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The company Mojo Vision has created a prototype for an impressive smart contact lens that is ready to head into its testing stage. These contact lenses have been in development for seven years to this point, and include the world’s smallest MicroLED display at 0.5 millimeters in diameter and 14,000 pixels per inch (via Forbes). The technology is, of course, centered around eye control. Mojo Vision has created advanced eye-tracking tech, making it sensitive to every eye movement.
Although this kind of innovation sounds like something that would be worlds away, the company’s Vice President Steven Sinclair told Forbes it won’t be “way out in the future.” The lenses need to go through rounds of testing first within the company, as well as through the FDA. The results could be unpredictable considering how new this technology is, so there isn’t a solid launch date for the contact lenses yet.
Mojo Vision’s smart contact lenses’ first test
Mojo Vision has completed its first successful test on CEO, Drew Perkins, as reported by CNET. He put on the contact lens and tried out a few of the apps developed for the device. For now, the contact lens is only being used in one eye, but the company hopes to integrate a second lens to create 3D graphics. So far, Perkins has only worn the contact lens for an hour at a time.
The next step Mojo Vision has for the lens is to test it on other company members over time. These initial tests are mainly to make sure the technology, such as the radio signal, is working. Longer wear tests haven’t been conducted yet. Drew Perkins told CNET that the initial testing will help to refine the contact lenses until they can be submitted to the FDA for market approval, which will then allow it to be sold to the public.
What do the smart contact lenses do?
Smart contact lenses use Augmented Reality (AR) technology. These typically consist of graphics, which are displayed as an overlay to reality. You may have already used this kind of technology with some of Snapchat’s filters that render models onto objects or faces through the lens of the camera. Smart contact lenses would do something similar, overlaying graphics to display information about the world around you.
Some uses for smart contact lenses might be tracking your exercise regimen, getting directions, seeing information about a store or restaurant you’re looking at, and much more. This type of tech has the potential to replace smartphones, since all the functionality will essentially be touchless. Mojo Vision’s smart contact lenses also include a separate accessory, which acts as the main hub for CPU processes. Since this would be too large to load into contact lenses, it’ll be something like a necklace or headwear that directly communicates with the lenses using 5GHz radio frequencies. | <urn:uuid:bcebcab9-b741-4e34-a1b2-3f97846506ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thetechloft.org/smart-contact-lenses-are-closer-than-you-think/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.94336 | 617 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Construct a frequency distribution of the 20 brain volumes (cm3) listed below. (These volumes are from Data Set 6 of Appendix B.) Use the classes 900–999, 1000–1099, and so on.
Answer to relevant QuestionsConstruct the histogram that corresponds to the frequency distribution from Exercise 1. Applying a very strict interpretation of the requirements for a normal distribution, does the histogram suggest that the data are from ...According to USA Today, the largest categories of sports equipment sales are as follows: fishing ($2.0 billion); firearms and hunting ($3.1 billion); camping ($1.7 billion); golf ($2.5 billion). Construct the graph that ...Incomes Listed below are the earnings (in millions of dollars) of the celebrities with the 10 highest incomes in a recent year. The celebrities in order are Steven Spielberg, Howard Stern, George Lucas, Oprah Winfrey, Jerry ...Listed below are the lead concentrations (in /xg/g) measured in different Ayurveda medicines. Ayurveda is a traditional medical system commonly used in India. The lead concentrations listed here are from medicines ...Theft Listed below are amounts (in millions of dollars) collected from parking meters by Brinks and others in New York City during similar time periods. A larger data set was used to convict five Brinks employees of grand ...
Post your question | <urn:uuid:ec8fa3a4-93f6-44ba-9276-dd32204e00a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.solutioninn.com/construct-a-frequency-distribution-of-the-20-brain-volumes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914238 | 283 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Official PAW Rules + Supplement
1. I’m new and I have never played PAW, so how does it work?
PAW is an abbreviation for Pick-A-Winner. It is a game when you predict the winners of matches of your choice during a ATP Tournament. As a PAW player, you are indeed like a ATP player, you will be travelling the PAW circuit each week predicting matches in each tournament. PAW is game in which there is no pre-determined luck or fantasy, your performance is based on your own conscience relative to your fellow PAW competitors.
2. Ok, so I hear something about predicting matches, is there a limit to the number of matches I predict per tournament?
Yes there is a limit.
, you are permitted to 26
Other 128-draw tournaments
, you are permitted to 19
One-week 64-draw tournaments
, you are permitted to 16
One-week 32-draw tournaments
, you are permitted to 13
, you are permitted to 7
The number of matches you pick can be from ANY rounds
in the main draw
. For example for a one-week 32 draw tournament you are allowed 13 picks.
(For instance, you might choose 4 First Round Matches, 4 Second Round matches, 2 Quarter Finals, both Semis and the Final. Or you could choose 12 First Round matches and the Final.)
>> The only stipulation is that you may not make all of your picks in the same round.
3. So how is my performance measured relative to everyone else’s, is it to do with who picks the most correct matches?
NO, your predicting performance at the end of the tournament will be determined and determined only by the Scoring Points that you have compiled throughout the week.
4. So what are these Scoring Points?
For every singles main draw match, there will be scoring points posted in the first post. Here is an example taken from Dubai Round 1st in 2008.
Federer, Roger .......... vs Murray, Andy ............ (5-20)
Schuettler, Rainer ...... vs Verdasco, Fernando ...... (14-7)
Wawrinka, Stanislas ..... vs Hernych, Jan ............ (5-19)
Al Ghareeb, Mohammed .... vs Davydenko, Nikolay ...... (62-2)
The numbers after the fixtures are the Scoring Points. These are the respective points you score for picking each player. So if you pick Federer to beat Murray and Federer wins then you score 5 points.
But if you pick Murray to win and he wins then you score 20 points. Of course, if you pick Murray and he loses you score nothing at all
As you have noticed, you get more points for picking low-ranked players than for picking high-ranked players. So for each of your selected matches you can choose to go for a “longshot” or to play it safe.
Let’s say you picked these matches:
PAW1: Murray over Federer
PAW2: Verdasco over Schuettler
PAW3: Hernych over Wawrinka
PAW4: Al Ghareeb over Davydenko
nB: Since you are limited to a certain amount of “picks” in a tournament (13 in this particular tournament), in an actual game you may choose to 'pass' on some of these matches.
Murray def. Federer 67(6) 63 64
You picked Murray so you score 20 points
Verdasco def. Schuettler 76(7) 46 61
You picked Verdasco so you score 7 points
Hernych def. Wawrinka 64 64
You picked Hernych so you score 19 points
Davydenko def. Al Ghareeb 64 60
You picked Al Ghareeb so you score 0 points
So from those four matches, you would have accumulated a total of 20 + 7 + 19 + 0 = 46 points.
The player with the most points at the end of the tournament is the winner
. A 'league table' is maintained and will posted in the first post of the PAW thread throughout that tournament.
5. How and where do I post my PAW’s (Predictions)?
Once the tournament that you have committed begins (keep reading for instructions of how to commit),
go to the PAW thread located in that particular tournament forum (ie if it is Dubai, go to the Dubai tournament forum and then click the PAW Dubai thread).
You may also send your picks by PM to the current PAW manager of that tournament.
Study the Fixtures and Scoring Points in the first post and then name your picks. The Fixtures and Scoring Points will appear when the First Round draw is made. You are allowed to post your picks before the Fixtures and Scoring Points have been posted on the thread.
This is how to post your prediction:
PAWn: Your Pick over Your Pick's Opponent
E.g. PAW1: Murray over Federer
"n" should indicate which of your 13 chosen fixtures it is. (ie your last chosen fixture should be labelled PAW13.)
Numbering PAWS not only is important to help the current PAW manager, but also helps you keep track of all your own Picks.
nB: You must posted your prediction in the format “Murray over Federer” or “Murray def Federer,” it must be clearly specified who you have predicted to win. If you posted “Murray vs Federer” this pick would be deemed invalid. You are also required to specify the full surname of the players - no abbreviations or nicknames please.
5.1 "Final pick rule"
The last pick (on the final day only) can be, but it is not a must, send via pm to the manager of the tournament. It would be good, not obligatory, but recommended that the player posts on the paw thread informing about his/her move. The manager can then post the picks he/she has received via pm once the final has started or when they are next online.
5.2 What if I posted PAW1 and next PAW2 as a reversed PAW1?
PAW1: PLAYER A over PLAYER B
PAW2: PLAYER B over PLAYER A
is equal with not putting picks (paws) at all. Both picks are not valid and may be replaced.
5.3 What if I posted PAW1 and next PAW2 the same as PAW1?
PAW1: PLAYER A over PLAYER B
PAW2: PLAYER A over PLAYER B
it's a double pick. PAW2 is not valid and may be replaced.
6. What happens when mtf.com is slow or down?
In this extreme situation, you may post your PAWS on alternative forum (pawforum) http://www.pawforum.ovh.org
Do remember to include your mtf.com handle.
7. Is it correct that I have to post my PAW’s before that match has started, would my PAW still be valid if I posted my PAW during the first few games?
NO, All picks must be made before the match begins
. If there is a chance the match had started when the Pick was posted then that Pick cannot be accepted. This rule is applied very strictly.
Post your picks before the session of play begins to ensure your picks are accepted. This is so everyone knows your pick was made before the match started. (Match start times are not recorded, so picks made five minutes before a match starts cannot normally be accepted)
> In the circumstance of a tournament which provides live scores
. Your PAW must be posted no later than five minutes within the last five minutes of the previous match on that court. If the match is the first on that court, you must post your PAW no later that the five minute barrier five minutes before the match time, for your pick to be valid.
> If the tournament does not provide live scores (ie not live internet scoreboard)
, the Closing Time for each match will determined by a formula, which is based on the total number of games played in earlier matches in the same session. Basically, three minutes are allowed for each game plus 10 minutes for each break between matches.
Picks posted after the Closing Time are accepted only in exceptional circumstances.
(e.g. in the case of rain delays, or if I happen to have watched the match live and noted the start time).
8. Would a PAW become invalid if a player withdrew from their match?
> If the player withdrew before the match and not one single point was completed, the PAW would be invalid and players are allowed to make a replacement PAW.
> If the player withdrew from the match after at least one single points had been completed, the PAW would be valid.
9. What if a player withdraws from the final (before the match), would that make the last pick invalid and mean I would go throughout the tournament only picking 12 matches, rather than the maximum 13?
Yes, this is an unfortunate circumstance. If it is impossible to make a replacement PAW it is unfortunate and no Scoring Points are awarded. This rule applies to all matches not played (e.g. matches cancelled due to rain).
10. What if I change my mind after I make my PAW, can I change it?
It is strongly encouraged that you make up your mind before you pick. However you are allowed to make replacement PAWS as long as it is posted before the match and it most be specified in a new post. You MUST NOT edit your original post
, since this is not efficient for the PAW manager in compiling your picks.
10.1 Original pick can not be replaced if any of the points below occurs:
1. the new pick is not valid
2. the new pick is the same as any of the previous picks
10.2 Don't edit the post and never delete it!
A moderator (or administrator) will scan tournament's thread every day to track on deleted/edited posts. If you caught cheating, you will be automatically disqualified from this tournament. In certain case, you might be banned from playing temporarily or permanently. Please play fairly, everybody!
Punishments for paw's cheaters:
For 1st cheating -> disqualification from current tournament and banning for a month from playing PAW-game.
For 2nd cheating -> permbanning from playing PAW-game.
10.3 Don't copy pick(s) from another player(s)!
If the manager recognizes, that Your picks were copied from another player, You will get warning, if Your picks are still "suspicious" You will be disqualified from the current tournament, in case of another attempts of cheating You will be banned.
11. What if a draw change occurred, that affected my pick, would that make it invalid?
Yes, however you are again permitted to post a replacement PAW that must be specified in a new post rather than editing the original one.
nB: Once a Pick is posted in the PAW thread, it may not be changed or deleted.
Players that decide to delete their PAWS will suffer a penalty of being defaulted from that particular tournament and will serve a one month ban from playing PAW (the only exception is for players playing their first tournament). Players that commit this act twice are subject for a permanent banning from PAW.
The PAW manager frequently takes copies of the thread text at regular intervals and the Picks are entered into a database.
12. Am I permitted to play under two or more accounts in PAW?
In order to retain the integrity and spirit of PAW, this is not allowed. Players that appear to be suspicious of having accounts transmitting from the same IP, will have their IP’s checked from the MTF.com webmasters and could risk being suspended in PAW.
You must be a member on MTF, with a full account's activation.
n.B: It has come to my attention recently that there appears to be an increase in PAW players using multiple user accounts.
Re: The League Table
Each player's points are tallied and the player with the most points at the end of the tournament is declared the winner. In the event of a tie there is no 'tiebreaker'. The 'League Table' is maintained daily throughout the tournament.
Here's an example from end of tournament:
. . Player..................... .. .P .. W .. L ..Pts
1 . speedster_................. .. 13 .. 8 .. 5 ..133
2 . saab95..................... .. 13 .. 8 .. 5 ..128
3 . sandg (2).................. .. 13 .. 8 .. 5 ..126
4 . YoungProfessor............. .. 13 .. 9 .. 4 ..124
5 . ntohir..................... .. 13 .. 9 .. 4 ..122
6 . Wojtek (1)................. .. 13 .. 8 .. 5 ..117
7 . Je_ne_sais_quoi............ .. 13 .. 7 .. 6 ..105
8 . mypapa_je.................. .. 13 .. 6 .. 7 ..102
9 . SpikeyAidanm (4)........... .. 13 .. 6 .. 7 .. 96
10 . j_dementieva27............ .. 13 .. 7 .. 6 .. 94
11 . twight6................... .. 13 .. 7 .. 6 .. 93
12 . WTA Handicapper (6)....... .. 13 .. 9 .. 4 .. 92
> Under the far left column represents the league table position of that player, which usually changes on daily basis.
> Under the “P” column are the total number of picks made of that player at a certain time (ie – after the QF or after the whole tournament).
This column is important for players to check out how many picks they have left.
> Under the “W” column are the number of picks that player has made correctly. This has no bearing on their final league table position, remember only the total amount of points are considered.
> Similarly, under the “L” column are the number of picks the player has made incorrectly.
> Under the “Pts” column is the total number of points the player has gained through the scoring points of the matches. Again this is continually changing until the final day.
> (n) denotes the seed of that player, which like the ATP Ranking system is determined through the player’s PAW ranking as of the previous week. Seeded players are not advantaged in any way.
> (WC) represents that that particular player has requested a wildcard to enter the tournament, see the section of commitments for more details about Wildcards.
The PAW Ranking System closely mirrors the ATP Ranking System. Ranking Points are awarded according to positions in the Final League Table of each tournament.
13. How are ranking points distributed?
For example from the above Dubai 2008 tournament, ranking points are offered to the following places as follows:
14. What happens if I finish equal 3rd with two other players, does that mean the 3rd, 4th and 5th position are determined through who has the best win-loss ratio?
Tie break rules
1st ---- 300 ..... 9th ---- 68 ...... 17th --- 24 ...... 25th --- 19
2nd ---- 210 ..... 10th --- 62 ...... 18th --- 23 ...... 26th --- 18
3rd ---- 172 ..... 11th --- 56 ...... 19th --- 23 ...... 27th --- 18
4th ---- 135 ..... 12th --- 50 ...... 20th --- 22 ...... 28th --- 17
5th ---- 120 ..... 13th --- 43 ...... 21st --- 21 ...... 29th --- 16
6th ---- 105 ..... 14th --- 37 ...... 22nd --- 21 ...... 30th --- 16
7th ---- 90 ...... 15th --- 31 ...... 23rd --- 20 ...... 31st --- 15
8th ---- 75 ...... 16th --- 25 ...... 24th --- 20 ...... 32nd --- 15
33rd --- 14 ...... 41st --- 11 ...... 49th --- 7 ....... 57th --- 4
34th --- 14 ...... 42nd --- 10 ...... 50th --- 7 ....... 58th --- 3
35th --- 13 ...... 43rd --- 10 ...... 51st --- 6 ....... 59th --- 3
36th --- 13 ...... 44th --- 9 ....... 52nd --- 6 ....... 60th --- 2
37th --- 12 ...... 45th --- 9 ....... 53rd --- 5 ....... 61st --- 2
38th --- 12 ...... 46th --- 8 ....... 54th --- 5 ....... 62nd --- 1
39th --- 11 ...... 47th --- 8 ....... 55th --- 4 ....... 63rd --- 1
40th --- 11 ...... 48th --- 8 ....... 56th --- 4 ....... 64th --- 1
In case several players have the same number of points, the following rules will be used to determine their ranking:
1. The greater number of won picks.
If there is still a tie then:
2. The greater points of a single pick.
If there is still a tie then the greater second-best pick, and so on.
No pick will be considered better than 0 pts.
3. If there is still a tie then players will stay tied.
15. What happens if I finish equal 10th with another player, does that mean we both earn 32 points that week?
No, players that finish with the same number of points of a certain number of other players, are awarded “average points.”
For example if two players finish equal 10th, each would earn ( 32+ 29 ) / 2 = 30.5 points (see the above table). If three players finished equal 10th, each would earn ( 32 + 29 + 26) / 3 = 29 points.
16. Are the games PAW(s) Doubles, PAW ITF and PAW Qualifying related to this game?
No, and they never will be. These game are run by different people and have different rules.
17. OK, I’ve read everything and understood it and I would like to play, so what do I do now?
Just go to the current PAW commitment thread which is located in the PAW forum and post, “I commit to….,”
the tournaments available, that can be seen on the first post of that thread. You must have posted a commitment before the deadline
(which is a day before the start of main draw play or else you will have to apply for a wildcard). Remember you can play just one PAW game at a time. Even when more than one
tournament is run simultaneously, and there are PAW games for each of them, you must commit to one
17.1 Deadline for commitment - what is the exact moment?
It's at midnight local time (for the tournament's place) the day before the begining of a main draw, e.g. if a main draw starts on Monday, the deadline is at Sunday midnight (which means from Sunday to Monday).
17.1.1 The World Clocks for ATP tournament cities
The link: http://www.pawforum.ovh.org/worldclocks
17.2 Wildcards - how many of them are available in the tournament, and when are they granted?
The number of WCs is limited to 5 per tournament. Additionally the manager can grant extra WCs for new players
WCs are given to players who failed to make a commitment until the deadline or wish to change their tournament after that. Players who asked for WC while the commitment list was still open will be treated as if they have already commited on time.
17.3 Wildcards - how many of them can I take during the whole year-season?
17.4 When can I withdraw from one event and switch to another?
You can do that only if you don't have any picks posted at the moment (and later) of the beginning of the 1st match main draw of the tournament from which you want to withdraw.
17.5 Obligation of the WC player's.
A player who asks for a WC and receives it, is obliged to post his/her pick within 12
hours from the moment of posting the request for a WC, otherwise the manager can take the WC away if required (eg.: in the case when there is no WCs left and another player asks for it).
17.6 What if a player posts picks without commitment or WC?
His picks are not valid until he asks for WC. Therefore posted picks become valid at the moment of question for a WC. So picks for matches played in the meantime are invalid.
18. The Master Cup's Qualification Rules.
Top 16 players of The Champions Race automatically qualify to The Masters Cup.
Note to the Tie Break Rules in TMC:
if there are ties not resolved by the usual rules, ranking will be determined by ranking in the Champions Race.
Please post any questions or comments. | <urn:uuid:3a28ce15-c638-46f9-80eb-bfa0161e7b1f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.menstennisforums.com/179-paw/83408-official-paw-rules-supplement.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00384-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939007 | 4,473 | 1.6875 | 2 |
The Body Economic
Why Austerity Kills - Recessions, Budget Battles, and The Politics of Life and Death
An agenda-shaping look at the human costs of financial crisis—the culmination of ten years’ work by two pioneering researchers
Politicians have talked endlessly about the seismic economic and social impact of the Great Recession, but many continue to ignore its disastrous effects on human health and have even exacerbated them by adopting harsh austerity measures and cutting key social programs at a time when citizens need them most. The result, as pioneering public health experts David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu reveal in this provocative book, is that many countries have turned their recessions into veritable epidemics, ruining or extinguishing thousands of lives in a misguided attempt to balance budgets and shore up financial markets. Yet sound alternative policies could help improve economies and protect public health at the same time.
In The Body Economic, Stuckler and Basu mine data from around the globe and across history to show how government policy becomes a matter of life and death during financial crises. Through a series of case studies stretching from the United States in the 1930s to Russia and Indonesia in the 1990s and present-day Greece, Britain, Spain, Canada and America, Stuckler and Basu reveal that political mismanagement of financial crises has resulted in a grim array of human tragedies, including suicides, HIV infections, West Nile Virus and tuberculosis epidemics. Yet people can and do stay healthy, and even get healthier, during downturns. During the Great Depression, U.S. death rates actually plummeted, and today, people in Iceland, Norway and Japan are happier and healthier than ever.
Full of shocking and counterintuitive revelations and bold policy recommendations, The Body Economic offers an alternative to austerity—one that will prevent widespread suffering, both now and in the future.
256 pages; ISBN 9781443420464
, or download in
Title: The Body Economic
Author: David Stuckler; Sanjay Basu | <urn:uuid:275ff7b9-f60a-42ae-8fc1-139052dd7f5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebooks.com/1122289/the-body-economic/stuckler-david-basu-sanjay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00176-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926816 | 406 | 2.0625 | 2 |
“One Love/People Get Ready” by Bob Marley & The Wailers is from their 1977 album Exodus. It was first recorded in a ska style by Marley’s original group, The Wailers in 1965 and was released as a single. This version was later included on their first singles compilation The Wailing Wailers in 1966. It was rerecorded as part of the 1970 medley All In One, which contained reggae reworkings of their early ska songs. This was released as a single and is also included on the compilation African Herbsman under the name “All in One”. The version on Exodus was not released as a single until 1984, after Bob Marley’s passing. However, it became one of his biggest hits and has been included on many of their compilation albums.
“Redemption Song” is the final track on Bob Marley & the Wailers’ ninth album, Uprising, produced by Chris Blackwell and released by Island Records. The song is considered one of Marley’s greatest works. Some key lyrics derived from a speech given by the Pan-Africanist orator Marcus Garvey. | <urn:uuid:a5b5d676-8bbc-412f-912a-f93aa797211a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thatericalper.com/2013/12/20/bob-marleys-isolated-vocals-for-one-love-and-redemption-song/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.990412 | 248 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Police in Canadian cities test out saliva swab drug tests
Published Saturday, January 7, 2017 9:50PM EST
Police in several jurisdictions across Canada are testing out swabs that could one day be used as evidence of drug-impaired driving.
The experimental tests gather saliva from a driver’s tongue and cheek in order detect the presence of cocaine, marijuana and methamphetamines.
Police in jurisdictions including Halifax, Toronto and Vancouver are asking volunteers to give samples as part of a pilot project to see how the tests hold up in real life situations. Police say no one will be charged as a result.
Advocacy group Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) hopes the Trudeau government will change the Criminal Code before marijuana is legalized this spring to allow the saliva tests to be used as evidence of impaired driving.
MADD points out that although drugs are more commonly found in drivers involved in fatal crashes than alcohol, only 2.6 per cent of impaired charges laid in Canada in 2014 were for drugs. The group says research shows legalization of marijuana in Washington and Colorado has coincided with an increase in fatal crashes.
But other research, including a 2015 study of more than 10,000 drivers in California by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, found marijuana smokers had only a minimally higher risk of being involved in a traffic accidents.
The Canadian Medical Association agrees with MADD that marijuana use is associated with increased risk of motor vehicle crashes.
The doctor’s group told a government task force earlier this year that: “A clear and reliable process for identifying, testing and imposing consequences on individuals who use marijuana and drive absolutely needs to be in place nationally prior to legalization.”
But not everyone believes the new test is needed.
Marijuana activist Marc Emery said the new drug test, if approved, will just be a way for police to persecute cannabis users.
"If you smoke marijuana every day, you are a better driver than if you don't smoke marijuana,” said Emery. “I am quite convinced of it."
With a report from CTV’s Peter Akman | <urn:uuid:972a1f69-1f84-418d-8c77-b08b75b2b167> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/police-in-canadian-cities-test-out-saliva-swab-drug-tests-1.3232012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00015-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950491 | 441 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Assistive technology, also known as adaptive technology and AT, is any application or device that is used to increase, maintain or improve physical ability or academic performance. People generally think of mechanical devices, electronics, computers, hardware and software, but there is actually a range of assistive technology.
Low-tech Assistive Technology
- Pencil grips.
- Graph paper.
- Highlighting pens.
- Digital clocks.
- Dictionaries and spell checkers.
- Digital recorders.
- Talking calculators.
- Portable keyboards.
- Electronic spell checkers and dictionaries.
- Reading systems that use a computer, scanner, and software to read scanned book pages out loud.
- Speech recognition software that allows a computer to operate by speaking to it.
- Mind mapping/outlining software.
- Global Positioning System (GPS).
- Smartphones, cellular phones, PDAs, iPods, MP3 players.
- Assistive technology can help an individual with learning disabilities (LD) be more independent. - Using AT can provide more choices and greater freedom in daily life.
- AT provides tools to enable an individual to experience success at home, at school, at work and/or in the community.
- AT helps people of all ages.
- AT, successfully applied, can increase an individual’s confidence and self-esteem.
- AT improves the quality of life, and removes barriers providing the tools for possible employment and educational opportunities.
Students registered with the disability services office at a post-secondary institution can access AT services. You will be assessed for AT requirements based on your academic area of study and your LD-related needs to determine a best fit. The AT specialist will talk about your learning challenges and strengths and will introduce and train you on adaptive technologies using your course material.
The AT specialist will determine the right AT solution for you by asking the following questions:
- Does the AT use any of your strengths?
- Does the AT work around some of your weaker areas?
- Is it easier to accomplish your task with the AT?
- Is it faster to accomplish your task with the AT?
- Is your task more understandable?
Students with learning disabilities will most often require AT that assists with reading, language, organizational skills and processing information.
Cost is often a factor, but your disability services office will be able to guide you in finding the appropriate funding sources and training. | <urn:uuid:2c9f2e87-0452-488d-8243-bfb9e104384f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.youth2youth.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=194&Itemid=230&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00075-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90399 | 506 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Ramen noodles may be surpassing cigarettes as the most valuable prison currency.
A new study from the University of Arizona found in one prison in the American Sunbelt, packs of the noodles serve a dual purpose.
On the one hand, they're being used as money and exchanged among prisoners for things like food, clothes and cleaning services. They're even used as poker chips.
But ramen, in particular, is used because it's considered a tasty, cheap and calorie-dense food –– at a time when prison food budgets have been slashed.
The study's author told The Guardian the prison he studied has cut the number of hot meals it serves per week. On weekends, it used to serve prisoners three meals a day but now only serves two.
Only one prison was studied in this case, so you might take this finding with a grain of salt. But the researcher argued other investigations have also shown that in prisons, ramen might be more valuable than cigs.
The study's author says his finding should be seen as a call to examine the quality of care for prisoners. | <urn:uuid:8d544005-8777-4435-81a1-1a3a11d7630c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsy.com/videos/ramen-could-be-replacing-cigarettes-as-prison-currency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.975227 | 224 | 2.0625 | 2 |
La División del Bravo
Joaquin C. Téllez was General-in-Chief of the División del Bravo (Bravo is the Mexican name for the Rio Grande), stationed in northeastern Mexico, originally to attack Villa’s División del Norte in its rear as it progressed into central Mexico and, after the United States landing at Veracruz, to deter an invasion through Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros.
As the revolt progressed and the northern cities were cut off from the central government, paymasters ran out of funds and the local commanders were authorized to make emergency issues.
Téllez was the driving force behind the Monterrey issue. On 7 January 1914 he wrote to the local paper El Noticiero, explaining that as his paymasters were without funds, with the agreement of the governor and Jefe de Hacienda, he had authorised an issue of $100,000 in vales, to cover military expensesEl Noticiero, 7 January 1914: El Demócrata, Segunda Época, Tomo II, Núm. 64, 15 February 1914. These vales would be of forced circulation, and he asked merchants not to refuse or discount them or to raise their prices.
The five denominations (10c, 50c, $1, $2 and $5) are to a similar modest design, with the Mexican eagle, and though referencing the División del Bravo carry a statement that the Nation would pay. They have the printed signatures of Rodolfo Garza Aldape as Jefe de Hacienda, Téllez as General en Jefe, and Salomé Botello as governor and on the reverse have the seals of their respective authorities.
|Rodolfo Garza Aldape was born in Múzquiz, Coahuila in 1889.
Joaquin C. Téllez was born in Mexico City in 1866 and entered the army as a Sargento 2o on 2 February 1881. He fought against the Yaquis and was at the peace talks celebrated on 15 May 1897. In 1910, as a Coronel, he commanded the 7o Regimiento in Chihuahua against the Maderistas and rose to Brigadier. Then in 1912 he fought the Orozquistas, commanded one of the Brigadas of the División del Norte and was made a General de Brigada.
He was General-in-Chief of the División del Bravo, stationed in northeastern Mexico, originally to attack Villa’s División del Norte in its rear as it progressed into central Mexico and, after the United States landing at Veracruz, to deter an invasion through Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros.
Téllez was transferred to Guaymas in March 1914 and assumed duties as Provisional Governor of the State of Sonora and commander of the División del Yaqui.
Salomé Botello Garza was born in Villaldama, Nuevo León, on 2 November 1875. He completed his law studies In Mexico City and in 1902 graduated as a lawyer. He practiced his profession in Monterrey and in 1909 was elected deputy to the local Legislature and, two years later, served as a councillor in Monterrey.
Following Huerta’s coup d’état, on 24 March 1913 Botello was imposed as governor of the state, replacing Jerónimo Treviño who “resigned”. During his year’s tenure, Monterrey suffered two attacks from the Carrancista forces as well as serious financial and food supply problems.
On 24 April 1914 the Federal Army withdrew from Monterrey, and Botello went with it, accompanied by some members of his family and his cabinet. General Antonio I. Villarreal was appointed military commander and governor of Nuevo León, and Botello was made a brigadier general of the auxiliary cavalry. From Saltillo he went to the capital and on 10 July Huerta appointed him Secretary of Industry and Commerce. However, he soon left the country and settled in New York and then in San Antonio, Texas. During this time his assets were seized by the new government, though later returned.
He retired from public life to serve as a business legal adviser and died in Monterrey on 2 August 1949
On 5 January Garza Aldape had asked the printing firm of ‘El Modelo’ to produce 250,000 notes (50,000 of each denomination)ANL, Hacienda y Tesorería, caja 100. El Modelo was owned by the Madero family. About a month later, on 1 February, Téllez wrote to the firm authorizing a new issue of another 800,000 notes (200,000 of 10c, 300,000 of 50c, 200,000 of $1, 100,000 of $2) which would have the same series letter but an extra subseriesANL, Hacienda y Tesorería, caja 100. Armando Botello had been appointed Interventor to oversee the work and on 27 February reported that one million pesos in notes had been printed and sent to the Jefatura de Hacienda, in the following formatANL, Hacienda y Tesorería, caja 100:
However, not all these combinations are known, and the $2 notes are known as C-A and C-B. On 27 February the printing plates were destroyedANL, Hacienda y Tesorería, caja 100.
The American consul general, Philip C. Hanna, reported that these issues were in general use in the capital, and used to pay all employees, include the railway workers, in Saltillo and Torreón as well as Monterrey. They were accepted by the banks in Monterrey, but in a separate account and only to be reimbursed in the same mediumSD papers, 812.515/16.
In late February The Mexican Herald reported governor Botello as claiming the vales a success. They were accepted everywhere and were as good as any other tender except for purposes of foreign trade. A good many vales had already been redeemed and destroyed and the whole issue would be redeemed with a few months if matters continued as at presentThe Mexican Herald, 19th Year, No. 6751, 25 February 1914.
By March it was announced by the Secretaría de Gobernación that the notes were to be redeemed. All federals offices in the state were instructed to take up such of the vales as were presented for collection, with the federal government sending the necessary fundsThe Mexican Herald, 6 March 1914. The Minister of Gobernación, Ignacio Alcocer, wrote that “in order to appease the merchants of [Coahuila], the President (Gen. Victoriano Huerta) has authorized me to announce that they may deposit in any public office the amount of government vouchers in their possession so that a like amount of cash may be immediately made available to them”Periódico Oficial, Nuevo León, 10 March 1914. This did not actually take place because there was literally no cash available. On 17 March the Jefe de Hacienda, Rodolfo Garza Aldape, reported that his Jefatura would proceed to exchange the $5 vales, but those of 10c and 50c would remain in circulation until there was enough small changeEl Diario, 17 March 1914.
While the revolutionaries under Pancho Villa attacked down the centre of Mexico, Pablo González took the offensive in the northeast. On 18 April he began a frontal assault on Monterrey and after almost six days of incessant fighting the remnants of the defending force fled to the mountains of the south. On 6 May Pablo González nullified the Huertista issues of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas[text needed]. On 13 May the governor of Nuevo León, Antonio I. Villarreal, decreed that, as a humanitarian act, for three days dayworkers could change up to five pesos in División del Bravo notes for Constitutionalist notesEl Constitucionalista, Saltillo, 6 June 1914. On 16 May the Jefe de Hacienda in Monterrey, M. Amaya, changed $21,500 in these vales that Mayor José T. Cantú handed in for Constitutionalist notesCEHM, Fondo LXVIII-1 Manuscritos de General Manuel Willars González, carpeta, legajo 2271.
In June they were still accepted in San Luis Potosí.
Many female camp-followers possessed this money and at the Secretaría de Guerra in Mexico City, General Velasco announced that the notes would be exchanged by the pagadores in the Divisions for legal tender, taking steps to avoid any exploitation by speculatorsEl País, Tomo I, Año XIV, Núm. 4631, 27 July 1914; El Imparcial, Tomo XXXVI, Núm. 1920, 27 July 1914.
On 13 August, in response to a request from the State Department, consul general Hanna sent a detailed report on this issue. He stated that from information received from persons in a position to know at least two million pesos was circulated in Monterrey and the immediate vicinity, but it seems that he was collating the Saltillo and Monterrey issues. This money continued to circulate until shortly after the federal army evacuated the city. One British company was left with $112,000, a German wholesale house with over $60,000 and other foreign houses with large amounts on their hands. When General González entered Monterrey, the question arose as to whether this scrip would cease to circulate or not. It was allowed to continue circulation for about two weeks and then an order was given forbidding its circulation but the Constitutionalist authorities offered to redeem such money as was held by the poorer class in amounts up to five pesos. No provision was made for larger amounts of money belonging to business houses or the wealthy class of citizens. However, foreign business houses in Monterrey appeared to believe that a settlement would be made with them some time in the future and that the Mexican government would take steps to redeem such Téllez scrip as foreigners held. Mexicans on the other hand (more realistically) believed that any scrip that they held would never be redeemed.
In August 1914 after the Carranza government had acknowledged Huerta’s Obligaciones Provisionales there was obviously talk about the other Huertista issues as on 28 August subsecretario Felicitas Villarreal, declare that only the Obligaciones were accepted and the others that had circulated for a long time in Nuevo León and Coahuila had no valueEl Dictamen, Año XVI, Núm. 1259, 29 August 1914.
When the Constitutionalists had taken over the Tesorería General in Monterrey they found it contained $7,292.20AMMont, Acta of 25 April 1914. Of this amount $2,999.20 was in División del Bravo vales and these were incinerated on 27 October 1914ANL, Hacienda y Tesorería, Monterrey, caja 155.
Incidentally, Téllez had been transferred to Guaymas in Sonora in March 1914 and assumed the duties of Provisional Governor of the State and commander of the División del Yaqui. There he was responsible for another emergency “siege” issue. | <urn:uuid:87c14a5a-7a8b-46bb-b06a-55b5d8b2d6f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://papermoneyofmexico.com/index.php/history/nuevo-leon/division-del-bravo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.965945 | 2,894 | 2.703125 | 3 |
According to new research, UK-based business owners have been expanding their businesses to the UAE increasingly. And why not? Dubai has ample resources to help UK entrepreneurs tap into new markets. More specifically, Dubai and its associated free zones are being seen as promising for starting a business in Dubai as a foreigner.
DMCC, one of the more known free zones in Dubai, has played a crucial role in developing UAE-UK trade relations. In March 2022, the free zone had profitable opportunities for UK entrepreneurs in Dubai, as shown during its Made For Trade Live Roadshow. In fact, opportunities in DMCC attracted a record-breaking 2,485 new businesses in 2021, bringing the total to over 20,000 companies.
Dubai is an incubator for entrepreneurship and home to a dynamic, resilient, and growing cultural scene. No wonder it is one of the most popular locations for UK entrepreneurs to launch their businesses.
So if starting a business in Dubai as a foreigner is on your mind, keep reading further.
What Are the Benefits of Starting a Business in Dubai?
UK-UAE ties are deepening as they engage in new projects together. Following are some benefits UK entrepreneurs may reap in Dubai:
- With everything digitised and cooperative administration, starting a business in Dubai as a foreigner involves almost no paperwork.
- The recent UAE-UK free trade agreement negotiations are likely to boost future business activities. Moreover, lower trade barriers, a more secure regulatory environment and the UAE’s need to import certain skills make Dubai a promising location to start your business as a foreigner.
- The UAE is one of the largest domestic markets and the third-largest re-export market. Hence, Dubai can provide the most productive market access for UK manufacturers and exporters.
- The UAE government has recently created Fintech regulatory sandboxes and technology-specific government investment funds for foreign entrepreneurs.
- Once you have all the pertinent documents, obtaining a visa in Dubai is easier. Moreover, the new visa rules make the foreign national-dominated job market more adaptable.
- Dubai’s cutting-edge infrastructure, tremendous public transportation system, world-class telecommunication, and top-notch internet facilities fascinate several UK entrepreneurs.
- The UAE excels globally in the business skills of its employees. In fact, its talent pool is highly competent in various fields like management, leadership and operations.
- Dubai absolves all types of taxes. These include income, business and personal taxes. But, some companies may need to pay a 5% VAT on certain business activities.
- Unlike most nations, even if you’re starting a business in Dubai as a foreigner, you can have 100% ownership of your company.
- Thanks to its strategic location, Dubai links manufacturers, producers and suppliers from all over the world. The ports serve for outstanding connectivity.
- Businesses in the Dubai mainland and free zones are not compelled to give a part of their capital invested and profits earned as taxes to the UAE government.
What Documents Do You Require to Start a Business in Dubai as a Foreigner?
Being a foreigner setting up their business in Dubai, ensure you have all the necessary documents. This simplifies the business setup process. Some of the documents you will need to submit are as follows:
- Copies of passports and visas
- Two passport-size photographs
- Entry visa and stamp pages
The type and number of documents depend on the business activity, company structure and location. Our experts can provide you with a comprehensive list of the documents required for your business.
How to Start a Business in Dubai as a Foreigner?
As a foreigner, you must go through various steps to launch a business in Dubai. The following steps can help you comprehend it better:
1. Select a Business Activity
As a foreigner, Dubai is uncharted waters for you. So, learn about the UAE’s culture and the local consumer. Then, localise your business idea, vision, and goals.
Also, before you enter the new market, research the competition. A wide variety of business activities are permitted in Dubai’s mainland and free zones. Accordingly, choose a business activity.
2. Decide on Your Company’s Name
Choosing a name for your business is a big decision. It’s the first thing your prospective clients will remember about your company. So, your company name should be easy to recognise and remember. Moreover, a legally safe name will keep you away from legal troubles. Accordingly, choose a name and register it with the relevant authorities.
3. Choose a Company Structure
Your business will operate more effectively if it has an appropriate company structure. So, choose a suitable company structure for your business. The company structure could be a sole proprietorship, a Limited Liability Company (LLC) or a branch office.
4. Apply for the Licence
Your business needs to have a valid trade licence in Dubai. Having a trade licence for your company makes it simpler to register a corporate bank account. Submit the required paperwork and licence money to apply for a business licence.
Many types of business licences are allowed for UK business owners in Dubai. Moreover, you might need to apply for extra permits based on your line of work. Consultancy professionals can assist you in getting the licence and approvals necessary for your business.
5. Choose Your Business Location
Every location in Dubai has unique qualities and provides significant advantages. Considering this, decide on a business location in Dubai. You can choose from the Dubai mainland or one of the free zones.
Consider the size of your personnel, the technologies required, and your budget when deciding on a physical office. Additionally, you will have to decide whether to rent or lease.
6. Get Your Trade Licence
Once all the stages have been successfully completed, you can get your trade licence.
An expert consultancy can help expedite the business setup process for you. This could include naming rules, visa eligibility rules, corporate licences, bank accounts and fees.
What Is the Cost of Starting a Business in Dubai?
Various aspects of starting a business in Dubai as a foreigner cost differently. For instance, your business activities, licence type, promotional campaigns, additional approvals, and more. So, coming up with an accurate cost of starting a business in Dubai is tricky. Nonetheless, it may take around 18,000 AED to set up a business in Dubai as a foreigner.
Your business’s specific costs can be determined with the assistance of experts from the Shuraa UK branch. They will ensure that you don’t overspend.
Start Your Business in Dubai With Shuraa
Shuraa UK branch can deliver all the resources you need for a successful business setup. If your business has specific requirements, we can also create custom-made setup solutions. All you need to do is get in touch with us! | <urn:uuid:89f54819-45b0-41ef-abe0-5ba10fee3705> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.shuraa.co.uk/starting-business-dubai-foreigner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.936359 | 1,416 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Pew Report Finds New Management Plan Would Increase Economic Value of Groundfish Industry
The New England groundfish fishery would be more economically and environmentally sound if the system used to manage the activities of commercial fishermen was changed from regulations based on “days-at-sea” to annual catch limits, according to a report released today by the Pew Environment Group. In addition, the new system would give declining populations of the region's iconic species like cod and flounder a chance to rebuild, providing a sustainable future for the industry.
The report, One Last Chance: The Economic Case for a New Approach to Fisheries Management in New England, chronicles the rise and fall of groundfish and describes what happened to the New England fishing economy as a consequence. It was written by resource economists Dr. Robert J. Johnston from Clark University and Dr. Jon G. Sutinen from University of Rhode Island.
“Economists have argued for decades against the type of effort controls used today in New England, including limits on days-at-sea,” said Johnston. “These approaches don't directly control harvest, but instead make fishing more difficult in the hope that it will reduce catch. It's no surprise that profits have been driven out of the fishery.”
“I started out in this business over 30 years ago and know what a healthy fishery looks like,” stated Glen Libby, chairman of Midcoast (Maine) Fishermen's Association. “Days-at-sea has failed us. Working within a sector will allow us to plan our trips to get the best price, while enabling fish stocks to rebuild because the race is off. Sectors offer the best hope that we have right now for a sustainable future for groundfishing in New England.”
Some of the report's top findings are:
- No multispecies fishery has ever prospered or been rebuilt successfully under days-at-sea limits.
- While the fishery is still experiencing declines in fish stocks, landings and revenues, a transition to more responsible management, including sectors with annual catch limits, can provide significant economic gain. Rebuilding stocks could have a cumulative net present value near $300 million or higher, potentially reaching $400 million to $500 million in some scenarios (2003 dollars).
- Cooperative fishery management under output controls are paying off worldwide. Harvest cooperatives such as the Montauk Tilefish Association, Alaska Pollock Conservation Cooperative, Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative, and others show clear biological and economic benefits including longer seasons, increased sustainable landings and profits, reduced bycatch and waste, higher product quality and recovery rates, and safer fishing.
- Sectors offer many advantages not often provided by individual fishing quotas. These include the ability to coordinate harvest timing and location, product mix and marketing to increase net benefits. Sectors also present an opportunity to coordinate fishing activity among sector members to minimize fishing costs.
In New England, sectors have been proposed as a way to provide fishermen with the flexibility to set their own fishing guidelines so they can run their businesses more efficiently and profitably while fish populations recover. The authors examine this solution and compare it to other fisheries management alternatives. Their findings offer compelling data that appropriately-designed sectors offer the potential for more responsible, profitable and sustainable fisheries in the future. There are already two successful sectors operating in Chatham, Mass., and 17 other fishing groups in New England have submitted proposals to establish sectors.
“Unlike failed methods of the past, output controls provide a direct way to promote sustainability and economic benefits,” said Johnston. “Experience in fisheries worldwide shows the benefits of harvest cooperatives or sectors, in which groups of fishermen are given a renewable privilege to harvest a specific quantity of fish.”
The New England Fishery Management Council will vote on initiating sectors into the Amendment 16 groundfish management plan during its meeting in Portland, Maine, June 23-25, 2009. A public comment period is open until June 8, 2009. The general public may submit comments via email to: firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:28ce3225-8cd8-4299-821e-d49856580418> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/about/news-room/press-releases/2009/05/06/pew-report-finds-new-management-plan-would-increase-economic-value-of-groundfish-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00549-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939823 | 844 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The Museum Properties
The institutional complex is composed of the Museum, the Watson Reading Room, and the Alexandria African American Heritage Park.
Alexandria Black History Museum is devoted to exhibiting local and regional history, incorporates the Robert H. Robinson Library as one of two exhibition galleries. The Robert H. Robinson Library was originally constructed in 1940 following a sit-in at the segregated Alexandria Library.
Watson Reading Room, established in 1995, provides an environment for learning about the diversity of African American cultural traditions.
African American Heritage Park is a nine-acre green space and wetland, the Park offers a place for celebration, commemoration and quiet reflection.
The Journey to be Free: Self-emancipation and Alexandria's Contraband Heritage. This temporary exhibition is on view now.
Before the Spirits are Swept Away: African American Historic Site Paintings By Sherry Z. Sanabria. Coming this fall.
Securing the Blessings of Liberty. The Museum's permanent exhibition seeks to document how the area African Americans survived slavery, helped to destroy it and eventually helped shape the community that we know today. Much of the built environment and the agriculture of Virginia was created and maintained by enslaved blacks. A brutal institution with old and deep roots in Virginia, slavery still haunts the American consciousness and affects our attitudes toward race, class and equality in the United States.
Past Exhibit -- Style and Identity: Black Alexandria in the 1970s , the popular exhibition of portraits by Horace Day, is now closed but the catalog is still available. Purchase a copy at the Alexandria Black History Museum, The Lyceum, and the History Center and Museum Store, or download a PDF version for free.
Mercy Street, the six-episode PBS drama that premieried on Sunday, January 17, 2016, is inspired by true stories of Civil War Alexandria, Virginia.The Office of Historic Alexandria joins Extraordinary Alexandria in providing visitor experiences that uncover the real people behind the characters on the show, the realities of Civil War medicine, changing roles for women, and the breakthrough experience of enslaved African Americans claiming their freedom.
- Watch the trailer here
- WJLA Interview with Beth Hoppe from PBS and Audrey Davis from Alexandria Black History Museum, January 13, 2016.
- Experience Mercy Street in Alexandria
Contrabands & Freedmen Cemetery Memorial
The Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial was officially opened on September 6, 2014. Learn about the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial history and archaeology of the site, view the extensive news coverage of the commemoration ceremonies, and watch short videos about the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial on Comcast Newsmakers , of interviews with Char McCargo Bah, Audrey Davis and Francine Bromberg.
Freedmen's Cemetery Ornament: The ornament commemorates the 150th anniversary of the cemetery’s first burial and the memorial’s official opening in September, 2014.The ornament depicts Mario Chiodo’s passionate statue, The Path of Thorns and Roses, framed by the memorial’s arched entranceway. As the centerpiece of the memorial, the statue depicts the allegoric figures of Oppression, Struggle, Sacrifice, Loss, Compassion, and Hope. Available for $18.00 from Alexandria's museum shops and online from The Alexandria Shop.
The Fort: A Post-Civil War African American Community
Visit Fort Ward Park to see new historic signage highlighting the post-Civil War African American community known as The Fort. A copy of The Fort Heritage Trail Brochure is available online.
This community is the focus of an effort by the Office of Historic Alexandria to study and preserve the post-Civil War historic resources of Fort Ward Park. Archaeological excavations in the park, historical research, and oral histories highlight our growing knowledge of this community. Learn about the Stakeholder Advisory Group , and about archaeological and historical research, including reports on excavations, transcriptions of oral history interviews with former residents.
News and Information
- News coverage of the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial dedication.
- Watch short videos about the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial on Comcast Newsmakers:
- Yolanda Vazquez sits down with Char McCargo Bah, professional genealogist, to talk about the celebration. (July 22, 2014)
- Elena Russo speaks with Francine Bromberg, Acting Director of Alexandria Archaeology, about the historical research that revealed the presence of a forgotten cemetery. (July 31, 2014)
- Elena Russo speaks with Audrey Davis, Director of the Alexandria Black History Museum, about the upcoming Dedication of the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial. (August 5, 2014)
- The Washingtonian Magazine picked the Alexandria Black History Museum as one of its "Hidden Gems" for their February 2014 issue.
- Comcast Newsmakers: Appreciating Diversity: Ellen Russo speaks with Audrey Davis, the Acting Director of the Alexandria Black History Museum, about appreciating diversity and the cultural traditions of our nation. Watch the short video, created November 2013.
- WTOP and NBC report: Film "Twelve Years a Slave" has ties to the Washington, D.C. area. Northrup was sold into slavery in 1841 through the Washington, D.C. slave dealer James H. Birch. In 1858, after Northrup was again a free man, Birch was co-owner of the Alexandria Slave Pen, now Freedom House Museum. Read the Associated Press article on WTOP, November 5, 2013, and watch the NBC News video from November 6, 2013, and see the film at local theaters.
- Watch a video clip on The Alexandria Black History Museum, from WETA’s Around Town (2007).
- National Trust Visits Museum -- As part of its efforts to document Contraband heritage sites, the National Trust for Historic Preservation visited Alexandria and interviewed Audrey Davis, Assistant Director and Curator of the Alexandria Black History Museum, and local historian Lillian Patterson. Check out the Preservation Nation blog and video now and learn about Alexandria's Contraband history!
- The book African Americans in Alexandria, Virginia: Beacons of Light in the Twentieth Century has been nominated by the Library of Virginia (LVA) for its 17th Annual Library of Virginia LIterary Awards in the nonfiction category. Winners will be announced at LVA's Gala on October 18, 2014. The book is also one of the selections for the Virginia Festival of Books. Authors Audrey Davis and Char McCargo Bah will join other authors on a panel on Community History at the Festival on March 21, 2014 at noon, in Charlottesville, VA. The book is available for sale at the Museum, at the Historic Alexandria Museum Shop located at The Lyceum, and online from The Alexandria Shop. All proceeds will go to the Museum to assist in their programming.
- Walking Tour Brochure: Download A Remarkable Journey: A Guide to Alexandria’s African American History.
Alexandria Black History Museum
902 Wythe Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Museum and Office Hours
Tuesday to Saturday: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Sunday and Monday: Closed
Closed: New Year's Day, Easter, 4th of July, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday
Monday to Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and by appointment
Open by appointment only. To schedule an appointment, contact the museum’s curators at 703.746.4356 or by email.
American Alliance of Museums | <urn:uuid:56659302-2a8e-4e97-8135-1b0626260811> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.alexandriava.gov/BlackHistory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916721 | 1,566 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Department of Education has cut the number of teaching posts to be axed in disadvantaged schools by more than half.
The most disadvantaged schools, that is schools falling within the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) Bands 1 and 2, will now not lose any teachers.
The Government had originally proposed to axe 235 posts in these schools, and these will now be retained.
192 posts from primary schools outside DEIS Band 1 and 2 and from DEIS second level schools will still be lost.
The move follows a strong and sustained campaign by DEIS primary schools.
The budget had also proposed a gradual reduction in teacher allocation in small rural primary schools.
However, small schools will now be allowed to appeal individual decisions on the basis of expected increased enrolment next year.
But other primary schools will see their capitation grant cut by 3.5% next September to pay for the retention of teachers in DEIS schools.
The Irish Primary Principal's Network has called this "robbing Peter to pay Paul".
The INTO has broadly welcomed today's announcement.
Some DEIS school principals have also given a guarded welcome to the news. However, they have expressed concern that teaching posts are to be retained "on a concessionary basis".
The Government has also slightly increased the allocation of resources and special needs teaching hours in DEIS Primary schools.
DEIS school principals say they will have to study this further. | <urn:uuid:fdad5f5e-bc1e-4a6b-ace4-b3f94dc88ccf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0221/313721-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977779 | 293 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Why eating healthy is important for kids? A child’s body is different from an adult human being; hence their needs are also different. Children are developing and growing continuously and hence their nutrition requirements are different and higher compared to adults. When a child eats a balanced diet it ensures that he / she is getting all the nutrients which will help them to grow and develop optimally. Healthy eating from the formative years helps children maintain healthy body weight, avoid health problems, stabilize their energy, and sharpen their minds. A healthy diet has a very good effect on the children’s mental and emotional well-being. A child who is given healthy food will receive a lifetime bonus of stronger mind and body since he / she is likely to hold on to these habits throughout life. Children can be taught to eat well with the help of a child nutritionist who is aware of the child’s needs and also counsels the child which is the key to convincing the children.
Healthy Food Groups to include in the Child’s Diet: Fruits and vegetables: Fresh fruits and vegetables are filled with micronutrients like vitamins and minerals which are needed for proper growth and development in children. Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables adds color to the plate and provides antioxidants instrumental in helping build a strong immune system. The fiber in the fruits and vegetables will give them a healthy digestive system. Grains (cereal) foods: Whole grains like millets, brown rice, whole wheat pasta, bread, oats, whole wheat, quinoa, etc contain complex carbohydrates and fiber which seem to be lacking in today’s diets. Fiber may help prevent constipation by keeping their bowel regular and also helps to keep the child satisfied after a meal or snack. Refined grain products like cakes, biscuits, white bread, cookies, etc can be very high in sugar and saturated fats and devoid of the much needed nutrients for growth. Nuts: Nuts like almonds, walnuts, pistachios, etc provide nutrients like Vitamin E, fiber, protein, B group vitamins, healthy fats, iron and many more. Nuts can be given to children as a quick healthy snack in replacement of snacks like biscuits and chips. However, caution should be exercised while giving whole nuts to the younger children for the risk of choking. Powdered nuts are a great option for them. Milk and milk products: Milk and its products are excellent sources of calcium, an important nutrient for strong, healthy bones and teeth. Besides calcium, milk also contains good quality protein and Vitamin B12 which is an important nutrient for vegetarians. Curd contains good bacteria which is important for gut health. Lean meat, fish, eggs, tofu, seeds, dals, beans: Proteins from dals, legumes, tofu, seeds, eggs, lean meat and fish contain essential amino acids important for growth and development. The amount of protein each child needs depends on his / her age and activity level. Proteins from animal sources are of good quality while plant proteins are incomplete (lacking in one or more essential amino acids) proteins. But, children on a vegetarian diet can also get the essential amino acids by eating a wide range of plant proteins. Children need a source of protein at each meal. Eating a variety of foods from each of these groups is the key to good health in children. There are certain other points to be kept in mind while planning a healthy diet for children: Teenage girls are more prone to iron deficiency due to the loss of blood each month during menstruation. Including leafy greens, beans, lean meat, fish, eggs and dried fruits will help increase the intake of iron in the diet. Iron deficiency anemia can be a leading cause of tiredness, irritability, sluggishness, etc. Keep a check on the total sugar intake. Do not ban sweet foods completely. You could give a healthy twist to their favorite desserts with less sugar by adding dried fruits that are naturally sweet. Also, check the food labels of any packaged foods that you may buy for them to look out for the hidden sources of sugar. Teach children how to read the food labels. Cook more home based meals as restaurant and take away foods are also loaded with salt, sugar and unhealthy fat. Focus on all the food groups rather than on just what the child would want. He / she needs nutrients from all the food groups and no one group provides all the nutrients. Over the past few decades there has been an overall shift in the eating pattern of children. The fast food consumption has increased. Research shows that 75% of children who were eating fast food or outside food are taking in 30-40% of more calories than those who did not eat outside. Also, their intake for fruits, vegetables, milk and grains is very less. This high intake of energy and lack of physical activity is a leading cause of obesity in children today. Also, due exposure to fast foods children now-a-days are more inclined towards unhealthy food and regular intake of these foods could increase their risk to lifestyle diseases at an early age. Giving a healthy diet to children can have a profound effect on their health, make them sharp and keep them in a good mood. Nutritionist in Mumbai and Dietitians in Mumbai can help you change the eating habits of your children without creating a war zone at meal times. | <urn:uuid:84ec90c8-515f-4655-9d5c-94aefaf96cfd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthadvisory.us/children-health/power-foods-for-your-kids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.967001 | 1,087 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Protecting Flooring Under Doors
I have a problem with leaking sliding glass doors that will soon be repaired. However I am concerned about protecting the flooring under the doors. The sliding doors rest on the last six inches or so of the plywood floor for the room. After the doors are repaired the carpet will be replaced with tile. I want to protect the plywood to the maximum so in case of a future problem with the doors, I won’t need to remove the tile to repair the wood. Should I pour raw linseed oil on the floor alongside the door frame so it seeps into the floor and under the doors?? Or should I use another sealer or do you have a better idea. I figured raw linseed oil is better then boiled linseed because the raw oil takes longer to dry.
I have been in the construction business for over 30 years and I have never heard of using linseed or any other oil for this purpose. A quick google search did turn up multiple news stories like this one about the dangers of linseed oil and spontaneous combustion.
For the potential fire hazard alone I highly recommend that you DO NOT use linseed oil or any similar product in the manner you described.
The proper way of protecting flooring under doors is to have sill pan flashing professionally installed as part of the door installation process.
This is a tried and true method of protecting flooring under doors, but many contractors and installers omit this step and the home owners never know the difference until the damage is done. Ask your contractor about the door installation process. If they don’t include sill pan flashing as part of the process, insist that it be installed and assure yourself that they are familiar with proper flashing and sill pan installation practices.
Did you enjoy this post? Tell us what you think in the comments box below. | <urn:uuid:54078953-e122-47fc-9083-e2d9dce9ad58> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://woodshms.com/wp/protecting-flooring-under-doors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.933785 | 375 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Model: COM20020I 3V
Operating System: (Note: might work with other versions of this os.)
Before downloading: Run Free Scan for Instant Driver Updates
The COM20020I is a member of the family of Embedded ARCNET Controllers from SMSC. The device is a general purpose communications controller for networking microcontrollers and intelligent peripherals in industrial, automotive, and embedded control environments using an ARCNET protocol engine. The small package, flexible microcontroller and media interfaces, eight-page message support, and extended temperature range of the COM20020I make it the only true network controller optimized for use in industrial, embedded, and automotive applications. Using an ARCNET protocol engine is the ideal solution for embedded control applications because it provides a deterministic token-passing protocol, a highly reliable and proven networking scheme, and a data rate of up to 5 Mbps when using the COM20020I. | <urn:uuid:ce54e4a3-2eff-4de8-9640-30d3b9b3a751> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.network-drivers.com/drivers/209/209336.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.786651 | 189 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Western diplomats have called for Kenya's leaders to reach agreement on a power-sharing coalition, after negotiations broke down Tuesday. Diplomats say continuing foreign assistance and other cooperation will depend on establishing a government. For VOA, Derek Kilner has more from Nairobi.
Diplomats from the United States, Britain, the European Union, and Canada have called for President Mwai Kibaki and opposition leader Raila Odinga to resolve the impasse over naming ministers in a coalition government as soon as possible.
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who spoke Monday with both leaders by phone, issued a statement Tuesday warning that if no deal is reached, the United States will "form its own judgments" about who is responsible and "act accordingly."
Speaking to reporters Wednesday, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya Michael Ranneberger, echoed this position.
"The whole U.S. relationship with Kenya depends on the implementation of this political accord. We think it will be implemented," Ranneberger said. "But if it is not, for whatever reason, then that would affect the whole relationship, and therefore it would have a huge impact on Kenya."
Ambassador Ranneberger said he met Tuesday with President Kibaki and Mr. Odinga and remains convinced the two will reach an agreement.
European Union diplomats met with members of President Kibaki's Party of National Unity, with British High Commissioner Adam Wood calling for flexibility on both sides. EU representatives met Tuesday with members of Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement.
President Kibaki and Mr. Odinga signed a power-sharing deal mediated by former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan in late February. The agreement calls for Mr. Odinga to take up the newly created position of prime minister, and for cabinet ministries to be split evenly between the two sides.
But Ambassador Ranneberger said both sides have been trying to secure the most powerful ministries, such as internal security and foreign affairs.
The Orange Democratic Movement's announcement Tuesday that it is suspending negotiations sparked protests in the Kibera slum of Nairobi and in the western city of Kisumu, both opposition strongholds, raising worries of a return to the unrest that killed about 1,200 people after December's elections. | <urn:uuid:8ec96f5f-b0f5-4bea-982d-7d45126383ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-04-09-voa35-66816017/374267.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.955936 | 478 | 1.632813 | 2 |
As Eagleton explains, Milton was a key figure in the English Revolution which saw the temporary establishment of an English Republic in the 1650s. He defended the rights of free speech and popular sovereignty (though he was by no means a democrat in any straightforward sense). As Quentin Skinner has argued in depth, Milton belonged to a generation of 'neo-roman' thinkers of this time who saw the central evil in politics as arbitrary power. To be unfree is not simply to suffer interference from another; it is to live under the shadow of potential interference which lies at someone else's discretion. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was echoing Milton's thinking when he wrote that 'the worst thing that can happen in human affairs is to find oneself living at the mercy of another.'
Milton's conception of freedom as 'non-domination' (to use the term coined by Philip Pettit) retains all its force and relevance for us today. Not least, it continues to provide a vital standard against which to judge the British executive and its impatience with inconveniences such as the Human Rights Act which act as a break on its arbitrary power.
In addition, as later republicans saw, it offers an important basis for evaluating our economic and social institutions. How far does capitalism render individuals vulnerable to domination in the workplace, for example? What kind of institutions do we need to prevent domination in the workplace and in the home?
Also important is Milton's conception of politics and civic life. As David Marquand reminds us in his recent book Britain Since 1918, Milton belongs to that dissident tradition of 'democratic republicanism' in British politics which insists on seeing politics as a matter of active participation and 'sinewy discoursing': not the counting of heads, or the passive reflection back to people of their preferences, but common deliberation and mutual learning animated by a commitment to find a common good.
So let's raise a glass - if you're a Puritan tee-totaler, it can of course be a glass of orange juice - to John Milton and to the unfinished, but ongoing project of republican transformation. | <urn:uuid:a3c66c36-eb1c-48be-abf2-43d9e9c5be84> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nextleft.org/2008/12/lets-celebrate-miltons-birthday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960792 | 429 | 2.9375 | 3 |
By Jeffrey A. Roberts
CFOIC Executive Director
Colorado lawmakers in 2016 rejected an opportunity to bring the state’s open-records law into the 21st century.
They also decided that wage-law violations should remain “trade secrets” and that internal affairs files on judicial branch employees should remain confidential, which isn’t the case for other state government workers.
On matters affecting public information, the General Assembly did little during this year’s session to improve access. The most significant legislative win for government transparency doesn’t actually affect governments.
That would be SB 16-038, which requires financial disclosures and state audits for nonprofits that get millions of dollars of taxpayer money to coordinate services for Coloradans with developmental and intellectual disabilities.
The bill, which awaits Gov. John Hickenlooper’s signature, is a major accomplishment for advocates and family members who fought to open the books of Colorado’s 20 community-centered boards after a scathing Denver city audit of Rocky Mountain Human Services. Late last year, Denver Auditor Tim O’Brien found “unreasonable spending and poor accounting practices” at the Denver-based CCB, such as overcharging the city $650,000 for administrative expenses, reimbursing staff members for home internet and providing staff with annual Costco memberships.
As introduced by Sen. Irene Aguilar, a Denver Democrat, SB 16-038 would have made CCBs subject to the Colorado Open Records Act (CORA). But Aguilar agreed to remove the CORA provision after the CCBs and other nonprofits that receive government money balked at the open-records mandate.
Instead, the enacted version requires the state auditor to conduct a performance audit of each community-centered board that receives at least 75 percent of its funding from public sources (all 20 qualify). It also requires the online posting of CCB agendas, meeting minutes, tax returns, government contracts and financial audits. If a request is made, CCBs will have five business days to provide copies of annual budgets, annual summaries of revenues and expenditures and financial policies and procedures.
“I think it’s a good outcome,” said Maureen Welch, the mother of an 8-year-old son with Down syndrome. “It’s a good start for us to get a window into the operations of the CCBs.”
CORA still includes references to microfilm and online bulletin boards, and the provision that ensures access to public records “kept only in digital form” – last amended in the 1990s – is antiquated and nonspecific.
That’s why Sen. John Kefalas, D-Fort Collins, introduced SB 16-037. Too often, journalists and members of the public are denied records in in a format that allows for searching, sorting and aggregating. And public records kept in databases and spreadsheets sometimes are withheld entirely because governments say they aren’t required to redact confidential information and release public portions.
“I believe that records made and maintained by governmental entities belong to the public,” Kefalas said during testimony. “And with exceptions that are delineated in CORA…the public must be able to access, review and analyze such records to better understand governmental activities.”
But the Senate State, Veterans and Military Affairs Committee killed the bill on a 3-2 vote after government lobbyists voiced concerns about its impact on costs and data security.
The Colorado Freedom of Information Coalition, which supported the bill, already is in talks with government representatives and other stakeholders in an effort to produce compromise language for next year’s legislative session.
It is illegal, under the state’s interpretation of a 100-year-old law, for the Colorado Department of Labor and Employment to disclose whether an employer has cheated its workers. Rep. Jessie Danielson, D-Wheat Ridge, introduced HB 16-1347 to make citation and assessment information on wage-law violations available for inspection under CORA after an employer has exhausted all appeals.
Nobody testified against the bill, which passed a House committee unanimously and won bipartisan support on the House floor. But last week, with no discussion, the Senate Business, Labor and Technology Committee killed it on a 5-4 partisan vote.
“They gave no reasons for voting against such a common-sense transparency measure,” said Danielson, who plans to re-introduce the measure next session.
Judicial branch employees
State courts have ruled that Colorado’s judicial branch is not covered by CORA, so the Colorado Supreme Court last year wrote rules for the public release of the judiciary’s administrative records. Those rules are similar to CORA in many respects, but treat the records of judicial branch employees differently than CORA treats the records of those who work for the executive and legislative branches and all local governments in Colorado.
HB 16-1346, introduced by Rep. Polly Lawrence, R-Douglas County, would have made civil or internal investigative files on judicial department employees subject to CORA. Under the open-records law, internal affairs files on the conduct of public employees are presumed to be open for public inspection, except for portions that contain highly personal or private information unrelated to work performance.
The bill died in the House State, Veterans and Military Affairs Committee on a party-line 5-4 vote. Gerald Pratt, testifying for the Colorado Bar Association, told lawmakers they would risk “not respecting the separation of powers in our (state) constitution” if they applied CORA to the judicial branch.
HB 16-1282, which was sent to the governor May 2, aligns campaign-finance disclosures in school board elections with those of other races in Colorado. Prompted in part by untraceable spending from outside groups in recent Denver metro races, the bill requires pre-election disclosure of independent expenditures of more than $1,000. It also requires disclosure of spending on advertisements, billboards and direct mailings.
Lawmakers also passed SB 16-186, which temporarily sets disclosure requirements for small-scale committees that support or oppose ballot issues. The limits are to be repealed in 2019 because of a pending federal court case.
A third campaign disclosure measure died. HB 16-1434 would have required independent groups and individuals to disclose expenditures when they buy ads, billboards and mailings that mention only political parties. Disclosure currently is required when such communications mention candidates, but not when they generally suggest that you support Democrats or Republicans.
School board violations
SB 16-101 would have created a school board ethics commission in the state Department of Education to hear alleged violations of CORA and Colorado’s Open Meetings Law. Sen. Andy Kerr, D-Lakewood, introduced the bill in response to allegations made during last fall’s recall election in the Jefferson County school district.
Under current law, going to court is the only way to challenge denials of access to public records and public meetings in Colorado.
Two Douglas County parents testified for the bill, saying the Dougco school board has a history of making decisions behind closed doors and stonewalling open-records requests. Joanne and Alex McDaniel, testifying with their two young daughters, made numerous allegations about a charter school board in Jefferson County.
But Sen. Owen Hill said the measure would have created a commission “appointed by politicians” to oversee school board members who are elected directly by the people.
Sunshine Law exception
The governor signed HB 16-1259, which allows the trustees of Colorado Mountain College to make decisions electronically under limited circumstances. Glenwood Springs-based CMC asked for the change because the college’s 11 campuses serve a large geographic area that is often difficult to travel, especially in winter.
The Open Meetings Law, aka the Sunshine Law, effectively bars email discussions of public business among three or more elected members of a local government body because it’s difficult, if not impossible, for the public to “attend” that meeting and monitor what is discussed. The bill lets the CMC board take action using email, fax “or other form of wire or wireless communication” if proper notice is given beforehand.
The board is not be allowed to meet electronically if any one board member objects in writing or if a member of the public requests that the proposed action be discussed during a regular or special meeting.
A Senate committee killed HB 16-1078, which would have extended state employee whistleblower protections to employees of municipalities, counties and school districts.
The legislature passed a separate whistleblower bill, SB 16-056, which prohibits the discipline of state employees who reveal confidential information while reporting instances of waste, mismanagement of public funds or abuses of authority to a designated “whistleblower review agency.” That will be the attorney general’s office in most circumstances.
“Who’s in a better position to know about fraud, waste and abuse in government than state employees?” said Rep. Pete Lee, D-Colorado Springs, the bill’s House sponsor. “Who’s in a better position to know about mismanagement of public funds and illegal and unethical practices but the actual state employees who are involved in the agencies?
“But unless we provide them with meaningful protections against retaliation or harassment within their agencies, we will not get the candor or disclosures that we need.”
SB 16-132, which was sent to the governor in late April, closes personally identifying portions of the state’s database of breath-alcohol test results. The bill, however, doesn’t affect information available in law enforcement reports on drunken driving arrests.
An individual’s breathalyzer results “will still be in police reports,” said Sen. John Cooke, the Weld County Republican who introduced the measure. “When someone gets arrested, everything will be in there, just as it has been. And it will always be in court documents, obviously.”
Child victim records
The governor signed SB 16-110, which deletes the names of children who are victims of serious crimes from criminal justice records before those records are released to the public.
“Victims who are children are further victimized when their name is made public, when their neighbors, their friends at school, their community find out about whatever has happened to them,” said Sen. Laura Woods, R-Arvada, the bill’s sponsor.
The Colorado Criminal Justice Records Act already requires the deletion of sexual assault victims’ names prior to the release of those records. Child abuse records are confidential under a separate statute. SB 16-110 covers some of the most serious crimes against children, including: internet sexual exploitation of a child, enticement of a child, internet luring of a child, soliciting for child prostitution and human trafficking of a minor for involuntary servitude.
Follow the Colorado Freedom of Information Coalition on Twitter @CoFOIC. Like CFOIC’s Facebook page. Visit CFOIC’s legislature page to track bills in the General Assembly that could affect the flow or availability of information in Colorado. | <urn:uuid:eb2c7239-7934-4e91-9724-bfa236454700> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coloradofoic.org/open-government-wins-losses-2016-legislative-session/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.938529 | 2,341 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Sumit Singhal loves modern architecture. He comes from a family of builders who have built more than 20 projects in the last ten years near Delhi in India. He has recently started writing about the architectural projects that catch his imagination.
Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz station in Leipzig, Germany by MAX DUDLER
January 9th, 2014 by Sumit Singhal
Article source: MAX DUDLER
The station concourse, with a rectangular section and a slight longitudinal curve, is situated 20 metres below ground. Walls and ceilings of the elongated, column-free hall are clad with large, backlit prefabricated glass blocks set into a framework of fair-faced precast concrete. This gives the station concourse a bright and spacious feel. Extreme repetition of one and the same motif makes its actual dimensions almost intangible for passengers.
Station concourse dimensions
The light-coloured, jointless terrazzo flooring of the insular platform acts as a quiet counterpoint to the seemingly endless pattern of the walls. All necessary station furniture is arranged on the platform in the shape of geometrical concrete sculptures, all functions such as seating, timetables and ticket machines having in a sense been subtracted from or carved out of the concrete cubes.
The station concourse’s supporting structure of precast reinforced concrete is not visible behind the glass block cladding. The wall elements of the glass block envelope are anchored to a steel substructure on the tunnel wall. The ceiling elements are suspended from the building shell.
Passengers access the station through the entrances on the north and south ends of the station that are fitted with solid staircases, escalators and elevators. The architectural design of the two entrances is in deliberate contrast to the filigree, seemingly transparent station concourse. As soon as they dip beneath the surface of the square, the staircases and their inner casings are made entirely of fair-faced concrete.
The minimalist, almost coarse design conveys an impression of descending towards the interior of the earth, as if it was tunnelled directly into the rock. The stairs and the platform combine seamlessly into a monolithic ribbon. Similar to the station concourse, the aboveground entrance buildings have also been fitted with glass block components. They will help bring the square to life when illuminated at night.
Wilhelm Leuschner was a social democrat politician and part of the resistance against National Socialism. Formerly known as Königsplatz, this square in Leipzig was renamed Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz in his honour in 1945. In 2013 it was finally renamed Platz der Friedlichen Revolution” to honour the important role it played during German reunification.
Contact MAX DUDLER | <urn:uuid:684913d8-b23e-4c6d-9563-2a41f379f412> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2014/01/09/wilhelm-leuschner-platz-station-in-leipzig-germany-by-max-dudler/?interstitial_displayed=Yes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00084-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937852 | 566 | 2.140625 | 2 |
What I Have To Believe? - Poem by Ramdas Bhandarkar
"What I have to believe and what I believed?
That on the whole, and by and large, to live relieved,
what we need, food for fight, or peaceful life?
decency when become thread binding, indecency is cutting knife!
Man has to live properly, spirit with due attention paid,
not according to what any religions and scriptures said,
what seemed decent and honest inside, Self's voice heard,
then it would, more or less, turn out all right, at the end,
Comments about What I Have To Believe? by Ramdas Bhandarkar
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet. | <urn:uuid:5146cd31-12d7-4575-8f78-bd0c6b71d88a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/what-i-have-to-believe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944146 | 163 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Health Benefits of Jack fruit
Jack fruit is a delightfully sweet tropical fruit that also happens to have a wealth of health benefits and therapeutic capacities including but not limited to the prevention and treatment of:
Anemia Ingesting iron is a great way of preventing anaemia
Anti-cancer properties With its plethora of vitamin C and phyto nutrients, jackfruit has some powerful antioxidant abilities that rid the body of damaging free radicals and decrease the rate of cell degeneration. Thiamine (B1) has been shown to slow down, and in some cases, even halt the progression of cervical cancer.
Asthma The root of the jack fruit, particularly when boiled,has been touted to be an effective natural means of treating asthma.
Digestion The jack fruit purportedly has anti-ulcer properties and due to its high fibre content (3 grams per serving), it promotes bowel regularity, eases constipation and prevents various other stomach disorders. Thiamine is crucial to proper digestion and can also remedy bladder infections, colitis, constipation, diarrhoea, diminished appetite, dysentery and stomach ulcers.
Eye health Vitamin A is known to increase visual acuity, improve night blindness and stave off macular degeneration.
Healthy bones Magnesium is a crucial element in the absorption of calcium and works closely with it in order to strengthen bones and fend off osteoporosis.
Heart health Potassium is helpful in lowering blood pressure, which can decrease the likelihood of suffering a heart attack or stroke. Iron improves blood circulation.
Immune system Vitamin C is the ultimate warrior against bacterial and viral infections including the common cold and influenza.
Thyroid There is a good deal of copper in jack fruits and this mineral does wonders for proper thyroid metabolism.
Vitamin A, vitamin C and the phyto nutrients inherent in jack fruit have amazing antioxidant capacities and can ward off or slow down the ageing process and promote smoother, more taut skin, healthy locks and stronger nails.
Jack fruit has 155 calories per serving, no saturated fat and a whopping 3 grams of fibre. Its natural deliciousness will keep dieters feeling full and satisfied between sensible meals. That fibre will also keep your body regular and flushed off wastes, resulting in a healthier, steadier loss of weight.
Energy Jack fruit is bursting with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose. Enjoy a jack fruit during an afternoon slump or right before a workout and you will feel an almost instant burst of energy. This, of course, is great news for steadfast dieters who might need that extra workout incentive.
Jack fruit can be eaten raw, sauteed, baked, fried, blended and juiced. Just beware that they can be messy when opened, so do lay down some paper first. But jack fruit is one of those natural delights that is well worth any mess and effort. They are a popular worldwide substitute for meat.
For breakfast or a tasty afternoon snack, you can make a jackfruit dosa, which is, essentially, an Indian-style crepe.
As a lavish entree, whip up a pot of jack fruit curry with peppers, onions, coconut milk and curry paste or try your hand at a boiled and mashed jack fruit and potato cutlet that is seasoned to taste, coated with breadcrumbs and pan-fried to perfection.
If you allow shredded jackfruit to simmer low and slow in BBQ sauce, it becomes a supremely pleasing alternative to pulled pork and can be piled high on a sandwich or stuffed into a burrito or soft taco.
Jackfruit Vadai are deep-fried dumplings made from a combination of dal, chopped jackfruits, banana, coconut, dates, lentils and cardamom powder and served drenched in a very easy simple sugar syrup.
Interesting fact about jackfruit: It is one of the largest fruits in the world with some of these tropical wonders weighing up to 68 kilograms! | <urn:uuid:a26f39c7-6201-4a42-b51b-f85c524fa5df> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://casstronomy.info/jackfruit-did-you-know-its-a-naural-asthma-remedy-helps-thyroid-metabolism-and-more-amazing-facts-below/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.920436 | 820 | 2.53125 | 3 |
I was a speech language pathologist for seven years before I became a mother. I love our field and the chances I get to bring positive change to the lives of children and their families. As a parent, being an SLP helps me be more attuned to my children’s developmental milestones.
My professional skills also allow me to provide my children rich language input, particularly because they are growing up in a bilingual home. I consciously employed language strategies such as narration, expansions and recasts in our everyday interactions. So now, when my 6-year-old daughter says, “Mommy, I made an observation about rainbows today,” or when my 4 1/2-year-old son says, “Alvin was being irresponsible” when talking about Alvin the Chipmunk’s many mischievous behaviors, it affirms that, yes, purposeful, engaging play builds language! Yes, consistent book sharing experiences build vocabulary! Yes, attentive caregiving builds confidence in children!
As a mother, I’ve also stopped judging embarrassing tantrums, senseless meltdowns and stubborn non-compliance at the worse times. How easy it is to judge without experience. My recently learned lesson is aptly summarized by a mom whose son has autism. In her witty and honest blog, Carrie Cariello states, “I don’t want to focus so much on the what and when and where and how that I forget about the who.”
This reality is tested in my own life with my son, who began to stutter at around age three. As an SLP, I always try to convey to parents that what children are communicating is far more important than how they communicate it, and that who they are inside is far more valuable than any outward challenges. In other words, we seek to value and see the person, not the disorder. What an easy thing to say when it’s not your child.
A few months ago, I remember approaching our van in a Wal-Mart parking lot one afternoon feeling teary, overwhelmed, and helpless after hearing my son significantly struggle to communicate fluently. I looked at his sweet face with despair and thought, what if he doesn’t outgrow this? And in that moment, I realized the truth of what I’ve “preached” to parents for many years…the who is what matters.
If the stuttering persists, my son is still the same cuddly, sensitive, funny, smart, and active little boy I love. He’s still a gift I am privileged to enjoy every day. He’s still the one who follows me around the house and says for no apparent reason at the most random times, “Mama, I love you so much!” And even if he continues to stutter, he’ll know he’s loved, he’s special and that what he has to say is important to us.
Lastly, I realize more fully now how much effort it actually takes to make needed changes in the home in order to help our children when they struggle with communication. For my son, it forces us to slow down transitions, to give him needed thinking time as well as curb our tendency to interrupt his talking time, especially when his sweet and chatty sister frequently attempts to cut into his sentences. It means coaching my husband on altering his pace, reducing interruptions and valuing the message.
So when we as professionals make recommendations for environmental changes in the home or in communication styles, we must be very patient and really clear on what that actually looks like, because at the end of the day, the who is what matters.
Ana Paula G. Mumy, MS, CCC-SLP, is a trilingual speech-language pathologist who provides school-based and private services. The author of various continuing education eCourses, leveled storybooks and instructional therapy materials for speech/language intervention, Ana Paula also offers free resources for SLPs, educators, and parents on her website The Speech Stop. You can contact her at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:d378db83-8ab3-452e-b54a-58d252e8040c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.asha.org/author/amumy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00531-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964745 | 854 | 1.664063 | 2 |
"Exploring the riverbank"
25 March 2019
"In my last job with a large international relief and development agency, we would often talk about how, as an organisation, we didn’t just want to be a small sticking plaster on a large wound and the need to focus on the root causes of poverty to bring about lasting change.
At an event someone once shared a story that gives an example of this perspective. It’s called: ‘children in the river’, and goes something like this:
‘One day in a small village, a villager noticed a child floating down the river. The villager quickly swam out to save the child from drowning. The next day this same villager noticed two children in the river. He called for help, and both children were rescued from the waters. The following day, four children were seen caught in the turbulent current. And then eight, then more, and still more!
The villagers organised themselves quickly, setting up watchtowers and training teams of swimmers who could rescue children. Rescue squads were soon working 24 hours a day and each day the number of helpless children floating down the river increased. The villagers felt they were doing well to save as many as they could each day. And life in the village continued on that basis.
One day, however, someone raised the question, "Where are all these children coming from? Let’s organise a team to head upstream to find out who’s throwing all these children into the river in the first place!’
This is the point where people tend to stop telling the story as they’ve illustrated their principal. However, lately I’ve been discovering what it’s like to be in that team headed upstream: following a leader into the unknown to find out what’s happening upstream, why it’s happening, getting alongside those doing the throwing, and trying to understand their behaviour and actions. Then working in partnership, to make sure everyone is focused what’s best for the child – so that no child ends up in the river.
Over the last seven months, people have commented what a privilege it must be to have the space to do this work, to be able to step away from the day to day rescue mission, look at the bigger picture and influence and nudge the situation. And it is, and it’s needed. But being the person living and occupying that space I have also found it is challenging and uncomfortable. It takes time and patience, at times it feels like you’re not making any progress, feel helpless, or have made it worse.
A fellow traveller up the river said to me last week, after I felt like jumping in the river too, “Please go easy and know that the hardest part in any learning process is when we don't know what we don't know yet! The second hardest is that we know we don't know it, and it’s too easy to turn away at that stage. But we can’t, because we are the Children's Community and we are the trailblazers: we have to take the risks that no one else is yet willing to do.”
When you’re off being the pioneer, building relationships with those up the river, I think those down river dealing with the day to day rescues must think: ‘what are they even doing up there?’ Recently I’ve had many conversations about how long it takes to understand a complex problem before getting to the stage of making positive changes. Yet those down river see the demand and are clinging on and waiting for something to change up river to lighten the load. They want to see the results of you being resourced to go up river. And that’s pressure!
You only do a job like this because you want to make a difference and, all the time, you’re living knowing there are children floating in the river who need help. The temptation is to want to be the sticking plaster!
At times I have found myself envious of those on the frontline, those who (I perceive) can finish the day being able to say: ‘I saved seven children today’. (Although the reality is that they’re most likely giving themselves a hard time that they should be doing more). Working with practitioners, I see the amazing things they’re doing for children and young people, and the difference they’re making, and I ask myself: “But what are you doing Emma?”
I think many people can see the need to go up the river, but few go. But without some going upstream, how can we change the system? How can we change things so that children don’t find themselves adrift and village life does not have to be a cycle of rescue missions? How can we tackle the root causes? I intend to continue to try and find out."
Blogger: Emma Peak | <urn:uuid:9cff7cef-8306-457b-ba8b-24005eb34238> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.childrenscommunitynetwork.org.uk/emma-peak-blog-exploring-riverbank | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.972147 | 1,032 | 1.5 | 2 |
A View from the Bridge, by Arthur Miller, is a study in manipulation. Throughout the text, the main characters of Eddie, Catherine, Beatrice, Rodolpho and Marco both struggle to dominate others and accept being dominated. The lines of power are drawn quite clearly to begin with; Eddie is evidently the dominant power-holder. However throughout the narrative there is a shift in power and those who once held little sway over others become the deciding forces. This transfer in power becomes apparent to the reader through a variety of techniques, such as dialogue, stage directions (for example, the chair-lifting incident), and non-verbal interaction between the characters.
The first scene I have chosen is when Eddie is waiting outside the house for Catherine and Rodolfo to return from the Paramount in this scene, we see Eddie and Beatrice have a conversation, Eddie starts asking questions about Catherine showing he is worried and concerned about her. We then see Beatrice even though the subject of Rodolfo has not been brought up ask Eddie why he has a problem with Rodolfo. Eddie claims he gives him the heeby- jeebies, what he means by this is entirely up to the audience, the impression I got was that he thinks Rodolfo is homosexual but he is not comfortable using that word himself and he therefore replaces it with heeby-jeebies. He may not like this word as he is homophobic or even homosexual himself. This is the first time we see Eddie on a downward spiral and he hasnt been feeling right lately. Beatrice then asks Eddie when she is going to be a wife again, to which Eddie replies he hasnt been feeling right lately and that Rodolfo has bothered him since he came. This shows that Eddie doesnt like Rodolfo and how close to Catherine he is, and how jealous and angry he is with Rodolfo. Later on in the scene, friends of Eddie who work with him came over to ask if he would like to go bowling. However they end up on the topic of Rodolfo, we see how uncomfortable Eddie is with this in his words and his actions but he does not want to show it to Mike and Louis. They start talking, and then end up talking about Marco, about how strong he is. Mike, grinning then says that the blonde one referring to Rodolfo has a sense of humour. This is a euphemism because he is really saying that Rodolfo is rather odd and people laugh at him, to which Eddie replies in agreement.
But before his words there is a stage direction (searchingly) which shows Eddie doesnt know what to say, and is uncomfortable in the conversation. He is worried that if people laugh at Rodolfo, it may lead to people looking at Eddie funny too. Eddie obviously doesnt want this and he makes him dislike Rodolfo even more. A few lines later Eddie repeats himself by saying (uncomfortably, grinning) Yeah, well..hes got a sense of humour This shows that he doesnt know what to say, so he is just repeating himself and becoming slightly paranoid. Eddie now starts to ask why Rodolfo is being laughed at and what he had done, But after Mike says I dont know and doesnt give a complete, truthful answer to the question. Eddie is troubled, he knows Mike is covering something up and that people dont really think Rodolfo is a funny guy, but that he is someone to be laughed at.
Again Eddie repeats the same line Yeah, well..hes got a sense of humour This gives us further reassurance how Eddie is confused and attached to Catherine, as she appears, back from the Paramount we see a smile appear on Eddies face.
The second scene I have chosen is when Eddie teaches Rodolfo to box. In this scene both are playing light, with Eddie encouraging Rodolfo to hit him, although Rodolfo is unsure about this, and he is apprehensive. Eddie cleverly introduces the subject of boxing (a suitably masculine activity for Eddie) and whilst pretending to teach Rodolfo how to box, hits him directly in the mouth.
For Eddie, this demonstrates to Catherine what a weak man Rodolfo is, and what a strong one he (Eddie) is. It also shows that Eddie thinks women like a strong, dominant, aggressive male.
It all begins when Catherine and Rodolfo begin dancing to the record they have just bought, and Eddie is speaking to Rodolfo. Eddie is saying that if he had all the skills that Rodolfo has such as cooking and singing, then he would do something about it and use his skills. But, by listing all these qualities Eddie is really trying to question Rodolfos masculinity. As soon as Eddie begins talking about this, Catherine and Rodolfo stop dancing and turn the record off. They both know that Eddie is angered by something, as is clear through his actions. Eddie is now scrunching up a newspaper and tears it in two; there is dramatic irony at the time of this scene. The newspaper represents Rodolfo, and Rodolfo is intimidated by what Eddie is doing, in an attempt from Eddie to show his strength and authority. He then stands up and pulls his trousers over his belly, in a display showing that he is satisfied with his actions towards Rodolfo and that he may be about to do something else. He then changes the subject by asking Marco if he has ever seen a boxing match. Obviously because of Eddies mood Marco is uneasy in answering. Eddie then asks Rodolfo whether he and Marco would like to go see a boxing match next week. In the process of asking Rodolfo he calls him Danish which he is using as an insult towards Rodolfos blonde hair. Eddie is sure that Rodolfo will not react, due to Eddies display of authority earlier. The mood around the house is now tense and nervous, so Catherine offers to make some tea, sounding happy and pleased. However we know Catherine is obviously slightly worried and concerned.
My Final scene is when Eddie comes home drunk, and ends up kissing Catherine and Rodolfo. The scene starts with Catherine and Rodolfo in the house alone talking at the table, Rodolfo asks what is wrong with Catherine, saying that she never seems to speak to him anymore, and Rodolfo knows that this is because of Eddie influencing her. Catherine then starts to talk and suggests that the two of them move to Italy when they get married, at first Rodolfo thinks Catherine is joking, when he realises she is serious he becomes concerned, he begins to ask questions such as What would you eat? and Where would you work?. Then Catherine says that the real reason she wants to move is because Eddie is scaring her, she starts explaining that she always imagined that Eddie would be happy when Catherine got married. Catherine then asks Rodolfo to teach her, and he leads her into the bedroom. This leaves the audience to make a decision, are they going to have sex or just to talk.
Later on Eddie walks into the apartment, shouting for Beatrice, Catherine then comes down from the bedroom, adjusting her dress. Again the audience must think, is she adjusting her dress because she has just taken it off or has she been sitting down? After a few seconds Rodolfo walks through the bedroom doorway, was Rodolfo being foolish or did he have nothing to be guilty about?
As he walks out Eddies arm jerks slightly in shock, Eddie obviously thinks they have been up to something. Eddie, drunk, then shouts out Pack it up, Go ahead, get your stuff and get outta here Catherine, instantly, without thinking walks over to Rodolfo, she is standing her ground and showing whose side she is on. Eddie, shocked, asks where she is going. As she replies, she is trembling with fright. She is finding it difficult to stand up to Eddie, and is scared of what he might do, but she knows she has to. She says I think I have to get out of here Eddie As she begins to edge backwards saying she wants to go. Eddie is overcome with emotion and sadness, and he begins to cry. Catherine attempts to comfort Eddie, saying Ill still be in the neighbourhood. Ill come visit. You know I cant stay As Eddie continues to cry Catherine becomes annoyed at how Eddie has reacted to her, she says Oh Dont be like that However Eddie cannot control his emotions as he is drunk, he looks at her, and lets his true feelings out, he suddenly grasps Catherine and kisses her. Eddie has lost it, he knows he is losing everything but he does not want to. Rodolfo, who has been watching the conversation the whole time, grabs him and pulls him away shouting Have respect for her! Eddie, full of rage then replies You want something! Suggesting a fight, Rodolfo says he just wants Catherine, his wife. Eddie is angered at knowing that Rodolfo, somebody he hates, is marrying Catherine, somebody he loves. He then, out of nowhere, grabs Rodolfo and kisses him too. Catherine is outraged; shouting at Eddie, who after releasing Rodolfo, rises with tears in his eyes and begins to laugh, mocking Rodolfo, Catherine is horrified and stares at him as if she doesnt know him anymore. There is now an empty silence between the 3, Eddie gesturing towards Rodolfo, says to Catherine You see? He then turns to Rodolfo Ill Give you till tomorrow; get out of here, alone. Eddie is saying this as if he has won the argument and that Catherine is on his side, but Catherine continues to stand her ground and plans to leave with Rodolfo. Soon enough Eddies authority has been lost and his downfall has come to an end, by Marcos hands.
By the end of A View from the Bridge, the positions of power have changed quite dramatically. The character of Eddie, who was once clearly dominant male, has become disrespected by all, the very thing that he feared. If he had not sought such a totalitarian grasp over the emotions of those around him, he would have earned more respect than by his method of trying to force his way back up the ranks. However, it is unfair to say that he is the only one who manipulates others. | <urn:uuid:54ca0e23-f0ec-4c63-bdae-9cc093e71f1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.antistudy.com/essay/id/5563/a-view-from-the-bridge-eddies-decline-in-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.982881 | 2,114 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Pop culture as a language-learning tool: Bringing language alive for teen learners
What does Star Wars have to do with the passive? What can Prince Harry teach us about reported speech? Who is Zoella, and what can she add to your lesson on adverbs of frequency? This talk looks at using youth culture as a vehicle for target language. One struggle of teaching the ‘youth of today’, is relating to this transient age group, especially in the information age where content and ideas are in constant motion. View examples of content and how you can implement these into your teaching.
What will you get out of this session?
The intended takeaway of this talk is to encourage thinking on what motivates students, and how this can be increased through the use of relevant and topical pop-culture content. | <urn:uuid:3b79ed1a-2139-4faa-97c6-e5d79b38bb1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ielt18.innovateevents.com/session/pop-culture-language-learning-tool-bringing-language-alive-teen-learners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.950955 | 165 | 2.84375 | 3 |
James Dick '10
Banking on the Land of the Incas: A Summer of Spanish and Microfinance in Peru
My Johnson Opportunity Grant enabled me to take a unpaid internship with a small microfinance organization on the outskirts of Trujillo, Peru. I conducted the first client study in Sinergia's history and immersed myself in the Spanish language and the remains of the Inca culture. I'm an Economics & Classics major, minoring in Poverty and the freedom of my grant allowed me to pursue each of those interests in my 9 weeks in Peru. The microfinance bank was in the center of a poor community with sand roads and thatch huts, allowing me to spend my weekdays surrounded by the culture of subsistence day-laborers and developmental economics. On the weekends, I had the opportunity to indulge my inner classicist and explore Incan ruins. I never would have had such a well-rounded experience apart from the Johnson Program. The Johnson Program invested in me as a person, not in a rigid project and I think W&L benefits greatly from this far-sighted kind of investment.
Our organization served almost 300 female entrepreneurs, all of whom were self-employed. In Peru, the men of the poorer classes work manual labor jobs, such as making bricks or driving taxis, leaving the women home all day. To supplement their income many women will attempt to start a business out of their home, sometimes a restaurant known as a menu, sometimes a bodega-a convenience store run out of the front room. Starting these businesses requires a substantial amount of capital either to purchase inventory or durable goods such as stove or salon equipment.
Sinergia, started in 2007 by a recent college graduate, is ministry of Peru Mission designed to help these poor small business owners step out of poverty by making loans to them. Most clients were too poor to post collateral, so they could not take advantage of traditional banks. Sinergia relies on "social collateral," lending to groups of five women and making them all responsible for the repayment of the loan. If one woman falters, the others are there to supply the lack.
My research showed that about 1/3 of our clients were over 50% likely to be below the Peruvian National Poverty line of NS/8.20 per day. Essentially, there is a very good chance one-out-of-three Sinergia clients lives on less than $3 a day. I was able to design a survey based on my research on client and impact studies done by other microfinance organizations. I found my Econometrics classes at W&L gave me solid foundation to conduct responsible research and enabled me to write up my results honestly and in a way that would benefit Sinergia. My research will enable Sinergia to paint a more vivid picture of its' clients poverty for future capital campaigns.
More importantly, my research was able to uncover a flaw in our methodology. I discovered that over 80% of clients do not currently save, chaining them to a lifestyle of poverty. We realized that lending to clients who aren't saving only fosters a dependency on our organization. One woman said quite frankly in an interview, "I want to borrow from Sinergia until I die." In response, I was able to organize a strategic plan for a savings program that will be implemented in the next few months, greatly increasing Sinergia's efforts at fostering sustainable development.
Outside Sinergia, I had the opportunity to take private Spanish classes and start to understand the culture of Peru. My Spanish still hurts the ears of natives, but the immersion experience has inspired me to continue studying Spanish back at W&L. I also had the opportunity to experience Macchu Piccu, the crown jewel of Peru's 15,000 archaeological sites and wonder at the artistry of the Incan culture. One weekend I was able to go to Huaraz, the hiking capital of South America, and hike the mountains of the Cordillera Blanca-the highest mountain range outside the Himalayas.
Most importantly, I was able to live in the world I now want to be a part of-the world of international economic and social development. I left the United States wondering what to do after I graduate and I returned knowing exactly what I want to do upon leaving W&L. My time at Sinergia has given me the vision to start a similar microfinance organization in Africa, the continent with the greatest potential for development. | <urn:uuid:9b889585-d771-4615-9836-eecc1dad2ef9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.wlu.edu/johnson-program/johnson-opportunity-grants/past-recipients/2009-johnson-opportunity-grant-winners/james-dick-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966563 | 916 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Mental Health Awareness
The World Health Organization officially recognizes World Mental Health in October. The organization states that the pandemic has greatly impacted people’s mental health. They report people living with pre- existing mental health conditions and those living alone are particularly affected. These populations include the families we serve at Friends of Karen. When a child is diagnosed with a life threatening illness it is safe to assume that the child and their family members will experience higher levels of stress and depression. Friends of Karen has been supporting families in various ways to maintain and improve each family member’s mental health.
Mental health includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Our mental health affects how we live day to day, including how we feel, think, behave and relate to others. Some key aspects to maintaining mental health during difficult times are talking about feelings, taking time to relax, asking for help and connecting with others. At Friends of Karen we do this all in the following ways….
Social Workers and Sibling Support Specialists, the Family Support Team, meet with parents and/or ill children and their siblings individually to discuss typical feelings experienced during this difficult time. The support team gives a space for family members to express themselves. In addition professionals validate feelings of sadness, anger, jealousy, fear and joy. By educating families that these feelings are all normal helps individuals navigate through their journey without shame.
The support team also encourages the parents and children to ask for help, recognizing it is a strength to do so and not a weakness. At Friends of Karen we want the families to be able to prioritize their time and energy on their mental health as well as their families’. This means Friends of Karen is there in various ways including as a link between family and children’s school, offering fun memorable life experiences and providing additional resources.
The greatest way the family support team improves our families’ mental health is by connecting them to others and each other. Sibling Support Specialists provide family activities that connect family members that may be separated because of hospitalization or are preparing for end of life. Friends of Karen also facilitates several groups that allow participants to connect by sharing their sadness and their joy. The groups provide a space and support for bereaved parents and socialization groups for children and teens.
Through individual sessions, minimizing everyday stresses on families and by providing various groups, we at Friends of Karen are helping our families maintain and improve their mental health through this difficult time. | <urn:uuid:911c76c6-b089-4a26-ac0c-488dc0d56d32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://friendsofkaren.org/from-siblings-for-siblings/october-world-mental-health-awareness-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.965281 | 502 | 2.59375 | 3 |
by Robert Spencer
Thus the solution to “extremism” is…teaching more Islam in schools.
How best to fight against the global jihad? The claim is increasingly common in the West that the best way is…more Islam.
“This is a golden opportunity,” wrote the Muslim activist Sajda Khan in the U.K.’s Independent, “to develop within our schools a curriculum based upon the biography of Prophet Muhammad, which clearly demonstrates and embeds what are now also considered British values. This is what will develop a strong sense of identity within our youth and dismantle the perverse understanding of Islam peddled by a few. We must be brave enough to say that being a British Muslim is not an oxymoron; it is the most natural thing in the world.
This is just the sort of thing the addled Leftists of the Independent eat up by the truckload. But let’s look into some of the British values that Islamic tradition holds Muhammad as having taught. All the statements below are from hadiths (reports of Muhammad’s words and deeds) accepted as reliable by Muslims, and recounting what are considered to be the words of Muhammad, or descriptions of his actions:
Women must cover everything but their face and hands: “‘O Asma, when a woman reaches the age of menstruation, it does not suit her that she displays her parts of body except this and this,’ and he pointed to her face and hands.” (Sunan Abu Dawud 4092)
Child marriage: “The Prophet wrote the (marriage contract) with Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).” (Sahih Bukhari 7.62.88)
Adulterers should be stoned to death: “There came to him (the Holy Prophet) a woman from Ghamid and said: Allah’s Messenger, I have committed adultery, so purify me….And she was put in a ditch up to her chest and he commanded people and they stoned her….” (Sahih Muslim 4206)
Those who leave Islam should be killed: “Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.” (Sahih Bukhari 9.84.57)
Those who do not convert or submit to Islam are to be killed and their property plundered: “I have been commanded to fight against people so long as they do not declare that there is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was guaranteed the protection of his property and life on my behalf except for the right affairs rest with Allah.” (Sahih Muslim 30)
Jews and Christians are accursed: “Allah cursed the Jews and the Christians, for they built the places of worship at the graves of their prophets.” (Sahih Bukhari 2.23.472)
Muslims can hasten the coming of the last days by killing Jews: “The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.” (Sahih Muslim 6985)
The value of terrorism: “I have been sent with the shortest expressions bearing the widest meanings, and I have been made victorious with terror…” (Sahih Bukhari 4.52.220)
It must be admitted, however, that in a larger sense, Sajda Khan is right: if these aren’t British values now, they will be soon enough – courtesy the appeasement and capitulation of the British ruling elites before the U.K.’s increasingly aggressive Muslim population.
Copyright - Original materials copyright (c) by the authors. | <urn:uuid:9ea9bf42-6fef-42e5-96c5-f205a654b77d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://israelagainstterror.blogspot.com/2015/11/muhammad-had-british-values-robert.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00199-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965571 | 853 | 1.648438 | 2 |
From the perspective of 2020 it’s a bit hard to recall just how disconnected from its constituents the political mainstream had become before the 2016 election campaign. No wonder they churned through so many prime ministers.
The readjustment began just as the campaign began, though few saw what was coming. Even the bleaching of a large part of the Great Barrier Reef did not at first get much reaction. True to form, the major parties gave it minimal lip service. It was only as large swaths of the Reef turned brown and ugly over following weeks that widespread concern began to surface. The Government might still have squeaked in, but it had set itself a 10-week-plus campaign.
Whether it was the Reef or just the weight of other issues we will never know: tipping points are notoriously hard to pick. In rapid succession other issues suddenly rose to front and centre in the public mind. Massive tax avoidance by corporations and the wealthy. Long-simmering resentment at extortion by banks. Overt corruption around State Governments. The even bigger implicit corruption of all governments pandering to the rich, especially to coal mining.
Suddenly many more people credited the links between coal mining, global warming and the destruction of the Reef. Perhaps primed by the rapid spread of rooftop photovoltaics and the promise of battery storage, interest in clean energy ramped up. A study arguing that a transition to clean energy would actually save us money suddenly caught on, though it was only the latest in a long series of such studies.
Disturbing reports of the rapid spike in global temperatures continued month after month. Clearly the so-called hiatus in global warming was blown away. Australians needed no education about super storms, mega fires and mega droughts. Long-suppressed fears began to be widely shared.
If the Government’s right-wing zealots had not insisted on tax cuts for the rich in its May budget, they might still have got away with it. Slowly at first, but like a building wave, resentment grew, then broke.
It was in the last couple of weeks of the campaign that things started to go seriously pear-shaped. The Government’s poll numbers plummeted, but so did the Opposition’s. Decades of me-too-ism had hollowed out Labor’s support, and people no longer saw much difference. They heard the Xenophon and Windsor independents and thought they heard sense. Some even started listening to the Greens.
The result was not just a hung parliament but a throwback to the first decade of Federation: three “Elevens” contending on the same pitch, Liberals, Labor, Greens plus Independents. No-one could command a majority. Labor would have nothing to do with the Greens. Extremist Liberals would have nothing to do with anyone. The stalemate only fed the electorate’s resentment and impatience.
The Liberals split, or rather ejected the moderates. The moderates and Labor found they hated each other less than they hated being out of power. A minority government was formed. However old tribal allegiances were sundered and the ground continued to shift beneath them.
The shifting alliances of that tumultuous Parliament frequently over-ruled the corrupt centre and accomplished many unexpected things. A strict and low limit on political donations was enacted, and businesses were completely prohibited from donating to political parties. All lobbying contacts had to be made public immediately. People became alert to the movements of their politicians and many were dobbed on social media.
Even the commercial media felt the anger as people saw them protecting the wealthy and still trying to minimise warming and the Reef destruction. A real code of conduct was enacted that penalised persistent untruth and persistent blatant distortion. Comment and innuendo had to be separated from news reports and clearly identified. Inflammatory pictorial front pages were not excepted.
The farce of Murdoch’s foreign ownership was ended and empires broken up. Audience ownership was encouraged. The ABC Board was reconstituted and distanced from political parties.
Fossil fuel subsidies were ended and clean local energy began to develop rapidly, following the German model. The national electricity grid was reclaimed and its transformation to a smart grid begun. Destruction of productive land, and land clearing, were dramatically slowed.
Tax reform, banking reform, a transaction tax on financial markets, speed bumps on the flow of foreign money, real limits on foreign ownership, many reforms were begun though some had to await a new Parliament. Secretive “free” trade agreements that subverted our sovereignty were abandoned.
The world of 2020 is not a comfortable place as global warming begins to bite seriously. How much of the world we once had can be saved remains to be seen. However, after another election cycle, we have a constructive Parliament focused on the urgent tasks instead of fighting old battles, old demons and each other’s egos. | <urn:uuid:d3d7e599-dea3-43f8-9d09-9a2bcab3fe57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://betternaturebooks.net.au/2016/04/22/demise-of-lib-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.978899 | 1,009 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Trusted Name in Residential & Commercial Recycling Services both in Eastern & Western Canada
With so many items that can be recycled today, it can be a little confusing knowing what can be recycled and what must be disposed in the garbage. Environmental 360S provides the information and the prompt service you need and take pride in helping you do your part for the environment.
When you work with Environmental 360S, you have options. We can accommodate recycling jobs of all sizes for both residential and commercial customers. If you have a larger job, we have front load dumpsters and roll-off bins in sizes suitable for your application.
What are our principles to waste management? Our principles to sustainable waste management are the 5 R’s – Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle, Recover.
Each division may have different recycling options. Please contact your local location to find out what recycling options are available.
Benefits of Recycling Waste Products
You’re always being told to recycle, but you may not know all the benefits that come with this environmentally conscious decision.
Reduce landfills – with growing populations, landfills are expected to hold more and more trash. If they go beyond their capacity our cities and neighborhoods will face pollution and health problems. Recycling helps reduce the amount of garbage that goes to landfills, helping prevent these negative consequences.
Conserve natural resources – the resources required to make items such as bottles and paper use natural resources that can be recycled and reused, instead of wasting away in landfills. If we recycle our glass, metal, rubber and paper products we can help conserve natural resources.
Save money – in the long term, recycling uses less resources, which will reduce costs of maintaining waste disposal systems and allow our economy to put money into other projects.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions – recycling helps save on energy which results in less greenhouse gas emissions. This also helps reduce air and water pollution.
Save energy – using recycled products to create new items helps save energy because it takes more energy to produce items from raw materials.
Our no-sort recycling plans are perfect for those who want to help the environment but who may not have time to sort through all their recyclables. Contact us today to learn more about our recycling services. | <urn:uuid:db18bf9f-2c09-4fff-ae5d-47d0e10a62ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.e360s.ca/solid-waste-management/industrial-commercial-services/commercial-recycling-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.918619 | 482 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wednesday, August 13, 2014
By Kamal Swami
Next generation Skoda Fabia spied in China
It is for the first time that spies have witnessed Skoda Fabia being tested on Chinese roads completely un-camouflaged. One thing surprising about Fabia is that it is for the first time that the hatchback has been witnessed in Asian continent instead of Europe. According to reports received from spies identically the hatchback looks similar to existing version of Fabia but it carries most of its design inspired from Octavia.
As far as engine configuration is concerned it will remain same in both petrol and diesel variants which means 1.0 litre and 1.2 litre in petrol version followed by 1.4 litre four cylinder engine in diesel variant with two engine tunes. In Chinese car market the hatchback would be launched with three engine options in petrol variant including both 1.0 litre and 1.2 litre followed by 1.4 litre petrol engine.
Click here to read more about the features offered in existing version of Skoda Fabia. | <urn:uuid:4db3287b-a54e-499a-9fc4-cddec2807624> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.carkhabri.com/carnews/next-generation-skoda-fabia-spied-in-china | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00356-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958521 | 220 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Hello Kitty rain boots joined polka-dotted pink baby slippers and tiny blue tennis shoes, as the 46 children who died of abuse in 2016 were memorialized at the state Capitol Wednesday.
From boots of a 12-year-old girl in Perry County to a one-month-old baby's booties in Cumberland County, shoes representing the deceased children lined a table as Pennsylvania Family Support Alliance observed April, which is child abuse prevention month in Pa. and the nation.
The number of child abuse deaths rose from the equivalent of a child's T-ball team 30 years ago to the equivalent of a classroom full of kids in a few years, said Angela Liddle, president and CEO of PFSA.
"Today, for the first time, I stand before you and say we lost two classrooms of children killed because of child abuse," she said.
"The toll of abuse in this Commonwealth is almost too much to bear," said Angela Liddle, president and CEO of PFSA. "But we cannot let these failures define us or defeat us in the mission of protecting children," she said.
"We pledge to those who have been harmed to do better," she said.
"The best step in preventing child abuse is really strong positive parenting... "We need remind folks at the local, state, national level that money spent to help support parents is never, ever money wasted," Liddle said.
Blue flags were planted around the Capitol representing the 4,416 children who were scarred by abuse in Pennsylvania. Today was "wear blue" day in support of child abuse awareness, and blue lights will be lit tonight at businesses on Second and State Streets in downtown Harrisburg.
Honored at Wednesday's ceremony at the Capitol were five people as "Blue Ribbon Champions for Safe Kids":
- Joyce Seitz, volunteer group facilitator of the Children's Aid Society at The Lehman Center in York, for 17 years of organizing weekly support meetings for parents.
- Darryl Gibbs, shaken baby syndrome prevention educator, for the Cynthia Gibbs Foundation in Ephrata, which he founded after the shaken-baby death of his baby daughter.
- Megan King, deputy Chester County district attorney, for leadership of the county's child abuse unit and the Child Advocacy Center's multi-disciplinary team to investigate child abuse and education the public.
- Jen Spry, a Philadelphia nurse and educator, who survived sexual abuse and campaigns against sexual trafficking.
- Jo Ciavaglia, reporter at the Bucks County Courier Times and The Intelligencer, Levittown, for coverage of violence against children and exposure of shortcomings in the child welfare system and the state's child protective services law.
Also for "blue" day, the Pa. Turnpike Administration HQ will be lit in blue and its 17 Service Plazas feature digital ads about the protection of children.
And Anna Rose Bakery in downtown Harrisburg is offering a #BlueRibbonCupcake all week, with proceeds going to PFSA. | <urn:uuid:f699f971-ea96-489d-8586-80e7bf3a94f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pennlive.com/news/2018/04/these_46_pairs_of_shoes_repres.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.960916 | 619 | 1.59375 | 2 |
The Compulsion to Compare
About the Guest
- Learn more about Shannon Popkin at ShannonPopkin.com.
- Find resources from this podcast at https://shop.familylife.com/.
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Shannon Popkin talks about her ongoing struggle to compare herself to others. She reminds us what Jesus says about comparing ourselves to others and gives us the steps for overcoming this annoying practice.
The Compulsion to Compare
Bob: Comparison is a trap. It can cause us to think poorly of ourselves or, as Shannon Popkin points out, it can also lead to self-righteousness.
Shannon: In the church especially we have this habit of looking at others with this sense of disgust: “I’m so disgusted with my son for this,” or “I’m so disgusted; look, that is so…” We have this tone when we look at other people. We cannot communicate disgust without also communicating something about ourselves—without communicating a sense of superiority/ this “Me first,”—me elevating myself. This is so opposite of what Jesus calls us to, isn’t it?
Bob: This is FamilyLife Today for Monday, May 18th. Our hosts are Dave and Ann Wilson; I'm Bob Lepine. You’ll find us online at FamilyLifeToday.com. Are you someone who is prone to comparing yourself to others, and do you recognize the dangerous potential of that? We’ll talk more about it today with Shannon Popkin. Stay with us.
And welcome to FamilyLife Today. Thanks for joining us. You guys are on social media; I follow you on some stuff. You’re on Twitter®, right?
Dave: We’re all over it, Bob, aren’t we? [Laughter]
Bob: You’re on Twitter.
Dave: We’re on Twitter, Instagram®, Facebook®.
Bob: Are you on Instagram? Yes; you’re not posting a whole lot.
Dave: Oh, come on.
Ann: Aw, thanks, Bob. [Laughter]
Bob: How many times a week do you think you put something on Instagram?
Dave: Three or four times a day.
Bob: No you don’t!
Ann: No, he doesn’t! [Laughter]
Dave: No, I’m kidding; I’m kidding; no, a little bit.
Bob: Yes, so maybe—
Ann: —maybe a few times a week.
Dave: Honestly, we never did this; and then when Zondervan was getting ready, they said, “You have to.”
Bob: You wrote a book; your publishers said you have to be on social media.
Dave: Don’t you feel the same way every time?—like, “Who really cares what I’m doing right now?”
Bob: Well, but there are people—
Ann: —they do care.
Bob: —oh, they do care. In fact, the thing about Instagram—
Dave: I know where you’re going, Bob.
Bob: It ties exactly into what we’re going to talk about today. Last week, we talked with Shannon Popkin about the issue of control, and how that can be an issue for men and women, but particularly for wives and for moms. There’s a second issue, and Instagram is fueling it in our day.
Dave: Oh, boy.
Bob: That’s the issue of comparison. So, are you on Instagram? Do you check Instagram once a day, at least?
Ann: Yes, at least; yes.
Bob: When you’re looking at all these other pictures, what are you thinking?
Dave: I can tell you what she’s thinking.
Dave: She’s thinking, “I wish my husband would do that to our kitchen!” [Laughter] “Hey, honey, look what Joe did to his wife!” I don’t even know who Joe is and this woman, but “Look at that kitchen, and he did all this!”
Ann: You can’t look at it without comparing—
Ann: —everything—whether it’s your house, your home, your kids, your husband—all of those things.
Bob: Well, and recently—back last fall, I think it was—that Instagram said, “We’re going to hide from your followers how many likes you got.”
Ann: —which I think is smart.
Bob: They were recognizing that this was a drug; it’s to the whole issue of comparison, which we’re going to talk about this week.
Shannon Popkin is joining us again; welcome back.
Shannon: Thank you.
Bob: Shannon wrote the book, Control Girl, which we talked about last week. She has a band-new book out called Comparison Girl. It wasn’t Instagram that drove you to this book, but you know what we’re talking about here.
Bob: Are you on Instagram?
Bob: When you look at it, does that same comparison thing—
Shannon: Oh, yes.
Bob: —well up in you? When did you realize that you were a comparison girl?
Shannon: You know, I think I’ve always struggled with comparison. My earliest childhood memory has little threads of comparison in it. They say that your first memory kind of says something about you/if that’s what sticks out. My first memory is being in church. I was sitting in the row ahead of my parents—that may say something too—I wanted that independence. I was standing tall, and I was holding my hymn book, and I was singing out really loud. Then there was this woman, who kind of leaned forward from the row behind me, and she took my hymn book and she flipped it right side up.
Bob: You had it upside down.
Shannon: Yes, but I did not like that—that she pointed out that I was doing something wrong. I took my hymn book and I flipped it back the other way, like, “This is the way I like it! Thank you very much.” [Laughter]
I think: “Why would a four-year-old be concerned about being exposed as illiterate?”—right?—“What is it in me that I don’t want anyone to point out any way that I am ever inadequate?” My heart is just bent on this perfectionism; I want everyone to see me as perfect.
The threads of what was in my little four-year-old self are still in me today: “You know, why is it that I feel so exposed that someone would think that my house isn’t perfect or that my marriage isn’t perfect?” I’m a middle-aged woman, who—I struggle with my weight—but I don’t want anyone to know that. I mean, isn’t that kind of normal? [Laughter] Isn’t that—I mean, these things that I struggle with, aren’t they just kind of the normal things of life? Yet, I’m bent on perfectionism and being seen in the eyes of other people as having no flaws.
Ann: I identify with everything you’re saying. Here’s the crazy part—is that all of us, as women, have usually struggled with this in some form or another—and what it does is it alienates us from one another. It’s so sad; because I look at women and I think, “Look at the power and the strength that we have if we could lock arms with one another.” Yet, we’re hiding from each other and really hiding who we are.
Do men struggle with this?
Dave: I was going to say, “Of course, we do.” I mean, think about this—as a preacher—
Dave: —both of us preach at our churches. We’re old enough to know, back in the day, when we would preach, nobody compared us/to very few other people.
Dave: They didn’t hear anybody else, unless they went to another church, and they came back and said, “Hey, this guy’s really good.”
Now, they’re looking at me like, “We have to listen to him when we could listen to Piper and…?” You know, they can go through a list, and you’re competing with that every day. You talk about comparison; you never measure up.
Bob: Here’s the thing that I’ve found for myself. I’m comparison-aware in areas that I really value. In areas that I don’t value, it’s like, “No big deal.” I look at it and I go, “If somebody is a better ping-pong player than I am,”—right?—[Laughter] I go, “Well, that’s nice; that’s cool”; I can cheer him on. But if I aspire to be a really good ping-pong player, that’s where, yes, I do get down to the minutiae.
I had a situation, not long ago, where I was hearing about a guy, who had been invited to be an emcee at an event. I was thinking, “Why didn’t they ask me to be the emcee?” [Laughter]
Ann: —because you are a really good emcee.
Bob: It’s kind of what I do, you know. [Laughter]
Dave: I wondered why they didn’t ask you.
Bob: But the point is: “Yes, in those situations, where you do aspire to be good at something, the comparison monster shows up.” It’s true for both men and women. I think, though, again, for women—we talked about this with control last week—I think there’s something about a woman’s psyche, where she may be more bent and more prone toward this comparison issue.
Shannon, you say it’s like a drug; the more you taste it, the more competitive/the more you want it. You can get sucked in really easily; and now you’re reading Martha Stewart magazine and going, “Why doesn’t my kitchen look like this?” You’re getting the magazines that have pictures of women and you go, “Why don’t I look like this?” It’s all of these things coming together, and it just puts you under the pile.
Shannon: Yes, and it can last throughout your whole lifetime. You start comparing, as a young mom with a new baby, and then you grow into a mom of teenagers, or a grandma. Even grandmas are comparing their kids! Or you start in a new position and you’re comparing yourself with all the other new hires. By the retirement party, you’re still comparing yourself with the others who are retiring.
It’s this problem that the more we compare, the more we want to compare. It is not producing anything remotely healthy or happy in our hearts.
Bob: In your book, you outline a number of areas where comparison shows up in your life and in the life of a lot of women. You talk about comparing sins; it’s comparing sins, but comparing righteousness at the same time. It’s looking at others and thinking: “Well, your sin is worse than mine,” or “I’m holier than you,” or “I wish I was as holy as you.” It’s that whole comparison; it’s evaluating our spiritual lives by looking at other people.
Shannon: Yes; I spoke for a women’s group recently. I asked them to raise their hand on their favorite chapter in the book. I was kind of worried about this comparing sin chapter; I didn’t know if everybody else did it as much as I did. [Laughter] That was the one that most of the women were interested in looking at and reading.
Especially, I think, as Christians, we tend to compare our righteousness or our sin with others. In the church especially we have this habit of looking at others with this sense of disgust: “I’m so disgusted with my son for this,” or “I’m so disgusted; look, that is so…” We have this tone when we look at other people.
In his book, Age of Outrage, Ed Stetzer says, “We cannot communicate disgust without also communicating something about ourselves/without communicating a sense of superiority.” We can’t look down at others with disgust without lifting ourselves up—this “Me first,”—me elevating myself. This is so opposite of what Jesus calls us to, isn’t it?
Bob: Yes, the comparison of my sins and your sins—I mean, my experience is that I tend to minimize what are my sins—the areas, where I’m not as prone to sin or don’t have the same temptations, I tend to blow those up as the really bad things that other people do, without recognizing that what the Bible says is all sin is ultimately rebellion against God, and against His goodness, and His purposes.
While we can’t say all sins are equal in terms of their damage that they do to us or to others, all sins are equal in terms of what they’re saying about who God is and about who we are. They’re all rebellion against Him, aren’t they?
Shannon: Yes; in this book, I’m looking at: “What does Jesus say about comparison? What is He saying to people who are comparing?” There are lots of instances where people are comparing their sin with somebody else’s sin in the Gospels.
One of those is when Simon is hosting this dinner. There’s the sinful woman, who comes; and she’s weeping at Jesus’ feet. Simon’s sort of looking down on her with disgust; and then Jesus says, “Simon, I have something to say to you.” Jesus tells this little story, and He tells a story about two people. One of them has a lot of debt; the other one has a little bit of debt. Both of them, though, are in debt; and they can’t pay off their debt.
In a sense, Jesus is putting Simon and this woman side by side in this story; and He’s saying, “Yes, this woman—she has a lot more sin than you do—but you both are in exactly the same situation, where you have debt that you cannot pay.” For Simon to look down on her, he’s not recognizing his own [indebtedness]. That’s us; so many times, when we look down at somebody else’s sin, we’re ignoring our own condition. We are men and women, who live with this enormous debt of our own sin. Whether it’s minimal or a lot of sin, none of us can face God or face eternity based on our own merit; we are all in a desperate situation.
Bob: You talk about what you call “sideways disgust.” Explain what that is.
Shannon: Yes, it’s just constantly looking to the side and looking at other people. I feel like I’m looking at them; but ultimately, I’m looking at myself; and I’m measuring myself against them.
I’m so concerned about this disgust factor, I call it, in the church. I think we’ve really grown comfortable with communicating disgust towards people who are outside the church or even those inside the church. I invited some friends to do a Disgust Factor Challenge with me; we went three weeks. We just kind of monitored our faces, and our voice tones, and our heart attitudes for little signs of disgust.
It was all over the place in our lives! We were so surprised at so many of the things—and not just right and wrong—they were just differences. We tend to want to group up with the people who look like us, and who live in the same neighborhoods with us, or go to the same kind of denomination. We cast this sideways disgust at the people who are not like us.
But you know what?—in the church of Jesus Christ, every person is celebrated. The church is the most diverse and yet unified group. It’s not uniform—you know, there would be no need for unity if everyone was uniform in the church—that’s what the church is supposed to be like.
Dave: Yes; and where do you think that comes from?—this disgust. I mean, when you say that, we’re all shaking our heads and going: “I’ve done it,” “I’ve felt it.” But worse than me feeling it from others is I’ve done it to others. You mentioned earlier: “I think a lot of people, that are outside the church, that’s one of the reasons they don’t come.” They don’t feel welcome; they feel sort of a judgmental comparison eye. Where does that come from?
I know we talked last week about the control thing being tied back to a curse. Where do you think the comparison gene—because it’s human—where does it come from?
Shannon: I think it’s the world system that we live in. There’s a ruler of this dark age, and he has set up a world system where he invites us to measure ourselves and compare ourselves. We don’t have a backstory to Satan; but from what we can gather, Satan had authority and prestige in heaven. He was a leader, and yet he was not content with that. He said that he wanted to be lifted up; he wanted to be like the Most High.
Do you see that comparison word, “like”? He had the audacity, as a created being, to compare himself with God and want to be on par with God. That was the beginning of his fall. Jesus said he fell like a streak of lightning to this world, and he didn’t land on our planet with some new meekness; right? Satan is a liar, and he cannot embrace the truth. He lives out this delusion that somehow he is God’s rival.
He tries to compete with God, and he throws attacks at God by throwing attacks at us. He comes after us, and he tries to lure us into the same behavior as him. He wanted to lift himself up, and that’s what he tempts us to do the same. He wants us to lift ourselves up/to constantly be measuring ourselves; and he invites us to prove that we are enough, that we have enough, that we are better than others. Then, when we can’t prove that, he shames us—right?—and says, “You don’t measure up.” Either way, he just tempts us into this continual trap and bondage of measuring ourselves by others.
Dave: It’s really like the disgust part of comparison that you just got at is really rooted in the national religion of hell, according to C.S. Lewis.
Dave: So there’s a sense that I’m better; and yet, if I’m completely humble, it’s the opposite: no one would feel disgust from me; they would feel grace, and they’d be drawn in.
Bob: First John has a verse that talks about loving the world, the things of the world, and then it goes on to talk about the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, the boastful pride of life. You ask where this comes from—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, the boastful pride of life—it’s the comparison with other people.
You trace that back to when Satan came to Eve in the garden and showed her the fruit. It says it looked good to her; it was desirable. She saw, “This would make me wise”; so it was appealing to her pride/to her vanity. Our comparison is that there’s something inside of us that we want to be esteemed. We want people to look at us and think we’re better than we are—and think we’re all that and a bag of chips—right? [Laughter] We want folks to think highly of us, and we think the way to do that is through self-aggrandizement rather than saying what Jesus said: “If you want to be great in the kingdom, you become the servant of all.” That’s when God looks and says, “There’s a great one right there.”
One of the areas that you say is a comparison pitfall in your book, Comparison Girl—we’re talking to Shannon Popkin about this—you talk about wealth being a comparison issue. Certainly in our culture, we’ve all talked about keeping up with the Joneses and being aware of: the neighbor gets a new car; and instead of going, “Good for them,” we think, “When do we get a new car?”—right? [Laughter]
Shannon: Right; yes. Tim Keller says that you don’t know you’re greedy if you are. That was really convicting to me.
We always talk about ourselves as being blessed. You know, when we have wealth, we’re blessed; but what if we’re just being tested? What if God was saying: “As you have opportunity to pad your bank account or pad your purse, are you going to love Me with that money, or are you going to love yourself? Are you going to use that wealth?—are you going to use it to measure yourself against others and to be seen as superior, or are you going to give away your wealth?”
I remember reading that part about the camel and the needle; and for the first time, I recognized: “You know what? Camels are really big, and the eye of a needle is really small. If I have wealth, it means I have that sort of stacked against me. My wealth is actually not to my advantage; it puts me at a disadvantage. It keeps pulling me into measuring myself and trying to prove that I’m superior. The only way to break free from that is to give money away. That’s what frees me of this trap of comparison.”
Also, thinking about the fact that—when I take my measuring cup full of money and I tip it out, and I pour my wealth out—every little bit is collected in the place where moth and rust cannot destroy. That’s very motivating to me.
Bob: Now you’ve gone to meddling. [Laughter] I have stuff—when you said, “What if, instead of looking at it as blessing, we looked at it as a test?”—I thought, “I don’t know that I’ve ever thought of that—that God gives you wealth and it may be to say: ‘Okay, let’s see what you do with this. Let’s see how your godliness is going to manifest itself in this. Is it going to be, “Well, I’m sure lucky; I can do things other people can’t do,” or is it going to be generosity and kingdom-focused living?’”
I remember a pastor one time saying most of us look at our bank account and we say, “How much of what we have are we going to share with God?” instead of saying, “How much of what God has given to us are we going to keep for ourselves?” Now, there’s a whole different perspective if we say: “Okay, this is not my money; this is God’s money. How much of it do I keep for myself?” “Because it belongs to God; how much does He want me to spend on me? How much does He want me to spend on advancing His kingdom?”
Dave: Yes, and wouldn’t it be radical if, instead of comparing our wealth to our neighbor—you know, because we’re always like, “I hope I have more,”—what if we compared, in a good way, and said, “I hope I can be the most generous”?
Shannon: Yes! You know what? Jesus invites us to compare in that way. Do you remember the story of the widow at the temple as she brought her two little copper coins? In that day, the temple would give a widow two coins per day for her bread for the day; so this woman was basically saying: “You know what? I’m going to fast today. I’m going to give generously; I’m going to go without food.” I think it’s interesting she had two; because that means she could have given one and kept one for herself, but she was so generous.
Jesus, in response to that, calls His disciples over and He says: “Hey, look at her! Look at her; she has given more than all the rest of these.” It’s this interesting thing that Jesus invites us to compare in a way that inspires us, not to measure ourselves against each other, but “Let’s be inspired by the generosity of this woman.” He lifts her up. She had humbled herself so drastically, and yet He lifts her up. Let’s be inspired by the people around us who are generous.
Bob: To that point, comparison can be corrosive and toxic; or if we’re comparing ourselves to what God’s called us to, it can be inspiring. It can be something that’s motivating, to say, “My goal is to be like Jesus.” Now, there’s a comparison that we are always going to fall short of; but when that’s our goal, not for our glory but for God’s glory, that’s a whole different kind of comparison. That’s why the subtitle of your book is so right: [Lessons] from Jesus on Me-Free Living in a Measure-Up World. This is not about, “How do I look good?”; it’s about, “How does God look good/how does He look good through me? How do I glorify Him?”
I’m guessing that maybe more than a few of our listeners wrestle with this issue of comparison. Get a copy of Shannon’s book, and maybe go through it with some other women. You can order Shannon’s book from us, online, at FamilyLifeToday.com; or you can call to order: 1-800-FL-TODAY is the number. Again, our website is FamilyLifeToday.com. The number to call to order Shannon Popkin’s book, Comparison Girl, is 1-800-358-6329—that’s 1-800-“F” as in family, “L” as in life, and then the word, “TODAY.”
Now, the next couple of weeks are going to be pretty significant for us, here at FamilyLife®. You’ve heard us, maybe, mention the fact that we’ve had some friends of the ministry, who have come along and offered to match every donation we receive during the month of May, dollar for dollar, up to a total of $345,000. Honestly, this could not come at a better time; because as you might imagine, for ministries like ours, this is a challenging season. This matching gift is hopefully an incentive to get those of you, who are regular FamilyLife Today listeners, to make a donation so that your donation can be matched dollar for dollar.
In fact, if you’re a regular listener, and you’ve ever thought about becoming one of our monthly Legacy Partners, now’s a great time to do that. You sign up now as a Legacy Partner, every donation you make for the next year is going to be matched dollar for dollar. And you’ll receive a certificate so that you and your spouse can attend an upcoming Weekend to Remember® marriage getaway. We do plan to re-engage with those in the fall; that’s our plan at this point. That certificate will be yours to use or to pass along to someone else, if you’d like, when you sign up to become a monthly Legacy Partner, here, at FamilyLife.
It’s easy to donate; you can go to FamilyLifeToday.com to donate, or call 1-800-FL-TODAY. Everybody who makes a donation or who signs up to become a Legacy Partner, we’d love to send you, as a thank-you gift, Barbara Rainey’s new book, My Heart, Ever His, a wonderful collection of prayers that you will find very encouraging in a variety of challenging times and seasons. That book is our gift to you when you make a donation today. We so appreciate you; look forward to hearing from you. Thanks, in advance, for whatever you’re able to do.
Now, tomorrow, we’re going to talk more about comparison. We want to talk about how we can fall into the trap of comparing our kids to other people’s kids; we’ve all done that, right? Shannon Popkin will join us again tomorrow. I hope you can join us as well.
I want to thank our engineer today, Keith Lynch, along with our entire broadcast production team. On behalf of our hosts, Dave and Ann Wilson, I’m Bob Lepine. We will see you back tomorrow for another edition of FamilyLife Today.
FamilyLife Today is a production of FamilyLife of Little Rock, Arkansas; a Cru® Ministry. Help for today. Hope for tomorrow.
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Copyright © 2020 FamilyLife. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6371ad45-c6ae-4eb8-a0d7-5cc1f83e5c76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cdn2-www.familylife.com/podcast/familylife-today/the-compulsion-to-compare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.969429 | 6,761 | 1.5625 | 2 |
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- APA-FT (Australian Public Affairs Information Service) Index + Australian Public AffairsFull Text
Australian political, economic, legal, social and cultural affairs, 1978+
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Australian law, 1975+. New Zealand & AsiaPacific law
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International and Australian news and business journals.
Video content with a large amount of economics content including Pricing Economics and predictive analytics. | <urn:uuid:73231076-1c0b-4718-a5d8-fb57c273df0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/guides/business/finance-and-economics/databases | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00281-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758522 | 267 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Mass Schedule – Trinity 13 (August 30, 2015)
31, St. Aidan
01, St. Giles, Abbot
+ The life of St. Giles, known in early writings as Aegidius, is derived from a mixture of legend and history woven together around the deeds of a saint. He is reputed to have been born in Athens, the son of Theodore and Pelagia, in about 640. When he was twenty-four his parents died, and Giles, stricken by the double loss, and unconsoled by the pleasures of fashionable life, sold all that he had and gave to the poor in order to follow Christ. He took to sea and landed on the coast of Provence. On the shore he saw human footsteps, and following these, he found a cave in which an old hermit had lived for years on roots and herbs, and who was content to share his cave, his food and his prayers with the young man. After three days Giles began to fear his friends might find him, so he hailed a passing ship and sailed on further westwards to Marseilles. Still seeking solitude, he crossed the Rhone and travelled towards a rocky promontory above the River Gardon and here, in a cave, the entrance of which was hidden by a thicket, he found another solitary, also a Greek. He stayed only a short time before continuing his journey until, finally, in the depth of a forest near Nimes, he found a hollow of a rock in a green glade by a stream, shaded by four gigantic oaks. Here he was discovered by Flavius (Wamba), king of the VisiGoths. The king was out hunting and shot an arrow at a hind, missed it, and hit Giles, who was at his devotions. Though wounded, Giles continued at his prayers and refused all compensation for the injury done to his body. This incident made him a great favorite at Court, especially with Wamba, who pressed him to stay. The king would have given him lands for any foundation he chose, but no entreaties would persuade him to desert his life of solitude and prayer. Legend goes on to say that Giles consented to be the founder of the monastery near Nimes about 673, which flourished till the Saracen invasion, when it was burned down and he and his monks took refuge with Charles Martel, aiding him by their prayers in his great battle for Christianity in the West. St. Giles’ monastery was restored, and with the words, ” Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace,” he died on September 1st, 720.
+ Wednesday Agape & Christian Education for all ages resumes next Wednesday, September 9. We will begin serving our common meal at 5:45 p.m. and education classes will begin at 6:30 p.m. Classes are over by 7:15 p.m.
+ All Saints Men’s Group will met next on September 1, at 7:00 a.m. in undercroft.
+ The Holy Communion is celebrated this week Monday through Saturday at 12:15 p.m.
+ All Saints parishioner may obtain a Mass card from the Church office. A Mass card is a greeting card given to someone to inform him or her that a deceased loved one or friend was remembered and prayed for at a weekly Mass. It is a specifically Christian way to express one’s love. Call Julie McDermott at the Church office (434-979-2842) and she will help you fill out the form. The celebrant will sign the card and we will mail it from the Church to the family of the loved one. | <urn:uuid:20041513-a747-4995-9602-19578dfff3f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.allsaintscville.org/this-week-at-all-saints-161/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.985765 | 781 | 1.992188 | 2 |
By following an “Elimination Diet”, you may be able to identify foods that trigger certain symptoms including joint pain, skin rashes, headaches and much more. Here’s how to get started.
Elimination Phase – First Two Weeks:
Before you begin, make a list or chart of all your symptoms, note their frequency, and rate their severity on a scale of 1 to 10. Note any other characteristics or associations with particular food intake, meal, etc.
Eliminate the following food groups along with all food items which contain any of these foods.
- Dairy (including milk, cheese, whey protein, kefir, yogurt, ice cream, frozen yogurt, etc.)
- Gluten containing grains: wheat, rye, oats, barley, (couscous, pilaf, tabbouleh etc.) and any foods containing these items (sauces, beer, ketchup and other condiments containing vinegar, some puddings, etc.)
- Egg and foods containing egg
- Soy products including miso, tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, tamari
- Nuts and seeds
- Corn and corn products including chips, tortillas, anything with high fructose corn syrup added
- Sweeteners (with the exception of stevia), food additives, dyes, colors, etc.
- Coffee, chocolate, caffeine containing herbal teas
!! READ ALL PACKAGED AND BOTTLED FOOD LABELS!!
Stay hydrated: drink plenty of filtered water, herbal teas, unsweetened coconut water, unsweetened rice milk
After two weeks of elimination, rate your symptom chart once again and compare with your initial list.
Did you notice any changes in symptoms, their frequency or severity?
Any new symptoms?
As your body clears during this elimination process, you could have a temporary worsening of symptoms or even a new symptom. These may include headaches, brain fog, skin rash, changes in digestion and/or elimination, bloating, gas, fatigue. Mild symptoms are a common part of the clearing process so continue on, pay attention to adequate fluid intake and make sure you are getting enough protein to keep your blood sugar normalized.
You know your body. Be smart. If any symptoms are severe or you feel something is not right, consult your health care provider.
- Pick one of the eliminated foods. Consume one serving at breakfast, lunch and at dinner for only one day. Then remove that food from your diet once again. You will not be able to eat that food until you are completely finished adding back foods to your diet.
- Wait for 3 days before introducing another food and carefully observe your symptoms. If you experience a return or worsening of symptoms that persists after three days, wait until it subsides before introducing another food.
- Go through each food group as above, adding it in at each meal and then removing it again completely from your diet after the challenge day.
- Continue to wait for 3 days (72 hours), monitoring and recording your symptoms before adding in another food
Use your symptom chart to rate your symptom frequency and severity after each food introduction.
Have any symptoms returned or gotten worse after reintroducing a food?
Any new symptoms?
What can you eat on an Elimination Diet?
- Turkey, lamb, fish (wild salmon, sardines, etc.), rice protein
- Unsweetened rice milk
- Grains: quinoa, brown rice, wild rice, millet
- Fresh fruits except citrus
- Vegetables: most vegetables with the exclusion of nightshade family
- Sweeteners: stevia
- Herbs, Spices: sea salt, pepper, fresh herbs
- Olive oil
For A More Extensive Program:
- If you would like to do a more extensive Elimination Diet, you can extend the avoidance list to include nightshade family vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers), citrus, beef, chicken, pork, beans, and coffee. You can also eliminate any foods that you “crave” or foods you choose to eat on a very frequent basis. We often choose to eat foods we are actually sensitive to. These foods can stimulate our adrenal system and give us a temporary energy boost.
- You can undertake a seasonal cleanse along with the Elimination Diet, especially timely in the Spring or Fall. This can aid with the elimination of inflammatory byproducts and help support your body’s detoxification process.
Important Information: This diet is not intended to diagnose or treat any specific illness and is intended for healthy individuals. If you have a significant health issue, you are advised to consult your health care provider and undertake this program under supervision. The elimination diet involves the temporary removal of significant sources of protein and other nutrients, which in compromised individuals, may not be advised without ensuring that vital nutrients are preserved in the diet in other forms. | <urn:uuid:20e41b68-c022-4069-a872-4e71187df62e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dreliaz.org/instructions-for-an-elimination-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00111-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915083 | 1,021 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Today is Day of the Dead and in cities all over Mexico families are going to cemeteries to visit their loved-ones who have passed. In Mexico, many believe that on this day our dearly departed return from the world of the dead to be with, and comfort, our families. That’s why families place Altars for the Dead, a fundamental element of the celebration, to make offerings both physical, like food and water, and spiritual, like rosaries, candles, and religious images, for our loved-ones to use.
Altars for the Dead have been built since prehispanic times and there are various types, some purely prehispanic with symbols depending on one’s ancestry, for example, from the Aztec, Totonacas, Mixtec, just to name a very few…
…or the altars are a combination of traditions with both symbols from Prehispanic Indigenous cultures and from Christian culture. They often include multiple levels, the most common are two levels (representing Heaven and Earth), three levels (representing Heaven, Purgatory, and Earth) or seven levels (symbolizing the seven steps necessary to reach heaven), this last is considered by many to be the ultimate, complete altar and includes the following steps, one for each level:
The first step : An image of a Saint to whom the departed loved-one was particularly devoted
The second step: An image of souls in purgatory.
The third step: Salt (for purification)
The fourth step: Bread
The fifth step: Foods and favorite fruits of the loved-one
The sixth step: Photographs of the loved-one
The seventh step: A cross, or rosary, made from either seeds or fruit like tecojote and lime
Among the traditional offerings can also be found water, candles, incense, floral arches, papel picado (rectangular bits of paper with different designs cut into them), flowers (especially the traditional orange or yellow cempazuchitl), skeletons, favorite drinks (tequila, beer, rompope and wine are common), and favorite objects of the departed, just to name a few.
Having said this, keep in mind that all types of altars are found as you shall see:
More Pictures on mamalatinatips Flickr Account. | <urn:uuid:397b2c38-94e8-4ba5-8991-513598acd42f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mamalatinatips.com/2012/11/altars-for-day-of-the-dead-in-mexico.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00024-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932115 | 485 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In 1973, an audiovisual firm in Paris hired me to make a publicity product for a manufacturer of industrial safety shoes, Jallatte. The founder, Pierre Jallate, had set up his shoe factory in a splendid 17th-century military fort built by Vauban in the isolated village of Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort in the Cévennes, north of Montpellier.
I was given a selection of Jallatte products [which I would later wear, personally, for years], and my aim was to take photos of these shoes being worn in various working environments, particularly on construction sites.
Besides their functional role of protecting the feet of workers, Jallatte shoes have always been elegant and fashionable. So I tried to get this message across in my photos.
The French cartoonist Denis Dugas collaborated with me on the Jallatte project. He created montages in which photos of shoes were placed in humorous decors.
As you can see, we went to great lengths to illustrate the merits of Jallatte safety shoes. And I believe that the chief, charismatic 54-year-old Pierre Jallatte, was pleased with our audiovisual creation.
Recently, the new owners of the company [which has always remained a world leader in the manufacture of safety shoes] started to talk about delocalizing the Jallatte factory in Tunisia. Last Friday, 88-year-old Pierre Jallatte refused to accept the idea that local workers would lose their jobs, and that his famous factory in the ancient fort might cease to exist. In his home in Nîmes, he pointed a rifle at his head and pulled the trigger. | <urn:uuid:4193f86b-685d-47c3-9878-475b7dd20ac0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://skyvington.blogspot.com/search/label/professional%20history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00205-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977888 | 356 | 1.710938 | 2 |
General Landscape Uses:
Primarily recommended for natural landscapes and habitat restorations. Also as an accent tree.
Ecological Restoration Notes: An occasional element in hammocks, often associated with past aboriginal activity.
Grown by one or two native plant nurseries in South Florida. Available at Indian Trails Native Nursery in Lake Worth (561-641-9488).
Description: Medium to large tree with a broadly rounded crown. Trunk straight, 1-2 feet in diameter. Bark smooth with few or many warts. Leaves thin, 2-5 inches long. A temperate deciduous species.
Dimensions: Typically 25-50 feet in height in South Florida; to 100 feet in Florida. Taller than broad.
Growth Rate: Moderate to fast.
Eastern and central United States south to Miami-Dade County and the Monroe County mainland; northeastern Mexico. Apparently absent from the southernmost barrier islands in Miami-Dade, Broward Collier and Lee counties. For a digitized image of Elbert Little's Florida range map, visit the Exploring Florida website.
Soils: Moist, moderately well-drained to well-drained sandy or limestone soils, with humusy top layer.
Nutritional Requirements: Moderate to high; grows best with some organic content and may languish in nutrient poor soils.
Salt Water Tolerance: Low; does not tolerate flooding by salt or brackish water.
Salt Wind Tolerance: Low; salt wind may burn the leaves.
Drought Tolerance: Moderate; generally requires moist soils, but tolerant of short periods of drought once established.
Light Requirements: Light shade to full sun.
Flower Color: Green.
Flower Characteristics: Inconspicuous.
Flowering Season: Spring.
Fruit: Yellow to orange to red to dark purple fleshy drupe; late summer to fall. Edible, sweet.
Wildlife and Ecology: Provides significant food and cover for wildlife. In most of peninsular Florida, it is the sole larval host plant for American snout (Libytheana carineta), hackberry emperor (Aterocampa celtis), and tawny emperor (Asterocampa clyton) butterflies; is is also the larval host for the question mark (Polygonia interrogationis) butterfly, which also feeds on elms (Ulmus species) and false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Birds and other animals readily eat the sweet fruits.
Horticultural Notes: Can be grown from seed, which should be sown as soon as the fruit is ripe.
References: Nelson 2003, Schaefer & Tanner 1997
Comments: Common in some hammocks in South Florida, but missing in many others. | <urn:uuid:8e1da29f-c1b3-4252-841b-c80c6232844d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://regionalconservation.org/beta/nfyn/plantdetail.asp?tx=Celtlaev | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.886701 | 587 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Most people prefer a family tartan for reasons of tradition. But if you can't find one you like, there are many alternatives. To find your family tartans, just key your surname into one of the following sites:http://www.tartans.scotland.nethttp://www.tartansauthority.com/web/site/home/home.asp
Unless your name is fairly common, and spelled in the most orthodox way, the chances are that you may not find a tartan under the exact same name. Don't worry! The spelling of names was only recently formalized, and names mutated as members migrated. So many spelling variations exist for the same family name. It's still the same family by blood, so please don't get hung up on spelling.
Also, Scottish clans have a tradition of ' Septs'which are other families by descent or alliance to which a Clan gave protection. If your family name appears as a Sept of one of the official clans, it conventionally entitles you to wear their tartan.
Our tartan finder is designed to help you identify such associations, but it might do no harm to try keying in alternative spellings of your family names.
It is also common to choose a tartan derived not with your 'current' surname, but perhaps with your mother's maiden name, or that of another forebear such as a grandparent. Or you might choose to select the tartan from a member of your partner's lineage instead. We would encourage you to look widely, and choose a pattern that is not just historically 'correct' but also pleasing to you! | <urn:uuid:cd6f8bff-24a5-4e1c-857b-5189ee909f3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mackilts.com/how_do_i_find_my_family_or_clan_tartan.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00275-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964826 | 338 | 1.742188 | 2 |
THE COUNTIES OF WYOMING
|The Twenty-One Counties—Albany—Bighorn—Campbell—Carbon—Converse—Crook—Fremont—Goshen—Hot Springs—Johnson—Laramie—Lincoln—Natrona—Nobara—Park—Platte—Sheridan—Sweetwater—Uinta—Washakie—Weston—Historical Sketch of Each—Date of Organization—Boundaries—Early Settlers—Topography—Resources—Transportation Facilities—Population and Wealth, etc. ... 503|
|Wyoming Territory was created by the act of Congress, approved on July 25, 1868, and the Territorial Government was organized the following April. There were then two counties–Carter and Laramie–which had been established by the Dakota Territorial Legislature, and which embraced practically all of the present State of Wyoming east of the 110th meridian of longitude. Charles D. Bradley, representative from Laramie County in the Dakota Legislature in 1868, procured the passage of bills creating the counties of Albany and Carbon, but before these counties could be organized the Territory of Wyoming came into existence. The first Territorial Legislature of Wyoming erected five counties–Laramie, Albany, Carbon, Sweetwater and Uinta–each of which extended from the northern to the southern boundary of the territory. By subsequent acts of the Legislature, these five counties have each been divided and new ones formed, until now (1918) there are twenty-one counties in the state, viz.: Albany, Bighorn, Campbell, Carbon, Converse, Crook, Fremont, Goshen, Hot Springs, Johnson, Laramie, Lincoln, Natrona, Niobrara, Park, Platte, Sheridan, Sweetwater, Uinta, Washakie and Weston.|
| The Albany County created by the first Territorial Legislature of Wyoming was quite a different county from the one bearing that name at the present time. Section 1 of the original organic act provided:|
"That all that portion of Wyoming Territory embraced within the following described boundaries shall be known as Albany County: Commencing at Bufort (Buford) Station on the Union Pacific Railroad; thence due north to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude; thence west along said parallel to the eastern line of Carbon County; thence south along said eastern boundary line of Carbon County to the forty-first parallel of north latitude; thence east along said forty-first parallel of north latitude to a point due south of Bufort Station, and thence north to the place of beginning."
The county as thus established included all of the present County of Albany, the greater part of the counties of Converse and Campbell, the east end of Sheridan and a strip about twelve miles wide across the eastern part of Carbon, Natrona and Johnson. The act of 1869 also appointed the following officers for the county, to serve until the next general election: H. Wagner, Joseph Mackle and S. C. Leach, county commissioners; J. W. Conner, sheriff; L. D. Pease, probate judge; R. S. Kinney, county clerk; Charles Hilliker, assessor; S. W. Downey, prosecuting attorney; James Vine, county surveyor; Dr. Foose, coroner; George Van Dyke, justice of the peace; John Barton, D. Shanks, William Carr and George Young, constables. The county commissioners were given power to fill vacancies in the various county offices, the appointments not to extend beyond the next general election.
The county seat was located at Laramie City, "until removed therefrom by law," and it was further provided that the act should take effect on the second Monday in December, 1869.
Changes in the boundaries and dimensions of Albany County, through the formation of new counties, have reduced its original size from 14,904 square miles to 4,401 square miles. It is now bounded on the north by Converse County; on the east by Platte and Laramie; on the south by the State of Colorado, and on the west by the County of Carbon. Near the eastern border, extending the full length of the county, are the Laramie Mountains, and in the southwest corner is the Medicine Bow Range. Between these mountains is the upper valley of the Laramie River, which furnishes some of the finest grazing lands in the southern part of the state. The county is rich in mineral deposits, Iron Mountain, so named because of the richness of its ores, when first developed yielded 85 per cent pure metal. Rich copper, silver, lead and gold mines have been opened in various parts of the county. These mines are described in the chapter on Wyoming's mineral resources. A few miles south of Laramie are the famous soda lakes containing millions of tons of pure sulphate of soda. Oil has been found at Rock River, Big Hollow and along the Laramie River.
One of the early settlers of the county was Nathaniel K. Boswell, who came to Wyoming in 1868 and settled at Laramie soon after the Union Pacific Railroad was completed through Albany County. Mr. Boswell was a native of New Hampshire and took an active part in the development of the resources of the county. In 1883 he established the soda works near the deposits that he had discovered some years earlier. These works were afterward sold to the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Mr. Boswell was sheriff of the county for nine years and was then appointed deputy United States marshal. He was active in breaking up the gang of road agents that operated in Wyoming in the latter '70s, robbing stage coaches and express trains, and in 1883 he was elected chief of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association to organize a force of men and watch the branding of animals, etc.
Robert Marsh, an Englishman, came to Albany County in 1868 and was for seven years mayor of the City of Laramie. He also served as county commissioner and as a member of the school board. Thomas Alsop, another Englishman, settled in Albany County in 1868. That fall he discovered the coal banks at Carbon and during the winter took out over one hundred thousand dollars worth of coal. In 1875 he was elected one of the county commissioners.
Mortimer N. Grant, a native of Lexington, Mo., came to Wyoming with a surveying party in 1869 and located in this county. He afterward served as auditor of the Territory of Wyoming. Robert E. Fitch came to this county from New York at an early date in the county's history. He served as superintendent of schools and was a member of the Senate in the first State Legislature. Ora Haley was born in the State of Maine and settled in Albany County in 1868. He was elected to the Lower House of the Territorial Legislature in 1871 ; was a member of the council in the legislative session of 1881, and was one of the county's representatives in the first State Legislature in 1890.
Other early settlers were John H. Douglas, J. E. Yates, Michael H. Murphy, James H. Hayford and Otto Gramm. Mr. Hayford was appointed judge of the Second Judicial District in 1895 upon the death of Judge John W. Blake. Otto Gramm served as city and county treasurer, as a member of the school board and in the Legislature, and in 1890 was elected the first state treasurer of Wyoming.
Although Albany is considered one of the small counties of the state, its area as given in Rand & McNally's Atlas is 4,401 square miles, or 2,816,640 acres. The principal towns and villages in the county, with their population in 1915, are as follows: Bosler, 75; Buford, 80; Foxpark, 100; Hermosa, 182; Laramie (the county seat), 4,962; Lookout, 100; Rock River, 195. According to the state census of 1915 the population of Albany County was 8,194, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $15,585,603. These figures show the county to be the seventh in the state in both population and wealth. Although the state census of 1915 shows a decrease in population of 3,380 during the preceding five years, the valuation of property in 1917 was $291,204 greater than that of the year before, indicating plainly that the county lost nothing in wealth through the decrease in the number of inhabitants. No doubt much of that decrease is more apparent than real, due to the different methods employed by the United States and the State of Wyoming in taking the enumeration. The state census was taken by the county assessors, who received no additional compensation for the work and consequently could not reasonably be expected to exercise the care necessary to insure an accurate enumeration. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that in 1914 the state cast 6,951 more votes than in 1910.
The main line of the Union Pacific Railroad enters the county near the southeast comer and runs in a northwesterly direction through Laramie, Howell, Bosler, Lookout, Rock River and Wilcox into Carbon County, and the Colorado, Wyoming & Eastern rung in a southwesterly direction from Laramie into Colorado. These roads give the central and southern portions of the county good transportation facilities.
Stock raising is the principal industry. In 1910 the county reported 35.068 head of cattle, 150.000 sheep and 7,000 horses, the value of the live stock being then estimated at $1,882,476. Next in importance comes mining. From the earliest settlement of the county, even before the county was formed, gold placer mining was carried on in the gulches in various parts of the county, but no record of the value of the precious metal has been preserved. The Rambler Mine at Holmes has produced some of the richest copper ores in the West, and has also produced platinum, palladium and osmium. Coal measures have been profitably worked near Laramie. Other mineral deposits are gypsum, graphite, mica, kaolin, natural soda and cement, asbestos and a fine quality of building stone. Many of these deposits are practically untouched and the value of the mineral wealth concealed in the mountains and gulches of Albany can only be conjectured.
| The territory comprising the present County of Bighorn was originally included in the counties of Carbon and Sweetwater. When created by the act of March 12, 1890, it contained a much larger area than at the present time. The boundaries as defined by that act were as follows:|
"Commencing at a point where the northern boundary line of Wyoming Territory intersects the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington; running thence south along said meridian to its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains or Continental Divide, separating the waters of the Yellowstone and Snake rivers; thence in a southeasterly direction along the crest of said divide to its intersection with the eleventh standard parallel north; thence east along said standard parallel to its intersection with the crest of the mountain range dividing the waters of Wind River on the south from the waters of Greybull and Wood rivers on the north; thence along the crest of said divide between the waters of the last named streams and the crest of the divide between the waters of Wind River on the south and of Grass Creek and Owl Creek on the north, to a point on the crest of the said last named divide at the head of the south fork of Owl Creek; thence down said Owl Creek along the north boundary of the Wind River or Shoshone Reservation, to its intersection with the channel of the Big Horn River; thence southerly along the channel of said last named river to its intersection with the boundary line between the counties of Johnson and Fremont, as now constituting the same, being the Hne of 43° 30' north latitude; thence east along the said line of 43° 30' north latitude to its intersection with the range line between townships 41 north and ranges 85 and 86 west; thence north on said range line through townships 41 to 51, inclusive, to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains, the same being the divide between the waters flowing into the Big Horn River on the west and the waters of Powder River and Tongue River on the east; thence in a northwesterly direction, following the crest of said last named divide, to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, being the northern boundary line of Wyoming Territory; thence west along said forty-fifth parallel of north latitude to the place of beginning."
As thus originally created, the County of Bighorn included all the present county of that name. Park and Washakie counties and most of the county of Hot Springs. It was reduced to its present dimensions by the creation of the three above named counties in 1911.
Section 2 of the act creating the county provided that commissioners for organizing it should not be appointed before February 1, 1892, and that when a petition for organization should be presented to the governor, "there shall also be presented to him, before he takes action thereon in appointing such commissioners, proof, by affidavit or otherwise, showing that the counties of Fremont and Johnson, respectively, will have left within their boundaries, respectively, after the complete organization of said Bighorn County an assessed valuation of property amounting to the sum of $1,600,000, and in Bighorn County to not less than $1,500,000."
Described in language unencumbered by legal phraseology, Bighorn County is bounded on the north by the State of Montana; on the east by Johnson and Sheridan counties; on the south by Washakie County; and on the west by the County of Park. Its area is 6J768 square miles, or 4,330,520 acres, occupying the great agricultural region known as the "Big Horn Basin," and it is one of the rapidly developing counties of Wyoming. Fully 80 per cent of the land in the county is available for farming or grazing and the numerous streams furnish excellent water for live stock and for irrigation. About the beginning of the present century, some eight hundred Mormons came to this county from Utah and entered into an agreement with the state authorities to irrigate 18,000 acres. This contract was carried out and two years later there were 20q,ooo acres under irrigation. In 1910, the year before the county was divided, official statistics showed that Bighorn had 60,000 cattle, 350,000 sheep and 15,500 horses, the total value of these animals being over three and a half millions of dollars. In horse raising it led all the counties of the state in that year and it was one of the three highest in cattle raising.
There are large areas of oil lands in the Big Horn Basin, some of which have been developed with profit, especially near Byron, in the northwestern part, Bonanza, on the No Wood River, and near the Town of Greybull. In the last named field the wells yield gas as well as oil. This gas has been piped to Basin, the county seat, where it is used for fuel. The oil found in the county is of superior quality and commands the top price in the market on account of the large percentage of gasoline it contains.
The Denver & Billings Line of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Railway system runs north and south through the central portion, following the course of the Big Horn River. The principal stations in the county on this road are Cowley, Frannie, Basin (the county seat), Greybull, Lovell and Manderson. Ai Frannie, in the extreme northwest corner of the county, a branch leaves this line and runs in a southwesterly direction to Cody, Park County.
In 1910 the population of Bighorn County was 13,795 and the assessed valuation of property was $15,942,567. By the organization of three new counties the next year both the population and assessed valuation of property were decreased. According to the state census of 1915 Bighorn reported a population of 6,815, and in 1917 the property valuation was $9,135,482.
The Bighorn County Farmers' Fair Association, organized some years ago, was reorganized in 1916 and in 1917 conducted the "biggest and best fair ever held in the county," attracting visitors from the adjoining counties. A new courthouse was completed early in 1918, at a cost of $65,000.
| Campbell County occupies the upper valleys of the Bellefourche and Little Powder rivers, in the northeastern part of the state. It is one of the new counties, having been created by an act of the Legislature, approved February 13, 1911. In the organic act the boundaries are thus described: "Commencing at a point on the northern boundary of the State of Wyoming where the range line between ranges 68 and 69 west intersects said boundary; thence west along said northern boundary of the State of Wyoming to a point where it intersects the line forming the east boundary line of Sheridan County; thence southerly along the said east boundary of Sheridan County and along the east boundary of Johnson County to a point formed by the intersection of the said east boundary of Johnson County with the north boundary of Converse County; thence east along the said north boundary of Converse County to its intersection with the range line between ranges 68 and 69 west; thence north along said range line and its variations to the place of beginning."|
The county was named in honor of John A. Campbell, the first governor of the Territory of Wyoming when it was organized in 1869. It has an area of over four thousand square miles, much of which is well adapted to stock raising which is the principal industry. The territory comprising the county was first made a part of Laramie County when the latter was created by the Legislature of Dakota Territory in 1867. A portion of it was included in Albany County by the first Territorial Legislature of Wyoming, and in 1875 it was embraced in Crook County, where it remained until erected into the County of Campbell.
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad passes through the central portion of the county east and west, with stations at Gillette (the county seat), Croton, Echeta, Felix, Kier, Oriva, Sparta, Minturn, Rozet and Wessex. South of this railroad the country is sparsely settled. The population of Campbell in 1915 was 2,316, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $6,363,463. It is the twentieth county in the state in point of population, and nineteenth in wealth.
| The first Territorial Legislature of Wyoming passed an act, to take effect on January 1, 1870, Section 1 of which provided: "That all that portion of Wyoming Territory described as follows, be and is hereby organized into a county by the name of Carbon, to wit: Commencing at a point one-half mile east of Como Station on the Union Pacific Railroad and running thence due north to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude; thence west along said parallel to the line of 107° 30' west longitude; thence south along the eastern boundary of Carter (Sweetwater) County, namely the line of 107° 30' west longitude, to the forty-first parallel of north latitude; thence east along said parallel to a point due south of the point of beginning; thence north to the place of beginning."|
As thus created, the county contained all that part of Carbon west of the line dividing ranges 79 and 80 west, except that portion lying west of the line 107° 30' west longitude; the western three-fourths of Natrona County; the greater part of Johnson and Sheridan; and a strip about eighteen miles wide across the east side of Bighorn and Washakie counties. The boundaries were adjusted by subsecjuent legislation so that parts of Albany and Sweetwater were added to Carbon. On the north Carbon is bounded by Natrona County; on the east by Albany County; on the south by the State of Colorado; and on the west by Sweetwater County.
The act creating the county provided for its organization by the appointment of the following officers: A. B. Donnelly, E. V. Upton and Robert Foot, commissioners; George Doyle, sheriff; William R. Hunter, probate judge and ex-officio justice of the peace; Thomas J. Williams, county clerk and register of deeds; H. C. Hall, superintendent of public schools; Robert Foot, justice of the peace for the Fort Halleck Precinct, and a Mr. Hinton, justice of the peace for the Carbon Precinct. The county seat was located at Rawlins Springs "until removed according to law."
Among the early settlers of Carbon was Perry L. Smith, who came to Rawlins Springs in 1868. He was elected county commissioner at the first election after the county was organized and was twice reelected, serving three consecutive temis; was elected county clerk in 1874; served in the legislative sessions of 1879 and 1881, and was territorial auditor during Governor Hale's administration.
James Prance, a native of Pennsylvania, came to Wyoming in 1868, when he was about thirty years of age. In 1869 he took charge of a branch store opened by H. C. Hall & Company at Rawlins, and from that time until his death he was identified with the history of Carbon County. From 1871 to 1885 he was postmaster at Ravvflins and served several terms as county commissioner. In 1882 he engaged in the banking business, with which he was connected for the remainder of his life.
John C. Dyer, discoverer of the mineral paint deposits at Rawlins, was born in Washington, D. C, in 1845. He came to Cheyenne in 1867 and followed the Union Pacific to Rawlins. There he became associated with George Ferris, who discovered the first mine in the "Ferris District," and was active in developing the mineral deposits in all parts of Carbon County.
Isaac C. Miller was born in Denmark in 1844 and came to America soon after reaching his majority. In 1866 he located at Omaha, but after a short time removed to North Platte. He came to Rawlins in 1870 and the next year engaged in mining at Hahn's Peak. After about two years he began raising cattle, in which line he became one of the most prominent in the county. Mr. Aldler was sheriff of the county from 1880 to 1884 and in 1890 he was the democratic candidate for state treasurer at the first election after Wyoming was admitted into the Union.
According to Rand & McNally's Atlas, the area of Carbon County is 8,029 square miles. The surface is broken by mountain ranges, between which are rolling plains and fertile valleys, the altitude varying from 5,000 to 12,000 feet. In the north are the Ferris and Seminoe Mountains, northeast of which is the Shirley Basin. In the southeast are the Medicine Bow Mountains, and the Sierra Madre range is in the southwestern part. Between the two last named ranges flows the Platte River with its numerous small tributaries, forming one of the best stock raising districts of the state. In 1910 there were 52,600 cattle, 380,000 sheep, and 10,450 horses in the county, valued at over three million dollars.
Next in importance to the live stock interests comes the mining industry. The name "Carbon" was given to the county on account of its immense coal beds. Some of the most productive coal mines in the state are operated by the Union Pacific Railroad Company near the Town of Hanna. The output of the Carbon County coal mines in 1910 was nearly six hundred thousand tons and since then it has been greatly increased. The county also has rich oil fields, copper, gold and iron deposits. In the Ferris. Seminoe and Shirley ranges, in the northern part, the amount of iron ore has been estimated as high as two hundred and fifty million tons. Near Encampment, in the southern part, the Rudefeha copper mine was discovered by a sheep herder and after being only partially developed was sold for $1,000,000. It was then capitalized by an eastern company for $10,000,000 and the smelting works were erected. Other valuable mines in the Encampment District are the Rambler, Battle and Copperton.
The Saratoga Hot Springs, with a temperature of 135° Fahrenheit, are located in the Platte Valley. The waters of these springs contain sulphur, salines and calcareous salts, closely resembling the famous European springs at Carlsbad, Marienbad and Aix la Chapelle. Their curative properties in certain diseases have been demonstrated, and the location of the springs, surrounded as they are by mountains, in a valley where the streams abound in trout, is an ideal place for a health resort.
In 1915 the population of Carbon County, as given by the state census, was 8,412, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $16,622,257. It is the sixth county in the state in population and wealth. The main line of the Union Pacific Railroad crosses the county east and west a little north of the center, and the Saratoga & Encampment Railroad runs from Encampment to Walcott, where it forms a junction with the Union Pacific, hence the transportation facilities of Carbon are above the average of the Wyoming counties.
| Converse is one of three counties created by the Legislature of 1888 in the passage of an act entitled "An act making divers appropriations and for other purposes." It was vetoed by Governor Moonlight and on March 9, 1888, was passed over the governor's objections and signed by John A. Riner, president of the council, and L. D. Pease, speaker of the house. The section of the act relating to Converse County was as follows:|
"All that portion of this territory described and bounded as hereinafter in this section set forth, shall, when organized according to law, constitute and be a county of this territory by and under the name of Converse, to wit: Commencing on the eastern boundary line of this territory, where the same is intersected by the forty-third degree and thirty minutes of north latitude, and running thence south along the said eastern boundary line of the territory to the township line between townships thirty and thirty-one north; running thence west along said township line to the eastern boundary line of the present County of Albany; running thence south along said eastern boundary line (of Albany County) to its intersection with the seventh standard parallel north; running thence west to the western boundary line of the present County of Albany; running thence north along the said western boundary line of the present County of Albany to the forty-third degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; and running thence east along the said forty-third degree and thirty minutes of north latitude to the place of beginning."
The act also provided that the county should be a part of the first judicial district, should constitute the ninth council district, the eleventh representative district, and should be attached to Albany and Laramie counties to form the twelfth representative district.
As established by the above act, the County of Converse embraced all the present county of that name and the County of Niobrara. It was named for A. R. Converse, who was born in the State of Massachusetts in 1842 and came to Cheyenne in the fall of 1867. There he established the first house furnishing store in the city. Two years later Francis E. Warren became a partner in this business. The partnership lasted until 1878, when Mr. Converse retired from the firm to devote his attention to his cattle business, having opened a ranch on the Chugwater in 1875. He organized the National Cattle Company, of which he was the executive head until 1884, when he disposed of his interest and organized the Converse Cattle Company, with a range on Lance Creek, in what is now Niobrara County. The capital of this company was $1,000,000. Mr. Converse was treasurer of the Territory of Wyoming under Governor Thayer's administration. He died at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City on June 9, 1885.
Converse County is bounded on the north by the counties of Johnson, Campbell and Weston; on the east by the County of Niobrara ; on the south by the counties of Platte and Albany; and on the west by the County of Natrona. Platte County also forms a portion of the eastern boundary of that part of Converse situated directly north of Albany County. The county has an area of 6,740 square miles, or 4,313,600 acres, much of which is irrigated and some of the finest farms in the state are in this county.
Topographically, the county is made up of the spurs and foot hills of the adjacent mountain ranges and of rolling plains interspersed with numerous streams. The North Platte River crosses the western boundary a little south of the center and flows in a southeasterly direction until it leaves the county near the southeast corner. This river furnishes most of the water used for irrigation. The La Prele dam, near Douglas, the county seat, waters about thirty thousand acres. The natural bridge, one of the scenic wonders of Wyoming, spans the La Prele Creek a short distance below the dam. Near Douglas, the county seat, there is a large oil field, in which both oil and natural gas have been found and the latter has been used for both fuel and lighting purposes. There are also rich coal deposits near the city. The finest coal west of the Missouri River is found in the Shawnee Basin, in the southeastern part of this county.
The Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy and the Chicago & Northwestern railroads follow the course of the Platte River through Converse County, the former on the north bank and the latter on the south bank west of old Fort Fetterman. The principal railroad stations are: Douglas, Careyhurst, Fetterman, Glenrock, Glencross, Lockett and Shawnee. The population in 1910 was 6,294, which included also the present County of Niobrara, which was set oflF from Converse in 1911. In 1915 Converse reported a population of 3,626 for the state census. The assessed valuation of property in 1917 was $9,927,722. Fifteen counties in the state reported a larger population in 1915, but only nine showed a larger property valuation in 1917.
| This county, named in honor of Gen. George Crook, was created by an act of the Legislature approved by Governor Thayer on December 10, 1875. Section i of the act fixed the boundaries of the county as follows: "Commencing at the northeast corner of the Territory of Wyoming; thence south along the boundary line between said territory and the Territory of Dakota to the forty-third degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; thence west along said latitude to the 106th meridian of longitude west from Greenwich; thence north with said meridian to the southern boundary of the Territory of Montana; thence east along said boundary to the place of beginning; Provided, That if by reason of any treaty with the Sioux tribe of Indians and any act of Congress any part of the Territory of Dakota shall be included within the limits of this territory, the same shall form and constitute a part of the aforesaid county."|
Crook County, as thus established, was taken from the counties of Laramie and Albany and embraced the present counties of Crook, Campbell and Weston. It was reduced to its present dimensions in 1911 and is now bounded on the north by the State of Montana; on the east by the State of South Dakota; on the south by Weston County; and on the west by Campbell County. Its area is a little less than three thousand square miles and a mean altitude of about four thousand feet, being in the lowest part of the state. It is therefore particularly adapted to agriculture, especially as it has an average annual precipitation of twenty-four inches. Years ago, when farming in many parts of Wyoming was unthought of without irrigation, the farmers of Crook County were gathering abundant crops, watered only by the natural rainfall. Wheat, oats, rye, corn, garden vegetables and small fruits can all be raised with profit in this county.
Stock raising is another leading occupation. In 1910 the county reported 76,175 head of cattle, 202,216 sheep, and was one of the foremost counties in the state in the number of horses, the value of live stock in that year running well over three million dollars.
Coal measures underlie about one-half of the county. The best developed mining district is in the vicinity of Aladdin, which town is the terminus of the Wyoming & Missouri River Railroad. In addition to the coal deposits, gold, silver, tin, copper, lead and manganese have all been found in different sections, some of them in quantities that could profitably be worked but for the lack of transportation facilities. Besides the railroad above mentioned, the only other railroad in the county is the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, which crosses the southwest corner. Kara and Moorcroft are the stations on the latter. Sundance, the county seat, is located southeast of the center of the county, at the base of Sundance Mountain and near the source of Sundance Creek.
One of the natural curiosities of the United States is seen in Crook County. It is a basaltic formation rising to a height of 1,300 feet above the surrounding country and is called the "Devil's Tower." This marvelous freak of nature is situated on the Bellefourche River, a little west of the center of the county, on a reservation set apart by the National Government.
In 1915 the state census reported a population of 5,117 in Crook County, and in 1917 the property was valued for tax puqxises at $17,337,235. These figures show the county to be thirteenth in population and fourteenth in wealth of the Wyoming counties.
| Fremont is the largest county in Wyoming, having an area of almost eleven thousand square miles. On March 5, 1884. Governor Hale approved an act of the Territorial Legislature creating Fremont County with the following boundaries: "Commencing at the northwest corner of Sweetwater County; running thence south on the western boundary line of said county to the boundary line between townships 26 and 27 north; thence east on said township 1 ne to a point 107° 30' west from Greenwich, being the western boundary of Carbon County; thence north along the said line of 107° 30' of longitude to its intersection with the line of 43° 30' north latitude, being the southern boundary of Johnson County; thence west along said line of 43° 30' north latitude to the Big Horn River; thence down said Big Horn River to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, being the boundary line between Montana and Wyoming; thence west along said forty-fifth parallel of north latitude to the place of beginning."|
If the reader will now take a map of Wyoming and trace the original boundaries of Fremont County as above described, he will discover that the county at first included all the present counties of Fremont and Park and that of Bighorn and Hot Springs counties lying west of the Big Horn River. The county was named for Lieut. John C. Fremont, who first visited this section of Wyoming in 1842 and ascended the mountain that bears his name, located in the western part of Fremont County. He afterward rose to be a general in the Union army at the time of the Civil war.
The act creating the county provided that it should remain under the jurisdiction of Sweetwater County until organized, and that all Indian lands within its borders should become a part of the county when the title to said lands should be extinguished. A further provision was that the county should be organized whenever 300 or more resident taxpayers petitioned the governor, who should appoint three commissioners to organize the county. The commissioners appointed to conduct organization were: H. G. Nickerson. B. F. Low and Horace E. Blinn, all residents of the county.
At the first county election Robert H. Hall, A. J. McDonald and Horace E. Blinn were chosen commissioners; James J. Atkins, sheriff; and James A. McAvoy, clerk. Robert H. Hall was born at Sacketts Harbor, N. Y., in 1852, and came to Wyoming about the time he reached his majority. In 1877 he located in Lander, where he engaged in the cattle business. Of the other early commissioners little can be learned.
James J. Atkins, the first sheriff, was born in Wisconsin in 1853. He came to Dakota Territory before he was twenty-one years of age. A little later he located at Lander and became interested in stock raising.
James A. McAvoy, the first clerk, was born in Ohio in 1842 and came to Cheyenne, Wyo., in 1868. The next year he went to South Pass, where for some time he was engaged in mining. In 1873 he settled on Willow Creek, within the lines of the Wind River reservation. He and Samuel Fairfield later opened the road from the timbered lands on the Popo Agie River to Lander.
John Luman, who was the first cattle raiser in the county, was a native of Virginia. He came to Fort Bridger soon after the close of the Civil war and was there employed for some time by the post sutler. He then settled in what is now Fremont County, where he held several local offices.
Another early settler was John D. Woodruff, who was born in Broome County, N. Y., in 1847. When only about nineteen years of age he joined a company of emigrants bound for the West and a few months later was in the mining district near the South Pass. Young Woodruff became well acquainted with the country and acted as guide to Generals Crook and Sheridan when the site of Fort Custer was selected. He was several times called to act as guide in the Indian campaigns that followed the Civil war.
Maj. Noyes Baldwin, one of the best known of Fremont County's pioneers, was born in Woodbridge, Conn., in 1826. He served in a Connecticut regiment during the war of 1861-65, where he received his title of "Major," and soon after the close of the war came to the Wind River Valley. He was the leader of the party that discovered gold at the South Pass, the others being Henry Ridell, Frank Marshall, Harry Hubbell and Richard Grace, and perhaps two or three others. These men founded South Pass City in October, 1867, the oldest town in Fremont County. Major Baldwin was engaged in trading with the Indians in the Wind River Valley for several years and was one of the first settlers in the City of Lander.
One of the first public buildings erected in the county after its organization was a jail. By the act of February 15, 1886, the county commissioners were authorized to sell this building and use the proceeds in the construction of a new courthouse and jail, the balance of the cost of the building to be raised by an issue of bonds not exceeding twenty-five thousand dollars.
Topographically, Fremont County occupies the "crest of the continent." The Wind River Range, which forms part of the great Continental Divide, passes through the western part from northwest to southeast; in the southeasten part are the Granite and Green mountains and the Antelope Hills; and along the northeastern border are the Owl Creek Mountains. Fremont Peak, the highest mountain of the Wind River Range, has an elevation of 13,570 feet above the level of the sea. Along this range numerous streams find their source. Those on the east side flow into the Wind River, their waters ultimately reaching the Atlantic Ocean, while those of the western slope flow into the Green River and find their way to the Pacific. The waters of a number of these streams have been taken for irrigation, with the result that some of the finest irrigated farms in the state are to be found in Fremont County.
The county is rich in mineral resources. During the first five years after the discovery of gold at the South Pass, about seven million dollars' worth of the precious metal was taken from the mines, and a considerable amount has been taken out since that time. A few years ago improved mining methods were introduced in the gold fields of this section and ores yielding a value of only ten dollars per ton have been developed.
About twenty miles south of Lander there is a large deposit of high grade iron ore, which will certainly be utilized at some period in the future, when the product of the mines can be transported to the markets. Other valuable mineral deposits contain sulphur, alum, high grade clays, cement and fine building stone.
It is a fact worthy of note that the first oil wells in Wyoming were sunk in Fremont County and called the attention of the outside world to the vast possibilities of the Wyoming oil fields. The county also has a large area of valuable coal-bearing lands, but the development of the deposits began only recently. In 1910 the largest coal camp, located at Hudson, a few miles below Lander on the Popo Agie River, shipped 104,140 tons. Since then the shipments have been greatly increased, the coal going to points along the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad as far east as Omaha.
Notwithstanding the mining interests are of importance, farming and stock raising are the leading occupations. In 1910 the county reported 32,460 head of cattle, 378,000 sheep, and 10,000 horses, the total value of the live stock in that year being given as $7,864,000. As new lands are constantly being brought under irrigation, the agricultural development is going forward at a rapid pace.
The greatest drawback to the progress of Fremont County is the lack of transportation facilities. The Chicago & Northwestern, which runs from Lander down the Popo Agie Valley, and the Chicago, Burlngton & Quincy, which traverses the northeastern part of the county, are the only railroads. When one stops to consider that it is about one hundred and twenty-five miles across Fremont County; that the county is about nine times as large as the entire State of Rhode Island, and that it has only about one hundred and twenty-five miles of railroad in all, the need of transportation lines may be readily seen.
In 1915 the population of Fremont County was 9,633, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $12,985,999. Of the twenty-one counties of Wyoming, Fremont stands fifth in population and eighth in the valuation of property. The principal towns and villages in the cpunty, with their population in 1915, are as follows: Lander (the county seat), 1,726; Atlantic City, 218; Dubo's, 142; Hudson, 428; Pinedale, 83: Riverton, 803: Shoshoni, 278; South Pass City, 83.
| Goshen is one of the new counties created by the Legislature of 1911. the act creating it having been approved by Governor Carey on the 11th of February of that year. Section 1 provided: "That all that portion of the State of Wyoming, bounded as hereinafter in this section set forth, is hereby erected, created and made a county of the State of Wyoming, by the name of Goshen: Commencing at a point on the boundary line between the State of Wyoming and the State of Nebraska, where the township line between townships 30 and 31 north intersects said boundary line, and running thence south along said boundary line between the State of Wyoming and the State of Nebraska to the township line between townships 18 and 19 north; thence west on said township line to the section line between sections 33 and 34. in township 19 north, range 65 west of the sixth principal meridian; thence north along the middle section line of range 65 to its intersection with the north boundary line of Laramie County; thence east along said county boundary to the place of beginning."|
The act further provided that when the county was organized it should be a part of the first judicial district, and that it should be attached to Laramie County, from which it was taken, for Legislative purposes. Goshen County is about thirty miles wide and a little over seventy miles long. It contains nearly twenty-two hundred square miles and is bounded on the north by Niobrara County; on the east by the State of Nebraska; on the south by Laramie County, and on the west by the counties of Laramie and Platte. The North Platte River enters the county from the west, about twenty miles from the northwest corner, and flows in a southeasterly direction until it crosses the state line into Nebraska. Along this stream there are about fifty thousand acres of irrigated lands, and in the county there are some thirty-five thousand acres upon which dry farming is carried on successfully. The state owns an experimental farm near Torrington, the county seat of Goshen, where tests are made of pasture grasses and grains and methods of feeding live stock are demonstrated. This farm was established in 1915.
The United States Reclamation Service has established in Goshen County one of the greatest irrigation enterprises in the West, the Government dam at Whalen being the initial point of the Interstate canal on the north side of the Platte River and the Laramie Canal on the south side. Both these canals run into Nebraska, watering in Goshen County alone 100,000 acres of land and a much larger area in Nebraska. The combined length of the two canals is 250 miles and the cost was about ten million dollars. The cost of the Whalen dam was over one million dollars. The Fort Laramie Canal was nearly completed during the season of 1918 and water is supplied by this canal to the Goshen Hole settlers. The Interstate Canal was completed in 1915.
Athough one of the smaller counties of Wyoming. Goshen takes high rank in the production of live stock. In 1917 there were 40,563 head of cattle assessed for taxation, over twelve thousand hogs, some sheep and horses, the total value of domestic animals in the county amounting to over two million dollars, or about one-third of the total assessment.
Along the north bank of the Platte River runs the Lincoln & Billings division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway system, and the most densely populated part of the county 's along the line of the railroad. Torrington. the county seat, is situated on this railroad in the eastern part of the county. Other important railway stations are Lingle, Fort Laramie, Vaughn and Whalen. Fort Laramie is situated on the old Fort Laramie military reservation in the western part, where many of the stirring scenes of Wyoming's early days were enacted.
In 1915 Goshen County reported a population of 5,035, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $6,062,773, an increase of $757,977 over that of the preceding year. While thirteen counties of the state reported larger population, and nineteen showed a larger valuation of property in 1917, only five showed a greater percentage of increase in the taxable property. In 1916 the superintendent of public instruction reported fifty-five schoolhouses and eighty-nine teachers in Goshen County, and the commissioners have recently completed a $40,000 courthouse, which was paid for entirely by contributions from the citizens.
|HOT SPRINGS COUNTY|
| The County of Hot Springs, the smallest of the State of Wyoming, is situated northwest of the center of the state in the valley of the Big Horn River. It was created by an act of the Legislature, approved by Governor Carey on February 9, 1911, with the most irregular boundaries of any county in the state, over a page of the statutes being necessary to record the legal and technical description of the boundary lines. Generally speaking, it is bounded on the north by Park and Washakie counties: on the east by Washakie; on the south and southwest by Fremont; and on the west by Park. The county takes its name from the Big Horn Hot Springs, located on a state reservation a little east of the center of the county, and the territory of which it is composed was taken from the counties of Fremont, Bighorn and Park.|
The springs from which the county derives its name were long known to the Indians as possessing curative properties in certain diseases, and they are believed by physicians who have examined and tested the waters to be the greatest medicinal springs in the United States, if not in the world, in cases of rheumatism, kidney trouble, blood diseases and eruptions of the skin. The largest spring flows over eighteen million gallons of water daily, with a temperature of 135° Fahrenheit. Jim Bridger was probably the first white man to bathe in the waters of these now noted springs. The old Bridger Trail from Fort Fetterman to the Alontana gold fields crossed the Big Horn River at the mouth of Owl Creek, five or six miles below the springs and the trans, for which Bridger was the guide, used to leave the trail at the ford and spend a few days at the hot springs, while their horses recruited on the luxuriant grass of the surrounding glades. Subsequently cowboys built some rude bath houses and sometimes wintered there. But it was not until the completion of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Railroad that the springs began to be widely known.
Years before Hot Springs County was organized, cattle men drove their herds into the Big Horn Basin, and the industry still flourishes in the county. During the year 1917 about four hundred and fifty carloads of cattle were shipped from the stations on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Railroad to the markets at Omaha and Chicago. Sheep also are raised in large numbers, so that it may be said that the live stock business is the leading one of the county.
Rich coal fields have been opened at Gebo, near the northern boundary, at Crosby, a short distance southeast of Gebo, the Ray Alines twelve miles northeast of Thermopolis, the Hoyt Mines, sixteen miles northwest of Thermopolis, and there are large coal deposits on Owl Creek and Cottonwood Creek that have not been touched. The Gebo Mines shipped 300,000 tons during the year 1917. Short spurs of railroad have been built from the main line to the mines at Gebo and Crosby.
This county was the scene of remarkable oil discoveries in 1917, and so rapid was the development that a pipe line was constructed and a local syndicate entered into a contract to deliver 500,000 barrels of oil from the Warm Springs Dome near Thermopolis to the Midwest Refining Company. Early in 1918 scores of wells were being sunk in dififerent oil domes of the county, which was then recognized as being one of the great oil producing sections of the state.
The population of Hot Springs County in 1915 is given in the state census reports as 3,191, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $6,591,102, an increase over the assessment of the preceding year of $1,751,461. This was the largest proportionate increase reported by any county in Wyoming, being almost 37 per cent. Thermopolis, the county seat, is the only incorporated town in the county. Along the line of the railroad are located Minnesela, Lucerne and Kirby, all thriving villages, and the mining towns of Gebo and Crosby are both lively places.
| On December 8, 1875, Gov. John M. Thayer approved an act of the Territorial Legislature creating a new county from the northern part of Albany and Carbon counties, to wit:|
"All that part of the Territory of Wyoming bounded and described as follows, shall be erected into a county to be known by the name of Pease, as hereinafter prov'ded: Commencing at the northwest corner of Crook County; thence south along the western boundary line of said county to the southwest corner thereof; thence west along the line of 43° 30' north latitude to the Big Horn River; thence down the latter stream to the southern boundary of the Territory of Montana; thence east along said boundary line to the place of beginning: Provided, That all the country embraced within the limits of boundaries of said county, shall, for judicial and all other purposes, remain and constitute, as now. part of the counties from which the same is proposed to be taken, respectively, until organized as hereinafter provided."
The original boundaries of the county included the present counties of Johnson and Sheridan, and that portion of the counties of Bighorn. Hot Springs and Washakie lying east of the Big Horn River. At the time the county was created by the Legislature there were not more than a score of white people living within its limits. During the winter of 1875-76, the Sioux Indians were constantly committing depredations upon the frontier settlements. The campaigns of Generals Crook. Terry. Custer and Gibbon in 1876 improved the conditions and in the spring of 1877 the Indians were made to retire to their reservation. Then the actual settlement of the county was begun.
To Elias N. Snider is given the credit of being the first permanent settler in Johnson County. He was born in Ohio in 1842 and in 1877 became the post trader at Fort McKinney. near the present City of Buffalo. About two years later he acquired a tract of land and engaged in farming and cattle raising.
Maj. B. J. Hart came soon after Mr. Snider and took a claim where Buffalo now stands. He was elected the first probate judge when the county was organized and later was elected to the Lower House of the Legislature.
Stephen T. Farwell was appointed a justice of the peace before the organization of the county. He aided in organizing the county in 1881 and in 1884 he was elected probate judge to succeed Major Hart. When Wyoming was admitted into the Union in 1890, Mr. Farwell was elected the first superintendent of public instruction.
Frank M. Canton, one of the most active of the early settlers, was born in Mrginia in 1854. When about fourteen years of age he went with his parents to Colorado. A few years later he entered the employ of William Jamison, of Montana, as a cowboy, and in 1877 he came to Wyoming, first locating in Cheyenne, but soon after in Pease (now Johnson) County. As a detective for the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association he arrested a number of horse and cattle thieves, some of them "bad men." and in 1882 he was elected sheriff of Johnson County.
The first white woman to settle in the county was Mrs. Alice D. Foster, who came to Wyoming with her husband in 1878. settling on a claim where Fort Philip Kearny formerly stood, near the northern boundary of the county. Mrs. Foster died at Phoenix. Ariz., in April. 1918. She was a sister of Hiram Davidson, of Cheyenne
The act creating the county provided that it should not be organized until five hundred or more qualified voters, residing therein, should petition the governor to appoint commissioners for that purpose. By the Act of December 13, 1879. the name of the county was changed from Pease to Johnson, in honor of Edward P. Johnson, United States attorney for the Territory of Wyoming for several years, whose death occurred in October before the change of name of the county. In March, 1881, Governor Hoyt appointed commissioners and the county was organized according to law.
On March 5, 1884, the governor of the territory approved an act of the Legislature authorizing the county commissioners of Johnson to purchase or receive by donation a site in Buffalo for a courthouse and jail, and to issue bonds in any amount not exceeding thirty thousand dollars, bearing not more than 8 per cent interest, for the erection of the building, at the same time levy a tax of two mills on the dollar for the purpose of paying the principal and interest. Under the provisions of this act the courthouse was erected.
Johnson County is situated northeast of the center of the state. It is bounded on the north by Sheridan County: on the east by Campbell; on the south by Converse and Natrona; and on the west by Bighorn and Washakie. According to Rand & McNally's Atlas, the area is 4,175 square miles. It is watered by the Powder River and its tributaries, which have been used to some extent for irrigation purposes. Coal of a fine qualty is mined in large quantities about a mile from Bufifalo, and there are deposits of oil, gold, silver and quicksilver within the county, but the principal industry is stock raising, many cattle, sheep and horses and some hogs being exported every year.
The Wyoming Railroad is the only one in the county. It runs from Buffalo to Clearmont, Sheridan County, where it connects with the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy. Buffalo is the county seat and principal town. Other towns and villages of importance are Barnum, Kaycee, Kearney, Mayoworth, Trabing and Watt. In 1915 the population was 3,238, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $7,272,918. an -ncrease of over 10 per cent above the assessment of 1916. Johnson stands eighteenth of the counties of the state in population and fifteenth in wealth.
| Laramie County occupies the southeast corner of the state. It is bounded on the north by the counties of Platte and Goshen; on the east by the State of Nebraska ; on the south by the State of Colorado ; and on the west by Albany County. It is sixty-four miles in length from east to west, and its greatest width from north to south is about forty-five miles, giving it an area of a little less tlian three thousand square miles. This county was first created by the Dakota Legislature, the governor of that territory approving the act on January 9. 1867. When thus established, Laramie County included all the present state of Wyoming, except the triangle west of the Continental Divide and north of the northern boundary of Sweetwater County.|
On Friday, September 27, 1867. the settlers in the county met at the city hall in Cheyenne for the purpose of perfecting the county organization. H. M. Hook was called upon to preside and James R. Whitehead was chosen secretary. A resolution was adopted that the boundaries of Laramie County "be the same as those established by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory, approved January 9, 1867.
W. L. Kuykendall, L. L. Bedell and Thomas J. Street were appointed a committee to divide the county into three election precincts, and an election was ordered to be held on the second Tuesday in October for county officers, two representatives to the Dakota Legislature, a delegate to Congress, and to locate the county seat. At the election on October 8, 1867, J. S. Casement received a majority of the votes cast for delegate; J. R. Whitehead and Charles D. Bradley were elected representatives; C. L. Howell and M. H. Hissman and W. L. Hopkins, county commissioners; W. L. Kuykendall. probate judge; Thomas J. Street, district attorney; D. J. Sweeney, sheriff; J. H. Creighton, register of deeds: L. L. Bedell, treasurer; James Irwin, coroner; J. H. Gildersleeve, superintendent of schools; F". Landberg, surveyor. Nineteen hundred votes were cast and Cheyenne was declared the county seat by a substantial majority.
In the fall of 1867 the miners about the South Pass and the settlers in the neighborhood of Fort Bridger organized a county, to which they gave the name of Carter. The boundaries of this county were not definitely fixed, and even if they had been ever so carefully described, the organizers of the county could not have enforced their declaration, as they were acting without the authority of law. However, the Dakota Legislature recognized the county by an act approved on December 27, 1867. Messrs. Bradley and Whitehead, the representatives from Laramie County, succeeded in securing the passage of a supplementary act (approved on January 3, 1868) fixing the western boundary of Laramie County at the one hundred and seventh meridian of longitude west from Greenwich.
The supplementary act also named new county officers, to wit: Benjamin Ellinger, P. McDonald and Beals, county commissioners; J. L. Laird, sheriff; William L. Morris, recorder; W. L. Kuykendall, probate judge; J. H. Gildersleeve, superintendent of schools; S. H. Winsor, surveyor; Johnson, coroner; A. B. Moore and A. W. Brown, justices of the peace; F. Masterson, constable. These officials remained in office until after the territorial government of Wyoming went into effect.
Laramie County, as established by this act, extended from the one hundred and fourth to the one hundred and seventh meridians of longitude west from Greenwich, and from the forty-first to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude. It included the present counties of Laramie, Albany, Goshen, Platte, Converse, Niobrara, Weston, Campbell and Crook, the eastern two-thirds of Sheridan, Natrona and Carbon, and nearly all of Johnson.
The first Legislature of Wyoming Territory was convened on October 12, 1869. During the session Governor Campbell approved acts creating five counties, one of which was Laramie. The western boundary was then fixed where it is at the present time, but it extended from the northern to the southern boundary of the state. The act took effect on December 13, 1869. Section 1 reads as follows: "That until the first general election, to be held in this territory on the second Tuesday in September, A. D. 1870, and until their successors are elected and qualified, the following named persons are hereby declared to be the county officers of Laramie as hereinafter stated, viz.: County commissioners, L. Murrin, H. J. Rogers and George D. Foglesong; sheriff, T. J. Carr; judge of probate, William L. Kuydendall; county clerk and ex-officio register of deeds, John T. Chaffin : coroner, C. C. Furley. M. D.; surveyor, S. H. Winsor; county attorney. H, Garbanati: county superintendent of schools. Rev. H. P. Peck; justices of the peace–Pine Bluffs, D. C. Tracy; Cheyenne, William Baker; Fort Laramie, Frank Gates; constables–Pine Bluffs. William Rowland; Cheyenne, A. J. Alead; Fort Laramie, Gibson Clark."
In the chapter on Cheyenne mention is made of quite a number of the early settlers in Laramie County, but there were a few others deserving of notice. A. H. Swan settled in the county in 1872. Two years later he was joined by his brother, Thomas Swan, and the two bought the herd of cattle belonging to H. B. Kelley and established a ranch on the Chugwater. In time they became the largest cattle owners north of Texas. They organized the Swan Brothers Cattle Company, which at one time owned over two hundred thousand head of cattle and forty ranches. George T. Morgan, an Englishman, visited Wyoming in 1876 for the purpose of interesting cattlemen in the Hereford stock. Two years later he came again, bringing with him a herd of Hereford cattle, and he was etnployed by the Swan brothers as manager of the "Wyoniing Hereford Association," which at one time controlled a range of 40,000 acres.
Hiram S. Manville, another large cattle man, was born in Massachusetts in 1829 and came to Wyoining when he was about fifty years old. In 1881 he became associated with A. R. Converse in organizing the Converse Cattle Company, with a capital stock of $500.000: A. R. Converse, president: W. C. Irvine, vice president; James S. Peck, secretary and treasurer; H. S. Manville, general manager.
Others who located in Laramie County while Wyoming was still a territory were: Harry Oelrichs, Thomas W. Peters, T. B. Hord, John Chase, A. C. Campbell, A. T. Babbitt and H. E. Teschemacher. A. T. Babbitt organized the Standard Cattle Company. Mr. Teschemacher served in both houses of the Territorial Legislature and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in i88q. He and his brother Arthur were the owners of six large ranches in Eastern Wyoming.
The first term of court ever held in Laramie County began on Monday. March 2, 1868, Chief Justice Asa Bartlett of the Dakota Supreme Court presiding. This was the first term of court held in what is now the State of Wyoming.
By the act of December 16. 1871. the county commissioners were authorized to purchase or receive by donation a site for a courthouse and jail in Cheyenne, and to issue bonds to the amount of $35,000, " or so much thereof as may be necessary," to erect the building, the bonds to draw interest at not more than 10 per cent per annum. The courthouse and jail were completed the following year, at a cost of $47,000. A little later the county hospital was built, at a cost of $21,000.
Laramie has the best transportation facilities of anv county in the state. The Union Pacific, the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy, and the Colorado & Southern all center at Cheyenne, which city is the most important railroad center in the state. Altogether there are 181 miles of railway in the county.
In 1915 the population of Laramie County was 14,631, as shown by the state census of that year. The United States census of 1910 gave the county 26,127. The decrease is due to the creation of Goshen and Platte counties by the Legislature of 1911. The valuation of property in 1917 was $25,190,855. While much of Laramie County's imperial greatness has departed with the organization of new counties from its original territory, it is still the w-ealth"est county in the state and stands second in population, being exceeded in the latter respect only by the County of Sheridan.
| On February 20. 1911, Governor Joseph M. Carey approved an act of the Wyoming Legislature contaning the following provision: "All that portion of the State of Wyoming described and bounded as hereinafter in this section set forth is hereby created and formed a county of the State of Wyoming by the name of Lincoln County. Said Lincoln County shall be bounded as follows, to wit:|
"Commencing at the point where the present boundary line between the counties of Sweetwater and Uinta crosses the township line between townships 18 and 19 north; running thence west along said township line to its intersection with the west boundary line of the State of Wyoming; thence north along said west boundary line of the State of Wyoming to its intersection with the south boundary line of the Yellowstone National Park; thence east along the south boundary line of said Yellowstone National Park to the intersection of said boundary line with the present boundary line between the counties of Bighorn (Park) and Uinta: thefice south along the present east boundary line of Uinta County to the point where said boundary line intersects the line between townships 18 and 19, the place of beginning."
Lincoln is one of the large counties of the state. Its length from north to south is about one hundred and eighty miles, and its width is fifty miles, giving it an area of about nine thousand square miles. The surface is greatly diversified. In the northern part is Jackson's Hole, or the "Big Game Country." Jackson Lake, a beautiful body of water, is drained by the Snake River, which flows in a southwesterly direction into Idaho. The great bend of the Green River passes through the southeastern part, and in the southwest the county is watered by the Bear River and its tributaries.
West of the Snake River are the Teton Alountains. which are among the highest of the Rocky Mountain system. South of the Tetons along the western boundary of the county lie the Snake River and Salt River ranges, and south of Jackson's Hole is the Gros Ventre range. There are also a number of isolated peaks, such as Mount Moran, Virginia Peak, Bald Mountain, Mount Leidy, Hoback Peak. etc. Between the mountain ranges are beautiful, fertile valleys, where stock raising is carried on successfully. In 1916 the county stood first in the number of cattle and fourth -n the number of sheep. More than eight hundred carloads of sheep and three millions pounds of wool were shipped from the county during the year.
Trappers, fur traders and passing emigrants were the first white people in what is now Lincoln County. Fort Bonneville, an account of which is given in an early chapter of this work, was built in 1832 near the junction of Horse Creek and the Green River. The site of this old fort was marked by the Oregon Trail Commission on August 9. 1916. Placer gold was found on the south fork of the Snake River at an early date and was worked by adventurous prospectors. One of these. Jack Davis by name, held onto his claim in the Grand Canyon until his death in 1915. The actual settlement of the county did not beg'n, however, until a few vears after the close of the Civil War.
In 1868 Beckwith, Quinn & Company took up a tract of 15,000 acres in the Bear River Valley, about fifty miles north of Evanston, and engaged in stock raising on a large scale. The first agricultural settler was Justin Pomeroy, who located a claim on the Fontenelle Creek in September, 1874. In that same year John Bourne, with his wife and four children, drove over from Cache Valley, Utah, and settled where the Town of Cokeville now stands. Mr. Bourne made a living for himself and family by trapping and selling furs. Soon after his arrival Sylvanus Collett and his family settled in the vicinity. Bourne and Collett had long been acqua'nted, having crossed the plains with the early Mormon emigrants. A Mormon colony settled in the Salt River Valley in 1877.
Star Valley, west of the Salt River range, was settled in the '70s. Emil Stumpf and William White established salt works near the present Town of Auburn, and hauled their salt over the old Lander Trail, which crossed the valley, to the mining camps in Idaho and Montana. Ox teams were used and the salt was sold at from forty to sixty cents per pound. Other early settlers in the valley were George and William Heap, Jay J. and Albert Rolph. John Hill, Moses Thatcher, David Robinson, Jacob Grocer, James and Samuel Sibbetts, Charles Smith and James Francis. Most of these pioneers belonged to the Mormon colony mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
In the latter '70s D. B. Budd, A. W. Smith, Cyrus Fish, D. B. Rathbun and a few others located on the Green River, about where the Town of Big Piney is now situated. The first permanent settlers in the Jackson's Hole country were John Holland and John Games, who took claims there in 1883. This part of the county has been widely advertised through the work of Stephen N. Leek, whose pictures of wild animals and articles on "Big Game" have been published all over the country. Mr. Leek came to Lincoln County in 1888.
Reference has already been made to the importance of Lincoln County's stock raising industry. But the live stock interests are not the only business attractions. Coal mining is carried on extensively, mines being operated at numerous places in the southern part, near the railroad, and many of the known deposits are yet untouched. Copper mines have recently been opened near Cokeville and Afton, iron ore, graphite and manganese are known to exist in large quantities, and the county has immense phosphate beds, which at some time in the future are certain to be developed. Phosphate is now shipped in small quantities from Sage and Cokeville, and oil has been discovered in several places.
The people living in the southern part of the county find transportation facilities in the Oregon Short Line Railroad, which leaves the Union Pacific at Granger in the western part of Sweetwater and runs in a northwesterly direction into Idaho. Those livmg in the northern part are less fortunate, as they have to journey into Idaho to reach the division of the Oregon Short Line Railroad that has its southern terminus at Victor. Better railroad accommodations are the great need of the county, and the immense value of the undeveloped natural resources is an invitation to capitalists to supply this need.
Lincoln County was named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States. In 1915 its population was 13,381, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $16,856,331. It is the third county in the state in population and fifth in property valuation. Of the sixty-eight incorporated towns in Wyoming, according to the census of 1915. nine were reported from Lincoln County. These towns, with their population, were as follows: Kemnierer (the county seat). 1,481 ; Afton, 673 : Big Piney, 141 ; Cokeville, 305; Diamondville, 1,018; Jackson, 204: Marbleton, 67; Opal, 65: Sublet, 524.
| Three counties were created by the Territorial Legislature of 1888 by an act entitled: "An act making divers appropriations and for other purposes." This act was vetoed by Governor Moonlight, but was passed over the veto. One of three counties is Natrona, the boundaries of which were defined as follows:|
"Commencing at a point on the seventh standard parallel north, at its intersection with the western boundary line of the present County of Albany; thence west along said standard parallel to its intersection with the western boundary line of the present County of Carbon; thence north along said last described boundary line to the southern boundary Ine of the present County of Johnson: thence east along said boundary line of Johnson County to the northwestern corner of the present County of Albany; thence south along the western boundary line of said County of Albany to the place of beginning; being all that portion of the present County of Carbon. Territory of Wyoming, lying north of the seventh standard parallel north."
The county is almost square, being about seventy-two miles on each side, and according to Rand, McNally's Atlas, it has an area of 5,353 square miles. The southern end of the Big Horn Mountain range touches the northwest corner. Farther south is the Rattlesnake range. The Granite Mountains lie across the boundary between Natrona and Fremont counties. In the southeastern part are the Casper. Haystack and Clear Creek ranges, and in the southwest corner between the Sweetwater River and the southern boundary, is an elevation called Fort Ridge. The remainder of the county consists of plateau lands and rolling plains, watered by the Platte, Sweetwater and Powder rivers and their tributaries. Natrona is therefore well adapted to stock raising, the plateaus, mountains and narrow valleys affording both winter and summer range, while the irrigated lands in the broader valleys olifer splendid opportunities for farms and stock ranches where forage crops can be raised in abundance. The county has a high rank as a producer of both sheep and cattle. In 1910 the value of live stock was $3,400,000.
Some of the most profitable oil fields in the state have been developed in this county, over two million barrels being reported in 1915. Other mineral resources are natural soda, which gives the county coal, copper, asbestos and gold and silver in small quantities. Among the natural wonders are the Alcova Hot Springs, on the Platte River, about ten miles from the southern boundary. The waters of these springs are said to possess great medicinal virtue in the treatment of rheumatism and kindred diseases.
Two lines of railroad–the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy–cross the county east and west through the central portion, following the Platte River from the eastern border to Casper, the county seat. where they diverge slightly to the northwest and follow that course into Fremont County. The principal towns are situated along these I'nes of railway, the most important being Casper. Bucknum. Cadoma, Natrona, Talona. Waltman and Wolton.
In 1915 the population of Natrona County was 5,398, and in 1917 the property was assessed at $19,074,557, placing it the eleventh county in the state in population and fourth in wealth. Only one county (Hot Springs) showed a greater proportionate increase in the assessed valuation of property over the assessment of 1916.
| This county, which takes its name from the river flowing through the southern portion of it. was called into existence by an act of the Wyoming Legislature, approved on February 14, 1911, providing that: "All that portion of the State of Wyoming described and bounded as hereinafter in this section set forth, is hereby created and formed a county of the State of Wyoming by the name of Niobrara County: Beginning at a point where the north line of Converse County as heretofore constituted intersects the dividing line between sections 27 and 28 in township 41 north, range 67 west of the sixth principal meridian; running thence south on section lines to the south boundary line of Converse County as it now exists; thence east along said south boundary to the east line of the State of Wyoming; thence north along the boundary line between the State of Wyoming and the states of Nebraska and South Dakota to the southeast corner of Weston County, that is to say, to the boundary line as heretofore existing between the counties of Weston and Converse; thence west along the boundary line as heretofore existing between the counties of Weston and Converse to the place of beginning."|
Niobrara, as thus created, is about forty-two miles wide and sixty-two miles long. It is bounded on the north by Weston County; on the east by the states of Nebraska and South Dakota; on the south by Goshen and Platte counties and on the west by Converse County, from which it was taken. The surface is a rolling plain, sloping toward the east. The northern part is watered by the Cheyenne River and its affluents, one of which is composed of three streams, viz.: Crazy Woman Creek, Old Woman Creek and Young Woman Creek. In the southern part is the Niobrara, from which the county derives its name.
The territory of which Niobrara Countv is composed originally belonged to the Sioux, Northern Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians. Their title was extinguished by agreement with representatives of the United States on September 26, 1876. About that time the rush to the gold fields of the Black Hills was at its height and a stage line was opened from Cheyenne to the mines, passing through what is now Niobrara County. Many of the Indians were dissatisfied with the relinquishment of their lands to the paleface race and began committing depredations upon the stage line. One of these early tragedies occurred in what is now Niobrara County. Jake Harker was engaged in carrying the mail from the stage station on Hat Creek to Camp Robinson. On one trip he failed to return with the mail and a searching party was sent out to ascertain what had become of him. His dead body was found and the fact that his scalp was missing told the story of another Indian depredation. The mail sack was also found cut open and the letters scattered around Barker's body.
That happened only a little over forty years ago. Men are still living in Wyoming who can recall the stirring events of those early days and relate the changes that they have witnessed. Niobrara County is now the home of hundreds of dry farmers, who raise abundant crops of wheat, oats, potatoes and small fruits. Stock raising is the most important industry. According to the state auditor's report for 1916, there were then in the county 30.000 head of cattle, 51,452 sheep and 8,803 horses, the total value of live stock being nearly two millions of dollars.
The Chicago & Northwestern Railroad runs through the southern part of the county along the Niobrara River, with stations at Lusk (the county seat). Van Tassel, Manville, Jireh and Keeline. Large numbers of sheep and cattle are shipped from those places every year. Niobrara has a good public school system and at Jireh is a college that offers opportunities to the young people to acquire a higher education than that afforded by the common schools. Oil was discovered in the county in 1917 and the fields are being rapidly developed.
In 1915 the population was 3,488, and in 1917 the property was assessed for tax purposes at $6,463,414. The increase in the valuation over the assessment of 1916 was a little over twenty per cent, only two counties in the state showing a greater ratio of increase than Niobrara, which in 1918 stood seventeenth in population and eighteenth in wealth, when compared with the other counties of Wyoming.
| The history of Park County as a separate subdivision of Wyoming begins on Februarv 15, 1909. when Governor Brooks approved an act of the Legislature creating the county with the following boundaries:|
"Beginning at a point where the north boundary line of the state intersects the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington: running thence south along said meridian to its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains or Continental Divide, separating the waters of the Yellowstone and Snake rivers; thence in a southeasterly direction along the crest of said divide to its intersection with the eleventh standard parallel north; thence east along the said standard parallel to its intersection with the crest of the mountain range separating the waters of Wind River on the south from the waters of Greybull and Wood rivers on the north; thence along the crest of said divide between the waters of the last named streams and the crest of the divide between the waters of Wind River on the south and the waters of Grass Creek and Owl Creek on the north, to a point on the crest of the said last named divide at the head of the south fork of Owl Creek; thence down said Owl Creek along the north boundary of the Wind River or Shoshone Indian Reservation to its intersection with the south boundary of township 44 north, range 103 west; thence east along said township boundary to its intersection with the thirty-second meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north on said thirty-second meridian of longitude west from Washington to its intersection with the township line between townships 45 and 46 north; thence east along said township line to its intersection with the range line between ranges 100 and loi west; thence north along said range line to its intersection with the township line between townships 46 and 47 north; thence east along said township line to its intersection with the range line between ranges 99 and 100 west; thence north along said range line to its inter section with the township line between townships 47 and 48 north; thence east along said township line to its intersection with the range hne between ranges 97 and 98 west; thence north along the range line between ranges 97 and 98 and its offsets to its intersection with the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, being the north boundary line of the State of Wyoming; thence west along said forty-fifth parallel of north latitude to the place of beginning."
When Hot Springs County was created on February 9, 1911, a portion of Park was taken to form the new county. As at present constituted, Park County is bounded on the north by the State of Montana; on the west by the Yellowstone National Park and Lincoln County; on the south by the counties of Fremont and Hot Springs; and on the east by Bighorn and Washakie counties. The county received its name from the fact that it adjoins the Yellowstone National Park. Its area is about five thousand four hundred square miles, much of which is mountainous, but well adapted to grazing. Consequently, stock raising is the leading industry. The state auditor's report issued in 1916 gives the number of cattle in Park County as 22,485; sheep, 112,647; horses, 7,084; and the assessed valuation of these animals as $1,427,461.
A large percentage of the agricultural land in the county is under irrigation and since the beginning of the present century there has been an almost marvelous increase in the number of new settlers. The county is drained by the Greybull, Shoshone and Clark's Fork, all of which flow in a northeasterly direction and are fed by numerous smaller streams.
Coal is found generally throughout the Big Horn Basin, a large part of which lies within the limits of Park County, in veins varying from six to thirty feet in thickness. Many of the farmers obtain their fuel from the outcropping of these coal veins near their land, the only cost being the digging and hauling. There is no doubt coal enough in Park County to supply the State of Wyoming for generations to come. Oil has been found near Cody and at some other places, and is pronounced by geologists to be of a very superior quality. In the Kerwin and Sunlight districts, gold, copper and silver ores are found, some of which have been developed, and on the north fork of the Shoshone River there are large deposits of sulphur. Other minerals, such as mica, gypsum, building stone and asphalt, are known to exist in large quantities and some day, when better transportation facilities are provided, all this mineral wealth will be given to the world. At the present time (1918) there are but forty-eight miles of railroad in the county–the branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy that leaves the main line at Frannie and has its western terminus at Cody.
Park County was organized in the spring of 1911 by the election of the following county officers: W. H. Fouse, A. J. Martin and W. A. Kepford. county commissioners; Fred C. Barnett, county clerk; Henry Dahlem, sheriff; G. A. Holm, treasurer; W. L. Walls, county attorney; George Hurlbut, surveyor; Jessie Hitchcock, superintendent of schools. The same year a courthouse was completed, at a cost of $45,000.
In 1915 the population was 5,473, an increase of 564 during the preceding five years, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $8,330,187, an increase of $1,148,784 over the assessment of 1916. In population Park is the tenth county of the state, and in wealth the thirteenth.
| This county, originally a part of Laramie, is situated in the southeastern part of the state and takes its name from the North Platte River, which flows through the northern portion. It was created by an act of the Legislature, approved by Governor Carey on February 9, 1911. The boundaries as fixed by that act are as follows:|
"Beginning at a point in the western boundary line of Laram'e County, at its intersection with the boundary line between Laramie County and Converse County; thence south along said county line to its intersection with the township line between townships 19 and 20 north ; thence east along said township line to its intersection with the section line between sections 33 and 34 in township 20 north, range 65 west of the sixth principal meridian; thence north along the middle section line of range 65 to its intersection with the north boundary line of Laramie County; thence west along said county boundary line to the place of beginning."
The boundaries as established by the act erecting the county are the same as at the present time, hence Platte County is a rectangle thirty-three miles wide by sixty-six miles long, with an area of 2,178 square miles, most of which is capable of cultivation. It is bounded on the north by Converse and Niobrara counties; on the east by Goshen County; on the south by Laramie County; and on the west by the counties of Albany and Converse.
The first settlements were made while Platte was still a part of Laramie County. Among the early settlers were: Alexander Swan, who has already been mentioned in connection with Laramie County; T. M. Whitney, George Mitchell, John and Thomas Hunton, Isaac Bettleyoun, Herbert Whitney, Alexander Bowie. Posey Ryan, F. N. Shiek and Harry Yount, the noted scout and bear hunter, all of whom located in the county in the early '70s. In the Wheat-land irrigated district some of the first farmers were: H. E. Wheeler, L. S. Harrison, Oscar and John Nelson, Charles Wilson, S. V. Moody and C. A. Morrison.
Although created in February, 1911, Platte was not fully organized until the fall of 1912. In November of that year the following county officers were elected: George D. McDougall, county clerk; Owen Carroll, sheriff; Guy S. Agnew, treasurer; C. A. Paige, prosecuting attorney: Joseph A. Elliott, surveyor; D. B. Rig-don, coroner; Millard F. Coleman, W. H. Ralston and Lee Moore, county commissioners; Mary Maloney, superintendent of schools. Early in 191S Platte County completed one of the best appointed courthouses in the state, the cost of the building and furniture amounting to $85,000.
The famous Sunrise iron mines located in this county are described in the chapter on Mineral Resources. The Hartville district, in which these mines are situated, has other valuable mineral deposits, including some very rich veins of copper.
Stock raising is the principal industry. According to the state auditor's report for 1916, there were in the county 29,337 cattle, 37,468 sheep, 7,260 horses and 2,749 hogs. The value of these animals was given as $1,450,651. The waters of the Sibylee and Laramie rivers have been utilized for irrigation, with the result that there are many fine and productive farms in the county. In 1915 there were 272,439 acres of improved land, valued at $3,558,420, only six counties in the state reporting a greater valuation of farming lands.
Platte County is well provided with railroads. The Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy follows the Platte River across the northern part, and the Colorado & Southern traverses the county north and south, connecting with the Burlington at Wendover. A short line of railroad called the Colorado & Wyoming connects the mining districts about fronton and Sunrise with the main lines of railway.
In 1915 the population of the county was 5,277, and in 1917 the assessed valuation of the property was $10,816,282. These figures place Platte twelfth in populaton and ninth in wealth of the twenty-one counties of the state.
| Lying along the northern border of the state, immediately east of the Big Horn Mountains, is Sheridan County, so named in honor of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, the dashing cavalry commander in the Union army during the Civil war and in the campaigns against the Indians in the Northwest. It is one of three counties created by the Legislature of 1888 in a bill passed over Governor Moonlight's veto, the other two being Converse and Natrona. Its original boundaries as described in the act were as follows:|
"Commencing at the northwest corner of Crook (now Campbell) County in said Territory of Wyoming; thence running south along the western boundary of said Crook (Campbell) County to a point three miles north of the thirteenth standard parallel; thence west along a line three miles north of and parallel to said thirteenth standard parallel to its intersection with the center of the channel of the Big Horn River; thence northerly down the center of the channel of the said river to the northern boundary line of the Territory of Wyoming; thence easterly along said boundary line to the place of beginning, being all that portion of the present County of Johnson, Territory of Wyoming, lying north of a line three miles north of, and parallel to, the said thirteenth standard parallel north."
When Bighorn County was created by the act of March 12, 1890, that portion of Sheridan County lying west of the Big Horn Mountains was added to the new county, reducing Sheridan to its present dimensions. From east to west the average length of the county is about eighty-five miles, and from north to south it is thirty miles in width, giv'ng it an area of 2,575 square miles. The county is well watered by the Little Big Horn, the Tongue and Powder rivers and their numerous tributary creeks, nearly half a million acres of land being capable of irrigation, and as much more well adapted to dry farming, while the foothills of the Big Horn Mountains afiford excellent grazing fields for live stock.
The great resources of the county are in farmmg, stock raising and coal mining. In 1916 the county reported 48,107 cattle, 50,955 sheep, 9,148 horses and 4,870 hogs, the total assessed value of the live stock being $2,141,244. Sheridan reported more hogs than any other county in the state and stood second in the number of cattle.
Mining experts assert that practically the entire county is underlain by coal deposits, and mines have been opened at Dietz. Monarch, Carneyville, Kooi, Acme and a few other points, and the coal is shipped to almost every state west of the Missouri River. In many places the settlers obtain their coal at the outcroppings near their farms and ranches. Some oil is also produced in the county, and indications of gold, copper, etc., have been noted in the western part, where some attempts have been made to develop mines. Iron ore, gypsum, graphite, talc, building and lithograph stone and a fine quality of cement rock exist in large quantities in various parts of the county.
Sheridan is rich in natural scenery. Cloud Peak, one of the most lofty mountains of the Big Horn range, rises to a height of almost thirteen thousand feet above sea level. Upon its sides can be seen the great glaciers of snow and ice, rivaling in p'cturesqueness the famous Swiss Alps. Goose Creek Valley, near Sheridan, with an altitude of 3,700 feet, with its precipitous banks and limpid pools, its waterfalls and sportive trout, offers to the tourist and sportsman inducements to enjoy himself among its scenic beauties and "cast flies."
The first election for county officers was held on Monday, May 7, 1888. Marion C. Harris. William E. Jackson and Peter Reynolds were elected county commissioners; Thomas J. Kusel, sheriff; Frank McCoy, county clerk; James P. Robinson, treasurer; William J. Stover, county attorney; Jack Dow, surveyor; Pulaski Calvert, assessor; Richard McGrath, superintendent of schools. In 1905 the county completed a handsome and commodious courthouse, at a cost of $70,000.
Among the early settlers of Sheridan County may be mentioned Henry A. Coffeen, who was elected to represent the state in Congress in 1892; O. P. Hanna, the well known scout; L. C. Tidball. speaker of the House in the Second State Legislature; James Lobban, John Loucks, George Brundage, Frank Martin. M. L. Sawin, D. T. Hillman and J. D. Adams.
Sheridan, the county seat and second city of the state, is centrally located, on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad system that runs from Lincoln, Neb., to Billings, Mont. At Clearmont the Wyoming Railroad connects with this line and runs to Buffalo. Altogether there are about one hundred and ten miles of railroad in the county, so that Sheridan is better provided with means of transportation than some of her sister counties. Other towns of importance are Carneyville, Clearmont, Dayton, Dietz, Kooi, Monarch, Parkman and Ranchester.
In 1915 the population was 15,429 and in 1917 the assessed valuation was $21,203,057. It is the second populous county of Wyoming and stands third in wealth.
| The County of Sweetwater, one of the largest in the state, is situated in the southwestern part. On the north it is bounded by Fremont County; on the east by Carbon County; on the south by the states of Colorado and Utah; and on the west by Lincoln and Uinta counties. According to Rand-McNally's Atlas, the area is 10,500 square miles.|
Gold was discovered near the South Pass in the summer of 1867 and within a few weeks several hundred miners had located claims near the northern boundary of the present Sweetwater County. Among these pioneers were: Noyes Baldwin. Frank Marshall. Harrv Hubbell and others, who are given more extended mention in connection with the history of Fremont County. Toward the fall of 1867 (the exact date cannot be ascertained), these miners, in order to have some form of local government, organized a county, which they named "Carter," in honor of W. A. Carter, of Fort Bridger, who was elected probate judge. Harry Hubbell was chosen recorder and John Murphy, sheriff. These were the most important offices at that time–the recorder to keep track of the location and boundaries of mining claims, and the sheriff to preserve order among the lawless and turbulent individuals that so frequently are among the first comers to a new gold field. Carter County was legally organized by the Dakota Legislature by an act approved on December 27, 1867. This act fixed the western boundary of Carter County at the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington, and the territory embraced extended eastward 2½ degrees.
Early in the year 1868 a company of Mormons came from Salt Lake City and settled about the headwaters of the Sweetwater River. Among them were H. A. Thompson, J. F. Staples, James Leffingwell. Moses Sturman, John Holbrook, Christopher Weaver, Frank McGovern and Jeff Standifer, some of whom remained but a short time and others became permanent settlers. Another pioneer was Samuel Fairfield, who was born in New Hampshire in 1836. He came to Wyoming soon after the discovery of gold at the South Pass, built three sawmills, one of which he sold to the Government, and in connection with James A. McAvoy opened the road from the Town of Lander to the timbered lands on the Popo Agie River. In 1880 he removed to Rawlins and in 1883 to Colorado.
In the spring of 1869 the Territorial Government of Wyoming went into operation and the first Legislature met on the 12th of the following October. Among the acts passed by that Legislature was the following, to take effect on December 13, 1869:
"Section 1. That all that portion of the Territory of Wyoming erected into the County of Carter by an act of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota, approved December 27, 1867, and bounded as follows: Beginning at the forty-fifth parallel of latitude where the thirty-third meridian of longitude crosses the said parallel of latitude; thence south along said meridian, being the eastern line of Uinta County, to the forty-first parallel of latitude, being the southern,boundary of the territory: thence east along the said southern boundary to a point 30° 30' west from Washington; thence north along said meridian of 30° 30' to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude, to a point 30° 30' west from Washington ; thence west along said forty-fifth parallel to the place of beginning, shall be and constitute a county by the name of Sweetwater: Provided, that the eastern line of said county shall be deemed to nm one-fourth of one mile west of Separation station upon the Union Pacific Railroad until a Government or Territorial survey shall prove said station to be west of the said east line. The county seat of Sweetwater County shall be located at South Pass City until removed according to law.
"Section 2. The following officers are hereby appointed for said County of Sweetwater, who, after being qualified, shall hold their offices until the next general election, and until their successors are elected and qualified: For county commissioners, W. C. Erwin, of South Pass City. James A. Brennan, of Atlantic City, and John Dugdale, of Hamilton City; for judge of probate. T. Quinn; for sheriff. John McGlinchy; for county clerk, Tim McCarthy ; for prosecuting attorney, P. L. Williams; for county assessor, Henry Smith; for county superintendent of schools, Frank Oilman; for county surveyor, William Smith, of South Pass City; for justices of the peace for South Pass precinct, James W. Stillman and Presley J. Talbot; for constable in said precinct, James Smith; for justice of the peace for Atlantic City, Edward Lawn; for constable in said Atlantic City precinct, W. Hagan; for justice of the peace at Bryan precinct, William Grinnell; for constable in said precinct, ; for justice of the peace at Point of Rocks precinct, ; for constable in said precinct, ."
The act further provided that the sheriff of Carter County should "retain and serve, or execute and return to the proper court or judge, all papers relating to said county, up to and including the 11th day of December, 1869," and that on the 13th the county officers of Carter County should turn over all papers, records, dockets, etc., to the officers named in Section 2 of the above act. The county was named for the Sweetwater River, but with the erection of Fremont County in 1884, this name lost its significance as applied to Sweetwater County.
As established by the first Territorial Legislature of Wyoming, the County of Sweetwater extended from the northern to the southern boundary of the territory. It included the present counties of Sweetwater. Fremont. Hot Springs and Park, the greater part of Bighorn and Washakie, the west end of Sheridan, and the southwestern part of Carbon. By an act of the Wyoming Legislature, approved on December 9, 1873, the county seat was removed from South Pass City to Green River, which place was to remain the county seat "unless it be removed by vote of the people at the next general election." As it was not removed by vote of the people at the election specified, it still remains the seat of justice.
Topographically, the surface of Sweetwater County is composed of extensive plateaus or ranges, from which mountainous elevations rise in different parts. Near the center of the northern boundary the Continental Divide extends for some distance into the county. Farther south are the Aspen and Table mountains, and in the southwestern part are the Bad Lands Hills. There are also "isolated peaks here and there, such as Essex Mountain, North Pilot Butte, Table Rock, Steamboat Mountain, Centennial Peak, etc. The Green River is the principal stream. It enters the county from the west about twenty miles south of the northwest corner and flows in a southeasterly direction into Utah. There are numerous smaller streams and lakes which afford abundant water for reclamation purposes.
The Great Divide Basin, in the northeastern part, and the district known as the "Red Desert" afford excellent grazing grounds for sheep and cattle and live stock raising is a prominent industry. Twenty-five or thirty years ago the Red Desert was thought to be practically worthless, but stock men have discovered that sheep can thrive during the winter on the grasses of these plains with only snow for moisture. In 1915 the county reported 322.751 sheep, valued at $1,077,456. Sweetwater is preeminently a sheep county, as in that year only 4,552 cattle were returned for taxation.
In the way of mineral resources, Sweetwater is noted for its immense deposits of coal. Geologists have estimated the amount of coal in the Rock Springs field, between the Aspen and Table mountains, at eight hundred million tons, lying in veins from eight to twenty feet in thickness. Rock Springs coal is known in every state from the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast. Over two million tons are taken annually from the mines at Rock Springs, Superior, Gunn, Reliance and adjacent mining camps. Spurs of railroad have been built by the Union Pacific Railroad Company to the mines to facilitate the shipping of coal. This company has 164 miles of railroad in Sweetwater County. The main line crosses the county from east to west near the center and most of the towns in the county are located along the line of railway. At Granger, in the western part, the Oregon Short Line connects with the Union Pacific and runs in a northwesterly direction into Lincoln County.
In 1915 the population of Sweetwater was 10,642, and in 1917 the property in the county was valued for tax purposes at $21,935,562. Only one county (Laramie) reported a larger valuation of property, and three counties a larger population.
| Uinta County, located in the extreme southwest corner of the state, is one of the counties created by the first Territorial Legislature, the act having been approved by Governor Campbell on December 1, 1869. The boundaries as described in that act were as follows:|
"Commencing at the intersection of the forty-first parallel of latitude and the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington; running thence north along said thirty-third meridian of longitude to its intersection with the forty-fifth parallel of latitude; thence west along said forty-fifth parallel of latitude to its intersection with the thirty-fourth meridian of longitude west from Washington ; thence south along said thirty-fourth meridian to its intersection with the forty-first parallel of latitude; thence east along said parallel to the place of beginning."
By tracing these boundaries upon a map of Wyoming, it will be seen that Uinta County originally included the present county of that name, Lincoln County and the Yellowstone National Park. The Yellowstone National Park* was set ofT by an act of Congress, approved on March 1, 1872, and Lincoln County was cut off in 1911, reducing Uinta to its present dimensions. Its area is now a little over two thousand square miles. The territory comprising Uinta and Lincoln counties was taken from Utah and Idaho when the Territory of Wyoming was created to straighten the western boundary.
Under the provisions of the act creating the county, the county seat was located at Merrill, until the voters should select a permanent seat of justice at the general election on September 6, 1870. At the election Evanston was chosen by a majority of the voters for county seat and the Town of Merrill, which was located near old Fort Bridger, afterward disappeared from the map.
The county officers appointed by the Legislature of 1869 were: W. A. Carter, probate judge and treasurer; J. Van A. Carter, clerk; R. H. Hamilton, sheriff; E. S. Jacobs, superintendent of schools. These officials served until the election of September 6, 1870, when Jesse L. Atkinson, J. Van A. Carter and Russell Thorpe were elected county commissioners; Lewis P. Scott, clerk; Harvey Booth, sheriff; W. A. Carter, probate judge and treasurer; E. S. Jacobs, superintendent of schools.
One of the oldest settlements in Wyoming was made in this county in 1853. when a company of fifty-five Mormons, led by Isaac Bullock and John Nebeker came from Utah and located near old Fort Bridger. on Black's Fork of the Green River. In 1868 Moses Byrn and a man named Guild located claims on Muddy Creek, about half way between Evanston and Fort Bridger. Jesse L. Atkinson, one of the first county commissioners, was born in Nova Scotia in 1830, and came to Uinta County in the spring of 1870. For some time he was engaged in lumbering, obtaining his supply of timber in the Uinta Mountains. After a residence in the county for a few years he went to Colorado, where he became associated with Benjamin Majors in the cattle business and accumulated a fortune.
Coal was discovered about two miles west of the site of Evanston in the summer of 1868. The first mine was opened the following year, and in 1870 the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company was formed, with headquarters at Almy. In 1871 Newell Beeman, a native of Ontario County, New York, came to Almy as bookkeeper for the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company, being at that time about thirty-seven years of age. Two years later he was made superintendent of the company. Mr. Beeman also became an active participant in county affairs. In 1874 he was elected county commissioner and held the office for three successive terms; was for a time one of the school trustees, and he served as a member of the republican central territorial committee.
On December 13, 1873, Governor Campbell approved an act of the Legislature authorizing the commissioners of Uinta County to erect a courthouse and jail at Evanston, to cost not more than twenty-five thousand dollars, and to issue bonds for that amount, "or so much thereof as may be necessary," to pay for the same, the bonds to bear interest at not more than 12 per cent per annum.
The principal industries are farming, stock raising and coal mining. Although the lowest altitude is 5,000 feet, the farmers raise abundant crops of winter wheat, hay, alfalfa, potatoes, oats and barley, in fact all of the agricultural products that can be grown at an altitude of 7,000 feet or more. The Bear River, Black's Fork of the Green River, Muddy Creek and their tributaries afford plenty of water for irrigation, though dry farming is carried on in some districts. In the higher altitudes there is an abundance of native grasses where live stock thrive the greater part of the year without feeding. In 1915 Uinta reported 14,956 cattle, 83,195 sheep and 2,972 horses, the assessed valuation of these animals being $890,244.
Besides the great coal mining interests, oil has been discovered, and there are found in the county various other minerals, including gold, copper and phosphates, though the deposits are either untouched or only partially developed.
The main line of the Union Pacific Railroad enters the county near the northeast corner and runs in a southwesterly direction, crossing the western boundary about twenty miles north of the southern boundary of the state. The principal railroad stations are Evanston, Almy, Antelope. Carter, Chelsea: Bridger and Springvalley. Almy is the terminus of a short spur of railroad that connects with the main line at Almy Junction, about three miles west of Evanston.
In 1915 the population of the county was given in the state census reports as 6,051, and the assessed valuation of property in 1917 was $9,418,068. Although one of the smallest counties in the state in area, Uinta stands ninth in population and eleventh in wealth.
| On February 9, 1911, Gov. Joseph M. Carey affixed his signature to the bill creating the County of Washakie. A glance at a map of the state shows a zigzag boundary line between Washakie and Hot Springs counties. To describe this line in the technical and legal phraseology of the act is deemed unnecessary in this description of the county. Suffice it to say that the county is bounded on the north by Bighorn County; on the east by Johnson County; on the south by Natrona and Fremont counties; and on the west by the counties of Park and Hot Springs. Its area is about twenty-two hundred square miles and it derives its name from Washakie, chief of the Shoshone Indians and a firm friend of the white man in the early days of Wyoming's history. On April 18, 1911, the commissioners appointed by Governor Carey to organize the county entered upon their duties. The first election of officers occurred in November, 1912, and the officers then elected went into office on the first Monday in January, 1913.|
Washakie is one of the three small counties of the state. Its surface is a combination of mountains, plains, bad lands and rich agricultural valleys. Along the No Wood, Ten Sleep, Spring and Otter Creeks, and other small streams of the county, the old-time ranchmen live, depending more upon their herds of sheep and cattle than on farming for their living. In 1915 the county reported 11,566 cattle, 90,971 sheep, 4,963 horses and 2,000 hogs, the total assessed value of live stock being $1,469,107.
In October, 1917, the first oil well was sunk in the Washakie Bad Lands. It turned out to be a gas well, with a flow of 8,000,000 cubic feet daily, obtained at a depth of 1,065 feet Since then several oil companies have been "prospecting" in the county, a number of wells have been drilled and oil of excellent quality has been found. This is but another instance of wealth being obtained from Wyoming's lands formerly considered worthless.
The Denver & Billings division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway system passes through the county a little west of the center. Worland, the county seat, is on this line of railroad. Other railroad stations are Durkee, Colter, Neiber and Chatham.
In 1915 the population of Washakie was 1,744, and in 1917 the property was valued for tax purposes at $4,188,332. In both respects the county shows the lowest figures of any in the state, but it should be remembered that it was one of the last counties to be organized, that it is small in area, and that the territory of which it is composed remained in the possession of the Indians for years after some of the older counties of Wyoming were settled. The county is rapidly "coming to the front," however, farm lands selling from fifty to seventy-five dollars per acre. These lands produce good crops of wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa, sugar beets and emmer–a grain that is coming into use as a breakfast food.
| Weston County is situated on the eastern border of the state. It is bounded on the north by Crook County; on the east by the State of South Dakota; on the south by Niobrara and Converse counties; and on the west by the County of Campbell. The county is almost square, with an area of a little less than twenty-five hundred square miles. It was originally a part of Laramie County, but was included in Crook County when the latter was established in 1875. On March 12, 1890, Governor Warren approved an act passed by the last Territorial Legislature of Wyoming creating the County of Weston, to wit:|
"All that portion of Wyoming Territory bounded and described in this section set forth, is hereby created and made a county of the Territory of Wyoming, under the name of Weston County, to wit: Commencing at a point on the east boundary of the Territory of Wyoming where the twelfth standard parallel north intersects the east boundary line of Wyoming Territory; thence running west along said twelfth standard parallel north to the one hundred and sixth meridian of longitude west from Greenwich; thence south along said meridian line to the line of 43° 30' north latitude; thence east along said latitude to the east boundary of said territory; thence north along said east boundary line of said territory to the place of beginning."
The new county was made a part of the First Judicial District and was attached to the County of Crook for legislative purposes until it should be fully organized. The county seat was established at Newcastle, in the eastern part of the county. The surface is a rolling plain, well watered by the Black Thunder and Beaver creeks and the tributary streams of the Belle Fourche River, which just touches the northwest corner. These streams provide sufficient water for irrigation, though but little of it has so far been utilized for that purpose. The principal industry of the county is stock raising. In 1915 Weston reported 26,493 cattle, 35,548 sheep and 6,873 horses, the total value of these animals being given as $1,469,107.
Coal has been discovered in large deposits in the eastern part, the Cambria field being one of the most productive in the state. These mines are at the terminus of a spur of railroad which connects with the main line of the Lincoln & Billings division of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy system at Newcastle. The principal railway stations are Upton, Newcastle, Spencer, Owens. Clifton and Dakoming.
In 1915 the population of Weston was 4,414 and in 1917 the assessed valuation of property was $6,515,346, placing the county fifteenth in population and seventeenth in wealth when compared with the other twenty counties of the state. | <urn:uuid:bc3b07d1-46a0-429e-95fa-e6bd0b1109b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wytttp/history/bartlett/chapter31.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00535-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97052 | 24,683 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Give Your Kids Safe Access to Their Online Websites
The latest attractions for my six years old are the "Webkinz" and "ClubPenguin" websites. The first takes your real-world webkinz pet doll and places it online, Tamagotchi style. The latter is your toddlers first steps into virtual worlds.
I thoroughly endorse her excursions into the online world, and I was looking for a simple and safe way to let her access it. Even when I'm not near her to supervise.
As a Windows user, the simplest way I found was to use Internet Explorer's built-in "Kiosk" mode (IE7+):
- Make a copy of your IE's icon - copy your IE desktop icon and paste it back on the desktop. Rename the icon to your toddler's favorite online website, e.g. "Webkinz"
- Right-click the icon and select "properties".
- At the end of the "Target" field, currently pointing to iexplore.exe, add "-k [website]
", e.g. "-k http://webkinzjr.com/"
- If you want to change the shortcut icon to the website's icon, just save the website's favicon.ico (e.g. http://webkinzjr.com/favicon.ico) somewhere on your computer. Right-click your IE shortcut. Select properties->Change Icon, set it to the saved icon's location. | <urn:uuid:61fdb750-ae53-467d-91a2-8f4dfa44c2d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://itail.blogspot.com/2009/07/give-your-kids-safe-access-to-their.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00130-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835088 | 316 | 2.25 | 2 |
Spielberg: 3D Gaming, Virtual Reality Will Replace Consoles
In this industry, it's all about progressing at an almost unheard-of clip, which means we may be leaving the "console wars" behind sooner than we all might think...
In a recent Guardian UK interview with legendary movie man Steven Spielberg, the Oscar-winning director said he believes that video game consoles "will go the way of the dodo." Basically, he says 3D gaming and virtual reality is the true wave of the future and the traditional method of virtual interaction will eventually give way to newer technology. He added that at some point, we'll be "playing directly on our TV sets, bypassing all of the platforms." Spielberg is kinda into games these days, as he has just finished his second Boom Blox game for the Nintendo Wii, but everything is going to change so we had best be ready. Said Spielberg:
"In the short term I would love to start seeing 3D games developed where with a good pair of glasses we get a real three-dimensional experience in front of an appropriate monitor that is designed just for 3D. And after that, will certainly be virtual reality, which just like 3D came and went in the 1950s, and now it's here to stay in movies.
I really think virtual reality, which experimentally came and went in the eighties, is going to be redeveloped, just like 3D is being redeveloped today, and that's going to be the new platform for our gaming future."
Well, it's certainly something we gamers have thought about for quite some time. We've always wondered: if and when this happens, will we be around for it? Will playing video games in the future include nothing more than one universal headset of sorts that alters our brains and puts us into a virtual battleground? Will there be no such thing as "AI?" It's all worth talking about but for the here and now, we think it'll be tough to wave goodbye to the console. That'll be a sad day.
5/20/2009 Ben Dutka | <urn:uuid:33886d43-c8da-4573-84c3-4131c02c6c4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/5172.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969702 | 427 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Over the past few months, Cosmo Wenman has been consistently blowing the tops off of preconceived notions concerning what is technically possible for DIY 3D scanning and printing, as well as bringing up big important questions about what these tools can and should be used for. Take a look at his projects on Thingiverse to get a picture what he has been up to!
I made these pieces in an attempt to show that, with the right finishes and attention to detail, 3D printers can produce objects of art worthy of public and private display. Not just miniature figurines, or toys, or practical household objects, and not just prototypes. They can do more than evoke the desired object, they can be objects of desire.
But I chose these subjects in particular — elemental, archetypal museum pieces — to try to advance a different but complementary idea; that with 3D scanning and 3D printing, private collectors and museums have an unprecedented opportunity to recast themselves as living engines of cultural creation. They can digitize their three dimensional collections and project them outward into the public realm to be adapted, multiplied, and remixed.
They should do this because the best place to celebrate great art is in a vibrant, lively, and anarchic popular culture. The world’s back catalog of art should be set free to run wild in our visual, and now tactile, landscape, and whether it turns up lit in pixels on our screens, rematerialized in our living rooms, or embedded in our architecture or clothing, it’s all to the good.
And for forward-thinking, innovative institutions and collectors, and for everyone involved in this young industry, there’s prestige, money, value, meaning, and beauty to be made in making it a reality.
Every Thursday is #3dthursday here at Adafruit! The DIY 3D printing community has thrilled us at Adafruit with its passion and dedication to making solid objects from digital models. Recently, we have noticed that our community integrating electronics projects into 3D printed enclosures, brackets, and sculptures, so each Thursday we celebrate and highlight these bold pioneers!
Have you take considered building a 3D project around an Arduino or other microcontroller? How about printing a bracket to mount your Raspberry Pi to the back of your HD monitor? And don’t forget the countless EL Wire and LED projects that are possible when you are modeling your projects!
The Adafruit Learning System has dozens of great tools to get you well on your way to creating incredible works of engineering, interactive art, and design with your 3D printer! If you have a cool project you’ve made that joins the traditions of 3D printing and electronics, be sure to send it in to be featured here!
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps!
Maker Business — “End of an era: BlackBerry will stop making its own phones”
Wearables — Ask the right questions
Electronics — Interference is everywhere!
Biohacking — EEG Based Music for Neurological Diseases and Art Shows
No comments yet.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time. | <urn:uuid:01b43b36-8ac8-4b12-8283-c03bceaaa88b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/11/08/cosmo-wenmans-head-of-a-horse-of-selene-3dthursday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00210-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91996 | 716 | 2.421875 | 2 |
As the new year approaches, many employees are preparing for the both the holidays and 2018. This is an infamously popular time to self-reflect and devise development goals for the upcoming year. We all know that setting strong goals can reap positive benefits for both an employee and an organization, including increased worker motivation and performance. However, when applied inappropriately, performance goals can backfire, resulting in decreased quality of output, increased risk taking, and reduced cooperation. As such, when thinking about your own growth as a leader, it is important to keep in mind that not all goals are created equal.
This begs the question: what can you do to ensure your goals for 2018 are robust and impactful? This is something we think about not only internally here at Vantage; it’s a central component of our work with clients. Perhaps the most influential approach comes from goal-setting theory – one of the most heavily researched and utilized theories of work motivation in the field of I/O Psychology. To begin: what does a good goal even look like?
While this will vary greatly depending on the role and organization you are a part of, here are some examples to provide context:
- If an assembly line worker is interested in increasing productivity, a good goal might be “To increase the number of units produced per hour by 5 percent between each semi-annual performance review”. You’ll notice this is specific and challenging.
- A personal development goal for someone struggling with conflict might be “to decrease the number of negative confrontations at work between each performance review until no confrontations arise”; or, if they are working on public speaking, a goal might be “to speak up and contribute in all team meetings during a specific project.”
There are four main conditions at the heart of goal-setting theory to keep in mind when working on development goals:
Make Them Motivating
According to one study, a whopping 92% of people don’t achieve the goals they set for themselves – so how to overcome the odds? It’s not surprising that people perform better when they are committed to achieving their goals; that is, when they create sufficient motivation for themselves. This is why it is better to allow people to set their own goals, rather than establishing goals for them. Consider if your significant other set a target for you to lose 10 pounds. You might buy in and start that diet, but you might also drag your feet, feel put-upon, and even actively ignore the goal. In this regard, the goal must be yours. Others can tell you that your objective should be X, and there might be unanimous agreement around that need. But if you do not see the behavior change as necessary, you won’t feel motivated to do anything differently. This also goes for goals you undertake half-heartedly or out of obligation (i.e., “I really should lose those extra 10 pounds this year”). Goals without drive are simply wishes; you’re not actually making progress towards the desired end state, you’re just hoping to end up there. As a leader, it’s key to keep this in mind when designing objectives with your colleagues and direct reports. Goals tend to have the highest levels of commitment when:
- They are linked to important outcomes. For managers, you might set a goal of improving your coaching skills and link it to the important outcome of your team’s engagement scores in next year’s survey. For executives, you might set a goal to spend more time strategizing and link that goal to the important outcome of your department’s revenue.
- The individual setting the goal has the confidence they can attain the goal (even if it is challenging).
- The goal is committed to publicly. Public commitment without action can lead to social disapproval, and as social beings this tends to motivate us to act if for no other reason than to save face. Announcing your goals publicly (i.e., to your team, select peers, your boss) helps hold you accountable, and also offers an opportunity to solicit feedback from others.
The Development Is In the Details
A goal must be specific and measurable. It should answer the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the expectations of the goal. Setting parameters provides an external frame of reference (such as time, space, increment, etc.) to gauge progress, whereas vague “do better” goals are ambiguous and often have little effect on motivation. Removing ambiguity allows one to focus on precise actions and behaviors related to goal achievement. Research shows that the more specific the goal, the more explicitly performance will be affected. This inherently makes sense because if you don’t have a specific goal in mind, how will you know when you’ve reached it? This is where it pays to create SMART goals, and leverage available tools to help you narrow your focus (such as Live Wire’s list of best goal setting apps).
Stretch Yourself – But Not Too Far
Difficulty is a key component of motivation. Goals should be set high enough to encourage top performance, but low enough to be attainable. This balance is crucial for effective goals. Aiming too high – to the point of unrealistic – conversely causes performance to suffer. The greatest motivation and performance is achieved with moderately difficult goals (somewhere between too easy and too difficult). Think of Goldilocks and the Three Bears—it’s important to find that sweet spot that is “just right.”
Ask Others: “How Am I Doing?”
Without proper feedback channels, it is impossible to adapt or adjust behavior. Obtaining feedback on short-term objectives helps to sustain motivation and commitment to the goal – and without it, goal-setting is unlikely to be successful. Feedback is most impactful when it is provided on the strategies being used to pursue the goal (in addition to the final outcomes achieved), but this is not always how people think to provide input. Consider the last time you earnestly asked a colleague how your presentation went and what they thought you could improve, but were met with a generic, “It was great.” You might need to provide some guidance to others when seeking feedback on your progress; don’t be afraid to ask for specifics on how your approach is working. Here are some additional tips for mastering the art of asking for feedback.
Although the four conditions presented above are not all-encompassing, they should provide a strong foundation as you begin planning for the new year. A well-honed development plan can start you off on the right foot and provide tangible benefits throughout the year. What are some goals you have been considering for 2018? How can these tips help you take them to the next level?
This post was co-authored by Eileen Linnabery. | <urn:uuid:b408d608-165c-4d3f-8662-251c4329d7f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vantageleadership.com/our-blog/setting-effective-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.955874 | 1,417 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Do you live with an invisible condition?
Do you live with an invisible condition?Share your stories, photos and videos.
How do you make people understand that you're ill if you don't have any physical symptoms?
As Shabnam Dastgheib reports, for those with a chronic illness or condition, managing medication, exercise, diet and health outcomes is often combined with managing other people's expectations and well-intentioned suggestions.
Chronic illnesses, conditions and disabilities such as arthritis, dementia, hearing loss, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes or depression may not always be visible on the outside, but their effects can be just as devastating, and painful, as an obvious wound.
We'd like to hear from people who suffer from a chronic illness or condition. By sharing your story, you could help others understand the daily battles of those with hidden pains.
What is your condition and how does it affect your life?
How do you manage it, and what are people's attitudes towards it?
To tell your story, click the green button below.
View all contributions | <urn:uuid:1d7a9fbc-19b6-4e14-bfea-3a5c0eb5f709> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff-nation/assignments/10096944/Living-with-an-invisible-illness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950175 | 222 | 2.21875 | 2 |
(Vienna, 10 December 2020) Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow, often have a carcinogenic mutated form of the calreticulin gene (CALR). Scientists of the research group of Robert Kralovics, Adjunct Principal Investigator at the CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and research group leader at MedUni Vienna, have now identified hematoxylin as a novel CALR inhibitor. The study, published in the renowned journal Blood, shows how hematoxylin compounds affect a specific domain of CALR and selectively kill those CALR mutant cells that have been identified as the cause of disease in MPN patients. The discovery has enormous therapeutic potential and gives hope for new treatment options.
In medicine, a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow is known as myeloproliferative neoplasms. This special type of blood cancer is characterised by increased formation of blood cells, vulnerability to thrombosis and frequent transformation to acute leukaemia. In the laboratory of Robert Kralovics it was discovered as early as 2013 that carcinogenic mutations of the gene calreticulin (CALR) were frequently found in affected patients and are now used clinically as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The mechanism by which the mutated CALR functions as an oncogene, which can lead to myeloid leukaemia, has also been scientifically identified since then. The carcinogenic effect of CALR mutations is based on the interaction of the N-glycan binding domain (GBD) of CALR with the thrombopoietin receptor. Ruochen Jia from the research group of Robert Kralovics at CeMM was looking for a way to stop this interaction and prevent one of the growth advantages of CALR mutated cells. It became evident that a group of chemicals, most notably hematoxylin, can selectively kill mutated CALR cells. The results thus provide extremely valuable information for potential treatment approaches for myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Hematoxylin compounds kill CALR mutated cells
Robert Kralovics, head of the study, explains: “In our study we tried to identify small molecules that might block the interaction between the mutated CALR and the receptor.” The scientists used so-called in-silico docking studies for this purpose. “Basically, these are computer-based simulations of biochemical processes – virtual ‘screenings’ that enable increasingly accurate predictions,” says study first author Ruochen Jia. The results showed a group of chemicals as binders for a specific domain of calreticulin, which selectively kill the mutated CALR cells. “Our data suggest that small molecules targeting the N-glycan binding domain of CALR can selectively kill CALR-mutated cells by disrupting the interaction between CALR and the thrombopoietin receptor and inhibiting oncogenic signal transmission,” said the study authors. A hematoxylin compound proved to be particularly efficient. So far, hematoxylin has been used as a dye especially in histological staining processes.
Ray of hope for primary myelofibrosis therapy
“Our study demonstrates the enormous therapeutic potential of CALR inhibitor therapy,” says Kralovics. “The treatment of patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) continues to produce poor clinical outcomes. They have the clearest tendency to develop acute myeloid leukaemia. Since about one third of PMF patients have a CALR mutation, they could particularly benefit from the new therapeutic approach.”
„Hematoxylin binds to mutant calreticulin and disrupts its abnormal interaction with thrombopoietin receptor“
Ruochen Jia, Thomas Balligand, Vasyl Atamanyuk, Harini Nivarthi, Erica Xu, Leon Kutzner, Jakob Weinzierl, Audrey Nedelec, Stefan Kubicek, Roman Lesyk, Oleh Zagrijtschuk, Stefan N Constantinescu, Robert Kralovics; published in "Blood".
This study was supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF (FWF SFB F4702, P29018-B30, FWF Stand-Alone P 30041-B26). | <urn:uuid:940000d6-e236-4279-a8e5-2340792008a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/en/ueber-uns/news/detailseite/2020/news-im-dezember-2020/haematoxylin-als-killer-calr-mutierter-krebszellen/medicine-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.927047 | 957 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Many people with breast cancer undergo radiation therapy as a part of their treatment. The most crucial benefit of radiation therapy is that it can destroy the cancer cells within a specific area. However, radiation affects normal cells as well. Proton therapy is an external beam radiation therapy that can decrease the risk of damaging the surrounding tissues. For example, people with breast cancer usually suffer from damage to the heart and lungs due to radiation therapy.
What is proton therapy?
Radiation therapy uses high-intensity energy to destroy cancer cells. In traditional radiation therapy the energy comes from the X-ray beams. These beans pass through the tumour and can damage the nearby healthy tissues and organs.
Proton therapy, however, allows more precise targeting of the cancer cells. Since it uses charged particles called protons instead of X-rays. The energy beams can be concentrated directly on the tumour without letting it pass through the underlying tissue Thus, proton therapy decreases the risk of damage to the heart and lungs. This is helpful if one gas cancer on the left side, close to the heart.
Proton therapy can be used in the following cases:-
- Stage 1,2,3 of breast cancer
- Estrogen receptor -positive or negative
- Progesterone receptor -positive or negative
- HER2-positive or negative
- Inflammatory breast cancer
- Ductal carcinoma in situ
- Invasive ductal carcinoma
- Invasive lobular carcinoma
A research study published in 2018 suggests that breast cancer patients are most likely to benefit from proton therapy over radiation therapy.
Factors that increase the radiation to the heart include:-
- Tumors on the left side
- Tumors in the inner quadrant
- Females having a mastectomy
- People who receive radiation therapy to regional lymph nodes
Breast cancer patients usually undergo multiple therapies. These include:-
- Mastectomy or lumpectomy
- Radiation therapy
- Targeted therapy
- Hormonal therapy
- Biologic therapy
The following factors influence the treatment plan
- Age and overall health
- Stage at diagnosis
- Type of breast cancer
- Tumor grade
- Previous cancer treatment if it is a recurrent case
How effective is proton therapy for breast cancer?
Research published in 2017 stated that proton therapy is safer and more effective than traditional radiation therapy. A study done in 2018 showed that 42 people had proton therapy after a mastectomy for non-metastatic breast cancer. After 3 years of median follow-up, the overall survival rate was 97.2 per cent. Another study published in 2019 found that proton therapy for breast cancer has a similar rate of disease control as traditional radiation therapy.
What is the proton therapy procedure like?
The outpatient procedure takes just a few minutes, but one may have to wait for at least 30 minutes in the procedure room. It is usually administered five times a week for up to 6 weeks, the same as radiation therapy.
Since it is an open machine, one will not experience claustrophobia. Once correctly positioned, the therapist goes to the control room to deliver the treatment. The therapist can communicate with you through an intercom. One may leave after the completion of the session.
Side effects of the therapy:-
- Skin tenderness
- Redness that resembles a sunburn
Proton therapy is an advanced type of external beam radiation therapy. It delivers high-dose radiation directly to cancer cells. It is more precise than traditional radiation therapy, making it less likely to harm the nearby tissues. As a result, proton therapy decreases the risk of heart and lung damage. The experience is similar to getting traditional radiation therapy and is generally just one part of your overall treatment plan. | <urn:uuid:225bf248-08b4-4840-a8b9-4f0e26ede490> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://journomed.com/proton-therapy-for-breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.930219 | 794 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Buying food plants
The 2016 growing season is here! Get a helping hand with your own growing, with our locally grown food plants. See the new plant list/order form
We grow all the plants ourselves in our glasshouse that we rent from the London Borough of Waltham Forest. Work is carried out by a team of growers including members of our workers’ cooperative and lots of local volunteers who support the project’s aim to see more food growing in London. Plants are taken from the glasshouses and acclimatised to the outdoors before being dispatched. The plants are strong and healthy, ready to compete with weed seedlings and garden pests!
Our main plant season is from April to June, and then for winter plants it’s August and September. We have some plants ready for sale, others are ‘sow to order’ and ready 4 weeks after ordering. Download the 2016 Plant List & Order Form to see exactly what’s available and how to order. We have popular favourites such as tomatoes, squash, courgettes and more on sale – plants that are hard to get started without a greenhouse, and we offer aftercare advice.
For bulk orders we need as much notice as possible but can offer a discount – and we can help you select a suitable range of plants, for example a school package with plants which will be ready to harvest and eat either before or after the summer holidays. And we hold plant sales at our Hawkwood Nursery growing site and at various markets throughout the season:
Sundays at Hawkwood Nursery open days (12-4pm) on 24 April, 29 May, 26 June, 28 August, 25 September
Saturdays at the Hornbeam and Leytonstone market stalls from 10am-2pm throughout May
Wednesdays 4-6pm on the Hawkwood Nursery farm stall throughout May.
Our box scheme customers can also place an order for delivery with their fruit and veg.
Talk to us so we can help you get that food garden growing!
phone: 020 8524 4994
We may be able to deliver larger orders. Cost for delivery (to cover fuel and driver costs) from £15 depending on distance. For box scheme customers we can deliver plant orders with fruit and veg bags to your pickup point.
Bulk order discounts:
£200+ (5% off); £300+ (10% off); 400+ (15% off); £500+ (20% off)
We also sell a range of hand-made composts; seed compost, potting-on compost and organic garden compost.
From June to October we sell cut flowers – fresh, organic, seasonal, local flowers that are beautiful and also in many cases edible! Details of what you can order and how are here.
On getting seedlings through Organiclea’s pre-order plants scheme:
“We’ve loved getting our seedlings and plants from Organiclea – from the friendly and convenient delivery to the variety and vigour of the plants, the service and the product have been excellent and I have recommended them to all the growers I know. This has saved us a lot of time and space which has been put to use on the people involved and the plants we already have. On top of that, it’s exciting to await their arrival, plus, if you are really keen you can even go and visit them growing up at Hawkwood. Importantly, we like to know that we are supporting a local cooperatively managed organisation.”
Alex Collings – gardening at Somerford and Shacklewell Estate, Hackney.
Along with many other accolades, this site was the winner of Capital Growth’s Edible Estate competition in 2010.
Return your pots
Organiclea reuses plant pots. They can be returned to the Hawkwood Plant Nursery in Chingford, or the Hornbeam Centre in Walthamstow.
Adopt a fruit tree
Join Organiclea’s Orchard Project and help us care for over 200 fruit trees in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. Click on the image for more information. | <urn:uuid:48f63e14-3a8c-493f-af20-5a7d0cc05a2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.organiclea.org.uk/we-help-you-grow-your-own/plant-sales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951034 | 864 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Explore the wide world and all that it contains at the National Geographic Museum. An ideal destination for visitors of all ages, this museum features a variety of changing exhibitions and permanent collections that include everything from interactive experiences to examples of National Geographic’s famed photography.
The National Geographic Museum is dedicated to celebrating the over 127 years the magazine has spent educating people about the world, its environments, and its inhabitants. You’ll get a unique perspective on the human experience with information and artifacts from renowned explorers, photographers, and scientists. This museum is a must-see for history buffs, nature lovers, and anyone who has ever cracked the pages of a National Geographic with excitement.
The museum features changing exhibits. Please see website for current exhibition details. Children ages 5 and older require a DC Explorer Pass or paid ticket for admission. An accessible entrance is located on M Street. | <urn:uuid:45dc5062-cf7a-4844-a86e-9a7dfb43f998> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.smartdestinations.com/washington-dc/national-geographic-museum/_attr_Dca_Att_National_Geographic_Museum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00478-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941701 | 176 | 2.5 | 2 |
Today (in the Traditional Rite) is the Feast of the precious Blood. It is celebrated as a First class Feast. Sadly, it is not on the Novus ordo calendar. It was removed in 1969, because it is “already venerated in the solemnities of the Passion, of Corpus Christi, of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and in the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. “ However, it can still be said in the N.O Rite if the priest wishes, as it is placed amongst the Votive Masses.
Gospel of St. John 19: 34
“But when they came to Jesus and saw that he was already dead, they did not break his legs,
(34) but one soldier thrust his lance into his side, and immediately blood and water flowed out.”
The Catholic Catechism:
“The Eucharist is the source and summit of the Christian life.”
St Padre Pio said:
“It would be easier for the world to survive without the sun than to do without Holy Mass.”
St. Faustina wrote:
“Today Jesus said to me, I desire that you know more profoundly the love that burns in My Heart for souls, and you will understand this when you meditate upon My Passion. Call upon My mercy … When you say this prayer, with a contrite heart and with faith on behalf of some sinner, I will give him the grace of conversion. This is the prayer:
“O Blood and Water, which gushed forth from the Heart of Jesus as a fount of Mercy for us, I trust in You.” (Diary 186, 187, c. 1937)
Another prayer that Jesus gave to St Faustina of Divine Mercy: (to be said at 3 o’clock – the Hour of Mercy) is:
“You expired, Jesus, but the source of life gushed forth for souls, and the ocean of mercy opened up for the whole world.
O Fount of Life, unfathomable Divine Mercy, envelop the whole world and empty Yourself out upon us.
O Blood and Water which gushed forth from the Heart of Jesus as a fount of mercy for us, I trust in You.”
St John’s Gospel account, as well as many saints have attested to the power of the Precious Blood.
At the Consecration of the Mass:
At the elevation of the Host, we say in our hearts “My Lord and My God.”
We recognize Jesus Who has saved us from sin, and Who gave his Life for us to show His Love for us.
At the elevation of the chalice, we remind ourselves of this Great Love.
We implore – “Lord, be mindful of your creatures whom you have redeemed with your Precious Blood.”
The Love of Christ is unfathomable. Keeping this in mind, it is the perfect moment to offer up to Jesus those for whom we pray, – the sick, the sorrowful, those who are trouble, those who need conversion…..
At this moment I pray for myself/others– “Lord, cover me (or name others) with Your precious Blood. Cleanse us from our sins. Make us pure, make us whole, make us holy.”
Never has there been a time, in which we must constantly beg Jesus for His Protection, as now- for what is now, and for what is to come.
His Precious blood will comfort us, and will strengthen us. It will give us the strength we need for the journey.
The Book of Truth has some special prayers invoking the Precious Blood of Our Lord:
For the Consecration to the Precious Blood of Jesus Christ
Sep 18, 2013
Dear Jesus, I ask You to consecrate me, my family, friends and nation to the Protection of Your Precious Blood. You died for me and Your wounds are my wounds as I gracefully accept the suffering, which I will endure in the lead up to Your Second Coming. I suffer with You Dear Jesus as you try to gather all of God‘s children into Your Heart, so that we will have eternal life. Cover me and all those who need Your Protection with Your Precious Blood. Amen.
Crusade of Conversion Prayer 31st May, 2012
O dear Jesus, I call on You to embrace all God’s children and cover them with Your Precious Blood. Let each drop of Your Blood cover every soul to shield them from the evil one. Open the hearts of all, especially hardened souls and those who know You, but who are stained with the sin of pride, to fall down and beg for the light of Your Love to flood their souls. Open their eyes to see the Truth, so that the dawn of Your Divine Mercy will shower down upon them, so they are covered with the Rays of Your Mercy. Convert all souls through the graces I ask You for now, dear Jesus, (personal intention here). I beg You for Mercy and offer you this gift of fasting for one day every week (for this month of June*) in atonement for all sins. Amen.
A Pledge of Allegiance to the Divine Will . 13 June, 2012
O God the Most High, O Heavenly Father, I pledge to You my firm allegiance to honor and obey You in all things united to Your Divine Will on earth. I, through the Sacred Blood of Your only beloved Son, the True Messiah, offer You my mind, my body and my soul on behalf of all souls so that we can unite, as one, in Your Heavenly Kingdom to come, so that Your Divine Will is done on earth, as it is in Heaven. Amen.
(Prayer for Clergy) : To remain firm and true to the Holy Word of God. July 30, 2012
Oh Dear Jesus help Your sacred servants to recognize the schism within Your Church as it unfolds. Help Your sacred servants to remain firm and true to Your Holy Word. Never let worldly ambitions cloud their pure love for You. Give them the graces to remain pure and humble before You and to Honor Your Most Holy Presence in the Eucharist. Help and guide all those sacred servants who may be lukewarm in their love for You and re-kindle the fire of the Holy Spirit in their souls. Help them to recognize temptation placed before them to distract them. Open their eyes so they can see the Truth at all times. Bless them Dear Jesus at this time and cover them with Your Precious Blood to keep them safe from harm. Give them the strength to resist the seduction of satan, should they be distracted by the allure of denying the existence of sin. Amen.
For the souls of those who commit murder October 14, 2012
O dear Jesus, I beg for Mercy for those who commit murder. I urge for clemency for those in mortal sin. I offer my own suffering and difficulties over to You, so that You can open Your Heart, and forgive them their sins. I ask that You cover all those with evil intent in their souls with Your Precious Blood, so that they can be washed clean of their iniquities. Amen.
(The following prayer is for priests to say:)
To defend the Most Holy Word of God. Oct.29 2013
O Mother of Salvation, help me, a humble servant of God, to defend His Most Holy Word in times of torment. Consecrate me, dear Mother, to your Son, so that He can cover me with His Precious Blood. Grant me, through the Intercession of your Son, Jesus Christ, the grace, the strength and the will to remain true to the Teachings of Christ in the times of Tribulation, which will devour His Most Holy Church on Earth. Amen. | <urn:uuid:e7381ecc-0edf-4e1d-958e-a9bb4cf88b7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://remnantdisciplesjtm.com/tag/precious-blood-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.947543 | 1,652 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Slide presentation beaches and hurricanes: 1995 in the Eastern Caribbean Islands
Slide 11: Damage to the Frangipani Hotel, Meadís Bay, Anguilla, after Hurricane Luis
Besides the natural environment, there was serious damage to the man-made environment. This beachfront hotel at Meadís Bay in Anguilla, was extensively damaged. The hotel used to be located on the sand dunes behind the beach, these were eroded during Hurricane Luis and the hotel is now positioned on the beach itself. | <urn:uuid:2e649ca3-c7fa-4520-8a64-1b93279c3d56> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/cosalc/slide11.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957632 | 104 | 2.75 | 3 |
put (oneself) at (one's) ease(redirected from put ourselves at our ease)
put (oneself) at (one's) ease
To calm, comfort, or reassure oneself; to make oneself comfortable or relaxed. I think we could all put ourselves at ease if we had some personal reassurance from the owners that our jobs weren't in danger. Welcome to my estate, dear guests! I want you to have a most pleasant time here, so please put yourselves at your ease. | <urn:uuid:0a857d18-6e6e-4fa1-b489-817156f288f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/put+ourselves+at+our+ease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00281-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982574 | 105 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Incident Command Decision Making for Public Health Leaders
Northwest Center for Public Health Practice
University of Washington
January 15, 2013 12:00 PT / 1:00 MT / 2:00 CT / 3:00 ET
In this one-hour Hot Topics webinar, representatives from state and local health jurisdictions deconstruct their decision-making processes to activate Incident Command, respond to emergencies, and ensure business continuity. Representatives from Washington State and the CDC lead off the discussion by describing the algorithm they developed to help public health executives address situations that blur the line between the routine and non-routine. A team from Idaho’s Central District Health Department will explain how they used Incident Command to manage a prolonged syphilis outbreak. | <urn:uuid:7808c488-0d57-43c2-9514-48390f77f218> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://nnlm.gov/mar/blog/2013/01/12/incident-command-decision-making-for-public-health-leaders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898803 | 147 | 2.046875 | 2 |
VAST-Autism provides unprecedented support for spoken language, combining evidence-based best practices and technology to deliver remarkable results.
VAST-Autism is a groundbreaking tool that provides state-of-the-art therapy to students with autism and motor speech programming disorders such as apraxia. VAST-Autism combines the highly effective concept of video modeling with written words and auditory cues to help individuals acquire relevant words, phrases and sentences so that they can speak for themselves. For children and individuals with strong visual skills, this can be a key to developing speech.
Ongoing research and initial pilot studies indicate that students are highly interested in VAST videos, and will almost immediately attempt lip movements or touch their mouths in response to the models. After a few short weeks, many students who were essentially nonverbal began word approximations and word attempts more readily. Perhaps, the best and most unexpected therapeutic improvements have been in the students’ ability to generalize skills. Individuals may begin attending to the speaker’s oral motor movements during daily communication and continue learning speech in a traditional, naturalistic manner.
After trialing the application with her students, Harumi Kato, MS, CCC-SLP said:
“The VAST-Autism app is more than AWESOME. My students showed immediate results. To my surprise, after the FIRST trail, they started to vocalize some sounds. You will see amazing results, especially with students who do not respond to traditional speech therapy.”
Videos are organized into a hierarchy of 5 categories beginning with syllables and ending with sentences. Each video gives a spoken target utterance that is preceded by the written word(s). Each word, phrase and sentence is concrete and has meaning that can be generalized and practiced throughout the day. Providing the written word will prevent a student from labeling a picture of a frog jumping as “go,” a person laying on a mat as “break time” or labeling a swing as “weee.” The ability to recognize the written target word(s) will increase functional communication and enhance acquisition of spoken language. The progression of VAST-Autism Videos is as follows:
1. Syllable Repetition
2. Single Syllable Words
3. Multi-Syllabic Words
This “Core” app represents the first release of the VAST-Autism program. We intend to expand upon this offering through future applications and via the SpeakinMotion web-based platform. With a larger and more diverse user base, we hope that user and professional feedback will help to shape the direction of future products in this area. Please direct any questions, comments or feedback to email@example.com.
Price at time of review $4.99 | <urn:uuid:96043205-b249-4d44-9834-a93b7a6015f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://a4cwsn.com/2011/03/vast-autism-1-core/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94076 | 580 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Canoemobile is a “floating classroom” that brings students out on local waterways in a 10-person canoes to learn about science, history, geography, and culture. Our on-water experiences are often enriched with land-based learning activities developed and facilitated by organizations such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, and hundreds of other government and nonprofits. Canoemobile brings classroom learning outside, engaging youth to improve school performance, cultivate a stewardship ethic, and create pathways to pursue educational and career opportunities in the outdoors.
Canoemobile travels around the country so that a diverse array of students have the chance to experience the nation’s best outdoor field trip. In addition, Canoemobile offers free and open-to-the-public paddles in communities where it is working. These experiences change waterways into places of recreation, learning, and community-building. From San Francisco to the Bronx, communities welcome Canoemobile to serve more than 30,000 youth and adults of all backgrounds and abilities each year. | <urn:uuid:4c7029c1-c9ef-4d87-ac27-35a20491d546> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wildernessinquiry.org/programs/canoemobile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.9371 | 227 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that speciation with gene flow is more common than previously thought. From a conservation perspective, the potential negative effects of hybridization raise concerns on the genetic integrity of endangered species. However, introgressive hybridization has also been growingly recognized as a source of diversity and new advantageous alleles. Carbonell’s wall lizard (Podarcis carbonelli) is an endangered species whose distribution overlaps with four other congeneric species. Our goal here was to determine whether P. carbonelli is completely reproductively isolated from its congeners and to evaluate the relevance of hybridization and interspecific gene flow for developing a conservation plan. We used restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to discover SNPs in samples from four contact zones between P. carbonelli and four other species. Principal component analysis, multilocus genotype assignment and interspecific heterozygosity suggest incomplete reproductive isolation and ongoing gene flow between species. However, hybridization dynamics vary across all pairs, suggesting complex interactions between multiple intrinsic and extrinsic barriers. Despite seemingly ubiquitous interspecific gene flow, we found evidence of strong reproductive isolation across most contact zones. Instead, indirect effects of hybridization like waste of reproductive effort in small isolated populations may be more problematic. Our results highlight the need to further evaluate the consequences of introgression for P. carbonelli, both on a geographic and genomic level and included in a comprehensive and urgently needed conservation plan. Besides, those findings will add important insights on the potential effects of hybridization and introgression for endangered species.
While speciation is often defined as the evolution of reproductive isolation (Mayr 1942; Coyne and Orr 2004), recent empirical and theoretical work has demonstrated that distinct species can persist in the presence of gene flow. This phenomenon may occur by sympatric divergence with gene flow (primary gene flow; Niemiller et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2013), or more commonly is the result of allopatric speciation followed by secondary contact (secondary gene flow; Tarroso et al. 2014; Grossen et al. 2016). Many species are maintained in nature despite some level of gene exchange, either coexisting in sympatry due to niche and/or phenotypic divergence (e.g., Whittemore and Schaal 1991; Milne et al. 1999; Neaves et al. 2010; Hochkirch and Lemke 2011); or replacing each other abruptly at narrow contact zones (e.g., Szymura and Barton 1986; Irwin et al. 2009; Tarroso et al. 2014; Grossen et al. 2016). Thus, it has been increasingly accepted that speciation can occur without complete reproductive isolation (Mallet 2008; Pinho and Hey 2010) and complete reproductive isolation is not a pre-requisite for most current species definitions such as the Evolutionary Species Concept (Simpson 1961) or even for most current versions of the Biological Species Concept originally proposed by Mayr (1940, 1942). This perspective calls for a new vision on gene flow in fields like evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation biology (VonHoldt et al. 2018).
The ultimate fate of two lineages that come into secondary contact depends on the strength of the barriers to gene flow. In empirical studies, three key questions arise when closely related lineages meet: (i) do they hybridize (i.e., is there interspecific mating forming F1 hybrids)? (ii) does this lead to introgression (i.e., occurrence of backcrosses leading to persistence of gene flow)? (iii) are there intrinsic or extrinsic barriers to gene flow that “protect” each genome from complete “invasion” by the other gene pool? Answering these questions will inform on the future evolutionary trajectories of the lineages involved (Wu 2001), i.e., whether they are likely to persist as distinct lineages or to fuse back in the future. In this context the amount of gene flow depends, among other factors, on the existence and efficiency of pre-mating barriers and mate choice, the genomic architecture of differentiation, the strength of selection of loci combinations in each genomic background, and on whether or not such combinations are involved in epistatic interactions (Wu 2001).
These questions are particularly relevant for conservation biology. Gene flow and introgression are processes that have recently become more important as human-mediated species translocations and range modifications bring into contact previously allopatric species or lineages that can still hybridize (e.g., Rubidge and Taylor 2005; Ayres et al. 2008; Senn and Pemberton 2009; VonHoldt et al. 2018). Distinct views on the evolutionary consequences of hybridization often conflict (Butlin and Ritchie 2013; Sætre 2013), which may hamper management decisions (Allendorf et al. 2001; Wayne and Shaffer 2016; VonHoldt et al. 2018). On the one hand, hybridization is often regarded as having negative effects on the conservation of endangered species because introgression may decrease divergence (Seehausen et al. 2008), impede reproductive isolation (Owens and Samuk 2019) and ultimately lead to genetic swamping (e.g., Rhymer et al. 1994; Roberts et al. 2010). Other negative effects of hybridization include the waste of reproductive effort in the generation of inviable or maladapted hybrid offspring (Lepais et al. 2009; Beatty et al. 2010) or the loss of locally adapted alleles (Bourret et al. 2011). In extreme cases, these situations may contribute to extinction (Todesco et al. 2016), particularly in species that are already rare or affected by other threats. On the other hand, hybridization and introgression have been growingly recognized as a source of genetic novelty, as they may increase diversity and facilitate the acquisition of advantageous alleles through adaptive introgression (Anderson et al. 2009; Whitney et al. 2010; Becker et al. 2013; Leroy et al. 2019) or prevent inbreeding depression (Johnson et al. 2010), thus enhancing the resilience of endangered populations (Tompkins et al. 2006) and even triggering biological diversification (Lamichhaney et al. 2016). This would suggest that the effects of hybridization on endangered species may sometimes be positive in conservation frameworks.
Carbonell’s wall lizard (Podarcis carbonelli) is a small lacertid lizard belonging to the Podarcis hispanicus species complex, a monophyletic group of genetically divergent but ecologically and morphologically similar species inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Harris and Sá-Sousa 2002; Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2012b; Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2011). Natural hybridization and introgression have been documented in Podarcis (Capula 1993, 2002), and the P. hispanicus complex makes no exception (Pinho et al. 2009; Renoult et al. 2009) despite ancient diversification with speciation events within the complex ranging from ~2.5 to 10 million years ago (Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2011). Most species of the P. hispanicus complex are parapatric and replace each other abruptly, a pattern that is likely mediated by the interaction between suitable ecological conditions and competitive exclusion (Caeiro-Dias et al. 2018). P. carbonelli, on the contrary, is sympatric with at least one other species of the P. hispanicus complex in most parts of its range (Podarcis vaucheri, Podarcis guadarramae, or Podarcis virescens) and meets Podarcis bocagei across a narrow contact zone (Carretero et al. 2002; Sá-Sousa and Harris 2002; Pinho et al. 2009; Caeiro-Dias et al. 2018, see Fig. 1). At this contact zone the two species are known to hybridize, but nothing is known about the level of reproductive isolation between P. carbonelli and the other species.
Remarkably, P. carbonelli has a highly fragmented distribution, throughout western Portugal, west-central Spain, and very small areas of southwestern Spain (Sá-Sousa 2008, see Fig. 1c) which has likely been shaped by a significant range reduction due to climatic changes after the last glacial maximum (Sá-Sousa 2001; Sillero and Carretero 2013), resulting in moderate levels of population substructure (Pinho et al. 2007, 2011). Several field studies have detected a trend of declining population sizes in recent years (Sillero et al. 2012, 2014), which, together with P. carbonelli’s limited geographic range and population fragmentation, led to the species categorization as endangered (EN) by IUCN (Sá-Sousa et al. 2009). Hybridization could, in theory, add to the existing threats to the species and the worrisome conservation status of P. carbonelli calls for an evaluation of the reproductive isolation as well as the amount and consequences of hybridization between the species and its congeners. To do so, we collected genetic samples from areas of syntopy and analyzed patterns of hybridization and introgression between P. carbonelli and other four co-distributed wall lizard species, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected with double digest RAD sequencing (ddRAD, Peterson et al. 2012). We sought to answer the following questions: (1) does P. carbonelli hybridize with conspecific co-occurring species? (2) if hybridization occurs, does it lead to interspecific gene flow or is it restricted to F1 hybrids? (3) is the strength of reproductive barriers similar across species pairs? and (4) considering that P. carbonelli contacts with at least one other Podarcis species across most of its distribution range, can hybridization threaten its persistence, and should it be taken into account when devising conservation plans?
Material and methods
Samples were collected between spring and autumn of 2013 in four contact zones between P. carbonelli and one of four other Podarcis species. In all of the contact zones the two species were found in strict syntopy. The sampling scheme was aimed at capturing all the individuals encountered, avoiding bias of age, sex or species. Lizards were captured with a noose, which is harmless, and kept in individual cloth bags until they were processed. All adults were identified to species-level in the field based upon a combination of coloration, head shape and behavior, but most juveniles were not possible to identify. Each sample was geo-referenced and photographed. A small tail tip was collected and immediately stored in 96% ethanol for subsequent DNA extraction. Animals were released the same day at the place of capture. We added reference individuals from nearby populations outside the contact zones (Fig. 1d, e) retrieved from the tissue collections of the CIBIO-InBio, Portugal, and EPHE-CEFE, France (BEV collection). Because of the scarcity of P. carbonelli in inland locations, we could not obtain reference populations for each of the three contact zones in Northwest Iberia and we therefore used the same P. carbonelli population (II in Fig. 1d) as reference for the contact zones 1 (with P. bocagei), 2 (with P. virescens) and 3 (with P. g. lusitanicus). These three contact zones are all geographically close (Fig. 1d) and given the low level of population differentiation reported for this part of the range (Pinho et al. 2011), this should not be an issue. Reference population II comes from an area where P. virescens is present but where we did not detect any syntopy (pers. obs.). Similarly, the southern reference population (V in Fig. 1e), used for the contact zone 4 (with P. vaucheri), comes from an area of sympatry with this species but is composed of individuals collected far from the actual contact zone and in habitats where P. vaucheri have never been observed (pers. obs., see also Discussion section). Sampling information for each contact zone and reference population is provided in Table 1 and detailed information about each sample is available in Supplementary Information Table S1.
The syntopy area between P. bocagei and P. carbonelli (contact zone 1) is located in a narrow coastal dune stripe about 450 meters wide with dune scrub vegetation north of the locality of Espinho (Aveiro District, Portugal, see Carretero et al. 2002). Across the area where both species were sampled in syntopy no obvious ecological segregation was identified. Podarcis virescens and P. carbonelli (contact zone 2) were found in the same walls of the castle of Santa Maria da Feira (Aveiro District, Portugal) clearly occurring in the exact same places. Although P. carbonelli is found in sympatry with the two currently recognized subspecies of P. guadarramae (P. g. guadarramae and P. g. lusitanicus; Geniez et al. 2014), only P. g. lusitanicus was used in this study (see Fig. 1 for details on geographic distributions). Specimens of syntopic P. g. lusitanicus with P. carbonelli (contact zone 3) come from a 500-meter-long area in Vale do Rossim (Serra da Estrela Natural Park, Guarda District, Portugal), an area dominated by sparse pine trees with relatively dense scrub cover with open patches and rocky outcrops. While P. g. lusitanicus was collected mostly on rocks, P. carbonelli was always found on the ground. P. vaucheri specimens in syntopy with P. carbonelli (contact zone 4) were found along a very narrow strip of a few tens of meters in the far northwest of the coastal village of Matalascañas (Huelva Province, Spain). Both species inhabited distinct micro-habitats, P. vaucheri human-made structures and P. carbonelli only semi-natural dune environments with pine trees and scrub vegetation. Individuals were collected along a 500 meters stripe comprising both environment types.
RAD sequencing, data filtering and SNP calling
We obtained ddRAD sequence data using modifications to protocols from Parchman et al. (2012), Peterson et al. (2012) and Purcell et al. (2014). The complete protocol is described by Brelsford et al. (2016). The main steps were the digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction enzymes SbfI and MseI, ligation of barcoded adapters to restriction sites, amplification of each individual sample in four independent separate PCR reactions, pooling of all PCR products and fragment selection between 400 and 500 bp using a 2.5% agarose gel. Samples used in this work were included in two separate libraries constructed following the same protocol. Both libraries included other samples not used in this study. One had a total of 329 samples and included samples from contact zone 1. This library was sequenced on eight Illumina® (San Diego, CA, USA) HiSeq 2000 lanes in the Lausanne Genetic Technology Facility (Lausanne, Switzerland), with single-end 100 bp reads. The datasets for contact zones 2, 3, and 4 were obtained from a library containing a total of 665 samples that was sequenced on two Illumina® HiSeq 2000 lanes at the Lausanne Genetic Technology Facility (Lausanne, Switzerland) and on four Illumina® HiSeq 1500 lanes at the CIBIO Next Generation Sequencing Platform (Vairão, Portugal), also with single-end 100 bp reads.
We demultiplexed individual raw reads using the process_radtags module of Stacks version 2.2 (Catchen 2013) allowing one mismatch per barcode, removing reads containing adapter sequence, reads with uncalled bases and reads that failed the Illumina® ‘chastity’ filter. We then tested the optimal de novo assembly parameters for our data set following the protocol described in Rochette and Catchen (2017) adapted to Stacks version 2.2, prior to the final de novo read alignment. For this test we used the samples of one contact zone only (P. carbonelli × P. vaucheri), running consecutively ustacks (build loci), cstacks (create a catalog of loci), sstacks (match individual samples against the catalog), tsv2bam (transpose data), gstacks (align each read to a locus and call SNPs) and populations (SNP filtering and output data) units. We performed separate runs varying the number of mismatches allowed between reads within individuals (M) and between individuals (n). As suggested by Rochette and Catchen (2017), we varied M and n between 1 and 9 and kept M = n, while the minimum depth of coverage to create a stack (m) was kept constant at 3, the ustacks default. Both in these prior tests and in the final analyses we used a bounded SNP model (--model_type bounded option) in ustacks, with an upper bound for the error rate of 0.1. Other than the mentioned changes to test the parameter values, we used default settings for all other steps of the pipeline. After completion of the pipeline for the 9 different sets of parameter values, we analyzed the numbers of loci shared by at least 80% of the samples and the distribution of variable sites within loci for the range of tested values. Based on this analysis we chose to retain M = n = 5 for the final de novo read alignment and SNP calling procedure, which was conducted separately for each contact zone and their respective reference populations.
The populations module from Stacks was used to filter out potential paralog loci by removing the resulting variants with higher than 0.7 maximum observed heterozygosity across all samples. Subsequently, vcftools version 0.1.15 (Danecek et al. 2011) was used to discard SNPs with depth coverage less than 8, SNPs with alleles with minimum frequency lower than 0.05, and present in less than 80% of the loci for each dataset. We then performed two additional filtering steps using a custom Python script (available at https://github.com/catpinho/filter_RADseq_data): i) we removed loci exhibiting more than 8 SNPs per RAD tag; ii) we kept only one SNP per locus, choosing the SNPs maximizing frequency differences between species. For each contact zone we then kept two separate datasets: the complete dataset with all filtered SNPs; and the diagnostic dataset including only loci with fixed differences between reference populations but excluding the loci with private alleles, i.e., loci with alleles that were not found in the contact zone. In each dataset and subset (see details below), individuals with more than 35% of missing data for each locus were discarded. Library construction, sequencing, demultiplexing and data filtering (except data subsets) were repeated independently for ~ 6% of the samples to evaluate replicability.
Genetic characterization of the contact zones and admixture analysis
The genomic variability among individuals was visualized by performing principal component analyses (PCAs) on the complete dataset for each contact zone separately using the adegenet R package version 2.0.1 (Jombart 2008; Jombart and Ahmed 2011). We then used Structure version 2.3.4 (Pritchard et al. 2000) to evaluate the proportion (Q) of each individual’s genome originating from each of the parental species and its 90% posterior probability intervals (CI), including the reference populations. For clarity we will refer to the proportion of P. carbonelli as QC in each contact zone, as it is the common element to all. The proportion of assignment of each individual to the other species in a particular contact zone is 1 – QC. The distributions of Qc scores in 10 classes of equal size for each contact zone are also reported.
The number of loci is variable between contact zones and this influences the ability of Structure to estimate the CI (confirmed by comparing preliminary Structure results with different number of loci – results not shown). Thus, the proportion of admixed/parental individuals across contact zones are not comparable based on Qc CI if we use largely different number of SNPs. We ran the final Structure analysis with the same number of SNP’s for all contact zones, to make the analysis across contact zones more comparable. We did this by selecting a random subset of 727 SNPs, the same number of SNPs as in the contact zone with the lowest number of markers (contact zone 3). Comparison of preliminary runs with five different random subsets for each of the three contact zones showed no substantial disparities (results not shown). We thus chose randomly one of the five subsets to present the results. We ran Structure for K = 2 for each contact zone, as we were only interested in detecting admixture between each pair of species, using the complete datasets for each of the contact zones. Runs were performed five times independently with one million repetitions and a burn-in of 250 000. We used a model assuming admixture and independent allelic frequencies using a prior of individual ancestry of 0.5, as recommended for unbalanced sample sizes by Wang (2017). The 90% Qc CI were estimated. Structure Harvester web version 0.6.94 (Earl and VonHoldt 2012) was used to visualize the likelihood of the data for each contact zone. The run that maximized the likelihood was retained and is presented in the Results. We opted for this approach, instead of concatenating the five runs for each dataset, as CI estimations are used in further analyses.
Individuals from reference populations were then used to calculate the hybrid index (HI) of each individual from the admixed population using the R package Introgress version 1.2.3 (Gompert, Alex Buerkle 2010). P. carbonelli parental individuals were set to have an HI of 1, and the other species were set to an HI of 0 for each contact zone. The proportion of loci in an admixed individual’s genome with alleles inherited from both parental species, i.e., interspecific heterozygosity (He), was calculated for each admixed individual using Introgress. This method for calculating interspecific heterozygosity assumes that parental allele frequencies are known. Therefore, the same individuals used as parentals for HI estimation were also used to calculate He. A triangle plot can represent the relationship between the HI and He (Fitzpatrick 2012). He ranges from 0 to 1, where values of 1 are interpreted as “perfect” F1 hybrids and values lower than 1 indicate later generation hybrids that have either backcrossed with the parentals (overlapping the lines of the triangle plot) and/or with other hybrids (below the triangle plot lines; Fitzpatrick 2012). This analysis requires that loci are fully diagnostic between species or at least exhibit large differences for a good approximation. Here we performed this analysis by restricting the SNPs just to loci with fixed differences between reference populations and excluding loci with private alleles from each population (diagnostic dataset).
To assess whether or not the strength of reproductive isolation between all the species pairs is similar, we tested if the overall genotypic hybrid composition was effectively distinct across contact zones, using Fisher’s exact tests. We tested the global independence of overall admixed genotype composition among the four contact zones, against the alternative hypothesis that the proportion of admixed genotypes is similar across contact zones, by evaluating the frequency of occurrence of two categories: “parental genotypes” (individuals with 90% CI of Qc overlapping 0 or 1) and “admixed genotypes” (individuals with 90% CI of Qc non-overlapping 0 or 1). Additionally, we tested if recent hybridization events have different contributions to each contact zone. To do so we performed a similar global Fisher’s exact test, but in this case, we considered the frequencies of recently admixed genotypes (QC between 0.4 and 0.6) against parental genotypes and later generation backcrosses (genotypes with Qc ≥ 0.6 and Qc ≤ 0.4). In the case that the global test was statistically significant we further performed pairwise Fisher’s exact tests to identify the contact zone pairs that present differences in genotype composition. All tests were performed with R package stats version 3.3.3 (R Core Team 2017) and for pairwise tests we applied a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Data filtering and SNP calling
Characteristics of the final datasets (complete and diagnostic), after removing loci with depth coverage <8 and missing data >20% and removing individuals with more than 35% of missing data are summarized in Table 1. Across complete and diagnostic datasets, mean coverage by individuals ranged from 28 to 47 and by loci from 28 to 44 (see detailed results in Supplementary Information Table S2). The analysis of replicate samples showed high levels (>99%) of multilocus genotype replicability.
Podarcis bocagei × Podarcis carbonelli
The PCA analysis based on the 19233 SNPs separated two groups: PC1 explained 46.1% of the variance and separated P. bocagei from P. carbonelli, broadly matching the field identification of each individual (Fig. 2a) but with several individuals in-between. PC2 explained 2.8% of the variance and is due to variation between P. carbonelli populations. We found 7.8% of P. bocagei and 73.9% of P. carbonelli “parental genotypes” while 18.2% of the individuals were identified as “admixed genotypes” (according to the Structure CI criterion; Fig. 3a). Most individuals had Qc values close to the extreme values (Supplementary Information Fig. S1a) as expected in bimodal hybrid zones. When plotting He against the HI (Fig. 3b) the results were concordant with Structure and PCA analysis, where most individuals showed at least some degree of admixture (He ranges between 0.03 and 0.82) and several parental individuals had residual levels of admixture indicating the existence of gene flow between the two species.
Podarcis virescens × Podarcis carbonelli
The PCA showed two clusters of individuals based on the 5207 SNPs analyzed (Fig. 2b). PC1 explained 51.8% of the variation, separating the two species while PC2 explained 2% of the variation and captured mostly intraspecific variability in P. virescens. The assignment analysis (Fig. 3c) and the distribution of Qc values (Supplementary Information Fig. S1b) were concordant with the results of the PCA. None of the individuals fell into the category of “admixed genotypes” and only 10.5% of the individuals had Qc values slightly deviating from 0 or 1 suggesting a residual level of admixture. The HI distributions were concordant with previous results and the estimations of He were close to zero (Fig. 3d). Therefore, no recent hybridization was detected in this contact zone.
Podarcis guadarramae lusitanicus × Podarcis carbonelli
The PCA revealed two main groups of samples based on 727 SNPs (48.9% of the variance explained by PC1) showing that the two species in the contact zone are clearly separable. PC2 explains 2.9% of the variation and captures mostly the intraspecific variability within P. g. lusitanicus. Several individuals were in an intermediate position between both groups along PC1, indicating recent hybridization (Fig. 2c). Based on Structure results 11.5% of the individuals with QC between 0.07 and 0.93 were considered “admixed genotypes”, confirming some degree of admixture, while 67.2% were assigned to P. g. lusitanicus and 21.3% to P. carbonelli (Fig. 3e), showing that most individuals had a Qc value close to zero or one (Supplementary Information Fig. S1c). Estimates of He were low for most individuals with HI close to 0 and 1 (Fig. 3f). Two individuals perfectly matched the predictions for F1 hybrids and one individual with QC = 0.52 had HI = 0.6 and He = 0.79, suggesting a backcross between an individual with mixed ancestry and a P. carbonelli “parental genotype”.
Podarcis vaucheri × Podarcis carbonelli
The first axis (PC1) of the PCA based on 3549 SNPs explained 24.6% of the variance (Fig. 2d) and, separating P. vaucheri from P. carbonelli, but with several individuals between the two groups. A large amount of variation among P. vaucheri individuals is obvious along PC2 (3.7% of the variance). Structure results showed that 7.9% of the individuals were assigned to P. carbonelli “parental genotypes” and 50.8% to P. vaucheri (Fig. 3g) but a large proportion of individuals (41.3%) showed some degree of admixture (Supplementary Information Fig. S1d), highlighting the permeability of the genomes to gene flow. Furthermore, the presence of individuals with high He revealed the occurrence of contemporary admixture (Fig. 3h). Because we used parental individuals from outside of the contact zone (virtually “pure”) to estimate heterozygosity and several parental individuals in the population of contact had residual levels of admixture (Fig. 3g), “perfect” F1 hybrids were not expected to be found, as in the contact zone 1. Surprisingly, two individuals in the contact zone 4 had He = 0 but HI ~ 0.35 and another individual had He = 0.02 with HI = 0.54 (Fig. 3h). Such results may be explained by poor estimates of heterozygosity due to the lower average coverage for these individuals compared to the others (data not shown). In this contact zone there were only four individuals, including these three, with depth of coverage lower or equal to 20x.
Comparison between contact zones
The total proportion of admixed genotypes, i.e., genotypes whose Qc 90% CIs do not overlap 0 or 1, ranged between 0 and 41% across different contact zones (Fig. 4a). In contact zone 4, the proportion of admixed individuals (41%) was almost half of the total genotypes. The global test revealed statistical differences among contact zones (Supplementary Information Table S3). When we compared the proportions of admixed genotypes between all contact zones, five comparisons were significant and we could reject the null hypothesis that the proportions are similar (p value < 0.008, the corrected significance level after employing the Bonferroni correction). The comparison between contact zones 1 and 3 (with 25% and 13% of admixed genotypes, respectively) did not differ statistically from each other (Supplementary Information Table S3).
Our results show that in three out of the four contact zones studied recent hybridization events (identified by the presence of individuals showing QC between 0.4 and 0.6 and high interspecific heterozygosity) are relatively rare; evidence for recent admixture was completely absent in the other contact zone (Fig. 4b). Recently admixed genotypes (Qc between 0.4 and 0.6) made up between 0 and 8% of the admixed genotypes across the analyzed contact zones (Fig. 4b). When we compared the number of recent hybrid genotypes vs. parental and later-generation admixed genotypes, the differences across contact zones were not significant and thus we could not reject the null hypothesis that the proportions of recently admixed genotypes in each contact zone were similar (Supplementary Information Table S3).
Our results provide evidence that P. carbonelli, a species co-occurring across most of its distribution range with at least another congener, can maintain its genetic identity in extensive sympatry in spite of incomplete reproductive isolation with the species it coexists with: in three of the four contact zones investigated we found that recent admixture has occurred, and that it is not restricted to F1 hybrids. The markedly bimodal distribution of genotypes in all contact zones suggests strong barriers to gene flow, however, even though the strength of reproductive barriers varies between species pairs. Interspecific gene flow is thus an important feature in the evolutionary history of P. carbonelli.
Species validity and persistence in the presence of gene flow
The four species studied here are indubitably distinct, valid species under all current species concepts, with divergence times based on mtDNA ranging between 3.9 Mya (P. virescens and P. carbonelli) and 10.1 Mya (P. vaucheri and P. carbonelli; Fig. 2e; also see Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2011), most of them with distinct morphology (Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2012b) and realized climatic niches (Caeiro-Dias et al. 2018). They also maintain highly distinct nuclear genomes in spite of multiple opportunities for hybridization, as evidenced by the PCAs on SNP data that reveal much higher levels of between- than within-species variation. Nevertheless, we found evidence for recent hybridization in three contact zones and our data suggest later generation hybrids and/or signal from older introgression events in the four contact zones (Fig. 3), indicating interspecific gene flow and a lack of complete reproductive isolation. As P. carbonelli is sympatric across all of its distributional range with other Podarcis species, these results suggest that hybridization is likely to occur across numerous populations of this species.
The overall deep divergence between our species (Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2011) and the strong bimodality of their hybrid zones in spite of the presence of introgressed individuals, other than first generation hybrids, is consistent with the notion that these species are in the late stages of speciation, where speciation is already well advanced but reproductive isolation is still incomplete. The bimodality observed for the hybrid zones is likely not the result of the recent establishment of these contact zones (i.e., few generations scale), as evidenced by the presence of a large proportion of individuals with some degree of admixture in contact zones 1 and 4 (Fig. 3b, h) and by the presence of individuals with residual levels of admixture in all four contact zones. In addition, hybridization is known to have occurred between P. bocagei and P. carbonelli (contact zone 1) for several generations (Pinho et al. 2009) and all the syntopic populations sampled for this study were known prior to sampling, sometimes for many years (pers. obs.).
The occurrence of regular gene flow between sympatric species at levels that do not reverse species divergence have been increasingly reported (Steeves et al. 2010; Palma‐Silva et al. 2011; McIntosh et al. 2014). Our results support the notion that introgression may be a regular component in the evolutionary history among the species of the P. hispanicus complex (Pinho et al. 2008; Renoult et al. 2009) and an integral part of the speciation process in general, not only in its initial stages but also in later stages.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors potentially influencing hybridization dynamics
Regular interspecific gene flow, even when rare, leads to extensive admixture over time and several generations of rare introgression would quickly remove all parental genotypes in the absence of post-zygotic isolation (Arnold et al. 1999). Therefore, post-zygotic barriers, such as high mortality or reduced fertility of highly admixed individuals, must be acting in these contact zones. In contact zone 1, hybrids do not have lower fertility than either parental species (Pinho et al. 2009) but the fitness of their progeny has not been evaluated. The rarity of F1 hybrids relative to pure genotypes may also be the result of pre-zygotic barriers preventing gene flow. For example, in half contact zones studied here, syntopy is accompanied by some degree of ecological segregation, also previously verified between P. bocagei and P. g. lusitanicus (Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2012a; Gomes et al. 2016). Chemically-mediated candidate species recognition systems were also found between several species of the complex (Barbosa et al. 2005, 2006; Gabirot et al. 2010, 2012), but actual validation of their effectiveness in natural conditions is entirely lacking. Deciphering the relative contribution of these or other pre- and post-zygotic barriers would require finer experimental dissection of each contact zone, but it is clear that post-zygotic barriers are crucial in maintaining P. carbonelli as a distinct species.
Why do levels of interspecific gene flow vary across contact zones? One would expect to detect increased hybridization levels between species with closer evolutionary relationships, as genetic divergence is positively associated with reproductive isolation (Pereira et al. 2011; Sánchez‐Guillén et al. 2014; Harvey et al. 2017). Remarkably, a higher level of admixture between P. carbonelli was found with the most phylogenetically divergent species (P. vaucheri) while we found almost no admixture with the most closely related species (P. virescens; Figs. 2 and 3; see also Kaliontzopoulou et al. 2011 for phylogenetic relationships). Consequently, the level of reproductive isolation does not seem to be explained by the degree of divergence in this system. The amount of reproductive isolation between P. carbonelli and the species it coexists with seems to depend more on other factors rather than on genetic divergence. In other systems, ecology (Funk et al. 2006) or phenotype (Stelkens and Seehausen 2009) were found to influence reproductive isolation.
While genetic divergence does not seem to determine reproductive isolation, the extent and duration of sympatry appears associated with the level of admixture in our system. The two species with the most restricted introgression are P. virescens and P. carbonelli (contact zone 2), which are the species pair with the largest area of total overlap across their distribution areas. On the contrary, P. bocagei and P. carbonelli (contact zone 1) are allopatric and only come into contact at a very narrow hybrid zone, where admixture is high. The two species with the highest level of admixture are P. vaucheri and P. carbonelli (contact zone 4), which are only marginally sympatric and are naturally segregated by their distinct use of microhabitats. In contact zone 4, P. vaucheri was observed exclusively in human-made structures while P. carbonelli inhabited semi-natural environments outside the village and the syntopy between them was restricted to the edge of the town. In the Doñana area (where Matalascañas is located), P. vaucheri seems to be restricted to man-made structures such as buildings, bridges, concrete walls, and was never observed in the sandy semi-natural habitats inhabited by P. carbonelli (pers. obs). Given that Matalascañas is a village where development for tourism is relatively recent, occurring mostly after 1972 (IECA 2014), and that elsewhere in the Doñana area we did not detect areas of syntopy, the two species may have only been in contact for a short time (several tens of generations). Human-mediated habitat modifications have been widely identified as factors promoting geographic contact between species and thus contributing to hybridization when pre-mating barriers are incomplete (Levin et al. 1996; Allendorf et al. 2001). Given the apparent negative correlation between the geographic extent, duration of sympatry and the levels of hybridization, our results are in line with the idea that reinforcement is important for incompletely isolated species to persist in sympatry (Bímová et al. 2011; Yukilevich 2012; Hudson and Price 2014). Further research needs to be done to formally test this hypothesis.
Hybridization may increase as a result of an imbalance in species frequencies, as the rarity of one species promotes opportunities for interspecific mating (Burgess et al. 2005; Lepais et al. 2009; Beatty et al. 2010). We detected hybridization in the three contact zones where the proportions of both species are highly imbalanced. The contact zone with the lowest interspecific gene flow (contact zone 2) had, apparently, a more equally balanced abundance of the two species in contact (Fig. 2b). This hypothesis remains to be tested but if it is valid the declining trend of P. carbonelli (Sillero et al. 2012, 2014) may make it more susceptible to hybridization when it comes into contact with more abundant species.
Outcomes of hybridization for P. carbonelli
Hybridization has long been emphasized as a threat to species, endangered (Milián-García et al. 2015; Vuillaume et al. 2015) or not (Rhymer and Simberloff 1996; Allendorf et al. 2001; Wolf et al. 2001; Wayne and Shaffer 2016). In our system, the level of reproductive isolation detected between P. carbonelli and its sympatric congeners seems strong enough to prevent global genetic swamping (see Steeves et al. 2010 for a similar conclusion in the critically endangered bird Himantopus novaezelandiae). However interspecific mating per se may have negative effects, such as wasted reproductive effort in small populations that coexist with more abundant congeneric species (Burgess et al. 2005; Lepais et al. 2009; Beatty et al. 2010). This is particularly relevant for the southern-most P. carbonelli population that came into contact with P. vaucheri (contact zone 4), more recently as well as, some of the small fragmented populations in the north that come into contact with P. g. lusitanicus. Alternatively, interspecific gene flow may be a source of favorable alleles or allelic combinations (Anderson et al. 2009; Whitney et al. 2010; Becker et al. 2013; Leroy et al. 2019) and a potentially important contributor to the origins of evolutionary novelty. Our data does not reveal if alleles crossed the species boundaries beyond the contact zones but given the variable levels of incomplete reproductive isolation between P. carbonelli and other co-occurring Podarcis species this is a topic worth studying in the near future.
At this stage, making detailed recommendations for conservation would be premature, but monitoring the amount of hybridization should certainly be part of any forthcoming management plan, particularly for the Andalusian P. carbonelli population that has recently been affected following human-mediated habitat changes. Most management plans now include a research program, given our findings, we highlight the need for these research programs to: (1) extend the evaluation of hybridization and interspecific gene flow across the P. carbonelli distribution; (2) investigate the extent of geographic and genomic introgression; (3) correlate the levels of interspecific gene flow with intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can modulate it; (4) look for traces of adaptive introgression from other members of the P. hispanicus complex. This will allow us to better understand which factors are involved in reproductive isolation as well as the evolutionary and conservation consequences of hybridization.
Raw sequence reads from ddRAD-seq are deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The BioProject accession number is PRJNA665746. VCF files with the complete datasets for each contact zone have been deposited on DRYAD (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0p2ngf51).
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We thank E. Pérez, M. A. Carretero, C. Rato, A. Perera, V. Gomes, N. Sillero, A. Crotini and A. Žagar for helping with sample collection. We also thank B. Gernster for the manuscript revision. This study benefited from the Montpellier Bioinformatics Biodiversity platform supported by the LabEx CeMEB, an ANR “Investissements d’avenir” program (ANR-10-LABX-04-01). GCD was supported by a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/89750/2012), and AK and CP by IF contracts (IF/00641/2014/CP1256/CT0008 and IF/01597/2014/CP1256/CT0009, respectively) under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano—Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional funds from the European Social Fund and Portuguese Ministério da Educação e Ciência and PAC by the ANR grant ANR-19-CE02-0011 – IntroSpec. Support was also provided by national funds through FCT projects: PTDC/BIA-BEC/102179/2008 – FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-007062, under FEDER COMPETE funds; PTDC/BIA-EVL/28090/2017 – POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028090 and PTDC/BIA-EVL/30288/2017 – NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-30288 co-funded by NORTE2020 through Portugal 2020 and FEDER Funds. Specimens for this study were captured and handled under permit numbers 119 to 124/2013/CAPT and 486 to 490/2014/CAPT by Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas (ICNF, Portugal) and permit 201318800014253 by Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente (Spain).
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Associate editor: Lounès Chikhi
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Caeiro-Dias, G., Brelsford, A., Kaliontzopoulou, A. et al. Variable levels of introgression between the endangered Podarcis carbonelli and highly divergent congeneric species. Heredity 126, 463–476 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-00386-6 | <urn:uuid:119ae17d-a1bc-4598-bd1d-742bdfad7113> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-020-00386-6?utm_campaign=related_content&utm_source=ECOEVO&utm_medium=communities&error=cookies_not_supported&code=9de8f3d7-0f44-446a-a61a-204af88707f5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.874744 | 15,172 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- Repression of fathers work (Re-emancipation)
- Execution of Lenin's brother led to Bolsheviks killing Tsars family.
- Influence of Konstantin Pobedonovstev (leader of Russian Orthadox Church at the time)-wielding immense power and influence.
RUSSIFICATION & EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
- Middle class
- PEACEFUL MEANS
- Wanted parliamentary governments like the Brirish
- Wanted political freedom
- Radical & Marxism
- Industrial Development
- split into two factions:
- Wanted broadening
- More open, less radical
- more peaceful means, happy for people to join who agreed with their ideas
- Lenins followers
- Wanted revolution
- Believed the future of Russia lay in the hands of peasants
- Terrorist Wing - 'People's Will' etc
-Killing and strikes leading up to 1905 revolution
-killed Grand Duke Sergei (Tsars uncle) along with many other Tsarist officials in attempt to have a form of national government and rid of the tsarist regime.
- Peasant uprisings
NICHOLAS II (1894 - 1917)
- Sergei Witle - 'THE GREAT SPURT'
- rapid industrialisation
- infrastructure (Trans Siberian Railway) - import goods, increase economy
- unemployment decreased
- POOR WORKING/ LIVING CONDITIONS
- strikes etc.... - 1905 revolution
- peasant uprisings
- growth of radical parties
- October Manifesto - Octobrists (Liberals)
- Fundamental Law (1906)-creating a national parliament & The Dumas (supposedly allowing people to have a say in major reform)
- growth of political opposition
- Bloody Sunday
- widespread famine / failed harvests
- poor working living conditions
- peasants who migrated for work or land
- Russo-Japanese War HUMILIATING DEFEAT (morale loss, loss of life etc) made the country look weak and vulnerable
- St Petersberg Soviet - assembly of workers, 400 strikers, organised strikes and published demands for radical social reform
- DUMA 1. - 73 Days, 2/391 requests passed
VYBORG MANIFESTO- 200 of the Duma 1 representatives refuesed to pay taxes as a form of resistance.
- DUMA 2. - Vyborg Manifesto participants not allowed
- 3 months & critisized army.
- DUMA 3. - electoral reform (only 30% richest men)
-land reforms - Duma of 'Lords & Lackeys'
- DUMA 4. - Stolypin assasinated, Finance minister took his place. Interrupted by WW1.
STOLYPIN UNDER NICHOLAS II
1906 - 1911
- independent peasantry
- redemption payments abolished, cheap land in Siberia
- freed peasants from commune.
- introduced death sentences, ceased newspapers, shut trade unions (decreased opposition)
1912 - 1914 demonstrations over living and working conditions.
- poor military performance - Battle of Tannenburg
- Military loss
- Nicholas II takes over as chief in command
- Economic crisis on home front, food shortages
- Tsarina distrusted all work effort and the influence of Rasputin deteriorated home front ( both political and economical)
- PROGRESSIVE BLOC (236/442 Duma representatives) - opposed Tsarism for a trusting government
FEB REV 1917 - TSAR ABDICATES
- Faced problems after war - challenges to political authority, break down of army & economic crisis / conditions of peasants.
- Return of Lenin - April Thesis -July Days (attempt of Bolshevik teakeover) - Lenin fled due to its failure and red guards put in prison.
- Government united with the soviet in attempt to bring order.
- Kerensky becomes Prime Minister
- Kornilov Affair - Kerensky releases Bolsheviks armed to fight General Kornilov (due to his poor judgement and paranoia that Kornilov and his troops were attempting to start a revolution)
-Bolsheviks made to look like hero's and state protectors
OVERTHROW OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
- Kornilov Affair - Kerensky releases Bolsheviks and red guards from prison, supplies weaponary to overthrow General Kornilovs "Apparent coup d'etat" which was in fact just kerenskys paranoia.
-Bolsheviks made to look like heroes and protectors of the state.
- Overthrow took place 5th Jan 1918, First Assembly Meeting, dispersed by Trotsky's red guards and by morning Lenin & Bolsheviks were in power.
- Communist dictatorship - Lenin.
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (USSR)
- 15 republics combined
- possessing own government in control of internal affairs such as education & health
- power still laid with communists
- multi-national communist state
- Replaced 'war communism'
- Trading allowed amongst peasants
- peasant tax introduced
- new currency to end inflation
- ban of independent factions
- Markets returned
- Produce increase
- Livestock increase
- Famine ended
- Peasants have more land
- No food shortages
BOLSHEVIKS COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP UNDER LENIN
- Civil War 1918 - 1919 - many different opponents, some people want return of Tsarism, others such as the Czechs wanted their own national state.
- WAR COMMUNISM -attempt to supply the army with their needs
- grain requistioning, terror, rationing etc...
- 1921 - famine - 7 million died.
creation of NEP | <urn:uuid:32373e98-6dcb-428f-8fdc-af1c2823e36e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/history_russia_1924_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882686 | 1,222 | 3 | 3 |
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Japan Display has developed a paper-like, low-power color reflective LCD that can display video.
Source: Diginfo TV
Topics: Electronics | Entertainment/New Media | Nanotech/Materials Science
Finally an e-ink-like color display! And the guy is asking if there are costumers for this! omg the best displays displays of that size we have now, like the Retina or AMOLED, consume on the order of 2W, this display consumes nearly a thousand times less!! (3mW when displaying stills). Taking into account that the screen usually accounts for 70% or more of battery drainage in these devices, it means that roughly this should increase battery life time by nearly 70000%!! Am I wrong?
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J. K. (Joanne Kathleen) Rowling, July 31, 1965 J. K. Rowling was born at Chipping Sodbury General Hospital in Gloucestershire, U. K. on July 31, 1965 to Anne and Peter Rowling. Two years later, her sister Dianne was born. Rowling attended Tutshill Primary and then went on to Wyedean Comprehensive where she was made Head Girl in her final year. Her University years she spent at Exeter University, where she received a degree in French. She later took some teaching classes at Moray House Teacher Training College and a teacher-training course in Manchester, England. This extensive education created a perfect foundation to spark the Harry Potter series that Rowling is renowned for. After college, Rowling moved to London to work for Amnesty International, where she researched human rights abuses in Francophone Africa, and worked as a bilingual secretary. In 1992, Rowling quit office work to move to Portugal and teach English as a Second Language. There she met and married her husband, a Portuguese TV journalist. But the marriage dissolved soon after the birth of their daughter, Jessica. It was after her stint teaching in Portugal that Rowling began to write the premise for Harry Potter. She returned to Britain and settled in Edinburgh to be near her sister Di, and attempted to at least finish her book, before looking for another teaching job. Rowling was in fact working as a French teacher in June of 1997 when she heard the news that her book would soon be published by London agent Christopher Little, in association with Bloomsbury Children's Books. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published in June of 1997 and was an overnight sensation. It won the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year and was shortlisted for the Guardian Fiction Award. Her first book also received a "Commended" citation in the Carnegie Medal awards. She also received 8,000 pounds from the Scottish Arts Council, which contributed to the finishing touches on The Chamber of Secrets. Rowling continued on to win the Smarties Book Prize three years in a row, the only author ever to do so. At the Bologna Book Fair, Arthur Levine from Scholastic Books, bought the American rights to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone for the unprecedented amount of $105,000.00. The book was retitled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for it's American release, and proceeded to top the Best Seller's lists for children's and adult books. The American edition won Best of the Year in the School Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, Parenting Magazine and the Cooperative Children's Book Center. It was also noted as an ALA Notable Children's Book as well as Number One on the Top Ten of ALA's Best Books for Young Adults. Her consecutive books in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, have taken first, second and third place on the New York Times Bestseller List for three years in a row. Rowling planned on the series being a culmination of seven books, one for each year of the main character's attendance at the Wizard's School. In a promising development for the new author, Warner Brothers bought the movie rights to the first two books of Harry Potter for a very substantial amount of money and has turned out three very successful installments of movies faithfully based on the books. | <urn:uuid:5ea75f83-a96a-41bd-98ab-4ed65e68ba3e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/harry-potter-7-books-1/9780747593690-item.html?ref=shop:books:jk-rowling-shop:j-k-rowling-1:3: | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00126-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978721 | 682 | 1.804688 | 2 |
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Young men perched on the rails of an overloaded truck shout a the top of their voices in the dusty potholed suburb near Kampala where I live.
They are calling out for potential customers for a product that is used in all parts of urban Uganda. Unlike their counterparts who sell vegetables and foodstuffs and even herbal drugs, these guys on the truck haven’t yet acquired some cheap speakers that can play recorded messages about their goods on a loop.
Maybe their elevated points at the top of the lorry enable them to be heard without artificial amplification. Or it is because the product they are selling is used by millions of households in Uganda and therefore don’t need to go all the way.
Charcoal is the second most used source of energy after firewood in Uganda. Many households depend on either of those products or both. In urban areas, charcoal is much more used than in rural areas where firewood is the main source of energy.
As Uganda increasingly urbanizes, the dependency on charcoal increases by the day. Charcoal just like firewood is a byproduct of trees, which have been cut across the country so people can eat steamed Matoke or well mingled maize meal. Obviously, this is contributing to the severe dry spell that we have been experiencing for the past three months or so.
The drought has left many people dead in Karamoja while in some other parts of the country, Ugandans are on the brink of starvation. Our agriculture is largely subsistence where people only grow food for domestic consumption using the same methods as their great grandparents centuries ago.
Agriculture is largely dependent on rainfall. When the rains are expected like this September (start of the second annual wet season), people start. preparing their gardens for planting crops. If the rains don’t come, then a disaster like we are experiencing today looms large on the horizon for most families. And if they come early, a crisis ensues.
We must embrace technology not only in farming but also in other areas. We need a paradigm shift in our energy consumption. Should we continue depending on firewood and charcoal or protect our forests by relying on other sources of fuel such as electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)?
The move by the ministry of Energy and Mineral Development to distribute one million LPG cylinders is the right move. Previously, the same ministry had created a system where units of electricity for cooking have been subsidized.
We need to see more of such initiatives but also make it expensive for people especially in the urban areas to use charcoal. Charcoal distributors can be licensed for sustainable management of forests but also increase taxation on them while reducing on those involved in clean technologies such as briquettes.
Regulating this trade is key. A campaign to discourage use of charcoal is also important for urban dwellers. The argument that charcoal is cheaper than electricity or even LPG is a myth that needs to be debunked.
Most times, once the cooking is done, lit charcoal remains unused leading to wastage. It is cumbersome to use and dirty and many times, traders like those boys on the truck that frequent my suburb sell sacks that are full of other materials that aren’t necessarily usable charcoal.
Protecting our forests and putting in place other measures that protect the environment will reduce on the frequency of harsh weather events so that when the rains come like they did over the weekend, they don’t cause as much havoc as they did in Mbale over the weekend and other parts of eastern Uganda.
By the time of writing, 10 people had died in the floods. Appropriate technology must be embraced to improve our yields as well in case of prolonged dry spells.
In Kampala, dairy products were not being stocked at the level they usually do just because cows didn’t have enough grass and water. An image even circulating on social media claimed that in some supermarkets, milk was being restricted to two litres per a customer!
A prolonged dry spell is the worst worry for farmers including those you would expect to be deploying technologies for irrigation.
This comes at the time when there is already shortage of food particularly wheat from Europe amidst a global inflation crisis partly attributed to the after-effects of Covid-19 and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. We must embrace new ways if we are to avoid the repeat of the disaster in Mbale and Karamoja.
The writer is a communication and visibility consultant. | <urn:uuid:87bafb6a-47ce-4770-8bfc-2abca394201a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webmail.observer.ug/businessnews/74629-fellow-ugandans-prepare-for-looming-harsh-weather-events | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.959672 | 912 | 2.203125 | 2 |
This August I will be sending my second child to college. I have sat through two college orientations and my favorite session is the personal safety session for parents. I have learned a lot about how to help my college-age kids safe while at college. I have a lot of confidence in my girls being able to protect themselves and being aware of their surroundings while at college.
However, let’s be real here. There are some potential situations that girls or any kids can face at college (or even high school). Some situations may be unavoidable, bad decisions may be made, or small problems can become big problems. Drinking, drugs, sexual assaults, bad roommates, thefts, and fights can be situations they could face.
In light of this, here are twelve safety tips for college students and young adults. These are tips that have been given by safety officers, campus police officers, and some common sense tips from myself. These are tips that can be used to avoid or prevent a bad situation from happening.
1. Have your college student put the phone number of the campus police department in their phones. They will then have it in case of emergencies. Yes, they can still call 911, but they might get a faster response calling the campus police directly. Most campus police departments are staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. At the college my daughters go to, they will also provide a safe escort home at any time during the day.
2. Write down all serial numbers to any electronics they will be taking with them. Keep a copy in their dorm and at home. In case of theft or damage, you will be able to provide that information to the police and the insurance company.
3. If your kids are taking a bicycle or moped to college, write down the serial number to them. Also, you should take a picture of the bicycle or moped and keep the information in the dorm room as well as at home. I was surprised to learn how many bicycles they said were stolen every year and never recovered. They also recommended using a U-shaped bike lock to keep the bicycles safe.
4. Talk to your kids about issues and situations they may face while at college. You should sit down and talk to your kids about dealing with other people in a non-confrontational way, not engaging in fights unless they need to defend themselves, drinking and drugs, protecting themselves from date rape/sexual assaults, and protecting their things. I know you might have had these conversations with them already, but a refresher would not hurt.
5. Enroll your kids, especially your daughters, in self-defense classes. Most colleges offer these classes, either as a class or through the gym/wellness center. Make sure your daughters especially take this as it could save their lives.
6. Teach your kids about staying safe, the college edition. Teach them to walk with another person when they go out at night. Teach them about going out in groups. Talk to them about getting a safe ride if they need a ride home instead of walking by themselves. Talk to them about letting a roommate or a friend know if they are going out on a date or out with other friends so someone knows where they are at.
7. Teach your kids about situational awareness. If an area or place does not look safe, they should avoid it. If something seems off about a person or persons, teach them to trust their instincts and get away as soon as possible. Teach them that saying no is okay and they need to do it if they don’t want to be in a potentially bad situation.
8. Give your kids the tools to protect themselves. Provide them with pepper spray or mace. Teach them about using a small knife to defend themselves and get away. Teach them to use a tactical pen. Enroll them in self-defense class or show them yourself where to hit an attacker to disable them enough to get away. If they are about to be attacked in any way, teach them to yell or scream for help.
9. Teach your kids to not engage someone on social media in a negative way. Social media can be a great thing, but bullying and harassment are very, very common on social media. Teach your kids to not engage someone who may be trying to engage them in negative ways. Teach them to also not start anything negative on social media. If someone is doing this to them and it does not cease, they should tell their resident assistant or the campus police. These situations can escalate out of control quickly. Harassment is a tough thing to prove, but the charges are very serious.
10. Find out the chain of command for their dorm or apartment and make sure your kids know it. Find out who your kid should go to if they are having problems with roommates or fellow college students. While I believe in kids settling problems directly with the person they are having trouble with, we all know that sometimes a peaceful solution may not be had. Then your kid needs to talk to someone to get a situation resolved.
11. Teach your kids to keep their rooms or apartments and vehicles locked at all times, but especially when they are gone from them. You would not believe how many kids do not lock up behind them. They believe they are invincible and no one would want their things. They would be so very wrong. They need to keep their rooms and vehicles locked up unless they are there. The campus police or regular police have less sympathy when they find out things have been stolen from unlocked places. The insurance company has even less sympathy.
12. Teach your kids to become friendly to their neighbors, roommates, and others. The friendlier your kids is to others, the less likely they will be a target for anything. People watch out for people they like and are nice to them. Proven fact. Kids should be cautious, but being friendly can pay off in big dividends too.
College is not a scary place, but scary things can happen if college kids are not careful. They are out on their own for the first time and feel invincible. Parents, it is your job to help them understand they aren’t and what they can do to protect themselves.
Thanks for reading, | <urn:uuid:057df1ff-13b9-4036-923c-b3af6da7dbfa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://livinglifeinruraliowa.com/2015/07/12-safety-tips-for-college-students.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.976996 | 1,275 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The performance of the Groceries Code Adjudicator (GCA) is to be examined in a statutory review launched by government yesterday, which could also lead to an extension of its role to cover more of the supply chain.
The Grocery Supply Code of Practice (GSCOP) currently covers the 10 largest UK supermarkets and is designed to help control practices that have a negative impact on suppliers. Since the appointment of Christine Tacon in 2013 as GCA to oversee the code, there has been an 8% fall in code-related issues reported by supermarket suppliers from 2015, and a 17% decrease compared to 2014.
Alongside the statutory review, the government has launched a call for evidence to explore the case for extending the remit of the GCA, to include indirect suppliers to supermarkets.
Business Minister Margot James said: “It is important that suppliers of all sizes get a fair deal when working with supermarkets. The Groceries Code Adjudicator is making a significant impact, with suppliers reporting that nine out of the 10 retailers covered have improved their compliance with the Code over the past year.
“We are also looking at evidence for extending the GCA’s remit in recognition of concerns raised by other suppliers in the grocery sector – particularly primary producers and farmers – who are not covered by the Code. Government wants to do all it can to help these businesses and we look forward to hearing their views and those from across the sector.”
The statutory review will collect the evidence needed to assess the GCA’s performance and make sure the role is effective.
Commenting on the review, NFU President Meurig Raymond said: “The GCA plays an important role within the grocery sector and we must recognise the success Christine Tacon, the GCA, has achieved within the retailer sector over the last three years.
“The NFU believes the power of the GCA’s presence has enabled this change and therefore this way of working now needs to be replicated throughout the whole supply chain.
“Sustainability, risk management and volatility management must be the food supply chains core principles for British farming businesses to thrive. Unfair trading practices limit these principles of success and leads to smaller parties like our British farmers, losing out. This must stop.
“We would like to see agri-sector voluntary codes of practice, such as the Dairy and Livestock Voluntary Code, made compulsory and overseen by the GCA to give them more teeth. This will give primary producers the confidence that the supply chain is not abusing their buying power and position over that of the British farmer.”
- Where at: The GCA is obviously working, is just the beginning in terms of retailers included and suppliers affected, with no evidence whistle-blowers having been compromised…
- Where headed: Therefore, extension of remit is ‘no brainer’…
- Effect on you: An opportunity to continue the progress to fair-share supplier-retailer dealings.
- Action: As always, any success depends on supplier willingness to submit evidence, carefully… | <urn:uuid:b8d4895c-e22b-4322-9e08-73c81759d621> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kamcity.com/namnews/uk-and-ireland/supermarkets/government-launches-review-of-gca-amid-calls-for-role-to-be-extended-to-cover-more-of-the-supply-chain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953725 | 641 | 1.671875 | 2 |
The author of the book: Leslie S. Greenberg
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 6.83 MB
Edition: Guilford Publications
Date of issue: 25 December 1990
Description of the book "Emotion in Psychotherapy":First published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
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Download EBOOK Emotion in Psychotherapy for free | <urn:uuid:5e80703c-78d8-49a4-b1a7-2dcf4e98071f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://clearwalksoft.com/medical/61396-emotion-in-psychotherapy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888524 | 359 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Great question! My work focuses in climate change and how it affects the ocean, so for me the answer is very clear: reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Global warming is mainly caused by gases in the atmosphere, like CO2, trapping the heat from Sun. Most of the CO2 we produce does not go to the atmosphere though, around 85% goes to the ocean! So the ocean is basically saving our assess at the moment, but not for long: an excess of carbon in the ocean makes the water more acidic and puts marine life in danger, that’s exactly what we are seeing right now. No marine life = no carbon capture in the ocean = all carbon goes to the atmosphere = Earth warms enormously. Not a pretty picture. | <urn:uuid:7f12f37b-a254-4534-be2b-b76e9c0ee84f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spacen16.imanengineer.org.uk/question/do-you-have-any-ideas-based-on-what-you-saw-stop-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.936259 | 156 | 2.984375 | 3 |
23MAR 2021 15:00-16:00 CET
Challenges in Frontotemporal Dementia: clinical, genetic and pathological heterogeneity’ by Harro Seelaar
The speaker is Neurologist and Postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands. His expertise and research focus are in the field of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia.
Organized by the European Reference Networks for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) in collaboration with the Neuromuscular Diseases ERN (ERN Euro-NMD) and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN). | <urn:uuid:8b2d40c0-265b-4391-a3da-c8e50fa4c37a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ern-euro-nmd.eu/event/challenges-in-frontotemporal-dementia-clinical-genetic-and-pathological-heterogeneity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.828314 | 136 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Both civilians and police officers were killed during anti-government protests on 11 and 12 August in Sierra Leone. Hundreds of people took to ... the streets on Wednesday 11 August to protest against economic conditions in the country.
Ethiopia is giving us a glimpse of a set of dynamics that could come to shape African life in complicated ways. Last week, the Biden administration announced new sanctions aimed at reducing violence in the Tigray region, where conflict between the forces of President Abiy Ahmed and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) has caused massive human rights abuses affecting millions. The sanctions will target all sides of the conflict, including Ethiopia’s neighbour, Eritrea.
China, in the form of Spokesperson Zhao Lijian, decried what he called “the wanton exertion of pressure through sanctions or the threat of imposing sanctions to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs.”
This was hardly a surprise, falling in line with China’s general non-interference policy. However, it’s important to point out that this hands-off approach doesn’t reflect a lack of influence in the region, far from it.
China is a major investor in Ethiopia and has been instrumental in the low-wage manufacturing boom that has provided the country with a glimpse of possible prosperity. This development is now in the balance due to the Tigray crisis. China is also a major lender to Ethiopia and the co-chair (with France) of a committee of creditors looking to restructure its debt under the G20’s Common Framework. So China is hardly lacking in leverage in Ethiopia.
This tendency to play dead in the face of a well-documented humanitarian crisis is echoed by the AU. In theory, the AU is the direct opposite of China, in that it has a “duty to non-indifference” which gives it the option to overrule the sovereignty of member states in the case of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and war crimes.
In reality, the body has proven largely toothless, which ends up reinforcing China’s decision to step back, even as Dai Bing, China’s charge d’affaires at the UN called on everyone to “resolve African issues in an African way.”
China and the AU’s unwillingness to take on Abiy leaves places additional burdens on the United States. Zhao, literally in the next sentence following his denunciation of Biden’s sanctions, called on the US to “prudently handle relevant issues and play a constructive role in restoring peace and stability in the country.”
It’s difficult to say what that even means in this context. Samantha Power, Biden’s head of USAID found herself snubbed by Abiy on a recent visit to Addis Ababa, which must have contributed to the sanctions decision.
The sanctions are arguably both a sign of US power and of its decline. The US president still has the power to target foreign actors via sanctions. However, Abiy is sufficiently shielded by the AU and China that he can afford to respond to the sanctions via a theatrical open letter on Twitter accusing Biden of abetting, rather than opposing human rights abuses. The sanctions could make his life harder, but nobody should expect them to take him down.
The article continues below
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And this is the larger lesson from this crisis. It’s not only that China tends to evoke non-interference only when it suits its interests, or that a picture of the AU should appear under “repeated disappointment” in the dictionary.
It’s that everyone knows that sanctions are the only weapon left in the US arsenal. It’s a satisfyingly symbolic card to play, but sanctions tend to wreck the fragile economies at which they’re aimed. They actually make it easier for bad leaders to entrench their power by imposing an endlessly exploitable external crisis, and China is only too happy to play into this dynamic. Remember Zimbabwe?
This article was first published in The China Africa Project.
Understand Africa's tomorrow... today
We believe that Africa is poorly represented, and badly under-estimated. Beyond the vast opportunity manifest in African markets, we highlight people who make a difference; leaders turning the tide, youth driving change, and an indefatigable business community. That is what we believe will change the continent, and that is what we report on. With hard-hitting investigations, innovative analysis and deep dives into countries and sectors, The Africa Report delivers the insight you need.View subscription options | <urn:uuid:93e34901-b0e6-43c9-be83-4b7d34c29c64> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theafricareport.com/130405/the-us-imposed-sanctions-on-ethiopia-and-china-is-not-happy-about-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.950054 | 1,006 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Voted as the most innovative company for three consecutive years during 2006-2008 and voted as America's number 1 most Admired Company (McGregor, 2008), Apples faces a major challenge to continue growth at this level.
Describe two factors you think Apple should consider as the company develops long-term strategy for growth.
If Apple were to build a balanced scorecard, what two objectives do you think should be included in the learning and growth perspective? You may use examples from the balanced scorecard institute's website, www.balancedscorecard.org.
The first factor that Apple Inc should consider as the company develops long-term strategy, is that it should focus on cost reduction. Apple should become a cost leader. It has all the requirements of being a cost leader. It can realize economies of scale. It has very large sales volumes. It should use its assets efficiently, exercise bargaining power with suppliers, and reduce operational costs.
The second factor that Apple should consider is that its research and development should be closely aligned with customer needs. It should ascertain potential customer ...
This posting gives you a step-by-step explanation of research & development at Apple Inc. The response also contains the sources used. | <urn:uuid:811f4449-c858-4541-96eb-b21be01fc4f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://brainmass.com/business/leadership-skills/strategic-leadership-and-innovation-at-apple-inc-535736 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00442-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965046 | 249 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Want to provide cat owners with tips to ensure that their fantastic felines remain happy and healthy?We turned to two of the city’s top feline specialists for their advance regarding keeping your feline friend healthy and happy.
Manhattan Cat Specialists
Arnold Plotnick, veterinarian and founder of Manhattan Cat Specialists, offers these wise words for cat owners:
1.Conduct regular at-home exams to ensure that your cat is healthy. Check eyes, ears and nose for signs of discharge. Your cat’s gums should be pale and pink. Teeth should be white and tartar free.
2.Offer healthy treats for teeth, hairballs, heartworm prevention and upper respiratory infection prevention (lysine tablets).
3.Because city cats are generally inside, spend time engaging cats in physical activity.
Manhattan Cat Specialists is a full-service center offering boarding, grooming, an online pet supply store, microchipping and adoption.
The Cat Practice
Skip Sullivan, veterinarian at The Cat Practice, advises city cat owners of the following:
1. It is not uncommon for owners to erroneously believe indoor cats do not require routine check-ups. Remember, cats are good at hiding their ailments.
2.The most common health concerns for city-dwelling cats are respiratory illnesses that can develop due to exposure to carcinogens such as smoke. Obesity is also a great concern. Control cats weight with a limited, healthy diet.
3.Provide vertical refuge, such as cat trees, as well as scratching posts. If your cat does not initially take to a scratching post, keep trying. Substitute posts with different materials or try different locations. You, your cat and your furniture will be glad you stayed on this until you found a solution that works for everybody.
The Cat Practice boasts more than 30 years caring for felines in a pleasant, dog-free environment.
New York City Cat Hospital
Receiving rave reviews from feline fans for their state-of-the-art facility and kind, caring staff, New York City Cat Hospital, specializes in the care of purring pets. In addition to veterinary services, it offers boarding and adoption.
Pet Health Store
Although Whiskers is not staffed by veterinarians, this holistic, whiskered wellness center is a great option for pet owners who want to avoid life-long prescriptions for allergies, joint pain, etc. Whiskers is also a great option for uber-natural and safe treats, kitty litter and pet skin care. | <urn:uuid:85d9fc78-f7ad-4abc-9204-e60fb689470a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://newyork.cbslocal.com/guide/the-best-tips-resources-to-keep-your-new-york-cat-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00108-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923684 | 524 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Volunteer fire departments, many already struggling to get by on tight budgets, may soon find that they must forgo equipment upgrades and other necessities in order to buy health insurance for their firefighters, depending on how the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) interprets ObamaCare’s employer mandate. The scenario has alarmed fire departments across the nation, which have pleaded with the IRS to treat volunteers as volunteers, not employees. It has also attracted the attention of at least one congressman, who has vowed to introduce legislation exempting volunteer fire companies from the employer mandate if the IRS does not announce that it will interpret the healthcare law in such a fashion.
The employer mandate requires employers with 50 or more full-time employees to offer affordable health insurance to these employees or pay a fine for each employee who instead buys insurance on an exchange. The law defines “full-time” as working 30 or more hours per week.
One might think that volunteer firefighters, by definition, would not be considered employees, and thus their fire companies would be exempt from the employer mandate. In Washington, however, reason seldom prevails. Thus, while the Labor Department considers volunteer firefighters non-employees, the IRS does not. The agency’s website states:
Generally, tax laws apply to firefighters in the same manner as for other types of workers. It does not matter whether firefighters are termed “volunteers,” are considered employees, or are identified by any other name, if the work they do is subject to the will and control of the payer, under the common-law rules, they are employees for Federal tax purposes.
Other details complicate matters even further.
“Central to the concerns from the volunteer firefighter community,” reported the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Patriot-News, “is the lack of clarity in the law as to how volunteer companies are identified — whether as individual, small companies or part of larger county or regional companies, or even the local municipal or borough governments that provide the bulk of appropriations that fund them.”
“You may be in a town where there are five different companies that make up the fire department but those have separate federal id numbers,” Pennsylvania state fire commissioner and local fire chief Edward Mann told the newspaper. “Do you count only people in those stations separately or do we have to count all the people between all five stations as the total?”
Then there’s the matter of what constitutes work that must be counted toward the 30-hours-per-week definition of a full-time employee. Obviously, time spent responding to calls would count, though as Mann told the Patriot-News, “When you are a volunteer fire company you have no control of when you have calls.” But what about other times when volunteers are on duty but not putting out fires?
“How exactly would they total up hours on duty for volunteers?” Rep. Lou Barletta (R-Pa.) inquired in a press release. “Does it mean when a volunteer is wearing a beeper or carrying a fire department cell phone? Does it include downtime at the station house? Listening to a scanner? These are all legitimate questions raised since Obamacare has been forced on Americans.”
Barletta is leading the charge in Congress to get the IRS to exempt volunteer fire departments from the employer mandate, and with good reason: 97 percent of Keystone State departments are either fully or mostly volunteer, according to the 2012 National Fire Department Census. Nationwide, 87 percent of fire departments are either completely or mostly volunteer.
“Forcing volunteer fire companies to comply with the Shared Responsibility Provision [i.e., the employer mandate] will not extend health insurance to the uninsured,” Barletta wrote in a letter to acting IRS commissioner Daniel Werfel. “Rather it will close firehouses and place communities at risk.”
“Furthermore,” he pointed out, “subjecting volunteer fire companies to the Shared Responsibility Provision may force them to eliminate volunteers in order to avoid classification as a large employer.”
Barletta asked the IRS “to clarify that nominally compensated volunteer emergency responders are non-employees of the agencies they serve under the” employer mandate. “This could,” he argued, “be achieved by utilizing existing language in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and Internal Revenue Code (IRC) that allow for individuals to receive ‘… reasonable benefits and nominal fee(s) …’ while still being considered volunteers.”
Whether the congressmen will fare any better than the many firefighters’ associations and local fire companies who have written the IRS about the employer mandate remains to be seen. If the agency stalls, however, Barletta has one recourse that the firefighters don’t: He told the Patriot-News “that if the IRS did not respond to the concerns by this week, he planned to introduce legislation that would clear up the matter.”
Fire departments can afford to wait a little while for answers to their questions because the Obama administration unilaterally delayed the employer mandate for a year. But no one likes uncertainty, and it won’t be long before fire companies and the municipalities that oversee them have to start budgeting for 2015.
“I can tell you right now we can’t afford it [health insurance for volunteers],” Mann told the Patriot-News. “While a volunteer fire department may not have a payroll, the rest of it isn’t free. The only part that is free is the labor.”
The potential application of the employer mandate to volunteer fire companies is “another unintended consequence of a law passed that some people thought was terrific,” he added — one that will make Americans less safe.
As Barletta put it in his statement, “If Obamacare is the law of the land, then so is the law of unintended consequences, and there seems to be a lot of that going around these days. Just like the flu.” | <urn:uuid:72695b37-aead-4852-8bfb-585313d00ee1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/health-care/item/17143-volunteer-fire-depts-alarmed-over-obamacare-s-employer-mandate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96047 | 1,249 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Up the stairs to Barney Zeitz’s bedroom, light peeks in from the stained glass pieces on the wall, leaving purple and blue shadows on the wood. The railing on the right, welded by Mr. Zeitz, curves alongside the stairs until it meets his and his wife’s bedroom door.
“That’s one of the first windows I actually saved, it was a keeper,” Mr. Zeitz said of the leaded stained glass window in his room, depicting winter trees with a glowing red sun. He made it when he was 22 years old.
“I did the closet doors, and that’s my drawing,” he said of the black and white seascape with hills rolling from one door to the next. “I call it The Water View I Can’t Afford. And here’s my favorite little kitty.”
He reaches down to pet his furry cat sitting luxuriously on the purple bed, looking rather king-like with the beautiful emerald light fixtures hanging on either side and light waving in from the stained glass window above.
Across the room is a centerpiece made from crushed glass that, when the light hits, looks like a glowing crystal from a science fiction movie — elegant and enchanting.
“There’s something about that light coming up from below,” said Mr. Zeitz.
And that’s just one of the rooms of his house.
On Saturday and Sunday from 4 to 8 p.m., Mr. Zeitz is hosting an open house and studio for all to celebrate his 40th anniversary of working as an artist on the Island. There could be no better area to showcase his work than Mr. Zeitz’s house itself; every corner of his home, which he designed and built, is filled with pieces that show the evolution of his work through the years.
In the 1970s he taught himself how to create leaded stained glass, then mosaics, and then fused glass, experimenting along the way.
“I started welding because I wanted to be able to make my own frames,” he said.
The typical wood frames made the glass look bulky. So he thought he would give welding a try.
“Mostly I did a lot of this stuff because I just wanted things for my house,” he said.
Welding opened up a whole new outlet. Mr. Zeitz started doing light fixtures — like the chandelier that hangs in his atrium, outdoor furniture, and even sculptures, many which are on display in his own backyard.
Others can be seen around the Island, like one of his favorites called Wings, at the Point Way Inn in Edgartown, or another favorite, the Osprey, at the Granary Gallery. The osprey, which took more than three months to complete, is made of forged and welded stainless steel, with a wingspan of 50 inches.
“Nobody would have thought to make a directly-welded sculpture like this,” he said. “They would make a wax form and hand it to a foundry and cast it in bronze. It would look very different and you wouldn’t get these details, like the feathers.”
The feathers curl up gently from the osprey’s body, giving the illusion of flight. And when the sun hits the sculpture, the wings shine like gold.
The Martha’s Vineyard Hebrew Center commissioned Mr. Zeitz to create a stained glass window, and he often restores stained glass windows for churches in the community.
Mr. Zeitz has performed work off-Island, too, starting with a memorial at the Rhode Island Holocaust Museum.
“That was my first sculpture — it was 12 feet tall and weighed about 4,000 pounds,” he said. “I built it over there with a tent around it.”
He points outside from his studio window, which he built in order to fulfill a commission. The 15 by 17-foot window grid was once his canvas for a stained glass window set now in Queens, N.Y.
Now light floods through it into his ever-changing studio, where tools and masks hang on the walls; past drawings and sketches are stacked about, and coffee cans of crushed glass collect in corners.
“It’s a little bit crazy but that’s how I live,” Mr. Zeitz said. “I think that’s what I want people to know when they’re coming over is that they can see everything. Like this is the first sketch I brought up to Queens, and here’s a sketch of an outdoor shower.”
Next to his kiln are shelves of sheet glass stacked like vinyl records, only more fragile.
“I don’t throw anything out which is part of why the place is so messy,” he said.
But the scraps can always be reused. The sheet glass can be smashed into pieces and made into a mosaic. A cobalt glass centerpiece that broke by accident is now a mini amphitheatre for some little welded characters.
“Oh, this guy works with me, this is Mike,” said Mr. Zeitz, introducing a thickly bearded man entering the studio. “He makes seriously big swords.”
“Giant swords,” said Michael Caughwell. “They’re replicas of ones from video games.”
“They weigh about 60 pounds,” said Mr. Zeitz.
“I’m not insane!” Mr. Caughwell insists. “People pay me for them. Anyway, I’m just dropping something back, then I have to scoot off again.”
The two men chat for a bit about Mr. Zeitz’s birthday gift of charcoals for his assistant, and then he’s off.
“That’s the best thing that ever happened, when Mike showed up,” said Mr. Zeitz.
“I’m 61. I welded this osprey by myself. Ten years from now I don’t know if I’ll be able to do it. Welding is physically abusive, there’s heat, there’s spray, I get stuff in my eyes all the time. It’s smelly. People think they want to weld but they really don’t . . . but I love it.”
He continues showing things around his house, pointing out a small kerosene lamp.
“This is the very first lamp I made for my parents,” Mr. Zeitz said. “There’s something from every period of my life in this house.”
His charcoal drawings of family and friends fill the walls, colorful lights dangle from the ceiling, and outside the furniture, shower and arbor shine in the rain.
“I did all this stone work,” he said of the steps around the door. “These came from a church in my home town.”
“Everything took years, I didn’t just say, ‘Oh I’m going to build this arbor now.’ I didn’t have the money or time. One year I did the footing, then the stones, then the arbor, then the sculptures.”
From tiny mosaics to a majestic arbor, Mr. Zeitz has filled his home not just with pieces of art, but pieces of himself from the past 40 years.
“When you do something for yourself it’s more pure. This is what I do just for art’s sake. It’s art I do for me.” | <urn:uuid:b21f6896-da67-41bc-b5ea-21ba205af629> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2012/08/02/artist-barney-zeitz-celebrates-his-window-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970027 | 1,656 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Russia isn’t a country known for its rich golfing history, and with good reason. The sport was introduced in the country only after the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
Russian golf has enjoyed some prominence in the last year thanks to the rise and performance of Maria Verchenova at the 2016 Rio Olympics where she carded a 62, the lowest score in Olympic history. However, a report emerged earlier this week that one of the country’s most prominent male golfers recently committed a gruesome crime.
Will Stewart of the Daily Mail provided the details of Artem Nesterov, the first male golfer from Russia to be named master of sport.
Russia’s first top golfer has been arrested on charges of murdering and beheading his mother with a kitchen knife. Artem Nesterov decapitated the 66-year-old woman then fled by car, crashing three times into fences, local police say. He called his wife, his sister Lydia, 30, and the police to report the gruesome killing.
The 37-year-old golfer was detained the day after he allegedly murdered Lyudmila Nesterova. He will be held for two months as investigations continue, ruled Shcherbinsky district court of Moscow. The body with a severed head nearby was found by police in a detached house in Yerino village, near Moscow. She had suffered multiple wounds including to her abdomen.
— "Riggs" (@RiggsBarstool) August 17, 2017
It later emerged that the frenzied attack came after the golfer had a row with his wife, who complained to him about the amount of time he spent at work. The couple has a one-and-a-half-year-old child.
After the row, Nesterov left to visit his mother – a former tourist guide and interpreter – saying she could “comfort him.”
In 2003, Nesterov was the first Russian golfer to be awarded the title of master of sports. He was also a Russian champion in a sport that was only introduced to the country after the fall of communist rule in 1991. The sportsman had been working as a coach for ten years.
Law enforcement officials said Nesterov had confessed to the ‘intentional murder” of his mother, and was charged accordingly.
— — —
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Never be the odd golfer out when your friends are talking about the latest or funniest happenings in golf. Sign up for the SxS newsletter today! | <urn:uuid:4001b854-00ca-4021-823f-c7232e3d3684> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clubhouse.swingu.com/lifestyle/russian-star-golfer-arrested-decapitation-murder-mother/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.982253 | 589 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Croatia Waterfalls (Europe)
Click here for the full World of Waterfalls map
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Croatia Waterfalls have been making a reappearance on the world stage after tourism there was in a long recovery resulting from the aftermath of the Yugoslavian Civil War in the 1990s. And I think the world is fortunate that the waterfalls within Hrvatska (Croatia in Croatian) have remained intact (for the most part). For it's here that you'll find what I think maybe one of the most beautiful series of waterfalls and lakes in the world in the Plitvice Lakes
(pronounced "PLIT-vits-uh"). There's also another set of karst-like waterfalls in Skradinski Buk
and Roški Slap
, which are both in Krka National Park.
So far these are the only major waterfalls we've seen while in Croatia, but we're quite certain that there are so many more in the less-touristed parts of the country that have yet to be affected by mass tourism.
In addition to waterfalls, Croatia seems to have no shortage of charming cities and towns emphasizing pedestrian zones while preserving Roman, Venetian, or Dalmatian heritages in the architecture and layout as well as the food. In fact, just about every town we had visited while in the country seemed to feature these charming pedestrian centers, and perhaps the most dramatic examples are the old centers of Split and Dubrovnik.
But it was the waterfalls that drew us to the country in the first place, and we're eager to share our experiences, especially considering it had been a long time coming before we finally got to visit...
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To get a glimpse of what each waterfall looks like, check out the table below. Click on the waterfalls to read more about them.
Have comments (or would like to read other people's comments) about the waterfalls in this region? Click here
Or have comments (or would like to read other people's comments) about a particular waterfall in this region? Click here
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[Go to the Europe Waterfalls Page]
[Return from Croatia Waterfalls to the World of Waterfalls Home Page]
Have You Been To A European Waterfall?
Share your experience!
Click here to see general visitor comments for this region
Click here to see visitor comments for waterfalls that we've visited in this region
You can use the form below, but if you find our host's interface too troublesome to use (especially if you're trying to upload photos), then just send a text submission anyways using the form, but also let us know that you'd like to attach photos. If you've provided an email address via the form, then we can reply back acknowledging your request, and you can then reply to that email with your photo attachments. We're very sorry about this, but there's not much we can do about SBI's terrible interface. | <urn:uuid:a5354d6b-45a3-40c0-99ca-f629c8e6a8c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/europe-croatia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960563 | 623 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Saving a Mapping (*.ind) File
You can load a data file from the Project Warehouse, but you cannot save your mapping file directly to the Project Warehouse. You can save your mapping (*.ind) file to your home directory, where only you can access it, or to a group dropbox, where you can share it with other users in your group.
Once you have saved the mapping file, you can also export it to your local computer (You must have popups enabled)
Moving the Mapping File into the Project Warehouse
If the mapping file is located in your home directory, you can use PEN within the NEEShub (use the “Launch Tool” button, do not download the tool to your local computer) to move the file from the home directory into the Project Warehouse.
If the mapping file is located on your local computer, you can use PEN locally (download the tool to your local computer and launch it from there) or the Project Editor to move the file into the Project Warehouse.
If the mapping file is located in your group space dropbox, you cannot move it directly into the Project Warehouse. You will need to move it to your home directory (using SynchroNEES) or download it to your local computer before you can move it into the Project Warehouse.
NOTE: The Project Warehouse will not automatically associate a data file with inDEED. To indicate to the Project Warehouse that a data file has been mapped and can be opened using the inDEED tool, you need to tag the file as an inDEED file. Please see this tutorial for more details. | <urn:uuid:e4c88ac6-70b5-402e-b2e8-839b1963c4e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://nees.org/wiki/DataVisualization/SATSavingMapping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00026-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924104 | 335 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Current Top Sellers
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Light Red Kidney Bean - Exceptional culinary quality, with a silky texture and thin skin. Mild flavor and dry flaky texture is best baked or in soups. Medium sized plants are sturdy with a bush habit. Widely adapted, producing well even in cool, wet climates like the Northeast.
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Country of Origin: Product of Canada
Ingredients: Kidney Beans Light
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Allergen Warning: This product was processed on machinery that also processes wheat, peanuts and tree nuts. | <urn:uuid:90d4cd1d-0434-4510-8bd2-be73ae26a9f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.vedicpro.com/groceries/lentils-beans/swad-kidney-beans-light-4-lb-1816-grams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905705 | 222 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Why Andy Murray, and not Lewis Hamilton, is Britain’s greatest EVER sportsperson
Who is Britain’s greatest EVER sportsperson? Lewis Hamilton or Andy Murray? Or someone else? Michael Graham makes the case for Andy Murray.
Last week, Lewis Hamilton won his sixth Formula 1 Drivers’ Championship, unquestionably cementing his position as one of Britain’s greatest ever sportspersons. In fact, many have asserted that Hamilton must now be considered the greatest ever sportsperson produced by the United Kingdom.
There is a convincing argument for that, and it has been made expertly by our sister site Planet F1. However, they are ultimately wrong. The accolade belongs to Andy Murray.
The reasons I say that are plentiful, but let’s start with the simplest: Andy Murray uses the same racket as everyone else.
I accept that it is too simplistic, and easy, for those without a love of F1 to reduce it to simply a question of whoever gets the best car wins the most races. Hamilton is brilliant, the best of his generation by far. It’s important to state that at the offset.
The aim here is not to detract from anything Hamilton has achieved. Quite the contrary, in fact. Hamilton’s legend, and Murray’s surpassing of it, only serves to elevate the Scotsman’s legacy even more.
That said, there are two important caveats. Firstly, Hamilton has driven, and won World titles for two teams, and both times they gave him the best car over the season. There were six years between his first title and his second, and those six years were the ones during which Red Bull, not McLaren or Mercedes, had the best car.
Secondly, you’d have to say that, while Hamilton is the best of his generation, it’s a pretty mediocre generation in the grand scheme of things.
There has been no Michael Schumacher (at his peak) or Alain Prost, or Nikki Lauder, or Ayrton Senna for Hamilton to beat. Sebastian Vettel is probably the best of the rest, and he is nothing special. Vettel is an interesting case-in-point, because he himself has four World titles, just two shy of Hamilton himself – all of which when it was he, and not the Brit, who drove the better car.
But that certainly hasn’t been the case for Murray. For all his three Grand Slam titles, the accepted measure of greatness in tennis, may seem paltry to Hamilton’s six World titles, everything that Murray has achieved – everything – has been in an era when he’s had to compete against the three best players his sport has ever produced.
Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic have all already surpassed Pete Sampras, who held the previous record of Grand Slam titles, and they aren’t even finished yet. On top of that they have achieved their success while competing against each other.
Murray then, to win his three Grand Slam titles, has not only had to beat one all-time great, but three. Even to reach nine Grand Slam finals when having to go through such opposition is incredible in itself, never mind actually win some of them.
But let’s not allow ourselves to fall into the trap of believing it’s all about Grand Slams for Murray. They form just one part of his legacy.
Murray is a double Olympic champion, an ATP Finals winner, and a former world No 1. He has won a total of 46 singles titles (so far) – a number that just 13 players in the Open Era can better. He is a Davis Cup winner.
For me, though, the true measure of Murray’s brilliance, and what really sets him apart from Hamilton, is that he has achieved greatness is a sport that Great Britain is not set up to succeed in.
Britain and Motor Sport are traditional bedfellows. The UK has always produced great racing drivers, and great racing cars, and they always will. The infrastructure is there for drivers to succeed.
Indeed, no country has produced more Formula 1 World titles (19) or World Champions (10) than Great Britain. In fact, no other country has produced more than three World Champions. Hamilton was even succeeded as World Champion for the first time by another Brit in Jenson Button.
The same can’t be said of Murray, though. Tennis is not set up for success in Britain. The infrastructure and traditions are simply not there.
When Murray won Olympic gold in 2012, he was the first British player to win a tennis singles gold medal for over 100 years. When he won Wimbledon in 2013, he was the first British man to win the All England Club title for 77 years. When he led Great Britain to the Davis Cup title in 2015, it was the country’s first success in the competition for 79 years. A year later, he became the first British man to ever be crowned world No 1.
There had been no one even comparable to Murray in British tennis since Fred Perry in the 1930s before he arrived on the scene, and there doesn’t look like there is anyone waiting in the wings to take his mantle now either.
In short, what Murray has achieved has been done without any help from a successful system of development in British tennis. He is not a product of success, he is the success. He has defied the tide.
He has also defied injury too, often spectacularly. The hip injury that cost him two years of his career was actually taking hold when he was hauling himself to the world No 1 ranking. And, most remarkable of all, Murray came back to tennis this year with a metal hip – and has already won an ATP Tour singles title (and a doubles one for that matter).
Murray has been to the very top of the world in his sport, defying injury and a desperately sub-standard development infrastructure, and he has beaten the greatest players his sport has ever known to earn his legacy. That’s a claim that no one else in British sport can make – no one.
Lewis Hamilton is a great British sportsman. Of that, there is no question. Sir Andy Murray is just greater.
Exclusive – Tim Henman backing Emma Raducanu after her stunning return to form
Tim Henman has told Tennis365 that Emma Raducanu will stun the sporting world once again
Emma Raducanu blows past former World No 1 to reach last 16 in Cincy
Emma Raducanu was clearly the better player as she claimed her first win over a top 20 player since her US Open title run.
Andy Murray hit by cramps again Cameron Norrie scrapes battle of the Brits
Andy Murray claimed the opening set but Cameron Norrie saved nine break points and downed the former World No 1.
US Open wildcards: Venus Williams and Dominic Thiem handed slots
Williams, who won at Flushing Meadows in 2000 and 2001, will compete at the age of 42.
ATP Race to Turin: How things stand as tour rolls into Cincy
The ATP Race to Turin is getting tight.
Rafael Nadal cautious but excited ahead of ATP Tour return
Rafael Nadal says that he ‘has to be careful’.
Gael Monfils’ injury woes continue as he withdraws from US Open
Gael Monfils ruled out of another Grand Slam.
Emma Raducanu urged to stick with Dmitry Tursunov by former British No 1: ‘Her tactics were good’
Emma Raducanu and Dmitry Tursunov off to a good start in Cincy.
Simona Halep hits $40m mark in WTA career-prize money earnings, only behind Serena and Venus Williams
A look at where Simona Halep sits on some of the all-time WTA lists.
Exclusive – John Lloyd opens up on his broken marriage to Chris Evert
John Lloyd believes his marriage to Chris Evert was doomed to fail as the pair were simply too young and had the eyes of the world on them. | <urn:uuid:3acbe43f-fc6e-4f64-8524-e0b2b40b3aca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-features/why-andy-murray-and-not-lewis-hamilton-is-britains-greatest-ever-sportsperson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.974064 | 1,766 | 1.5 | 2 |
To play the media you will need to update yourFlash plugin.
A Musical Based On A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens for Unison and 2-part Voices. Composed by Sally K. Albrecht and Jay Althouse. This edition: SoundTrax CD. Children's Musicals and Programs. Christmas and Choral. CD only - No Sheet Music included. Published by Alfred Music (AP.24029).
Item Number: AP.24029
Inst. arr. Steve Herold.
A Dickens of a Christmas is the classic tale of covetous miser Ebenezer Scrooge, brought to life with a powerful score and a Dickensian-style script that is sure to impress. When visited by the ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future, Scrooge is forced to see the coldness of his own humbug ways, and learns to honor Christmas in his heart. Characters include your favorites like Jacob Marley, Bob Cratchit, Mister and Missus Fezziwig, an inspirational Tiny Tim, and many others - enough for all of your theatrical students. Guaranteed to be a moving 40-minute holiday presentation or program! Recommended for grades 4 and up. Performance time: approximately 40 minutes. Based on Charles Dickens' classic tale A Christmas Carol. Includes background information on Charles Dickens and various Christmas traditions. | <urn:uuid:7b782ae5-de6e-4028-9dcb-d005afa58e64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/look_inside?R=7634577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00115-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906314 | 274 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It's always easier to learn theory when it's directly related to something tangibleespecially a detailed, real-world example you can use. But there are a few essential database terms I want you to know right away, so let me introduce them using a make-believe example.
A table is a grid of rows and columns. Often there are gridlines to distinguish the columns and rows, but the lines themselves merely provide visual clarity. Table 1.1 is a table of contact information for the members of the Hoops Club of Littletown, Georgia, which each Sunday gets together to watch an NBA game on TV.
Notice that the data in any particular column is of the same kind. For example, the Last Name column has only last names, and the Phone column has only phone numbers. Also, each row contains data about just one personyou won't find any information about George Harrelson in the Helen Michaelson row.
Field, Record, and Value
On the first day of my high-school bookkeeping class, my teacher asked us to define debit and credit. Many students had had some exposure to accounting, and they produced a range of definitions. Each was quickly dismissed by the CPA standing before us, who easily produced counter-examples and exposed logical errors for all attempts. Finally, he said, "Just remember: Debit means left side, and credit means right side." It was the most useful thing anybody ever told me about accounting.
Database theory and accounting theory might have little in common, but in this one sense, they are alike: A simple definition can sometimes serve best. So I ask you to think of a field as a column in a table, even though a more informative definition might be "a single trait or characteristic about the subject of a table." In Table 1.1, Last Name, First Name, Address, and Phone are all fields.
In the same way, it's best to think of a record as simply a row in a table, even though a more comprehensive description might be "a group of traits about a particular item." In the table, the data in the first row beginning with Michaelson and extending through 555-6548 is a record.
A value is the actual data entered at the intersection of a row and column. In the table, Helen is a value in the First Name field, and 42 Karl Malone Dr. is a value in the Address field.
The next four chaptersindeed, most of this bookare an attempt to answer the question "What is a relational database?" So I don't try to define it now. But I ask you to remember three things: | <urn:uuid:cfb18621-0f52-4d82-a1db-7a781bd4789f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flylib.com/books/en/3.28.1.20/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.939524 | 549 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Extracts from Reports of Officers Commanding Armed Guards
May 17, 1917.
EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS
OFFICERS COMMANDING ARMED GUARDS.
Lieut. Jas. L. Kauffman, e In charge fitting out at Norfolk:-
Instructions of Captains of Merchant Ships:
(h) From conversation with a dozen captains or more, who have been through the war zone, it is considered surprising that more ships have not been sunk. In regard to running darkened, the majority seem to think this very dangerous, because of possible collisions, and very few have been practicing this even on recent trips.
(i) The majority running for Liverpool insist on picking up Fastnet or Scilly Islands before proceeding to Liverpool. Their reason for this being that they are afraid of running aground unless they obtain a “fix”. As one captain expressed it: “If I run her aground or hit something I lose my license and job, and even if I am hit by a torpedo, I may be saved.”
(j) Most of them dislike to run zig-zag because of the delay, also because it makes navigation more difficult. The slow freight boats are very sluggish and a change every ten minutes, makes them difficulty to navigate.
(k) Most of them do not care for instructions, trusting principally to “luck”. The captain of the ROCKINGHAM (sunk May 1st) told me he had been over eight times and had not seen a submarine, and he thought it was a matter of luck, regardless of instructions.
(l) The instructions state that the crews of merchant ships shall be instructed in handling the guns, etc. From a careful inspection of the crews on freighters, most of them appear to be foreigners and men of very nondescript character, who would be most in different pointers, sight-setters, etc. Another objection is that very few of the crews make consecutive trips on a ship. It would appear desirable to have the ship’s officers trained as pointers, sight-setters and gun captains, and if possible, 3-inch guns furnished.
(m) Every ship that has been armed here has been delayed from four to ten days because of lack of merchant crews. Men come in here on the ships, and leave just before sailing, thus delaying the ships. Most of them receive from fifty to one hundred per cent per month, including time in port. Firemen get $100 a month, and seamen $90 per month, with $100 or more in case they lose their effects. One company asked if the Navy could furnish first and second deck officers and engineer officers, as they couldn’t get them. This delay in sailing is becoming more serious every day, and the delays becoming longer.
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Lieutenant Hazard, U.S.Navy,
In Command Armed Guard,- S.S. “FINLAND”:-
“She averaged 12.5 knots outward and about 14 knots homeward bound. This was due not only to the weather but also to the firemen, who are of a poor grade. The Chief Engineer assures me that she should easily make 15.5 knots if given proper firemen.”
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Lieut. A. H. Miles,
In Command Armed Guard,9 S.S. “PHILADELPHIA”:
“The ship was darkened each night, save for the navigational lights prescribed by law, the master being averse to running without these although told that complete darkness was advisable.”
“We were stopped at Rathlin and given instructions regarding route by a converted yacht. They will not use word of mouth on account of passengers and others being within hearing, but use hand semaphore. This fact alone makes it necessary that all merchant vessels have competent signalmen on board.”
“The ship was handicapped on the eastbound trip due to poor firemen. A large number deserted just prior to sailing and the water front was scraped to get what was available. In some instances, men shipped as firemen had never handled a shovel before. We sailed with a shortage of over a dozen men, which with the inferior quality, caused our speed to only average 16 knots across. Besides the men lay off whenever they please and in many cases refuse to go on watch. There does not appear to be a semblance of discipline in this respect, and I was told by the Chief Engineer that it is due to the La Follette shipping law that such a state of affairs exists. This is very serious in war time and such sections of the bill that cause this should be repealed.
Officers and men are receiving a 50% war time bonus on the American Line.” | <urn:uuid:bc0b8848-0050-467c-95d4-8554ff42f906> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/wwi/may-1917/extracts-from-report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.969443 | 1,040 | 2.171875 | 2 |
While sharing tea and biscuits with a group of children’s centre staff a common and widely heard assumption raised it head again…
Them: “Men just don’t to be engaged”
Me: “what with?” (thinking they meant their services)
Them: “ Their children. They just don’t want to do it”
Me: “Do they not? How do you know this?”
Them: “because the mothers tell us, they tell us that they get in the way”.
And there in lies the rub. This group of professionals, desperate to make men “better”, were actually adding another dimension…they wanted fathers to be “more like mothers” (actually said, out loud, in public, no fear).
Well… here is the shocking thing – MOTHERS CAN GET IT WRONG. They are trained for motherhood through their life, told to be caring, giving and selfless. They have ALL the parenting advice and information tailored for their needs, ALL the professionals attention from conception to the babies are adults. And yet they still get it wrong. We do them a disservice by expecting them to be great, and holding them up as something for fathers to aspire to.
Fathers get very little information, training or support and societal expectations do not match their own high expectation of themselves as fathers.
Of course, many mothers do a fabulous job. So do many fathers. More often both mothers and fathers feeling their own way through, making mistakes, learning and loving. That’s normal. What isn’t normal is the balance of focus on mothers.
Over the years I have heard many expectations of fathers, from risk to resource. The most commonly heard expectation now is that they will share more care of their children than their fathers did with them. Yes, that is happening. It is happening without the experts talking to them, without a decent shared leave system. It’s happening because men and women have worked it out between them.
One of the staff at the Childrens centre gallantly said that she “treats all men the same as she treats mothers”.
Really? Does that really happen?
Evidence still shows services are not engaging widely with fathers, and when they do the engagement’s mainly through manly activities, father-only groups or IT / job search stuff. Do they treat women to the same narrow choice? No.
Treating fathers “the same as you treat mothers” denies their experiences, their history and their role. Fathers’ experiences of early years are different to women’s, for a start they are lucky to not be ignored or sidelined.You could try really listening to them.
When shoe-horning (is that a word?) men into a service designed by women for women, we should not be surprised that it is an uncomfortable fit for all concerned. But do not let that make you think that fathers are not ‘engaged’ with their children. More likely that you just don’t know what is going on. | <urn:uuid:a718f408-9d41-4216-8e3f-3af92170c5cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://expectingtogether.wordpress.com/2014/06/05/want-to-know-why-men-dont-use-family-services-start-with-how-you-think-about-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00394-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975403 | 655 | 1.8125 | 2 |
The surface of the choppy water acts as a diffuse reflector.
Work Step by Step
As Figure 23-4a illustrates, diffuse/specular reflection from a rough surface bounces every which way. At practically every location in the water between you and the moon, there is some facet of the water surface that reflects the light to you. If the water were even choppier, the column of light would become wider. If the water surface were as smooth as a mirror, you would see an image of the round moon on the surface of the water. | <urn:uuid:e727ac5f-ea72-4483-a7e5-6187daeac724> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/physics-principles-with-applications-7th-edition/chapter-23-light-geometric-optics-questions-page-671/7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00021-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980766 | 114 | 3.28125 | 3 |
There are growing calls for stricter international controls to stop ISIL militants making money by selling looted antiques on the black market.
France is one of those warning that precious objects from historic sites such as Palmyra in Syria are ending up in the hands of western dealers.
Deborah Lehr, the Chair & Co-founder of the Antiquities Coalition, said: “Your average customs official will know if he sees a kilo of cocaine, that it’s automatically illegal.
“But if they’re seeing an ancient pot, they don’t know in some cases whether it’s just a tourist trinket or if it’s a 3000-year-old urn.”
What they don’t destroy, ISIL is selling with forged documents, and experts insist there has to be more vigilance to spot looted items.
Richard Kurin from the Smithsonian Institution, a major museum and research organisation, said: “There are some collectors on the market who’ve actually said right out that a way to protect this material is to buy it.
“Of course, that’s a fallacy, it just means the price provides more incentive for ISIS (ISIL) to loot more and sell more and make more money.”
Some countries are circulating lists of items likely to be looted from Syria and Iraq, and many museums are signed up to a database of suspicious objects. | <urn:uuid:3f2a2f6b-ebf6-4668-97a6-4d41d0d275b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.euronews.com/2015/12/10/isil-militants-raising-funds-by-selling-looted-antiques | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.92427 | 296 | 2.296875 | 2 |
The Web filter works hand-in-hand with Internet Explorer 7.0+, Vista’s version of Microsoft’s latest Internet browser. In other words, it won’t work with browsers like Firefox or Opera. You can, of course, block access to such browsers if they’re installed on your system.
With time limits, you can fill in a grid to block use of the computer for standard accounts hour-by-hour. The grid represents an entire week, so you can, say, mandate stronger controls for weeknights than for weekends. It’s not powerful enough, however, to offer blockage of specific days of the year or any other exception to the week-by-week, hour-by-hour administration.
The game controls are the weakest link. You can conveniently launch Parental Controls from the Games window, and you can mandate which games can and cannot be played by the various standard accounts on the computer—either by rating or specifically. Be wary, though; while Vista contains a catalog of thousands of games along with their ratings, games that it doesn’t recognize aren’t affected by Parental Controls.
For example, in my testing, I installed Battlefield 2142, which Vista didn’t see as a game. Even though I blocked all games rated above Everyone 10+ by the ESRB, I could still launch Battlefield 2142 through my standard account. To block it, I actually had to treat it as a generic application and block it from the program access controls.
Besides that, I was also disappointed that Parental Controls don’t mesh with Media Player 11 as they do with IE7. I could use the Web filter to block file downloads and specific sites, I couldn’t use any movie filter to block DVDs based on MPAA ratings.
That leads to a major take-away from this article: Parental Controls are not babysitters. No matter how tightly you set access restrictions, a child might still find a way to view something that you consider objectionable. Protecting your children is up to you; Parental Controls are tools that can help you, but they won’t do it for you.
To see what your standard account users are up to, you can use and analyze activity reports. They’ll let you know what sort of programs your users have been opening, Web pages that have been blocked, and more. They also indicate overrides—instances in which ad admin password has been used to get past Parental Controls—so you can find out whether your password has been stolen. Continued… | <urn:uuid:0318feb0-3f09-4ff2-b32a-7bc534ec0af7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.extremetech.com/computing/77714-lock-down-vista-with-parental-controls/3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00011-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950353 | 537 | 1.710938 | 2 |
A Glimpse of Our Home in Heaven
Heaven will be the future dwelling place of all true Christians. Heaven will be the eternal presence of everything that can make the believer happy, and the eternal absence of everything that can cause sorrow. The Bible tells us several things about Heaven.
- Heaven Will Be a Perfect Place
Heaven is a real place. It is as real and as material and as literal as the cities of Chicago and London here on earth. When you write a letter and use the word “Heaven”—spell it with a capital “H”—just as you would spell the word “Houston” or any other city. Heaven is not simply some state of being, or some blissful state of existence. It is a prepared place for a prepared people.
Many sneer at Heaven. They say it’s merely a land of make-believe. Others say that the only heaven humans will ever experience is the heaven on earth that they are able to achieve. But Jesus set the record straight when He said, “I go and prepare a place for you; if it were not so, I would have told you” (John 14:2). Jesus says that Heaven is a real place.
- Heaven Will Be a Haven of Rest
Heaven will be a place of rest from sorrow and suffering. The next to last chapter of the Bible says, “And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain; for the former things are passed away.” Anyone who is familiar with suffering and physical affliction in this life; anyone who has walked up and down the corridors of our hospitals; anyone who has seen the tremendous pain and anguish that human beings are called upon to pass through—must marvel exceedingly at the extent of this glorious promise. In this life, our bodies are subject to disease and accident and old age. In Heaven we will have new bodies, and they will be free from physical limitations. Withered arms will be made whole. Blind eyes will see. The lame will walk again! Heaven will be a haven of rest; we will rest from pain and physical affliction forever.
- Heaven Will Be a Habitation With God
Revelation 21:3 says “And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them . . . and (shall be) their God.” The greatest joy about Heaven is the fact that those who are saved will be with God forever. The greatest thing about Heaven will not be the rewards, the crowns, the white robes, the walls of jasper, the streets of gold. The greatest thing about Heaven will be our eternal fellowship with the Son of God—the one who loved us and redeemed us from sin.
Heaven will be a habitation with God—a place where we will dwell with God, not only for a day, but for all eternity. The Bible says, “God himself shall be with them, and he shall be their God.”
- Heaven Will Be a Completion of Knowledge
There are many things we don’t know here in this life, but the day is coming when our knowledge will be perfected and completed. The Bible says, “For now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then shall I know, even as also I am known” (1 Corinthians 13:12). The question is often asked, “Will we know each other in Heaven?” Surely if we know our loved ones here in this life (with only a partial knowledge), we will know them when our knowledge is completed and perfected (as it will be in Heaven).
Every individual in Heaven will have a complete, perfect knowledge. And this means not only that we will know each other without the formality of introduction, but it means too that we will understand why it was necessary in the providence of God, to endure trials. The dark things will be made plain. The trials and temptations—the burdens and sicknesses—all these will be understood.
- Heaven Is a Home Secured Only in Christ
On the outskirts of a southern Ohio town, there is a sign along the road that says, “Drive carefully, heaven can wait.” Apparently those responsible for the sign think that everyone is going to Heaven, and that when people are killed on the highway, they immediately go to Heaven. But it is not really true that every human being is going to Heaven. It is true that every human being is eternity-bound; but not all are Heaven-bound.
The only hope any person can ever have for getting into Heaven is through a personal faith in Jesus Christ. His is the only name under heaven (given among men) whereby we must be saved. Jesus plainly said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life; no man comes unto the Father but by me” (John 14:6).
To get into Heaven, we must come according to God’s terms. This means believing that Jesus died for our sins; it means repenting of a past life of disobedience and sin; it means surrendering our wills to the will of God. The moment we appropriate the death of Jesus Christ as an atonement for our sins through faith, repentance, and baptism—God’s Spirit will dwell within, and God gives us the power and the desire to keep His commandments.
Heaven is a wonderful place. William Beiderwolf told of the little girl who was blind from birth. She never saw the beauties of earth like we see them. The only thing she knew about the beauties of nature, was what her mother tried to describe to her. The family had a noted surgeon work on her eyes, and finally the operations proved successful. After many months—the day came when the last bandage dropped from her eyes. She flew into her mother’s arms, and then to the window, and then to the door. And as the glories of earth rolled into her vision for the first time in her life, she ran excitedly back to her mother and said, “Oh mommy, why didn’t you tell me it was so beautiful?” Her mother wiped the tears of joy and said, “My child, I tried to tell you, but I just couldn’t.” And just so, when we go sweeping through the gates of pearl (and catch our first glimpse of the beauty all around us)—we’ll say the same thing. “Why didn’t you tell us it was so beautiful?” The Bible does tell us—but our finite minds are not able to comprehend it all.
Jesus says, “In my Father’s house are many mansions.” Won’t you tell Him to reserve one of them for you? Each moment you put it off, is going to narrow your chances for ever getting it done. Jesus Christ is able and ready to save you. Commit your soul to Him today.
BIBLE HELPS | Robert Lehigh, Editor | PO Box 391, Hanover, PA 17331 United States of America | <urn:uuid:5c9af465-e664-429c-8901-66ef92e68512> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.anabaptistresources.org/en/resources/details/352/a-glimpse-of-our-home-in-heaven | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.958713 | 1,528 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Every semester, Bond University awards full-fee and part-fee scholarships to the best and brightest future Bondies from around the globe. The scholarship program features a range of scholarships for high-achieving students in academia, leadership, community and sport, with Bond scholarship recipients going on to achieve incredible things in their chosen fields.
Thinking about applying? We’re here to help you decide if you’re eligible, learn where to start, and guide you through the application and award process.
Finding the scholarship for you.
The first step is considering the scholarships on offer. Review our website and check the eligibility criteria against each scholarship to check what you are eligible to apply for. Remember, we encourage you to apply for as many scholarships as you are eligible for, so keep a note of those that match your skills or experiences.
It’s important that you speak to your parents and school about your scholarship application. Let them know you are applying and ask them if they agree with your scholarship choices.
Start your study application first.
You can’t start your scholarship application until you have fully submitted your program application, so get online and start your program application straight away. Scholarship applications open on 1 May. We suggest you start as soon as possible and encourage you to explore the form and check what is required by the relevant scholarship application closing date.
Prepare your submission and supporting documents.
Depending on the scholarship you have decided to apply for, you may be asked to provide specific supporting documents or write an essay. Documents should be uploaded in the relevant section of the scholarship application form. All High School Leavers will also be asked to provide their Career Advisor’s details so we can contact them directly for a reference.
Tip: We recommend drafting essay responses in a Word document and then copying them into the application form when you are ready. This will allow you to check your word count, spelling and grammar before submitting your final responses.
Want some more advice for your scholarship applications? Here are our four top tips.
Do a final check before submitting your application.
Make sure you proofread your application. Check your spelling and grammar and ensure you have attached everything that is required. Once you have submitted your application you cannot make any changes, so take the time to check it over.
Now, it’s time to submit.
Once you are ready, it’s time to submit your application. You will receive a confirmation email once you have successfully submitted your scholarship application. If you don’t receive confirmation, contact us so we can double check. You must submit your scholarship application by the relevant closing date, as late scholarship applications will not be considered. If you are applying for more than one scholarship with different application closing dates, it is important to submit your scholarship application form by the earliest scholarship closing date.
Check your email regularly. We will be sending you important information and reminders throughout the process. We are here to help so if you have any questions email [email protected].
Take a deep breath… the hard work is done. We will send you further details with the next steps, depending on the scholarship (or scholarships) you have applied for, and will keep you updated on the progress of your application. Make sure you put any key dates we provide you with in your calendar, and most importantly, good luck!
Ready to start your application?
STEP ONE – Complete an online study application for your chosen program at Bond. Applications can be completed at any time, and there is no application fee.
- You will be required to enter an email address and password and will have the ability to save your application and return to it at any time. Please use a non-school email address.
- You will be asked to upload copies of your full Year 11 school reports and Semester 1, Year 12 school reports.
- You must fully complete and submit your study application before commencing your scholarship application.
STEP TWO – Complete an online scholarship application. Applications open 1 May, and there is no application fee.
- To access this form, you will use the same email address and password that you used for your study application. Once logged in, simply go to the Start an Application tab and enter the word 'scholarship' in the keyword field.
- Your scholarship application must be completed and submitted by the closing date relevant to the scholarship(s) you are applying for.
- If you are applying for more than one scholarship with different closing dates, it is important to submit your scholarship application form by the earliest scholarship closing date. No late scholarship applications will be considered, and no changes can be made to your application once it’s been submitted. | <urn:uuid:ac6909d6-b02b-4b50-b4be-e839a5824715> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bond.edu.au/blog/your-guide-bond-university-scholarships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.93566 | 971 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The early 2002, I spent a month volunteering at the newly formed Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in Geneva. My task was to try to pull together an analysis of what, in aggregate, the US$866 million round 2 funding would actually pay for: how many people were expected to get treatment, how many nets, and what types of drugs. My task involved reading and synthesizing the proposals from 98 programs in 73 countries. I worked day and night on a report that went to the Board. Sadly I don’t think anyone read it – but I learned a lot.
There was a lot of enthusiasm at that time about what the GFATM was trying to do. It was created based on a growing consensus that these major killers of people in developing countries should be addressed and that the tools existed to do so, it was just a lack of money that was preventing the scale up of such interventions. There was also a growing consensus that existing aid mechanisms were not sufficient to accomplish these goals. A novel approach based on a “demand driven” model was created. So 7 years later, how has it done?
An independent external evaluation was commissioned to do a 5 year evaluation of the program. The findings of this evaluation have recently been released and the reports are now available on their website. The evaluation focused on three aspects of the program, namely:
Organizational efficiency and effectiveness of the Global Fund (Study Area 1)
Effectiveness of the Global Fund partner environment (Study Area 2)
Impact on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria (Study Area 3)
The evaluation finds that the GFATM has been tremendously successful at mobilizing resources, presumably new resources, for the target diseases. These new resources have translated to higher service coverage, although the data available prevent more meaningful evaluation of the health impacts of the programs. However, I found a few recommendations a bit surprising:
Recommendation 2.1 The Global Fund’s business plan should increasingly differentiate its prevention and
treatment approaches in specific countries based on the epidemiological profiles of AIDS, TB and malaria and
the assessment of a country’s capacity to execute its planned disease control programs.
Recommendation 2.2 The Global Fund should adjust its “demand-driven model”’ and focus its resources
on prevention and treatment strategies that utilize the most cost-effective interventions that are tailored to the
type and local context of specific epidemics.
Are they saying what I think (and hope) they are saying?
The current GFATM model allows countries to apply for funding to support any type of intervention, whether it is a real priority or not. The reality is that not every country likely needs support to scale up all types of interventions but would likely be better off focusing in on the one or two key elements that are most appropriate given their epidemiological and health system profile. But because they can get funding for these other interventions, they apply.
These recommendations suggest that instead of just being a funding agency, the GFATM needs to play a better role in allocating resources where they are most needed to the types of interventions most needed in each country. This does represent a radical departure from the current model of the Fund, but one that I think could make existing resources more effective going forward. While I like the concept, I wonder if anyone really knows what works best when and where? We are going to need much better data to inform this process, but hopefully it means that evidence of effectiveness will be given more weight in funding decisions.Share on Facebook | <urn:uuid:6eac63b6-ad93-4bd4-90ed-8d72dd28bb5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://karengrepin.com/2009/06/global-fund-evaluation-of-its-first-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00281-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968651 | 728 | 2.328125 | 2 |
The U.S. Supreme Court declined Monday to review a Frederick County case in which a woman challenged local authorities' power to arrest her on an immigration violation, cementing her victory in a case that has been closely watched by both sides of the immigration debate.
Supporters of Roxana Santos, a Salvadoran immigrant, said the decision shows that Frederick County overstepped the law with its aggressive stance on immigration enforcement.
Santos said she was arrested after being approached by Frederick County sheriff's deputies while she was eating lunch in October 2008. She sued the county and Sheriff Chuck Jenkins after 45 days in jail, alleging that the officers violated her Fourth Amendment rights against illegal search and seizure. She also accused the county of profiling her.
"It's an extremely significant decision in that it makes clear that local law enforcement should stay out of immigration affairs," said Sirine Shebaya, an attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland. "It draws a really bright line."
But county officials who support the tough approach say the lower court's decision backing Santos has limited the enforcement powers of its officers.
Frederick County Commission Vice President C. Paul Smith said the ruling was "better for those who are doing something strange and breaking the law" than for police. The county alleged that Santos tried to hide from the deputies, which drew their suspicion.
A lower court dismissed her suit, but Santos appealed last August to the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and won.
She seeks $1 million in damages but would drop the case if the sheriff's department revises its policies, according to Jose Perez, deputy general counsel of LatinoJustice, one of the groups representing Santos.
The case has played out as Congressional action on immigration reform has stalled. Courts around the country, meanwhile, have come to different conclusions as they seek to balance individual rights with enforcement efforts.
A law making its way through the state legislature may force the county's hand. Dubbed the Maryland Enforcement Trust Act, the law would make clear local and state officials cannot detain people nor deny bail solely because of immigration-related infractions. The bill is up for a committee vote this week.
The Frederick County Sheriff's Office did not respond to requests for comment Monday.
After Jenkins was elected, Frederick County signed onto a federal program that allows local law enforcement to research immigration information. It was the only jurisdiction in the state to do so, and hundreds of people in the country illegally have been deported from there since 2008.
Blaine R. Young, the president of the Frederick County board of commissioners, said the policy "puts law-abiding citizens first" and is often misinterpreted.
He added that immigration is a hot-button issue, but that the discussion should center on whether police can arrest people on civil warrants.
"We need to separate the immigration issue from it," he said.
Smith said he wants police to be vigilant when they see suspicious behavior.
"If something looks strange, you like them to look into it," he said. "She sees the police and runs away. Golly, how are you going to articulate that standard of what constitutes illegal?"
The ACLU's Shebaya said the case has made the issue more clear-cut: "If there's not a suspicion of criminal activity, don't stop the person."
Shebaya compared the case to a 2012 Supreme Court ruling that Arizona could not require immigrants to carry documentation and police could not arrest people they suspected were in the country illegally.
Ira Mehlman, spokesman for the Federation for American Immigration Reform, which advocates for tougher immigration enforcement, said the Frederick County case should have been heard because the federal circuit courts have delivered uneven rulings on how local jurisdictions should enforce immigration.
"That's generally where the Supreme Court steps in," Mehlman said.
He noted that the court earlier this month declined to hear appeals filed by the towns of Farmers Branch, Texas, and Hazleton, Pa., which were seeking to overturn appeals court rulings and revive local laws that cracked down on illegal immigration.
"The trend over the past few weeks seems to be the court is avoiding these types of immigration cases," Mehlman said. He said local governments struggling with the issue should "do what you believe is in the best interest of the citizens of your jurisdiction."
"They should move forward, and hopefully at some point the court will decide its time to make a determination about what local governments can and can't do," he said.
State Sen. David R. Brinkley, a Republican representing Frederick and Carroll counties, said he didn't believe the Supreme Court's action changes anything for the Frederick sheriff's office.
Brinkley said the county only investigates someone's immigration status when they've been arrested and booked, which he said is explicitly allowed under federal law.
"If they don't like the sheriff enforcing the law, then change the law," he said.
The pending Maryland Enforcement Trust Act would have "a strong effect on policing in the future," said Sen. Ron Young, a Democrat from Frederick and the father of Blaine Young, the commission president. Ron Young said that his constituents "are obviously split on it."
"Some say if they're here illegally, get them," he said. "But I think most people think that they shouldn't be stopped for no reason, or just for a minor offense."
Perez, the lawyer representing Santos, is prepared to seek compensation for Santos from the county in district court. But it would better suit both parties to sit down and talk about how to fix the broken policy, he said.
"The Latino community would welcome the opportunity to sit down and show that the appropriate policing reforms can be implemented, and we can all live peacefully together," he said.
Reuters and Baltimore Sun reporters Erin Cox, Timothy B. Wheeler and Justin Fenton contributed to this article. | <urn:uuid:449b4460-470b-43fc-9898-2883ce02596d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dailypress.com/bs-md-frederick-immigration-supreme-court-denial-20140324-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972285 | 1,206 | 1.5 | 2 |
In three close-together West African countries, chimpanzees have been observed participating in strange rituals, with no practical purpose or reason aside from some kind of spiritual belief.
Côte d’Ivoire (the Ivory Coast), Liberia, and Guinea Bissau are home to a population of chimpanzees who may be developing spirituality.
They store several rocks in hollowed out trees.
Then a male chimpanzee takes one of the rocks out of the tree, walks a certain distance, grunts something as if it were some kind of prayer, and then throws the rock at the tree.
After, he places the rock back inside the hollow tree to later repeat the practice. The ritual serves no apparent practical purpose, which is extremely unusual.
According to Big Think:
“No chimps east of these countries have been observed doing this. What’s more, there seems to be no reason for it tied to survival. It has nothing to do with acquiring food, mating, or furthering one’s status. Researchers say it might be a unique display of male power, marking the border of their troop’s territory, or even a spiritual ritual.”
A team of 80 scientists conducted the study. It was led by Hjalmar S. Kuhl and Ammie K. Kalan, from the Max Planck Institute in Germany.
They set up cameras in 4 remote locations, and discovered the chimps performing their rituals. The findings were published in a part of the journal Nature.
There isn’t a video available, but these pictures were published in the study:
To put a little bit of unorthodox perspective on this, the Max Planck Society (the people who did the monkey study), is an association of different institutions in Germany, used to be called Kaiser Wilhelm: the Kaiser Wilhelm institutes in Germany were the foundations of Nazi science, and were funded into prominence by Rockefeller money.
Like several academic institutions in the US, from Stanford to Harvard, they were involved with eugenics and things that generally benefit the wealthy class of people at the expense of the poor.
So unless you think the Max Planck institutes have no more connection to powers that work at the detriment of our class of people, research that they publish should be thoroughly examined to see if there is a hidden agenda.
However, like the large prestigious colleges in the US, Max Planck institutes are so massive that positive, non-oligarchy promoting research comes from them too, and this certainly seems like a genuine and positive scientific discovery.
In my opinion, this is a very real, important scientific discovery regardless of who discovered it.
(Image credit: Blogspot)
Typos, corrections and/or news tips? Email us at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:128da92d-b682-4c33-ad7f-21e17b9c86de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themindunleashed.com/2017/07/chimpanzees-engage-bizarre-ritual-show-signs-spiritual-belief.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.960591 | 572 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Kudasai is not rude in any way, but you have to be careful about the type of Japanese you use in different situations. You just need to know how to use the Japanese you know, who to use it with, and when to use it.
When asking someone to do something in Japanese, say TE-form verbs and then KUDASAI (Please, or I would ask you).
Kudasai is a more common query word in Japanese. It’s used when you’re requesting something you know you’re entitled to. For example, if you are requesting something from a friend, colleague, or someone of lower status or social rank, you would use kudasai.
Yamete kudasai means “please stop“: Please stop Yamete kudasai. Please stop.
The ren’youkei + てください (te kudasai) is also an imperative, but since ください (kudasai) is an honorific verb, the request is polite. Politeness can be increased in both variants by creating a negative question. You can also add the ambiguous form to add doubt to your request.
Chotto Matt Kudasai. / Please wait a moment.
[chotto matte kudasai] Use these Japanese words when you want someone to wait for you for a while. A common mistake: In English, the phrase “one second” means you want them to wait a bit.
Ara ara (あら あら) is a Japanese expression used mainly by older women and means “my my”, “oh my” or “oh me, oh my”. b>p>
What does 君 mean? The most common way to write kimi in Japanese is the kanji 君. When done this way, the meaning of the word is “you” in English. You may be wondering, “but I thought anata was the Japanese word for ‘you’,” and if so, you’re right!
“Onegai” comes from the verb “negau”, which literally means “to pray for (something)” or “to wish (something). The “O” at the beginning is the “honorable O”. , which makes the expression “more honorable”. Of course, we would never say that particular phrase without it, but that’s what it is.
Kudasai is actually quite polite, I would say as much as Onegaishimasu. To put it simply, there is no need to combine the two and I have never heard them said together. Sumimasen.
Basic Japanese phrases. Please (if you ask for something) = kudasai. Please (one of several ways to put it) = dozo. Thank you = domo arigato. Thank you very much = domo arigato gozaimasu.
nihongo – Japanese: a noun meaning “Japanese” or “the Japanese language” in Japanese Benkyou shi – to study: a conjugation of the verb “benkyou suru”, meaning “to study” or “to” learn ” in Japanese. In the example, it has been paired with its following word for better connection.
According to Drexel University, the Japanese word onii-chan or “oniichan” means big brother or older brother in English. This is considered a term of endearment and would be used by someone very close to their older brother.
Ohayo (おはよう, ohayō) is a colloquial term meaning good morning in Japanese. Ohayo may also refer to: Good Morning (1959 film), 1959 Japanese comedy film directed by Yasujirō Ozu. Ohayo Mountain, Catskill Mountains, New York, USA. A misspelling from Ohio, a US state.
If you’ve already watched or read JoJo’s Bizzarre Adventure in Japanese, you know Jotaro Kujo’s iconic phrase: “やれやれ” – pronounced “Yare Yare”. The phrase translates to interpretations such as “fine, fine”, “good sorrow” and “give me a break”. It’s a common phrase in Japan used to express disappointment. p> | <urn:uuid:db6cea52-ae9f-4aff-91f3-0ddcfb0fa6b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://intecexpo.com/faqs/what-is-kudasai-in-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937535 | 994 | 2.9375 | 3 |
So, I know nothing about aviation. I'm a student studying maths and computing and I feel like building a high altitude glider controlled by a Raspberry Pi and Arduino as a personal project.
First things first, I'll be launching using a weather balloon or something to reach a given altitude (references to any information on glide ratios as you get to higher altitudes would be much appreciated). Once it's high enough the balloon will be deflated and released, the glider will then be dropped and start its descent.
Assume I've control of the glider in the form of waypoints I can plot on a map to be put into the onboard computer beforehand (or from signals sent from a computer). How complex an autopilot would be required to follow a set of coordinates (pre-calculated so they fit the descent pattern) and then release a parachute for a safe landing?
I was thinking of purchasing a basic glider structure as to have the maneuverability from the professionally built wings and stuff, so construction shouldn't be a problem. The main concern is how plausible a project like this would be considering I'll be building the flight computer myself and I know basically nothing about flight control.
Any other material you have on flight control, flight computers, personal projects like this would also be much appreciated. | <urn:uuid:e3738d87-2d44-4263-be29-b16930eac850> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14782/im-thinking-of-building-a-balloon-launched-glider-is-this-idea-plausible?noredirect=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.95591 | 266 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information calculates the global temperature anomaly every month based on preliminary data generated from authoritative datasets of temperature observations from around the globe. The major dataset, NOAAGlobalTemp version 5, updated in mid-2019, uses comprehensive data collections of increased global area coverage over both land and ocean surfaces. NOAAGlobalTempv5 is a reconstructed dataset, meaning that the entire period of record is recalculated each month with new data. Based on those new calculations, the new historical data can bring about updates to previously reported values. These factors, together, mean that calculations from the past may be superseded by the most recent data and can affect the numbers reported in the monthly climate reports. The most current reconstruction analysis is always considered the most representative and precise of the climate system, and it is publicly available through Climate at a Glance.
The global surface temperature for June 2022 was the sixth-highest in the 143-year record at 0.87°C (1.57°F) above the 20th century average. This month was also 0.08°C (0.14°F) cooler than the warmest June on record set in 2019. The ten warmest Junes have all occurred since 2010. June 2022 also marked the 46th consecutive June and the 450th consecutive month with temperatures, at least nominally, above the 20th-century average.
June 2022 was characterized by much-above-average temperatures across parts of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and across parts of the northern, western, and southwestern Pacific Ocean, as well as parts of the Atlantic and eastern Indian oceans. Record-warm June temperatures were present across parts of China, the northern, western, and southeastern Pacific Ocean, as well as across small areas in the Middle East and northern Africa. This encompassed about 7.68% of the globe's land and ocean surfaces with a record high June temperature. This was the highest percentage for June since records began in 1951, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 (7.37%).
Meanwhile, near- to cooler-than-average temperatures were observed across parts of western and southern South America, south-central, central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, the northern Atlantic Ocean, as well as small regions in western Russia, southern Africa and eastern Australia. However, during June 2022, there were no areas with record-cold June temperatures.
The month of June marks the beginning of the meteorological summer for the Northern Hemisphere and winter for the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere, as a whole, had its fifth-warmest June on record. However, the land portion of the Northern Hemisphere had a near-record warm June with a temperature departure of +1.56°C (+2.81°F), which is 0.14°C (0.25°F) shy of tying the record set only last year (2021). Meanwhile, the Southern Hemisphere's June surface temperature departure of +0.62°C (+1.12°F) tied with 2009, 2014, and 2018 as the seventh-highest on record.
The month of June started off with very warm temperatures across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Several locations across Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East experienced daily maximum (daytime) temperatures over 35.0°C (95.0°F), with some locations reaching 50.0°C (122.0°F) during the first week of the month. The city of Isesaki, which is located in Japan's Gunma prefecture, had a maximum temperature of 40.1°C (104.2°F) on June 25, 2022 — a new national maximum temperature record for June. This also marked the first time Japan had a maximum temperature of 40.0°C (104.0°F) in June and was only 1.0°C (1.8°F) cooler than the all-time record of 41.1°C (106.0°F). Minimum (nighttime) temperatures were also unusually warm, not allowing any respite since some locations remained above 25.0°C (77.0°F). According to the World Meteorological Organization, minimum temperatures across Scandinavia were above 30.0°C (86.0°F).
The extreme heat that was present across much of Asia and Europe throughout the month resulted in both continents having their second-warmest June on record, trailing closely behind their respective record-warm Junes of 2012 and 2019.
- Norway had its tenth-warmest June on record at 1.7°C (3.1°F) above average. According to Meteorologisk Institute, 44 stations across Norway set their highest June temperature on record.
- Spain's June 2022 temperature was 2.0°C (3.6°F) above the 1981–2010 average, which is the fourth-highest for June since national records began in 1961. Only Junes of 2003, 2005, and 2017 were warmer. A heat wave affected the Peninsula and Balearic Islands during June 11–18 and, according to Spain's Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, this was the earliest heat wave, equaling records set back in June 1981.
- France had its third-warmest June since national records began in 1900. Only Junes of 2003 and 2017 were warmer. According to Météo France, six of the nation's 10 warmest Junes have occurred in the last 10 years.
- Switzerland had a monthly temperature that was 2.7°C (4.9°F) above the 1991–2020 average and was the second-warmest June since national records began in 1864. Only June of 2003 was warmer (+4.7°C / +8.5°F).
- Austria had a national temperature that was 2.3°C (4.1°F) above the 1991–2020 average — tying with June 2017 as the fourth-warmest June in the nation's 256-year record. Five of Austria's ten warmest Junes have occurred since 2017, while eight of the ten have occurred since 2002.
North America and Africa had their seventh and tenth-warmest June on record, respectively. Although South America had a June temperature that was above average, it was its coldest June since 2016. Oceania also had an above-average June; however, it didn't rank among the top 20 warmest on record.
- Australia, as a whole, had an above-average June temperature. During the start of the month, temperatures were between 1.0°–4.0°C (1.8°–7.2°F) above average in the northern region, with several locations setting new daily maximum temperature records for the month. Of note, Bradshaw (Northern Territory) had a maximum temperature of 37.8°C (100.0°F) on June 5 — tying the second-warmest maximum temperature in June for Australia and was only 0.1°C (0.2°F) shy of tying the national record set on June 7, 2016. Meanwhile, the McCluer Island set a new record for the highest minimum temperature for the Northern Territory when minimum temperatures dropped to 28.1°C (82.6°F). This was also the sixth-highest minimum June temperature for Australia. New South Wales was the only Australian region to experience below-average June temperatures and had its coldest maximum June temperatures since 2007.
- New Zealand had a June temperature of 9.9°C (49.8°F), which is 1.3°C (2.3°F) above the 1981–2010 average and the eighth-warmest June since national records began in 1909.
(out of 143 years)
|Land||+1.30 ± 0.20||+2.34 ± 0.36||Warmest||2nd||2021||+1.41||+2.54|
|Ocean||+0.71 ± 0.14||+1.28 ± 0.25||Warmest||5th||2016, 2019||+0.81||+1.46|
|Land and Ocean||+0.87 ± 0.15||+1.57 ± 0.27||Warmest||6th||2019||+0.95||+1.71|
|Land||+1.56 ± 0.20||+2.81 ± 0.36||Warmest||2nd||2021||+1.70||+3.06|
|Ocean||+0.86 ± 0.14||+1.55 ± 0.25||Warmest||5th||2019, 2020||+1.03||+1.85|
|Land and Ocean||+1.12 ± 0.17||+2.02 ± 0.31||Warmest||5th||2019, 2021||+1.16||+2.09|
|Land||+0.63 ± 0.11||+1.13 ± 0.20||Warmest||22nd||2015||+1.21||+2.18|
|Ocean||+0.61 ± 0.15||+1.10 ± 0.27||Warmest||6th||2016||+0.71||+1.28|
|Land and Ocean||+0.62 ± 0.14||+1.12 ± 0.25||Warmest||7th||2015, 2019||+0.73||+1.31|
|Ties: 2009, 2014, 2018|
500 mb maps
In the atmosphere, 500-millibar height pressure anomalies correlate well with temperatures at the Earth's surface. The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure—depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the June 2022 map—is generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively.
The January–June 2022 global surface temperature was 0.85°C (1.53°F) above the 20th century average, which is the sixth-highest for the January–June period since records began in 1880. This was 0.26°C (0.47°F) less than the record set in 2016. According to NCEI's global annual temperature ranking outlook, there is greater than 99% chance that the year will rank among the 10 warmest years on record, with only 11% chance of ranking among the five warmest years.
The first half of the year was characterized by much-warmer-than-average conditions across much of the globe, with record-high temperatures across parts of the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as parts of Asia and small areas in Africa and South America. Meanwhile, cooler-than-average temperatures during January–June were present across the central, eastern tropical and southeastern Pacific Ocean, North America, North Atlantic (southern Greenland) and southern Africa. However, no land or ocean areas had a record-cold January–June.
Asia, as a whole, had a temperature departure of +2.23°C (+4.01°F) — the second-highest for January–June since continental records began in 1910. This value was 0.54°C (0.97°F) less than the record set in 2020.
Europe and Oceania had a top seven warm January–June period. Despite North America, South America, and Africa having an above-average year-to-date temperature, this was their coldest such period since 2014, 2011, and 2012, respectively.
(out of 143 years)
|Land||+1.36 ± 0.16||+2.45 ± 0.29||Warmest||6th||2016||+1.84||+3.31|
|Ocean||+0.66 ± 0.17||+1.19 ± 0.31||Warmest||5th||2016||+0.84||+1.51|
|Land and Ocean||+0.85 ± 0.17||+1.53 ± 0.31||Warmest||6th||2016||+1.11||+2.00|
|Land||+1.58 ± 0.19||+2.84 ± 0.34||Warmest||5th||2016||+2.09||+3.76|
|Ocean||+0.78 ± 0.16||+1.40 ± 0.29||Warmest||5th||2016, 2020||+0.95||+1.71|
|Land and Ocean||+1.09 ± 0.16||+1.96 ± 0.29||Warmest||5th||2016||+1.38||+2.48|
|Land||+0.81 ± 0.14||+1.46 ± 0.25||Warmest||12th||2019||+1.26||+2.27|
|Ocean||+0.58 ± 0.17||+1.04 ± 0.31||Warmest||8th||2016||+0.77||+1.39|
|Land and Ocean||+0.61 ± 0.17||+1.10 ± 0.31||Warmest||8th||2016||+0.83||+1.49|
As is typical, precipitation anomalies during June 2022 varied significantly around the world. Significantly below-average precipitation occurred across southern Alaska, southern and central parts of the contiguous U.S, southern South America, western and southern Europe, eastern coast of Australia, and across parts of Asia. Significantly above-average precipitation occurred across parts of western contiguous U.S., northern South America, northern parts of Europe, Turkey, central and eastern Russia, and eastern and southern Asia.
Several heavy rain events impacted parts of Colombia during June. On June 10, floods were triggered by copious amounts of rain, leaving over 500 people affected in the Magdalena Departments.
Much of Spain experienced very dry conditions during the month. Overall, the national precipitation average of 18.8 mm (0.74 inch) was 53% of normal and the eighth-driest June on record.
According to ReliefWeb, torrential rain affected parts of southern and eastern China during the latter half of the month. The heavy downpours prompted the overflow of rivers and devastating floods that damaged over 1,500 homes and over 25 hectares of crops. According to reports, some locations had their highest rainfall totals in 60 years.
The Republic of Kiribati (an island in the central Pacific Ocean) was affected by drought, forcing its government to declare a State of Disaster on June 11. According to ReliefWeb, close to 40% of the nation's population was affected by drought. As drought continues to worsen the risk of water contamination, water accessibility, and availability also increases, which can lead to health issues in the island.
Drier-than-average conditions were present across much of Australia, resulting in a national average that was 22% below average for June. Regionally, New South Wales had the most deficit during the month at 58% below average, which is the driest June since 1986 and the eighth-driest in the nation's 123-year precipitation records. Victoria, Tasmania, and Northern Territory had a wetter-than-average June, with the Northern Territory having the largest precipitation departure at 71% above average.
Much of northern and central Mexico was in some type of drought, according to the May 31, 2022 North American Drought Monitor. Drought conditions in the northern region have been lingering since the start of the year. However, the lack of precipitation and very warm conditions have only made things worse. Monterrey, a city in northeastern Mexico, was one of the most affected. It was reported that by the end of June, two of its main water dams were at less than 10% capacity. Restrictions on water use have been in place since February 2022.
Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)
The following analysis is based upon the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Interim Climate Data Record. It is provided courtesy of the GPCP Principal Investigator team at the University of Maryland.
June, the Summer/Winter solstice month in the Northern/Southern Hemispheres, presents its precipitation patterns shifting seasonally northward, especially drying out Australia and dampening South Asia, with similar latitude shifts over the other continents and across the oceans. The month is also the first real month of the Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season. The precipitation mean pattern for June 2022 (Fig. 1, top panel) follows the general pattern of the climatology with the ocean and land Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) featuring prominently along with South Asian rains and a dry Australia, along with other climatological wet and dry features. The rainiest region for this June can be detected along the ITCZ in the extreme eastern Pacific Ocean.
However, relatively subtle shifts in these monthly features produce differences from climatology as seen in the anomaly fields for this June in the bottom two panels of Fig. 1. The most striking feature in the middle panel is the drier-than-normal zone stretching from the Bay of Bengal southeastward through the Philippines into the central Pacific, along with a parallel, wetter-than-normal zone just to the southwest, extending from the Indian Ocean, across the northern tip of Australia and into the Pacific. To the north of the dry zone, another positive rain anomaly is evident over Asia. This pattern of the early Asian summer monsoon has brought relative dryness to that central strip, but with floods in southern China, northern Bangladesh and northeastern India on the northside and Indonesia on the southside. Just to the east Japan had a hot and dry June.
The long-term La Niña, with its below normal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central/eastern Pacific along the Equator, continues this month, but in a somewhat weakened condition index-wise (Nino 3.4 Index ~0.6). Figure 2 shows the La Niña composite anomaly map for June and repeats the anomaly map for this June and shows generally negative matching anomaly patterns across the tropical Pacific, but the expected La Niña feature of generally positive anomalies over the Maritime Continent seems disrupted by this June's Asian monsoon-related features. Elsewhere the La Niña effects are mixed, although South America generally follows the expected La Niña pattern.
North America does not follow the La Niña composite but shows negative anomalies across the U.S. and Mexico east of the Rocky Mountains with a positive anomaly in the northwest U.S. and southwest Canada. Three additional features are of interest. First, at the end of May Hurricane Agatha hit southern Mexico on its southwest coast and its remnants managed to cross the Yucatan region and help initiate Tropical Storm Alex, the first named storm in the Atlantic, in early June. Alex swept across the Caribbean, western Cuba and the southern tip of Florida producing over 250 mm of rain in Havana and Miami and accompanying floods. Alex's storm track and associated rain contributed significantly to the positive anomaly features for June in Fig. 1 along that path and northeastward into the Atlantic. Other eastern Pacific tropical cyclone activity also dominates the rainfall features off the west coast of Mexico.
Second, the North American monsoon kicked in a little early this year giving northwest Mexico and most of the southwest U.S. (Arizona, New Mexico and southwest Colorado) more rain than normal for June and at least partially ameliorating the ongoing drought in the region and cutting off the early start to the wildfire season, especially in New Mexico. Third, across much of Alaska and northwest Canada drier than normal conditions and abnormally hot weather provided the backdrop for unusual wildfires in southwest Alaska.
Across Europe rainfall deficits continue to dominate and many areas are affected by drought. The Iberian Peninsula is in the middle of a long-term drought, with wildfires in Spain. Italy, especially the northern half of the country is also very dry, with significant impacts on agricultural production in the Po River valley. Eastern Europe and even Scandinavia had precipitation deficits compared to climatology. Even a dry Afghanistan had unusual wildfires in the eastern part of the country in June, in addition to a devastating earthquake.
With all the positive and negative anomalies across the globe in June and the relative weakness of La Niña (SSTs in tropical Pacific still below normal, but less so than a few months ago), the overall estimate of global precipitation for this June (2.69 mm -1) is still slightly lower than the June climatological mean (2.71 mm -1). This global negative anomaly is typical of La Niña conditions, as is the ocean/land partition of the global total, where the land anomaly is +0.15 mm d-1 and the ocean anomaly is -0.10 mm -1. Although the La Niña patterns are less distinct than stronger situations, and tend to be in this season, the globally integrated numbers still reflect a measurable effect.
Drought Information based on global drought indicators is available at the Global Drought Information System.
June 2022 was drier than normal across parts of Europe and excessively hot across all of Europe. The combination of heat and dryness resulted in short-term drought across parts of southern and eastern Europe. The dryness extended from southern and eastern areas into northern portions for the last 2 to 12 months and was reflected in precipitation-, temperature-, and evaporation-based indices. Satellite observations indicated dry soils and low groundwater across the continent, along with areas of stressed vegetation. The European Combined Drought Indicator showed drought across many parts of Europe. According to media reports, rivers and reservoirs in Italy were running dry, several regions have declared a state of emergency, and agricultural production was expected to plummet in key growing areas in the country; the European Union expected a reduced wheat crop in western Europe this year.
June was wetter than normal across a large part of Asia. Dry conditions were evident in northern and some central portions of the continent at 2- to 9-month time scales. Much warmer-than-normal temperatures increased evapotranspiration and enhanced drought conditions in some northern and southern areas, especially along the Arctic coast of Siberia. Satellite-based observations of groundwater and soil moisture showed dryness in northern areas and from central to southwest Asia. Vegetative health was poor in central to southwestern areas. According to media reports, Iraq's Lake Sawa dried up for the first time in centuries.
Southern and some northern portions of Africa were wetter than normal during June, but central Africa and other northern areas were drier than normal. Unusually warm conditions across much of the continent increased evapotranspiration and added to stress in the dry areas. Much of East Africa, the Sahel region, and the north coast were dry for the last 2 months to 3 years, with the satellite-based Vegetative Health Index (VHI) showing unhealthy vegetation. Conditions were especially acute in East Africa where evaporation was high and groundwater and soil moisture depleted. According to media reports, more than 23 million people in Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya were dealing with severe hunger, creating what the United Nations deemed a humanitarian emergency. At least 448 deaths have occurred this year (as of June 9) at malnutrition treatment centers in Somalia alone.
Northern portions of Australia were wetter than normal in June, while southern parts were dry. Temperatures were warmer than normal in the west and north and cooler than normal in the southeast. At longer time scales, especially the last 6 to 12 months, dry conditions were evident in the north, where low groundwater was detected by satellite (GRACE). Dry soils and stressed vegetation were detected in the southwest. The observations of dryness in the north and southwest were confirmed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Combined Drought Indicator analyses.
The southern half of South America was drier than normal during June while parts of Brazil and northwest coastal areas were wetter than normal. Much of the northern half of South America was warmer than normal in June. The wet June in Brazil was not enough to overcome many months of dryness, with several drought indicators showing dryness at 2- to 12-month time scales from southeastern and central Brazil, westward to Peru, and southward through Argentina and Chile. The satellite-based indicators showed low groundwater, dry soils, and poor vegetative health in these areas. Drought in southern and eastern Brazil was confirmed on the Northeast Brazil Drought Monitor. According to media reports, Chile's Peñuelas Lake was severely depleted after 13 years of drought, causing a water shortage for farming and lithium mining, and the capital of Santiago was preparing for rationing.
June was warmer than normal across Alaska, parts of northern Canada, northern Mexico into the southwestern and southern Plains areas of the U.S., and across much of the U.S. east of the Mississippi River. The month was drier than normal across much of Alaska and the continental U.S. east of the Mississippi, and parts of northeastern Mexico and the southwestern U.S. Satellite-based indicators showed low groundwater, dry soils, and unhealthy vegetation in northern Mexico, the western United States, the southern U.S. Great Plains, and western Canada extending into Alaska. Dry conditions were indicated in parts of these areas at longer time scales, especially 1 to 3 months in Alaska and 2 to 12 months in northern Mexico and the western to central U.S. The North American Drought Monitor product depicts drought from central Mexico, across western and southern portions of the U.S., into the southern Canadian Prairies, and across parts of Alaska and northwestern Canada. According to media reports, nearly empty dams were followed by water rationing in Monterrey, Mexico. | <urn:uuid:ac6cae07-f6f6-4d08-be7a-10e445529509> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956323 | 5,920 | 4 | 4 |
Method for conducting electronic meeting found obvious
A method of conducting electronic meetings, comprising the steps of:
defining one or more groups of participants in an electronic meeting;
assigning a relative priority for each group, the relative priority for each group being unique to said group;
generating a meeting event for the electronic meeting; and
triggering logic to provide the meeting event to the groups in a sequence ordered by the relative priority for each group.
The Board noted:
Because priority is logically “relative” by definition, and Hinchliffe’s paragraph teaches prioritizing different groups, we agree with the Examiner (Ans. 4 and 15-17) that Hinchliffe’s paragraph teaches or suggests “assigning a relative priority for each group” of participants, where the priority is unique to each group, as recited in representative claim 1.
“During examination, ‘claims . . . are to be given their broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the specification, and . . . claim language should be read in light of the specification as it would be interpreted by one of ordinary skill in the art.’” In re Am. Acad. of Sci. Tech Ctr., 367 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2004)(quoting In re Bond, 910 F.2d 831, 833 (Fed. Cir. 1990)); see also In re Morris, 127 F.3d 1048, 1053-54 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
Under the broadest reasonable interpretation of representative claim 4, in light of the Specification, the claimed “selecting at random a first group of participants from the plurality of participants” that has “a pre-configured maximum number of participants” encompasses the condition where both the “first group of participants” and the “pre-configured maximum number of participants” is equal to all of the participants, and the electronic meeting is conducted with all of the participants in the first group. Am. Acad. of Sci. Tech Ctr., 367 F.3d at 1364. | <urn:uuid:3d6b3e06-fb2e-436a-af2c-fc7d32e2dea5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ipbiz.blogspot.com/2013/03/method-for-conducting-electronic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00024-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902431 | 450 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Were you unable to attend Transform 2022? Check out all of the summit sessions in our on-demand library now! Watch here.
Ernst & Young recently released Nature or nurture: Decoding the entrepreneur, a report based on a survey of 685 entrepreneurs worldwide and in-depth interviews with winners of the firm’s Entrepreneur Of the Year award. The report provides insights into the shared characteristics, frustrations, and career goals of some of the world’s leading entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs are made, not born:
- Nearly 60% have worked in a corporate environment and 33% say working in a corporate environment was key to the success of their business.
- 45% of entrepreneurs start their first business after the age of 30.
- 10% of entrepreneurs have started ten or more companies.
This research challenges the stereotype that all entrepreneurs start their companies without completing a formal education and without any experience of corporate life. Although many of the entrepreneurs surveyed started at a young age, 45% of the respondents said they did not start their business until they were 30 or older. And nearly 60% described themselves as “transitioned” entrepreneurs, who had worked in a corporate environment before setting out on their own.
When asked about the most important source of learning in terms of their career, one third of respondents (the highest ranking) said it was their experience as an employee. 30% said higher education and 26% credited mentors.
Maria Pinelli, the new Global Vice Chair Strategic Growth Markets for Ernst & Young explains, “Entrepreneurial leaders are defined as much by their early business experience, cultural background, and external environment as they are by any innate personal characteristics. Nurture not nature does appear to be more important in shaping the entrepreneurial mindset.” To read more, click here.
VentureBeat's mission is to be a digital town square for technical decision-makers to gain knowledge about transformative enterprise technology and transact. Learn more about membership. | <urn:uuid:e22cb13c-7649-4514-8548-0bbb49bf5455> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://venturebeat.com/business/nature-or-nurture-decoding-the-entrepreneur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.96228 | 408 | 2.015625 | 2 |
To bolster the fight to contain the deadly Ebola virus epidemic raging in west Africa, the World Bank approved a $105 million grant.
The funding is part of a $200-million World Bank pledge approved in early August to help Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea to contain the outbreak, which has killed more than 2,400 people in the region.
Advertisement"The world needs to do much, much more to respond to the Ebola crisis in these three countries," World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said in a statement.
The grant "will have an immediate, positive impact on their collective Ebola containment campaigns," said Kim, a physician trained in infectious diseases, referring to the recipient countries.
Liberia, the country with the highest number of Ebola infections, will receive $52 million, with Sierra Leone getting $28 million and Guinea $25 million.
The World Bank said the funding was aimed at helping people cope with the economic impact of the crisis, and strengthening public health systems to guard against future disease outbreaks.
The financing will allow governments to provide food and water in the quarantined and worst-affected areas and ferry in health workers, the Bank said.
The announcement came as the UN warned that almost $1.0 billion is needed to fight the outbreak, warning that 20,000 people could be infected by the highly fatal virus by year-end.
US President Barack Obama said earlier Tuesday that 3,000 US military personnel will be sent to west Africa to try and curb the epidemic.
The Ebola outbreak, the most severe since the virus was first identified in 1976, has killed more than 2,460 people among the 4,985 cases identified, according to the latest WHO tally.
The 188-nation World Bank said it must mobilize more financing for the countries "since the immediate response is still significantly under-resourced for the purposes of curbing the outbreak."
P Syrian Opposition Halts Measles Vaccinations Benefit of Endocrine Therapy in Women With Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer M
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:e225340e-4692-4fb3-9f9b-f5f3e7638954> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/world-bank-approves-105-mn-grant-for-ebola-fight-in-africa-141390-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951359 | 414 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Fórsa and other unions have again raised the plight of staff forced to retire at age 65. Since the State pension qualification age was increased to 66, they have to sign on for social welfare benefits worth less than the State pension, and declare themselves available for work.
At a recent meeting with civil service management, unions gave examples of recent retirees, with 40 years’ service, who were required to claim supplementary allowance – and confirm that they were actively seeking employment during their retirement.
Unions called on the Department of Expenditure and Public Reform to act. But the department refused, saying it was a matter for the Department of Employment and Social Protection. They only said they would consider updating information on the cspensions.ie website, which gives information to prospective retirees.
The change in the qualification age for the State pension – and plans to further increase the bar to age 67 next January – emerged as a substantial issue in the recent general election. A number of political parties pledged permanent or temporary measures to address it.
Fórsa and other unions had slammed Government plans to further increase the state pension qualifying age to 67 next January and to 68 in 2028.
ICTU general secretary Patricia King rejected as “wholly unacceptable” Government claims that a reversal of the policy – which would leave Ireland with the highest state pension qualifying age in the EU – was unaffordable.
Siptu economist Michael Taft said the €217 million cost of reversing the pension age increase could be financed from the existing social insurance fund, which is currently running a surplus of €1.4 billion a year.
“The reality is that, in the short term, there would be no need to increase taxation, cut spending or borrow to finance the cancellation of the pension age increase,” he said. | <urn:uuid:a6eeec35-dffd-40a9-a425-6796dbe97855> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forsatradeunion.newsweaver.com/designtest/1mfqdp0hpxv?a=3&p=56514445&t=30063860 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.974157 | 369 | 1.75 | 2 |
k-Means clustering - basics¶
k-Means is a simple but well-known algorithm for grouping objects, clustering. All objects need to be represented as a set of numerical features. In addition, the user has to specify the number of groups (referred to as k) she wishes to identify.
Each object can be thought of as being represented by some feature vector in an n dimensional space, n being the number of all features used to describe the objects to cluster. The algorithm then randomly chooses k points in that vector space, these point serve as the initial centers of the clusters. Afterwards all objects are each assigned to the center they are closest to. Usually the distance measure is chosen by the user and determined by the learning task.
After that, for each cluster a new center is computed by averaging the feature vectors of all objects assigned to it. The process of assigning objects and recomputing centers is repeated until the process converges. The algorithm can be proven to converge after a finite number of iterations.
Several tweaks concerning distance measure, initial center choice and computation of new average centers have been explored, as well as the estimation of the number of clusters k. Yet the main principle always remains the same.
Here is a short shell script outline that will get you started quickly with k-means. This does the following:
- Accepts clustering type: kmeans, fuzzykmeans, lda, or streamingkmeans
- Gets the Reuters dataset
- Runs org.apache.lucene.benchmark.utils.ExtractReuters to generate reuters-out from reuters-sgm (the downloaded archive)
- Runs seqdirectory to convert reuters-out to SequenceFile format
- Runs seq2sparse to convert SequenceFiles to sparse vector format
- Runs k-means with 20 clusters
- Runs clusterdump to show results
After following through the output that scrolls past, reading the code will offer you a better understanding.
The implementation accepts two input directories: one for the data points and one for the initial clusters. The data directory contains multiple input files of SequenceFile(Key, VectorWritable), while the clusters directory contains one or more SequenceFiles(Text, Cluster) containing k initial clusters or canopies. None of the input directories are modified by the implementation, allowing experimentation with initial clustering and convergence values.
Canopy clustering can be used to compute the initial clusters for k-KMeans:
// run the CanopyDriver job CanopyDriver.runJob("testdata", "output" ManhattanDistanceMeasure.class.getName(), (float) 3.1, (float) 2.1, false); // now run the KMeansDriver job KMeansDriver.runJob("testdata", "output/clusters-0", "output", EuclideanDistanceMeasure.class.getName(), "0.001", "10", true);
In the above example, the input data points are stored in 'testdata' and the CanopyDriver is configured to output to the 'output/clusters-0' directory. Once the driver executes it will contain the canopy definition files. Upon running the KMeansDriver the output directory will have two or more new directories: 'clusters-N'' containining the clusters for each iteration and 'clusteredPoints' will contain the clustered data points.
This diagram shows the examplary dataflow of the k-Means example implementation provided by Mahout:
Running k-Means Clustering¶
The k-Means clustering algorithm may be run using a command-line invocation on KMeansDriver.main or by making a Java call to KMeansDriver.runJob().
Invocation using the command line takes the form:
bin/mahout kmeans \ -i <input vectors directory> \ -c <input clusters directory> \ -o <output working directory> \ -k <optional number of initial clusters to sample from input vectors> \ -dm <DistanceMeasure> \ -x <maximum number of iterations> \ -cd <optional convergence delta. Default is 0.5> \ -ow <overwrite output directory if present> -cl <run input vector clustering after computing Canopies> -xm <execution method: sequential or mapreduce>
Note: if the -k argument is supplied, any clusters in the -c directory will be overwritten and -k random points will be sampled from the input vectors to become the initial cluster centers.
Invocation using Java involves supplying the following arguments:
- input: a file path string to a directory containing the input data set a SequenceFile(WritableComparable, VectorWritable). The sequence file key is not used.
- clusters: a file path string to a directory containing the initial clusters, a SequenceFile(key, Cluster \| Canopy). Both KMeans clusters and Canopy canopies may be used for the initial clusters.
- output: a file path string to an empty directory which is used for all output from the algorithm.
- distanceMeasure: the fully-qualified class name of an instance of DistanceMeasure which will be used for the clustering.
- convergenceDelta: a double value used to determine if the algorithm has converged (clusters have not moved more than the value in the last iteration)
- maxIter: the maximum number of iterations to run, independent of the convergence specified
- runClustering: a boolean indicating, if true, that the clustering step is to be executed after clusters have been determined.
- runSequential: a boolean indicating, if true, that the k-means sequential implementation is to be used to process the input data.
After running the algorithm, the output directory will contain: 1. clusters-N: directories containing SequenceFiles(Text, Cluster) produced by the algorithm for each iteration. The Text key is a cluster identifier string. 1. clusteredPoints: (if --clustering enabled) a directory containing SequenceFile(IntWritable, WeightedVectorWritable). The IntWritable key is the clusterId. The WeightedVectorWritable value is a bean containing a double weight and a VectorWritable vector where the weight indicates the probability that the vector is a member of the cluster. For k-Means clustering, the weights are computed as 1/(1+distance) where the distance is between the cluster center and the vector using the chosen DistanceMeasure.
The following images illustrate k-Means clustering applied to a set of randomly-generated 2-d data points. The points are generated using a normal distribution centered at a mean location and with a constant standard deviation. See the README file in the /examples/src/main/java/org/apache/mahout/clustering/display/README.txt for details on running similar examples.
The points are generated as follows:
- 500 samples m=[1.0, 1.0](1.0,-1.0.html) sd=3.0
- 300 samples m=[1.0, 0.0](1.0,-0.0.html) sd=0.5
- 300 samples m=[0.0, 2.0](0.0,-2.0.html) sd=0.1
In the first image, the points are plotted and the 3-sigma boundaries of their generator are superimposed.
In the second image, the resulting clusters (k=3) are shown superimposed upon the sample data. As k-Means is an iterative algorithm, the centers of the clusters in each recent iteration are shown using different colors. Bold red is the final clustering and previous iterations are shown in [orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and gray](orange,-yellow,-green,-blue,-violet-and-gray.html) . Although it misses a lot of the points and cannot capture the original, superimposed cluster centers, it does a decent job of clustering this data.
The third image shows the results of running k-Means on a different dataset, which is generated using asymmetrical standard deviations. K-Means does a fair job handling this data set as well. | <urn:uuid:026914f2-32f5-4489-bdc5-32fe8697d097> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://mahout.apache.org/users/clustering/k-means-clustering.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80526 | 1,727 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Post by sloppysponge on Sept 21, 2017 18:18:38 GMT -5
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Mar 31, 2019 20:40:58 GMT -5
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Apr 1, 2019 16:30:07 GMT -5
dvg: Duped again on April Fool's!
Apr 1, 2019 16:30:45 GMT -5 | <urn:uuid:1ddc1d6d-0e8e-41fc-b897-8ef7bcb61b1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ocps.proboards.com/thread/9128/hello-waterloo-ontario | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.94236 | 210 | 2.25 | 2 |
The papers of Walter Kohn, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, will be preserved at the University of California, Santa Barbara for use by students and scholars nationwide.
Kohn, a condensed matter theorist, donated his extensive collection of notes, articles, manuscripts, research documents, and correspondence to Special Collections in Davidson Library.
Biographers and historians of science will be drawn to the collection, which documents the working life of a physicist and includes materials related to Kohn's opposition to UC's peacetime nuclear weapons research and development and his work with organizations dedicated to international peace and the advancement of human rights.
"The history of science is an area of special strength at UCSB, yet it is often a challenge to document the work of contemporary scientists," said UCSB Librarian Sarah Pritchard.
"The Walter Kohn papers will be of great historical import for these kinds of studies and for understanding the interdisciplinary culture of modern science."
Kohn has made seminal contributions to the understanding of the electronic structure of materials. He shared the Nobel Prize for his development of density-functional theory, which has revolutionized scientists' approach to the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and solid materials in physics, chemistry, and materials science. With the advent of supercomputers, density functional theory has become an essential tool for electronic materials science.
David Tambo, head of Special Collections, said, "The papers of such a distinguished faculty member and Nobel Prize winner will be of inestimable value to researchers for years to come.
They show not only Professor Kohn's research contributions, but also his involvement in university and community concerns, and provide a personal view that otherwise is impossible to obtain.
Special Collections is delighted that Professor Kohn has chosen to donate his papers to our institution."
Kohn spent 19 years at UC San Diego before moving to the UCSB in 1979.
At the San Diego campus, he helped build the Physics Department and the Judaic Studies Program.
He also served for 10 years on the advisory board for the UC Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation, and he was a member of the Academic Senate's Review Committee of UC-Managed National Laboratories.
At UCSB, Kohn was founding director of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP), an international research center that brings together prominent scientists to pursue research that leads to new insights and discoveries at the frontiers of science.
He helped found the Global Peace and Security Program, which is now affiliated with the Global and International Studies Program. In 1994, the building that houses the KITP was named Kohn Hall in his honor.
Among his many accolades are the 1988 National Medal of Science from the United States and the 1998 Niels Bohr gold medal from the United Nations.
The UCSB Libraries's Special Collections Department plans to publish an on-line guide to the Kohn Papers. | <urn:uuid:a63687b7-41de-455f-9946-58a568fbeb55> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2003/011690/documenting-working-life-physicist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00116-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950709 | 595 | 2.4375 | 2 |
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