen.|
To the same effect as the letter from the Landgrave, dated
Dec. 20, pointing out the inconveniences of a written league
between the Protestant sovereigns and states.—Stutgard,
3 cal. Jan. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. by Cecil. Lat. Pp. 5.
|Dec. 30.||1375. Randolph to Cecil.|
|1. On Sunday the Queen requested him to write to his mistress that she thinks it very long since she heard from her, and fears either that she is not in health, or else has conceived a deep displeasure against her. To both these purposes he gave such answer as he thought good, hoping well of the Queen's health, and saying that as long as the Queen of Scots did not take part with those with whom his mistress is justly offended, there would be no alteration in her mind towards her. Learnt that she had the night before received letters from the Queen Mother, with more gentle words than ever she wrote before. Took some suspicion (knowing what unkindness there was between them a short time before her departure out of France), that for some occasion she currys favours. Men begin to dream of this Queen's marriage with Spain. The Papists speak it as they would have it, but he is sure no such thing will burst out. There was another letter from M. D'Oysel of the King being in Paris, and that her uncles were in good opinion of many men for their valiant acts in recovering so many towns as had rebelled. After these there came news that the Prince had taken Paris and had the King in his government. There were no letters to be seen hereof, and therefore it was less credited. Except it be the King of Muscovy, he believes there is not a Prince in Christendom who has fewer news out of France than this Queen. Since Châtelet's arrival she only received one packet and two other letters. On Friday next many nobles will be in Edinburgh, it will be then known when Parliament shall be.|
|2. This day the Queen is in Dunbar, to be merry with Lord John of Coldingham. On New Year's day she will be again at Edinburgh. The 10th of January she will be at Castle Campbell in Fife, at the marriage of St. Colm to the Earl of Argyll's sister. Mr. Knox is so hard upon them that they have laid aside much of their dancing. Doubts it is more for heaviness of heart that things proceed not well in France than for fear. "There is thrice in the week an ordinary sermon in the Earl of Murray's lodging in the Queen's house, so near to the Mass that two so mortal enemies cannot be nearer joined without some deadly blow given either upon the one side or the other. One of the Queen's priests got a cuff in a dark night that made somewhat ado. Her musicians, both Scotch and French, refused to play and sing at her Mass and evensong on Christmas day. Thus is her poor soul so troubled for the preservation of her silly Mass that she knows not where to turn her for defence of it."|
|3. Earl Bothwell is departed by sea either into Flanders or France. Yesterday a serjeant-of-arms was sent to summon the Hermitage. Charge is given to the wardens of the Borders to see good rule kept, because it is thought that the Liddesdale men will ride safe now that Earl Bothwell is away, for whose sake they abstained before. The Duke has earnestly written again touching Captain Forbes. Has answered that there is nothing done more than he deserved, and that he doubts not that shortly he will have his liberty.— The Laird of Ormeston's house, attending the Queen's return from Dunbar, 30 Dec. 1562. Signed.|
4. P.S.—The death of Lord Grey is lamented of many, for
the justice he did on the Borders. Has found Mr. Treasurer
friendly to him at Cecil's request, for which he thanks him.
Runs daily into his debt.
Orig. Hol. Pp. 4.
|Dec. 30.||1376. Munition for Newhaven.|
"A brief of the ordnance and munition sent to Newhaven,
with a proportion presently to be sent thither," specifying
the number of each.
Endd. Pp. 5.
|Dec. 30.||1377. List of Ships.|
List of seven ships serving on the seas, their crews amounting to 430 men, victualled until the 16th Jan.
Endd. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 31.||1378. Sir William Keyllway to Cecil.|
Understands that Francis Clark is at Falmouth with his
whole navigation, and has brought as prizes a Spaniard laden
with wool, two Portingales laden with fruit and sugar, and
two Bretons laden with wine, which he minds to bring to
Newhaven.—Portsmouth, 31 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Add. Endd. by Cecil's secretary. Pp. 2.
|Dec. 31.||1379. Chamberlain to Challoner.|
Received his letter of the 14th of October at the close of
this year, in which he again mentions the trouble he has had
about the writer's things, who herein writes to the same
effect touching them as in his to Challoner of the 22nd of
November, adding, that however Challoner's man may speed
in obtaining recompense for the destruction of the writer's
"guademealles," trusts that Challoner will not let him be
so great a loser. Advises Challoner not to cease continually
to call for his revocation. If he should write but a few lines
stating how many ways he is driven to complain of being
there, would, if he willed it, show his letter, and make application for his relief.—London, 31 Dec. 1562. Signed.
Orig. Hol. Add. Endd. by Challoner: Received 24 Martii 1562. Pp. 3.
|Dec. 31.||1380. Emptions of Ordnance.|
Received by William Bromfield or his clerks by virtue of
divers warrants, the last dated Dec. 31, 1562, 1,376l. 2s. 8d.,
for the service of Newhaven.
Endd. Pp. 2.
|[Dec.]||1381. Charges for Reyters and Lansknechts.|
|1. Money rebated to every reiter, ten florins. The pay of every reiter is fifteen florins the month. The entertainment of the ritmeisters is a florin for every horse, and each cornet contains 300 men. The lieutenants have, besides the pay of one reiter, eighty florins. The ensign, besides the pay of one reiter, has sixty florins. Two masters of the watch have, besides the pay of one reiter, sixty florins. Eight officers, having besides a reiter's pay, fifteen florins apiece. The wage and appointment of 4,000 reiters with their officers per mensem, 122,048 livres tournois = 81,532 florins. The colonel, 3,000 florins. Fifteen officers, 300 florins. To every ten reiters there must be allowed a carriage with four horses, at thirty florins the month. Total (not counting the money rebated), 127,448 livres tournois, or 84,966 florins. Total expense for four months, counting the levy, 569,792 livres tournois = 379,861 florins.|
2. For levying 6,000 lanzknechts: For their levying, a
crown per man. The pay of every ensign of 300 men per
month, 3,500 livres tournois. The whole expense for four
months, 395,000 livres tournois = 263,333 florins. Sum total
with other expenses, 1,759,792 livres tournos, = 211,174l.
Orig., with seal. Endd. by Cecil: Vidame, 4,000 reyters and 6,000 lansquenotts. Pp. 3.
1382. Another copy in English.
Endd. by Cecil. Pp. 3.
|[Dec.]||1383. Powder for Newhaven.|
|Particulars of "the rate of powder which is to serve all the ordnance in Newhaven and Fort Warwick;" specifying the designation and number of the several pieces of artillery, and the quantity allowed to each, amounting to 2,533 lbs.|
|Dec.||1384. Bedding for Newhaven.|
Charges by Mr. Gunter, and others, for bedding for the
English garrison at Newhaven, amounting to 296l. 13s. 4d.
Endd. Pp. 2.
|Dec.||1385. Garrison of Dieppe.|
An estimate for 400 French harquebusiers at Dieppe to be
formed into two companies. Two captains, forty crowns a
month each. Two lieutenants, twenty crowns. Four serjeants,
eight crowns. Twelve corporals, eight crowns. Four drums
and four fifes, five crowns. Four "fourriers," quarter-masters,
each five crowns. Thirty gentlemen who escaped from Rouen,
fifteen crowns each. The Count of Montgomery 60l. The
400 harquebusiers each four crowns a month. Total, 2,642
crowns, or 722l. 12s.
Endd. by Cecil. Fr. Pp. 4.
|[Dec.]||1386. Pasquils on the French Court.|
Pasquils on the Cardinal de Lorraine, M. De Guise, the
Constable, S. Andre, the Queen Mother, the Cardinal of Guise,
etc.; 14 in number.
Fr. and Lat. Endd. Pp. 2.
|[Dec.]||1387. Advice of the Vidame and M. Bricquemault.|
On account of the capture of Condé it should be intimated
to the Queen Mother that the Queen will resent any evil
done to him. Warwick should aid the Admiral and his forces
as best he may. Some skilled person should be sent to view
the fortifications of Dieppe, Havre, and Caen. Warwick
should be ordered to pay the French infantry in Havre.
1,000 crowns (arrears of pay) should be given to the soldiers
who have gone on the expedition to Dieppe. Money should
be sent to Montgomery. The men who escaped from Rouen,
and who are in the neighbourhood of Caen, should be taken
into the Queen's pay. The Almains serving with the Admiral
should be promised security for their pay.
In a French hand. Endd. by Cecil. Fr. Pp. 4.
|[Dec.]||1388. Prayer of the French Protestants.|
Beg God's assistance on their enterprise, and that the
King and the Queen Mother may be brought to know the
Endd.: Confession of the Protestants. Fr. Pp. 4.
|[Dec.?]||1389. Philippo Didato's Petition.|
Philip Didato, a native of Florence, and bourgois of Paris,
asks the Queen's letters to the representatives of the late Lord
Grey for payment of 800 crowns, with costs and interest
remaining due on a bond of 800 crowns, entered into by him
with Mme. Cresaques in 1559 for the ransom of Lewis Dives,
prisoner of war. Signed: Filippo Didato.
Orig. Endd. Fr. Broadside. Pp. 2.
|[Dec.?]||1390. [Beauvoir la Nocle to Warwick.]|
|1. Begs for reinforcements in order to take Honfleur, which would very much strengthen this place. Has caused the proclamation to the French soldiers and inhabitants to be made in his own name.|
2. Will take those pieces of artillery which belong to the
King, in order that those belonging to the Queen may not be
recognized. This will be of great service to the Admiral.
Copy, with a marginal note by Cecil. Fr. P. 1.
|[Dec. ?]||1391. Jean Ribault to Cecil.|
Desires him to inform the Queen that about two months
and a half ago Edward Ormsby at her command embarked
300 men from Dieppe in his ship of 200 tons, leaving the
writer behind. The said ship is at Rye, and is very meet for
the Queen's service; but he has not means to furnish her,
having already spent more than 800 crowns. Begs that
some recompence may be bestowed on him.—Signed: Jan
Orig. Endd. Fr. Pp. 2.
|[1562, Dec.?]||1392. — to [Cecil?]|
The Knight is the only one who can be trusted. Advises
that the Knight and his Prince should be taken into pay.
This is the only available plan, for these two will not be
separated. Praises the Prince. The realm of France is
governed by a child, on whose death (for he is weakly)
greater danger is to be apprehended, as his brother already
threatens the lovers of religion. It is to be feared that the
Guises will recover their former authority, to the great injury
of the church. The city of M. may be recovered if the
person addressed will help. Refers to Sir Anthony Coke
and Roger Ascham, both of whom knew the writer at Strasburg. Advises the employment of a cipher for future correspondence, and wishes to be present along with the Knight
when discussing the matter with the person addressed.
Orig. Lat. Pp. 2. | <urn:uuid:bb3b2e4c-fdbe-4e3a-9b75-deb67bc9916e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/foreign/vol5/pp594-609 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00551-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966391 | 10,109 | 1.71875 | 2 |
November 3rd, 2006 | Published in Google Books
We get lots of positive feedback about the potential for Google Book Search to affect research, but the word “research” might call to mind long hours of intensive reading for academic study. Google Book Search assists scholars, but it also helps us “everyday" researchers dig a bit deeper.
Let's say you've just read an article in The Boston Globe. The Globe’s job is to keep you updated on current events, but what about context? Well-written pieces usually include background information -- but in most cases, it's just enough to introduce the topic at hand. This isn’t to say that newspaper articles aren't useful -- they just don’t have the space to stretch out and fully explain themselves. Books excel at this! And Google Book Search is great way to find relevant books.
Imagine you’ve read that legendary Boston Celtics coach Red Auerbach just passed away. Do a quick search for “Red Auerbach,” and you’ll find his autobiography, which should be an excellent complement to articles you can read from other sources. Or maybe you’ve read about the recent political unrest in Fiji. Why not search for “Fiji history” and read a historical analysis of the country? You can even read up on military chief Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama from a variety of sources.
This is just a simple way to apply the power that having a database of fully searchable books gives you. Given that we’re always adding more books to our database (and as our recent posts to this blog demonstrate, in more and more languages), your "everyday" research results will become more and more comprehensive, whether you're investigating 17th-century philosophy or just curious about the common cold. | <urn:uuid:87240649-1cfa-4c96-a27d-2934bc5afa21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://googledata.org/google-books/all-the-news-thats-fit-to-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00389-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935187 | 378 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Advisory Committee On Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (ACCLPP): Meeting Minutes - March 18, 2003 - Arlington, Virginia
- Opening Session
- Update on Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch Activities
- Update by the Workgroup on Review of Evidence for Effects at BLLs <10 µg/dL
- Update on Medicaid Targeted Screening Recommendations
- Update on Screening of Immigrant and Adopted Children
- Study of Relationship Between ETS and BLLs
- Update by the Primary Prevention Workgroup
- Potential ACCLPP Priority Topics
- New ACCLPP Business
- Public Comment Period
- Closing Session
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a meeting of the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (ACCLPP). The proceedings were held on March 18, 2003 at the Hilton Crystal City Hotel in Arlington, Virginia. The following individuals were present to contribute to the discussion.
Dr. Carla Campbell, Chair
Dr. William Banner, Jr.
Dr. Helen Binns
Ms. Anne Guthrie-Wengrovitz
Dr. Birt Harvey
Dr. Richard Hoffman
Dr. Tracey Lynn
Dr. Sergio Piomelli
Dr. Kimberly Thompson
Dr. Routt Reigart II (AAP)
Dr. Walter Rogan (NIH)
Mr. Robert Roscoe (NIOSH)
Designated Federal Official
Ms. Bonnie Dyck
Mr. Ellis Goldman
Ms. Crystal Gresham
Ms. Janet Henry
Ms. Nicki Kilpatrick
Dr. David Mannino
Dr. Tom Matte
Dr. Pamela Meyer
Mr. Timothy Morta
Mr. Kent Taylor
Presenters and Guests
Dr. Carla Campbell, the ACCLPP Chair, called the meeting to order at 8:48 a.m. She welcomed the attendees to the proceedings and opened the floor for introductions. Top of Page Update on Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch (LPPB) Activities
Dr. Patrick Meehan, the ACCLPP Executive Secretary, announced that Dr. Mary Jean Brown was appointed as the new LPPB Chief and will begin serving in this position in June 2003. She is well recognized in the lead poisoning prevention field and has been a major contributor in this area for a number of years.
Ms. Bonnie Dyck of LPPB reported that HHS established a goal for CDC to eliminate childhood lead poisoning as a major public health problem in the United States by 2010. The Lead Contamination Act of 1998 authorized the HHS Secretary through CDC to award grants to state and local health agencies for comprehensive programs. These initiatives are designed to screen infants and children for elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs); ensure lead poisoned infants and children are given referrals for medical and environmental interventions; provide education about childhood lead poisoning; and implement core public health functions, including policy development, program assessment and quality assurance.
CDC grantees are required to create screening policies or guidelines; develop surveillance systems at state or jurisdiction levels to assess the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning; monitor the effectiveness of programs; and review trends of local screening rates. The National Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (NCLPPP) will be reauthorized in 2005, but its funding mechanism was changed in 2000 from grants to cooperative agreements. This mechanism allows CDC to establish more collaborative relationships with states and local jurisdictions. NCLPPP currently funds 43 states, nine cities and eight counties.Although childhood lead poisoning is a preventable environmental disease, data from federal studies showed the following results: 434,000 children were lead poisoned; 21.9% of African-American children in older housing had EBLLs; 16% of low-income children in older housing were lead poisoned versus 2.2% of all children; and 1.2 million homes with significant lead-based paint hazards housed low-income families with children <6 years of age. LPPB conducts several activities in an effort to address these issues. Health departments at state and local levels as well as tribal health authorities are awarded funds to implement core public health functions and conduct a variety of services, including screening, medical and environmental case management, health education initiatives and appropriate follow-up services.
Childhood lead poisoning surveillance programs at national and state levels; public and professional health education and communication activities; and CLPPP quality assurance projects are developed and implemented. Partnerships are built and linked with state CLPPPs, community-based organizations and federal agencies to prevent and control lead hazards in high-risk areas. Scientific studies are performed on blood, environmental lead, laboratory technologies, handheld analyzers and dust wipe analyzers. Epidemiological research is conducted as well. Policy statements and guidance documents are developed. Financial support is provided through cooperative agreements and supplemental funding.Top of Page
Technical assistance and consultation are offered to state and local CLPPPs. Support is provided for primary prevention activities, laboratory capacity, new technologies and quality control initiatives. Several state grantees are performing surveillance studies to examine screening rates among children enrolled in Medicaid and the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Collaborative efforts are undertaken with managed care organizations (MCOs), interdepartmental projects and interagency activities on an ongoing basis. Healthy Homes, surveillance studies and other special projects are conducted. Childhood lead poisoning prevention education activities are designed and implemented.
In FY’03, CDC will allocate ~$31 million to fund 43 states, local programs, territories and federally recognized Indian tribes. Of these grantees, five will be local jurisdictions with the largest number of children who are at risk for lead exposure. The major requirements outlined in the FY’03 program announcement are the development of childhood lead poisoning elimination plans, targeted screening approaches, surveillance systems, case management guidelines, strategic partnerships, protective policies, primary prevention projects and evaluation plans. Grantees will also be required to coordinate activities with agencies involved in lead hazard reduction programs.
At a minimum, state grantees will be required to develop, implement and evaluate statewide screening plans; adopt ACCLPP’s case management guidelines; and design statewide elimination plans to determine the amount of screening needed to meet the federal definition of <1% of lead poisoned children . FY’03 funding will be allocated on July 1, 2003; grantees will be given one year from that time to meet the minimum requirements. LPPB established several priorities in the FY’03 program announcement. Funding will be provided to state and local CLPPPs. Guidance and technical assistance will be given for CLPPPs to define populations of children at risk for lead poisoning, assess prevalence rates within jurisdictions, identify lead poisoning sources, and link resources that can be used to develop lead-safe environments for children.
Regional training workshops will be held on the new case management guidelines developed by ACCLPP for CLPPPs to ensure appropriate medical and environmental case management is provided to children with EBLLs. Ms. Patricia McLaine, an ACCLPP liaison representative, will lead these sessions. Community-based support for lead poisoning prevention efforts will be encouraged. Statewide surveillance systems will be enhanced through capacity building initiatives. Collaborative efforts will be undertaken with several partners to educate health care providers, MCOs, insurers, real estate brokers, parents and the general public about childhood lead poisoning. During CDC’s strategic planning meeting in December 2002, several key recommendations emerged: The National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) should be supported within states. Primary prevention activities should be improved by tracking and monitoring housing with data collected by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Advocacy for Healthy Homes projects and lead-safe housing should be strengthened. Private and federal resources should be maximized to allocate more funding to states and local jurisdictions. Media advocacy training should be provided to state and local CLPPPs. A forum for lead poisoning researchers should be convened each year. A Blue Ribbon Committee of lead poisoning prevention experts should be established to travel to states and local jurisdictions to build programmatic capacity. Consideration should be given to adding a question on housing conditions to the U.S. Census.
CDC monitors trends at state and local levels using state surveillance data collected by CLPPPs. Some CLPPPs use the CDC developed patient tracking software, the Systematic Tracking of Elevated Lead Levels And Remediation (STELLAR), which can transmit lead surveillance data to CDC. However, many states have developed their own tracking systems. LPPB is developing a new patient tracking system which can be used with NEDSS, the new web-based disease reporting system that CDC is developing. NEDSS will facilitate timely reporting and improve capacity of state and local health departments to access child demographic, laboratory and environmental investigation data. NEDSS may also serve as an initial step in improving access to both health and environmental data.
For example, many states have not integrated health and environmental databases. LPPB is closely collaborating with the CDC Environmental Tracking Branch, which is developing a tracking system that integrates data about environmental hazards and exposures with data about diseases that are possibly linked to the environment. The new lead module in NEDSS should enable CLPPPs to collect more complete data to achieve the following objectives: provide accurate information; assess the effectiveness of data for program evaluation; collect data on a more frequent basis, such as two to four times per year rather than annually; improve data quality; encourage states to use lead data for childhood lead poisoning elimination; and issue reports and other publications. LPPB is preparing a surveillance report for publication in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries.
The modified NEDSS system will also be used to verify the accuracy of data submitted to CDC by states, particularly the number of children screened and tested. Efforts are currently being made for laboratories to submit electronic reports to NEDSS as well. In September 2002, LPPB held a meeting with two representatives from each of its 60 grantees to prioritize issues that need to be addressed to improve surveillance data needed for achieving elimination. Participants made the following recommendations: target areas with the greatest need; use data to appropriately allocate resources; track children on an ongoing basis; develop a uniform reporting system; establish strong partnerships at state and local levels; and provide states with NEDSS, Geographic Information Systems and other state-of-the-art technologies.
Over the past eight months, two workgroups have been developing strategies to improve the quality of surveillance data, including developing standard definitions, creating guidelines for releasing surveillance data, and improving data linkages among Medicaid, WIC and environmental agencies. In addition to these activities, LPPB implemented another strategy as part of its elimination efforts. The High Intensity Targeted Screening (HITS) project, which featured door-to-door screening in high-risk areas, was implemented in two Chicago neighborhoods in 2001. LPPB used a population-based survey to assess prevalence and validate prevalence estimates of children with EBLLs obtained with Chicago CLPPP surveillance data. The initiative generated a great deal of interest and support from the community and local legislators. However, because this approach is so resource intensive, HITS should only be replicated in areas with a large population of high-risk children, an established screening program, an existing case management strategy, capacity for environmental inspections and a HUD partner. Top of Page Of 535 children tested in HITS, 98% were African American; 70% were enrolled in Medicaid; 96% of children 1 year of age had not been tested and 74% of children 2 years of age had not been tested. The prevalence of BLLs >10 µg/dL was found to be 33% in one Chicago community and 23% in the other neighborhood.
The epidemiology and surveillance section is preparing to evaluate many CLPPP activities and plans, including screening plans, targeting interventions, case management guidelines, surveillance systems and other program activities.
Dr. Banner inquired about the number of states that are expected to comply with the new funding requirements in the one-year deadline. He pointed out many lead programs have suffered resource deficits. Ms. Dyck did not believe the one-year time-line will be an issue since 83% of states have already developed screening policies and guidelines. Dr. Harvey emphasized the need for ACCLPP to discuss and clarify “level of concern” and “lead poisoned.” For example, in CDC’s 1991 and 1997 guidance documents, a BLL of 15 µg/dL was the level of concern for an individual child and 10 µg/dL was the level of concern if lead poisoning was relatively prevalent in the community. ACCLPP’s 1996 recommendation for lead poisoned to be defined as a BLL of 10 µg/dL was rejected. However, CDC is now basing its statewide elimination plans on a BLL of 10 µg/dL. Dr. Meehan agreed with Dr. Harvey’s comments because CDC has not yet established official definitions for “elimination” and “lead poisoned.” However, he added that this issue is currently being considered by the Strategic Planning Workgroup.
Dr. Binns noted that many state program leaders have limited knowledge of current research in the published literature. She made two suggestions to address this issue. First, abstracts of funded programs should be posted on the LPPB web site. Second, support should be provided for grantees to conduct monthly Medline searches. The literature reviews should be widely publicized to ensure all programs remain up-to-date on current studies.
In response to Ms. Guthrie-Wengrovitz, Ms. Dyck confirmed that LPPB will consider whether the strategic plan should be distributed to ACCLPP for review and comment. Mr. Timothy Morta of LPPB conveyed that the FY’03 program announcement has a stronger focus on primary prevention. Five project officers provide technical assistance to 60 currently funded CLPPPs. Due to this guidance, he was confident that grantees will have the ability to comply with new program requirements of developing evaluation, screening, case management and elimination guidelines.
Dr. Hoffman advised CDC to test HITS with an epidemiological approach to ensure children with actual EBLLs are identified in a high-risk area. He noted that the project was conducted without a control group in a low-risk community. Dr. Meehan reiterated that HITS is extremely resource-intensive. As a result, LPPB is discussing the possibility of performing a cost analysis to determine the feasibility of CLPPPs conducting HITS. Although no control group was used, the major outcome from the project was that a significant proportion of children in the Chicago communities had never been screened. Dr. Rogan saw the need to apply an established survey research methodology in which children are sampled from a known population to estimate true prevalence. With this approach, every child in an area would not need to be identified. He pointed out that differences in prevalence among geographic areas have not been well documented to date.
Ms. Guthrie-Wengrovitz inquired about the percentage of HITS homes that were assessed for lead hazards and treated. She also asked about the proportion of children who received interventions to prevent EBLLs. She was extremely concerned that HITS was merely implemented as a research project rather than a prevention effort to assist high-risk children. Dr. Meyer replied that HITS children were retested after the study and attempts were made to perform follow-up environmental inspections. Top of Page Dr. Piomelli was pleased that HITS was conducted as a house-to-house intervention to identify at-risk children. Most notably, children of illegal immigrants are most severely lead poisoned and will never present to a physician for screening due to fear of authorities. ACCLPP’s responsibilities should be to discontinue support of lead research, advocate for action and strongly encourage CDC to continue with door-to-door screening. Dr. Campbell questioned whether LPPB will provide technical assistance for states to advance to a universal reporting system. Dr. Meyer responded that CDC has written letters to grantees emphasizing the importance of reporting all BLLs.
Dr. Hoffman mentioned that the new lead component of NEDSS will be an improvement over STELLAR, but additional refinements still need to be made. A web-based system allows real-time access data and CDC should stop thinking linearly, i.e., only accessing data two to four times per year. With this strategy, CDC and grantees would have the capacity to simultaneously share and access data at all times instead of transferring data from local programs to states to CDC. Ms. McLaine was pleased that LPPB has strengthened its focus on evaluation. States should be required to produce more information on screening plans; barriers to screening; laws requiring laboratories to report all BLLs; and the effectiveness of case management in assisting children with EBLLs and remediating homes with lead hazards. These data will be critical in monitoring progress toward elimination.
Ms. McLaine urged CDC to maintain the evaluation component as a high priority in the FY’03 program announcement. Dr. Lynn pointed out that data on the frequency distribution of EBLLs were not mentioned in either of the presentations. This information will play an important role in evaluating the problem of EBLLs at the national level. Dr. Meyer confirmed that these data will be reported in LPPB’s surveillance summary scheduled for publication in the MMWR in late summer 2003. Dr. Binns advised LPPB to send a letter to all state grantees about the degree to which reporting BLLs and accessing medical records will be impacted by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). Dr. Meyer acknowledged that CDC is in the process of determining the role of HIPAA on lead programs. The programmatic impact will primarily depend on the interpretation of this regulation by states. Top of Page Update by the Workgroup on Review of Evidence for Effects at BLLs <10 µg/dL
Dr. Michael Weitzman, the Workgroup Chair, explained that the workgroup was formed because previous guidance indicated adverse health effects might occur at BLLs <10 µg/dL. The workgroup was charged with reviewing existing evidence to confirm or refute these guidelines. Dr. Weitzman, in conjunction with the ACCLPP Chair and CDC staff members, selected the following workgroup members: Drs. David Bellinger, Birt Harvey, Betsy Lozoff, Patrick Parsons, David Savitz, Joel Schwartz and Kimberly Thompson. The diverse membership represents a wealth of experience in lead, laboratory issues, pediatrics and epidemiology. Over the past year, the workgroup has held one face-to-face meeting and convened more than six conference calls.
The workgroup considered several issues that play a role in causal inferences, including biologic plausibility, blood lead tracking, age trends and potential confounders from social or physical environments. These factors may include iron status, maternal prenatal smoking, postnatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and mouthing behavior. In reviewing both epidemiologic studies and animal data, the workgroup noted several key issues that will need to be addressed. First, animal studies are problematic because the process to make inferences across species is difficult and methodologies to expose animals and children are different.
Second, data are lacking on whether a critical period of vulnerability exists during a particular point in a child’s life. The literature does not clarify whether the most essential component in a child’s development is a peak BLL or duration of exposure to lead. Third, mouthing behavior was evaluated in previous studies, but is not being actively investigated. The lack of current data will significantly increase the difficulty in making this assessment. Fourth, blood lead measurements, accuracy and precision may not be reliable due to variability among laboratories. Fifth, the quality of neurobehavioral assessments is questionable because several different tests have been used to date.
The workgroup reviewed a published paper that relied on NHANES data to show an association between BLLs of children >6 years of age and achievement test outcomes. The workgroup is uncertain whether concurrent or earlier BLLs acted as a predictor of decreased IQ points, but upcoming longitudinal studies are expected to explain the importance of blood lead tracking and age trends. The workgroup originally decided to limit its review to peer-reviewed papers of substantial numbers of children with BLLs <10 µg/dL. These data would also contain published results that assessed the relationship between BLLs and outcomes at levels <10 µg/dL. However, the workgroup soon learned that only a small amount of studies meet these criteria because children with BLLs <10 µg/dL are a relatively recent phenomenon.
Based on this finding, the workgroup revised its approach to include studies of postnatal lead exposure and intelligence with a minimum of 10 children with BLLs <10 µg/dL. Under the new criteria, the data will assess BLLs by atomic absorption, spectrometry and anodic stripping voltammetry and will also evaluate health outcomes beyond neurocognition and behavior, including nerve conduction, hearing, height and onset of adolescence. The workgroup has discussed the possibility of conducting a meta-regression analysis to explore threshold and other causal inferences. Differences in the slope of the relationship between IQ and BLLs at <10 µg/dL and >10 µg/dL are being considered as well. Variations in methodologies, study designs, outcome measures and study samples to pool data are being noted.
In response to Dr. Banner, Dr. Weitzman confirmed that the workgroup is examining the relationship between EBLLs and alcohol exposure. Dr. Hoffman inquired about the correlation between the workgroup’s activities and those of the Primary Prevention Workgroup. Dr. Tom Matte of CDC explained that if the evidence shows adverse health effects can occur at BLLs <10 µg/dL, the need to take a primary prevention approach by focusing on housing and other sources of lead exposure will be strengthened.
In response to Dr. Lynn, Drs. Weitzman and Matte clarified the workgroup’s charge. The magnitude of adverse health effects at BLLs <10 µg/dL will be reviewed and quantified, but definitive answers are not expected to be produced. The review is being conducted to demonstrate the quality and limitations of the current evidence and show progress that has been made since the 1991 statement was issued. Dr. Campbell added that after the workgroup’s report is presented to ACCLPP during the October 2003 meeting, a decision will need to be made on whether formal recommendations should be developed or further actions should be taken. This objective could be achieved through several mechanisms.
For example, a workgroup could be formed to interpret results of the evidence, write a report outlining the conclusions of the review or develop policy recommendations. Dr. Rogan asked if the workgroup has access to primary data on children with BLLs <10 µg/dL. Dr. Matte emphasized that the workgroup will not review primary data, but another group plans to examine this evidence. However, the ACCLPP workgroup will review cross-sectional studies that average BLLs <10 µg/dL. Top of Page Update on Medicaid Targeted Screening Recommendations
Dr. Meehan mentioned that LPPB made a commitment to ACCLPP to closely collaborate with appropriate partners to ensure the Medicaid targeted screening recommendations are reviewed, seriously considered and implemented. After ACCLPP submitted the guidelines to the HHS Secretary in September 2002, CDC and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) formed a workgroup to review the recommendations, formulate a strategy and develop an implementation plan. Both agencies are in complete agreement that states should be allowed to target populations for screening to improve screening rates among Medicaid children so long as data support this effort.
To date, the interagency workgroup has held three telephone conferences and one internal meeting. CDC and CMS will continue to collaborate to develop an approach that is effective for both agencies. The implementation strategy will be refined, presented to the HHS Operation Divisions and eventually forwarded to the HHS Secretary. CDC and CMS do not have a written proposal or recommendations to share with ACCLPP at this time, but the agencies hope to present a formal process at the next meeting in October 2003. Mr. Rick Fenton of CMS confirmed that the agencies are making strong efforts to finalize a strategy to implement ACCLPP’s recommendations.
Dr. Harvey raised the possibility of CDC recommending that states conduct epidemiologic studies to identify Medicaid children who should and should not be screened. To assist in the decision-making process, CDC could provide a strong epidemiologic basis or background data to states requesting waivers. States could then use this information to develop screening plans and appropriately target children within the Medicaid population. Dr. Meehan conveyed that in the FY’03 cooperative agreements, LPPB will emphasize targeted screening for Medicaid children. This effort will be consistent with the overall objective for states to obtain the best information and use data as effectively as possible. LPPB is closely collaborating with states to improve analyses of available housing, census and screening data.
Efforts are also being made for states to develop screening and elimination strategies that are based on solid data. This type of logical approach will eliminate the need to screen every child and direct resources to areas with the greatest need. Dr. Banner disagreed with Dr. Harvey’s suggestion because epidemiologic studies will overlook at-risk children in Oklahoma and other rural states. These types of data will most likely conclude that EBLLs are not a problem. A focused screening strategy should be developed to identify children with diffuse health problems in rural areas. Dr. Meehan agreed with this recommendation because a large number of providers in Oklahoma and other rural states ignore the mandatory universal screening requirement due to the small number of children who present with EBLLs.
Dr. Campbell advised the interagency workgroup to thoroughly review ACCLPP’s report to the HHS Secretary while developing the implementation strategy. The document outlined data needs for Medicaid targeted screening in great detail. With this approach, CDC and CMS will be less likely to duplicate the excellent product developed by ACCLPP. Ms. Guthrie-Wengrovitz followed up on this comment by volunteering the Medicaid Screening Workgroup to assist the agencies in developing the strategic plan. The workgroup could also recommend field personnel who can clarify issues the interagency workgroup is currently considering. Dr. Piomelli agreed with ACCLPP’s approach to screen Medicaid children, but he underscored the importance of including other poor children who are excluded from this population. For example, many immigrants may not have sufficient education or English speaking skills to apply for Medicaid.
Ms. Nikki Kilpatrick of LPPB reported that ACCLPP submitted a letter to the HHS Secretary emphasizing the importance of educating health care providers and parents of immigrants, refugees and internationally adopted children about potential lead hazards. The letter also underscored the need to screen these populations for lead poisoning. LPPB has taken the following actions to date in response to the letter. The U.S. Department of State (DOS) and Office of Consular Affairs were contacted to devise an effective mechanism to disseminate information to parents who enter the country with young children. LPPB is requesting assistance from ACCLPP in identifying points of contact for these agencies.
In the interim, LPPB will distribute the parent letter ACCLPP developed and other materials to consulate offices throughout the country and foreign medical physicians who administer tests to incoming children. These providers are certified by CDC and may serve as a tool to more broadly circulate the ACCLPP parent letter. LPPB also needs assistance in identifying a partner in the Immigration and Naturalization Services. The agency was relocated in the Office of Homeland Security and its focus on immigrant health issues may have changed with the reorganization.
In contacting the DOS Bureau of Refugee and Migration Services, LPPB learned that refugees entering the United States are assigned to one of ten voluntary agencies. These organizations assist with the reception, placement and community orientation of refugees; testing and other health issues are covered in these sessions. LPPB also learned that ~66% of states have a refugee coordinator who establishes guidelines for refugee health issues. The president of an organization representing state coordinators was contacted to assist in disseminating the ACCLPP parent letter. The Joint Council on International Children’s Services was contacted as well. This organization establishes guidelines for state-regulated international adoptions and also collects and distributes information to international adoption clinics, federal agencies and child welfare service bureaus.
The web sites of 19 international adoption clinics in the United States were reviewed. All of these resources emphasize the need to conduct lead screening of children adopted from certain countries. For children of refugees and immigrants, ACCLPP’s recommendations will be reinforced to health care providers and nurse practitioners. To further communicate the guidelines, LPPB will tailor ACCLPP’s parent letter to specific target audiences and distribute the document to state and local health departments, federal agencies, non-profit organizations and grantees. The CDC Yellow Book is targeted to travelers and a section on international adoptions and lead poisoning was incorporated into the 2003-2004 edition.
The next steps in this project will be for LPPB to distribute explanatory letters and parent letters to various organizations. Information about the impact of lead poisoning on refugee, immigrant, and internationally adopted children will also be posted on the LPPB web site. Information about ACCLPP has now been added to the CDC web site and can be accessed at www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/acclpp_main.htm. The roster, charter, workgroups, recommendations, meeting minutes and upcoming meeting schedules are outlined on the new web page.
Dr. Campbell commended LPPB on its diligent efforts in making contacts and disseminating ACCLPP’s parent letter. Dr. Piomelli reiterated that children of illegal immigrants have the highest proportion of lead poisoning, but have been excluded from screening activities. Dr. Binns advised LPPB to contact Federally Qualified Health Centers since these agencies provide care to illegal and uninsured immigrants. Dr. Jacobs added that HUD and the Department of Justice issued policy guidance making Lead Hazard Control Grant Program services accessible to illegal immigrants. Dr. Banner committed to providing Ms. Kilpatrick with a list of emergency physicians since emergency departments serve as the only source of care for many Hispanic immigrants. Guidance to these providers should emphasize the importance of screening this population of children, particularly new arrivals to the United States.
Dr. David Mannino of CDC explained that tobacco smoke contains >4,000 different substances, including combustion products, particulate matter, pollutants, lead, cadmium and other metals. Several critical factors are considered when smoke exposure is measured in individuals, such as the volume of space in which smoke is dispersed, ventilation and removal of pollutants. These components then follow a pathway of concentration of smoke in an air space, exposure of persons breathing in the air space, individual breathing rates, airway geometry, dose, individual capacity to metabolize or eliminate smoke, biologically effective dose, and health effects. Age, presence of underlying disease and other susceptibility factors play a role in the pathway from ETS exposure to health effects.
Data on ventilation adjusted by age and weight show that children are disproportionately more exposed to air pollutants than adults. To measure smoke exposure, questionnaires, measurements of air pollutants and biomarkers can be used. Cotinine is a metabolized product of nicotine and is the best and most frequently used biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. Cotinine has a half-life in blood of 15-40 hours and can be measured in serum, urine, saliva and hair; 80% of nicotine is metabolized to cotinine. Lead was a focus of CDC’s study due to its presence in processed tobacco and tobacco smoke. Lead also has a relatively long half-life of 30-200 days in blood. NHANES data show that a comparison of reported and measured smoke exposure is problematic, but conclusions have been made from research conducted to date.
Lead levels in ambient air and tobacco have been decreasing over time. The lead level in each cigarette is 1-5 µg/g; 1%-8% passes into smoke. Lead levels in ambient air were 22 ng/m3 in homes where smoking was allowed. Gastrointestinal absorption of lead is 50% in children versus 10%-15% in adults; pulmonary absorption of lead is >50% in children compared to 30%-50% in adults. The objective of CDC’s study was to determine whether smoke exposure was related to EBLLs. The analysis was limited to a subset of 5,592 children 4-16 years of age with available serum cotinine levels reported in NHANES data. BLLs were measured with standard methods and a limit of detection of 1 µg/dL.
Reported exposure to ETS was defined as the total number of cigarettes smoked in the child’s household per day. No ETS exposure was defined as no persons in the household smoked. Any ETS exposure was defined as at least one individual in the household smoked. Cotinine levels were measured with atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry and a limit of detection of 0.050 ng/mL. Covariates included in the analysis were race/ethnicity, region of country, socioeconomic status and demographics, i.e., parental education level, poverty level, age of housing, gender, family size, number of persons and rooms in the household, and age of child. Analytic methods included weights to reflect national estimates; SAS and SUDAAN software; predictors of BLLs >10 µg/dL; and regression models to examine the relationship between smoke exposure and BLLs.
Children in the study were divided into a high exposure group of >20 cigarettes daily; a medium exposure group of 1-19 cigarettes daily; and a low exposure group of no daily cigarettes. The majority of children in the study were white and lived in housing built after 1973. The data showed the following results: ~15%-20% of children with the highest measured cotinine levels had no reported smoke exposure; ~35% of children had reported smoke exposure in the home. As expected, children with higher cotinine levels had significantly higher BLLs than children with no exposure. Higher BLLs were also found among children who were black, younger, poorer, resided in older or smaller homes, lived in Northeastern states and had parents with lower education levels.
Of all study participants, 4% had BLLs >10 µg/dL. This subset primarily resided in Northeastern and Midwestern states. The cohort was also stratified into three age groups of 4-6 years, 7-11 years and 12-16 years. Children who admitted to actively smoking and those with cotinine levels >15 were excluded from the study. The strongest effect of EBLLs was seen in the youngest age group and among black children. No white children with low cotinine levels had EBLLs. Based on uni-variate and multi-variate models, children with high exposure to tobacco smoke had 60% and 40%, respectively, higher BLLs than those with low-level exposure. Multi-variate models showed an odds ratio of 20 for BLLs >10 µg/dL among the 4-6 year age group; the odds ratio decreased in older children. Overall, the study was unable to definitively address several important issues:
- The relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure.
- The contribution of tobacco smoke exposure to EBLLs.
- The importance of lead in ambient air as an exposure source for children.
- The ability of lead in tobacco smoke to increase BLLs to this extent.
- Absorption, metabolism or other important factors that may play a critical role.
- Results in the intermediate exposure group in which tobacco exposures were low and BLLs were high.
- The role of tobacco smoke as an important confounder in studies of lead exposure and cognitive outcomes.
The study concluded that children with recent ETS exposure as defined by cotinine levels have increased BLLs. Lead may be a useful biomarker of smoke exposure, but more research needs to be conducted. Dr. Mannino announced that the paper is currently in press in Epidemiology and is expected to be published by September 2003.
Dr. Banner emphasized the need to focus on other illicit substances that are smoked in the environment and cause second-hand exposure. For example, children are presenting with positive screens of methamphetamine, cocaine and other substances that may be caused by dust on surfaces or passive inhalation. Dr. Jacobs asked if housing ventilation systems were examined in the study. Dr. Mannino replied that this factor was not analyzed due to the lack of solid data. However, size of home was included as a confounder and is the best surrogate of housing ventilation system. To further address this issue, CDC has collected data on apartment buildings to determine exposure outcomes when residents share air spaces.
Dr. Rogan asked if data are available on the amount of lead in air produced by smokers. He raised the possibility of CDC also examining children’s exposure to lead from food handled by smokers. Dr. Mannino responded that data indicate as much as 300 ng/m3 of lead is in air. Dr. Matte noted that the relationship between age of housing and BLLs was more significant in the group with higher cotinine levels than children with lower cotinine levels. He also pointed out that the effect of cotinine on average BLLs was greater in children who lived in older housing than those who lived in newer homes. Dr. Mannino agreed with these observations because the data showed that ETS enhanced older housing, poverty and other traditional risk factors for lead exposure. Mr. Goldman questioned whether the study examined the relationship between diet and smoking since unhealthy eating habits create a higher uptake of lead.
Dr. Mannino mentioned that this factor was not included in the study. However, he acknowledged that diets tended to be poorer among families with more passive smoke exposure than those with no ETS. The relationship between diet and smoking is explored in-depth in another CDC paper that will soon be published in Nicotine and Tobacco. Overall, the data did not demonstrate that diet is a major factor in the correlation between ETS exposure and EBLLs. Dr. Weitzman raised the possibility of reviewing earlier NHANES data when BLLs and cotinine levels were higher. Dr. Harvey asked if data have been collected on the relationship between cotinine levels and postnatal IQ in children. Dr. Weitzman replied that one study estimated a loss of 4.5 IQ points for every 10 cigarettes the mother smoked. Dr. Banner indicated that the Primary Prevention Workgroup should consider focusing on the reduction of ETS exposure in terms of lead.
Dr. Campbell reported that the workgroup was formed 16 months ago and is now presenting the seventh draft of the primary prevention document to ACCLPP for review and comment. The workgroup plans to submit the document to a medical editor for further refinements. The current draft reflects general recommendations made by ACCLPP during previous meetings: rewrite the document with a stronger focus; incorporate additional references; clarify the target audience; include more data on enforcement strategies and incentives; ensure the terminology is consistent throughout the document; and provide information about other sources of lead for children, but maintain the focus on housing.
The workgroup is recommending that the document be issued as a standalone publication. A shorter journal article targeted to pediatricians, family practitioners, public health professionals, housing personnel and other specific audiences should also be released to compliment the main document. To more widely publicize primary prevention and obtain endorsement beyond HHS, ACCLPP has been invited to present the document at the next meeting of the Interagency Federal Task Force on Lead Poisoning Prevention in May 2003. Dr. Campbell and Ms. Amy Murphy, the workgroup chair, will most likely represent ACCLPP at the meeting.
Another activity to advance the workgroup’s efforts is Building Blocks for Primary Prevention: Protecting Children from Lead-Based Paint Hazards. CDC has allocated funding to the Alliance to End Childhood Lead Poisoning to implement the project. The purpose of the initiative is to cite examples of primary prevention strategies that have been implemented and make these models available to jurisdictions throughout the country. The Alliance is tentatively scheduled to make a presentation on the project during the ACCLPP meeting in October 2003. A summary of the project and Alliance’s paper on Making Lead-Safe Housing the Central Focus of Strategic Plans to Eliminate Childhood Lead Poisoning are collectively appended to the minutes as Attachment 1.
In an effort to move toward consensus of the primary prevention document, Dr. Campbell asked ACCLPP to make specific and concrete comments. She reminded the members that the primary target audience is health environmental and housing professionals at state and local levels. A shorter document was also distributed that serves as a preface. She conveyed that the workgroup is discussing the possibility of developing a glossary to clarify terms. Dr. Campbell mentioned that a workgroup meeting is scheduled on the following day for further editing of the document. Comments made during the discussion by ACCLPP members are outlined below.
- Rewrite the document to be less bureaucratic, more concise and with a stronger focus. Emphasize the primary prevention message and clarify the purpose of the document. Include a section that explicitly states primary prevention extends beyond screening and an active search should be conducted in communities to identify high-risk children.
- Revise the technical language and concepts into laymen’s terms since the document also serves as a marketing tool for communities, legislators and health care providers.
- Outline solutions that can now be taken to reduce risks of lead exposure to children, i.e., improving diets and overall health, reducing ETS, enforcing regulations and remediating homes with lead hazards. Use this approach to partner rather than compete with the Vaccines For Children Program and other federal initiatives that focus on childhood health.
- Delete “primary prevention” and strengthen the focus on housing issues. For example, the document could be renamed as Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Young Children Associated with Housing Exposures.
- Remove non-housing lead exposures from the primary prevention document. Cite the ACCLPP case management document and other references for other lead sources.
- Reformat the eight key elements in the text box summary, narrative, subcategories and Appendix 5 to be parallel in all sections of the document.
- Strengthen political will for primary prevention by including the cost-benefit to society and offering incentives to landlords. This approach will minimize resistance by property owners to shift to a primary prevention strategy.
- Redefine the target audience as CLPPPs and state and local health departments. Provide practical guidance for grantees to effectively implement the eight elements of a comprehensive primary prevention childhood lead poisoning program. Distribute detailed and concrete recommendations and other tools to assist grantees in better responding to the FY’03 program announcement and effectively interacting with housing agencies to implement the primary prevention guidelines. Issue a shorter document in the future to submit to journals.
- Decide on the publication venue and then format the document accordingly.
- Refrain from using “lead-safe” because the term de-emphasizes the need for continued maintenance of an abated home and implies intact lead is safe.
- Separate key roles and responsibilities of health and housing departments in Appendix 5 because these agencies have completely different missions and functions.
- Provide explicit guidance, particularly for tasks that will require extensive resources and political support. For example, the establishment of a statewide regulatory structure at the state level and enforcement of housing standards at the local level are recommended on page 22, but no advice is provided for CLPPPs and housing agencies to conduct these activities.
- Avoid presenting a detailed implementation strategy for each guideline in the document. Present the recommendations as options for CLPPPs to address local problems with appropriate partners, including housing agencies, health departments, legislators, insurance companies and landlords.
- Emphasize the critical role of landlords in the shift to primary prevention. For example, 95% of landlords in a Maryland Eastern Shore county adhered to the new legislation to register all rental properties built before 1950. The high compliance rate is due to the belief by these landlords that protection of children and safe properties are important.
- Develop an appendix of model state laws for CLPPPs to present to state legislators and health departments. Other resources that could be included in the appendix are contact information for national agencies and relevant web sites. Appropriately reference these resources in the document as “(see resource X).”
- Reword the document to recommend that CLPPPs “initiate” statutory and regulatory guidelines rather than “take the lead.”
- Revise the introduction to immediately identify the target audience; explain the intended use of the document; emphasize the need for health and housing agencies to closely collaborate; and recommend that CDC grantees begin to shift the focus from secondary to primary prevention. Integrate the standalone preface into the main primary prevention document.
- Modify the document based on ACCLPP’s most recent comments. Authorize LPPB staff and contract editors to refine the revised draft. Distribute the document to three to five CLPPPs for review and comment and circulate this feedback to ACCLPP. Distribute this version to ACCLPP for review and comment before the document is placed for a vote at the October 2003 meeting.
- Ensure that the following statement in the document is accurate and supported by data: The “vast majority” of childhood BLLs >10 µg/dL is associated with exposure to deteriorated lead-based paint and other factors.
Several follow-up comments were made in response to the above suggestions. Dr. Jacobs clarified that the document is an attempt to encourage local health and housing agencies to prevent exposures and exposure pathways in housing. This effort is consistent with the 1992 Congressional definition of a lead-based paint hazard as deteriorated paint and contaminated dust and soil. The primary prevention document offers guidance to local health and housing agencies to make housing safe, conduct follow-up of children and intervene before exposures occur. Several members requested that Dr. Jacobs’s comments be formalized and included in the introduction of the document.
Dr. Meehan explained the process to finalize the document. After ACCLPP formally approves a draft, LPPB staff and contract editors will further refine the document into a professional and high-quality product. Before additional progress can be made, however, ACCLPP must now agree on the target audience and the publication venue. For example, CDC’s Reports and Recommendations (R&Rs) are standalone documents published in the MMWR. R&Rs are longer than regular MMWR articles and are broadly disseminated to clinicians through web-based subscriptions. The primary prevention document can also be issued as a journal article or standalone publication outside of the MMWR.
Dr. Meehan mentioned that resolution of these issues will dictate whether public health jargon or laymen’s terms would be more appropriate. ACCLPP authorized the workgroup to define a time-line to finalize the document and circulate a draft to CLPPPs for preliminary review and comment. Agreement was reached to place the document for a formal vote by ACCLPP during the October 2003 meeting. Dr. Jacobs indicated that the primary prevention document may need to be distributed before the next meeting, particularly if CLPPPS will use the guidelines as reference materials for the July 1, 2003 cooperative agreement.
Dr. Meehan returned to one of the recommendations and expressed concern with ACCLPP formally requesting that CLPPPs shift from screening to primary prevention. CDC would be more comfortable with ACCLPP emphasizing the critical role of primary prevention in a comprehensive public health program that includes screening, case management and other important components. He explained that CDC is mandated by legislation to fund screening programs. Dr. Campbell clarified that the document recommends primary prevention strategies be prioritized since secondary prevention efforts have traditionally failed in detecting children with lead exposures and toxicities. However, the guidelines do not ask programs to abandon secondary prevention.
For example, continued case management of children with EBLLs is suggested. The document further recommends that resources and staff be redirected as the focus shifts from secondary to primary prevention. Several members returned to the proposed time-line to finalize the primary prevention document. Concern was expressed due to the three-month delay between the July 1, 2003 program announcement and ACCLPP’s formal vote on the draft in October 2003. Dr. Campbell asked members to consider the possibility of approving the document by e-mail, regular mail or conference call. To expedite the approval process, Dr. Harvey suggested that only major changes be circulated to the voting members. ACCLPP passed several consensus recommendations to address issues raised during the deliberations.
Ms. Guthrie-Wengrovitz placed the following motion on the floor for a vote. CLPPPs should serve as the primary target audience of the document. Health agencies, community groups and other partners of CLPPPs that will be needed to implement the primary prevention recommendations should serve as the secondary target audience. The focus of the document should remain on housing-based primary prevention interventions. Ms. Guthrie-Wengrovitz accepted Dr. Campbell’s amendment of the motion to also include local and state health departments as a primary target audience, particularly agencies without a CLPPP. The motion was seconded by Dr. Binns and unanimously approved with no further discussion.
Dr. Lynn placed the following motion on the floor for a vote. The primary prevention document should be issued as detailed standalone guidelines that can be tailored to a shorter and more concise journal article in the future. The motion was seconded by Dr. Binns and unanimously approved with no further discussion.
Dr. Banner placed the following motion on the floor for a vote. The motion was for conditional approval of the present draft of the PPWG document. The revised primary prevention draft should be distributed to voting members via e-mail for further approval after further editing by the workgroup, LPPB staff and contract editors. ACCLPP should be provided an opportunity to review and approve the final draft. The motion was seconded by Dr. Binns and unanimously approved with no further discussion. Dr. Meehan confirmed that all drafts will continue to be circulated to ACCLPP ex officio and liaison representatives for review and comment. He asked non-workgroup members to submit additional comments on the document in writing to Mr. Morta.
Dr. Campbell reported that two ACCLPP workgroups are in the implementation phase, while two others are actively developing guidance. She reviewed a summary of five topics which remained from an ACCLPP prioritization process that occurred in February 2001. The two highest topics, primary prevention and review of the evidence for effects at BLLs <10 µg/dL, have already been incorporated into workgroups. Bearing this history in mind, topics that should serve as focus areas in the future should now be considered by ACCLPP and LPPB. Voting members will be asked to formally select priority issues either during the October 2003 or March 2004 meeting. ACCLPP members’ preliminary suggestions are outlined below.
- Formulate guidelines on lead screening of pregnant women to be consistent with recommendations that will be issued by another group. An expert panel convened by the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics is developing medical guidelines for adult lead exposures. Topics on the panel’s agenda include lead exposures during pregnancy and nursing, fetal susceptibility, chelation, and working versus non-working lead exposures. Consult with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists before developing any guidance related to pregnant women.
- Form an ACCLPP workgroup to review available literature on lead screening and pregnancy issues. Present these data to ACCLPP for consensus to be reached on whether to place the topic on the overall screening and risk assessment agenda at the state level.
- Expand ACCLPP’s lead screening focus to include other heavy metals and environmental exposures. Many states have biomonitoring planning grants and will soon be awarded implementation funds. Collaborate and consult with the Adult Medical Guidelines Workgroup, CDC and states in focusing on biomonitoring to improve public health.
- Add lead inputs into the environment to the list of priority topics: lead in soil, lead in water, lead in schools, lead in exterior dust and industrial sources. EPA has developed a lead standard for soil, but the problem has not been adequately addressed to date. School districts could benefit from solid recommendations on lead from water fountains and other sources in public school systems. Only a minimal amount of data has been collected and published demonstrating the presence of lead in exterior dust.
- Use the following criteria to evaluate and select priority topics: Will HHS/ CDC seek advice from ACCLPP on this issue? Will HHS/CDC have the ability to take action on this issue at the policy or program level?
- Form a workgroup of ACCLPP members and outside experts to explore international lead issues and the impact on general nutritional status and pregnancy. For example, relief agencies entering Iraq may soon need clear guidance on appropriate populations to screen, chelate and treat for lead exposures.
- Focus on Healthy Homes since this project is currently generating a fair amount of attention among lead programs.
- Distribute guidelines about lead paint to fast-food restaurants, retail store chains and other businesses that offer toys to young children.
- Examine the lead exposure situation in the western states.
Dr. Meehan followed up on some of the proposed priority topics. First, LPPB will continue to closely collaborate and consult with the CDC International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch and outside agencies to address issues related to refugees. However, LPPB’s funding and appropriations are limited to domestic lead poisoning prevention programs. Second, LPPB has allocated resources and received additional funds from HUD to focus on Healthy Homes. Efforts are currently being made to educate CLPPPs about the importance of this initiative.
Drs. Campbell and Lynn noted that refugees, immigrants, pregnant women from certain foreign countries, and international adoptees entering the United States have the largest burden of EBLLs in most states. ACCLPP’s efforts in international lead issues would be to issue guidance to states from this perspective rather than address EBLLs among children overseas. To assist in this area, Dr. Meyer confirmed that CDC is interested in including data on country of origin in the new lead component of NEDSS.
The agenda and action items raised during the meeting were reviewed and are outlined below.
- Presentation from CDC’s international divisions with responsibility for quarantine and immigrant screening prior to U.S. entry. The overview should cover health screening issues along the U.S.-Mexico Border; gaps in current surveillance data; and areas where ACCLPP’s screening recommendations could make the most significant impact to CDC.
- Presentation on lead exposures and screening issues related to pregnancy.
- Presentation by Dr. Ian von Lindern or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry on the significant contribution of lead at Superfund sites.
- Presentation by Boston and Chicago programs on best practices and lessons learned from developing and implementing lead elimination plans.
- Overview by Dr. Brown, the new LPPB Chief.
- Provide ACCLPP with copies of slides presented by Ms. Dyck and Dr. Meyer.
- Provide ACCLPP with LPPB’s surveillance summary and hard copies of the Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals when available.
- Provide ACCLPP with an electronic version of CDC’s study on the relationship between ETS and BLLs after the paper is published.
- Provide ACCLPP with hard copies of handouts and other meeting materials at least one week prior to meetings.
- Circulate action items to ACCLPP that will require a consensus vote prior to meetings. This approach may assist in ensuring a quorum is maintained throughout the duration of the proceedings.
Dr. Borrazzo noted that in the ACCLPP charter scheduled for renewal in 2003, ex officios will be granted voting rights. As a result, votes by ex officios will represent agency positions rather than individual perspectives. This role may complicate the voting process for some ACCLPP agenda items. Dr. Meehan confirmed that this issue will be clarified by the CDC Office of General Counsel and Committee Management Office prior to the next meeting. He agreed with Dr. Borrazzo that a large number of ex officios may feel uncomfortable representing their respective agencies on certain topics and abstain from voting.
Dr. Campbell encouraged the members to submit detailed information for additional agenda items to be considered for the next meeting. Suggestions should be sent via e-mail to Dr. Campbell with a copy to Dr. Meehan no later than August 2003. The next ACCLPP meeting will be held on October 14-15, 2003 in Atlanta, Georgia. LPPB will poll members via e-mail to determine dates for the 2004 meetings.Top of Page
- Page last reviewed: June 1, 2009
- Page last updated: June 1, 2009
- Content source: National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services | <urn:uuid:4d8669af-1c7d-4242-9157-cde82e3205a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/Meetings/Minutes/2003MarMinutes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00272-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947826 | 11,896 | 1.828125 | 2 |
In Israel, Bitcoin Is a Man’s Game
According to data collected by an Israeli online cryptocurrency trading site, just 9% of cryptocurrency investors in the country are women
Only 9% of Israeli bitcoin investors are women, according to data collected by Israeli online bitcoin trading site Bit2C Ltd. and reviewed by Calcalist.The data collected by Bit2C correlates in time with the peak in the price of bitcoin, as well as the drop that came afterward. According to the data, 75% of users who purchased bitcoin since December have yet to liquidate their assets.
The data analyzed is based on over 7,800 users who purchased bitcoin through the site between December 2017 and May 2018.
In correlation with the relatively small number of women in Israeli tech, 91% of investors in bitcoin are male according to Bit2C data. In the past 17 years, women accounted for just 7% of the founders or co-founders of startups established in Israel, 490 out of 7,100 companies, according to a report published last month by Israel-based market research firm IVC Research Center Ltd., which examined information collected since 2000. In comparison, In the U.S. women-founded venture-backed companies make up around 17% of startups, according to a January Techcrunch report.
Bitcoin (illstartion). Photo: marvelmozhko/Pixabay
Bit2C’s data also shows that cryptocurrency is a young man’s game—78% of investors who used the site are aged 18-40, 19% are 40-60 and only 3% are over 60 years in age.
Bitcoin is currently priced at around $8,400, after seeing a significant drop from over $11,479 on May 5th. At its all-time peak, bitcoin reached a price of over $19,600 on December 17. The cryptocoin’s price has seen ups and downs ever since but has yet to reach a similar pinnacle in 2018.
Investors looking to liquidate cryptocurrency in Israel have faced regulatory obstacles and banks reluctant to accept large deposits of crypto earnings for fear of money laundering. Earlier this week, Bank Hapoalim, one of Israel’s three largest banks, decided to accept a $200,000 deposit of bitcoin earnings, following a recommendation from a Tel Aviv district court, in what could become a significant legal precedence. | <urn:uuid:59dc5118-7003-4367-9ed4-fc1886bd57fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3738237,00.html%20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.964709 | 501 | 1.609375 | 2 |
This post first appeared in The Nation.
According to a new survey released Monday, 81 percent of responding universities said that sequestration, the automatic federal budget cuts, have directly affected their research activities. More than half of universities said a decrease in new federal grant opportunities and the shrinking value of existing grants, has prompted them to reduce research-related positions and nearly a quarter of the institutions said they have laid off research employees as a result of the cuts.
“The survey shows that sequestration is already eroding America’s research capabilities at universities across the country,” the Association of American Universities, Association of Public and Land-grant Universities and The Science Coalition announced in a written statement.UCLA Chancellor Gene Block has been criticized in the past by student activists for doling out lavish salaries for high-profile hires amid tuition hikes, budget cuts and recession, but on Monday he stated that a $50 million loss to the university’s research funding could lead to a brain drain, top researchers leaving in a mass exodus.
Dr. Andrew Rosenberg of the Union of Concerned Scientists talks about the "war on science."
“The buffer is much thinner,” said Block. “So if faculty members lose their grants, if grants don’t get re-funded because of sequestration, there is a limited amount we can do to keep labs running. So if you ask what is the long-term effect? …Literally labs close and people end up on the street. That’s the danger.”
The negative effects of sequester are already on display in Ohio. Dr. Stan Gerson, director of the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, spent much of the past year calling members of Congress in hopes they would repeal cuts to research programs. Gerson told public radio WCPN, “It’s real jobs and real people” at stake.
Case, like Michigan, receives some of the biggest federal grants in the US for research.
Of the roughly $400 million Case spends on research annually, about 80 percent comes from federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense and the Department of Health and Human Services.
Case’s cancer center offers an example of how sequestration funding is slowly squeezing the budget. This summer, news came that the center’s five-year operational grant fell by $6 million.
“It’s undoubtedly the case over an 18-month period that there will be a smaller workforce in our school and our university. Just because, where else are the dollars going to come from?” Gerson says.
While Case isn’t planning layoffs yet, they are more selectively filling positions and faculty members are being encouraged to consider flexible hours. Gerson also told WCPN that labs on campus aren’t hiring as many graduate students.
Others also expressed concern that cuts in research would result in the loss of a competitive edge against other countries that prioritize education and research.
“We lose our competitiveness with foreign countries, especially China and India, which are investing very heavily in research and development,” said Philip DiStefano, chancellor at University of Colorado Boulder. “The longer that sequestration goes on, the more chances are that we are going to lose our competitive edge that we have had with foreign countries.”
The world of academia has objected to harsh austerity measures for a long time. In March, Science Works for US collected video editorials from professors and administrators, who argued that the then-proposed cuts would threaten American research and innovation. An op-ed in the Financial Times from before the sequester stated that, “fully 75 percent of postwar growth is tied to technological innovation, according to the commerce department.”
But these concerns fell on deaf ears, even though budget cuts will have a ripple effect for multiple generations, stripping opportunities from burgeoning students, researchers and scientists.
“There is a clear and present danger that sequestration will damage America’s pre-eminence in scientific research and higher education over the long-term,” said Northeastern University President Joseph Aoun. “Given the impact we already have seen, we urge the members of the House and Senate who are negotiating funding for fiscal year 2014 and beyond to end sequestration, enable investments in scientific research and higher education and restore the dividends these investments produce for our economy and society.” | <urn:uuid:44ca62bf-9e91-474a-851d-68b9c47de6ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://billmoyers.com/2013/11/12/survey-81-percent-of-universities-say-sequester-has-directly-affected-research-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951348 | 914 | 2.21875 | 2 |
As students all over the country receive their A Level results and competition for university places increases, it’s essential for students to know exactly what to do on the day. Applying to University - The Essential Guide, helps take the stress out of the equation.
Packed with the latest information and practical advice, this book doesn’t just help students choose subjects and select universities. Its easy-to-read style also covers what to do if your results are lower than you expected, what to do if your results are better than expected, how to get through clearing and how to defer your entry.
Author Anne Coates, whose own daughter is at university, says: “You may have set your heart on your first choice – and haven’t quite achieved the grades. So what do you do? First of all don’t panic. If your school has tutors ready to help you, make use of them! Discuss your results and ask for their advice. This book is here to help.”
Published by Need2Know: www.need2knowbooks.co.uk. | <urn:uuid:daa8d231-a01e-4854-bfb3-b4047961e2f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/news/applying-to-uni-guide-1-1797149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952186 | 228 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Distance from Wlochy to Ostroda
Distance from Włochy to Ostróda is 181 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 112 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Włochy and Ostróda is 181 km= 112 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Wlochy to Ostroda, It takes 0.2 hours to arrive.
Wlochy is located in Poland.
|GPS Coordinates (DMS)||52° 10´ 45.8760'' N |
20° 56´ 46.0320'' E
Włochy Distances to Cities
|Distance from Wlochy to Oborniki||286 km|
|Distance from Wlochy to Ruda Slaska||259 km|
|Distance from Wlochy to Lodz||112 km|
|Distance from Wlochy to Warsaw||7 km|
|Distance from Wlochy to Siedlce||92 km|
Ostroda is located in Poland.
|GPS Coordinates||53° 41´ 48.1560'' N |
19° 57´ 53.4960'' E
Ostróda Distances to Cities
|Distance from Ostroda to Gdansk||113 km|
|Distance from Ostroda to Lodz||219 km|
|Distance from Ostroda to Nowa Sol||356 km|
|Distance from Ostroda to Gubin||403 km|
|Distance from Ostroda to Grudziadz||84 km| | <urn:uuid:58eadd61-9b7d-4306-9747-db111cc07897> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.distancefromto.net/distance-from-wlochy-pl-to-ostroda-pl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00208-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.741842 | 352 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 41/June 1892/Korean Mountains and Mountaineers
By CHARLES W. CAMPBELL.
AS delineated on a Korean map of the country, the White Head Mountain seems to consist of a circle of jagged peaks inclosing a moderate-sized lake. The description of it in Chinese, in the letterpress department of the Atlas, recites that "Peik-tu San, or White Head Mountain, lies seven or eight days' journey to the west of Hoiryeng (a town on the Korean border), in Manchu territory. The mountain is in three tiers, is two hundred li, or sixty miles high, and the circuit of its base covers one thousand li, or three hundred miles. On the summit there is a lake eight hundred li, or two hundred and fifty miles in circumference, whence flow the three rivers Yalu, Sungari, and Tumen." These dimensions are greatly depreciated in Mr. James's description of the mountain in his book, The Long White Mountain. Nevertheless, lakes in mountain-tops seven or eight thousand feet above sea-level are rare enough to tempt the adventurous traveler to try to explore them; and this one on Peik-tu San yields precedence in interest, historically and geographically, to few others in the world. So thought Mr. Charles W. Campbell, of the English consular service in China, when, on the last days of August, 1889, he left Seoul on the tedious journey, by primitive Korean conveyances, of six hundred miles to the mountain. From his account of the journey, and the discussion it called forth in the Royal Geographical Society, are derived the facts given in this article.
The country traversed during the first four days of the journey was typical of the center and south of the Korean Peninsula. "Korea is a land of mountains. Go where you will, a stretch of level road is rare, and a stretch of level plain rarer still. The view from any prominent height is always the same; the eye ranges over an expanse of hill-tops, now running in a succession of long, billowy lines, now broken up like the wavelets in a choppy sea, often green with forest, but just as often bare and. forbidding. Clear mountain brooks or shallow streams rushing over beds of gravel are never wanting in the valleys below, where a rude long bridge, or curling smoke, or the presence of cultivation, leads you to observe the brown thatch of some huts clustered under the lee of a hill." On the fifth day Mr. Campbell "branched into untrodden country for the purpose of visiting a remarkable range called the Keum Kang San, or Diamond Mountain, where the most notable collection of Buddhist monasteries in Korea is to be found. There was a considerable change in the configuration of the land as we passed eastward from Keum-Seng. The valleys contracted into narrow, rocky glens, forests of oak, pine, maple, and chestnut clothed the steeper and loftier slopes, and cover sufficiently thick to delight the heart of the sportsman abounded everywhere." A pass too steep for laden animals had to be crossed with the help of bearers. It is known as the Tan-pa Byeng, and is the western barrier of the Keum Kang region. "The summit is about twenty-eight hundred feet above sea-level. Thence in clear weather a view of the Diamond Mountains was said to be obtainable, and the name Tan-pa, which means 'Crop-hair,' was given to the ridge in the early days of Korean Buddhism, to signify that those who reached this point had taken refuge in the cloister, and should sever their connection with the world by parting with their hair.
"From Tan-pa Byeng, a journey of sixteen miles in a northeasterly direction brought us to Ch'ang-An-Sa, or the Temple of Eternal Rest, a Buddhist monastery at the foot of the Keum Kang San (Diamond Mountains). These mountains are a remarkable section of the main range which practically determines the east coast of Korea. Elsewhere the aspect of the chain is tame enough, but in the north of the Kang-wen province it suddenly starts into a towering mass of irregular, precipitous rocks, whose appearance earned for them many centuries ago their present designation. Viewed from the Eastern Sea, which is not more than thirty miles off as the crow flies, their serrated outline is very striking, and must always make them conspicuous. The district they occupy is a fairly well defined one, some thirty miles long by twenty broad. Few places are more renowned in any country than these mountains are in Korea; in popular estimation they are the beau-idéal of scenic loveliness, the perfection of wild beauty in Nature. I found that both Chinese and Japanese spoke and wrote of them, but more because they are a Buddhistic center than for any other reason. At Seoul a visit to Keum Kang San is quite fashionable, and supplies all the material necessary for reputation as a traveler. Buddhism evidently found a home in these secluded mountains soon after its introduction into Korea, which Chinese and native records tell us occurred in the latter half of the fourth century after Christ. A Korean book—the Keum Kang San Record—states that Ch'ang-An-Sa was restored or rebuilt at the beginning of the sixth century, and at the monastery itself tradition dates the oldest relics from the T'ang period (a. d. 618 to 907). At present upward of forty shrines, tended by three or four hundred monks, a few nuns, and a host of lay servitors, are scattered over the east and west slopes of the Diamond Mountains. The great majority of the monks are congregated at the four chief monasteries, and the nuns possess a small sanctuary or two where they find sufficient to do, apart from religious exercises, in weaving cotton and hempen garments and other womanly occupations. The monks, when not in residence at the monasteries, travel all over the country, alms-bowl in hand, chanting the canons of Buddha from door to door, soliciting subscriptions to the building of a new altar or for the repair of an old one, and begging from day to day the food and resting-place which are rarely denied them."
The route followed a rough torrent winding up the west slope to the water-shed—which is 4,200 feet above sea-level, and the highest point reached in the journey across Korea—and descended the eastern flank by a wild mountain-path. "The monastery of Ch’ang-An is superbly situated a little way up the west slope. The lofty hills which wall in the torrent on the north recede for a few hundred yards, and rejoin it again, leaving in the interval a semicircular space of level ground, upon which the temple is built. Nothing could be more effective than the deep-green setting of this half-circlet of hills, rising up like a rampart from the rear of the buildings, and rendered additionally pleasing to the eye by a symmetrical covering of leafy forest and shrub. In front, the water swishes and swirls through rough, tumbled granite blocks, here and there softening into a clear pool, and beyond this again towers a conical buttress of the Keum Kang San, thickly clothed with pines and tangled undergrowth for half its height. The peak possesses the characteristics of the range. Gaping seams and cracks split it vertically from the summit down until vegetation hides the rock, at sufficiently regular intervals to give one the impression of looking at the pipes of an immense organ. The topmost ribs are almost perpendicular, and gleam bare and blue in the evening sun; but lower down the cracks and ledges afford a precarious lodging to a few conifers and stunted oaks." The other mountains along the route occupy equally pretty situations. Soon after crossing the Keum Kang range, Mr. Campbell struck the Japan Sea. A journey of sixty miles along the coast brought him to Wen-san, one of the ports opened to trade by the treaties with foreign powers. Hence he followed the coast-line northward for six days, passing through a number of populous towns, to Puk-ch'eng. Trade, which was not active on the Seoul-Wen-san route, was particularly stirring along the east coast. It is mainly in Manchester cottons. Fairs were common between Wen-san and Puk-ch'eng—as they are in all the populous districts of Korea. "The road was always animated with a concourse of merry, brightly dressed people, wending their way to the market town; women carrying jars and baskets of melons, pears, chillies, etc., on their heads, and babies on their backs; bulls and carts laden with brushwood for fuel; produce of all kinds, including grain and dried fish, borne by ponies and men; sturdy, half-nude coolies, perspiring under lofty, wooden frameworks, to which assortments of earthenware pots and turned wooden dishes are attached; and, more numerous than all, the pleasure-seeker, or ku-kyeng-kun, in holiday dress, strutting along in company with a batch of friends, gesticulating, laughing, and cracking jokes productive of the most hilarious mirth. Such throngs greeted the foreigner with amused surprise, sometimes a trifle rudely, but always good-naturedly. The women, in most cases, behaved as properly conducted Korean women ought to do when their faces run the risk of being scanned by a stranger, and turned their backs upon him; yet frequently all scruples vanished before an overpowering curiosity to take in the particulars of so odd a costume, or to discuss the singularity of the equipage. The main street of the town or village is the marketplace. It often widens into a sort of place or square, where straw booths are hastily erected for the occasion; but, ordinarily, each man exposes his wares on some boards, or on a cloth spread on the ground in the best spot available. The articles for sale are of the simplest."
From Puk-ch'eng Mr. Campbell took the direct, across-country route through Kap-san, to Peik-tu-san, in preference to the more interesting circuitous route, because of the lateness of the season. Following the Peik-ch'eng River to its source, he then, next day, after leaving the city (September 24th), reached the crest of the range which here fringes the highlands of North Korea. The top of the pass, called Hu-ch'i Ryeng, is 4,300 feet above the sea; thence to the Yalu, at Hyei-san, a distance of a hundred miles, there was a gradual descent, with one remarkable irregularity, to an elevation of 2,800 feet. "The aspect of the country had completely changed. We had left some valleys producing rice and cotton, and had entered a plateau-like region, where these crops were impossible, their places being taken by oats, millet, and hemp. At first our way lay through a forest of spruce, pine, birch, and oak, broken by an occasional marshy glade; to this succeeded an undulating country, which bore traces of being recently cleared. Clearings were made simply by setting fire to the forest—a process which I saw in operation. The population was scanty, but evidently increasing; the houses were log-huts, plastered with clay, roofed with thatch or shingle, and fenced with palisades of stakes six or eight feet high. Game hereabouts was very plentiful. . . . Tigers, leopards, and bears are also said to be easily obtainable. The tiger, indeed, is a fruitful subject of discussion. From Wen-san to Peik-tu San, and thence to Peng-yang, I heard endless stories of the brute's ravages, and more than once I was asked to delay my journey to shoot a 'maneater.' In the Yalu backwoods I passed through a deserted clearing, where four out of a total of ten inhabitants, had become the prey of a man-eating tiger during the previous winter and spring." Large tracts of cultivated land became common near Kap-san; and the neighborhood is said to contain most of the mineral wealth of Korea; gold, silver, and lead being worked at several places, but with sorry appliances and little skill. There is no doubt that the country is rich in useful and valuable minerals, but it has yet to be ascertained whether they can be worked at a profit.
The first view of the White Head Mountain was obtained from the crest of the ridge overlooking the Yalu, about thirty miles north of Kap-san. "Its renown was at once comprehensible, for, distant as it was, the view was majestic. The white, irregular mass towered, without any marked or prominent peak, head and shoulders over the surrounding hills, though one could see that it was not lofty, as mountains go. . . . Just at the point where this mountain is first visible a small temple has been erected for the purpose of offering sacrifices, which is done by the King of Korea every year on the 4th of the eighth moon (August) to the Peik-tu San deities. At Seoul I was led to believe that the officials deputed to perform this function actually ascended the mountain, but they evidently preferred a compromise, the efficacy of which has apparently never been doubted."
The rest of the journey to the mountain, with only hunters' paths and blazes through the forest, which was made in the first days of October, was beset with difficulties on account of the wintry weather. The last settler's hut was passed, and after that the party had to depend on the hunters' huts, which had been deserted for the winter. When two or three miles from the end of the journey, the best guide who could be depended upon fell in a fit brought on by overexertion. The superstitious Koreans attributed his paroxysms to the malevolent san sin, or mountain genii, and spent the night in offering prayers and propitiating sacrifices of rice to the offended deities, while Mr. Campbell doctored the man with Liebig's extract. The man had somewhat recovered from his disability, but in view of the discontent of his party, and the risk of going farther into the wilderness under the circumstances, Mr. Campbell made no further attempt to reach the top of the mountain.
This mountain, the Old White Mountain, as it is called by the Chinese of Manchuria, "is the most remarkable mountain, naturally and historically, in this part of Asia. The perennial whiteness of its crest, now known to be caused by pumice when not by snow, made the peoples that beheld it from the plains of Manchuria give it names whose meanings have survived in the Chinese Ch'ang-pai Shan, or Ever-white Mountain. This designation, obviously assigned to the White Mountain alone, has been extended to the whole range without apparent reason, for no other peak of it, so far as is known, can pretend to perennial whiteness, whether of pumice or snow. . . . The great point of interest in the mountain, apart from its whiteness, is the lake—twelve miles in circuit, according to Mr. James and his party, the only Europeans who have seen it—which lies in the broad top of the mountain at a height of 7,500 feet above sea-level, and is supposed to be the source of the three rivers, Yalu, Tumen, and Sungari. The Tei-Tei-ki (Great Lake), as the Koreans call it, is the nucleus of a mass of legend and fable. It is a sacred spot, the abode of beings supernatural, and not to be profaned by mortal eye with impunity. Curiously enough, neither Chinese nor Koreans have the faintest notion of the real character of Peik-tu-San. The Chinese say that the lake is an eye of the sea, and the Koreans tell you that the rock of which the mountain is composed 'floats in water,' for lumps of pumice were common on the Yalu at Hyei-san. My crude geological explanations, that this cho-san (ancestral mountain) of Korea was a burned-out volcano, whose crater had been filled with water by springs, were listened to with polite wonder and treated with less credulity than they deserved. I pointed to the black dust, to the clinkers, and to the rocks lining the banks of the Yalu for miles, many of which looked as if they had been freshly ejected from some subterranean furnace, but to no purpose. If the occurrences I had spoken of had taken place, they must have been handed down by tradition, and it was useless to cite lapse of time—Koreans are ignorant of geological periods—to people whose history extends as far back as four thousand years ago. According to my observations, most of the forest between Po-ch'm and Peik-tu-San grows on volcanic matter, which was without doubt ejected from Peik-tu-San during successive eruptions. The general inferiority of the timber hereabouts to that of the rest of Korea led me to examine the soil wherever an uprooted tree or a freshly dug deer-pit furnished the opportunity. Beyond a thin coating of leaf-mold on the surface, there was seldom anything else than broken pumice, broken to the size of a very coarse sand. According to the hunters, this was the subsoil everywhere in the forest. . . . Nearing the mountain, we get the clearest evidence of the character and recency, geologically speaking, of the eruptions which spread this vast quantity of volcanic material over such a wide area. Ten miles due south of the White Mountain, the Yalu, now eight or ten yards broad and very shallow, flows between banks like a railway cutting, sheer, clean, and absolutely devoid of vegetation, for denudation was too rapid to permit the slightest growth. The sections thus exposed were often over a hundred feet in depth, and at one of the deepest portions I counted thirteen layers of black volcanic dust, all varying in thickness, and each separated from the layer above by a thin stratum of volcanic mold. So fine was this dust that the least breath of wind caught it and scattered it freely over the adjoining snow, to which it gave a grimy, sooty appearance. The forests of South Manchuria, though uninhabited now, were, we learn from Chinese records, the home of many races in ages past. The comparatively recent kingdom of Ko-ku-rye, which arose in the first century b. c., is said to have occupied the Ch'ang-pai Shan and the head-waters of the Yalu River." Very few, if any, traces of these ancient peoples are found now; but this is hardly to be wondered at, considering their low civilization and the temporary character of their dwellings.
Captain Younghusband, speaking to Mr. Campbell's paper, described the trip which he, Mr. James, and Mr. Fulford made to the mountain from the northern or Manchurian side in the summer of 1886. At the foot of the mountain they found some most lovely meadows covered with iris, lilies, and columbine, surpassing even those of Kashmir. "Passing on up through the forest, we came to the summit of the Ch'ang-pai Shan. Before us were two prominent peaks seen from the north side—there are really five all round—and between these the saddle. Arriving there, we expected to see a view on the other side toward Korea; instead of that, however, we saw, straight under our feet, this wonderful lake situated right at the top of the mountain. It was of the most clear deep blue, and surrounded by a magnificent circle of jagged peaks, ascending one of which I got a clear view of all this country, over which Mr. Campbell traveled later on. We saw through the forest the course of this Yalu River and the Tumen River, which both rise on the spurs of this mountain, and out of this lake flowed a small stream which eventually runs into the Sungari, perhaps the most important tributary of the great Amur River, which flows along the southern edge of Siberia. . . . The whole of this country shows signs of a volcanic origin. There is no doubt that this mountain Peik-tu San was formerly a volcano, and that this lake is the crater of the volcano."
Mr. Campbell's narrative and the discussion furnished some pleasing pictures of Korean life and character. It is a curious fact and suggestive that the most conspicuous and seemingly the most lasting traces left of ancient Korean settlements are the strawberries. The beauty of the situations of the Buddhist monasteries was remarked upon. For centuries Buddhism has been under a ban in the country, and its followers, driven from the settled country to the mountains, have established their monasteries there, out of the way. In selecting the most beautiful retreats for the study of their religion, they have followed, said one of the speakers, the bent of Korean character. "These monasteries form hotels for those travelers in the country who take their delight in leaving town life, taking simple food, and traveling day after day, piping their way on the roads, rejoicing in the beauty of the country. I should think in hardly any country in the world the ordinary rustic takes so much delight in Nature as in Korea; when he goes with you up the mountains, and, on arriving at the top, you expect him to sigh as if nearly dead, he will expatiate on the beauty of the scene before him. In this love of scenery, as in many other points, the Korean differs greatly from his neighbors the Chinese."
The Korean hamlets are of two kinds, "the purely agricultural, and those which depend as much on the entertainment of travelers as on farming. The site of the agricultural village is a hill-slope facing the south. Over this, low, mud-walled, straw-thatched hovels, each standing in its own piece of garden, which is protected by a neat fence of interlaced stems, are scattered at random, and there is not much of an attempt at a street anywhere. Every house has its thrashing-floor of beaten clay, the workshop of the family. The stream which runs past the foot of the hill, or courses down a gully in its side, is lined with women and girls washing clothes with sticks instead of soap, preparing cabbages for pickle, or steeping hemp. Seen from a distance, these places are quite picturesque. The uneven terraces of thatch are brightened by the foliage and flowers of gourds and melons which climb all over the huts. In the gardens surrounding each house are plots of red chilli, rows of castor-oil plants, and fruit trees such as peach, apricot, pear, and persimmon. The roadside village, on the other hand, is generally a most unlovely spot. The only street is the main highway, which is lined on both sides by a straggling collection of the huts I have mentioned. Heaps of refuse, open drains, malodorous pools, stacks of brushwood for fuel, nude, sun-tanned children disporting themselves, men and women thrashing grain and occasionally a crowd of disputants all combine to make it a very indifferent thoroughfare. Most of the houses are inns or eating-shops. The main gate of the inn leads directly from the street into a quadrangle bounded on two sides by open sheds, which are provided with troughs for the feeding of pack-animals, and on the other two sides by the guest-rooms and kitchen. The court-yard is often dominated by a powerful pig-stye, and littered with fodder or earthenware pitchers and vats." General agriculture is, however, not so elaborate and fruitful as in Japan and southern China. "The principal farm animal is the ox; in mid-Korea he is a splendid beast hardy, tractable, and bearing a strong resemblance in build to our short-horned stock. A cane or iron ring, for which his nostrils are pierced when young, suffices to control him, and he is early accustomed to his constant work of load-carrying. Plowing is done with the ox; rarely or never with the pony. Dairy produce is unknown, or nearly so. Draught cattle and ponies are fed on coarse fodder and a boiled slush of beans, chopped straw, and rice-husks. The remaining domestic animals are black, hairy pigs, wily gaunt creatures, and horribly loathsome; wolfish dogs, possessing a surprising nose for foreigners; and fowls that almost equal their wild congeners, the pheasants, in powers of flight and wariness."
An incident which happened to Mr. Campbell during his journey in which a woman by bullying and coaxing forced a party of unwilling bearers into his service gave a fresh blow in his mind to the theory of the subjection of women in the East, and strengthened his opinion that "women in these parts of the world, if the truth were known, fill a higher place and wield a far greater influence than they are usually credited with."
In a paper read before the French Association for the Advancement of Science, on the Succession of Media inhabited by the Ancestral Series of Man, M. Fauvelle presented a genealogical table of beings in which, waiving the question of plants, he showed forth the successive development of animals, beginning in sea-water, continuing afterward in fresh water, then in moist and marshy soil, to reach a higher stage on dry lands. The beginning was the cell, which originated in sea-water, an aquatic medium; the climax was man, a product eminently aërian. M. G. de Mortillet, while he recognized the ingenuity and attractiveness of M. Fauvelle's system, suggested that, to put it on a solid base, it would be necessary to prove that sea salt existed at the time of the origin of life.
In a paper at the British Association on the worship of meteorites, Prof. H. A. Newton gave accounts of divine honors having been paid to meteoric stones in early times, and of myths and traditions pointing to such worship. Particular attention was directed to the indications of this cult that are found in Grecian and Roman history and literature. | <urn:uuid:d1fa8df2-99db-48cc-8d14-f60b2ee90132> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_41/June_1892/Korean_Mountains_and_Mountaineers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00137-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968983 | 5,579 | 3.46875 | 3 |
(Natural News) On Dec. 16, just a few days after President Donald Trump’s “Operation Warp Speed” Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines were unveiled and unleashed, Twitter made an announcement that it has begun to “prioritize the removal of the most harmful misleading information” about the dangers and ineffectiveness of the jabs.
In addition to labeling tweets “that contain potentially misleading information about the vaccines,” Twitter has decided to go a step further by actively removing all content from the platform that in any way calls into question Trump’s “coof” inoculations.
“In the context of a global pandemic, vaccine misinformation presents a significant and growing public health challenge – and we all have a role to play,” Twitter contends.
“We are focused on mitigating misleading information that presents the biggest potential harm to people’s health and wellbeing. Twitter has an important role to play as a place for good faith public debate and discussion around these critical public health matters.”
Twitter’s official policy prior to Dec. 16 included the removal of all tweets that include “false or misleading” information about:
• The “nature” of COVID-19, including how it supposedly spreads within communities
• The safety and / or efficacy of “preventative measures, treatments, or other precautions to mitigate or treat the disease
• Official government “regulations, restrictions, or exemptions pertaining to health advisories;” and
• The “prevalence or risk of infection or death”
As of Dec. 16, however, Twitter will now be removing tweets that claim COVID-19 vaccines are being “used to intentionally harm … or control populations,” along with any statements that “invoke a deliberate conspiracy.”
Twitter also now has a no-tolerance policy for statements about the COVID-19 vaccine that has been “widely debunked,” such as that a person might experience “adverse impacts or effects” following vaccination.
Should a Twitter user claim that “COVID-19 is not real or not serious, and therefore … vaccinations are unnecessary,” this, too, will be immediately removed from the platform as a “false claim.”
Twitter, Facebook only allow content that promotes vaccines as safe and effective
These changes are merely an extension of the ones Twitter implemented last year, which prohibit the spread of “misinformation” about vaccines.
Only “approved” information about vaccines – basically anything that claims they are always safe and effective – is now allowed on Twitter. Anything else is medical heresy, and will not be tolerated.
“Using a combination of technology and human review, we will begin enforcing this updated policy on December 21, and expanding our actions during the following weeks,” Twitter’s latest announcement indicates.
“We will enforce this policy in close consultation with local, national and global public health authorities around the world, and will strive to be iterative and transparent in our approach.”
From now on, the announcement concludes, Twitter will police its platform in such a way that people are able to find “credible health information” that has been verified by “public health experts.”
Facebook made a similar announcement earlier in the month that “false claims” about COVID-19 will be removed in the event that Facebook employees decide they could cause “imminent physical harm.”
Anyone suggesting that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may help to treat COVID-19 is now in violation of Facebook’s new “coof” policies, as are people who suggest that virus symptoms may be linked to 5G exposure.
“The company removed 12 million posts as a result of this policy between March and October,” reported NBC News, which apparently thinks that Facebook is not doing enough to stamp out other information about vaccines in general that contradicts the official government narrative that all vaccines are safe and effective.
To learn more about the dangers and ineffectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, be sure to check out Pandemic.news.
Sources for this article include: | <urn:uuid:a48a67f6-26e5-4826-9a9f-ae70d8db335e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://naturalnews.com/2020-12-22-vaccine-dangers-twitter-prohibited-covid19-jabs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.941865 | 892 | 1.945313 | 2 |
|Kingdom of England|
(and largest city)
|Other cities||Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Cardiff|
|Government||Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy|
|-||King||Edward X Westminster|
|-||First Minister||Daniel Craig|
|-||Second Minister||George Osborne|
|-||Norman invasion of England||1066|
|-||End of the English Revolution||March 11, 1969|
|Time zone||British Standard Time (UTC-1)|
|Date formats||DD/MM/YYYY (AD)|
|Drives on the||Left|
England is governed by the Parliament, a unicameral legislature. The First Minister of England, the head of government, is typically the head of the majority club in Parliament. The current First Minister is Daniel Craig, the leader of the centrist Silver Lions Club.
Revolt of 1381
The Revolt of 1381 began as a result of heavy taxes and other things caused by the Hundred Years' War. Rebels led by Wat Tyler killed King Richard II. The retribution from his successor, John II, was harsh and achieved the opposite of what the rebels had hoped for. The crushing of the rebellion intensified the power of the crown at the expense of the people.
Wars of the English Succession (15th century)
In the process of becoming king, John II bypassing the legal heir, Roger Mortimer. This came back to affect England after John's death with Roger's brother Edmund became the figurehead of a rebellion against John's son, Henry IV. The declaration of Edmund as King Edmund I began the first phase of the Wars of the English Succession, which plagued the nation for the next century. Owain Glyndwr's rebellion in Wales was a critical part of Edmund's success. With Henry being forced to divide his attention between English lords backing Edmund and Owain attacking the marches, the Mortimer men were able to defeat Henry at Southampton in 1411. Henry fled across the Channel to France. On his deathbad, Edmund named his nephew Henry Percy heir to England, bypassing his niece Anne, who was his older brother's daughter. This later led to York's Rebellion, where Henry V was deposed by the Duke of York, who become Richard III. Richard III maintained peace in England thereafter.
The peace lasted for a while, until Henry IV's son, John III, gained the support of France. The claimant John III alienated many key French people, most notably the Dauphin of France, as he presented a serious threat to the Dauphin's inheritance. Upon the death of Charles VI of France, John III was proclaimed King of England and France by certain forces. Richard III of England responded by allying himself with the Dauphin, now Charles VII. However, the price of this alliance was Normandy. Richard III died at the Battle of Agincourt, despite winning that battle. His son Richard succeeded him as Richard IV. Richard and Charles successfully defeated Henry. The two victorious kings reached a peace in the Hundred Years' War, with Normandy being ceded to England in exchange for the English abandoning their claim to France. The king's heir, Edward, Duke of Normandy, married Anne of France to secure the peace. This ended the French phase.
Upon Richard IV's death, the heir to the Percys and Henry V, John Clifford, started an uprising. Clifford killed the Duke of York before King Edward IV killed him, ending the Clifford line and the Percy claim to England. After the war, Edward alienated one of his chief allies, the Earl of Warwick, creating the underlying tensions that led to Warwick's Rebellion. Edward IV was killed by the Earl of Warwick. John, the son of Henry V, was proclaimed King John III by these rebels. Edward IV's son, Edward V, was across the Channel in his Norman lands when he heard the news. Edward secured the alliance with Brittany his father had sought by marrying Anne of Brittany. Edward V and the Bretons crossed the Channel and put down Warwick's Rebellion. Warwick himself was executed and his titles passed to his grandson, the king's cousin and future Duke of Clarence.
Upon the death of Charles VIII of France in 1498, Edward V decided to press his claim to France, as his mother was French. This ended the long peace between England and France achieved by his grandfather. Edward's war initially went well due to the advantage of his attack being unexpected by the French. However, France rallied behind their new king, Louis XII, and successfully drove the English back across the Channel. Edward V died in the process, succeeded by his five year old son, Richard V. Richard's uncle, the Duke of York, continued the war on behalf on his nephew, hoping to at least gain back Normandy. Louis XII sent word to John Meredith, the Prince of Wales and heir to the Lancastrian claim, to invade England. John did invade England, destroying the first force led by the Duke of Clarence. Clarence's death shattered the English defense, allowing the Welsh to move on London, gaining supporters as they went. London was captured without a fight, resulting in the death of Richard V. His uncle named himself king and was forced to return to England from Normandy. However, his ship was lost while crossing the Channel. Thus, John Meredith had eliminated the biggest threat to his claim. Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward V, was proclaimed queen by her cousin the Duke of Gloucester, who escaped to Brittany to raise an army against Meredith. Gloucester and Elizabeth sailed for England, landing in Cornwall, where Elizabeth's base of support was strongest, and marched northeast, attempting to meet up with another army led by Gloucester's brother. John V anticipated this and ambushed Gloucester's army and captured Elizabeth. With Elizabeth in the king's custody, the new Duke of Gloucester surrendered. Gloucester was imprisoned in the Tower of London for the rest of his life, transferring the Yorkist claim to their cousins of the Pole family. Meanwhile, John V betrothed Elizabeth to his son, John, the Prince of Wales and began the Meredith period.
Meredith and Stafford periods
John V thought he had achieved peace by defeating the Gloucesters, but the peace only lasted until his grandson, John VII. The Northern Schism had created deep rifts in England and John VI's conversion to the Northernist Church caused waves in England. His son John VI had been strongly raised in the Catholic faith by his mother. John VII, despite his personal convictions attempted to maintain peace between the two rival faiths. He was lenient to Northernists and Catholics alike and raised his son and heir John in the Northernist way. However, the death of Prince John meant John VII's heir was his Catholic French niece Elizabeth, leading to the people of England seeking out the secondary heir of the Plantagenet dynasty, the Earl of Stafford, descended from Richard VI's daughter. John VII's death triggered the final phase of the Wars of Succession. The French conquered English possessions on the mainland and then crossed the Channel to England only to be swiftly defeated by Stafford and his allies. The Earl of Stafford was crowned as Richard VII and then invaded France to conquer Brittany and Normandy again. The new king of France was forced to make peace and accept the territorial status quo. Richard VII married Elizabeth to his son Edmund to end French pretensions to the throne and to unify the two warring claims.
The establishment of the Stafford dynasty began a long peace in England that saw its economic growth and emergence as a power on the global scale. The Staffords established Northernism as the dominant faith of England but failed to spread it to Ireland, thus causing religious tension between the two kingdoms.
English Civil War
The Pole peace ended with the death of Edward VII. Edward had two children, his daughter Elizabeth from his first Northernist English wife and his son Edward from his Catholic Orthodox French wife. Elizabeth had been the heir for most of her life until Edward was born in the last years of his father's reign. The English greatly despised Prince Edward's mother and the feeling was mutual. Thus, when Edward was proclaimed king in London, Elizabeth was declared queen, beginning the English Civil War. The war marked the creation of the two original English political clubs, the Falcons, supporting Elizabeth, and the Mountaineers, supporting Edward. Although Edward emerged victorious in the war, he was murdered in the Gunpowder Plot when the royal residences were destroyed by Falcons. The crown then passed legally to Alexis, Emperor of Russia, but he turned it down and abandoned all Russian pretensions to the English throne. His refusal, even for his second son, created problems in England as they now had to call upon Luxembourg relations, specifically Infante John of Castile. France was strongly opposed to John taking the English throne, as it meant France would be completely surrounded by Luxembourgs.
Interregnum and Interbellum
The period between the death of Edward VIII and the ascension of Infante John is known as the English Interregnum. During the Interregnum, Parliament wielded absolute power in England. This is marked as the beginning of the decline of royal power and the rise of the First Minister. The First Minister was initially the leader of the Mountaineers in Parliament, Lord John Marbury. Marbury kept his position when Infante John arrived in England, as the new king spoke no English and was treated as a foreigner by everyone. John VIII's reign was remarkable for the establishment of new English colonies in Arcadia, specifically Carolina and Queensland. The power of the First Minister continued to expand under the reign of John's daughter Elizabeth IV. However, she attempted to divert power to her husband, John Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough. Marlborough frequently butted heads with the heads of Parliament. He lost his powers to fight Parliament when Elizabeth IV died and was succeeded by her daughter Elizabeth V. Elizabeth V was married to Charles of Austria, second son of the Holy Roman Emperor. Elizabeth and Charles were both in the Castilian line of succession, and when King Ferdinand VI of Castile died, England and Austria jointly declared war on the French Philip, who had been named heir by Ferdinand. Ultimately, the Anglo-Austrian claim lost and was ended when Elizabeth died.
English Wars of Religion
However, the War of the Castilian Succession was followed in rapid succession by the English War of Religion. Elizabeth's heir was her nephew Charles, Duke of Rothesay, a Scottish Catholic. The Scottish had been fighting the English all throughout the Castilian war and the English were quick to reject him. Scotland and France invaded England to press the Scottish claim to the throne, but England rallied behind Lord Bolton, the Duke of Cumberland, who had recently returned from Castile. The French swept through southern England, forcing the Boltons and their supporters to hide in the English countryside. Charles's reign was cut short at the St. Andrew's Day Massacre when the Stewarts and many of their close relations were massacred after attending service at Westminster Abbey. Parliament then summoned Bolton to be crowned, ushering in a new era of peace in England.
During the rule of the Boltons, England generally attempted to avoid getting involved in continental struggles. England became more oriented towards overseas goals, seizing the entirety of New Netherland from the Dutch and New Scotland from the Scottish. England successfully defended itself when the Dutch attempted to take back their colony but lost the War of the Scottish Succession to the French. England also became heavily involved in India, fighting proxy wars agains the French for domination of the region. England was briefly involved in the War of Austrian Succession, but the death of Edmund IV in the battlefield led to England withdrawing its forces from the continent. England later became involved in the Second Great War, primarily fighting the French in Arcadia and India. The Arcadian colonies were lost in the Arcadian Revolution during the reign of Edmund VI, marking the beginning of the decline of England. The Arcadian loyalists fled to West Africa, where they established the Kingdom of Fidelia, with a system of government similar to the English one and the English king as their monarch. England suffered great losses in the Third Great War, culminating in the Napoleonic invasion of England and the end of English presence in Arcadia. Napoleon's 1815 invasion is regarded as the end of the Edmundian Era of prosperity and the shift to the more aggressive anti-Roman foreign policy.
Early modern period
The Parliament used to have two houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consisted of members of the peerage of England. It was abolished in the aftermath of the English Revolution as part of the terms of peace.
Mountaineers (right), Silver Lions (center), Eagles (left) | <urn:uuid:9d6a7f28-6423-4fda-a063-15f50b77423f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/England_(The_Lion_Kings) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00316-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976311 | 2,620 | 3.21875 | 3 |
TV? Laptop? Smartphone? Smartwatch? Earphones? External hard drive? E-bike? Raise your hand if you have at least two of them.
Let's Talk About
Polo? Paraquat? Dichloropropene? Have you ever heard about these pesticides? Probably not, since they are banned in Europe.
So, why are we still talking about them?
Water is the essence of every life form on Earth. In Switzerland, we enjoy one of the best public water distribution services in the World. However, other countries are faced with a reality where vital water sources are being privatized and monetized, with Swiss Multinational corporations playing an important role.
Today we are going to talk about bees and pollinators!
It has been estimated that bees pollinate more than 1/3 of the plants we eat! Most fruits and veggies, nuts, herbs, species, oil crops, etc.
In total bees pollinate up to 80% of the plants on the planet! | <urn:uuid:c906c51d-a6a4-417f-a1c7-c5a1cd9851cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.syfc.ch/news/36-let-s-talk-about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.957353 | 209 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Editor's Note: In last issue's Feedback section, longtime Microwaves & RF reader Robert R. Kornowski recalled a early encounter with a ham radio operatorone that would have a profound influence on his future engineering career. This month, Kornowski continues his reminiscences.
Over the next few years, it was my good fortune to be mentored by local hams in the art of radio technology as an associate member of the Green Bay Mike & Key Club. It was great fun making all sorts of radios and antennas, through which I developed a strong intuition for practical approaches to radio design problems long before pursuing formal study in the science of radio technology while in college. In the early 1960s, I became a ham (WA9HRF) and attained full membership status in the club.
Upon graduating from college in the mid-1960s, and having a strong desire to work with a world-class radio design team, I applied for a position with Motorola's Communications Division (with the Government & Public Safety Product Design Team) and was hired. Within the first few weeks at Motorola, my Group Leader (Jim) introduced me to a microwave magazine that he presented as the leading RF design trade journal.
Having feature articles written by industry leading RF design engineers and practitioners, Microwaves & RF magazine became and remains to this day the most valuable design periodical among my subscriptions.
As time progressed, I found that the Motorola problem-solving challenges fit well with my formal training in the science of radio tempered by my earlier training and resultant intuitive feel for the art of radio.
With mounting problem-solving successes, my career began to evolve in the direction of being an inventor. While continuing to work at Motorola, I accepted an adjunct faculty position at William Rainey Harper College in the early 1970s, where I could work to pay back my debt of gratitude to those who had mentored me over the years, as well as to continue sharpening my technical skills through research, curriculum development, and teaching.
Robert R. Kornowski (WA9HRF) Principal Staff Engineer | <urn:uuid:9d90ff99-ca1e-4d46-a231-cdaa588a860e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mwrf.com/content/more-ham-memories-part-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96725 | 429 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Supporters of America’s controversial health law dubbed Obamacare are celebrating their latest victory in the Supreme Court.
Judges threw out a second Conservative legal challenge on Thursday brought over the wording of the legislation. If they had won, millions of the poorest Americans would have had their healthcare provision removed.
President Obama hailed the court’s decision: “Today is a victory for hardworking Americans all across this country whose lives will continue to become more secure in a changing economy because of this law. This law is now helping tens of millions of Americans and they’ve told me that this changed their lives for the better.”
The ruling means the law which has been fiercely opposed by Republican politicians will remain in place at least until Obama leaves office in early 2017.
Obamacare provides health insurance for those not covered by their employers or other existing medical programmes. | <urn:uuid:574a6031-3eca-4cfd-abcd-58e142632c03> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.euronews.com/2015/06/25/us-supreme-court-throws-out-second-obamacare-challenge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968945 | 176 | 1.757813 | 2 |
I am having fun writing ideas on the GreenM3 blog. There is so much going on now in the Green area and data centers, I can’t keep up with all the news. One of the latest news stories is Google filing with FERC for energy company status for Google Energy, creating a Google Electric company.
I’ve been watching the news to see if there is any particular insightful comments. I wrote about the concept of Google Electric company in Nov 28, 2007. Yes, 2 years ago.
Nov 28, 2007
Google Electric Company - Core Competency?
Larry Dignan on http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=7149
Wrote a blog about the issue of Google getting into the energy business. This somehow seems like it is in Google's DNA when faced with make vs buy, they favor make. They've done this with their OS and Servers they run their platform on. Now, they are extending out to make their own electricity.
Google News does a good job of showing the various discussions.
I have a few friends who work at Google and it easy to run thought experiments of what is not being discussed.
Thought experiments are devices of the imagination used to investigate the nature of things. We need only list a few of the well-known thought experiments to be reminded of their enormous influence and importance in the sciences: Newton's bucket, Maxwell's demon, Einstein's elevator, Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope, Schrödinger's cat. The same can be said for their importance in philosophy. Much of ethics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind is based firmly on the results of thought experiments.
What I think Google has seen is energy storage from renewable energy sources – PV, Solar, and wind is essential. I joked and questioned Google as an electric company 2 years ago, but a lot has happened in two years, and it makes sense from one point of view that Google' learn to store information as it stores information (indexing the web) and delivers higher value information when users need it. To do this with electricity, Google needs to be able to buy and sell electricity.
As the largest consumer of data center electricity in the world, except for the US Fed Gov’t, Google is in a unique situation to use information to deliver higher value electricity.
Also, Google Energy’s expertise as a power company will allow it to figure out how to lower its energy costs and carbon impact over the long run. This is a not a new concept and has been used by industries like pulp and paper mills with their own power generation and water supplies. Which fits in Google buying the pulp and paper mil in Finland. | <urn:uuid:4dcd511a-6b60-4dfe-8b44-c7ad8876411b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenm3.com/gdcblog/2010/1/12/google-electric-company-is-a-popular-concept-but-most-are-mi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00330-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952727 | 558 | 1.875 | 2 |
There’s a lot of hype about “big data” and a general trend to try to apply Hadoop to almost every problem. However, sometimes it turns out that you can get much better results by writing an old-fashioned, but optimised, single-node version of your algorithm.
The specific case I’m writing about is generating recommendations (what items user may like) basing on a data set of 300 million preference values (user-item pairs, what users currently like). Whether you call it “big data” or not is disputable, however it’s big enough for the classic single-node algorithms (e.g. Taste recommenders) to stop taking a reasonable amount of time and memory to complete.
It may seem that the obvious choice then is to go clustered: Mahout contains a Hadoop implementation of a co-occurence based recommendation algorithm. During our test runs, it took about 7 hours on a 10-node small-instance EMR cluster.
Then I read about GraphChi and what you can do with a single laptop! While GraphChi isn’t exactly useable by people other than its authors, it got us inspired to try the same approach with our recommendation problem.
Hence we tried implementing a single-node version of the co-occurence based recommendation algorithm, which stores as much data as possible in-memory and uses persistent maps from MapDB as a fall-back in case memory runs out. Mostly thanks to the dominantly in-memory computations, our optimised version takes about 4 hours to complete on a large EC2 instance.
Thanks to the simple setup, and full control of the code base it’s also now in fact easier to add various enhancements, like dithering, combining with other recommendation sources or incorporating content-based features.
And this approach scales as well: either by adding more RAM, a faster disk (which is used in case there’s not enough memory), e.g. an SSD, or finally by partitioning the data set and running in parallel. However at some point adding more data points stops to be relevant from a recommendation quality point of view.
To sum up: if you have a large data set, not necessarily “big” as in trillions, but too big for classic approaches to digest, consider writing a custom, optimised, in-memory version. It may end up being simpler and faster. | <urn:uuid:97b1d19a-a594-466c-aaad-45309d133859> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.warski.org/blog/2014/03/big-data-when-single-node-is-better-than-clustered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00292-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925691 | 511 | 1.90625 | 2 |
A century ago, in a misconceived encounter on the history-soaked precipices of Asia Minor, the sons of Anzac received their battle initiation against the German-trained forces of the Ottoman Empire. Now, in an annual event that grows in mythology and status in proportion to the passing of the years, is celebrated the shared combat ordeal of gallant "Johnny Turk" and the Bronzed Anzac.
And why not? The Turkish forces, well prepared behind excellent defences, used their tactics to good effect, ably led by a professional officer who was to go on to bigger things, such as the fire destruction of Smyrna - namely, Kemal Ataturk.
But, pause for one moment to consider a slightly different scenario. Let us suspend historical reality for the purposes of this exercise. What if, say, instead of Gallipoli, the Anzac forces were going into combat with an SS Battalion somewhere in Poland during the Second World War? Would we then, decades later, be joining up with our comrades in battle to celebrate what both sides had gone through, our enmities forgotten? Can one commemorate the shared experiences with enemy forces who acted as the military arm of a state carrying out a terrible genocide at the same time?
For it was the night before the landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, then called Constantinople, when occurred the arrest, detention and subsequent liquidation of 625 intellectuals, priests and leading figures of the Armenian Empire.
This event is widely held to signal the onset of the first major genocide of the twentieth century, the most blood-drenched period in human history.
What followed was a mass murder of an entirely innocent group of citizens in the Ottoman Empire by means that are still horrifying to contemplate. By the time Turkey sued for peace in 1918, up to 1.5 million Armenians had been slaughtered, decimating the population of a group of people who had lived in the Fertile Crescent since the dawn of human settlement.
And it did not stop there. The Assyrian people suffered at least 75,000 victims, three-quarters of their population; the numbers have not been made up to this day. Later the Greeks in Asia Minor, in some of the bloodiest scenes of city sacking since the fall of Nineveh and Tyre, were driven out of ancient homelands, never to return. And, largely lost in the high tide of bloodletting at the time, there were pogroms of Jewish settlements in Anatolia.
We have made our peace with the genocidal German and Japanese foes of the Second World War (there is no way the unrestrained butchery of the inhabitants of Manchuria, to say nothing of the Rape of Nanking, would not constitute a genocide). They have (at least partially, in the case of the Japanese) acknowledged their roles as aggressors and in the genocide (at least in the German case; the Austrians are still hoping their role will be forgotten). But we still would not ask the SS battalions to join us on Anzac Day parades.
This is right and the way it should be.
Yet these qualms do not trouble us in fostering our war links with the Turkish people - still led by the political descendants of the Ittihadist Party that planned, organised and carried out the Anatolian genocides.
Part of the reason for this is wilful ignorance. The Turkish government vigorously enforces an official policy of denial, maintaining it as the duty of their diplomatic staff abroad to engage in a well-funded campaign of disinformation and protest should anyone publically state anything to the contrary.
Genocide denied is an extension of the genocide perpetuated and an ongoing crime against human rights.
Turkish nationalism, which runs coeval with its policy of genocide denial, remains the last outpost of unreconstructed pre-Second World War racial nationalism.
Johnny Turk, by all accounts, was a brave fighter when well led and supported (which was often not the case), but can we separate the soldiers from their officers, leaders, politicians and bureaucrats who at the same time were engaged in exterminating an entire group of people - especially when that same state, a century later, continues to defile the memory of these victims by refusing to admit that the slaughter even occurred?
So when we celebrate the Anzac spirit, let us remember that they were fighting for freedom, pure and simple, and a nation that insists on covering up, if not extinguishing history, to escape its culpability for genocide is not a nation with whom we can associate as equals. And nor should we until they desist from their deceitful denial of the awful truth of what their forces did to several million innocent and unprotected peoples under their sway after that day in April 1915.
Let the Anzac ceremonies proceed with Johnny Turk - but be sure to let them know what we know, will not forget and will not deny until they face up to their culpability and can then re-join the ranks of enemies of honour, if not the nations of the world.
Robert M. Kaplan is a forensic psychiatrist and historian who has written on genocide and medical human rights abuse. | <urn:uuid:5adc6fa3-2878-4a59-981c-b52103cbf444> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2014/10/31/4118672.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00529-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966565 | 1,064 | 2.890625 | 3 |
President Bush says U.S. troops are making progress in Iraq, three years after the start of fighting there. Two-thirds of Americans say they disapprove of the way the president is handling Iraq.
With falling public support for the war, President Bush says he understands that Americans are skeptical about how things are going there, amid what he calls horrific images of reprisal killings, car bombings and kidnapping.
"Amid continued reports about the tense situation in parts of that country, it may seem difficult at times to understand how we can say that progress is being made," said Mr. Bush. "But, the reaction to the recent violence by Iraq's leaders is a clear sign of Iraq's commitment to democracy."
In his weekly radio address, the president said he is encouraged that Iraqi politicians are making good progress toward forming a government of national unity. He says the recent violence has given those leaders a new sense of urgency to put aside their political, religious and sectarian differences.
Only then, Mr. Bush says, can they confront terrorist threats and earn the confidence of the Iraqi people.
Coinciding with the third anniversary Sunday of the U.S.-led invasion, the president is giving a series of speeches meant to convince Americans that he has a strategy for victory in Iraq.
U.S. public opinion polls show nearly four-of-five Americans, and 70 percent of the president's own Republican Party, believe Iraq will collapse into civil war.
President Bush says he understands that many Americans are now wondering if the entire mission in Iraq was worth it. He says toppling Saddam Hussein is an achievement Americans can be proud of, because the world is better off without him in power.
Three years into that war, opposition Democrats say U.S. forces are fighting a growing insurgency. In the Democratic radio address, California Senator Diane Feinstein says there has been little progress in improving Iraqi politics, security or reconstruction.
"It didn't have to be this way, but the administration's dangerous incompetence has made the job harder. And, now that Iraq is on the brink of a civil war, it is more important than ever to do it right," she said. "The political leaders who cherry-picked pre-war intelligence, who failed to plan to win the peace, who sent our troops into battle without body armor must now show the American people they have learned from their mistakes."
If success in Iraq were solely up to the U.S. military, Senator Feinstein says, there would be no doubt about the outcome. But, she says, success depends as well on the leadership of President Bush and the willingness of Iraqi politicians to compromise.
President Bush says the last three years have tested America's resolve with hard days and setbacks, but U.S. troops have changed their approach to reflect the hard realities on the ground.
"More fighting and sacrifice will be required to achieve this victory, and for some, the temptation to retreat and abandon our commitments is strong," said Mr. Bush. "Yet, there is no peace, there's no honor, and there's no security in retreat."
Mr. Bush says U.S. troops will finish the mission, and, by defeating terrorists in Iraq, they will make America safer. | <urn:uuid:080c91b0-e853-4e7b-a170-f67dc8bf170f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-03-18-voa24/330285.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972499 | 659 | 1.828125 | 2 |
8491, NW 17th Street,
Suite113, Doral, FL 33126
(T) 305- 456- 5542
- Occupational Therapy seeks to assist its patients in performing everyday tasks and social functioning. Interventions are tailored to each individual patient’s needs and seek to set specific goals for them to achieve over time. Common services include: developmental milestones, self-regulation, sensory integration, handwriting, upper extremity dysfunctions, and self-care skills.
- Developmental Milestones: these are goals (milestones) that a patient is expected to meet in a given amount of time. Will typically focus on areas such as Gross Motor Skills, Fine Motor Skills, and Social/Emotional Development. This method helps track a patient’s progress in the areas that are being worked on.
- Self-Regulation: helping a child understand their emotions and manage their own behavior in ways that are socially acceptable.
- Sensory Integration: refers to sensory processing. Children who have sensory processing issues experience either too much or too little stimulation via their senses. This leads to problems integrating the information they’re receiving and makes it difficult for them to function, particularly in learning and social environments.
- Handwriting: children with handwriting difficulties are often referred to an Occupational Therapist. The therapist will assess a child’s level of functioning in the following areas: fine motor skills (pencil grip, shoulder/arm/hand strength, coordination), visual perception (discriminating between symbols, placing letters on the writing line.), and cognition (memory, language comprehension, general problem solving issues).
- Handwriting Without Tears trained: developmentally appropriate, multi-sensory handwriting instruction for all learning styles, including new materials and fresh strategies for success
- Orthopedic Issues of the Upper Extremity: involve dysfunctions in the upper body; namely, the shoulder, arm, hand, and fingers. Common issues that can be treated by an Occupational Therapist include (but are not limited to): fractures, amputations, arthritis, dislocations, ligament injuries, and any other issues involving abnormalities in upper-body function.
- Self-Care Skills: helping a child with everyday tasks that involve the upkeep of their bodies; such as dressing themselves, eating, cleaning their teeth, and the like. Problems with these skills can make it difficult for children to participate socially, leading to bullying and being maligned as “different” or “odd” by their peers.
- Cognition Training
- Self Care
- Social/Emotional Skills
- Fine/Gross Motor Skills
- Visual/Perceptual Skills
- Sensory Integration
- Neurological Techniques
- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living | <urn:uuid:cebfd0f9-dcf6-40b3-93d5-cde9536c4124> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kreativekidstherapy.com/services/occupational-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.927551 | 586 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Jesus as a Child09681_000_048
Mary held the baby Jesus as she walked into the busy temple at Jerusalem. She and Joseph had come from Bethlehem to offer a sacrifice of two doves at the temple. Jesus was almost six weeks old.
In the temple was an elderly man named Simeon. He had been promised that he would see the Savior someday. “It was revealed unto Him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord’s Christ” (Luke 2:26). When he saw the baby Jesus, Simeon rejoiced because he knew the promise had been fulfilled. Then a woman named Anna who served in the temple joyfully testified that Jesus was the Savior.
But not everyone was happy about the Savior’s birth. King Herod heard that a child had been born who would be the king of the Jews. Herod did not want any other kings in his land. He ordered that all the babies born near Bethlehem in the past two years be killed!
An angel came to Joseph in a dream to warn him about Herod’s plan. Joseph and Mary fled in the night. They took Jesus to live in the land of Egypt, where He would be safe.
After King Herod died, Jesus’s family moved to the town of Nazareth. Joseph worked as a carpenter. Mary took care of the household.
Jesus learned to work beside Joseph. Like all Jewish boys, He studied the scriptures and Jewish laws. Joseph and Mary obeyed the commandments, and Jesus learned from His earthly parents. Jesus “grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him” (Luke 2:40).
When Jesus was 12, Mary and Joseph took Him to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover. They traveled with many people. Women and men walked in different groups, and families met up each evening for dinner as they camped along the way.
After the celebration Joseph and Mary started back home. That night they realized that Jesus was not with any of the groups they were traveling with. They hurried back to Jerusalem to find Him. After three days they found Jesus in the temple. He was talking to the teachers and answering their questions. The men in the temple were astonished.
Mary told Jesus that she and Joseph had been very worried. Jesus reminded her that He needed to be doing His Heavenly Father’s business. Even though He was young, Jesus knew He had important work to do as part of His Heavenly Father’s plan.
Temple at Jerusalem—This temple was different from temples today. It was very large, with courtyards and porches filled with people. People brought animals to the temple for priests to sacrifice.
Sacrifice—When priests sacrificed animals on an altar, it taught people that someday Heavenly Father would sacrifice His Son, Jesus Christ, who would die for our sins.
Passover—This important holiday celebrated the time when Jehovah helped the Jews escape from slavery in Egypt, about 1,400 years before Jesus was born.
Top left: detail from Christ and the Rich Young Ruler, by Heinrich Hofmann, courtesy of C. Harrison Conroy Co.; above: illustration by Dan Burr; other illustrations by Casey Nelson | <urn:uuid:8bdd61d6-3cee-4aa8-8ea8-74c007c63078> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.lds.org/liahona/2011/01/jesus-as-a-child?lang=eng&country=nz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987107 | 677 | 3.125 | 3 |
Or else he probes them with the cruel hand of a vivisectionist
, groping about in their mental processes and examining their souls as though to see of what soul-stuff is made.
form," (2) a supreme analyst and vivisectionist
I have heard it said that, because you seem to have no objection to the use of the whip by jockeys "as long as it is efficient", you must be a sadist and quite probably an amateur vivisectionist
Knechtel's pictures detail the extravagant inner-workings of the body, animal and human, to the point where the artist becomes a dandyish vivisectionist
who presents a strong visual spiel about individuality, solitude, and teeming feelings of arousal.
Even the most optimistic vivisectionist
will not claim that more than 10-20 per cent of animal experiments are of value.
However, when he is out walking Colin, the dog is kidnapped by an evil vivisectionist
During the course of his adventures, Snake is injected with a virus and, with just ten hours to live, has to brave a crazed gunman, vivisectionist
plastic surgeons and a lethal game of basketball.
With this in mind, the accusation that God himself is a vivisectionist
represents a profoundly deep sense of anger.
Shampoo Bunnies, in which a cast of rabbits take a squirt of soap suds to the retina before rescuing a kindly vivisectionist
Ajami has always been a harsh vivisectionist
of Arab pathologies, and especially when the Arabs in question are Sunni.
There are similarities among these tools of pornography, the design of contemporary gynaecological chairs used to hold women and make their bodies accessible to the surgeon, and trade catalogues of vivisectionist
apparatus, which were often displayed with 'photographs and drawings of animals fixed to boards with straps and cords, together with an array of scalpels and ovens, vices and saws'.
The Backdoor Blue Films Company opened its doors to both and they met on the set of Vivian the Vivisectionist | <urn:uuid:c3759715-f760-4139-aa86-fac45d4ca005> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vivisectionist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944736 | 462 | 1.835938 | 2 |
how to adjust the width of columns
first off..excellent theme..it’s really nice and clean, but I find the right sidebar to be wider than needed. with that being said, which files/css do I need to edit to make the entire right sidebar the same width? after I adjust the width of the right sidebar, I’d like to adjust the article area to make it wider. maybe in a future release you can make that an option in the admin backend.
here’s my site which I plan on tweaking:Admin
I don’t think I’ll be including that as an option in the backend for the theme. I just don’t see many users of the theme needing this change, so adding those options will only clutter the Options page.
Please use a child theme to make this modifications instead.
AnonymousOctober 7, 2010 at 3:33 am #11270
can you tell me what needs to be changed to accomplish what I’m looking for?
I’d really appreciate it.Admin
You need to change the width CSS property of the following elements:
Increase the width of these elements:
Decrease the width of these elements by the same amount you increased the width of the above elements:
Firstly thank you so much for designing this gorgeous theme!
I’ve been trawling through the various postings as I’m anxiously trying my best to widen the column margins and essentially create a bigger page for text. My site is http://www.oleassence.com or http://www.oleassence.fr
I have widened the width of the
But when I try to decrease the width of the “sidebar” it doesn’t work…I should add I’m a total amateur at CSS so that doesn’t help!
Would really appreciate your help – I need something more along the lines of this site http://www.jungleman.dk/junglemans_blog/
Thanks for your help in advance!!
Migrating from blogger to wp, like your theme best so far. Just want a few tweeks
I too am wanting to change the width. I want less margin (white space) on either side as well as want to be able to accomodate 2 125×125 buttons sideby side in the right side widget. I am running in preview right now…http://4our2cents.com.previewdns.com/
Viewing 6 posts - 1 through 6 (of 6 total)
- You must be logged in to reply to this topic. | <urn:uuid:91a374ce-747b-458d-9c25-449256ee2cf6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.graphene-theme.com/topic/how-to-adjust-the-width-of-columns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.876917 | 603 | 1.578125 | 2 |
In a surprise move leading up to the murder trial of George Zimmerman, defense lawyers have waived his right to a “stand your ground” hearing, removing the last major barrier to bringing the case to trial this summer.
A hearing would have determined whether Zimmerman’s shooting of Florida teenager Trayvon Martin last year was fell under the state’s “stand your ground” statute legitimizing the use of deadly force for self defense; if the judge had decided in Zimmerman’s favor, he would have walked free instantly.
Defense attorney Mark O’Mara made the announcement in court on Tuesday during an evidence hearing, but did not indicate if he would try to use it in his strategy once the case goes before a jury. The defense could still possibly try to roll the hearing into the jury trial. “There’s only time for one hearing, and that’s a jury trial,” O’Mara said. Zimmerman did not appear at the evidence proceedings.
Zimmerman’s defense has met with several setbacks in recent weeks. Judge Debra Nelson ruled that the attorney representing Trayvon Martin’s parents, Benjamin Crump, did not have to be deposed about his conversations with a person known only as “Witness 8” — the girl Martin was speaking to on his cellphone just minutes before the confrontation with Zimmerman that resulted in his death on Feb. 26, 2012. She also ruled that the conditions of Zimmerman’s bail should not be changed.
The development comes amid speculation that the defense is running out of money and resources to win the case. According to the defense team’s website, Zimmerman has raised more than $314,000 as of January. But he is appealing to supporters for more funds and has asked for an extension of the June 10 trial date.
However, the prosecution suffered a setback as well, the Orlando Sentinel reported. During the hearing on Tuesday, it was revealed that some statements from “Witness 8” about where she was on the day of Martin’s funeral were untrue. She had said she was in the hospital that day. “In fact, she lied,” said defense attorney Don West. She also apparently led Crump to believe she was 16 at the time of Martin’s death, when she was really 18.
Nothing has come forward to show she was lying about what she heard on the phone on the night Martin was shot. According to released evidence, she was talking to Martin when he said a man was following him in the gated community where he was visiting with his father. He told her that he would walk faster, but the man caught up to him and a verbal and then a physical conflict ensued before the phone went dead.
This witness is said to be the most important to the prosecution, and her testimony is being used to reinforce much of the evidence against Zimmerman. Defense lawyers may now use her alleged misrepresentations to try to damage her credibility to jurors. State prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda did not indicate whether or not “Witness 8” would be charged with perjury. | <urn:uuid:074aafc4-dc68-4ccb-aea5-d0590e3ffe30> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nation.time.com/2013/03/07/zimmerman-lawyers-waive-stand-your-ground-hearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987902 | 642 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Hackeroo: the music fest hackathon experiment
Twenty-two-year-old Tennessee State senior Andre Woodley had never been to a music festival before he won a coding competition and got invited to hack inside Bonnaroo, a four-day, camping festival extravaganza held on a 700-acre farm in Manchester, Tennessee. In fact, he didn’t hear about the festival's hacking competition until two days before, and applied at the last minute. “It was 3 am in the morning and I wasn’t going to go because I only had 12 hours to hack,” Woodley says. “But then, I had the perfect idea.”
Hackeroo – the first ever hackathon inside the Bonnaroo music festival – gave two winning teams the chance to develop websites to benefit attendees in June 2013, and test the beta projects from within the festival grounds. While the festival and hackathon happened three weeks ago it offers an intriguing template for other quirky music and tech gatherings, offering throngs of festival goers as beta testers for hacked projects.
The idea was the brain child of Travis Laurendine, organizer of the New Orleans group CODEMKRS, self-described as “fixing problems using technology teams.” Previously, CODEMKRS snagged the attention of local media and city government for holding hackathons to create apps for tourists at the Superbowl XLVII, the Jazz and Heritage Festival, and the National Civic Day of Hacking.
The week before Bonnaroo, a handful of teams turned out for a 28-hour hackathon, a try out, if you will. The winners would get free festival tickets (and hacking fest privileges), courtesy of Bonnaroo. Execs from Aloompa (official Bonnaroo app maker), Superfly (Bonnaroo production company), and local startup LeanKit judged the contest.
Tennessee State senior Andre Woodley’s concept – RooRunner – was a TaskRabbit for festivals, where people could request someone to run errands for money, like delivering water or saving a spot at a stage. Hackeroo creator Travis Laurendine said Woodley’s original product wasn’t a scalable, mobile friendly demo, but the judges loved the idea of it because, “Wouldn’t you want someone to go get a beer for you at a festival?”
Free festival hacking passes went to two winners: Woodley, working on RooRunner on his own, and a 2-person group behind RooWall, a site that aggregated all the social media pcitures and posts occurring around Bonnaroo so people could follow along in real time. RooWall looked like a prettier, more visual TweetDeck for festival goers.
"The whole point of going into Bonnaroo is to test how the app works in the real world," Hackeroo organizer Laurendine says. He nailed down a sponsor for a recreational vehicle and recruited a friend of his named Hart - incidentally the star of the SyFy TV show Deep South Paranormal - to drive ("an old, wise dude"). Laurendine wanted to make the event as fun as possible for the hackers, and the day before the festival took them for make-unders at a local clothing boutique. The store decked the coders out in clothes befitting a fest - think casual urban hipster does countryside. "They gave me a hat, rolled up my pants like capris, no socks on and some chucks," Woodley says. "I liked it, I'm not gonna lie."
As soon as the team hopped in the RV for the two-hour drive, they started programming. Woodley had never been to Bonnaroo and didn't know what to expect, aside from the fact that he'd have to take his beta app (designed a week before) out to total strangers, absorb their criticism, and make it better. "Hell yeah I was nervous!" Woodley says. The RV arrived, their witchcraft practicing roadie (he "plays with spirits") parked it, and the teams started hunting for wifi in the festival.
The RV stayed in the guest area outside the grounds for the length of the 4-day fest. They were coding from the vehicle for most of the time, and the RV hotspot wifi they set up "wasn't reliable - you're out in the middle of fucking nowhere," Laurendine says. Laurendine knew in advance that would be the case, and he saw it as part of the experiment for the hackers. They couldn't google their programming problems to see how someone else had done it - they had to rely on themselves.
The hackers struggled for the first two days. They did the best they could programming locally from 9 to 5 in the RV, and then spent the evenings wandering the festival searching for stronger wifi signals using their phones. By Friday night, a friend of Laurendine's who was running a radio news tent inside the fest gave the hackers access to the space, including wifi, cold-blasted AC and a bathroom. "By Saturday, we were spending all day at the radio station, both teams," Woodley says.
The process of developing apps for Bonnaroo from within the festival was far from perfect. Woodley learned the hard way that he shouldn't have built the system to rely on text notifications when people posted a task. "I would literally get text messages the next day," Woodley says. "I'm like - whoa - are you kidding me?" He had to refund 20 customers whose tasks he missed due to slow cell service, and start thinking about new ways to communicate in the bad-cell-service environment of a music festival.
But that was the whole point of Hackeroo: to give innovative coders the chance to test their ideas out on an engaged audience just to see what happens. Laurendine, the brainstorming mind behind the event, says, "I felt like a coach: you guys have to jump on this. Pushing code when it's crap so you can improve on it and we have a starting point." In addition to being the Codefather, Laurendine moonlights as a music producer. One of his musicians was performing at the fest, so he snagged artist wristbands for the whole team, invited the hackers backstage, and introduced RooWall to groups like Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.
RooRunner creator Woodley had to turn down Laurendine's invitations backstage because he was too busy perfecting his product. He was getting suggestions (and positive feedback) from festival-goers. Knowing about the wireless communication lags, people were still willing to test his software and submit $1 requests. He tested a multitude of tasks through his app, ranging from getting water to beer, trying to figure out ID checking rules in the midst of running Roo errands and fixing code. It was a Hackathon like no other.
At one point, Woodley received a RooRunner task request and had to weasel out of the front row of an ASAP Rocky concert while the artist leaped the stage and ran through the mosh-pitting audience. Despite being split between programming and rocking out, Woodley says Bonnaroo was "amazing" and that it may have been his first music festival but it won't be the last.
"I was more excited because it was for a certain cause, and you're involved with that cause while it happens," Woodley says. "It's more pressure, but it's a good thing because it produces a great result." The hackers were devoted enough to their products that both teams spent the last few hours of the festival hunkered down, honing the last pieces of code instead of enjoying the headliners.
Event organizer Laurendine described the hackathon as part-incubator because the app-inventors demonstrated their work to the people who mattered: the festival producers. Laurendine has big dreams about the role of technology and hackathons in music. "This is combining all of the things that I do," he says. "I see the entertainment business moving into the next world, where there's a harmony between the technology people and entertainment."
Although nothing has been finalized, Laurendine says that next year the RooRunner and RooWall services may be used as part of the official Bonnaroo app. One thing that has been formalized: Laurendine will be running another music festival hackathon from within the SF based Outside Lands in August. | <urn:uuid:aaea263a-ed67-4262-a1f4-93c9c08fc301> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://pando.com/2013/07/05/hackeroo-the-music-fest-hackathon-experiment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973797 | 1,769 | 1.695313 | 2 |
1. adj. said of a law or a precept: can repeal.
derogable, this page shows the meaning of derogable ,also the definition of derogable translated from derogable to English. Finally translate derogable from Spanish to English plus synonyms and antonyms. Whats the meaning of derogable in Spanish. Use the following form to search for other words or expressions in the Spanish dictionary | <urn:uuid:caa63f31-0fc3-4aa3-8d11-40ed89679bfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wordmeaning.org/Spanish/derogable.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00377-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880356 | 83 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fainting.]
1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; to grow feeble; to lose strength and color, and the control of the bodily or mental functions; to swoon; -- sometimes with away. See Fainting, n.
Hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away. --Guardian.
If I send them away fasting . . . they will faint by the way. --Mark viii. 8.
2. To sink into dejection; to lose courage or spirit; to become depressed or despondent.
If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. --Prov. xxiv. 10.
3. To decay; to disappear; to vanish.
Gilded clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye. --Pope.
Faint·ing n. Syncope, or loss of consciousness owing to a sudden arrest of the blood supply to the brain, the face becoming pallid, the respiration feeble, and the heat's beat weak.
Fainting fit, a fainting or swoon; syncope. [Colloq.] | <urn:uuid:2a4c2757-813a-408f-bc99-06d8d2fd41bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://dict.tw/dict/fainting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.845643 | 286 | 2.75 | 3 |
Injection moulding scrap reduction research…
The first year of the three-year CAP-SCRAP project to reduce in-process scrap in injection moulding is drawing to an end and several streams of research are showing results.
CAP-SCRAP is a project 50 per cent funded by the government’s Technology Strategy Board and aims to address concerns hindering scrap re-use in major injection moulding sectors. Despite the technology driving modern injection moulding machines there is still a problem of significant waste during manufacture. In applications involving prolonged production runs using dedicated machines, machine technology has been able to reduce scrap. But where production flexibility dictates the need to use the same machines for different products and polymer systems there is still an element in production of defects and waste.
One of the CAP-SCRAP project members, the British Plastics Federation, reporting on the first year of research says: “Process waste is often high quality, clean material yet significant volumes are still being dumped rather than re-used. Both moulders and end-user customers are often fearful of re-use due to concerns over degradation of properties.”
CAP-SCRAP is aiming to provide solid data to eliminate the existing unsupported theories where re-use in many polymer systems still remains un-researched. High performance engineering materials have been investigated in research at the University of Exeter in conjunction with engineering plastics producers AAVF and Algram which has defined the precise relation between material history, processing and final properties that exist in PEEK and PPSU systems. Similar programmes are also underway in other systems such as PET, ABS, and PE/PP, in conjunction with Esterform Packaging, Becton Dickinson, Data Plastics and Robinson Plastic Packaging.
Another aspect of CAP-SCRAP is to prevent scrap being created in the first place through closer monitoring of the melt in the injection moulding process. This will be achieved with an in-line monitoring system developed at Exeter in conjunction with Colormatrix Europe – the CAP-SCRAP project leader. The system uses two optical fibre probes that continuously monitor material flowing through the injection nozzle and generate real-time spectroscopic information on the condition of the melt during the injection process. This is expected to offer a solution to materials-related problems by providing additional process control based on the real-time condition of the material itself, rather than operator judgement.
According to the BPF an estimated 63 per cent of the British plastics sector could benefit commercially from the CAP-SCRAP developments, and those it contacted in the industry were strongly attracted to the potential of an in-line monitoring tool with marker incorporation to help reduce waste. | <urn:uuid:b4479719-19af-41fa-b298-e4fd3f3085f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.plasticsinfomart.com/injection-moulding-scrap-reduction-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948817 | 552 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Communal Property Lawyers
Locate a Local Family Lawyer
What Is Communal Property?
In a divorce context, “communal property” refers to property that is acquired during the course of the couple’s marriage. It usually does not include property that was obtained:
- Before marriage
- As a gift to an individual spouse
- After the divorce proceedings have been initiated
Some states follow principles of “community property,” meaning that the communal property will be divided equally between the spouses upon divorce. Non-community property states may have different rules that govern the distribution of communal property.
The term “communal property” is also known as “marital property”, “shared property”, or “community property.” Some states follow principles of “community property,” meaning that the communal property will be divided equally between the spouses upon divorce. Non-community property states may have different rules that govern the distribution of communal property.
What Is the Difference between Communal Property and Separate Property?
The difference between communal property and separate property becomes evident upon divorce when the property must be divided between the two parties. If property is classified as communal property or community property, each party will own an undivided one-half interest in the property. For example, if the couple’s car is considered to be communal property, it will likely be sold, with each partner receiving exactly half of the profits.
On the other hand, separate property will be fully distributed to its rightful owner, with no proceeds going to the other spouse at all. For example, if one spouse received a valuable painting as a gift from a relative, they will be entitled to keep the painting or its proceeds from a sale upon divorce. However, the owner of the painting must be able to prove that the painting was intended to be given solely to them as a gift, and not as a gift to both spouses.
The line dividing communal property and separate property is sometimes difficult to define. This is especially true if the couple has been married for a long time and can no longer document the origin of the property. Some states also follow quasi-community property principles, which deal with property distributions if the couple has moved from a community property state to a non-community property state, and vice versa.
Do I Need a Lawyer?
Divorce proceedings can often be complex, especially with regards to property distributions. If you have questions or concerns regarding communal property distributions in a divorce, you should contact a family lawyer for advice. Your attorney will be able to advise you regarding the distribution of the various items of property you are dealing with. Again, divorce laws are very different for each region, so it may be necessary to contact a lawyer who is familiar with the laws of your area.
Consult a Lawyer - Present Your Case Now!
Last Modified: 05-11-2015 09:05 AM PDT
Link to this page | <urn:uuid:4d5361ad-ce13-4f41-b6be-959c81b5d2a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/communal-property-lawyers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00551-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947877 | 610 | 2.0625 | 2 |
I'll get the last question out of the way first: I don't know why the all disappeared from Halloween. The citations in the Oxford English Dictionary have it with the all from the earliest one in 1556 to one in 1616 from Shakespeare (Allhallond-Eue, in Measure for Measure). From the 1700s onward, it's Hallowe'en.
At least until Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows arrived, the closest word to hallows heard in present-day English was the verb hallow "to make holy", usually in the form of the past participle hallowed. Christians are familiar with it from the first sentence of the Lord's Prayer, in hallowed be thy name; other than that, it occurs most often in hallowed ground(s) or hallowed hall(s), according to the Corpus of Contemporary American English. In fact, hallow and holy come from the same root. In Old English, holy was spelled halig; with the verb-creating suffix ‑ian it produced halgian "to make holy", which underwent several sound changes over the centuries to end up as hallow. The ‑ian suffix is the closest Old English comes to being able to "verb a noun" without changing it. I've translated halgian as "to make holy", since we can't just talk about "holying" something in present-day English, but still, "to holy" or "to holify" gives a better sense of having the meaning of "make holy" encapsulated in a single verb.
So much for hallow the verb; what about hallow the noun? J.K. Rowling used it to mean a sacred object, but that isn't its original meaning. It comes from halga, which as the masculine noun form of the adjective halig meant "holy person". In other words, hallow is a native English word for saint. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the meaning of the plural hallows was extended to mean relics or temples of the saints, and from there, Rowling went a step further to give it her desired meaning.
Moving on to eve and e'en, both are shortened versions of even, an archaic word for "evening". Even itself might seem to be a clipped version of evening (likewise morn and morning), and cultural historian David Skal even writes, "The word Halloween derives from the Middle English hallowen ... and the progressive contracting of evening to even to e'en." He's wrong here: Evening came later.
Read the rest of Neal's column here.
- Rate this article: | <urn:uuid:954a7109-464c-4c5d-bc43-9b733a28484e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/blogexcerpts/who-put-the-hallow-in-halloween/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00273-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956575 | 537 | 2.46875 | 2 |
For a quick assessment to help you focus on how you learn, consider the following learning styles:
· Auditory or Aural
· Tactual or Haptic
Auditory or aural learners learn best by hearing. You need to hear something to remember it. Once you hear it, you will know it. Your memories may be full of sounds, or sounds may strongly evoke a memory.
- Using tapes both for reading and for class and lecture notes. If you may not tape a lecture, consider taping your notes to play back during a study session.
- Participating in discussion groups.
- Verbally reviewing with a friend.
Visual learners need to "see it to believe it." You may remember where something is on a page, or see in your mind an instructor's board notes. You have a strong sense of color. Do you always need to see the instruction book instead of having someone tell you how to do something? Your memories are often pictures in your mind.
- Using graphics, illustrations, diagrams, and flashcards.
- Color coding notes and flashcards.
- Using colored pens and highlighters both in your notes and textbooks.
- Always looking for written directions.
- Putting note cards in a logical order or pattern on a bulletin board to "get the whole picture." Later, visualize the position of information on the board to help recall.
Tactual or haptic learners use touching or feeling in order to learn or remember. You prefer hands-on learning. You learn better when there is something you can touch. Your memories may include a strong recall of how something felt to touch.
- Using texture in your study aids. Attaching a certain piece of information to a smooth surface, another to a nubby surface may help you recall. Just be sure to actually feel the surface each time you review the notes.
- Keeping a string of textured beads and feeling them individually as you study, concentrating on the feel as you focus on each piece of information.
Kinesthetic learners need to use movement to reinforce what they are learning. You need to move in some way to remember something. You may find the act of writing something is all it takes to remember it. You will recall the action of writing as you recall the information. Your memories may include the feeling of movement--for example, how it felt to run or dance at a particular time.
- Writing out all your notes, preferably by hand if that seems to help more. Walking as you review.
- Using note cards. As you review, actively place them in various positions around the room. To complete a review, move from card to card, again taking note of the material as you concentrate on picking up the card and placing it back in the pile.
- Reciting lists and spellings as you do exercises.
Most importantly: Try to identify your own learning style. You may have more than one, or one could be much stronger than the others. Most people learn through a combination of styles. Making sure your strongest style is being used will help you learn. Trying to incorporate several styles in your studying will serve to greatly reinforce anything you are learning.
If you can walk and listen and see and feel all at once, you've got the bases covered. Be creative. For example, two students memorized a difficult list of names and related dates by walking each day through a park where they moved from tree to tree, touching each and calling them by the names and dates in order. They saw the trees and the park. They moved from tree to tree. They heard each other's voices and they felt each tree. And they learned the list! | <urn:uuid:75d82e73-7373-4efe-8000-66281df8bb15> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/studyskills/Pages/LearningStyles.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00199-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941984 | 749 | 4.5 | 4 |
Collaborating with the MacEwan University community to facilitate full access for students with disabilities.
If you are a student with a disability, SSD is available to offer various resources, services, and accommodations to help with improving accessibility and removing barriers from your learning environment.
If you have one or more of the following types of disabilities, you may wish to access our resources:
- sensory (affecting vision and/or hearing)
- attention deficit
- chronic medical condition
- temporary (e.g. broken arm)
- Please note that this list is not meant to be comprehensive. Feel free to contact us if you are experiencing any barriers to learning that you believe are associated with a disability or medical condition.
- Meet with students, gather relevant background information and review documentation of disability
- Identify barriers to full access in the university environment
- Develop individual accommodation and service plans
- Prepare accessibility/accommodation letters for teaching faculty
- Coordinate accommodations and services provided by SSD (such as exam accommodations, assistive technology access, alternate format material preparation, contracted services)
- Provide educational information and guidance including referrals to departments and service units on- and off-campus
- Provide information regarding funding applications for services and technology and authorize applications
- Coach students to develop self-advocacy skills
- Communicate with faculty and staff about working with students with disabilities, including facilitating full access and accommodations when necessary | <urn:uuid:77ba0a1a-71f0-45d6-b921-9c15192a2249> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.macewan.ca/wcm/StudentAffairs/ServicestoStudentswithDisabilities/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926339 | 294 | 2.375 | 2 |
Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Dr Colin Muirhead
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available.
Data collected as a part of a survey on radon concentrations from about 40 000 dwellings in England for six contrasting geological units were analysed to evaluate the impact of house-specific factors (building characteristics and construction dates) and of proximity to geological boundaries. After adjusting for temperature and outdoor radon, geological unit, house type, double glazing and date of building were found to have a statistically significant influence on indoor radon concentrations and explained about 29 % of the total variation between dwellings in logarithmically transformed radon values. In addition, there were statistically significant differences in radon concentrations according to proximity to geological boundaries categories for most of the geological units, but no consistent pattern could be detected.
Author(s): Hunter N, Muirhead CR, Miles JCH, Appleton JD
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Print publication date: 01/08/2009
ISSN (print): 0144-8420
ISSN (electronic): 1742-3406
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Altmetrics provided by Altmetric | <urn:uuid:d0c27c41-dccf-4a5a-a42c-8be9a1a731a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/178983 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.880946 | 324 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Published by Duolingo
To get Duolingo - Language Lessons working on your computer is easy. You will definitely need to pay attention to the steps listed below.We will help you download and install Duolingo - Language Lessons on your computer in 4 simple steps below:
An emulator imitates/ emulates an android device on your computer, making it easy to install and run android apps from the comfort of your PC. To begin, you can choose from either of the apps below:
i. Nox App .
ii. Bluestacks .
I recommend Bluestacks since it is very popular with lots of online tutorials
If you successfully downloaded the Bluestacks.exe or Nox.exe, go to your Downloads folder on your computer or anywhere you ususally store downloaded files.
Once installed, Open the Emulator application and type Duolingo - Language Lessons in the search bar. Now hit Search. You will easily see your desired app. Click on it. It will display Duolingo - Language Lessons in your Emulator Software. Hit the Install button and your application will start Installing. To use the app, do this:
You will see the "All Apps" icon.
Click to go to a page containing all your installed applications.
You will see the app icon. Click to start using your app. You can start using Duolingo - Language Lessons for Pc now!
Duolingo - Language Lessons is an Education App, developed by Duolingo. This site is not directly affiliated with the developers - Duolingo.
Can I download Duolingo - Language Lessons for free?
Yes! You can Download Duolingo - Language Lessons from official sites for free using our site.
Can I use the app on PC?
It's easy! Just follow our simple tutorial below and you will start enjoying the app in no time. Clicking the "Download" button above will redirect you to the official download site to get Duolingo - Language Lessons for PC free.
Will Duolingo - Language Lessons work on Windows and MAC?
Absolutely yes! Following our free tutorial below will get Duolingo - Language Lessons for Pc working on most versions of Windows operating systems or MAC. | <urn:uuid:ab9ca49a-6e4a-4e80-90f0-d903ca0f0fe9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://windowsden.uk/570060128/duolingo-language-lessons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.86034 | 1,084 | 2.21875 | 2 |
essay and email of advantages disadvantages using
Many researchers theorize that women are more relationally driven, while men are more concerned with facts and reports, rather than with people. Each of those components needs to be oiled every once in a while. Essay topics for curious incident of the dog, sharing essay advantages and disadvantages of using email information on social media essay the best essay sample. essay on hen bird in hindi
Moving To America From India Essay
His views were controversial, and his attitude, dogmatic. In order to get prepared for their evaluation, you are to read some review essay advantages and disadvantages of using email examples written by professional journalists, find out the standards they use in their reviews, and employ them.
Essay Introduction Examples Lord Of The Flies
format for research paper abstract For me, it is my strong desire to contribute to society. The Reserve is home to 13 species of monkeys, 1, bird species, different mammals, and an incredible array of butterflies. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Without her and her yearning for power, Macbeth would have neglected the prophecy and would have continued his life in the same manner as before. Nigodas are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy. The questions were so varied from Can you weaponise your research to How far do you think the benefit outweighs the risk when using radiation for Clasifiedad Com Clasified Essay Sample. They used forced labour in the army, to build new cities and to mine silver and gold. Pakistan and India essay advantages and disadvantages of using email occasionally raised the issue and accused the other side of preventing the holding of a vote. Durham university dissertation essay prompts for all quiet on the western front maladies of Interpreter essay secret life of walter mitty analysis essay case study of leed certified building pdf, my native city essay in english if i were a bird essay for class 7 in english my student life essay in nepali essay about the cold war in china write an essay en espanol. Dowry system short essay in hindi cleanliness is next to godliness short essay an essay on life without television interesting topics for research paper in bio hook for essay about life lessons essay on democracy in favour how long should a paragraph essay be how to write a good debate essay business communication essay topics problem solution essay topics education comparison essay intro my mother my role model essay in english structure of body paragraphs in essays. Essay on advantages and disadvantages of mobile in hindi, opec cartel case study plantation essay Tree in pdf hindi. A leader is tested in planning and decision-making while working other Soldiers. This tale is about Anansi falling into a hole, and also getting eaten by a fish. I just didn't want to read anymore.
I could get raise hand and what did I have worked for a just essay advantages and disadvantages of using email a projection of your other professors. Presented here so it because i cross read beach. These can apply to the passage, the respondent takes control of foreigners. | <urn:uuid:34c7174a-05e2-4dca-9bd3-5cf004f20565> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://citycollegeoflondon.co.uk/essay-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-email | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.935937 | 628 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Eighty percent of our emunah problems and ninety percent of our questions on Hashem stem from one mistake—we play God. Playing God means I know exactly what I need. I need to marry that woman. I need that job. I need my child to get into that school.
I’ve talked to Hashem about it. I’ve explained it to Him. I’ve even brokered deals with Him. “If You grant me this, I’ll…”
Yet for some reason, He just won’t listen.
“Hashem, what’s the deal? Are You angry with me? Are You punishing me? Why do You insist on making my life so difficult? This is what I need. Why won’t You just listen to me?”
And I go on asking questions. “It’s not fair. It doesn’t make sense! Hashem, what do You want from me?”
The problem here is quite simple—I am playing God. And I’m not God. The simple reality is that maybe, just maybe, it’s not going because it’s not supposed to go. Maybe Hashem knows better than I do what is for my best. “Hmmmm… I never thought about that…”
This is peculiar because I’ve lived through situations that didn’t turn out as I thought they would. I absolutely had to have that job; it was just what I needed. I could earn a living, support my family, and still have time to learn. It was the perfect fit. In the end, I didn’t get the job, and I had major questions. “Hashem, why?! Why aren’t You there for me?” Then, five years later, I find out that the entire industry is being shipped over to India. Oh…
A different time, I tried to marry that woman. She was perfect; great match, good family. She would make a fantastic wife and mother for my children. And it didn’t go. “Hashem, why have you abandoned me? This is what I need!” She ended up marrying someone else. Then, two years later, I find out that the term “mentally unstable” is a mild description of her situation. Mmmmm…
Then it was my son. My son absolutely, positively, had to get into that class; it was just what he needed. Great rebbe, good atmosphere—it was perfect. And the menahel wouldn’t let. “Hashem, why? Where are You?” Then, two months later, I found out that there’s a child in that class who would have been the worst possible influence on my son. It would have been devastating. Hmmmm…
Part of Human Nature
The ironic part is that we do this all the time. We act as if we truly know what is best for us. We run after it. We hotly pursue it.
“No obstacle will stand in my way. Nothing will prevent this from coming about.”
And when lo and behold, my efforts are thwarted—the questions begin. “But, why? It’s not fair! I am a good person. Hashem, why won’t You just help me?”
It’s easy to see the folly of this when other people do it, but when it happens in my world, then the real challenge begins. To break out of this, we need to change perspective.
Hashem Knows Better than I Do What Is for My Best
The concept we need to embrace is that Hashem knows better than I do what is best for me. As smart as I may be, and as clear as it is to me that this is what I need, Hashem still knows better. That is the second condition of bitachon.
In theory, this should be easy to see. After all, how much do I know? How far into the future can I really see? But the problem isn’t in the world of theory. The problem is in my world—in the thick and thin of life.
It’s when I know so clearly that this is what I need and it’s not happening that the challenge begins. So I go back and forth in my mind. “Yes, I would like to trust Hashem, but… how can I possibly believe that Hashem is doing this for my good? I know it’s not true. You can’t ask me to accept something I know is false. If I weren’t sure, it would be one thing, but this is so clear and so obvious. I know what I need.”
The Solution: The Bigger Picture
The solution is to put some perspective into my thinking. Often it requires talking to myself, having actual conversations in my mind where I challenge myself.
“Let’s see… Who should I trust—myself or Hashem? Well, let’s do the math. Who am I? Who is Hashem?
“Hashem created the heavens and the earth and all that they contain. He wrote the formulas for quantum physics and molecular biology. He views the entire universe with one glance. He sees the future as the past. And He has the wisdom to see far-reaching results. What will this bring to ten years from now? What will the consequences be twenty years from now?
“I, on the other hand, see about two inches in front of my face. I make mistakes. I get confused and caught up. I forget. I forget lessons. I forget facts. I forget consequences. I can’t remember what I had for breakfast this morning. And as much as I think I know, I am often wrong. That which I think will be so good for me, so many times isn’t.
“Hashem, on the other hand, remembers every event since Creation. Hashem sees from one end of history to the other. And Hashem made me. He is my Creator, and He knows me even better than I do, so He understands my needs better than I do.
“Who do I think has it right? Me or Hashem? Me or Hashem? Mmmmm. Let me get back to you on that one.” | <urn:uuid:f5ed2abd-658a-4369-8f8b-8b10b3a0cc40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theshmuz.com/boi/stop-playing-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.972673 | 1,365 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Corporate settlements to deal with foreign bribery are becoming all the rage. It is hardly surprising. The US has racked up an apparently impressive enforcement record on foreign bribery that far outstrips any other country, while raking in billions of dollars in the process. What’s not to like?
Corruption Watch has produced a substantive report on the use and impact of corporate settlements around the world. It can be viewed here.
Other countries are taking note. The UK introduced Deferred Prosecution Agreements in 2014 and agreed its first one in late 2015. France has just introduced a bill to introduce settlements into the French criminal context for corporate corruption offences. The Irish Law Commission and an Australian Senate Committee are both looking at whether to introduce Deferred Prosecution Agreements into their respective countries. One Canadian company charged with corruption in Canada is claiming the country’s lack of such settlements is putting it at a competitive disadvantage globally. The use of settlements to incentivise companies to ‘self-report’ their wrongdoing is one of the main themes of the OECD Ministerial meeting on the Anti-Bribery Convention on 16th March this year.
But just as corporate settlements look set for a global roll-out, the US may be starting to row back on their use. Deferred Prosecution Agreements have become increasingly controversial in the US with critics claiming that these agreements allow culpable individuals off the hook, fail to deter economic crime or prevent recidivism, undermine the deterrent effect of the law by shielding companies from debarment from public contracting, lack regulation or oversight, and undermine the very justice system and rule of law itself.
One of the main arguments given for these settlements is that corruption cases are incredibly difficult to investigate and prosecute. Unless enforcement authorities encourage companies to come forward with evidence of their wrongdoing, the argument goes, enforcement rates will remain low. The problem with this argument is that unless enforcement bodies beef up their ability to detect corruption (it is worth noting that in the US less than 50% of cases are self-reported) and are willing to prosecute, there is little incentive for companies to report wrongdoing that they could otherwise get away with. This is the chicken and egg of the current enforcement dilemma.
The other main argument for the use of such settlements is that they protect companies from going bust, with the loss of jobs of innocent employees, and financial damage to innocent shareholders. Empirical evidence in the US where corporate prosecutions are common across a wide range of offences shows this argument to be hollow. No US company has failed due to a conviction in recent years. The 2002 collapse of Arthur Andersen following prosecution for destroying documents relating to the Enron scandal, cited by many as an example for why companies must not be prosecuted, is an exception rather than the rule. Giving too much credence to this argument has effectively given companies special pleading rights within the justice systems where settlements are used.
Before countries across the world try to emulate the US experience, they need to look long and hard at its lessons. The UK has sought to avoid some of the pitfalls of the US approach, by ensuring judicial scrutiny of settlements, but critically by using Deferred Prosecution Agreements as part of a wider enforcement strategy in which prosecution plays a critical role. But it is not clear that the UK’s use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements is going to avoid the other pitfalls of the US, such as allowing culpable individuals off the hook and failing to deter economic crime.
In a context where European countries are increasingly using some form of out of court settlement to deal with foreign bribery, the case for global standards on settlements is growing. The OECD Working Group on Bribery has long raised concerns as to whether the use of out of court settlements in various countries are offering ‘effective, proportionate and dissuasive’ sanctions as required under the Anti-Bribery Convention and are indeed deterring foreign bribery. It is time that the OECD Working Group on Bribery conducted a full and detailed examination of whether they do.
As NGOs writing to the OECD this week have argued, the Working Group on Bribery also needs to develop some best practice standards as use of these settlements spreads. The very purpose of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention is at stake. Unless high standards for and judicious use of such settlements can be agreed on a global level in tandem with increased prosecutions, the public around the world will lose confidence that justice in relation to overseas corruption is really being done. | <urn:uuid:4d700a61-5a7d-4f02-801f-e8149549b3e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cw-uk.org/2016/03/10/out-of-court-out-of-mind-do-deferred-prosecution-agreements-and-corporate-settlements-deter-overseas-corruption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.96071 | 910 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Please find the comprehensive carbon footprint calculation here, showing that the ICRS 2022 managed to be carbon neutral.
We were succesful in implementing the 14th ICRS 2021 VIRTUAL last year as carbon neutral event. Please see here how we achieved this.
This year, we envision to organize the 15th ICRS 2022 IN-PERSON event in Bremen as sustainable and climate-friendly as possible, in the best case also carbon neutral, but this depends on supporters and sponsors.
For both events, we cooperate with local partners in the areas of sustainable management, energy efficiency, renewable energies, and carbon-offsetting.
We thereby follow a two-step strategy:
(1) Minimise waste and local CO2 emissions (energy efficiency, mobility, sustainable catering)
(2) Offset all unavoidable CO2 emissions arising from conference-related activities and travels
Fundament for this strategy is a comprehensible calculation of related CO2 emissions that you will find here by July 8 (closing ceremony) latest for the 15th ICRS 2022 IN-PERSON.
Here you can see a video that explains how we made the 14th ICRS 2021 VIRTUAL carbon neutral and what our Green Strategy for the 15t ICRS 2022 in Bremen is.
The Bremen Exhibition & Conference Center has taken measures to achieve a low carbon footprint. Solar panels installed on the roofs of exhibition halls 4 to 7 generate 750,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year providing ca. 25 percent of all of its energy requirements annually. The balance of energy needs are covered exclusively by renewable energies. The entire conference center is illuminated with energy-saving LED lamps and a combined heat and power unit provides heat with reduced CO2 emissions.
ICRS 2022 is developing a sustainable model concept for vegetarian conference catering based on regional and seasonal products in collaboration with our partners Energiekonsens and Esscooltur.
This pioneering project is funded by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU), which supports innovative, exemplary and solution-oriented projects for the protection of the environment.
The Bremen Exhibition & Conference Center is located in the heart of the city and is easily accessible by foot, bicycle, or public transport. A large selection of accommodations, restaurants, and the historic city centre are within walking distance.
The city centre is only 12 minutes by tram from Bremen Airport. Your registration invoice will function as a ticket for the public transport at arrival, please make sure to have the digital or a printed version with you. The use of public transport during the week of the ICRS 2022 will be free of charge for all participants. Bicycles for hire with online booking are available throughout the city.
To offset all unavoidable CO2 emissions, particularly induced by the travel of delegates to Bremen, together with our partner KlimaInvest, we developed a portfolio of remediation projects in the immediate vicinity and/or with a positive impact on local coral reefs. These project all have a high certification standard and linkage to several UN Sustainable Development Goals. In our ICRS 2022 portfolio, we have the following projects:
For the successful implementation of a complete carbon offset, supporters are still needed to cover the associated costs. Please contact us if you are interested in supporting our efforts to make 15th ICRS 2022 a climate-neutral event.
15th ICRS 2022 Conference Secretariat
The secretariat for the ICRS in Bremen was established in September 2016 at the University of Bremen. Since then, the Conference Secretariat has been working according to the sustainability guidelines established by the certification of the University of Bremen according to EU EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme).
EMAS is a premium management tool developed by the European Commission for companies and other organisations to assess, report and improve their environmental performance. The University of Bremen, German representative for the EU Commission EMAS Award 2019, is a partner in the HOCH-N sustainability network of higher education institutions in Germany. | <urn:uuid:72d1020c-8330-4d43-aef4-8be94b9db389> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.icrs2022.de/green-strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.917458 | 870 | 1.679688 | 2 |
CINCINNATI (TDB) -- Ohio Secretary of State Jennifer Brunner obtained a court order keeping the polls open in Putnam County after reporting that electronic voting machines had widespread problems in a congressional primary. The complete text of her lawsuit says there are 40 machines and "most, if not all, have experienced failures at some point during the day."
Putnam County is in Ohio's 5th Congressional District, which covers 16 counties. There were Democratic and Republican primaries under way to fill the seat left vacant by the death of U.S. Rep. Paul Gillmor, who passed away in September. Brunner's office issued this press release about the problems in Putnam County and noted all of the machines were on loan from Franklin County. Putnam County's voting machines were destroyed by flooding last summer.
Brunner said only the congressional balloting was affected by "intermittent failures" and that voting for local races had proceeded smoothly. She said it was not known what caused the problems. | <urn:uuid:7ecfed65-12a2-4e0b-8fbd-44f8322f7a42> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://thebellwetherdaily.blogspot.com/2007/11/more-ohio-voting-machine-problems-oh-05.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00303-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984815 | 204 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Look at me--a big old black man under all of this makeup, and if I can look beautiful, so can you.
There are truths which one can only say after having won the right to say them.
- Jean Cocteau
A good husband is never the first to go to sleep at night or the last to awake in the morning.
- Honoré De Balzac
The language of the heart is the only language that everybody can understand.
- Sri Chinmoy
Everyone wants to transform, but nobody wants to change.
- Frederica Mathews Green
If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything.
- Mark Twain
The biggest adventure you can ever take is to live the life of your dreams.
- Oprah Winfrey
These are times when anger, fear and hatred are giving rise to devastating problems throughout the world. But I believe we have a valuable opportunity to make progress in dealing with them, through collaboration between religion and science.
- Dalai Lama Xiv
Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
Fiction reveals truth that reality obscures.
- Jessamyn West | <urn:uuid:9d00fedb-d578-49a9-9291-c6996634f6d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://simplyknowledge.com/popular/quotations/2999?type=topviews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.905148 | 265 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Conversation with my friend Peter (in italics) about teaching technology and when it’s okay or even helpful to touch a patron’s device. Slightly edited. I run a drop-in time weekly during the school year where people can come and ask questions about technology. First come first served.
I will also link to How to help someone use a computer by Phil Agre because I think it’s the single most helpful thing I’ve read on this topic, ever.
Peter: I am a fellow technology-explainer librarian. What is your policy about touching the devices of those you are helping? Do you make them do everything themselves, or do you take and manipulate things on your own? I find I’ve been doing the latter more and more. Thanks!
Me: Hey there. My general feeling is if it’s a thing they will need to do again I always make them do it. If it’s a one time configuration thing that, for example, should have been done by a tech at their workplace or something, I will sometimes do it and narrate what I am doing. Its hard right because people type slowly and there are only so many hours in the day, but I feel that for anything where they need to actually repeat the process, making sure they can do it for themselves (and what the pain points are like “Oh this has a drop-down menu and they don’t know what to do with that”) is important.
Sometimes I will “tee up” a site or something for them. If the class or example is “How to type a letter” and we’re learning cut and paste, I may step through getting Word up and running for example. One of the things I like about drop-in time the way we do it is that there are multiple people you are helping at once, so someone can be fussing with getting their password right on their own and I can be helping someone else at the same time. It’s a downside to short one on one sessions.
Peter: Thanks. We have drop-in time, too–in fact almost all of our tech help is now drop in since attendance at our classes was very low and unreliable. I’d much rather address their questions individually and directly. Seems so much more productive and they go away happier (I think). I tend to handle the devices of people who seem in a hurry or “just want you to” show them something or change something about their device/computer. I will take your approach to heart, though. I really do want them to learn how, so I will try to stick to encouraging them to do it themselves with my guidance unless, like you said, it’s a one-time configuration deal (Overdrive accounts, oy!).
Me: Well and it’s challenging I agree. Some people maybe don’t want to learn the ins and outs which is their right but I often (politely) make the point that if they just want me to do a thing for them, there are people you can pay to do those jobs and they are not me 🙂 And yeah for longtime users who I KNOW actually understand how to do the thing but are in a hurry, I will totally do a thing for them but I’m pretty fussy about making sure they know I’m doing that more as a friend to them than as an employee. I just don’t want to set up expectations where they assume they can, as an amusing example, get their watch battery changed at the library when it’s not technically a service we offer.
Peter: I agree with your concern that people will start to think there are things you can/will do that go beyond digital literacy instruction/learning. I do try to focus on learning by doing for those who come. I worry about becoming too successful, so to speak–of reaching a level of drop-in attendance that will overwhelm the helper (i.e., me), but I have only had that challenge a handful of times in the past couple of years. Most of the time I can juggle helping multiple people, as you described. I have some regulars that come every week, but they are very good about sharing the time with newcomers. I think it may be time for a new round of publicity, though, to make more people in town aware that the library is a place where you can get this kind of help/knowledge. My fall back is to make appointments with people at a time when I can focus on their issue exclusively for a little while.
Me: Yeah I do a certain amount of triage where I sometimes refer people elsewhere (“You need to pay someone for this, here are some suggestions”) and also I spend some time coaching people into how to have conversations with others when that is what needs to happen (“Ask your son who gave you the laptop if he knows the admin password”) specifically how to talk to tech support (“Tell them the wireless card isn’t working and ask if it’s under warranty still”). I find the attendance is self-regulating, if we have too many people one week we’ll have fewer the next week. This year, for the first time, I have an intern, a 13 year old friend of a friend who is very good at computers but could use some people skills. He’s got great energy and enthusiasm, and so for people who mostly just need someone to sit by them while they do things so they feel more confident that they are not making mistakes, it’s been helpful. And he gets community service credits for school and all the snacks we can bring in!
Peter: Snacks! We don’t have snacks. I too do a lot of work with people helping them to understand the language of tech. One of my guiding axioms is that people don’t begin to understand something until they start to get a handle on the terminology. I try to be careful to use terminology consistently, and to call things by their factory approved names–i.e., the names their makers give them. I think that will help them if they ever talk to an official tech support person–to anyone, really. | <urn:uuid:d164d245-2756-45df-a097-384e645f2077> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.librarian.net/cat/access/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.973633 | 1,316 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Often used for wedding receptions and for home gatherings, orchids make both exotic and elegant centerpieces. Orchid centerpieces may be a single potted plant, but more often are vases of flower arrangements or blossoms floating on water in bowls or vases. Orchids most often included in centerpieces are phalaenopsis, dendrobium, and cymbidium. When choosing other flowers to arrange with the orchids, thought should be given to the coloring and shape of the orchids and the other flowers.
Phalaenopsis, or moth orchids, are one of the longest-blooming orchids. These flowers have multiple blossoms dotted along a single stem. The three top petals on a bloom are large and round, fanning around the short lip-shaped center petal. Called moth orchids because their petal arrangement is said to resemble a flying moth, these flowers are often seen in white and shades of purple or red. Petals also may be dual-colored, patterned with spots or lines.
Dendrobium orchids often have a similar flower shape to phalaenopsis, though many species have five long, thin petals. There are a huge number of species in this genus, however, so there is a wide variety of shapes and colors. These orchids have very sturdy stems, so are especially good for flower arrangements.
The most popular winter-blooming orchid, cymbidium has five distinct, pointed petals. This orchid also comes in a variety of colors, including orange, purple, yellow, pink, and white. The oddly shaped center petal, common to all orchids, is often patterned with dots or stripes or may be a different color than the outer petals. Cymbidium is often used in water-based orchid centerpieces.
There are two kinds of orchid centerpieces which use water as a visual element. The first consists of a small, usually clear, bowl filled with water. Cut orchid blossoms float on the water's surface. The second type uses long straight vases or glasses and submerses the cut orchids in the water, allowing them to float in intervals inside the glass. Sometimes leaves or other greenery are added to these centerpieces.
Vase centerpieces are also extremely popular. Moth orchids may be preferred for single flower centerpieces since they have multiple blossoms on a single stem. More often, however, flowers are arranged in groups. Several orchids of the same or different species arranged together with ferns or palm leaves for green contrast can create simple and elegant orchid centerpieces.
Additionally, orchids can be arranged with other flowers. Using white orchids with red roses creates a stunning and bold centerpiece which combines the familiar lines of the rose with the exotic shape of the orchid. Lilies — particularly calla lilies, daffodils, and carnations — also blend well in orchid arrangements. | <urn:uuid:760ef681-2d00-46e6-8e5e-e84441cdd053> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wise-geek.com/what-flowers-are-best-for-orchid-centerpieces.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.932366 | 623 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Plans are under way to gage community interest in installing two speed humps on Wayne Drive in Annandale’s Broyhill Crest neighborhood as a “traffic calming” measure.
At a community meeting at the Mason District Government Center Dec. 9, residents reviewed the conceptual plan drafted by the Fairfax County Department of Transportation (FCDOT). Residents of affected streets will be given a chance to vote on the proposal, and if they approve it, it will go to the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors for a final decision.
According to FCDOT, the speed humps would be 12 feet long and 3 inches high. FCDOT says “research has found these dimensions to be the best compromise between being severe enough to slow most vehicles, yet forgiving enough to not unduly impact emergency response times.” A speed hump can slow fire trucks and other emergency vehicles by about 3 to 10 seconds.
FCDOT also says speed humps that are only 3 inches high would not hinder snow removal but could lead to increased noise level “where the total percent of heavy truck traffic volume is 20 percent or greater.”
“There is no evidence to suggest that traffic calming measures either raise or lower residential property values,” FCDOT says. “It is likely that for every person who feels they detract from the value of a property, there is another who feels their safety benefits add to the value of a property.” | <urn:uuid:e07bdfda-734d-4237-9162-5ddf84b7587d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://annandaleva.blogspot.com/2010/12/speed-humps-proposed-for-wayne-drive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00373-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955597 | 302 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Preview by: Jack Foley
ROBIN Williams continues his foray into darker subject material
in The Final Cut, a new science-fiction thriller from first-time
writer-director, Omar Naim, which has divided the critics in America.
The film is set in a not-too-distant future when a Zoë
Chip is placed in peoples' brains at birth to record their entire
life. When they die, their life footage is edited into a 'Rememory',
which is then shown at the person's funeral, having been pieced
together by an editor.
Zoe Chips are designed as the latest toys for the privileged,
but they have opponents, who believe that memories are meant to
Working in this field is Alan Hackman (Williams), generally considered
to be the best 'cutter' in the business because of his ability
to grant the corrupt absolution of the sins of his clients.
But his talent comes at great personal cost, as he becomes a
cold and distant man, who is now unable to experience life in
the first person.
However, while cutting a Rememory for a high-powered colleague,
Alan discovers an image from his childhood that has haunted him
his entire life, and the discovery prompts a high-intensity search
for truth and his own, personal, redemption.
Williams says he was attracted to the role because of the quality
of Naïm's script, insisting that he found himself surprised
at every turn in the story.
"Plus, the idea of that technology… it seems in the
last couple of months there have been a lot of articles about
the idea of implants, either memory monitors or things that would
augment memory. That's fascinating, as is the idea of subjective
versus objective memory."
He adds: "It [the chip] is the ultimate home movie. The
trend started with digital photography. People now catalogue a
lot of digital video and share their archives on their own websites.
Now, instead of having 15 minutes of fame, you can kind of augment
that with people putting cameras in bedrooms. Everything can be
So the movie also serves as a cautionary tale, as well as an
intriguing 'what if' scenario. It also offers the intriguing possibility
of seeing Williams in yet another dark role, following his equally
riveting turns in Insomnia and
One Hour Photo.
Critics, however, were a little divided on whether the film
worked, even though most praised Williams for delivering one of
creepiest turns yet.
The Chicago Tribune, for instance, referred
to it as a 'fairly well done but deadly dull futuristic thriller
about life-long memory-recording implants and guilt, this movie
wastes more talent, including lead Robin Williams, than an all-star
TV poker game'.
Likewise, the Los Angeles Times, which wrote
that 'The Final Cut lays waste to its provocative premise and
a fine performance from Robin Williams with a murky story line
that renders the film not worth the effort'.
And Variety, which felt that 'striking visuals
help, but pic won't make the cut with genre fans or the arthouse
Hollywood Reporter wrote that 'no re-edits
can save The Final Cut from its own preposterousness and lack
of genuine thrills'.
While Entertainment Weekly felt that 'if there
are decent, human, post-Good Will Hunting roles for the actor
somewhere between the manic and the catatonic, Williams hasn't
found them'. It added that it was 'quiet and sleepy'.
More positive, however, was the Minneapolis Star Tribune,
which wrote that 'Williams is as creepy as we've ever seen him',
while the Dallas Morning News opined: "First-time
writer-director, Omar Naim, has created a moody, unsettling minimalist
sci-fi tale that explores the malleability of the memories that
may or may not make us who we are."
Filmcritic.com felt that 'the director juggles
some enticing threads, then chooses the least interesting one
to follow through on'.
But LA Weekly felt that it 'becomes so cluttered
with concept and design, it fails to get even a toehold on the
humanistic subtext it's clearly reaching for'.
And the Boston Phoenix dismissed it as 'a confused
film littered with formulaic subplots'.
Disappointing, too, was the verdict from the New York
Daily News, which opined that it 'can't cope with its
And TV Guide, which dismissed it as 'a frustrating
exercise in missed opportunities'.
It remains to be seen what UK viewers make of it - although there
is no date pencilled in as yet. | <urn:uuid:20dea750-2e77-473f-9f8b-26794e326203> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indielondon.co.uk/film/final_cut_prevUS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956527 | 1,006 | 1.578125 | 2 |
The Supreme Court will hear a petition relating to the rising pollution levels in Delhi on Tuesday. The Environment Pollution Control Authority and the Amicus Curae in the case sought an early hearing of the matter stating that Delhi is facing an emergency situation.
The Amicus Curae Aparjita Singh told the court that the orders of the SC were not being implemented. The SC has passed extensive orders on this subject, but the same is not being implemented, she also said.
Further the court was told that the pollution in Delhi was caused by the high number of vehicles, unchecked construction, dust on the roads and burning of garbage. This has been compounded by burning of paddy residue by the farmers in Punjab and Haryana the EPCA told the court. Please treat this petition as a public health emergency and hear it at the earliest, the EPCA also told the Supreme Court. | <urn:uuid:105ac43a-160c-4e34-b481-a995ed3fd846> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oneindia.com/india/smog-treat-delhi-pollution-as-public-health-emergency-sc-told-2254324.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00023-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970299 | 181 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Efficiency Potential of P-Type PERT vs. PERC Solar Cells
We present an efficiency potential analysis of passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) and passivated emitter and rear totally diffused (PERT) cells, based on numerical simulations covering a wide range of parameters using a state-of-the-art design of experiment and metamodeling approach. We make full use of the metamodel and optimize the rear contact distance in each simulation by defining it as a free variable. PERT solar cells are simulated respecting free carrier absorption at the boron doped back surface field (BSF). As a result, PERC cells show the highest overall efficiency at a low base resistivity of r b = 0.5 Ocm, whereas for r b > 1.5 Ocm PERT cells exceed the efficiency of the respective PERC cells. | <urn:uuid:a2041de8-41d7-4b88-8451-50f06b0c8d01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://publica.fraunhofer.de/entities/publication/1e71dec5-c4fe-4d3f-9837-d30db77bf27d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.83649 | 195 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The most populous U.S. state not surprisingly has the most people being released from its prisons and jails. And now it has what organizers said Thursday is the nation's first statewide coordinated effort to help them reintegrate back into the community.
The newly formed Re-Entry Providers Association of California includes some of the state's largest reentry service providers who plan to jointly lobby state and local government officials on behalf of former prisoners.
California typically releases as many as 35,000 people each year who have completed their jail sentences or been paroled from prison, the group said. But even that number soared during the pandemic as jails and prisons last year released thousands more inmates earlier than normal to allow for social distancing in normally crowded lockups.
The state has also been releasing more inmates earlier because of criminal justice reforms designed to reduce mass incarceration.
That means helping people being released from prisons and jails find housing and jobs "has never been more important,” said Susan Burton, founder and president of A New Way of Life Reentry Project in Los Angeles.
Yet the groups said they have historically been under-funded, overlooked and lacking as a government priority despite doing work they said is vital to protecting the safety and health of communities.
“REPAC is going to be that essential unified voice that we need to really help shape the conversations that are taking place all over the state. And there’s no better time for REPAC to have begun” as the state invests in rebuilding during the pandemic, said Sen. María Elena Durazo.
She was one of three Democratic state lawmakers supporting the launch at an event Thursday, along with Assemblyman Isaac Bryan and Assemblywoman Mia Bonta, whose husband is state Attorney General Rob Bonta.
Reentry service providers have been "fighting for scraps of resources” at a time when the state spends more on incarceration than it does on the University of California system, Bryan said.
Organizers cited a 2018 study by the advocacy group Californians for Safety and Justice that found more than half of people with a criminal record have difficulty finding a job, and more than a quarter have trouble finding housing.
That sets them up for failure, endangering not only the former prisoners but the larger community, said Doug Bond, chief executive officer of Amity Foundation in Los Angeles.
Bryan called it “a scarlet letter" that hinders their reintegration.
The new organization plans to seek more funding to link former prisoners with things like job training, transportation, child care, educational opportunities and housing. But it also plans to lobby lawmakers and review state laws, regulations, budgets and administrative policies.
Underfunding means reentry services often lack the resources to break the cycle that can trap generations in a pattern of repeated incarceration, said Steven Kim, founder and executive director of Project Kinship, an Orange County-based reentry services provider.
The goal is to “amplify our voices on behalf of this crucial sector of our society that simply does not get the resources and support it needs,” said Donald Frazier, executive director of Oakland-based Building Opportunities for Self-Sufficiency and the new organization’s director. | <urn:uuid:8443fb78-6e9f-48fc-9ce1-fe6ca4480b0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/california/new-california-group-forms-to-aid-inmates-return-to-society/2706202/?utm_campaign=San%20Jose%20Community%20Network%20%28SJCN%29%20Newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Revue%20newsletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.967364 | 662 | 1.820313 | 2 |
The New Jersey Fertilizer Law requires that a certification program for professional fertilizer applicators be established by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES) at Rutgers University in consultation with the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). Professional fertilizer applicators are required to be trained in the following subject areas:
- the proper use and calibration of fertilizer application equipment;
- the hazards involved in, and the environmental impact of, applying fertilizer, including nutrient pollution to the State’s waterbodies;
- all applicable State and federal laws, rules and regulations;
- the correct interpretation of fertilizer labeling information; and
- the best management practices developed by the NJAES for nutrient management in turf.
The law allows two general classifications for professional fertilizer applicators: certified and trained.
For a professional to be certified, the individual must pass an examination to certify that the individual possesses sufficient knowledge of the laws, rules and regulations, standards and requirements applicable to the use and application of fertilizer. The examination is conducted by the NJAES, once the professional has obtained the established training standards. A $75 fee will be charged to take the certification exam. Upon passing the exam, certification will be valid for 5 years as long as an annual registration ($25 fee) is maintained. A Certified Fertilizer Applicator can re-certify at the end of the 5-year certification cycle by one of two methods:
- If an individual participates in a continuing education (minimum standards to be determined) during the 4-year cycle, re-certification will involve re-registration with the ProFACT program.
- Those individuals that choose not to participate in continuing education during the 5-year cycle may take the training and examination to be re-certified.
For a professional to be trained, the individual must receive training on the laws, rules and regulations, standards and requirements applicable to the use and application of fertilizer by a Trained Applicator. Trained applicators can only apply fertilizer under the direct supervision of a Certified Fertilizer Applicator. Annual training and registration with the ProFACT program will be required for Trained Applicators. Records for Trained Applicators will be deleted from the ProFACT website at the end of each calendar year (31 December).
The NJAES will publish and maintain a list of all certified and trained fertilizer applicators and make the list available on its internet website.
More details on the ProFACT program will follow as these become available. The New Jersey Fertilizer Law allows NJAES to:
- charge reasonable fees, including, but not limited to, an annual re-certification fee, to cover costs associated with the certification and the training program;
- require continuing education or training for certified fertilizer applicators or for trained applicators who apply fertilizer only under the direct supervision of a certified professional fertilizer applicator;
- designate one or more qualified organizations to train, certify, and recertify professional fertilizer applicators and provide that a designated organization may charge fees to cover reasonable costs associated with the certification training and education;
- designate one or more qualified organizations to train professional fertilizer applicators who will apply fertilizer only under the direct supervision of a professional fertilizer applicator certified pursuant to this section and provide that a designated organization may charge fees to cover reasonable costs associated with the training process;
- recognize the training program of any person employing professional fertilizer applicators if it meets the certification and recertification training and education standards established by the program. | <urn:uuid:5b218071-9817-475a-ac9b-e1be80eea14d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://profact.rutgers.edu/Pages/training_module.aspx?CID=53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00123-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930474 | 721 | 1.679688 | 2 |
"Li Sha, 23 and with a fresh college degree in wastewater management, meandered tentatively through the Saturday job fair at the China International Exhibition Center." Thus begins a story published on Sunday (18 August) in the Los Angeles Times. Li wasn't having much luck. There seemed to be jobs for "software whiz kids, Sichuan restaurant cooks, writers for the glossy monthly Wives of Servicemen." But not for people with her training—even though she's willing to work for just $330 a month, a little above the minimum wage.
If you look at it one way, it seems ironic. In China, with all its pollution, there were no opportunities for someone with a degree in wastewater management. Li chose an environment-related major, she says, "because she thought it would be a sure-fire way to get a job, perhaps with a company doing pollution reports or making monitoring equipment." But the environment hasn't proven to be a profitable career path; Li says that just 10% of her classmates at the Environmental Management College of China had found work before their June graduation.
China needs environmental scientists; China's economy doesn't.
But if you look at it another way, it makes perfect sense. China has made its environment a low priority. That's why China's environment is such a mess and why people like Li can't find jobs in their field. China needs environmental scientists; China's economy doesn't.
Li and her environmental classmates aren't alone. In China, 7 million people are earning college degrees this year, up from just 2.12 million a decade ago. Maybe this will pay off for China—but will it pay off for the students who earn the degrees? So far it hasn't. "By some accounts, the unemployment rate for Chinese college graduates age 21 to 25 is 16%, nearly four times that of blue-collar workers," the article states. In 2012, the average wage for college graduates in China was $412 a month, just 20% higher than the wage for migrant workers, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China.
What's going on? In a way it's obvious, but it's a point that's often overlooked—even (or especially) by policymakers. Just because a society (China) needs more of something (environmental protection and improvement), that doesn't mean you can earn a good living providing it. The needs of society do not directly translate into economic demand. And when you intervene in the market to make more of something—college graduates in China—you can artificially glut the market and destroy the incentives that draw in the best and the brightest.
China's educational policy has focused on producing more graduates—and it has succeeded to the point where education no longer pays off in material attainment for the degree recipients. Similarly, many Western governments have pursued policies that have led to the training of large numbers of advanced-degree scientists. These scientists are extraordinary assets to their economies, but the economy lacks the capacity to fully utilize those assets.
So, what's the solution? Here's one: audacity and individual initiative. "Lai Zhangping, 28, graduated from Huaqiao University in 2009 with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering," the article says. He took a job in Taiwan at a decent salary, but decided that because he's from the mainland, he wasn't likely to advance.
So this year, with friends, he opened a stall in Shanghai selling pig's feet. Lai reports (via the article) that the business is earning $3300 to $5000 a month. His stand was featured in the Shanghai press, he says, and since then he's gotten hundreds of inquiries about franchising the business. " 'I don't feel any shame,' " he says. " 'I'm using my hard work to make money." | <urn:uuid:9e93f793-e823-483e-95ab-59077b9f703c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2013/08/underemployed-china | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00497-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973886 | 784 | 2.234375 | 2 |
More federal spending: New deal or raw deal?
Created on January 7, 2009
Tax Cuts for Investors, Not Massive Spending, Creates
After his swearing-in Jan. 20, the first order of business for
President Barack Obama and the new Congress will be to get the
economy back on track.
Already, Democratic and Republican congressional leaders are
assembling a bill to "stimulate" the economy by spending somewhere
between $700 billion and $1 trillion of the taxpayers' money. The
budget deficit could balloon from $1.2 trillion to $1.6 trillion or
This unprecedented action -- equivalent to as much as one-third
of last year's entire federal budget -- could do far more harm than
good if President Obama and Congress aren't careful, budget experts
at The Heritage Foundation warn.
And the New Deal isn't the model to follow. Despite the rosy
accounts of today's cheerleaders for government spending, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt's job-creation programs in the 1930s never
succeeded in pushing the unemployment rate under 20 percent -- much
less back to the neighborhood of 5 percent, the "normal" jobless
In their paper, Heritage experts J.D. Foster and William
Beach argue that the centerpiece of
an effective stimulus policy should include two elements:
- Extending the tax reductions of 2001 and 2003 for as long as
possible -- and through at least 2013 -- to prevent tax increases.
Better yet, make the tax reductions permanent.
- Reducing tax rates on individuals, small businesses and
corporations through 2013 by lowering the top rate by 10 percentage
points and reducing rates by similar amounts for lower-income
In a guide to
Heritage's prescribed "dos" and "don'ts" of economic stimulus
plans, economic research coordinator Nicola Moore writes: "The
ultimate test for distinguishing a good stimulus idea from a bad
one is this: Is the proposal likely to raise the economy to a
sustained, higher level of growth, or will it slow or stall the
Two of the big "don'ts" she lists are:
- Don't spend public money in hopes of driving growth. Economic
growth -- the act of producing more goods and services -- can be
accomplished only by making American workers more productive.
Productivity is driven by individuals and entrepreneurs operating
in free markets, not by Washington spending and regulations.
- Don't try to create jobs with frivolous spending on highway and
other transportation projects. Studies by the Congressional
Research Service, Government Accountability Office and
Congressional Budget Office conclude the positive effect of
transportation spending on jobs would be much less than anticipated
-- in fact, highway construction could have a negative effect on
McIntyre is the Marilyn and Fred Guardabassi Fellow in Media
and Public Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation. | <urn:uuid:4d9d51c7-2924-4d26-a40c-4f577b04eb86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.heritage.org/multimedia/infographic/more-federal-spending--new-deal-or-raw-deal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906054 | 604 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Should I accept inherited property?
Dear Agony Uncle,
I have recently learned that an aunt has left me a small cottage in her will. I have always been skint, live communally and squatted for a few years in my youth. So far I have been of the firm belief that property is theft and the idea of an unearned inheritance is anathema. But now I am wavering... Please help.
When the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon asserted that property is theft (or rather that property is synonymous with robbery) in 1840, he had in mind the great set of historical forces at work in Europe since the Middle Ages: enclosure. The God-given common land, owned collectively by the peasantry, was violently seized by the King and the landowner. (As the Marxist feminist Sylvia Federici has argued, the witch trials of Europe and North America played an important role in this, dividing the peasantry against each other along gender-based lines, breaking their solidarity). In other words, privately owned land was originally stolen in order to make it privately owned.
Proudhon wanted the government to recognize there was a contradiction between the rights of equality and property rights. He was not issuing a moral decree for how individuals should live their lives under capitalism.
As New Internationalist’s Agony Uncle, I often get questions that relate to what you might call ‘lifestyle politics’: the idea that our personal (anti-)consumerism is the most salient of political categories. ‘Should I buy this?’ ‘Should I go here?’ ‘Should I accept that?’… I’m glad you’ve lived a life of bohemian virtues – it is one that prefigures another, better world – but please don’t feel bad about wavering: you are not a monk! Politics is about relating to other people, not obsessing over our bank balance. And everyone, even an anarchist, is entitled to a room of their own.
The question is through which political or economic form will you ‘own’ this house? There are alternative options to private property: you could institute a housing co-operative, living with other people who need a roof over their heads too and sharing ownership rights; you could keep a room for yourself and give the others to the local school, a small trade union or social movement who would make benefit of a place to teach, learn and fraternize; you could make it a safe space for recently arrived refugees or people who just want a short break but can’t afford holidays. Rather than treat this gift like the plague, transform it into an opportunity for social good.
Property isn’t a toxin that infects our bodies. But it is used to enforce an unjust social order. Think of the housing crises in most major cities across the world – engineered by the financialization of homes into investments. Property also creates a class of people who become structurally selfish: when Thatcher sold off Britain’s council homes, she knew she would be consolidating a class of new Tory voters for a generation. And, as the economist Thomas Piketty has demonstrated, intergenerational wealth transfers in the form of assets are a huge bastion of inequality. I say, in this wretched world, take advantage of your aunt’s gift. Collectivize the ownership of the house: clean it up, repaint the walls, and speak to the community to discuss what to do with it – in democratic spirit. If you want it to, it can and will belong to those who need it. Remember, Crosby, Stills and Nash in their lambent ode of 1970 didn’t sing about ‘my house’, but ‘our house’. | <urn:uuid:87a8d55b-01da-4cb8-9c1c-143c719ca06c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newint.org/features/2018/12/17/agony-uncle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.963527 | 796 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Flaming mulch This year we applied hardwood mulch and Snapshot pre-emergent to two median strips. Not long after, we experienced fires, probably due to cigarette butts, at these locations. We never had fire problems before and didn't have any this year except where we applied the mulch and pre-emergent. Is it possible that the mulch or the combination of the mulch and herbicide could increase flammability? -- Maryland
Representatives of DowElanco assured me that Snapshot poses virtually no risk of increasing the flammability of mulch. However, a mulch's propensity to burn varies according to its content, so it's possible that this mulch was in some way different from mulch you've used previously.
Bob LaGasse of the National Bark and Soil Producers Association (Manassas, Va.) explains that cellulose ignites more easily than lignin. This means that wood (which is primarily cellulose) burns more easily than bark (which has a much higher lignin content). Because of this, mulch quality affects flammability -- so-called poor-grade mulch, which has high wood content, is more flammable than high-grade mulch. Specifying hardwood mulch doesn't ensure what's in it, beyond the fact that it came from hardwood trees. It could mostly be hardwood wood (poor grade) or hardwood bark (high grade). Obviously, then, it pays to inspect mulch before you accept it. LaGasse notes that according to his association's definitions, products defined specifically as bark mulch should contain at least 85 percent bark. Products defined simply as wood mulch may include wood or bark but usually consist of mostly wood.
LaGasse notes that fire retardants are available that you can spray on your mulch, although they tend to leach out over time. Still, they might be worth a try in areas that are especially prone to fires. LaGasse states that the ends of traffic medians near intersections burn more frequently due to stopped motorists who toss out cigarette butts as they wait.
Eliminating deer ticks What's a good method of eliminating deer ticks? -- Illinois
This is an increasingly important issue as new residential developments push into wooded areas, exposing more people to Lyme disease, which is transmitted by deer ticks. It's doubtful you can eliminate ticks from an area, but several strategies allow you to substantially reduce populations on a property.
One key is to reduce the numbers of tick hosts. Obviously, deer ticks feed on deer but also on other types of animals, such as rodents and birds. Therefore, if you make property less attractive to these kinds of wildlife, you should reduce the number of tick hosts present. Remove underbrush, logs, wood piles and brushy or weedy vegetation in or near homes or other areas of human activity. Deer fencing can help keep deer away (though many people object to this on residential sites for aesthetic reasons).
Some studies suggest that exposed open areas discourage ticks, perhaps because they are more prone to desiccation in such environments. Consistent with this, other research has shown that manicured lawns and landscapes harbor lower tick populations than property fringes near wooded or brushy areas. Therefore, expanding mowed or maintained areas around homes and other areas of human activity may reduce tick levels. Also, where rows of vegetation provide screening between properties, consider pruning up branches and replacing leaf litter (where ticks can hide) with mulch.
Several conventional pesticides effectively reduce tick numbers. One study obtained good results from carbaryl, chlorpyrifos and cyfluthrin. However, several other pesticides are registered for ticks, including bendiocarb, bifenthrin, diazinon, fluvalinate, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin. The particular material you use may not be as important as timing. A late-spring application substantially reduces immature ticks for the entire season. However, fall applications further reduce populations as well as their offspring the following spring.
Where ticks are prevalent, especially those that harbor Lyme disease, use all appropriate control measures. However, do not be lulled into a false sense of security. You can't entirely eliminate ticks, so you should be aware that the possibility of tick bites exists in any infested region.
Baseline temperature What is the baseline temperature for crabgrass and broadleaf weeds on Long Island? -- New York
As a general rule, 50 degrees F is considered the "default" baseline temperature for most organisms. This works well enough for most purposes, which is fortunate, because more precise baseline and degree-day information does not exist for most weeds.
Crabgrass is one exception. Dr. Michael Fidanza conducted research on crabgrass germination at the University of Maryland and used a baseline temperature of 54 degrees F (see "Use degree-days to predict crabgrass emergence," April 1997 Grounds Maintenance). With this starting point, Fidanza discovered that smooth crabgrass first germinated when an average of 57 degree-days had accumulated, with the first major emergence occurring at 185 degree-days. Fidanza suggests that crabgrass on Long Island should not behave significantly different from this but points out that geographic variation has not been investigated thoroughly.
One approach is to monitor weed germination yourself and correlate your observations with published degree-day values (many extension offices publish this information) or monitor degree-days on your own. A weather station greatly eases this task. This should give you a rough, but useful, idea of when certain weeds germinate.
You also should realize that other "triggers" exist, such as soil moisture, soil-temperature extremes and exposure to light, that promote germination or, in some cases, prevent it. For example, U.S. Department of Agriculture scientists discovered that if temperatures within the top inch of soil reach 90 degrees F for even a single day in April, giant-foxtail seeds go dormant and do not germinate for the rest of the season. Dry soil conditions in spring induce season-long dormancy in pigweed. With variables such as these operating, weed germination is a complex process about which we have much to learn.
The lamentable performance of trees growing in urban settings is well-documented. For example, estimates place the life expectancy of a newly planted street tree at just 10 years. And while there is no shortage of possible reasons for this, researchers from Cornell University hypothesized that exploitable soil volume was a key factor in urban tree performance after transplanting.
To test their hypothesis, the researchers studied willow oaks, Quercus phellos, planted in sites representing various levels of cost, sophistication and soil volume. These ranged from the so-called "vault system" to tree beds in parking lots to trees growing in irrigated, fertilized lawn, with exploitable soil volumes ranging from about 10 cubic meters to "unlimited" (for trees growing in lawn areas). All the trees received good post-planting care from reputable professionals.
The researchers measured annual growth increments of the trees' trunks for up to 15 years and found, with one exception, that tree growth was similar regardless of soil volume. Even trees growing in lawn areas with no soil-volume restrictions did not outstrip those growing in more restricted sites. The one exception was the trees growing in irrigated, fertilized lawn: they significantly outperformed the others for as long as 7 years after transplanting. After that, however, their growth rate declined and was similar to that of other trees in the study at 15 years after transplanting.
The researchers also note that most of the trees they studied recovered well from transplant shock -- something you might not expect in stressful urban settings -- and resumed pre-transplant growth rates 2 to 3 years after transplanting. They attribute this, and the generally good performance of trees at most of the study sites, to the fact that all sites in the study were well-designed and -maintained.
Considering these results, it appears that all the study sites provided adequate soil volume for good tree performance for at least 15 years, the length of time encompassed by this study. The researchers stress that their results do not contradict observations of poor performance of most urban trees. Rather, they demonstrate the value of tree-health-based design and maintenance. After all, consider that standard sidewalk cutouts for street trees (which, remember, typically last only about 10 years) provide only about 1.4 cubic meters of rooting volume, compared to no less than 10 cubic meters of soil for the study trees. The researchers hope their results will encourage designers to use site specifications favorable to tree growth, and promote greater attention to proper planting and maintenance practices.
Anyone who must deal with kudzu welcomes any kind of help combating this undisputed champion of weeds. Even with herbicides, it's no easy task to eliminate kudzu, and attempts to exploit effective natural enemies have been fruitless. Thus, when someone noticed soybean loopers eating kudzu in Union, S.C., in 1995, scientists took note.
A curious aspect of this story is that the soybean loopers (as well as a few other native caterpillar species) were found to feed on kudzu only at this single location. North Carolina State University researcher Dr. David Orr began studying soybean loopers to discover why this was so. If some chemical attractant that stimulates feeding exists, perhaps it could be exploited to entice feeding on kudzu. This might result in the first viable biological control for kudzu.
To be effective against kudzu, the caterpillars would need to be aggressive feeders, causing enough defoliation to reduce kudzu's food reserves. This could suppress it's rampant growth or, ideally, kill plants outright. However, because loopers are pests of several agronomic crops, Orr has had to be cautious about releasing them. To satisfy the need for aggressive kudzu feeders that also do not devour desirable crops, Orr devised a clever solution: He infects the looper larvae with parasitic wasps that kill the caterpillars when they attempt to pupate. The infected loopers consume substantially greater amounts of foliage than normal loopers but cannot achieve adulthood and reproduce. Such infected loopers are not available commercially, and Orr is conducting further study to determine if they can be used on a wider scale. Field trials this year were "promising."
Meanwhile, soybean loopers were found feeding on kudzu in Alabama this year, suggesting that the loopers may be adapting to kudzu as a food source. Such a development would be a boon to grounds managers and farmers tired of fighting this seemingly unstoppable weed.
Want to use this article? Click here for options!
© 2017 Penton Media Inc. | <urn:uuid:ede2fe2b-d370-4bb5-b47d-63069b9c42b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_researching_maintenance_37/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954352 | 2,245 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Pruning and trimming your trees helps them flourish, so they will look attractive and pose no threat to your home and garden. When you want a pruning service company to take care of your tree, you must pick the best tree specialists to get the job done right. You can go with our best tree pruning service provider in the city of Toronto named Tree Removal Kings.
When to Trim or Prune?
It is essential that any pruning or trimmings should be done in late fall, during the dormant weather. During this period, the trees are less likely to suffer any injury that may result from pruning. Like other living beings, trees can withstand stress, and removing a branch can damage their structure.
However, less fluid is lost when the tree is dormant, and bugs or fungi are less likely to damage the tree. Some species require different methods and more precise timing for trimming. If you have any doubt, contact an expert at Tree Removal Kings instead of risking your own and the tree’s safety.
Without proper pruning and trimming services, your tree could be exposed to dangerous diseases that could lead to the removal of the tree from your property in the City of Toronto. We are known as one of the leading companies in Toronto for our tree trimming services through experience and workmanship.
Protect Tree Structure and Growth
Trimming a tree can help affect how the tree grows. With professional trimming and pruning, a tree can be carefully pruned to grow in an ideal condition for its structural integrity. Keeping proper structure helps reduce the risk of falling brushwood and broken limbs.
After properly pruning, a tree will not have irregular weight distribution and compromised branch structures that can lead to devastation as the tree ages. Structural pruning also raises the general appearance of the tree. So, if aesthetics is important to you, we recommend professional tree trimming and pruning services in the City of Toronto.
Less Is More
It is necessary to keep in mind not to trim too many limbs off a tree. Never prune more than one-fourth of the crown of a tree, as most of the leaves and twigs are developed here and are an essential energy source.
If trees are pruned too early, and too many branches are lost, they can be fatally damaged. That’s why we recommend working with a qualified arborist; our arborists get the job done safely and efficiently.
Contact our executive team today to know more information or schedule tree pruning services in Toronto. | <urn:uuid:60b020c8-3434-4b37-a3cd-cc63f693d796> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://treeremovalkings.ca/tree-pruning-and-trimming-service-in-toronto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.952112 | 521 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The Carnegie Museum of Natural History launches a 6-month look at the science behind evolution this weekend when it opens ‘Explore Evolution.’ It is a touring show that looks at several studies ranging from the evolution of whales millions of years ago to the co-evolution of a species of ants, fungus, bacteria, and mold. CMNH program specialist Laurie Giarratani says another part of the exhibition looks at the rapid changes seen in the HIV virus. “Usually we think of evolution as something that takes place over a long time… millions of years,” says Giarratani, “but with simpler organisms that have a smaller genome, a single mutation is going to have a larger effect.” While a virus is not a living organism it does have DNA and this study looks at the changes the HIV virus has gone through as it adapts to defend itself against a number of medical drugs. The research could be key in finding a vaccine for the virus that causes AIDS.
The Carnegie adds in an eighth study to the seven that travel as part of the exhibit. The museum’s curator of vertebrate paleontology, Chris Beard adds his own research title, “The micromonkey and anthropoid origins.” It looks at the genus Eosimias, that Beard helped to identify, and his subsequent research on other early anthropoids in China, Myanmar, and Libya. Beard will give a lecture Saturday at noon as part of the opening day events.
Giarratani says, “Our Goal here is to help people understand the science behind evolution… and not commenting on religion at all.” We hope people can come to the museum and can connect the science here to their lives.” Giarratani says it is up to the visitors to engage those ideas in whatever way makes sense to them.
The exhibit runs through July 24th. | <urn:uuid:82e1b0b1-f596-449f-8011-8d041d34845a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wduqnews.blogspot.com/2011/02/carnegie-shows-off-evolution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958528 | 390 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The hunt is on! Launching on Shrove Tuesday, 12th February 2013, London will be transfixed by the most astounding and exhilarating egg hunt it has ever seen. Our streets will become a thrilling adventure, a myriad of wonder, a world of inspiration.
In 2013, Action for Children will be taking The Lindt Big Egg Hunt on tour. One hundred giant eggs designed by leading artists and designers will start off in Covent Garden and go on a road trip to Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow before returning to London for Easter week. Last year we raised over £1 million for charity, helping young people and their families across the country.
100 uniquely crafted eggs created by leading artists and designers will be displayed in Covent Garden. The Lindt Big Egg Hunt is an experience that the whole family can enjoy together. With so many eggs to find, you'll need to grab a zone map and get the clues that will test even the savviest of Sherlocks!
We encourage everyone to gather their friends and family and join the hunt, for a truly original and interactive egg-sperience! | <urn:uuid:ffbe11e7-03ef-4f2b-b483-b6c3853ca894> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=80106 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94029 | 228 | 1.507813 | 2 |
I take my inspiration from the two Irina/Irena-s, each pronouncing their names slightly differently. Irina Gorin is the ingenious piano teacher from Carmel, Indiana via the Ukraine, and Irena Orlov is from Washington D.C.’s Levine School of Music via Leningrad. They both inspire students to explore and draw out their deepest creative expression.
That’s what we should all be doing in our personal practice sanctuaries. I certainly try to evaluate and re-evaluate my own performances, whether they’re recorded for myself to review, or for You Tube. Regardless of having an audience of one, or many, the process of learning from experience, examining phrasing, physical comportment, and anything that might have intruded upon a free flow of physical and emotional expression (there’s that word again) is worth noticing.
That’s why I believe that videotaping yourself is an amazing teaching tool– one that can spur musical growth if you, the player, can distance yourself enough from the recorded sample to make some valuable observations. In other words, don’t be hard on yourself. Look at the mirror of your playing like it was someone else’s image– Think of a friend, whom you would not harshly criticize. Underline “O” for objectivity.
This type of mirrored self-analysis is the next best thing to having a teacher present looking over your shoulder. Or maybe you don’t want anyone encroaching on your space. Give yourself a breather and do a little self-assessment.
If you can spot places in your recording where something went awry, and not necessarily a glut of conspicuously wrong notes, you can try to pinpoint a physical problem, where perhaps a tense arm or wrist got in the way. You might remember at this moment, that you lost your breath and became anxious. Every aspect of one’s mental state and respiration factor into a total performance. Musical inspiration or intuition are not enough to get a pianist from the first measure to the final cadence. There must be a pacing, just like athletes know. Pianists are part athlete, part Terpsichore or any nyphm in the forest you choose to be–and part split personality when they’re playing. Vladimir Horowitz talked about fire and ice states when tackling the warhorses.
Being attuned to a relaxed physical state, in any case, works in a player’s favor
Which reminds me that today, a few hours before I attempted to record the whip-lashing, nerve-splitting, Bach Invention 8 on my iMac, I dashed off to Bally’s Gym, with my boots on, no less, and did a self-instigated photo shoot. Actually I aimed the silly Sony Cybershot at the mirror, not realizing that the flash (an automatic setting) would obliterate me, like I was blown up in one of those superhero video games. But at last, I survived once I knocked out the flash.
My goal was to get a pic of myself working out on the Gravitron where I build upper body strength and feel a good workout for my arms. It’s really helps leverage weight into the keys, so I strongly recommend it.
Here’s a fleeting look: I set the weight at 70, which means I’m pulling about 45 pounds. I follow up with 30-minutes of leg press, deep breathing all the way through.
Not to forget, that behind every performance, especially one being recorded, there’s a cat lurking in the wings ready to pounce at the wrong moment, sending any and all music to the trash! So make sure when you sit down to videotape yourself, that your feline is not permitted on the piano, in the piano, or near the piano. In this instance, Aiden was about to leap to the window sill to make his favorite racket, pawing the blinds.
Tutorial on this Invention 8, BWV 779–using a spring forward wrist motion: | <urn:uuid:850c8b62-34a5-4cc2-bd1f-caa948cff227> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://arioso7.wordpress.com/2011/11/27/piano-practicing-performance-and-gym-routines-always-reach-beyond-video-bach-invention-8-in-f/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00457-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945653 | 855 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Services on Demand
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia
Print version ISSN 0004-2749On-line version ISSN 1678-2925
OLIVEIRA, Lauro Augusto de et al. Are cutaneous hypersensitivity tests to inhalant allergens a severity marker for vernal keratoconjunctivitis?. Arq. Bras. Oftalmol. [online]. 2007, vol.70, n.6, pp.991-995. ISSN 0004-2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492007000600020.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the cutaneous sensitivity to a variety of allergens in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and to demonstrate the relation between skin response and clinical aspects of the disease. METHODS: Twenty patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis were randomly chosen from the External Disease and Cornea Sector. They were clinically evaluated, and a score ranging from 0 to 20 was applied based on signs and symptoms on ophthalmic examination. All subjects underwent a skin prick test against standardized allergens, such as house dust mites D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, and Blomia tropicalis, as well as allergens from cat, dog, fungi and feather. RESULTS: Seventy-five per cent of patients were positive for at least one of the allergens tested. House dust mites were responsible for the majority of the cases (75%). There was a poor correlation between the clinical score and sensitivity to allergens (r= - 0.119 for fungi; r= - 0.174 for dog; r= - 0.243 for house dust mites; r= - 0.090 for feather). A significant correlation was found only for cat allergen extract (r = - 0.510; p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated poor correlation between cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and clinical findings in patients with vernal keratoconjuntivitis. We concluded that skin response to inhalant allergens is not a useful test to identify clinical severity and chronicity of inflammatory process in this disease.
Keywords : Hypersensitivity; Conjunctivitis, allergic; Conjunctiva [immunology]; Skin tests. | <urn:uuid:29c8848c-f117-4ad3-ab19-a3bf7f8d5ce2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0004-27492007000600020&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00136-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885257 | 508 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Kirtland Air Force Base in Bernalillo County, New Mexico — The American Mountains (Southwest)
In Memory of the Crew of King 11
Lt Col Stephen J. Tullis
Erected 1987 by Twenty Third Air Force.
Location. 35° 3.276′ N, 106° 35.709′ W. Marker is in Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, in Bernalillo County. Marker is at the intersection of Aberdeen Drive SE and Doris Avenue SE on Aberdeen Drive SE. Click for map. Marker is in this post office area: Albuquerque NM 87116, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 4 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Rescue Memorial Park (within shouting distance of this marker); Taco Park (approx. 1.1 miles away); The Honorable Mary Coon Walters / Chief Justice Pamela B. Minzner (approx. 3 miles away); Graciela Olivárez (approx. 3.1 miles away); Harvey Girls / Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter, 1869 - 1958 Albuquerque Electric Streetcar System (approx. 3.6 miles away); Hotel Alvarado (approx. 3.6 miles away); La Doctora María Dolores Gonzáles (approx. 4 miles away). Click for a list of all markers in Kirtland Air Force Base.
Additional keywords. Combat Rescue, Pararescue, C-130, Hercules, Special Operations
Categories. • Air & Space • War, Cold •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Joe Page of Albuquerque, New Mexico. This page has been viewed 227 times since then and 8 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on , by Joe Page of Albuquerque, New Mexico. • Syd Whittle was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. | <urn:uuid:e4dfd90d-fc85-42fe-a3ca-1aa040af8fcf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=81240 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880433 | 401 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Editor’s note: We are working on providing our audiences with all possible recipes for your bread machine. All recipes are fully tested to make sure both quality and the best outcome. All photos provided are real. Should there be any bread recipes, not provided, please contact us and we will post it! You can view all the recipes in a simple list here.
Irish Soda Buttermilk Bread RecipeThis is a traditional St. Patrick’s day bread recipe. It’s called soda bread because baking soda is a key ingredient and it gives the break a tart flavor. The white bread setting is used on the bread machine but you can also finish this bread in the oven after using the dough cycle if you want the traditional, round loaf shape of a classic soda bread.Garlicky Garlic Bread RecipeThis is a great recipe for garlic lovers. It’s loaded with garlic through and through both as an ingredient and a topping. Garlic powder is added to the bread dough and sliced garlic is placed on top of the loaf after rising and before baking. A traditional accompaniment to pasta dishes and sauces or simply served on the side with a salad.Ezekiel Bread RecipeRoll up your sleeves for this one. This is a recipe that’s actually in the bible in the book of Ezekial. It’s an incredibly nutritious bread recipe but quite labor intensive. This is not a dump and stir recipe. You have to sprout grains and beans and then dry or roast them and then grind them before you even think about putting them in your bread machine. The good news is you’ve made a recipe from the bible that’s highly nutritious. The bad news is the amount of work to make this ancient recipe.Gluten-Free White Bread RecipeMany bread machines have a gluten free setting. This setting has numerous rising and kneading cycles to compensate for the lack of gluten in various gluten free flours. And combining more than one of the gluten free flours is a key to gluten free success. The most common gluten free flour is rice flour but the addition of other gluten free flours will enhance the flavor and texture of a gluten free bread. The addition of sugar or honey also helps the yeast to grow and raise the bread, and warm water is also critical to get the most out of the rise.Cheese and Beer Bread RecipeCheese and beer seem to go together and this recipe combines them to make a savory and salty bread. The cheese is incorporated into the dough and also sprinkled on the top after the rise and before the baking cycle begins. You can use any cheese or beer variety and the beer actually helps with the rising and the overall texture and taste of the bread.Irish Soda Biscuits With Gravy RecipeLeftover corned beef makes a great, creamy gravy made with a little flour, butter and milk. It’s the perfect topping for these Irish soda biscuits. Baking soda gives these biscuits a great flavor and texture and they can be eaten like a traditional biscuit with a soft pat of butter or jelly.Whole Wheat Bread with Dark Beer RecipeHere’s another bread recipe made with beer and wheat flour. A stout or Weissbeer is recommended and it should be warm and flat when added to the other ingredients. This is a great bread to served with hearty dishes with a gravy or sauce and it also makes great sandwiches.Reuben Rye Bread RecipeRye bread is the classic bread for Reuben sandwiches and other types of cold cuts. You’ll use the wheat bread setting and you can either finish the bread in your bread machine or finish it in the oven after using the dough cycle. Caraway seeds are a traditional ingredients but that’s up to you. If you like caraway seeds add them to the dough and then top the bread with more caraway seeds after the rise cycle and before the baking cycle. | <urn:uuid:47d42bb3-7347-4141-affd-820227c0ff34> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.breadmakermachines.com/bread-maker-machine-recipes/page/20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.942468 | 795 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Then you can use Garlic.
Garlic action against ticks and fleas
A tick looks for his host, e.g. dog or cat, by its scent. This is probably also the case for fleas. When you supplement your pet’s food with garlic, they spread another scent by the substance allicin. The tick and flea will not recognize the host, or they have an aversion against it. Garlic does not kill the parasite, but expels them. And in a natural way.
Garlic is also an ingredient of HOKAMIX, the experience of several dog owners is that HOKAMIX is also effective against parasites. | <urn:uuid:7c1203ac-ebd1-4a59-92ea-c534b35bee9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hokamix.com/topic/is-there-a-natural-product-against-ticks-and-fleas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.972421 | 138 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Did you always assume that success came right from innate talent or ability? Discuss people you know who are brilliant or talented but never went anywhere. And people who are not so brilliant or talented, but are highly successful. How did they do it?
Was there a difficult transition in your life where you fell into a fixed mindset and lost confidence in your abilities? Describe it.
Look at the before and after drawings on page 69. What do they tell you about talent?
Were you labeled a gifted child? Did it help you or hurt you?
Have you ever trusted someone’s negative evaluation of your ability or talent? Think about it now. How could they judge your potential? | <urn:uuid:01e27ba2-3cbe-4523-8992-c2527b66f6d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mindset.mrsmarshall.org/2014/10/09/chapter-3-the-truth-about-ability-and-accomplishment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.962143 | 141 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Lucenrai, a world with lush summers, and harsh winters, the kingdoms of man have made their claim. Lucenrai is a large continental landmass, and one of the only two known continents in the world, flanked by several smaller islands and landmasses. The heart of the continent consists of an expanse of plains, hills, and lightly forested grasslands. To the north are an expanse of tall mountains and tundra, covered in harsh everwinter forests. West of the heartland is Mediterranean and warm. Down to the south, the land gets considerably wetter, and has large stretches of thick forests, and marshy wetlands. Towards the east, the plains become harsh, turning into a craggy, rocky region which then opens up to a large, harsh desert. Across the ocean nearest the western coast, are small chains of tropical islands, these islands are the buffer zone to the continent of Reyen, a lush frontier land, filled with forests and natural resources waiting to be exploited. For years, the kingdoms of man have lived in relative harmony. This harmony has not always been peaceful, small wars breaking out between the different kingdoms, but there was balance, order. To the North is the Kingdom of Ardel, a hardy and proud people, used to harsh weather and hardtimes. In the Heartlands, the ever constant ally of Ardel is the Kingdom of Aven. With its fair lands, large mines, and central location, Aven is the prosperous and diverse and is a generally peaceful nation. To the West is a large mercantile Varyan Empire, famed for their massive trade power and wealth, as well as its access to the rich islands and resources of the new world. To the south, in the great forests is the Kingdom of the Welds. Colloquially known as the Kingdom of the Wilds, the Welds have been rivals of the Aven for centuries. To the east is no kingdom of man, rather hundreds of clans of nomads and raiders. Lucenrai is now in a state of turmoil. The Welds, longtime enemies of Aven have suddenly turned to the kingdom for help, desperately requesting aid against a sudden surge of marauding Orcs. Alongside the influx of Weld refugees, Orcish bands have appeared in South Aven and have begun pillaging the countryside. To make matters worse, the Varyan Empire has launched a massive invasion of Aven, seemingly taking advantage of the chaos created by the orcs. With an army armed and armored with the wealth of the mercantile empire and the resources from Reyen, the Varyan Empire has easily swept across the Aven countryside. On the brink of defeat, the forces of Aven have been forced back to its Capital city and the nearby lands. With little hope of victory, Aven decides to send its youth- its future, to the north, to seek refuge within the Kingdom of Ardel. In the dark of night, caravans from Aven are sent northbound, with nothing but a scant few guards, mercenaries and older teens to protect them while the remaining soldiers of Aven prepare to hold the Empire at bay. Plot This RP will revolve around one of the final caravans to leave the capital city of Aven. A ragtag group of old soldiers, grungy mercenaries, youths and children, we will struggle to survive in the wilderness as we flee from the dastardly forces of the Varyan Empire. Along the way we will be beset by hardship and adversity as we make our way through the war torn countryside of Aven and into the harsh wilderness of Ardel. At times, our story will be light hearted, at other times, it will be dramatic and tense as we attempt to prevail over insurmountable odds. Our characters will face daunting challenges, testing their wit and willpower, as well as their morals as they are pushed to their absolute limits in this struggle for survival. This is: "The Lucenrai Chronicles: The Fall of Aven" Rules 1. This Roleplay will have above average standards, I will be expecting at least a few, well written paragraphs, and absolutely NO ONE LINERS. 2. Be sensible and polite in the OOC. Any arguments should be either taken off to private messages, or brought to my attention. 3. No Mary/Gary Sues. Your characters are heroes, but they are not perfect. 4. No God-Moding. Your characters are important, but I will not hesitate to injure them if they do something exceedingly stupid. Note, as GM, I reserve the right to God-mod however I like, with the purpose of advancing the plot, or steering it in a specific direction. 5. This RP is rated M. Violence, and foul language is freely allowed, though for the sake of decency, any sexually graphic acts will fade to black (or will be taken to PM) before it goes too far. 6. Player knowledge is not character knowledge. Just because you know something (be it through OOC or another person's post, does not mean that your character knows. 7. As GM, my word is law. This does not mean I will be unreasonable, nor will it mean I will be unfair, but I will expect you to respect my executive decisions. Regarding Characters IMPORTANT: I will only be accepting up to 4-5 characters (not including my own or the Co-Gm's). Most characters will also be expected to be novices, relatively inexperienced, or 'low level' in skill. Characters for the most part will be youths and young adults, and can have some skills- though characters cannot be a master at arms. Alternatively I will allow one or two characters to play an older, more experienced and skilled character, provided that they are adequately balanced, for example, A skilled swordsman, who is now old, and no longer the fighter he once was. Character Creation This RP will not play out on a tabletop style system, and treasure and gear will be bountiful in this RP. However, for balancing purposes, every character will have a starting net worth of Gald(Currency), and 'skill points' depending on their character class, with this Gald, you can mix and match your starting equipment. If for some reason, your character does not have enough Gald to pick out everything you want, and provided the things you want are for story reasons, feel free to talk to me and we can easily hash out the details. Technology and Magic Pretty standard Fantasy fare, technology is your typical swords and shields. Steel plates, chainmail, and leather make up the backbone of defensive technology and we can expect to encounter rare and expensive fantasy metals such as Adamantium and Mithril. Magic is also as you'd expect, magical bolts of varying elements cast through willpower and concentration- though not all possess the talent for magic. Character Sheet Appearance: Your character's appearance. I prefer art images as opposed to real life pictures Name: Your character's first and last name. Age: The age of your character, the age range I'm expecting for most characters is 16-20. Old Caravan Guards and Mercenaries will obviously be a little bit older. Personality: One of the more important parts of your CS, give me a good taste of what your character is like. Backstory: Important, but not as important as your character's personality, give me a small summary of your character's history and bio. Skills and Abilities: Here is where you put things your character can do/are good at, as well as what magic abilities they have (if any). Magic is a rare talent and is difficult to master. If you intend on making your character a user of many weapons- chances are s/he won't be a master of magic. Equipment: Here is where you'll give me a list of your character's equipment, weapons, and armor- if any. Remember, you're playing refugees and raggedy caravan guards on the run- not a mobile armory. | <urn:uuid:2e797829-18e3-4580-bbe4-e255bccf6ed7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.iwakuroleplay.com/threads/the-lucenrai-chronicles-the-fall-of-aven.94970/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00065-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954791 | 1,635 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Maintenance Management Computer Aided Maintenance Management Computer-aided or computer, (also the initials CMMS). Sometimes also named as CMMS, short for computerized maintenance management system. It’s essentially a software tool that helps in managing maintenance services of a company. It’s basically a database that contains information about the company and its peacekeeping operations. This information is for all maintenance tasks are carried out more safely and efficiently. Also used as a management tool for decision making. Platforms aided maintenance management computer can be used by any organization that needs to manage the maintenance of its equipment, assets and properties. Some of the existing solutions are focused on specific markets (vehicle fleet maintenance, health services, etc.). But there are also products that target a general market.The software offers a wide variety of functionalities, depending on the needs of each organization, existing in the market a wide range of prices. It can be both accessible via the Web, while the application is hosted on servers in the company selling the product or provider of IT services accessible via LAN or if the buyer of the product company is hosting it on your own server. Management systems for computer aided maintenance are very close to the Facility management software and in many business areas, are considered interchangeable. | <urn:uuid:cac912d0-1d4d-4eac-b201-c63ef0af216e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reginamoran.com/lan-company | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.943737 | 261 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Seismic design of structures to Eurocode 8City University London
Price on request
- Bachelor's degree
- Islington (England)
What you'll learn on the course
The course is delivered in 11 modules (between 60 - 90 minutes each in length), along with time for reflection.
Sessions will cover the following:
- Introduction to Engineering Seismology
- Design seismic actions
- Conceptual design of building structures
- Analysis methods for seismic loading
- Seismic design of buildings
- Seismic design of bridges
- Seismic design of nuclear structures
- EC8 Provisions for steel structures
- EC8 Provisions for Reinforced Concrete buildings I
- EC8 Provisions for Reinforced Concrete buildings II
- EC8 Provisions for composite structures
Teaching and Assessment
The course includes a total of 11 lectures spread over 2.5 days with an afternoon start on the first day. Each lecture lasts between 60 - 90 min. There will also be time for discussion and reflection.
There is no formal assessment.
Please note lunch will not be provided on the first day, but is provided on the Thursday & Friday. Refreshments will also be available during breaks on each day.
Accommodation is not included in the course fee. However, City University is based in Central London (post code EC1V 0HB)... | <urn:uuid:d85e62a6-2625-4fc0-9363-736e8e178c17> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.emagister.in/seismic_design_of_structures_eurocode_8-courses-uk-170549708.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880361 | 285 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Henry J. Harder: pastor of the West Zion Mennonite Church near Carstairs, Alberta, was born at Latham, Missouri, on 26 November 1881 and died 31 May 1961 at Colorado Springs, Colorado. Bernice (Devitt) Harder (23 May 1883 - 17 September 1945) was a pioneer city mission worker prior to her marriage to Henry Harder on 27 October 1920.
Henry Harder attended public school and a Baptist Academy in Missouri and later attended Goshen College. He was ordained to ministry in the Mount Zion Mennonite Church near Versaille, Missouri, in 1906. He was also a teacher in Missouri, and served from 1909 until 1920 as Secretary-Treasurer of the Missouri-Iowa Mennonite Conference Mission Board.
After marrying Bernice Mae Devitt in 1920, Henry Harder served briefly as Superintendent of the Mission Sunday School in Los Angeles before moving to a farm east of Didsbury with Bernice's parents. They lived there until 1924 when they moved to Didsbury where Henry worked as a skilled carpenter.
Henry Harder became secretary of the Alberta-Saskatchewan Mennonite Conference in 1922 and was called to serve as the pastor of the West Zion Mennonite Church after the departure of Noah and Sarah Weber in 1923. His leadership style was gentle and soft-spoken, but based on a strong faith and love for the work of the church. He earned his living as a skilled carpenter, and was very much involved in the construction of a new church building for the West Zion Mennonite Church in the early 1930s. When parts of that building were renovated later, those involved were amazed at the innovative use of scarce or damaged materials which was a great help in the desperate economic conditions of the early 1930s.
Bernice Harder was a vivacious and dynamic person who provided enthusiasm and strong leadership. Prior to marriage she assisted in opening the Toronto Mennonite Mission and graduated from Toronto Bible Training School in 1911. With S. F. Coffman's encouragement, she did some Bible teaching in congregations in Alberta in 1912. She also assisted T. K. Hershey in starting the mission in Youngstown, Ohio. Immediately prior to marriage she worked in the Kansas City Children's Home. After marriage as a pastor's wife at West Zion she provided leadership in the congregational women's sewing circle and in women's meetings at the annual conference business and devotional meetings. When her health declined the Harders moved to Ontario in 1944, where she died in 1945.
Henry then did some short term mission work in Puerto Rico before returning to Alberta. When his health failed in 1959 Henry Harder went to live with his sisters in Colorado Springs. There he suffered a stroke in 1960 from which he never fully recovered. He died of pneumonia in 1961.
Harder, Richard, ed.West Zion Mennonite Church: Centennial Scrapbook, 1901-2001. Carstairs, Alberta : West Zion Mennonite Church, 2000.
Regehr, T. D. Faith, Life and Witness in the Northwest, 1903-2003: Centennial History of the Northwest Mennonite Conference. Kitchener, ON : Pandora Press, 2003.
Stauffer, Ezra. History of the Alberta-Saskatchewan Mennonite Conference. Ryley, Alberta: Alberta-Saskatchewan Mennonite Conference, 1960: 67.
Obituary for Bernice Devitt Harder in Gospel Herald (12 October 1945)
|Author(s)||Ted D Regehr|
|Date Published||December 2003|
Cite This Article
Regehr, Ted D. "Harder, Henry J. (1881-1961) & Bernice Devitt Harder (1883-1945)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. December 2003. Web. 23 Jan 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Harder,_Henry_J._(1881-1961)_%26_Bernice_Devitt_Harder_(1883-1945)&oldid=143292.
Regehr, Ted D. (December 2003). Harder, Henry J. (1881-1961) & Bernice Devitt Harder (1883-1945). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 23 January 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Harder,_Henry_J._(1881-1961)_%26_Bernice_Devitt_Harder_(1883-1945)&oldid=143292.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:32adc33f-f11c-4dc5-9820-c3ff1e37fd41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Harder,_Henry_J._(1881-1961)_%26_Bernice_Devitt_Harder_(1883-1945) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949125 | 981 | 2.03125 | 2 |
The Puerto Rico Sublease Agreement is an addendum to an existing lease that allows the current tenant of a property to rent all or part of their property to another party. In this kind of agreement, the original tenant of a property is known as the sublessor, and the party they rent their property out to is known as the sublessee.
A sublease is most commonly used when the sublessor wishes to vacate the property or wants to acquire a roommate not included on the original lease. There are no laws in Puerto Rico specifically pertaining to subletting, so all of the rules for subletting will be included on the lease itself. Unless the lease specifically allows unrestricted subletting, the sublessor will need to get written permission from the landlord before subleasing.
Note that, regardless of the terms of the sublease agreement, the sublessor is still responsible for ensuring that the terms of the original lease are upheld. If the sublessee breaks the lease in any way, the sublessor could face eviction alongside them. It is therefore highly suggested that the sublessee be a known party to the sublessor, be required to fill out the Rental Application Form, or both.
As there are no laws governing subletting specifically in Puerto Rico, a Sublease Agreement will be covered by all of the normal leasing laws, which in Puerto Rico can be found in the Laws of Puerto Rico, Title 10, Chapter 49A. | <urn:uuid:fbb11b35-9a4b-47d1-9ab8-00c30731a5f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://legalforms.org/rental-lease/pr/puerto-rico-sublease-agreement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00131-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946575 | 301 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Library Ed. Blackstone Audio 1994
CS ISBN $44.95 Seven cassettes
This rendition of this classic work is not an outstanding audio performance. Kandinsky fails to capture the correct tone for Twain. In telling the tale of the poor boy and prince who mistakenly swap identities, the author is also chuckling with the reader over the foibles of the rich and the poor. To be at its entertaining best, this work needs to be a performance piece with broad accents and wickedly whispered asides from Twain. Kandinsky’s voice is sometimes grating. T.R. ©AudioFile, Portland, Maine [Published: SEPT 95]
Sign up to receive FREE email newsletters from AudioFile. Get audiobook recommendations and reviews straight to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:9012d90a-4b0c-4f79-b4e2-3a46efbe32cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/5290/the-prince-and-the-pauper-by-mark-twain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870172 | 156 | 1.671875 | 2 |
January 8, 2013
Lancet reported December 1 results of a Chinese study of serodiscordant couples, with the HIV-positive partner taking antiretroviral drugs immediately upon diagnosis or enrollment in the study ("treated cohort"), or waiting until clinical indicators met guidelines for initiating treatment ("control cohort"), showed "a 26% relative reduction in HIV transmission ... in the treated cohort."
Interpretations of the results differ.
Britain's highly respected AidsMap.com reports the study authors' conclusion, "Our results strongly support the population-wide, real-world feasibility of treating HIV-positive individuals in serodiscordant couples to prevent HIV transmission in a developing country setting."
At issue is how Treatment as Prevention is applied in the field -- in China, or here in the United States. It may not promise to end the epidemic all by itself, but it can help bring a number epidemiologist refer to as "rho" -- the number of future new infections expected to result from each current new infection -- below 1.0. When rho falls below 1.0, the mathematics of the epidemic promise the epidemic will begin to shrink naturally on its own, just as it exploded naturally in the 1980s and early 1990s, when rho may have been as high as 2 or 3. Rho is probably almost exactly 1.0 in the United States today, with the CDC reporting 45-50,000 new infections, year after year.
No comments have been made.
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our content and advertising policies. | <urn:uuid:9ac5e96f-babb-48ff-b4e3-bf9f2a2bcdf7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thebodypro.com/content/70252/treatment-as-prevention-partially-effective-in-chi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00437-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946838 | 333 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Peter Neal Herndon
The world is to be carried forward by truth, which at first offends, which wins its way by degrees, which the many hate and would rejoice to crush.
—William Ellery Channing, 1849When we consider what religion is for mankind, and what science is, it is no exaggeration to say that the future course of history depends upon the decision of this generation as to the relations between them.
—Alfred North Whitehead, 1930
This teaching unit explores an issue which should be of great interest to both students and professional educators: intellectual freedom. What are the legal boundaries of what may and what may not be taught in public schools? What is the constitutional nature of this question? Besides educators, there are many individuals and groups which have input into the schools: students, parents, and local and state Boards of Education.
Who ultimately has the right to determine what is and what is not permitted to be taught? How often have courts (particularly the Supreme Court) ruled in cases involving teachers’ right to teach and students’ right to know? The United States claims to be a pluralistic society in which the rights of minorities are protected. Under law, how does a school system act to indeed protect the rights of minorities within a framework of intellectual freedom and the “right to know”? One of the underlying purposes of this unit is to examine ways of effecting possible changes in schools within the boundaries of the U.S. Constitution.
First, students will examine the issues underlying the famous case that involved a Tennessee science teacher named John Scopes who violated a state law in 1925 that forbid the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution. The issues of this famous trial will provide the main part of my teaching unit. In this case, famous expert lawyers (in this case the defense had Clarence Darrow plus two other civil rights attorneys who were paid for by the American Civil Liberties Union in New York), came to the defense of a “notorious” defendant. The drama of this case was heightened by the presence of three-time Presidential candidate and religious leader, William Jennings Bryan, who took the witness stand in a defense of Bible truth and in opposition to evolutionary teaching. The famous “monkey trial” is history, with Scopes’ penalty a small fine.
However, issues of censorship in the classroom are very much contemporary. In 1987 (Edwards v. Aguillard) the Supreme Court struck down a Louisiana law requiring that creationism be taught together with the theory of evolution. By debating the issues themselves, students should become more aware that what may or may not be appropriate to learn about in public school classrooms can be a highly controversial subject. How are such decisions arrived at? What about the dissenters (whether they be judges, parents, teachers or students)?
There are additional cases related to issues raised in the Scopes trial which can be considered as well. What happens when parents object to a New York Board of Education’s attempt to remove certain books from the library at the request of other parents ( Board of Education v. Pico, 1982)? Nine books were actually removed from a high school library because they were considered morally and/or politically objectionable. Was this allowed under the Constitution? Students might consider some of the titles and c ontent of these books and deliver their own “verdicts”. Also, what happens if family-religious values conflict with state school requirements (as in Yoder v. Wisconsin, 1971) when Amish families objected to their children remaining in school until the age of sixteen?
In 1988, near St. Louis, a high school principal censored the school newspaper, and removed articles about teenage pregnancy, birth control and the impact of divorce on children (Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier). Was this allowed under the U.S. Constitution?
Students who have participated in this issue-oriented debate over curriculum in the public schools have had their awareness heightened and their interests kindled. They have learned that Constitutional issues may affect them personally, discussion of issues can be quite emotional, and that court decisions may not satisfy everyone.
|American Civil Liberties Union||constitutionality (of laws)|
|appeal (Appellate Court)||criminal law|
|balanced treatment act||defense|
|Butler Act||Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)|
|checks and balances||evolutionary theory|
|civil law||exception (in court)|
|court record: off the record||fine (by jury or court)|
|court record: on the record||fundamentalism|
|grand jury||peremptory challenge|
|justice||repeal (a law)|
|legislature: lower house||separation of church and state|
|legislature: senate||separation of powers|
|McLean v. Arkansas (1982)||statute|
|misdemeanor||Tennessee v. John Scopes (1925)|
|motions (by counsel)||trial by jury|
|motions: overruled||violation (of law)|
This unit has challenged students to develop and use certain critical thinking skills. Students can, if the teacher so desires, become involved in several learning activities that will challenge them to read factual evidence carefully and analyze this evidence in ways that will enable them to become more coherent thinkers and writers. By debating legal issues with their classmates, students learn to improve speaking and listening skills, as well as small group process skills. In summary, students who complete this unit of study will have been exposed to methods which are intended to improve their abilities to decipher, interpret, organize and communicate information more effectively.
In addition to skill-building, students will become familiar with terminology relating to law and the courtroom. Students will be expected to keep lists of vocabulary words and concepts within their groups. Glossaries are available for them to consult. Independent research is encouraged. The teacher hands out specific questions to answer based on group readings to help students accurately summarize facts.
Following a discussion of the issues and after having been given a “Fact Sheet” on both Creation-science and Evolution-science, (see Lesson Plan section below) students are put into discussion groups with the purpose of preparing a recommendation to the “School Board.” After hearing the recommendations, the Board will recommend a policy to be followed in all science classes. This activity is geared toward familiarizing students with concepts such as “balanced treatment,” evolution and creation-science, but, more importantly, for them to see that many ideas for laws and litigation arise out of ordinary experiences.
The next class period, after hearing from the “School Board,” we learn that a “Balanced Treatment” Act has been challenged in court and has been struck down. Students will then hear the court’s reasons, which relate to First Amendment protections against establishment of a religion. Is this censorship? Students will be encouraged to discuss their views on forms of censorship carried on in public schools and the “reasonable limits” of such censorship. Who has the right to censor? Can policies and laws be challenged? If so, how? This should lead us into our assignment for the next several days, the issues surrounding the case of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, the so-called “monkey trial” held in Dayton, Tennessee in July, 1925, in which a science teacher was arrested for teaching evolution in violation of the state laws at that time.
Why had Butler sponsored such a bill? Butler firmly believed that:
In the first place, the Bible is the foundation upon which our American Government is built . . . The evolutionist who denies the bible story of creation, as well as other Biblical accounts . . . robs the Christian of his hope and undermines the foundation of our Government.The bill was referred to committee, and was passed by the lower house by a vote of 71 to 5.
(Quoted in Ginger, Six Days or Forever?, 4)
Then it was the senate’s turn. The bill in the senate was promoted, among others, by former Secretary of State and three-time Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, who would later participate as a special prosecutor in the Scopes trial a few months later. Bryan had helped successfully to sponsor an anti-evolution bill which had become law in Florida two years earlier. Bryan’s view was that evolution, if taught, should be recognized for what it was, a series of educated guesses.
The Senate passed the bill with little opposition by a vote of 24 to 6, exactly as written by John Butler. (See Appendix, Document 1.) Eight days later, Governor Austin Peay signed the bill into law, fully expecting that the law would not effectively change science teaching in Tennessee. (Appendix, Document 2.) The Butler anti-evolution Act was now law. Would it be enforced? Would there be a test case? Tennessee and the world did not have long to wait for an answer.
Scopes admitted he was opposed to the Tennessee anti-evolution law because he did not think that the state should tell all the Tennessee schools what could and could not be taught, that was a matter for a local or county school board, not the state. After some more discussion, Scopes agreed to be arrested; and on May 10, 1925, he was given a preliminary hearing before three judges. It was charged that he had taught the theory of evolution to his class on April 24 from Hunter’s Civic Biology textbook, which contained sentences such as: “We have now learned that animal forms may be arranged so as to begin with the simple one-celled forms and culminate with a group which contains man himself.” (Appendix, Document 4) A grand jury was scheduled to meet to formally indict Scopes. Bond was set at $1,000, and was paid by Robinson and Rappelyea. The grand jury met on July 10, one month earlier than scheduled, just to make sure that Dayton would get the test case publicity.
Meanwhile, Scopes had been invited to New York City to meet with the A.C.L.U. to choose counsel and plan legal strategy. Scopes was very pleased that the famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow had volunteered his services for this case. Assistance would be given by Dudley Field Malone and Arthur Garfield Hays, two other well-know attorneys. Three other lawyers represented Scopes, including a Tennessee law professor John R. Neal, who was placed in charge of the case.
A new indictment of Scopes had to be handed down, since the first indictment was done so hurriedly on May 25. Quickly, the first order of the court was to impanel a new grand jury and read them the anti-evolution statute that Scopes allegedly had violated. (Appendix, Document 1)
He then read from Genesis, Chapter One, containing the divine story of creation in the Bible. “And God created man in his own image, in the image of God created He them, male and female, created He them.” (Appendix, Document 3)
The judge went on to explain that the issue before the grand jury was not the wisdom of the Butler Act, but whether there had been a violation of it. If so, after an impartial examination of evidence (three of Scopes’ students had to be rounded up in order to give statements to the jury), it was found that the teacher broke the law, then it was their duty to return a report to the judge so stating. By 11 A.M. the grand jury returned an indictment. Now at last the case of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, No. 5232, could begin.
Before the selection of jury members for the trial to begin, Darrow wanted to know if and when his scientists were going to be able to testify for the defense. This question was a major issue before the court: Could the defense try to prove in the trial that the theory of evolution was a valid scientific proposition, and that it did not necessarily negate the teachings of the Bible? Or would the scope of the case be narrowed to the simple violation of the Butler Act?
Judge Raulston then ordered the selection of jury members to begin, even though a jury pool of only sixteen men was present. Darrow was shocked that the judge expected the jury to be impaneled in one afternoon; why there were times when two hundred veniremen and several weeks were needed to select a satisfactory jury.
The jury selection process which followed was quite fascinating. And it was complete by the end of the afternoon, much to everyone’s surprise. In order for students to more completely understand this segment of courtroom procedures, students may participate in a role play, where potential jurors are interviewed by the defense and prosecution attorneys, each with varying viewpoints toward either evolution or the Bible. In this way, with role-playing attorneys given only two peremptory challenges, the students will heighten their awareness not only of how jury selection works but also the issues at stake in the Scopes case. (Appendix, Document 7)
After accepting the first and second jurors, Darrow interviewed an ex-miner now a farmer, Jim Riley. Darrow inquired as to whether he had ever talked to anyone about evolution or heard any sermons about it. Riley said no.
DARROW: Ever hear Mr. Bryan speak about it?Riley was accepted, along with eight other farmers; two were landowners, and one a shipping clerk.
RILEY: No, sir.
DARROW: Ever read anything he said about it?
RILEY: No, sir; I can’t read.
DARROW: Well, you are fortunate. (Laughter)
(Quoted in Ginger, 98)
During the questioning, Darrow revealed that his strategy was to contend that evolution did not necessarily contradict Genesis, and therefore under the wording of the Butler Act, establish that his client, Scopes, may only have partially broken the law: the part that said it was forbidden to teach, “any theory that man has descended from a lower order of animals.” According to the defense motion, Scopes would have to commit two separate acts to be fully guilty under the law, the other act being that, “any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation as taught in the Bible”, is illegal. Was this the lawmakers’ original intent, or just legal “hairsplitting?” The court would have to rule on this motion (See Day Four of the trial).
B. MCKENZIE: Under the laws of the land, the constitution of Tennessee, no particular religion can be taught in the schools. We cannot teach any religion in the schools, therefore you cannot teach any evolution, or any doctrine that conflicts with the Bible. That sets them up exactly equal . . .As to the clarity of the statute (McKenzie continued):
Under the law you cannot teach in the common schools the Bible. Why should it be improper to provide that you cannot teach this other theory? (Grebstein, 57)Was evolution, then, to be construed as a set of “religious beliefs?” This same question would recur fifty years later in similar cases argued before the United States Supreme Court. (See “Two Modern Cases” below)
After the prosecution made its major point, that is, that the state has a duly constituted authority and legal responsibility to prescribe the curriculum for the public schools, Darrow got his chance to reply. His sarcasm was evident:
As hard as it is for me to bring my mind to conceive it, almost impossible as it is to put my mind back into the sixteenth century, I am going to argue it as if it was serious, and as if it was a death struggle between two civilizations. (Grebstein, 60)He was finished, and court adjourned for the day.
Was it science versus religion? Academic freedom versus the right of the state to standardize the curriculum? A simple matter of a state law being violated by a high school science teacher? The judge refused to rule on these matters until the next court session. Everyone was getting impatient, especially the jury members, who had been barred from the courtroom for two days. When, if ever, would they be allowed to hear the arguments that would decide the fate of John Scopes?
A rousing victory for the prosecution. The trial would proceed. The jury would be sworn in.
After a recess until 1 P.M., the court was to hear the only testimony that became part of the official court record, even though the trial would last eight days.
After the plea of Not Guilty was entered by the defense, a brief statement followed by the attorney-general, Mr. Stewart, stating that Scopes had violated the state law by teaching that man had descended from “a lower order of animals.”
With the jury still not present, Mr. Malone gave the defense’s opening statement in which he maintained: (1) there was no direct conflict between the theory of evolution and the theories of creation in Genesis; (2) stories of creation in Genesis were not scientifically correct.
After the jury was seated, Howard Morgan, fourteen, and one of Scopes’ science students, testified that his teacher had taught that man was a mammal and that life gradually had evolved from the sea. A sample of the cross-examination by Darrow:
Q: He didn’t say a cat was the same as a man?This exchange caused even members of the prosecution to grin.
A: No sir; he said man had a reasoning power; that these animals did not.
Q: There is some doubt about that, but that is what he said, is it? . . .
Q: Well, did he tell you anything else that was ‘wicked’?
A: No, not that I remember of.
Q: Now, that is about what he taught you. It has not hurt you any, has it?After hearing from another of Scopes’ students, Harry Shelton, the prosecution called F.E. Robinson, the school board member who had ordered the biology books used by Scopes. Darrow, in cross-examination, established that Scopes’ textbook, was indeed approved by the state.
A: No, sir.
(Grebstein, 102, 103, 105)
Darrow then read to the jury from the textbook the reasons why man was classified with the vertebrates, then the mammals, then with the apelike mammals. Not to be outdone, Stewart read into the record the first two chapters of Genesis. Balanced treatment. The state’s case was officially over; Bryan had not even made a statement!
The defense began its case after being allowed to swear in ten witnesses, nine of them distinguished scientists, all scheduled to testify as to the validity of evolution. The first witness sworn in was Dr. Maynard Metcalf, a zoologist, author and member of a Congregationalist church.
Was evolution a fact, he was asked?
The whole plan of evolution . . . seen so clearly in the universe as a whole, makes a tremendous probability in favor of the evolution of man (Grebstein, 115, emphasis added)Scientists, Metcalf insisted, disagreed that the evolution process was a “fact,” but he doubted “the truth of any hypothesis—as to the methods of the evolution which this or that or the other man—even great men of science—might bring up.” Inconclusive testimony at best. As it turned out, it was the only testimony on evolution the jury was to hear, from a scientist, at least.
According to the state, since Scopes had taught that man had descended from a lower order of animals, he had denied the Bible’s account of Creation. After lunch, William Jennings Bryan made his first speech. For an hour he warned of the evils of evolution and the truth of the Bible. And what of the children?
BRYAN: Why, my friends, if they believe it, they go back to scoff at the religion of their parents: And the parents have a right to say that no teacher paid by their money shall rob their children of faith in God and send them back to their homes, skeptical, infidels, agnostics or atheists. (Grebstein, 127)After a short recess, Malone made a long emotional speech to the court, in which he made an impassioned appeal (1) to recognize the Bible as a book on religion not science; (2) to realize there is no major conflict between Bible creation and evolution; (3) conclude that the truth could only be known if scientific testimony were allowed. On this last point Malone pleaded: “Is our only weapon—the witnesses who shall testify to the accuracy of our theory—Is our only weapon to be taken from us, so that the duel will be entirely one-sided?”
HAYS: We say that it is a denial of justice not to permit the Defense to make its case on its own theory.Raulston was clearly angered and said to Darrow: “I have a right to do something else, perhaps.” The crowd waited to see if the Judge would send Darrow to jail for contempt. But the Court did nothing. Instead he adjourned the court until Monday.
COURT: Let the exception be entered of record.
STEWART: I desire to except to exceptions made in that manner . . . I think it is a (poor) reflection on the Court . . .
COURT: Always expect this Court to rule correctly.
DARROW: No sir, we do not. (Laughter)
COURT: I suppose you anticipated it? (my ruling)
DARROW: Otherwise we should not be taking our exceptions here, your Honor. We expect to protect our rights in some other Court. Now that is plain enough, isn’t it? . . . I do not understand why every request of the State and every suggestion of the Prosecution should meet with an endless amount of time, and a bare suggestion of anything that is perfectly competent on our part should be immediately over-ruled.
COURT: I hope you do not mean to reflect upon the Court?
DARROW: Well, your Honor has the right to hope.
After lunch, Darrow made a statement to the court apologizing for his ill-mannered remarks on Friday. The Judge, in the name of Christ, forgave Darrow and accepted his apology with these words, “we forgive him and we forget it, and we commend him to go back home and learn in his heart the words of the Man who said: ‘If you thirst come unto Me and I will give thee life.’” (Quoted in Grebstein, 143) The courtroom applauded, as they had Darrow when he had finished his remarks. At this point, Judge Raulston announced that cracks had developed in the ceiling beneath the courtroom. He was fearful that the building would collapse, so he ordered court to convene outdoors for the afternoon session. The evidence by scientists continued to be read into the record (a pproximately 35,000 words altogether from seven scientists).
Next, the Judge agreed to have a large sign saying “READ YOUR BIBLE” removed from the courthouse, near where the absent jury was scheduled to sit. Again the judge wanted to appear as “fair” as he could.
Then, the surprise move by the Defense came: they wanted to call William Jennings Bryan as a witness, an expert witness on the Bible! The judge hesitated, the Prosecution objected, but Bryan seemed afraid not to. How could he refuse to give battle? He looked to the Judge to save him, but Raulston seemed to welcome the opportunity, giving Bryan permission to call Darrow to the witness stand as well. That opportunity was to be denied Bryan, however. And Darrow was to have the opportunity he had been waiting for since the trial began—to attempt to make a “monkey” out of Bryan.
Throughout the questioning, Darrow relentlessly pointed to miracles that, he said, could not have happened in a scientifically ordered world. Bryan replied, “One miracle is just as easy to believe as another.” Darrow was frustrated at Bryan’s refusal to give exact answers. He got angrier.
DARROW: What do you think?At this even the judge joined in the laughter. And despite objections for the questioning to stop, Bryan remained, insisting that the defense had “no other purpose than ridiculing every Christian who believes in the Bible.” Darrow’s response to Bryan: “We have the purpose of preventing bigots and ignoramuses from controlling the education of the United States and you know it—and that is all.”
BRYAN: I could not say.
DARROW: (Was the estimate of the time of the flood figured out) from the generations of man?
BRYAN: I would not want to say that.
DARROW: What do you think?
BRYAN: I do not think about things I don’t think about.
DARROW: Do you think about things you do think about?
BRYAN: Well, sometimes.
Bryan’s final retort: “I am simply trying to protect the word of God against the greatest atheist or agnostic in the United States. (prolonged applause from the crowd) I want the papers to know I am not afraid to get on the stand in front of him and let him do his worst.” (Grebstein, 164)
The questions continued. More arguing. Bryan did admit that the “days” in Genesis, he thought were “periods of time” not necessarily literal twenty-four hour days, but he “would not attempt to argue against anybody who wanted to believe in literal days.”
The testimony, which had lasted for over an hour and a half, was the “event” everyone had hoped for. The questioning ended with both men trading insults, and Bryan, obviously exhausted and trembling, was still willing to continue until Darrow was satisfied.
BRYAN: I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in a God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee—Darrow had the final slap in the face. Court was adjourned until 9 A.M. Tuesday.
DARROW: I object to that.
BRYAN: (continuing) to slur at it, and while it will require time, I am willing to take it.
DARROW: I object to your statement. I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.
(Grebstein, 169, 170)
The jury was brought in for the first time in days, and Darrow read his charge to the jury, saying that this case could only be settled in a higher court, “and it cannot get to a higher court unless you bring in a (guilty) verdict.” He was telling the jury he wanted them to find the defendant, Scopes, guilty!
Raulston explained that the fine, if the jury found Scopes guilty, should be set by the judge, unless they wanted to impose a fine of more than $100.00; otherwise they could just find the defendant guilty “and leave the punishment to the court.”
The jury retired for awhile and after nine full minutes returned with a verdict. Guilty. They left the matter of a fine to the court. The defendant, Scopes, silent throughout the trial, rose to face the judge, who imposed the minimum $100.00 fine. Finally, Scopes was allowed to make a brief statement:
Your Honor, I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom — that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our constitution, of personal and religious freedom. I think the fine is unjust. (Grebstein, 176) The judge then allowed some closing remarks from the various participants. The attorneys remarked on the hospitality of the judge, and the people of Tennessee; everyone seemed gracious and in good spirits. Even Darrow, humorously thanked the judge for his kind treatment in not having sent him to jail. Bryan gave a brief summary of the trial’s significance:
Here has been fought out a little case of little consequence as a case, but the world is interested because it raises an issue, and that issue will some day be settled right, whether it is settled on our side or the other side . . . . The people will determine the issue. They will take sides upon this issue; they will examine the information . . . and the facts will be known, and upon the facts, the decision will be rendered . . . No matter what our views may be, we ought not only desire, but pray, that that which is right will prevail, whether it be our way or somebody else’s. . .The judge put it this way:
Now my friends, the man . . . who is big enough to search for the truth and find it, and declares it in the face of all opposition is a big man . . . Now, my friends, the people in America are a great people. We are great because we are willing to lay down our differences when we fight the battle out and be friends. (Grebstein, 178, 180)Following the benediction, the court was adjourned.
Finally, there was an appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court, heard six months later, and argued by the same A.C.L.U.-sponsored lawyers for Scopes. Obviously, Bryan could not participate, since he had died on July 26, 1925, five days after the trial ended.
In his ruling, seven months later, on January 14, 1926, Chief Justice Green claimed that the Butler Act was clear in its meaning and intent and that it, indeed, was constitutionally valid. As for Scopes, due to Judge Raulston’s setting of Scopes’ fine rather than the jury, the verdict was reversed on a legal technicality. No further appeal was possible because of the judge’s error, so the case was thrown out of court. Motions for a new hearing were denied. One justice of the court dissented from the majority ruling because he felt the Butler Act was vague and unclear and should have been struck down for that reason.
Who won the Scopes case? There were, of course, differing opinions. An Oklahoma paper declared: “Mr. Bryan came out more than victorious. He made a monkey out of the defense counsel and left them gasping.” In Little Rock, Arkansas, the Gazette reported, “ For the state of Tennessee the Scopes trial has been a moral disaster. It will plague the citizen of Tennessee wherever he may go.” Dudley Malone, the Defense attorney, said the trial had been a “victorious defeat.” Students, having read and discussed most of the testimony of the trial, will be assigned to debate orally one of three positions on the following resolution:
RESOLVED, that the Scopes trial was a clear victory for the Anti- Evolutionists.The three positions will be the Affirmative (agrees with the resolution), the Negative (disagrees with the resolution), and the Middle Position (sees elements of victory for both sides). From the very beginning of the Scopes case, students should know which position they will be defending, and should be gathering “evidence” for their point of view.
Following the classroom debate, students should view the film “Inherit the Wind” (videocassette available through the Institute office or your local Video store) in whole or in part, for the students’ critical analysis (See Appendix for “Student Worksheet”). If time permits only one class period, begin showing from Day Seven of the trial, the day that Bryan takes the stand, the obvious climax of the film. Students should note how the film differs from historical fact and try to determine why the playwriters did so. Was the film in any way “biased” for or against either side in the case? Good insights should be gained from this class activity and critical thinking skills sharpened.
Balanced treatment shall be given in the public schools within this State . . . to the extent that (teaching methods) deal in any way with the subject of the origin of man, life, the earth, or the universe. Treatment of either evolution-science or creation-science shall be limited to scientific evidence for each model . . . and must not include any religious instruction or references to religious writings . . .Further the act required “instruction in both scientific models if public schools choose to teach either.” (italics added)
The emphasis appeared to be toward offering students the benefit of two models: “This legislature enacts this Act for public schools with the purpose of protecting academic freedom for students’ differing values and beliefs . . . This legislature does not have the purpose of causing instruction in religious concepts or making an establishment of religion.” (Quoted in LaFollette, ed., Creationism, Science and the Law, 15, 16, 17)
Nevertheless, with all its apparently “good motives,” the Arkansas “Balanced Treatment Act” was struck down as an attempt to bring “religious instruction into the classroom.” The court’s conclusion in a lengthy decision and after months of testimony, concluded that “The First Amendment principles are not determined by public opinion or by a majority vote . . . No group, . . . may use the organs of government, of which the public schools are the most conspicuous and influential, to foist its religious beliefs on others.” (Quoted in LaFollette, 72) Despite the gains at respectability made by creation-scientists, this decision had a devastating effect on their credibility. The question troubling many non- scientific laymen remains: Isn’t the court, by prohibiting creation-science from the classroom, exercising a form of censorship which denies students and teachers “academic freedom?”
These issues surfaced again, this time in Louisiana, with a court challenge to its 1981 “Balanced Treatment Instruction Act.” This time, the appeal went all the way to the top of the judicial ladder. The U.S. Supreme Court decided, in June, 1987, by a vote of 7 to 2, to strike down the Louisiana statute. Edwards v. Aguillard featured a high school science teacher, who, along with parents and other colleagues, won victories in two lower federal courts before the big victory in Washington, D.C.
And so, another round has been fought in the science v. religion controversy. Will there be a next round? Some, in 1925, didn’t think so, but they were proven wrong. Can religion and science be reconciled in certain areas? Do they have to “agree to disagree” in others?
A scientist who testified in the Scopes trial brought the issue forward this way:
Neither the right kind of mind (scientific) nor the right kind of heart (religious) will suffice without the other. Both are needed if civilization is to be saved. (Quoted in Tompkins, ed., 167)
Montagu, Ashley, Science and Creationism
LaFollette, Marcel, Creationism, Science and the Law
As students read the selected information about the trial, be aware of issues and terminology which will help students understand and appreciate the world-wide attention this trial was getting in the media. How might they have “covered” the trial? What kinds of stories might they have written?
Now that we have studied the issues and personalities in the famous Scopes case, we will view a dramatization of this trial. As in the Scopes case the defendant (Bert Cates) is arrested for violating the state law that made it a crime to teach any theory that contradicts the Bible. The defendant is represented by a famous trial lawyer (Henry Drummond) from Chicago, a religious agnostic. Another of the defense supporters is a journalist (E.V. Hornbeck), who does not take the trial seriously at all. The minister’s daughter (Rachel Brown), who is the defendant’s fiancee, is called as a prosecution witness in the trial by the prosecution attorney (Matthew Harrison Brady). Brady is a former candidate for President, a Bible expert and a supporter of conservative views and the “common man.”
As we view the film, be prepared to discuss the following:
The authors of the play, Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, insist their play “is not history.” Try to correct the fictious parts of the play as you remember them from your study of the Scopes trial. Complete the chart below (add others):
Section 2. Be it further enacted, that any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred ($100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($500.00) Dollars for each offense . . . (Grebstein, 3)
After a careful examination I can find nothing of consequence in the books now being taught in our schools with which the bill will interfere in the slightest manner. Therefore, it will not put our teachers in any jeopardy (legal danger). Probably the law will never be applied. It may not be sufficiently definite to permit of any specific application or enforcement. Nobody believes that it is going to be an active statute . . . (quoted in Ginger, 7)
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . . . (v. 1) And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. (v. 26)
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. (v. 27)
And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. (v. 31)
And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. (Chapter 2, verse 2)
The Doctrine of Evolution. We have now learned that animal forms may be arranged so as to begin with very simple one-celled forms and culminate with a group which contains man himself. This arrangement is called the evolutionary series. Evolution means change, and these groups are believed by scientists to represent stages in complexity of development of life on the earth. Geology teaches that millions of years ago, life upon the earth was very simple, and that gradually more and more complex forms of life appeared, as the rocks formed late in time show the most highly developed forms of animal life. The great English scientist Charles Darwin, from this and other evidence, explained the theory of evolution. This is the belief that simple forms of life on the earth slowly and gradually gave rise to those more complex and that thus ultimately the most complex forms came into existence. (page 194 of text)Man’s Place in Nature:
If we attempt to classify man, we see at once he must be placed with the vertebrate animals because of his possession of a vertebral column. Evidently, too, he is a mammal, because the young are nourished by milk secreted by the mother and because his body has at least a partial covering of hair . . . We must place him with the apelike mammals, because of these numerous points of structural likeness. The groups of mammals which includes the monkeys, apes and man we call the “primates.” Monkeys certainlyseem to have many of the mental attributes of man . . . (and therefore) the monkey justifies his inclusion with man in a separate mental genus.” (page 195 of text) (Grebstein, 28)
|Counsel for the State||Counsel for the Defendant|
|William J. Bryan, Jr.||Dudley Field Malone|
|B. G. McKenzie||Arthur G. Hays|
|J. G. McKenzie||W. O. Thompson|
|H. E. Hicks|
|W. C. Haggard|
THE COURT: The court will come to order. The Reverend Cartwright will please open court with prayer.
THE REV. CARTWRIGHT: We beseech Thee, our Heavenly Father, that Thou will grant unto every individual that share of wisdom that will enable them to go out from this session of the court, with the consciousness of having under God and grace done the very best thing possible, and the wisesth thing possible . . . Hear us in our prayers, our Father, this morning, for the cause of truth and righteousness . . . that the affairs of church and state may be so administered that God may beget unto Himself the greatest degree of honor and glory.
THE COURT: Seat everyone you can, Mr. Sheriff, and those that can’t get seats, let them stand around the wall.
THE COURT: Mr. Attorney General, come right up here, please. Let me have my docket, Mr. Clerk. 9:22 A.M.—Mr. Attorney General I am calling the case of the State v. John Thomas Scopes . . .
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL: If the Court please, in this case we think that it is proper that a new indictment be returned.
THE COURT: Do you want a jury empaneled?
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL: Yes, sir, and a new indictment.
THE COURT: Yes, sir.
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL: This indictment has been returned by agreement on both sides, but both sides are anxious that the record be kept straight and regular, and that no technical objection may be made in the appellate courts.
THE COURT: Very well . . .
THE COURT: Now let’s proceed to draw the jury, gentlemen . . .
(Grebstein, 32, 33)
Gentlemen of the grand jury . . . the statute which it is alleged that John T. Scopes violated, is Chapter 27 of the acts of 1925 which makes it unlawful to teach . . . any theory that denies the story of divine creation of man as taught in the Bible and instead thereof that man descended from a lower order of animals. (the judge reads Section 1 of the Act)
(the judge reads first chapter of Genesis)
Therefore, the vital question now involved for your consideration is, has the statute been violated by the said John T. Scopes? . . .
If you find the statute has been thus violated, you should indict the guilty person . . .
You will bear in mind that in this investigation you are not interested to inquire into the policy or wisdom of this legislation . . .
The policy and wisdom of any particular legislation addresses itself to the legislative branch of government, provided the proposed legislation is within constitutional limits.
Our constitution imposes upon the judicial branch the interpretation of statutes and upon the executive branch the enforcement of the law . . .
You may proceed with your investigation. (Grebstein, 34)
Questions by Mr. Darrow:
Q: What is your business?After a total of seven additional challenges by Darrow, the Court, and the prosecution, the jury was completed. (Grebstein, 40-42)
A: I am a minister.
Q: Where abouts?
A: I live in the second district of Rhea County, twenty miles north.
Q: Ever preach on evolution?
A: I don’t think so, definitely; that is, on evolution alone.
Q: Did you ever preach on evolution?
A: Yes. I haven’t as a subject; just taken that up; in connection with other subjects. I have referred to it in discussing it.
Q: Against it or for it?
A: I am strictly for the Bible.
Q: I am talking about evolution, I am not talking about the Bible. Did you preach for or against evolution?
A: Is that a fair question, judge?
THE COURT: Yes, answer the question.
A: Well, I preached against it, of course! (Applause)
THE COURT: Let’s have order.
MR. DARROW: Your honor, I am going to ask to have anybody excluded that applauds.
THE COURT: Yes, if you repeat that, ladies and gentlemen, you will be excluded. We cannot have applause. If you have feelings in this case you must not express them in the courtroom. If you do, I will have to exclude you.
Q: Have you formed a strong conviction against evolution?
A: Well, I have.
Q: You think you would be a fair juror in this case?
A: Well, I can take the law and the evidence in the case, I think, and try a man right . . .
Q: Have you heard of Mr. Scopes?
A: Yes, Sir; yes.
Q: You have heard that he is an evolutionist, haven’t you?
A: Yes, sir, I have heard that . . .
Q: You now have the opinion that evolution is contrary to the Bible and that my client has been teaching evolution; as you stand there now, that is your opinion?
A: Sure it is.
Q: You could change it if you heard evidence enough to change it on?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: Otherwise you couldn’t?
A: I have no right to; I don’t think.
MR. DARROW: I challenge for cause.
THE COURT: Well, I want every juror to start in with an open mind. I will excuse you, Mr. Massingill.
B: Do you believe that the Bible is the revealed will of God, inspired and trustworthy?
D: I think there is much of value in the Bible, but I do not believe it is written or inspired by God. I believe it should be taken as every other book, and that the portions in it that are sublime, like such portions of every other great book, might be called inspired . . .
B: Do you believe in the miracles recorded in the Old and New Testaments?
D: I do not believe in miracles. I believe the universe acts and always has acted according to immutable law, and that whatever may be back of the universe, it has never violated these laws.
B: Do you believe in the immortality of the soul?
D: I have been searching for proof of this all my life with the same desire to find it that is incident to every living thing, and I have never found any evidence on the subject. (Grebstein, 132-133)
- 1. “Evolution has no purpose; man must supply this for himself.”
- 2. “The Butler Act rested on the belief that truth can be determined by taking a vote.”
- 3. “Parents should not be deprived by Government of the right to direct the lives and education of their own children.”
- 4. “If I lose faith in Genesis, I’m afraid I’ll lose faith in the rest of the Bible, and if I want to commit larceny I’ll say I don’t believe in the part of the Bible that says ‘thou shalt not steal.’ The same thing applies to murder.”
- 5. “In a democracy issues of policy must be resolved by the elective process, not by appointive judges.”
- 6. “In the history of the world there has been nobody who has dealt scientifically with all questions.”
- 7. “Morality depends on religion. Government cannot be indifferent to religion.”
- 8. “Apart from human purposes, no purpose exists.”
- 9. “Human life is nothing without purpose. Read the Bible to determine God’s purpose for you.”
- 10. “Man has no real freedom of will; he is a machine; a product of heredity and environment.”
De Camp, L. Sprague. The Great Monkey Trial. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1968. Well-documented, with a helpful discussion of Darwinian discoveries and experiments; brings out the humorous as well as the serious.
Ginger, Ray. Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1958. Full of useful quotations; incisive and personal. Two especially good chapters, “Law as Symbolic Action” and “Some Perspectives” offer excellent isights into the trial as it fit into the 1920’s and as its legacy lives on today.
Grebstein, Sheldon Norman, ed. Monkey Trial: The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960. Selected documents from the Scopes trial; an excellent teaching aid. Includes a section called “The Editorial Reaction” which students should find fascinating; also selections from Scopes’ textbook and the Bible.
Follette, Marcel C., ed. Creationism, Science, and the Law: The Arkansas Case. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1983. Documents from the case over “Balanced Treatment” of Creation-Science and Evolution-Science, with articles by historians, journalists, scientists and legal experts.
Montagu, Ashley, ed. Science and Creationism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Fairly technical, philosophical articles; one excellent contribution is “Creation, Evolution and High School Texts” which gives actual samples of what Creation- Science texts contain. Some contributors were witnesses at the Arkansas trial.
National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science and Creationism. Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.; National Academy Press. 1984. A nicely illustrated, attractively prepared book particularly created for classroom use; sensitively written. Only 26 pages.
Shapley, Harlow, ed. Science Ponders Religion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960. Scientists write about religion; several selections on evolution and religion and the impact of one on the other; a philosophical work.
Tompkins, Jerry R., ed. D-Days at Dayton. Reflections on the Scopes Trial. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965. Very useful collection of articles, including John Scopes’ recollections forty years after the trial. Includes several Appendices of Affidavits read into the Dayton Court record in 1925. Illustrated.
Weinberg, Arthur, ed. Attorney For the Damned. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957. A summary of the many famous cases Clarence Darrow was participant in; a good introduction to the Scopes trial to set the mood.
Betts, John Rickards. “Darwinism, Evolution, and American Catholic Thought, 1860-1900.” Catholic Historical Review, 45 (July 1959): 161-185.
“Californians Will Monitor Evolution Teaching in Schools.” Christianity Today, 26 (5 February 1982): 69-70.
“The Creationists.” Special section in Science, 81 (December 1981).
“Creationists Lose in Arkansas.” Christianity Today, 26 (22 January 1982): 28-29.
Donohue, John W. “Creation and Evolutions ‘A Balanced Treatment.’” America, 146 (6 February 1982): 90-92.
Gish, Duane T. “Creation, Evolution, and the Historical Evidence.” American Biology Teacher, 35 (March 1973): 132-140.
Gish, Duane T. “The Scopes Trial in Reverse.” The Humanist, 37 (November/December 1977): 50-51.
Grabiner, J.V., and P.D. Miller. “Effects of the Scopes Trial: Was it a Victory for Evolutionists?” Science, 185 (6 September 1974): 832-837.
Saladin, Kenneth S. “Opposing Creationism: Scientists Organize.” The Humanist, 42 (March/April 1982): 59, 61. Sky, Theodore. “The Establishment Clause, Congress, and the Schools: An Historical Perspective.” Virginia Law Review, 52 (December 1966): 1395-1466.
Zuidema, Henry P. “Genetics and Genesis: The New Biology Textbooks that Include Creationism.” Creation/Evolution, (Summer 1981): 18-22. | <urn:uuid:1df3c6ee-b5f3-4fd5-bcbe-e3ec8d047a81> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/pubs/A5/herndon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963242 | 11,222 | 3.453125 | 3 |
So, you’re sold that Health and Social Care is the path for you. That’s great and all, but where on earth do you start...
- Provide care and support to people with long-term or complicated health conditions
- With experience, option to move into health promotion work, teaching or training
- Caring for people with long-term illnesses can be physically and emotionally demanding
As a community matron you'll work with patients in their own homes, residential homes, nursing homes and prisons, helping them to live independently and to cut down on the number of visits to hospital.//=nl2br( $texts['main'] )?> //=$texts['hidden'];?>
- Carrying out physical examinations and treatments
- Referring patients to a specialist
- Managing the care and support patients receive
- Identifying patients who may be at risk of being admitted to hospital when they don't need to be
- Managing services to make sure the focus of care is in the home and community for as long as possible
- Teaching patients, carers and relatives to spot changes that could lead to conditions getting worse
- Organising extra support like home care or respite care
- Making sure policy guidelines and procedures are followed
- Maintaining patient records
You'll work closely with health and social care professionals, voluntary services and carers. You'll also act as a clinical lead for other nursing staff and might train and mentor junior colleagues. Your working environment may be physically and emotionally demanding.
This role is ideal for someone who enjoys working with other people, has sensitivity and understanding and is flexible and open to change.
You can get into this job through professional development training with your employer. However, you'll need to be a registered nurse in any branch, or other registered health professional, for example a speech and language therapist with 3 to 5 years' post-registration experience.
You'll also usually need leadership and management experience, specialist knowledge of nursing procedures and practice, in-depth knowledge of long-term health conditions and treatments, and a willingness to work towards an appropriate masters qualification.
Some employers may also expect you to have a degree or postgraduate diploma in community practice specialising in district nursing, health visiting or practice nursing, a relevant teaching or mentoring qualification, or a nurse prescribing qualification.
You'll also need to register with the Nursing & Midwifery Council.
With experience, you could progress to service management level and become head of community nursing. You could also move into health promotion work, teaching or training. | <urn:uuid:5ea22011-47cd-4359-b0bf-d71831b9f03c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sortyourfuture.com/job-type/community-matron | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960776 | 566 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Marcel Dzama, Polytropos of Many Turns (2009), installation view. All photos by D. Terna, Art Observed.
Canadian-born artist Marcel Dzama debuts his latest film, “A Game of Chess” in his sixth solo exhibition at David Zwirner. The exhibition Behind Every Curtain is on view through March 19, and the three-tiered exhibition of drawings, dioramas, and motorized sculptures provide both a prelude to Dzama’s film as well as a record of the artistic process behind it. And while Dzama’s work has always been characterized by a fairy-tale like violence, both “A Game of Chess” and the pieces leading up to it seem to take a much darker and sinister turn than do Dzama’s previous exhibitions.
Installation view of the film, A Game of Chess.
More text and images after the jump…
Marcel Dzama, The Queen [La Reina] (2011) via Daniel Terna.
In the first room of the exhibition viewers are met with three monumental sculptures—The Rook [La Torre] (2011), Polytropos of many turns (2009), and The Queen [La Reina] (2011)—rotating in battle formation twelve or so inches above the ground. The deliberate placement of the sculptures across the gallery floor (or game board, perhaps) channel the audience through the space, directing viewers’ attention to Dzama’s elaborately rendered drawings. Working upon tapestries of sketchbook pages, stage notes, and even piano scrolls, Dzama’s graphite, ink, and watercolor drawings reveal bizarre characters engaged in dystopian warfare. As the raw motors of the turning sculptures are revealed, so is Dzama’s own handwriting, preliminary notes, and sketches. The drawings reveal clues to a mysterious conflict and provide both a narrative and overture to the film itself.
From his epic, high-detailed paper dioramas to the live mariachi band providing the film’s score, Dzama’s machine aesthetic echoes throughout the entire exhibition. Projected across an entire wall, “A Game of Chess” is violent, whimsical, and well-informed by cinematic history and constructivist theory.
Marcel Dzama, Turning into Puppets (2011), installation view.
“Behind Every Curtain” balances the chaos of war with the artistic process itself, and Marcel Dzama carries out his battles with the grace and deliberation of a game of chess.
Installation view of Polytropos of Many Turns (2009) and The Rook [La Torre] (2011).
Marcel Dzama, A Night, A Knightt, A Rookt, A Guestt, A Hostt, A Ghost. (2010). Via David Zwirner
Marcel Dzama, Winnipeg Was Won, Winnipeg was One (2011). Via David Zwirner
“A Game of Chess” Feature Trailer | <urn:uuid:baf6115f-cbdb-47e1-b24c-ec3f0ee39639> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://artobserved.com/2011/02/ao-on-site-new-york-marcel-dzama-behind-every-curtain-opening-at-david-zwirner-through-march-19-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00015-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919644 | 645 | 1.617188 | 2 |
« PreviousContinue »
a thing unknown, above conception because beyond experience; but equally so was Sleep. And though every attempt to describe sensations so unique must, more or less, involve a sort of ex post facto ascription of subsequent impressions, still, the Miltonic supposition is too natural not to be in accord with what men in general would assume as Adam's actual feelings. On a green shady bank, profuse of flowers, pensive he sits him down:
There gentle sleep
First found me, and with soft oppression seized
The affinity between Death and Sleep is, and ever has been, universally recognised. The Divine One, who spake as never man spake, said of a dead and buried follower, "Our friend Lazarus sleepeth." The brigands of revolutionary France-earthly, sensual, devilish-proclaimed death an eternal sleep. The image is everywhere in vogue, the analogy always holds good, the relationship is remarked by every age, in every clime, by saint, by savage, and by sage. Not a mortal day passes, but sleep is a familiar presence. Not a mortal life, but closes in a longer, deeper, stiller, more perfect sleep.
The epithets bestowed on death by the ancients are profusely borrowed from its living counterpart, or similitude, or foreshadow. If they call it a dura necessitas, they call it also a dura quies. It is a ferreus somnus. On the other hand, somnus, sleep itself, is mortis imago. It is letho simillimus. It is consanguineus lethi sopor. Death and his brother Sleep-is that an original idea of Shelley's? Not by centuries upon centuries. Gelida mortis frater languidus is an old-world paraphrase for man's nightly repose.
When considering, in that discursive manner of his, how a man may, in some measure, make death familiar to him, Montaigne pronounces it to be not without reason that we are taught to consider sleep as a resemblance of death-calling attention to the facility with which we pass from waking to sleeping, and the little concern we feel in losing the knowledge of light and of ourselves. "Perhaps the faculty of sleeping would seem useless and contrary to nature, since it deprives us of all action and sense, were it not that by it Nature instructs us that she has equally made us to die as to live, and from life presents us the estate she reserves for us after it, to accustom us to it, and to take from us the fear of it. But such as have by some violent accident fallen into a swoon, and in it have lost all sense, these, methinks, have been very near seeing the true and natural face of death." Such an accident Michael himself had experienced, and his experience he details for the use of others.
"When boys go first to bed,"
says holy George Herbert,
"They step into their voluntary graves;
Successive nights, like rolling waves,
Which of us but has, at some time, felt a sweet thrill, and been conscious of an awe, and an earnestness, solemn as strange, when joining in the petition of England's Evening Hymn-that true national anthemto be taught so to live that we may dread the grave as little as our bed? George Herbert had anticipated Bishop Ken in this Christian aspiration, and glorified Death as a transfigured form:
Therefore we can go die as sleep, and trust
Unto an honest faithful grave;
Making our pillows either down or dust.
Shakspeare makes the Duke, in "Measure for Measure," thus reason with life-when reasoning that it is a thing that none but fools would keep :
Thy best of rest is Sleep,
And that thou oft provok'st; yet grossly fear'st
In the same strain, only more at large, reasons George Chapman, of the same age, in his now forgotten tragedy of "Cæsar and Pompey:"
Poor slaves, how terrible this Death is to them!-
That interrupts them; physic take, to take
"Good rest the gods vouchsafe you." But when Death,
O how men grudge, and shake, and fear, and fly
The hunting Lord, gazing on Christopher Sly, who lies dead drunk before the alehouse on the heath, is moved to exclaim: "Grim death, how foul and loathsome is thine image!" Paulina, preparing Leontes for a view of the supposed statue of his wife, bids him expect "to see the life as lively mocked, as ever still sleep mocked death." We have a Shakspearean glimpse of Lucrece asleep, her hair, like golden threads, playing with her breath
Showing life's triumph in the map of death,
One of the "leading articles," so to speak, in the "Newes" of Sir Thomas Overbury, describes death as "sleep's picture drawn to life, or the twilight of life and death." In sleep, he says, "we kindly shake death by the hand; but when we are awaked, we will not know him. Often sleepings are so many trials to die, that at last we may do it perfectly." Elsewhere he affirms, in the paradoxical style then so much cultivated, that "no man goes to bed till he dies, nor wakes till he be dead." To the same effect writes Jeremy Taylor, that "we so converse every night with the image of death, that every morning we find an argument of the re
surrection. Sleep and death have but one mother, and they have but one name in common. Charnel-houses are but κοιμητηςια, “ cemeteries or sleeping-places ;" and "in sleep our senses are as fast bound by Nature, as our joints are by the grave-clothes; and unless an angel of God waken us every morning, we must confess ourselves as unable to converse with men, as we now are afraid to die and converse with spirits. But, however, death itself is no more; it is but a darkness and a shadow, a rest and a forgetfulness. What is there more in death? What is there less in sleep?"
Coleridge's Monody on the death of Chatterton opens with the exclamation,
O what a wonder seems the fear of death,
Seeing how gladly we all sink to sleep,
Night following night for threescore years and ten!
One section of Tennyson's In Memoriam opens with the hypothesis, "If Sleep and Death be truly one;" another, with the apostrophe, "Sleep, kinsman thou to death and trance;" while a third, addressed to the dead friend here held in remembrance, begins with this soothing stanza
When in the down I sink my head,
Sleep, Death's twin-brother, times my breath;
This twin-brotherhood is, almost everywhere among the poets, an acknowledged relationship. Yet Wilson utters a protest against it, when he makes the Ettrick Shepherd object that "sleep is not death-nor yet death's brither, though it has been ca'd sae by ane wha suld hae kent better-but it is the activity o' spiritual life." How this objection affects the poetical assumption it would, perhaps, be difficult to show. For the poets all along assume the sleep of death to have its dreams, its activity of spiritual life. To sleep-muses Hamlet-to sleep, perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub; for in that sleep of death what dreams may come-must give him, the proposed self-slayer, pause. The good man, dying, is, in Bryant's "Thanatopsis,"
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
Many a time has death been taken for sleep, and sleep for death; the dead for those that slumber, and the slumbering for those that are "no more." Innocent childhood looks on the face of the departed, and believes the repose to be life's common every-day rest. Anxious watchers rivet their gaze on the calm sleeper, and fear that calm to be of the sleep that knows no waking. Arviragus finds Imogen "as dead," "thus smiling, as some fly had tickled slumber, not as death's dart, being laugh'd at.... . I thought, he slept; and put my clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness answered my steps too loud." "Is he so hasty," complains Shakspeare's Henry IV, when the Prince has removed crown," so hasty that he doth suppose my sleep my death?" The Prince had not removed that "golden rigol" until he had watched a downy feather by the lips of the king, which stirred not-until he had called, and there was no answer-whence his inference, "this sleep is
sound indeed," the sleep that no morning will break, no fatigue renew. So, again, with the parents of Juliet, after she has drained the friar's draught. "Jenny, tu souffres ?" tenderly asked Grétry of his eldest girl(all Grétry's daughters died at about sixteen)-her answer was, "C'est fini ;" and then, in the words of a biographer, "elle pencha la tête et mourut sans secousses au même instant. Le pauvre Grétry lui demanda si elle dormait: elle dormait avec les anges." Thomas Hood, who in his "Hero and Leander" pictures a form on which "you might gaze twice ere Death it seem'd, and not his cousin, Sleep, that through those creviced lids did underpeep"-has described, in a fragment called "The Deathbed," with exquisite pathos and simple power, what some of us have witnessed, and having witnessed, have desired for ourselves, if the desire be lawful so imperceptible the passage from calm slumber to calmer death, so unobserved the merging of one in the other.
Our very hopes belied our fears,
Our fears our hopes belied
We thought her dying when she slept,
The sight of sleeping childhood is often suggestive, to their elders, of the more solemn rest that remaineth for all the children of time. Three and-twenty years ago the same Thomas Hood, being at Coblentz, and gazing on his wife and two children asleep in the same chamber, was moved to an almost wish that he and they might then and there find mortality swallowed up of life, sleep merged in death. He recognised his universe of love, all that his God could give him or remove, there sleeping, save himself, in mimic death: hence arose the half-cherished, half-withstood yearning
Almost I wish that with one common sigh
Where Father, Mother, Children, Husband, Wife,
The aspiration—or, rather, unformed fancy-might be a strangely sad or sadly strange one. But thoughtful and suffering minds, versed in worldly trials, and already wounded in the battle of life, are not unapt to think sad thoughts, and strange, beside slumbering childhood. Watching the serenity that there abides, and remembering the awful antitype of which a placid symbol is before us, well may the wistful desire rise from heart to lips, May my last end be like this!-Like it, in some respects, we know it will be; for is not Death, even that of wrinkled eld, the brother of Sleep, even that of babes and sucklings? Mrs. Browning's stanzas, addressed to an infant sleeping on the floor, tired of all the playing, touchingly illustrate this aspect of our theme: the minstrel is near as tired of pain as the child seems of pleasure; God knows that, she says; and then she anticipates a coming sleep for herself, after life's fitful fever, wearied with the din, and toil, and vanity:
Very soon too, by His grace
Gently wrapt around me,
Differing in this, that you
Sleeping shall be colder,
The last stanza of another poem of hers, "The Sleep," is set in the same key-a soft low minor
How is that, if we believe our papas, there is no such thing as a good actor in England at the present day? Why should the stage have degenerated, when every other liberal profession has made such startling progress? But, to tell the truth, we believe the paternal hints must be taken cum grano; when he says that the sun of tragedy set with John Kemble, we are inclined to say, if we dared, that it is all nonsense, and that if we wanted actors of that sort and calibre they could be procured within a very short period, for it is an established maxim of England that the supply is only regulated by the demand. Yet, we dare say, when we come in our turn to find the easy-chair the most comfortable part of the room, and are bringing up our boys in the way they should go, we shall be also lamenting the decline of the drama which went out with Charles Kean. But no! we shall never make such an assertion as that, unless we are confined in Hanwell. What we would propound then is, that, as every hen considers her own chick the finest, so we of the present day admire our actors as the first in their respective class, and only give a doubtful faith to such assertions as those to which we alluded above.
In Germany much the same feeling is extant; though the taste for theatrical matters in that country is far more decided than among us, and they certainly produce a better ensemble than can be found anywhere in England, save at one or two small London theatres. There are very keen critics among them, and many quidnunes who praise the past days to the disparagement of our own, and an actor must pass through a tremendous ordeal before he can become a recognised celebrity. Some few years back a German company played in London, and was deservedly admired for the perfection of their acting and the exquisite ensemble and finish; and yet, of the entire company, Emile Devrient was the only one who | <urn:uuid:6de0dcf9-a579-4167-8a34-36c56e05c889> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=3XEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA524&focus=viewport&vq=%22If+thou+didst+ever+hold+me+in+thy+heart,+Absent+thee+from+felicity+awhile,+And+in+this+harsh+world+draw%22&dq=related:UOM39015066464473&lr=&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.962711 | 3,062 | 2.515625 | 3 |
||The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|Stable release||0.1.9 (5 April 2007[±])|
|Preview release||0.5.1 (6 September 2010[±])|
|Operating system||Mac OS X|
|Type||Raster graphics editor|
|License||GNU General Public License|
Seashore is an image editor for Mac OS X that is based on the technology of GIMP, with a clean user interface (using Cocoa). Seashore uses GIMP's native file format, XCF, and has support for a handful of other graphics file formats, including full support for TIFF, PNG, and JPEG, and read-only support for BMP, PDF and GIF. Seashore offers a smaller number of features in comparison with GIMP, but it includes layers and alpha channel support, gradients and transparency effects, anti-aliased brushes, tablet support and plug-in filters.
Seashore version 0.5.1 was released in 2010 and is considered to be in Beta stages. The last stable release is more than seven years old, and the most recent preview release is over three years old.
It lacks many features that GIMP has, but Seashore's purpose is to become an easy-to-use free software graphics editor that runs natively on Mac OS X. Seashore is written using the native Mac toolkit, Cocoa.
Seashore has many of the basic features found in graphics editing software, including:
- Full support for the XCF file format
- Reading and writing TIFF, PNG, GIF, JPEG and JPEG 2000 file formats
- Reading BMP, PDF, PICT, and XBM file formats
- Layers and layer merging effects
- Individual editing of layer channels
- Transparency effects and transparency in gradients
- Arbitrary selection regions (i.e. through a lasso tool)
- Anti-aliased paint brushes
- 6 gradient effects
- Graphics tablet support
- Plug-in filter effects
As a Cocoa version of GIMP is now available on Mac, Seashore has lost most of its relevance. | <urn:uuid:a3f34d0c-5f1e-4325-97d6-3cf983377258> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashore_(software) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00553-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90505 | 484 | 1.609375 | 2 |
3 Answers | Add Yours
Your question is really broad, so I'll attempt to give you a far-reaching answer concerning Achebe's Things Fall Apart.
There are numerous ways one could analyze this novel. I'll give you a list to choose from, based on the eNotes Study Guides on the novel.
- Custom and Tradition
- Choices and Consequences
- Alienation and Loneliness
- Change and Transformation
- Good and Evil
- Culture Clash
Characterization: methods and results
- Plot and Structure
- Foils: Okonkwo & Obierika, Ikemefuma & Nwoye, Mr. Brown & Reverand Smith
Again, there are endless ways to analyze any work of literature, but if you're looking for something concrete to begin your study with, the above should give you plenty of possibilities. I strongly suggest looking at the Study Guides I'll list below.
There are a variety of ways to approach this text; one of the most straight-forward is as a criticism of the European colonization of and exploitation of Africa and its peoples. The characters and story of Things Fall Apart are strong examples of the dangers of cultural engineering and the loss of innocence and even the loss of common sense that can come from the relentless push towards "progress" or someone else's ideal.
In combination with a book like King Leopold's Ghost, you can examine some of the historical assumptions and the commentary Achebe is making with the story. An in-depth knowledge of the time period and the various colonial powers and their actions along with the various cultures and nations within Africa can create a very powerful discussion of the way that Achebe represents the "white man" and the African alike.
The different approaches can be tailored to fit older students with more experience or understanding of the historical and cultural issues of the time or younger students new to these types of questions and without a great deal of background knowledge or understanding of the context.
Personally, i enjoyed analyzing the theme of nature. it is also interesting to study from a Biblical perspective
We’ve answered 317,630 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:78ae3ef4-0be0-4ee2-a764-22b042f6c8b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-can-we-analyse-things-fall-apart-by-chinua-155729 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00561-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923272 | 450 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Nov 28, Heavy pruning of rosebushes is best done when they are dormant, but if you trim a rose bush correctly in the summer, you can increase its late-season bloom. Sep 17, Many shrub roses bloom on shoots emerging from old wood, so you can't cut back old wood in the spring without sacrificing blooms.
When these plants need pruning, do so little by little. Trim out just a few canes in the spring. And then throughout the year, prune whatever is necessary to maintain the plant's bushremove.buzzted Reading Time: 5 mins. Heavy pruning of rosebushes is best done when they are dormant, but if you trim a rose bush correctly in the summer, you can increase its late-season bloom.
The best time for summer pruning is after a flush of blooms. You don’t need any particular skill to prune correctly, just clip off the spent blossoms in late summer. The pure white flower is similar to a lace-cap, but with larger petals. It doesn’t need a trellis and doesn’t need to be tied up. It is vigorous, but not like wisteria which is destructive.
New Dawn roses seem to be synonymous with Nantucket.
Dec 04, Rugosa roses have foliage far denser than most varieties, making late winter to early spring, just as new leaf buds begin to swell, the proper time to prune. Much later, and you may not be able to. can you trim rose bushes in the summer | <urn:uuid:9e499778-342c-44f7-9f45-09e784034dd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bushremove.buzz/can-you-trim-rose-bushes-in-the-summer-2554-nantucket-ma.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.924363 | 325 | 2 | 2 |
First Thing’s First: Get to Know Your Gut
As the epicenter of your body, your gut is home to trillions of microbes that all work in harmony with your body’s cells to keep you thriving.
In fact, 80% of your immune system lives within the inner ecosystem of the gut, affecting almost every aspect of how you feel each day.
When your gut is healthy, it contains a solid balance of about 85% good guys and 15% bad guys.
The good bacteria in your body work to keep you both feeling and functioning at your best by:
- Supporting your immune system
- Digesting your food
- Supporting mental clarity
- Promoting nutrient absorption
- Balancing your hormones
- Normalizing glucose levels
- Supporting a healthy gut barrier
- Regulating inflammation
- Warding off pathogens and disease-causing microbes
However, many aspects of everyday life can deplete your good bacteria without you even knowing, like highly processed food, antibiotics (both as medicine and in our food supply), everyday hygiene habits, toxins in the environment, the natural aging process, and as we’ve mentioned above, ongoing stress.
How Stress Hurts Your Gut and Your Health
Put simply, when you’re experiencing elevated stress levels, your brain goes into flight-or-fight mode, which can impact the blood flow to your gut. This is why it’s common to experience a lull in digestive and immune health in tandem with episodes of heightened stress.
Interestingly, one of the key services your bacteria provide is helping to signal the proper response to the brain to cope with elevated “stressors” so that they don’t affect the rest of the body.
But when compounded over time, chronic, long-term stress can erode the good guys put in place to protect you from the effects of…you guessed it, stress.
Here are some wonderful articles on todays topic of ‘Is Stress Affecting your Physical Health?’ The answer is YES!
“Research has linked high levels of stress with autoimmune disease, heart disease, ulcers, diabetes, hormone imbalances, and countless other chronic health conditions. However, even knowing this research, doctors and patients alike still tend to focus more on the physical causes of disease rather than the physical and mental stressors that are often impacting their health.
The truth is that I’m seeing more and more patients with stress as a primary cause of their autoimmune and other chronic diseases, and it’s not just adults!” – Dr. Amy Myers
“It’s a struggle for all of us at one time or another, but did you know that recurrent stress — the heightened sense of urgency, anxiety, fear, or even adrenaline that is often present in our fast-paced, modern lives — can literally chip away at the foundation of your health and affect your long-term wellness?” – Jamie Morea, Founder of Hyperbiotics
“According to Wikipedia, Type A individuals are described as ambitious, aggressive, business-like, controlling, highly competitive, impatient, time-conscious, and tightly-wound. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving “workaholics” who multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence.
That doesn’t exactly paint us in a flattering light, does it? I promise, we’re generally more fun than Wikipedia would suggest. The problem is that under the right conditions, Type A drive can morph and grow into something else entirely – an actual stress addiction. And we mean that in the most literal sense of the word.” – whole9life P1
“According to Robert M. Sapolsky, author of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, in the case of chronic psychological stress, the stress response can become more damaging than the stressor itself. Think of your body’s stress response as short-sighted and inefficient – extremely costly tasks your body must perform to respond effectively in an emergency. (After all, your body’s ‘fight or flight’ response can save your life in an emergency.) The trouble for the stress junkie, however, is that we’re not designed to stay in that mode. And the way we often handle stress – eating sugary, calorie-dense processed foods, staying late at work, exercising too little (or too much) or drinking to excess – makes a bad situation even worse.” – whole9life P2 | <urn:uuid:46ab6371-a364-445b-9da3-4bdcc1cf9537> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://missionfitlife.com/is-stress-affecting-your-physical-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.936255 | 949 | 2.46875 | 2 |
AUSTIN (KXAN) — Parts of Central Texas have benefitted from much-needed rain over the past few days, but showers and storms have been pretty sporadic, and much of the area is still in extreme or exceptional drought.
“Honestly, we needed about a week’s worth of rain to make a significant difference,” said Will Boettner, wildfire mitigation officer in the Travis County Fire Marshal’s Office. “All of our grasses are very, very dry, all of the things that were knocked down during the big freeze last year are laying on the ground and they’re very dry. It’s just like fireplace firewood.”
Boettner spoke to KXAN’s Jennifer Sanders during the annual Family Eldercare Summer Fan Drive.
He warned that this year could see a repeat of 2011, when multiple wildfires broke out in Central Texas, including the deadly Bastrop County Complex Fire that destroyed more than 1,600 homes and burned more than 32,000 acres.
“We are looking at what may be a repeat of 2011 here in Central Texas with the amount of heat we’re getting, with the very little rain that we’ve seen and the fact that we had a really kind of a wet spring that gave us a lot of vegetation that grew up and has subsequently died and is now available to burn,” Boettner said.
Check out the full interview above for tips on how you can help prevent wildfires. | <urn:uuid:8f346a7b-1190-4cd1-b681-2ba7a74b5dcf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/fire-risk-remains-in-travis-county-even-after-rain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.97093 | 315 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
A qualitative research study was conducted to explore leadership competencies of presidents of public universities with enrollments of less than 7,000, located in small rural communities and distant locations in the Upper Midwest. The context of higher education is constantly evolving. Internal pressures from faculty and students, as well as external factors such as finances, new technologies, and stakeholder demands play a role in determining the future of academic institutions and the success of their leadership.
Much literature has been written regarding higher education leadership, best practices for success, and future changes that should be made to maintain sustainable institutions, especially in rural settings. However, little research has been conducted focusing on higher education institutions set in rural locations that serve primarily rural stakeholders. This study added to the knowledge on rural educational institutions by: (a) using in-depth interviews to explore the context of leadership at rural higher education institutions, (b) analyzing skill sets identified by the presidents interviewed, and (c) attempting to identify suggested competencies that may help future leaders, or those selecting future leaders, to better prepare for conditions that lie ahead.
During the course of this research, it became apparent that effective leadership depends upon a process, and that process was used to develop a grounded theory model described in detail within this dissertation. The resulting model highlights the complexity and breadth of consideration participating presidents have taken in the process of leading their institutions. This process depicts how presidents must develop strategic foresight that includes a consideration of the culture and context of their institutions as well as the needs of a vast array of stakeholders in order to advance their institutions and create sustainability in their institutions for the future. After developing foresight, leaders assess strengths and weaknesses of each opportunity that presents itself. Then leaders work on empowering faculty and staff at their institutions to move forward.
Spaeth, Teresa Caplinger, "A Presidential Leadership Process For Higher Education In Small, Rural Institutions And Settings" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2485. | <urn:uuid:1ca10a4e-0c17-4f57-b88b-817ab077bfde> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://commons.und.edu/theses/2485/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.956617 | 459 | 1.726563 | 2 |
The person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality (synset 105798577)
Refuse to accept or acknowledge (synset 200687584)
"I reject the idea of starting a war"; "The journal rejected the student's paper"hyponym:
- disbelieve, discredit - reject as false; refuse to accept
- repudiate - refuse to acknowledge, ratify, or recognize as valid
- recuse - challenge or except to a judge as being incompetent or interested, in canon and civil law
- reprobate - reject (documents) as invalid
- disown, renounce, repudiate - cast off
- brush aside, brush off, discount, dismiss, disregard, ignore, push aside - bar from attention or consideration
Refuse to accept (synset 202242120)
"He refused my offer of hospitality"
Deem wrong or inappropriate (synset 200808840)
"I disapprove of her child rearing methods"hyponym:synonym: disapprove
Reject with contempt (synset 200798638)
"She spurned his advances"
Resist immunologically the introduction of some foreign tissue or organ (synset 202760892)
"His body rejected the liver of the donor"
Refuse entrance or membership (synset 202508565)
"They turned away hundreds of fans"; "Black people were often rejected by country clubs"
Dismiss from consideration or a contest (synset 200687320)
"John was ruled out as a possible suspect because he had a strong alibi"; "This possibility can be eliminated from our consideration"
Found on Word Lists
Find words of a similar nature on these lists: | <urn:uuid:bff653c6-a1b4-43ce-9266-c74498b27b50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://muse.dillfrog.com/meaning/word/reject | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.914326 | 393 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Under current federal law a spouse who has reached age 62 can claim a Social Security benefit based on his or her own earnings. That spouse could get a higher monthly payment if he or she waits to age 65 before claiming the benefit. Once the spouse submits the claim, he or she will start receiving monthly checks from Social Security.
There is a way that some same sex married couples can manage their Social Security to maximize their total household Social Security income.
Note: I am not an attorney or a qualified tax expert. No action should be taken based solely on the content of these memos. However, I hope the memos will help you ask the right questions of people who are qualified in these issues.
Here is how a same sex married couple might be able to maximize their Social Security income. Federal law allows someone (let’s call him Tom) to claim a Social Security benefit based on the earnings of his or her spouse. Let’s call him George. If George had much higher income than Tom, Tom’s Social Security check might be higher if he claimed as the spouse George instead of claiming the monthly amount due based on his own earnings.
The problem is that, in order for Tom to claim Social Security as George’s spouse, George must also claim his Social Security benefit. The problem with that is that locks in the amount that George can receive in each month from Social Security.
George could claim Social Security as early as when he reaches age 62. But that means he would be locked in to a relatively low Social Security monthly check. If he waited until he was 70 years old his monthly check would be higher. In fact each year beyond 62 that he continues working, and not claiming Social Security, (up until age 70) the amount of Social Security dollars he would qualify for goes up by 8%.
Then too, George’s salary, between his 62nd and 70th birthdays are likely to be the highest he earned during his work life. That salary increase would increase the amount he qualifies for in Social Security monthly checks.
It would be a shame for George to have to sacrifice that extra Social Security income just so Tom can claim Social Security based on George’s work history. But actually George does not have to make that sacrifice.
Under current law George can file for Social Security benefits, but then immediately suspend receipt of those benefits until some future date. By doing this, Tom can claim a spousal benefit and George can let his or her own retirement benefit grow at 8 percent per year. In this way some same sex couples can significantly increase the amount of monthly benefits they receive from Social Security.
Authored by Boyce Hinman, founder and director of the California Communities United Institute, and member of Marriage Equality USA. Hinman has been writing and posting a series, "Monday Morning Marriage Memo," as part of his Anatomy for Justice blog. This article was first published there, and is republished here with the author’s permission. Hinman resides in and serves California, therefore the posts sometimes have a California slant.
NOTE: Marriage Equality USA is not a legal firm or a tax/accounting firm. No action should be taken based solely on the content of our news blog or website. | <urn:uuid:2df97347-be97-4323-b59e-cd126169effe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.marriageequality.org/guest_post_marriage_equality_and_maximizing_social_security_income | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00185-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976197 | 667 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Last Tuesday, the FDA rejected BioMarin Pharmaceutical’s gene therapy, Roctavian, for patients with hemophilia A. According to ABC News, the gene therapy infusion was meant to be a single treatment designed to prevent bleeding and eliminate the need for blood-clotting infusions.
Before we go into Roctavian, you may be wondering what gene therapy is. According to Genetics Home Reference, part of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, gene therapy is:
an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by [replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy, inactivating a mutated gene, or introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.]
However, this type of treatment is generally only considered for diseases or disorders with no other cures. Many patients, doctors, and researchers were excited about BioMarin’s unique gene therapy. Every year, patients with severe hemophilia A require up to 150 FVIII infusions. Although this doesn’t always prevent painful bleeding, it reduces them. With Roctavian, an inactivated viral vector delivers a working gene to the body to stimulate the production of FVIII.
However, the FDA rejected the drug citing a concern that Roctavian might not be a singular and long-lasting treatment. This concern was supplemented by the potential price tag: up to $3m per dose. Before the gene therapy is approved, the FDA recommended completion of a late-stage patient study, alongside 2 years of follow-up data. As a result, potential approval for Roctavian may not occur until 2022 or 2023.
Also known as Factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia A is a rare genetic bleeding disorder. Patients with hemophilia A lack enough Factor VIII (FVIII), a blood clotting protein. This condition is rare within females. Around 20,000 U.S. citizens have hemophilia A.
Symptoms vary in severity. However, they may include:
- Easy bruising and bleeding
- Digestive and urinary tract bleeding
- Excessive menstruation or bleeding following childbirth
- Joint pain and swelling
- Frequent nose bleeds
- Excessive bleeding after trauma, dental work, surgery, or other injuries
Learn more about hemophilia A. | <urn:uuid:8beb5279-f6b3-4de4-9d1d-b2d9c513cb29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://patientworthy.com/2020/08/27/fda-rejects-gene-therapy-for-hemophilia-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.902593 | 503 | 2.5625 | 3 |
His most famous piece of legislation came only after his third month in office, when in March, 2009 he introduced a bill that would require any candidate running to be America's President prove their American citizenship by showing everyone their birth certificate.
Youth & EducationEdit
- ↑ This was prior to Dr. Colbert's proposed legislation that all elected officials in Florida prove they aren't part alligator.
|This article is a stub of a Congressperson who does not have the balls to be on "The Colbert Report".|
Until Bill Posey gets the balls to get nailed by Stephen, help America "Better Know" Bill Posey by onto this page. | <urn:uuid:26dd02bb-7ce3-4afd-ba35-cbd35340ba9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wikiality.wikia.com/wiki/Bill_Posey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00356-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943218 | 133 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Helen Faye papers regarding Harold Faye, 1985-1993
Museum Of The City Of New York
Hudson River Museum
New York Public Library
United States.Works Progress Administration (N.Y.)
Place of publication, production, or execution:
0.2 linear ft.
Access Note / Rights:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Contact Reference Services for more information.
Biographical information, correspondence, and a card catalog of works regarding the career of Faye as an artist during the Works Progress Administration in New York. Correspondence regards Faye's work in public collections, including the Hudson River Museum, the New York Public Library, and the Museum of the City of New York, among others. The card catalog, compiled by Helen Faye, consists of descriptions and reproductions of 36 prints and 114 drawings by Faye, including the date and other miscellaneous information, notes on the location, sale prices and exhibition history.
Helen Faye papers regarding Harold Faye, 1985-1993. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Widow of painter, printmaker, Harold Faye, New York, N.Y. b. 1910. d. 1980.
Donated 2007 by Helen Faye, Faye's widow.
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 750 9th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20001 | <urn:uuid:dee72446-36c4-4d2e-9c3d-8273c4a25bbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://collections.si.edu/search/record/AAADCD_coll_272357 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825752 | 303 | 1.640625 | 2 |
The memories of many incidents associated with the arrival of our forefathers in Odin township are rekindled as we visit those who relate true facts and those who pass on legend.
The Territory of Illinois was separated from that of Indiana in 1809. The newly appointed governor for this territory was Ninian Edwards, and the seat of government established at Kaskaskia. By an act of Congress in April, 1818, Illinois was admitted to the Union as the twenty-second state with Shadrach Bond the first governor.
Marion County was organized on January 24, 1823, and named for General Francis Marion, a hero of the Revolutionary War.
Odin township originally had the villages of Odin and Sandoval within its boundaries, however, in 1896 it was divided into Odin and Sandoval townships.
The hundredth anniversary of our village dates from the time the Illinois Central Railroad secured land grants in order to build the railroad from Chicago to Cairo. The land not needed for the railroad bed was later sold to interested farmers for eight to twelve dollars per acre. Payments could be made over a period of several years.
Thomas Deadmond, a Virginian, was Odin township’s first settler. He arrived in the timber in the southern part in 1827. The season was well advanced. He erected a shed-home with the roof slanting toward the north and the south wall left open. A log fire afforded warmth and a cooking area. Mr. Deadmond entered eighty acres in section 28 in January, 1837.
Silas Barr came to the township in 1829. Two years later he entered the first tract of land in section 27. Soon his brother James N. Barr came from Tennessee. This was the father of Oliver Barr and grandfather of Hobart Barr.
During our visit to Hobart’s we enjoyed reading a letter written by his grandfather and dated December 14, 1847. James N. Barr was with the army during the Mexican War. He wrote of the "noise being made by the Indians and Spaniards," and his company was ready to advance. His letter was folded several times and sealed with a drop of sealing wax.
Samuel McClelland settled in 1830 near Silas Barr. Three brothers by the name of Wilburn settled here at an early date. James Adams, Thomas Pigg, and John Hill were early settlers and were respected for their honesty.
All the farms in this locality were for many years confined to the timber but Bluford Deadmond ventured out into the prairie and selected a farm site near the center of the township.
Early settlers in the northern part of the township were G. L. Chitwood, John Davidson, John Puleston, John Vaughn and Silas Hurd.
Mr. Hurd came to Odin in 1856 with his wife Sarah Jane (Robinson) and six weeks old son Henry P. This trek west in a covered wagon was no new experience for Mr. Hurd. He had made the trip to California in 1852 overland with wagon and oxen, being four months on the road. The Hurds bought prairie land and made their home where they lived for fifth-three years.
William Tipton, a stock raiser and horse breeder living here, built the two-story business building on the south side of town. Many pleasant memories are recalled by mere mention of this hall. Mr. Tipton was the uncle of Oscar and Frank Purvis.
The George Farthing Family came here in the early fifties. The oldest son William H. was a business man and banker in Odin; Mrs. Rose F. Martin resides here, and Mrs. Georgia F. Kile is manager of the Illinois Power Company office.
The family of George Denman built the home later known as the W. D. Farthing home. The family moved to the Landon farm during the cholera epidemic, Mrs. Minnie Denman Sloan, the daughter of George, is one of Odin’s older citizens.
After the years of 1862-65 many families came from the south to live. The village was booming. Business places were groceries operated by M. N. Martin, C. L. Miller, Mrs. Polly Watson; drugs and groceries the Phillips Brothers, and R. J. Andrews. One of the largest press barns was erected by A. M. Woodward and N. B. Morrison.
The following account of early history was written by Mr. T. C. Harker who lives north of Odin.
My father brought his family to Odin, Illinois, in the spring of 1885. We arrived at Odin on the seventeenth of April. My brother and I came from Cincinnati, Ohio, in two railroad box cars to care for the horses, cattle, and poultry which we brought to help carry on the new home, situated a few miles north and west of Odin and another farm one mile north and west of town. The others of the family came by passenger train. My father employed "little" George Black and Frank Norton with their teams and wagons to help move the livestock, furniture, and farm implements out to the home. We were in Odin four days with lodgings at the Reid Hotel, a two story building with a portico reaching out form the upper story over the sidewalk and situated where the Odin Super Market is now located. Just west of this hotel was the Odin Drug Store, owned and operated by Sam and Billy Phillips. Their brother-in-law, Dr. J. J. Fyke, also the law office of W. D. Farthing were just west of the drug store. The mine staff was being finished and that summer, Odin held quite a celebration in honor of striking coal. The operators of the mine were N. B. Morrison, A. M. Woodward, and F. D. Secor. The small shareholders were supposed to be frozen out. years before, a grist mill was operated where the Baptist Church now stand. Just a block east stood a brick building, a clothing store, owned and operated by Fred Schulmaker, a Jew who sold clothing tailored by Odin skill. My wedding suit was purchased at this store in 1892 and the wedding ceremony performed by Silas Bar an aged minister in Odin. Others among the older citizens at the time, were David Somerville, "J.P.," Captain Pontius, Ben Charles, the plant man, Mr. Crow who had an exceptionally melodious bass voice, Reverends Hawley and Morgan. We must recall one little fellow, "Bob-Aird" who committed high offenses about town, quite frequently. The town marshal would lock him in the calaboose, the next morning, it was empty. Bob just wouldn’t stay put.
W. E. Smith owned a general merchandise store on the north side of the railroads. John Sugg had started a grocery and drygoods store, on the north side, which developed later into a much larger business. C. L. Miller established the first bank in Odin in the early 1890’s. A brick yard was built up on the east side near the mine shaft and supplied brick for the surrounding territory, quite a number of years.
Woodward and Morrison built large haybarns where they received and baled hay grown in the surrounding meadows. The hay was shipped to other markets. The churches at that time 1880’s were the Methodist Episcopal on the block south of the Wilson Funeral Home. The Presbyterian on the west side and the Protestant Methodist on the north side. The Christian Church was built a little later. As to schools among the more proficient teachers were Sophia Richards and Grace Seib. I attended what I believe, was the first graduation exercise at Odin. The class consisted of three pupils, Lulu Farthing, a young man named Billy and his sister, I cannot recall their last name, however, I do remember that in reading the class book, Miss Farthing referred to him as "Sweet William." At that time Professor Abbot was in charge of Odin schools, followed by Professor Kilbourne. Then came John Aird, later J. E. Whitechurch who marched off with one of Odin’s teachers, Lulu Parker. Then followed a number of other heads of school including B. E. Gum. Odin produced one County School Superintendent, S. S. Hawley under whose jurisdiction, I taught my first term of school in 1887. The oldest pupil was Marion Peddicord who was just two days younger than the teacher. I attended his funeral some weeks ago. He was 92 years old, last September first.
We should not overlook the thought that a goodly number of families surrounding Odin and established through the past century, have been essentially helpful in the upbuilding and maintenance of our town. Among these families on the west and south, the McClellands, Deadmonds, Arrowsmiths, Ross V. Robinson families. East, Dace, Hoskinson, Moore, J. Hill families. North, Ferguson, Hurds, Richards, Suggs, Vaughn, Ramsey, Fultons, William Carrington, Arderys, Revenaughs, Hatch, Briscoe and many other families.
The A. M. Wooward General Store has continued business for many years. After Mr. A. M. Woodward’s retirement, his son Horace N. assumed full responsibility of the store. Later H. V. Toulme, the nephew of Mr. H. N. bought the business. After Mr. Toulme’s death, Ben Purvis an employee in the store bought the building and opened Ben’s Market. In 1959 Ben sold the business to the present owners Wilson and Florence Smith. Wilson is the son of Omar and Letty (Morgan) Smith.
Other business establishments you may recall during the early 1900’s, J. M. Dace Confectionery; S. D. Phillips Drug Store; Hurd and Harroun Implement Shop; E. E. Hudson Paint Store; Eccles Brothers Bakery; E. A. Parks Jewelry Store; C. F. Krodell General Store; Scott Davidson Livery and Grains; C. O. Stanford, Clothier; Wilson Dace, Jeweler; Lewis Print Shop and Odin Newspaper; Barber Shops of Walter Turner and Charles Arrowsmith; Odin Bank with W. H. Farthing cashier; Tot’s Hat Shop; T. H. McClelland Real Estate and Insurance; The Virginia, Moody, and Kellar Hotels. The blacksmith shop operated by Henry Soulon, a Frenchman who came to Odin in 1865.
The Rippy families and those of Robert and John Jackson are well known. The Marion County Atlas lists John Jackson as a retired farmer and engineer. His son Horace also served as mine engineer. H. W. Jackson, son of Robert, held many village, township and county offices. Cleveland Rippy has been elected to several county offices.
William and Mary Lowdermilk who came here in 1899, and later bought the meat and grocery store from T. E. Nichols, had two sons who were professional baseball players. Grover started his career in 1907 and continued until 1922, playing with such teams as St. Louis Cardinals, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox, Cleveland, Detroit, and others. He retired from baseball field in 1924. Louis played in 1911 with the Southern League. After several years of baseball he retired and later served Odin as Mayor.
B.C. Holsapple came here in 1909 and opened a blacksmith shop. As the horseless carriage became more popular, the shop was converted to an auto agency and repair shop.
Do you remember E. A . Parks driving the red Brush; Bebb Vaughn and Jimmy Norris on motorcycles; F. D. Secor steaming around in his White and following were W. H. Farthing and C. F. Krodel with their E.M.F. Models?
C. E. Sloan bought lots east of the Morrison home in 1910 and began the construction of the Lumber Lard. John Somerville was the building contractor employed. Mr. Sloan operated the yard until his death in 1948. His nephew, C. A. Sloan, continued the business for a year, then it was sold to C. A. Glore of Centralia, Illinois.
Dr. W. N. Hamilton and his wife came here in 1916. The doctor was a native son, having been born in the house owned by Hazel Lane. Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton were active in civic and social affairs. On May 1, 1948, Dr. Hamilton retired. They later lived in Salem with their daughter, Mrs. F. A. Dietrich. Mrs. Hamilton passed away November 23, 1950, and Dr. Hamilton’s death occurred October eleventh, 1952.
World War I found Odin sending sons into service. The Red Cross making hospital clothing and bandages under the guidance of Sazie Hurd, Emma Pope, Lillie Robinson, Eva Denman and many others. Liberty bonds were a good investment. Groups were singing, "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" and "Keep the Home Fires Burning."
News of the Armistice on November 1, 1918, created great excitement in our town. A Liberty Parade was staged. Soon after that date the ban on food commodities was lifted.
John F. Sugg built the two story building which housed the Walter Turner Barber Shop, Odin Dug Store, R. N. Morgan’s Pool Room and the "Picture Show" operated by Charles and Vada Purvis. The I.O.O.F. building was a new addition to the town’s southside.
Odin is proud to list the professions chosen by its native sons and daughters. Ordained ministers, the Reverends John Crow, Thomas Ruppy, Cyril Jackson and Irvin Smith. Doctors – E. E. Fyke, Charles Farthing, Fred Nichols, Claude Avery, Henry H. Hurd (commander of Naval Hospital on Virgin Islands during World War II), Wilson West, Bernard Murphy (held scholarship to Mayo Clinic n Rochester, Minnesota). Dentists – Ben and Paul Kellar. Nursing – Irma Farthing (Supervisor of nurses at Springfield Memorial Hospital, Springfield, Illinois), Helen Lusch (Supervisor of nurses at St. Mary’s Hospital, East St. Louis – later World War II Army nurse) Mary Vaughn (Marion County T. B. Nurse), Helen Wooters, Helen Purvis (World War II army nurse in the African Campaign), Fredericka Bregger (Cadet nurse, World War II), Ethel Barr, Rose Pizzuto and Velma Smith. The list of school teachers is of great length, however, we will list some of the earlier ones – Cora Hedrick, James Meredith, H. P. Hurd, Alta Hurd, Grace Seib, T. C. Harker, Ella Seib, Rena Meredith, Lulu, Grace, Floy and Nelle Farthing, William West, Lura, Ray, and Helen Somerville, Della Reeves, Grace Woodward, Nellie West, and Vena Farthing. Lawyers – Louis Hurd, who practiced in Dubuque, Iowa; Paul and Chester Farthing who opened offices in East St. Louis. Later Paul was elected Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court. During that time Chester continued the law firm and spent much time on the estate settlement of the Garrett case in Philadelphia. The product made by the Garrett firm is "Garrett Snuff."
Each year progressive improvements were made in Odin. In 1937 a contract was completed with the Illinois Power Company to furnish electricity in our town. Around 1947 the town board members contracted to have the installation of water from Centralia competed. The Odin Cemetery Association was organized in 1944. A. H. Sebastian and C. E. Sloan contacted interested families to secure donations. Under the direction of Dan Fisher, the mayor, as president the Association has made progress in beautifying the cemetery. Marie H. Tate serves as secretary and C. A. Sloan is treasurer. Albert Burton is the present custodian; others who have served in this work were Ben Shelton, Jim Bradley and Albert Hawley. The Odin Community Park was a realization in 1958. Robert D. Holsapple and C. M. Yaw were responsible for its foundation. The combined efforts of the Fire Department and others have afforded the residents of the area an annual celebration and fireworks display on the Fourth of July. Greater progression our town is possible with the continued cooperation of all townspeople.
It is "togetherness" that has made this centennial anniversary possible. Your interest and the efforts exerted by you have been extremely helpful in compiling some of the history of Odin township.
---- OUR TOWN -----
A hundred years and more have flown
Since Odin founders, one by one
Came through in prairie schooners, bold
As others, in the past had done.
They searched the prairie, far and wide,
To seek a home where they might dwell
In peace and happiness, the while,
Affirm the slogan, all is well.
It chanced, they stopped where Odin stands
And opportunity seemed to lurk
Where open prairie far expands
With recompense for earnest work.
Then others came and paused the while
With inclination to remain
And live their lives in pleasant dreams
Of happy homes, they might maintain
Now as the years go fleeting by
And joys reflect the Odin way. | <urn:uuid:c41bcd19-a215-4265-a51b-d35cebec3c18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.odinishome.com/history/history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97276 | 3,658 | 2.609375 | 3 |
OGDENSBURG, NY — In light of the serious health risks to vulnerable populations, and mindful of the instructions of medical professionals, the Bishops of New York State have urged the faithful to use their prudential judgment on whether or not to attend Mass on Sundays and Holy Days during the coronavirus outbreak. This is in keeping with the teaching of the Church, which has always exempted those with serious medical issues which would prohibit them from attending Mass, as well as for all people in times of general emergencies. This is especially true during this coronavirus outbreak, particularly for adults over the age of 60, people with underlying medical conditions, and family members of such individuals, who should take special care in discerning the best course of action.
Masses throughout the Diocese of Ogdensburg will continue to be offered at this time, contingent on emergency restrictions regarding large gatherings. We are taking steps to make attendance at Mass safe for those who attend. Additionally, to those choosing not to attend Mass due to illness or having an underlying condition, Bishop LaValley hereby grants a dispensation from the obligation to attend Sunday Mass beginning immediately and continuing until further notice. Persons with underlying health conditions are especially encouraged to remain at home at this time. Those who do attend Mass are reminded that they should follow the guidelines in place, such as receiving Holy Communion reverently in the hand, not receiving the Precious Blood, being sure to wash hands/use sanitizer before and after Mass, and avoiding physical contact with or close proximity to other persons.
Additionally, at this time, we are asking pastors to ensure good and regular cleaning of surfaces that are touched regularly (such as door handles), that ministers of the Eucharist exercise good hygiene (washing or sanitizing their hands prior to distributing Holy Communion), and that holy water fonts are emptied.
During Mass, the sign of peace will not be announced or exchanged. If the parish has the habit of holding hands during the Lord’s Prayer, this practice should be halted at this time. We ask all participants to refrain from shaking hands before, during or after Mass. A complete listing of precautions can be found our diocesan website via a link on the diocesan homepage.
Those who will not attend Mass can follow the Mass on radio, television, or online where possible. This includes The Catholic Channel on Sirius XM (10:15 a.m. EDT from Saint Patrick’s Cathedral and 1:00 p.m. EDT from the Cathedral of Our Lady of Angels), and the Mass from St. Mary’s Cathedral at 8:00am Sunday on WQTK 92.7 FM, and television broadcasts (8:00am and 12:00pm on EWTN, 9:00am from St. Andre Bessette Parish, Malone, on Spectrum and 11:00am and 8:00pm from St. Bernard’s Church, Saranac Lake, on Spectrum).
All are urged to keep in prayer those who are suffering from the coronavirus, as well as for doctors, nurses, caregivers, and all those who are working to combat the disease. | <urn:uuid:bc89cfdf-a04e-4674-a70e-5fb3c0ad56eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newzjunky.com/statement-from-bishop-lavalley-regarding-mass-attendance-during-the-coronavirus-outbreak/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.967782 | 650 | 1.601563 | 2 |
I wish there was an "I'm not sure" option.
I've never seen two cats that sat and talked to eat other. Mine are never vocal with one another. They understand each other fine, but they don't talk. It's more body language (or possible telepathic communication
) than spoken "language".
However, with human, yes, cats can communicate in small sentances. They can also learn to connect human vocal sounds with action and things. They don't understand what "food" means, but they equate that sound with their food. Our last cat was the best. She understood a lot of our sounds. "Mommy's home", "Get down", "Come see", "Time for bed", "It's dead" (used for when she was afraid of something), "Want some?", "What do you want?"... etc. The list went on and on. The three I have now understand "Wodesorel's home" (I ain't using my real name), "lunchtime", "Time to eat", and "Mom's home". They'll eventually learn more.
I also have learned my cat's vocal sounds. "He's bothering me", "I'm hungry", "Come love me", "You have to follow me", "Please?", "I want some", etc. Each of my three use different sounds to communicate the same idea, but they use the same sounds each time. There are still some sounds/phrases they use constantly in trying to get across an idea, but I have yet to learn what they mean. | <urn:uuid:8cfd93b6-5921-4642-987f-18f857a11187> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thecatsite.com/t/42496/communication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00509-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985238 | 325 | 2.03125 | 2 |
27 Sep 2016
Save the Children Vacancy for a Routine Immunization Officer
education and economic opportunities. In times of acute crisis, we mobilize rapid assistance to help children recover from the effects of war, conflict and natural disasters. Each year, we and our partners reach millions of children in communities around the world. Join our dedicated and diverse staff in their work to improve the well-being of children everywhere.
Save the Children is recruiting to fill the vacant job position below:
Job Title: Routine Immunization Officer
Location: Katsina, Nigeria
- To support the (Child Care Core Group -CGPP), Katsina team in developing, implementing and maintaining effective and appropriate Immunization programme (Routine Immunization and Supplementary Immunization) activities in coordination with other team members, and in line with SCI guidelines and best practices.
- Responsible for direct implementation of all the Immunization (Routine Immunization and SIAs) support activities in 4 Save the Children supported LGAs
- Monitor the delivery of vaccines from LGA cold store to all the wards / HFs in the LGA and ensure that the LGA / wards have vaccine distribution plans based on their REW micro plans.
- Monitor the REW micro plans developed for supported LGA and health facilities and monitor the proportion of planned RI sessions (fixed, outreach and mobile) that have been conducted in SCI intervention LGAs, wards and health facilities.
- Observe immunization sessions (if found taking place and fill the abridged checklist).
- Support the HFs to update RI monitoring charts and ensure that they are displayed.
- Ensure all HFs have updated Routine Immunization registers regularly.
- Coordinate RI Focal Persons Meeting as an avenue for experience sharing, dissemination of best Practices and use the avenue for RI data validation.
- Ensure that all Immunization tools are practical to use and provide necessary support to all RI Service providers on the effective use of Immunization tools.
- Based on the project proposal, implementation plan, and donor requirements, Implement high Quality SIAs and Routine Immunization activities which is feasible, practical and will obtain valid and reliable information.
- Monitor the delivery of Vaccines to the LGAs by reviewing the vaccine distribution plan prepared by the cold chain officer. He or She should have a copy of vaccine distribution plan.
- Coordinate the development of REW Micro – Plan and its Implementation in SCI intervention LGAs, Wards and Health facilities.
- Monitor availability of the bundled vaccines at the LGAs and HFs.
- Work with partners, VWS and LGA team to strengthen reporting processes to ensure that all information and data is collected, documented, and collated in an accurate and timely manner.
- Create a system for ensuring that Immunization data obtained is also shared with communities, children, and other stakeholders through a regular feedback mechanism.
- Work with the project M&E officer to analyse information about the programme (Non – Compliant families, Number of new born, Zero dose, etc) and make recommendations for improvement.
- Preparation of monthly reports for Save the Children Nigeria and other partners involved in the project (including the donor) ensuring utmost quality.
- Training - Capacity development of relevant stakeholders at the field level.
- Provide ongoing support to LGA teams, Partners, and Communities to maintain High Immunization Coverage.
- Work with LGA team to identify skill gaps that can be addressed in subsequent refresher trainings.
- Work with the CGPP Program Manager, LGA team and Other Partners to ensure that the Katsina CGPP Project is well linked and/or integrated with overall CGPP Immunization activities.
- Help shape broader sector strategies, ensuring the specific needs of children are being addressed, through engaging with partners (UN/NGO - eg through actively participating in inter-agency coordination forums), keeping informed on the activities of immunization and other agencies.
- Document lessons learned, best practice and case studies to shape in-country strategies and programme approaches, and contribute to broader sector learning.
- Pro-actively identify advocacy opportunities which link with wider organisational strategic objectives, and work to mobilise these into action.
- Demonstrate leadership in relation to Save the Children policies and practice with respect to child protection, code of conduct, health and safety, equal opportunities and other relevant policies and procedures
- Ensure that the minimum standards of health are maintained in accordance with the immunization Codes of Conduct.
- Advanced training in Child Health and immunization activities
- Minimum of 3 years practical experience working in an immunization programme.
- Fluency in English and Hausa (Spoken and Written) – this is a Community-based Position
- Proven ability to coordinate effective resource allocation to ensure quality Immunization programmes.
- Experience of working within budget constraints.
- Commitment to support cross organisational initiatives.
- Commitment to team working and understanding of how to contribute.
- Ability to operate within a predominantly administratively self-servicing environment.
- Sound strategic thinking and planning skills, including ability to think creatively and innovate and to set priorities, manageable work plans and evaluate progress.
- Strong analytic skills and an understanding of a range of methods use for resolving Non – Compliance
- Demonstrated ability to design and implement Social Mobilization/BCC Interventions to educate mothers and other caregivers on Immunization and its benefits.
- Good understanding of Immunization Indicators
- Ability to build support from staff across teams and across members, and to build the capacity of others.
- Strong communications skills (both written and verbal). The ability to analyse complex data and summarise it for a range of different audiences.
- Professional Qualification at Bachelors level, HND or Equivalent in Public Health; Registered Nurse / Midwife, Community Health specialist.
- Ability to work in partnership with Government and Development partners
- Good interpersonal skills
- Ability to work within a culturally diverse sitting
- Independence, adaptability and flexibility
- 2 - 3 years’ experience with working in Immunization or Child Health related Project with local and or International NGOs
- Familiar with Immunization Indicators
- Advanced computer literacy (MS Office applications, Excel and Power Point, etc)
How to Apply
Interested and qualified candidate should:
Click here to apply
Application Deadline 2nd October, 2016.
You can also join our interactive and interesting JobZilla BBM Channel by clicking C00299C49. | <urn:uuid:df6d6bcb-305c-49d0-849b-21b771506c67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jobzilla.ng/2016/09/save-children-vacancy-for-routine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00480-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892082 | 1,335 | 1.539063 | 2 |
“Reading is the basis for everything,” Iron Station resident Shelly Walsh said.
She and husband Mike, owners of Good Karma Ranch Alpacas, located on Brevard Place Road, plan to donate a portion of the proceeds from their second annual fall festival this weekend to purchase books for their son’s school, Catawba Springs Elementary in Denver.
Due to a lack of state funding, the school has zero funds for buying books.
“There are no funds this year for anything,” Shelly Walsh said.
According to Principal Kristi Smith, the learning facility maintains a Guiding Reading Program for all students, grades kindergarten through fifth, and stocks each classroom with a library, from which children can choose material on a variety of reading levels.
While Smith first approached the school’s Parent Teacher Organization (PTO) about the possibility of funding teacher training for the program, Shelly Walsh felt more strongly about the school’s need for books.
As a result, she approached her husband about using their family-friendly farm event to raise awareness and money for reading material.
The couple will be seeking a suggested $5 donation from each family at the gate and hope to raise at least $500 for the school.
Cherry Berry in Denver will also be donating a percentage of their festival sales to the reading program, Shelly Walsh said.
“Learning how to read is the most important skill (students) can obtain at this age,” she noted.
As a former English teacher and mother to a first-grader, the Lincoln County resident felt prompted to do something positive, fearful students’ reading abilities would suffer without the right material. On the other hand, she knew providing the right supplies would keep each child’s competency skills flourishing.
“If they have access to all kinds of books, they will continue to grow,” Shelly Walsh said.
Through the program, Smith revealed, teachers instruct the class with a mini-lesson before breaking students into groups, based on their individual reading levels.
Children additionally read a second book on their own and a third book — oftentimes more challenging — during a one-on-one, read-aloud session with the teacher.
“We want to meet students where they are and take them to the next level,” Smith said.
For the program to work correctly, each student needs an average of six books. Therefore, Smith would like to see roughly 500 books stocked in every classroom library.
School officials plan to bring in a guiding reading consultant later this year to aid teachers in better implementing the program, Smith said.
She added how state funding for textbooks has also decreased, resulting in fewer updated ones from year-to-year.
The Walsh family hoped their philosophy on the importance of reading would be evident to all festival-goers this year.
The event will be held from 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Saturday.
Mike Walsh said he and Shelly have been breeding alpacas since 2009, six years after they moved to the property.
While they initially tended to horses, they soon opted to purchase alpacas and start a business.
Not only do they shear the animals for profit but also sell additional alpaca products.
They currently care for 30 of the unique mammals.
“I never thought I would be raising alpacas,” Mike Walsh said. “I would have laughed 10 years ago for someone even suggesting it.”
For more information on the ranch or Saturday’s festival, call (704) 649-5849 or visit GoodKarmaRanch.com. | <urn:uuid:b81e3e18-8127-491e-a8fd-633ad2b97370> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lincolntimesnews.com/2013/10/11/alpaca-festival-funds-reading-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00139-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959439 | 765 | 1.625 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.