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Reoperative Pediatric Surgery
- Descriptif détaillé : Reoperative Pediatric Surgery
- Offers up-to-date information and techniques for critical cases in all the pediatric surgical specialties
- Comprehenseive : covers the full spectrum of pediatric reoperation
- Addresses the complications of common pediateic surgeries
- Involved corrective procedures
- Essential resource
Reoperative surgery is a prevailling challenge faced by pediatric surgeons. Reoperative Pediatric Surgery constitutes in one volume the most up to date information and techniques for critical cases in all of the pediatric surgical specialties including oncology, gastroenterology, gynecology, urology, radiolgy, and cardiology. Recognized experts impart their knowledge of indications for reoperative surgeries, radologic evaluation, surgical procedures which may require seldom used and extremely complex techniques, and the risks and outcomes of these specialized approaches. These practicing surgeons provide insight into intricate corrective procedures involving the placement of grafts, stents, and supports with necessary forecasting for complications arising from anatomic growth and disease recurrence.
This comprehensive book is an indispensable resource covering the full spectrum of pediatric reoperation addressing the complications of common pediatric surgeries including congenital defect repair, chest wall repair, orchiopexy, hernia repair, fundoplication, and placement of verticuloperitoneal shunts as well as unique cases of tumor excision and reoperative oncology. With its detailed masterful approach and full color photographs, Reoperative Pediatric Surgery is the gold-standard for this multi-faceted discipline.
- Avis des internautes : Reoperative Pediatric Surgery | <urn:uuid:c6620cdb-1f9d-4f5d-917c-af91d4837b4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livres-medicaux.com/reoperative-pediatric-surgery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00285-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874628 | 340 | 2.375 | 2 |
- 1 How many PS4s can be activated as primary?
- 2 How many PS4 can use the same account?
- 3 Can multiple PS4s use the same account?
- 4 Can you activate two PS4 as primary?
- 5 Can you Gameshare with more than one person PS4?
- 6 Can you have 2 PlayStation Plus accounts on 1 PS4?
- 7 Can I own 2 PS4?
- 8 Can you have two PS4 accounts with the same email?
- 9 Can PSN account be shared?
- 10 Why can’t I activate PS4 as primary?
- 11 What happens if I activate another PS4 as primary?
How many PS4s can be activated as primary?
Each player can have one PS4 activated as the primary PS4 for their account. Go to Settings > Account Management > Activate as Your Primary PlayStation 4 > Activate.
How many PS4 can use the same account?
You can now both play any games that you have purchased digitally and only you will need an active PS+ subscription and you can both play online. Can 2 PS4’s login to the same PSN account? Yes you can but only one can be active at any given time.
Can multiple PS4s use the same account?
You can‘t be logged into one account on two PS4s. You can however, be logged into the same account on PS4, Vita, PS3 all at the same time. On the PS4, each account is tied to a controller, this is how it distinguishes who is playing. Create two accounts, but have both on the new system.
Can you activate two PS4 as primary?
No. You can only have 1 PS4 as your primary system. The system that is set as your primary can be used by multiple users and those multiple users can access your content. You can only access your content when you are logged in and your PS4 has to be constantly connected to the internet.
Only you‘ll be able to start the games you‘ve downloaded, and you can only be logged into two consoles at any one time: your primary PS4 and one other secondary one (like a friend’s). The good news is there’s no limit on the number of systems you can download your games to.
Can you have 2 PlayStation Plus accounts on 1 PS4?
Yes, you can use all Playstation Plus features on other accounts of the same PS4 but first you need to activate your PS4 as the Primary PS4.
Can I own 2 PS4?
There are no restrictions on playing either, Person A and B can be playing the same multiplayer game together that one of them purchased, and using the same PS Plus rights. If the internet goes down though you can only play games the primary PS4 owner owns.
Can you have two PS4 accounts with the same email?
You must use a different email for each PSN account as you are unable to create multiple PlayStation Network IDs under one email using the same console.
A family manager can share PlayStation Plus benefits, such as online multiplayer or monthly games, with child accounts on their primary PS4. Child accounts will only be able to access age-appropriate content.
Why can’t I activate PS4 as primary?
What you can do from there is deactivate your account from every device you’re signed into making it so you need to sign in again to be primary. As you said you changed your password so after that you should be able to make your account primary on your ps4.
What happens if I activate another PS4 as primary?
When multiple users have activated the system as their primary PS4™ system, it must be deactivated for each user. | <urn:uuid:d1665794-5590-48f3-a866-5744d4b49b52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yousetthepace.com/faq/often-asked-how-many-ps4-can-be-activated-on-one-account.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.93348 | 790 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Almost everybody in the Western world knows that Sunday morning is the time that Christians gather together in their church buildings and worship spaces.
Most people, even if they’ve never been in a church service, could pick the sort of activities that go on in one. Give them a multiple choice list, and they’d check off things like: reading the Bible, singing hymns, listening to a sermon, saying prayers (some of them might think drinking coffee is part of the religious activity, too, but that just demonstrates an unrecognized gap between purpose and practice in the Christian religion).
So, most people in our society may be aware of the sorts of things that go on in a church service, but do they have any idea why those things are done? For that matter, how many regular church attendees have a clear understanding of why they come?
There’s a wide variety of answers to the question of what people seek to accomplish with church attendance. Some come for social reasons: church is where their friends are gathering. Some come for vaguely-defined personal reasons of habit: “I don’t feel right if I don’t start my week in church.”
Some come out of fear that God is taking attendance, and getting into heaven may require a certain number of check marks in the book. Some come to learn about the Bible, or to sing favorite hymns, or to listen to the well-rehearsed choir.
Ask a thousand church members why they go and you may get a thousand different answers. Ask a thousand pastors what people are supposed to be getting done in church, and you may get nearly as many different answers.
Martin Luther, the great reformer, put the emphasis on what one receives in a church service: the good news of salvation in Jesus Christ, put forth to the people through the words of holy scripture, through the words of the sermon, and through the grace conferred in the sacraments (by sacraments, he meant only baptism and holy communion).
I like to think that the purpose of a worship service is two-fold, but united. That united purpose is to build up a relationship between God and the people of God. The relationship itself can only come into being as a gift from God, received by people when they come into faith in Jesus Christ as their own Savior and Lord.
That arrival at the place of faith (in the heart) comes about in countless ways, but it can only happen because God has put the good news into operation and offers it to us. He even offers it to those who can’t yet understand it, but are placed on a path of learning to live it by their already-believing parents (that’s what infant baptism is about).
Unbelieving people can come to church services in order to find out what this Christianity is about, but the main purpose of a church worship service is to enable believers to build up our relationship with God by receiving more of what God has for us and by worshiping God in return.
To worship God means to thank and praise Him, not only for what He supplies, but for who God is. Bowing before God to worship puts us into the proper posture before our Creator and Savior and gives God the chance to work on improving us.
We never come to the end of the growth cycle. There is always room for us to love more completely, to serve more unselfishly, and to share the good news of Jesus more effectively.
So, if any of this sounds a little different to you, why don’t you just make the effort to get that two-way traffic flowing in your relationship with God this Sunday. Then, look in your life next week and see how it’s building you up.
God’s Word does not return to him empty (so says Isaiah 55:11), so if you actually get involved, you should be seeing some growth in yourself as a result of “going to church.” | <urn:uuid:a28d7962-f4cb-402e-9067-22f4dfc45281> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.herald-journal.com/archives/2009/columns/p070609.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00529-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973228 | 828 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Listen for the rich songs of the thrasher
Updated 3:57 pm, Friday, September 28, 2012
At first glance, a brown thrasher may look and sound like an odd-colored, oversize northern mockingbird.
Both birds are in the Mimidae family, which includes other thrashers and even gray catbirds. Most are famous for their habit of mimicking other birds' vocalizations or even ambient sounds, hence the name Mimidae They have diverse plumage patterns, and the trasher tends to skulk in shrubbery or wooded understory.
The brown thrasher is a summer resident of the eastern half of the Texas Panhandle down through North-Central and East Texas, as well as the eastern half of the U.S. and southern Canada. While some will reside in East Texas all year, thrashers have only recently been arriving to spend the winter in Houston across to San Antonio and down into South Texas. Thrashers migrate relatively short distances, with birds breeding in the northeastern part of the U.S. migrating to Southern states and birds breeding in the northern Great Plains and central Canada migrating to Texas and Louisiana. Some breeding birds in Southern states and east Texas remain year-round. Birds migrating to Texas usually go no farther south.
We're more likely to hear the bird than to see it. The brown thrasher has arguably the largest repertoire and surely the most melodious songs of any North American songbird. With at least 1,000 songs, it beats the northern mockingbird, which has approximately 200 songs.
Not a thrush
Brown thrashers are in the family Mimidae, which includes mockingbirds and catbirds.
Thrushes are in the family Turdidae, which includes bluebirds, American robins and wood thrushes.
Brown thrashers live in the eastern half of the state.
Curve-billed thrashers have pale, grayish-brown plumage and live in the western half of the state.
Long-billed thrashers resemble brown thrashers with slate-gray faces and live in South Texas.
Crissal thrashers are grayish birds with crimson patches on the base of their under tails and live in the foothills of Big Bend, the Davis and Guadalupe mountains, and, rarely, in the Hill Country.
Although the song of a brown thrasher may be confused with that of a northern mockingbird's, the difference is easy to detect. The brown thrasher's song bursts out in two or three phrases followed by a pause and then a different set of phrases. The northern mockingbird tends to utter the same phrases multiple times. Each bird also has a different pitch.
The brown thrasher has a ruddy brown back and a biscuit-colored underside marked with dark streaks. It has almost-glowing yellow eyes, a brown beak that curves slightly downward and a long ruddy-toned tail. The sides of the wings show two bars that are subdued in comparison to the northern mockingbird's flashy wing bars.
Seeing a brown thrasher may take patience. The bird prefers to remain secluded at ground level beneath bushes, shrubs or woodland thickets. Even when flying, it often whisks away near ground level while using its long tail to maneuver stealthily among the underbrush.
One way of detecting a brown thrasher is by the sound of leaf litter and ground debris being vigorously whipped about as the bird forages for insects, spiders, beetles, nut seeds and fruits. Indeed, the bird gets its name from its habit of thrashing leaf litter in its search for food. | <urn:uuid:0eaeb02d-7932-4202-905c-7b125807aabe> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.chron.com/life/article/Listen-for-the-rich-songs-of-the-thrasher-3902866.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949172 | 748 | 3.015625 | 3 |
O say, yes, NASA can see. Today the space agency released new data from its lunar orbiter showing that 40 years after the Apollo missions, the American flags the astronauts planted on the moon are still there.
As Phil Plait explains at Bad Astronomy, it had been a bit of a mystery whether the six star-spangled banners left behind on the lunar surface would survive the harsh temperatures and radiation they would endure over four decades. They're just simple nylon, after all.
Back in 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted the location of one of the left-behind banners. But the pictures didn't have sufficiently sharp resolution to show that the flag was still there. The new LRO images show the shadows that the flags cast upon the moon's surface—good evidence that they're still around after all this time (though they may have lost their stripes, so it might be a bland old flag up there).
All are still around but the first one, that is. Buzz Aldrin always said that the Apollo 11 flag blew over when he and Neil Armstrong took off from the lunar surface. It would appear Buzz was correct: LRO has shown that all the Apollo flags except for 11's endure. | <urn:uuid:e3d56fbe-b0ca-4cdd-bcca-f1c6916c3bdc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a7990/the-apollo-american-flags-are-still-there-well-most-of-them-11221908/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00543-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954268 | 248 | 3.046875 | 3 |
North Korea has accused the South of committing a "grave military provocation" by allowing its navy to fire warning shots to ward off vessels from the North.
In a communiqué published by Pyongyang's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), North Korea said Seoul's military action may give rise to another skirmish at sea.
North Korea said its ships were on routine patrol in North Korean waters when the warning shots were fired.
South Korea says the shots were fired after North Korean ships crossed a disputed maritime border in the Yellow Sea.
South Korean officials say in two separate incidents Monday North Korean vessels ignored radio warning messages and returned to their country's waters only after shots were fired. The North Korean ships did not fire. | <urn:uuid:39df8631-f239-4eee-809f-82fbefd2e905> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2004-11-02-voa22-67484542/281724.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00080-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97279 | 147 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Bacterial pathogens use complex strategies to survive and replicate, causing disease as they do so. But how these strategies, which are usually mediated by molecules called virulence factors, are regulated during infection is poorly understood. In a paper published in Cell, Arpaia et al.1 elegantly demonstrate that the Typhimurium serovar of the bacterium Salmonella enterica activates the host immune system and then uses this innate response as a signal to induce its own virulence genes.
Salmonella species are Gram-negative intestinal pathogens that cause disease ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever, which can be fatal2. They are transmitted mainly through contaminated food or water, and colonize their host's intestine. In typhoid fever, the pathogens can cross the intestinal barrier and spread to the spleen and liver by entering and replicating in phagocytic immune cells such as macrophages2.
The innate immune system is crucial for controlling infectious agents. It recognizes general pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and its function is to both kill pathogens and alert the adaptive immune system3. Integral to innate immunity is a family of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize various PAMPs and initiate signalling cascades that act to protect the host3.
Mammals have many TLRs, each of which recognizes certain PAMPs. For example, TLR4, found on the cell surface, recognizes lipopolysaccharide, a component of the bacterial cell wall3. TLR2, which is also located in the cell membrane, recognizes bacterial surface lipoproteins. And TLR9, located in the membrane of cellular organelles called endosomes, recognizes non-methylated CpG sequences in bacterial DNA.
When a TLR binds its specific PAMP, host-cell adaptor molecules — such as MyD88 and TRIF — are recruited, and downstream signalling is initiated3. TLR signalling helps to resolve infection not just by activating specific bactericidal mechanisms, but also indirectly by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cytokines. The function of these receptors has generally been investigated in cell lines or in mice lacking MyD88 or TRIF. But this can be problematic, because MyD88 and TRIF also act in non-TLR-associated cellular pathways1, 3.
Arpaia et al.1 show that Salmonella activates its virulence genes by using as a signal TLR-induced acidification of the phagosome — the intracellular compartment that encloses the engulfed pathogen. The molecules encoded by these genes allow the bacterium to replicate in the normally bactericidal phagosome.
The authors find that mice lacking TLRs 2, 4 and 9 (TLR2×4×9 mice) were less susceptible to Salmonellainfection than those lacking only TLRs 2 and 4 or TLRs 4 and 9. Moreover, bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from TLR2×4×9 mice or MyD88×TRIF mice were more resistant to Salmonella infection than the equivalent cells from TLR2×4 mice. In fact, Arpaia et al. report that TLR2×4×9 BMMs can support the replication of several intracellular pathogens, but not Salmonella. These observations indicate the importance of TLR signalling in Salmonella virulence.
How does Salmonella exploit TLR signalling? During an infection, these pathogens normally transform the phagosome into a special vacuole, termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), in which they replicate2. In TLR2×4×9 BMMs, however, SCV formation is impaired, and the bacteria are detected in the cytoplasm and associate with lysosomes — intracellular organelles that have bactericidal activity (Fig. 1).
Salmonella forms, and survives within, the SCV by activating a set of genes that occur in a locus within their genome termed SPI-2. These genes encode a type-III secretion system that functions as a syringe to translocate SPI-2 effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm into the host-cell cytoplasm2, 4. The effectors manipulate the host cell to allow bacterial replication2. Arpaia et al. studied levels of SPI-2 gene expression and effector translocation and found that — unlike the case in normal or TLR2×4 BMMs — SPI-2 was not induced in TLR2×4×9 cells. The authors could restore bacterial replication in TLR2×4×9 BMMs using a Salmonella mutant that constitutively expresses SPI-2 genes5.
This paper1 clearly shows that, rather than protecting against Salmonella infection, functional TLR signalling contributes to the pathogen's full virulence. Arpaia et al.1 shed light on this apparent paradox by demonstrating that the vacuole of TLR2×4×9 and MyD88×TRIF BMMs does not acidify as rapidly or to the same extent as the SCV of normal and TLR2×4 BMMs. It is widely accepted6 that Salmonella uses pH as a signal for SPI-2-gene induction and effector translocation. So it seems that the bacteria take advantage of the essential, and additive, effects of TLRs on vacuole acidification to modulate the expression of virulence genes.
The study also raises several questions. What are the exact pathway(s) linking TLRs and vacuolar acidification? Some SPI-2 effectors also manipulate aspects of the host immune system — for instance, the activity of the NF-κB transcription factor7. Such specific effectors might also modulate TLR signalling to induce the expression of virulence genes. Alternatively, more-complex regulatory steps may be involved.
And how do TLRs interact with intracellular Salmonella? Does Salmonella release specific ligands such as nucleic acids into the phagosome to activate TLRs? There is a precedent for this in other species8. So it is possible that Salmonella also uses such ligands to induce a robust immune response.
More broadly, do Salmonella and other bacteria exploit other host immune responses? Aparia and colleagues' work underlines the importance of collaboration between workers in immunology and microbiology. Together, these research areas are set to shed light on the intricate interactions between pathogens and their hosts | <urn:uuid:ae9e6014-5d5e-4534-8179-9b56165706bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nb3bahia.blogspot.com/2011/04/salmonela-usa-os-tlr-para-sobreviver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00537-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930406 | 1,362 | 3.78125 | 4 |
What is Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)?
Approximately 2.7 million Americans have an irregular heartbeat known as
atrial fibrillation (also referred to as AFib) – a serious heart
rhythm disorder that causes the heart's two upper chambers called
the atria to contract very fast and irregularly.
The chaotic rhythm that occurs with atrial fibrillation inhibits efficient
blood flow into the ventricles of the heart. As a result, the heart's
upper and lower chambers don't work together as they should. If left
untreated, chronic AFib can lead to serious complications, such as stroke,
heart failure and death.
Jay H. Lee, M.D. discusses the new and innovative Arrhythmia Management Program at Hoag
For more about atrial fibrillation, including free educational resources,
American Heart Association.
Learn more about the Jeffrey M. Carlton Heart & Vascular Institute’s
top rated arrhythmia management program: | <urn:uuid:0cada0a2-8d13-4694-a288-a396ce3dafcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898724 | 210 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Easy to Embed Copy/Paste the code.
Calories in Wine vs BeerSince the FDA doesn't require nutrition facts on alcoholic beverages it's very difficult to understand how much a drink will cost your diet plan. This is a bummer because beverage companies manipulate their marketing messages to confuse people into thinking their alcoholic beverages are better than others. We don't believe them and neither should you. Every drink, whether it be beer, wine or liquor is some combination of alcohol calories, sugar calories and sometimes fat calories (fat you say? think Chocolate Shop Wine). Armed with some 3rd grade math and a list of conversions, one can easily determine calories in beer or wine and learn that a vodka-soda doesn't have to be the only diet drink out there.
Health Benefits of Wine and BeerBoth beer and wine have some added benefits to drinkers that many distilled alcoholic beverages do not. For instance, red wine that is high in tannin contains procyanidins which protect against heart disease. Beer is a significant source of dietary silicon which improves bone density and reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
Do you know the different types of wine?Use this chart to explore over 200 types of wine by style. Find new favorites by flavor profile and style.
- Red Wine (dark red)
- White Wine (golden)
- Rosé Wine (hot pink) See Chart
- Sparkling Wine (titanium)
- Fortified Wine (purple)
Not All Wines and Beers Have the Same Calories
Since some beer and wine have a higher alcohol percentage than others, the total calories will vary greatly. A good rule of thumb is to choose the lightest alcohol dry wine or beer in order to have the least calories. In the above graphic you can determine that IPAs have more calories than Lagers and wines with 15% ABV, such as a Napa Cabernet Sauvignon, have higher calories than say a German Kabinett Riesling.
1. procyanidins in wine reduce heart disease Red wine procyanidins and vascular health (pdf)
2. dietary silicon improves bone density from sciencedaily.com
3. A great resource for determining calories in alcoholic beverages simplybeer.com | <urn:uuid:9e18a021-66b4-4860-84af-d33cf0895f25> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://winefolly.com/update/calories-in-wine-vs-beer-infographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00233-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931439 | 468 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Definition of Lysosomal enzyme
Lysosomal enzyme: An enzyme in an organelle (a little organ) called the lysosome within the cell. Lysosomal enzymes degrade (break down) macromolecules (large molecules) and other materials (such as bacteria) that have been taken up by the cell during the process of endocytosis.
In endocytosis, macromolecules and particles from outside the cell are taken up by the cell via a progressive invagination (inpouching) and eventual pinching off of a region of the cell membrane, forming a membrane-bound vesicle (bubble) within the cytoplasm of the cell.
The vesicle then fuses with the lysosome and the lysosomal enzymes carry out their appointed task of destruction (by hydrolysis). Quite amazingly, the lysosomal enzymes do not normally damage the cell itself.
Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications? | <urn:uuid:ccca0a47-cb0b-490f-909e-3d74392ba738> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00076-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875959 | 228 | 3.703125 | 4 |
NEW YORK (AP) — Justin Bieber is apologizing after a years-old video surfaced showing the then-teenager telling a racist joke with the N-word.
In a statement Sunday to The Associated Press, Bieber said when he was a kid he didn't realize how certain words could hurt. He says he learned from his mistakes and apologized for them, and now is apologizing again because they have become public.
The British tabloid The Sun first published the video, which is five years old. In it, a then 15-year-old Bieber tells a joke about black people that has the racial epithet as the punchline. Before he says it, someone warns him not to — but he says it anyway amid laughter.
The 20-year-old Bieber says ignorance has "no place in our society" and he hopes that others won't make the same mistake that he has. | <urn:uuid:5494747b-c2d6-4f88-93a7-59702de5eafb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nashobavalleyvoice.com/ci_25877424/justin-bieber-apologizes-racial-slur-joke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978495 | 180 | 1.59375 | 2 |
“That slip of a girl from Rhenia is playing ruler, coming south with her pretty little army. I’ll have driven her out of Brus by winter, then we can turn our attentions to real threats like the Princess of Aisne.”
– Extract from the correspondence of Prince Dagobert of Lange, dated four months before the fall of Lange
Routine was something Cordelia embraced.
There were only so many hours in a day, to her regret, which made it important to regiment them so she could get the most out of what she had. Rising with dawn, she broke her fast with her closest advisors and took measure of any difficulties they might have encountered. Afterwards she walked the length of the fortress-city’s ramparts, allowing the brisk morning air to finish waking her as she paused to talk with soldiers. It was important, particularly in Lycaonese lands, to have the love of the army. The principality of Rhenia as she’d inherited it was more an army with a land than a land with an army, every institution in it shaped so that they could support country-wide mobilization at any moment. It had been decades since the Chain of Hunger had crossed the Three Rivers in numbers larger than a few hundreds, but her people had long memories: there’d been a time where every spring had thousands of hungry ratlings throwing themselves at the walls. Those days would come again, she knew as every Hasenbach before her had known deep in their bones. And when they did, her principality would be prepared.
For all that, in the two years since she’d become the Prince of Rhenia she had attempted to broaden the horizons of her people. While Lycaonese soldiers fought and died to keep the rest of Procer pristine, southern princes feasted and grew rich while sneering at the coarseness of the very soldiery saving them from the perils of the north. Their lands were fertile, compared to the rocky northern fields, and the numbers of southerners had been swelling for generations. Until recently, anyway. Since the First Prince had died, the rest of the Principate had taken to devouring itself with ugly zeal. The reforms Cordelia had dreamed of as a child, of tying the Lycaonese principalities together through common trade laws and the absence of borders, had been burnt up by the fires of civil war. None of the northern rulers were interested in implementing economic or diplomatic reforms when there might be an Alamans army at their doorstep demanding submission any day. Clearly, any progress to be made would have to wait until a First Prince of Princess was elected.
Or so Cordelia had thought when she was still a child of ten, her mother serving as her regent after a ratling raid took her father’s life. Margaret Hasenbach, once Margaret Papenheim, had never been entirely comfortable ruling the principality. She’d been a field commander for her brother in Hannoven until her marriage and had always balked at having to rule Rhenia when others did the fighting for her. Cordelia had begun taking on responsibilities as seneschal of the keep by age twelve, and by age thirteen effectively ran the fortress and its dependencies while Margaret Ironhand rooted out the ratling nests infesting the mountains. She’d died when Cordelia was fourteen, not by the blades of her enemies but by the affliction known as the bloodless heart. Priests could not heal what had been born weak: they could soothe the pains of the children of the Heavens, but not reverse what the Gods Above had wrought. Cordelia’s uncle, the Prince of Hannoven, had served as her regent for the last year before she came of age but he’d never presumed to contradict her in anything.
Uncle Klaus, a childless widower who’d flatly refused to remarry after the death of his deeply -loved wife, had always treated her more as a daughter than a niece. He’d gone as far as naming her his heir presumptive above any of the branch Papenheims, a decision that had caused some unrest when made official. Even now he was in Rhenia as often as Hannoven, the most trusted of all her councillors. She’d not been shy in leveraging her uncle’s fame as a military commander when forging the four Lyaonese principalities into a single united front, one that would give pause to any southern prince who would command the allegiance of any single Lycaonese ruler by force of arms. In some ways the reforms she’d sought as a youth had come to pass: in her correspondence she now spoke not only for Rhenia and Hannoven but also for Bremen and Neustria, an alliance the match of any of those setting the rest of the Principate aflame. And yet the Alamans and Arlesite rulers she wrote to insisted on treating her as an idiot child, to be deceived into supporting them by honeyed words and empty promises.
Cordelia Hasenbach was nineteen and well-bred, so she did not throw tantrums, but some of the letters she received made her wish she could choke the southerners the same way her mother had famously done to a ratling warlord. Correspondences, as it happened, was what occupied her time for half a bell after touring the fortress walls. On this particular morning she chose to read her missives in the squat hall overlooking the training yard, allowing the sound of drilling recruits to wash over her. A single cup of watered-down wine stood by the sheaths of parchment covering her table, sparsely indulged in. Uncle Klaus was ‘keeping her company’ as she worked, which meant he was resting his elbows on the balustrade, on his third skin of mead and regularly heckling the recruits below. Decorum was rarely a skill Lycaonese rulers prized, to her despair. Cordelia put down the letter she’d been reading and reached for the wine, allowing herself a fuller sip than usual.
A shame she despised the sensation of being drunk. After that letter, it felt almost warranted.
“Your father got that same look on his face, whenever people wanted him to arbitrate farming disputes,” Uncle Klaus said, laughter in his eyes.
The Prince of Rhenia put down her cup gingerly, touching her pristine lips with a cloth as etiquette dictated when a highborn lady drank spirits.
“Not an inapt metaphor, considering the pettiness of what was put to ink,” she admitted.
Klaus snorted, fingers coming up to put a semblance of order to his salt-and-pepper beard. It was getting shaggy, Cordelia noted. She’d have to arrange for a barber to attend him tonight, one that would not be cowed by her uncle’s ferocious scowling.
“You’re still talking to those idiots down south?” he said. “I don’t know where you got that patience of yours from, because it’s certainly not your mother.”
“One of those southern princes is likely to rule Procer in the years to come,” Cordelia said. “Cultivating a civil relationship before the ascension can only be to our benefit.”
The older man chuckled, dropping down on the seat across from her and bringing the skin of mead to his mouth to pull at it.
“And how is that civility going?” he asked.
Well-bred ladies did not scowl, Cordelia told herself. They were not, however, above having a man’s favourite fur coverlet disappeared and replaced with a fancy velour one. She’d even see to it it was embroidered in the Arlesite way, with fragments of courtly poetry and scenes of duels fought for praise and honour.
“Cleves and Hainaut pledge neutrality in all fights to come,” she said. “If they take any more losses they will no longer be able to effectively watch over the Tomb.”
“They never should have sent men south,” Uncle Klaus growled. “Just because the Dead King’s being quiet doesn’t mean he’s not watching. They have a duty, like we do.”
Cordelia rather thought he uncle was doing those particular princes injustice, but she did not comment. The principalities of Cleves and Hainaut formed, with Rhenia and Hannoven, what should be considered Procer’s most vital line of defence. If the Kingdom of the Dead began looking outwards again, they would be the ones charged with holding the line until southern armies could be mustered. The fair-haired Prince of Rhenia agreed with her uncle that above all those rulers should look to seeing their walls fully manned, but these were ultimately Alamans princes. They were more involved in the Ebb and the Flow than northerners, bound by the intricate webs of alliance that spanned the centre of the Principate. Neutrality from the onset would have been difficult for them to maintain, with their cousins and nephews taking up arms so close to their own borders.
“Those pledges are the only pleasant news this day has brought,” Cordelia said. “The rest is… unpromising.”
“Aequitan and their allies got whipped all the way out of Creusens,” Klaus frowned. “That should knock them out of the war. With his back secure, Lange will go after Aisne – the winner of that tussle will get the crown, by my reckoning.”
“Princess Aenor of Aequitan raised another army as of the last fortnight,” the fair-haired prince said. “Levies armed with dwarven weapons. They will resume their offensive as soon as they have gathered in sufficient numbers.”
The Prince of Hannoven scowled.
“That’s the third host she wrecked on the field,” he said. “Who’d be fool enough to lend her the coin for a fourth?”
“The Pravus Bank,” Cordelia replied quietly.
Fury flickered across the older man’s face until he mastered it.
“You told them it’s Praesi gold, Cordelia,” he hissed. “This flirts with godsdamned treason.”
It had taken her years, to ferret out that it was the Tower pouring gold into the defeated princes of Procer. Years and the help of her cousin, become the Augur by the grace of the Heavens. She’d related that truth to every ruler in Procer within the month after she’d acquired solid proof, to warn them from allowing the Dread Empress to continue fanning the flames of civil war. To no avail. The still took loans, still raised armies with them, and after near two decades of strife hatreds now ran so deep princes would rather be up to their neck in Praesi debt rather than allow their rivals to triumph. It was madness, the worst kind of madness. The first fluctuating alliances had eventually turned into a handful of steady blocs that bloodied each other on the field every summer without ever coming closer to the crown, ruining the very Principate they wanted to rule. Fields were going fallow, trade was effectively dead and rulers spent peasants like coin. The sheer disregard princes where showing to the men and women they were supposed to rule disgusted her deeply.
“They will not listen, Uncle Klaus,” she said tiredly. “They do not care anymore. Dagobert of Lange demands we raise our armies and support his claim, or suffer brutal taxes under his reign. Constance of Aisne offers to recognize me as overlord of all Lycaonese if I assault Dagobert’s back, as if this sort of splintering would not effectively dismantle the Principate.”
“So let them mutilate each other,” Klaus said. “They don’t deserve our help.”
Cordelia allowed herself to sigh. This kind of thinking, she knew, was common among Lycaonese. Let the southerners kill each other, what did the people of the mountains care for it? It would also be the death of the greatest nation Calernia had ever seen. A brutal but swift civil war would not have allowed for entire regions of the Principate to grow to despise each other. This drawn-out farce, however? As of this moment, Procer was effectively divided between four or five kingdoms that would rather see their cities burn than allow one of the others to rule over them. Another decade of this and it would be the end of the Principate. The fracture lines were already visible and growing deeper by the year.
“We have a duty, Uncle,” Cordelia said.
“To fucking Dagobert of Lange?” Klaus laughed. “I wouldn’t toss the bastard a copper if he was begging on the street. We owe that man nothing.”
“Think beyond our borders,” the blonde woman said. “Think of what it means, if Procer splinters.”
“It means we don’t send coin south ever again to men who’ve never seen the Grave,” the Prince of Hannoven said coldly. “It means green boys who’ve never fought a ratling don’t get to feast away spring while my people die for their sake.”
“Levant will gobble up at least Orense,” Cordelia assessed clinically. “Likely Segovia as well. Tenerife will become either one of the Free Cities or a dependency of Helike. The Dread Empire will take Bayeux and Orne before a decade has passed.”
“And why is that our business?” Klaus grunted.
“When the Dead King rouses his armies and crosses the lakes,” Cordelia said quietly, “who stands with us?”
She met her uncle’s eyes.
“When the Chain of Hunger gathers the might for an invasion, who bolsters our strength?” she said.
“We’ve held them back since before there was a Principate,” her uncle replied.
“We turned them a way as a nation that spreads from here to Valencis,” Cordelia said. “That is why Procer exists, Uncle. Because Triumphant slaughtered so many of us we had to band together as a nation or see ourselves devoured by our neighbours.”
“So now you want us to bleed for some princeling in silk,” Klaus said bitterly. “That’s always the way, isn’t it? The south makes a mess and we foot the bill.”
There was a truth in that, and for all that Cordelia had eschewed many of her people’s customs she was not beyond feeling that bitterness herself. Was she to entrust the fate of her people to a grasping idiot like the Prince of Lange? To the Princess of Aequitan, who would rather take Praesi gold than bow her head for the sake of the Principate?
“No,” she said. “Not this time.”
“Cordelia?” her uncle said.
Cordelia Hasenbach felt serenity take hold of her, for the first time in years. Her path was clear, finally. If no one else, then I.
“Send messengers,” she ordered. “To every tower, every hold, every fortress. We gather for war. Anyone we can afford to take from the defences comes with us.”
The greying man frowned.
“And who do we fight for?”
“The First Prince of Procer,” she said. “Cordelia Hasenbach, first of her name.”
Gods save them all, but she would salvage a nation out of this madness. No matter the cost. | <urn:uuid:1e772677-74b3-41c1-9f2e-98a32bed6a51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://practicalguidetoevil.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/crowned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.981337 | 3,475 | 1.578125 | 2 |
In this course students will get
complete idea about web scraping
How to develop logic for web scraping
complete step by step process with well explained code written in python.
live demonstration of web scraping from
and one more
7 Complete projects
After finishing this course students will be able to master the web scraping technique and can apply them into real world scenarios.
Who this course is for:
- Beginners on Python
- no , only pc or mac required
Last updated 8/2019
Size: 5.3 GB | <urn:uuid:c920ba54-bd9a-4bdf-997f-2e7a3a58315c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tutsgalaxy.net/web-scraping-using-python-with-7-complete-projects-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.779413 | 155 | 1.929688 | 2 |
The population development of Uchqo'rg'on as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images).
Source: State Committee of Statistics in Uzbekistan (web).
Explanation: Regions and districts as defined in 2022. Some boundaries are rough estimates. Area figures of districts and district-level cities are computed by using geospatial data.
Further information about the population structure:
|Age Distribution (E 2021)|
|Urbanization (E 2022)| | <urn:uuid:0d148648-f9cc-4621-9dbd-f08f0de07e59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://citypopulation.de/en/uzbekistan/admin/namangan/UZ14234__uchqorgon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.71307 | 283 | 2.484375 | 2 |
You’ve been leading a double life, whether you realize it or not.
You have your private life – or what’s left of it. And then you have your public life.
Therein lies one of the fundamental problems in modern-day America: Our lives are seriously out of whack.
Our private lives are our families, our work or school, our hobbies and passions – anything we do for ourselves or with those we love. And we have done a great job indulging our private lives and, in many cases, overindulging them.
Our public life, on the other hand, is what we do for strangers – and for the community or country as a whole. It includes volunteerism, participation in altruistic clubs and organizations, and more.
A vital and neglected subset of our public life is our civic life. Voting. Understanding our governmental system. Appreciating its value. Having a working knowledge of current events and the people who shape them. And applying that knowledge in the community and country – such as working for candidates and causes you believe in, or just being knowledgeable enough about them to speak on their behalf intelligently.
The thing is, even as we have fed, indeed overfed, our private lives, we’ve too often neglected our public lives. Our civic life – what we do to contribute to our system of self-governance – has been particularly starved in recent decades.
The signs started showing up in the 1960s, if not before. Whereas the World War II generation joined civic groups and veterans’ groups en masse – most of them with charitable or humanitarian bents – succeeding generations have migrated more toward special-interest organizations that lobby for their own interests and even provide members with retail discounts.
The chronic neglect of our civic life shows in voting patterns, of course, which are abysmal, but also in our Civic I.Q. Have you seen the Internet videos in which ordinary Americans are asked basic questions of civics or current events – and seen how abjectly ignorant many folks are of American history and what’s going on now? Comedians such as Jay Leno and Jimmy Kimmel have had great fun
exposing that ignorance. But if you worry about the future of this country, it’s not very funny at
In one recent video, groups of college-aged Americans are asked at Fourth-of-July celebrations about the genesis of the holiday. Many are hard-pressed to even cite a reason for the revelry, or the most basic of facts giving rise to it (when we declared independence, who from, etc.).
In another video, people are easily persuaded to sign a petition to do away with the Bill of Rights. The petition was a put-on, just to see what they’d do. But their support for the petition appears quite genuine.
Concerned citizens around the country have begun forming associations to combat the nation’s civic neglect.
One is the Tennessee Center for Self-Governance, formed by a handful of citizens who taught themselves how to negotiate the legislative process at the state capitol and wanted to pass along their insights to others. Begun in 2012 with 71 “students,” the center has taught over 300 already this year. And word about the center has spread so much that it has taught its brand of applied civics in nine states. Soon, the center may drop “Tennessee” from the name and be the hub for a national network of such centers.
Founder Kurt Potter points to Thomas Jefferson’s observation that “I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society, but the people themselves: and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education.”
Today, Potter says, “It’s not that people aren’t exercising their power with a wholesome discretion; it’s that they’re not exercising it period.”
Despite the civic atrophy all around us, Potter is optimistic – calling to mind Samuel Adams’ exhortation that “It does not take a majority to prevail... but rather an irate, tireless minority, keen on
setting brushfires of freedom in the minds of
You’re starting to see small billows of smoke today.
But the stark truth is, there’s a reason this is called the “American Experiment”: Self-governance is a remarkably new phenomenon
in human history, and only a fraction of people
in history have been thus privileged to be so
If anything fritters that station away, it will be complacency and ignorance.
And the starving of our civic selves. | <urn:uuid:c25bae27-37da-4b77-b96d-4968eb7e5708> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://chronicle.augusta.com/opinion/editorials/2013-07-21/civic-starvation?v=1374366938 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00061-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955837 | 996 | 1.867188 | 2 |
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Blood is a connective tissue, which performs several important functions in our body. It is essential in maintaining our lives. Blood is involved in the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide among our body cells, maintaining our body temperature, delivering nutrients and waste products inside our body and also involved in our immunity system. The four main components of blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Plasma is the major component of blood, about 55% of the blood. Red blood cells, which constitute about 44% of whole blood are responsible in supplying oxygen to body cells. Platelets and white blood cells are taking up less than 1% of blood (The University Of Sidney, 2010). Normal red blood cells are biconcave disc-like shape. Oxygen is transported throughout the body by binding to the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein which consists of four iron-containing sites for the oxygen to bind with it (Anglin, M.R., 2012). Sickle cell disease is a blood related disorder. It is also an inherited genetic disease. It affects the hemoglobin molecule in the red blood cells. The abnormal hemoglobin cause the red blood cells to be rigid and losing its biconcave disc-like shape. Affected red blood cells are shaped like sickles or crescent moons (Familydoctor.org, 2011). Sickle Cell Disease
Picture 1: Shape of sickle red blood cell and normal red blood cell (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2010).
Millions of people throughout the world are affected by sickle cell anemia. This disease is particularly common among African, Spanish, Mediterranean, and indian ascestry (Health U.S.News, 2010). As sickle cell anemia is a genetically inherited disease, there are approximately 7% of the world population are carriers of this disease. 300,000-400,000 children affected by this disease are born every year (Roberts I., 2007). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that about 90,000 to 100,000 of Americans are being affected by sickle cell anemia. About every 500 African-American baby born, one of them was affected by this disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Among the Americans, more than 2 million people have sickle cell trait while among African-Americans, in every 12 people, one of them is the carrier of the sickle cell gene (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2012).
The sickle cell gene may be inherited by the next generation. The pattern of inheritance of sickle cell gene is called autosomal recessive inheritance. The child would be affected by sickle cell disease when both of the parents passed the sickle cell gene to the child. On the other hand, when only one of the parents passed this gene to the child, the child will have the sickle cell trait. The child with sickle cell trait will produce both normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin. This child is considered as a carrier for this disease (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Although sickle cell disease cannot be prevented as the cause of this disease is the gene, parents can do premarital checkups to know their chances of having a child with sickle cell disease before having a baby. If both parents have sickle cell traits, there is a 25% chance for their child to have sickle cell disease. The chance for the child to have this disease will increase to 50% if one of the parents has this disease while another parent is a carrier for sickle cell gene. The child will not be affected by sickle cell disease if only one of the parents has sickle cell disease or is a carrier for this disease while another parent is normal (WebMD, 2010).
Sickle cell disease is caused by the structural abnormalities of hemoglobin due to the mutation in 6th position of β-globin chain gene. The glutamic acid codon is substituted by a valine codon (Micheal W.K.,PhD , 2013). The mutation of this gene will cause the production of sickle hemoglobin. The deoxygenated form of sickle hemoglobin is capable reversibly polymerizing with other sickle hemoglobin molecules. These polymers will distort the red blood cell into an elongated sickle shape. The sickling of red blood cell is initially reversible upon reoxygenation. However, after several repeated episodes of sickling, the membrane of the red blood cell will be damaged and cause the lost of K+ ions and water of the red blood cell. The red blood cell will eventually become rigid and reversible sickle shape. The life span of sickle cells is about 20 days which is much more shorter than the normal red blood cells which have life span of 120 days (Alvin H. and Schmaier L.M., 2003).
The patients with sickle cell disease might suffer various symptoms. Some are mild while some are severe. Some mild symptoms including fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, coldness in hands and feet, pale skin colour, and chest pain. Among all these mild symptoms of sickle cell disease, fatigue is the most common symptom that suffer by the patients (National Marrow Donor Program, n.d.). Severe symptoms include chronic anemia, acute pain episodes, stroke, leg ulcer and many other symptoms. As the life span of sickle cells(20 days) is much shorter than normal red blood cells(120 days), the sickle cells die prematurely resulting in a chronic shortage of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the whole body. Beyond that, sickle cells also have lower affinity to oxygen. The shortage of red blood cells and the low affinity between sickle cells and oxygen could also cause extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and delayed growth and development in children (Health U.S.News, 2010). Sickle cells might be stuck in small blood vessels causing obstruction in blood flow. This will eventually lead to sudden, periodic painful crises and tissues damage. The occur of leg ulcer is due to ischemia which will eventually lead to necrosis (Alvin H. and Schmaier L.M., 2003).Sickle Cell Anemia
Picture 2: The flow of sickle cells and normal red blood cells in blood vessel (MedIndia, n.d.).
The only cure for sickle cell disease is bone marrow transplantation but as we all known, it is difficult to find a matched donor and only small number of patient could have the chances to have this surgery (Hartree N., Dr., 2012). Besides that, there is also some other treatments available to reduce the effect suffered by patients. Therapy for crises such as hydration and pain medication can be used to reduce the degree of pain suffered by patients. While in some severe cases, blood transfusion could be done in order to increase the number of normal red blood cell when the body has no enough red blood cells to supply oxygen to the whole body. Apart from that, hydroxyurea, a medication which can increase the production of fetal hemoglobin can also be used. This drug will cause the body to produce fetal hemoglobin, which is the hemoglobin produced by baby inhibits the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin. This will eventually reduce the frequency of acute painful crises and the patient taking this medicine would not have to rely on blood transfusion as they have more red blood cell to carry oxygen to other part of their body (Alvin H. and Schmaier L.M., 2003).
As a conclusion, sickle cell disease is an inherited genetic disease that cannot be prevented and hard to be cure as the only cure is bone marrow transplantation. However, there are also other treatments that could help to reduce the suffer of the patients. Premarital checkups is also an important way to predict the possibility of the baby to be affected by sickle cell disease. The child that is affected by sickle cell disease should be looked after carefully. Sickle cell disease is not a fatal disease if the correct treatment is being taken. Be aware of the body condition and seek for doctor consultant if any of these symptoms showed. | <urn:uuid:2c2cbfa8-610d-4037-a588-f312453157f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/the-sickle-cell-disease-biology-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943532 | 1,708 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Hurricane Felix – Nicaragua
In September 2007 category 5 Hurricane Felix made landfall on the East coast of Nicaragua with wind speeds of over 260 km/h. The hurricane induced flooding and mudslides affecting over 40,000 people. Drop4Drop funded the provision of 80 ceramic filters to ensure clean water to over 500 people in areas severely affected.
Our provision of water filters in the aftermath of Hurricane Felix was a huge success and in 2008 we went on to fund the provision of 20 water filters to people of Nicaragua alongside a health and education programme. The filters provided over 300,000 litres of clean, portable water in their first year alone – saving lives through a simple filter. | <urn:uuid:1a40540e-090c-434d-a8a1-b07380df1413> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drop4drop.org/projects/hurricane-felix-nicaragua-2007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.921158 | 136 | 2.09375 | 2 |
A new U.S. jobs report showing market continues to improve was good news — or bad, depending on which presidential candidate was talking about it (ABC).
Incumbent President Barack Obama said the report is “further evidence that the economy is continuing to recover.” On the other hand, Mitt Romney called the report “weak and very troubling” and an indication that current economic policies are not working, leaving the United States without a global competitive edge.
Consumer spending was up in March and increased spending could create more retail jobs and spur more economic growth, Gallup said. Daily spending in stores, restaurants, gas stations, and online averaging $74 per day in March, up from $63 in February, Gallup said.
Jobs and the economy have been a top issue for voters at every turn of the 2012 campaign season so far.
As GOP presidential frontrunner Mitt Romney continues to forge his foreign policy message, more attention is being drawn to his long-standing friendship with Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (NYT).
The pair “employ similar methods in analyzing problems and coming up with solutions for them,” Netanyahu says, due in large part to their shared time and experience at the Boston Consulting Group in the 1970s.
Republican candidate Newt Gingrich says he intends to stay in the race to influence the party’s platform, particularly his energy policy and his plan to use funds from energy to pay down the debt (Fox News Sunday).
Gingrich has made energy one of his primary issues in the campaign saying if he is elected, his policies will bring gas prices down to $2.50 per gallon and reduce or eliminate reliance on foreign oil. He also hopes to influence the party (WashPost) on brain science and states’ rights.
— Gayle S. Putrich, Contributing Editor | <urn:uuid:c6016258-0eed-493e-bac8-4b416882100f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.cfr.org/campaign-2012/2012/04/09/weekend-roundup-candidates-differ-over-job-market-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966278 | 379 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Chandigarh, December 8 (UNI) Haryana Olympic Association president Abhey Singh Chautala today announced the launching of a extensive awareness campaign to curb the menace of drug abuse and doping in the field of sports.
Addressing a press conference here today, he proposed a proper enactment of law to prevent and abolish the growing menace of doping, 'which is ruining not only the healthy competition in sports but also destroying the general health of sportspersons'.
"It is an irony of fate and rather speaks poorly on the part of our country and also at Government of India that we do not have a single WADA accredited laboratory at national level", he added.
The HOA will make sincere efforts that one dope testing lab in each state must be established as it is a matter of paramount public importance, he added.
Chautala disclosed that as part of the ambitious plan to fight doping, a national seminar on Drug Abuses and Doping would be organized in collaboration of Jat Sabha Chandigarh, Federation of Jat Institutions at local Jat Bhawan on December 9, which will be followed by a wider awareness campaign.
Prominent doctors of international repute, expert from WADA, eminent sports personalities and experts from Sports Authority of India will be making presentation and give lectures during the seminar.
The seminar aims to provide information for strengthening national health and for participants and will also provide information on treatment approaches to reduce the ill effects of drug abuses and doping on individuals, families and communities.
Sports fraternity from Haryana as well as other parts of the country including the veterans and Olympians, educationists and students from different walks of life will be attending this seminar.
Some of the international cricketers participating in the ongoing 20-I.C.L. matches at Panchkula are also likely to attend this seminar as HOA has already extended invitation to Kapil Dev and other national and international players.
Mr Chautala announced that HOA understands the importance of the doping problem and would launch a state wide awareness campaign to guide the young generation regarding the ill effects of drugs and doping.
Teams of sports associations' representatives and doctors would visit different colleges and schools to awaken the students about the harms of drug abuse and doping. He said that drug abuse and doping not only have ill effects on the players and the games but also causes a smear on the state and the nation.
Chautala said that HOA has already framed the manifold strategy to fight the evil and educate the people at large about the health awareness programmes. He would be monitoring the campaign where as HOA secretary general and former DGP Dr M S Mailk would organise the seminars and awareness camps in urban and rural areas of the state.
Mr Chautala criticized the Haryana Government for its anti sports policies and arbitrary attitude. He criticized Chief Minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda for being bent upon ruining the games in Haryana. He said that he has always believed that politics should not be mixed with the sports and governments should desist from interfering in the sports and their management.
The HOA chief said that HOA would also submit a memorandum to the Governor to give the details of "misuse" of funds under the pretext of development of sports. The HOA will take all legal steps against the persons found to be guilty of "misuse" of funds. HOA will continue to work hard with full zeal and dedication for achieving excellence in the development of sports and for the welfare of the sportspersons. HOA has already started preparations for participation in 34 th National Games scheduled to be held at Ranchi ( Jharkhand) in March 2008 and hope that brilliant sportspersons of Haryana will positively secure the top place in the National Games. Similarly HOA will try to provide all help, guidance and coaching facilities to the sportspersons in the state for achieving better status in the forthcoming Olympic Games Beijing ( China) in 2008. HOA will be also organizing state rural games as per the guidelines of IOA. | <urn:uuid:e7452235-0491-4c69-ab27-27757eac79b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/08/chautala-explains-hoa-plan-to-curb-drug-abuse-1197126149.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954962 | 829 | 1.8125 | 2 |
French authorities have reportedly nabbed 10 swindlers in one of the country’s top wine-producing regions for labeling thousands of bottles of low-grade alcohol as the real deal.
The alleged scammers – who include several top wholesalers and wine merchants in Beaune, the wine-making capital of Burgundy – are facing charges of fraud and forgery, according to British newspaper The Guardian.
The scheme involved “cutting” thousands of bottles of top-quality wine – and mislabeling other bottles – and passing it all off as premiere booze, the paper reported.
Goichot, a Beaune-based wine firm, is suspected of blending middle-grade wine with undrinkable vino byproducts that were supposed to be turned into vinegar, the paper said.
Most of the major wines in Burgundy’s Cote d’Or region were affected, including Nuits-Saint-Georges and Volnay, the report said.
“I’m afraid these are very far from being glad tidings of seasonal good cheer,” Hubert Camus, vice president of the Burgundy wine board, told the paper.
“Our fathers and grandfathers have labored since the 1930s to bring Burgundy wines the renown they enjoy today. This destroys their efforts.”
In past years, two-thirds of the region’s product has been shipped to foreign countries, but because of the scandal, the area’s wine makers are worried that sales will face a fall-off. | <urn:uuid:8d389761-ed35-4e2d-aaca-33d1255dc48a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nypost.com/2000/12/31/fine-whine-over-bogus-burgundy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.969282 | 332 | 1.609375 | 2 |
RAHARJO, ANJAR (2007) DEVELOPING THE MATERIALS OF LISTENING INSTRUCTION FOR EYLCLASSROOM FROM ENGLISH “FUN” MAGAZINE. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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This study was intended to describe the listening activities in “Fun” magazine that can be used as instructional material for teaching listening to the young learners. The problems of this study are: What are the contents of “Fun” magazine that can be used to create the English instructional material for teaching listening to young learner? What are the English instructional materials can be categorized into listening for information? What are the English instructional materials can be categorized into listening and repeating activities? This study used descriptive qualitative design to obtain the data concerning with the research problems. In this study, the instrument used was observation toward the material in “Fun” magazine. The objects of this study were five editions of “Fun” magazine published by PT Antar Surya Jaya. They were editions 3, 9, 10, 12, and 20. The result of study showed that not all of the materials of” Fun” magazine could presents as listening instruction such as; listening for information and listen and repeat activities. The writer found that” Fun” magazine provided the materials on different categories. There were; (1) Listening for information and (2) listening and repeating activities. The writer found the materials of “Fun” magazine into two categories; first Listening for Information, which were consist of four listening activities such as; listen and color, questionnaires, putting things in order, and listen for the mistake. Then, in listening and repeating activities there were consist of three listening activities such as; reading stories, creating story, and songs. In fact, “Fun” magazine has focused more on listening for information. However, the writer found that “Fun” magazine did not provide independent listening. The result of this study suggest to the teacher of the young learner to select and develop learning activities based on available material to achieve the learning goal. However, the teacher can adopt the activities from many sources. One of them is “Fun” magazine. They can use “Fun” magazine to be one of instructional materials for teaching listening for their students because it provides good and enjoyable listening activities. Besides, it is suggest to the further researcher, they can develop materials from “Fun” magazine into different activities such as; reading, speaking, games, and telling story, since they have not been studied yet. And for the publisher they have to maintain the contents of materials and add the some listening activities such as rhyme, filling in missing information and game.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||L Education > L Education (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of English|
|Depositing User:||Rayi Tegar Pamungkas|
|Date Deposited:||28 Jun 2012 07:49|
|Last Modified:||28 Jun 2012 07:49|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:b35604e4-7db6-42af-b1ad-e859a8394e36> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eprints.umm.ac.id/10129/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931365 | 670 | 2.734375 | 3 |
[This is the fourth in a series of articles dealing with the issues involved in the health care debate. For readers who wish to read or review the previous posts, here are the links: 1.) Health care needs a revolt to freedom, not socialism, 2.) Health care- what the revolt to freedom requires, 3.) A health care approach based on responsible individual freedom]
Judging by some of the responses I've received to the previous posts in this health care series, I think it's important to make it clear that the illustrative features I talked about in my last post are not suggested components of some government run health care scheme. I oppose the government takeover of the health sector. It should also be clear from the ideas I've outlined that I oppose perpetuating the third party payer system in any form, whether as a single payer government run approach, or in continuation of the existing private corporate structure. One of the keys to improving the health sector's cost efficiency is to restore the responsible decision-making role of individual payers, so that price signals in the health market once again reflect the aggregate response of buyers to the sufficiency, quality and cost efficiency of the goods and services available to them in the health marketplace.
The ideas presented are also intended to illustrate possible ways of activating another key to cost efficiency, which involves recognizing that those who seek the health sector's ultimate product (health) also play a critical role in producing it. Like production workers in any other economic sector they must accept their responsibility for carefully and efficiently executing their part in the production process. And like other production workers, they need a work environment that offers tangible incentives for them to do so.
Unfortunately the discussion of health care reform has bogged down because of proposals based on outdated nineteenth and twentieth century concepts of economic activity. According to these concepts, the world is divided between workers and owners, managers and resources (including human resources), producers and consumers. By contrast, the paradigm of twenty-first century economic activity has begun to emerge most distinctly on the internet. The very concept of networking outruns the dialecticism of the past. The components of a network are at one and the same time consumers and providers of information. As conduits for its flow, they also modify, redirect and reshape its contents for different purposes, in a way that defies and transcends the distinction between consumption and production. On this account, the very idea of 'ownership' has to acquire new flexibility, so as not to interfere with the flow, modification and exchange of information that creates the network's activities and their economic value.
Social networking internet activities like Facebook are a good illustration of this new reality. The people who turned the Facebook software engine into a profitable enterprise mainly depend on advertising for their revenues. In a sense, such sites are like fairgrounds or expositions. Because they generate a large flow of visitors businesses will pay for the privilege of advertising their goods and services to the passing crowds. However, who produces the shows and other activities that attract the crowd? It's the visitors themselves. They gather in order to show off to one another, with photos, videos, writings, conversation etc. To be sure, just as the performing artists in other media (TV or the theater for example) enjoy what they do, the performers on the social network get pleasure (entertainment value) from their participation. But they also provide the attractions that gather the crowd. They are at one and the same time performers and spectators, producers and consumers, workers who own and manage an enterprise that is, in many respects, identical with themselves.
(At the moment, by the way, the economic model for internet activities takes no proper account of this new reality. But thus far unsuccessful attempts by Facebook and others to impose fees for services that people have hitherto obtained without charge are symptoms that the existing model is facing pressures that will inevitably lead to its modification. The new model will doubtless have to recognize and make use of the fact that charges people resist when they see themselves as consumers become logical and palatable as part of a paradigm that recognizes and remunerates the indispensable contribution they make as performers and producers. As consumers, they may be loath to pay admission to be part of a performance they themselves help make possible (that's like making performers pay for admission to a benefit concert for which they freely provide all the entertainment) But if they share in the profits generated by its existence, they will more cooperatively pay something toward maintenance and operating expenses for the privilege of realizing their share of the advertising revenue that is going at present entirely to someone else.)
The idea of replacing existing insurance policies with individually owned health provident accounts aims to initiate the health sector's move to a twenty-first century paradigm of economic activity. Ironically, though it represents a major change in the administrative structure of health care finance, in other respects the funding structure for those who presently earn employer funded access to health insurance as part of their pay would remain pretty much as it is. Some questions (like portability, for instance) would take care of themselves, since individual ownership of the health provident account means that the relationship between the insurance fund manager and the individual would be unaffected by changes in employment. Employers would pay the insurance fund manager in the name of the employee, just as they do now. But just as someone's employer doesn't decide where they have their checking or savings account, the employer would not decide where the employees establish their health provident fund accounts. This would in no way prevent employers from developing and promoting plans in concert with a particular insurance fund management firm. If the resulting cost and services package was attractive enough, a large number of their employees would sensibly prefer it. But the decision between competing fund management firms would be made by the individuals themselves.
This also opens the way to the creation of contributor pools based on associations and affiliations apart from work. Individuals could form such groups drawing from people in similar circumstances in their church, their service, fraternal or sorority groups, etc. Those who work for small and medium size businesses, for example, would take whatever level of contribution they receive from their employer and go in search of others being funded at a similar level. Once a large enough initial pool has gathered, the sponsoring organization would work out terms with an insurance fund provider, just as larger employers do now. Such groups would doubtless become a permanent feature of the system, identifying themselves with people at different income levels in order to appeal for their participation. So in addition to choosing among competing insurance fund providers, individuals would choose among different contributor group plans to find a package suited to their funding level and needs. Plan groups might be named after a particular employer (the GE plan, the Ford plan, etc.) or after a particular religious denomination, union or service organization (the Southern Baptist Association plan, the AFL-CIO plan, the Kiwanis plan, etc.)
In considering all this, it's important to keep in mind that any ideas I put forward are just for illustrative purposes. The good thing about a structure that empowers people for freedom is that it gives them the opportunity to think out and explore possibilities no one else would see.
A crucial question remains to be considered. How can we make provision for the people who, for economic or other reasons, are in no position to obtain employer funding for a health provident account? There will always be people with characteristics that make them rather like the kids on the playground that nobody wants on their team. Wouldn't the government have to step in to provide the funding and negotiate a group plan on behalf of indigent, infirm or high risk individuals or families? Government funding appears unavoidable, however, only to those who assume that there are no people with surplus resources to invest who would take an interest in helping to provide for the hard cases simply because it's a chance to do some good. The world is full of the foundations and institutes launched and sustained by resources people provided for no other purpose than to do some good. Folks like Gertrude Himmelfarb have done painstaking work suggesting that such good will may be relied upon to meet certain kinds of needs.
Indeed, for centuries, the provision of health services to people in need was a particular focus of well doing in cultures under the influence of Biblical morality. In communities throughout the United States the names of hospitals and medical centers call to mind their Biblical roots (Holy Cross, Shady Grove Adventist, Lutheran Memorial, Methodist Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Good Samaritan, Cedars-Sinai and many others that make an impressive list of saints' names and Biblical places.) The remarkable thing about our time isn't that ten percent of our people may have no assured access to health services, it's that (even by the estimates the socialists use to justify a government takeover) as many as 90% do. A Significant proportion of the system that achieved this result was built and maintained by the faith and goodwill of people in the private sector. Why should we believe that a government takeover is the only way to take care of the people not yet included?
Of course, as a matter of public order, safety and happiness it's natural for the sovereign (in this case the people as a whole) to take an interest in the health facilities of the society. The first care would be to do nothing that unnecessarily constrains or creates impediments for the existence and proper functioning of those facilities. The next would be to assure against malfeasance and abuse, through the civil courts and enforcement of relevant criminal statutes. But just as people have done with respect to education since the earliest years of the republic, so with health care, it makes sense for the government to make sure that, in the exercise of its proper powers and the conduct of its activities, it favors and supports those private activities judged most conducive to the public good.
In one of the famous Federalist papers (no. 36) Alexander Hamilton alludes to the fact that it is a feature of wise tax policy to work in such a way that the surplus of the rich contributes to the activities that address the situation of those in need. He was not suggesting anything like the schemes of confiscatory income taxation the socialists are so fond of. He was discussing the fact that the imposition of excise taxes on the items of more discretionary consumption accessible to those with greater surplus resources "coincides with a proper distribution of the public burdens." Without the need to develop and sustain the costs of an expensive, cumbersome and ineffective government administration, wise tax policy can second the good impulses of private individuals. It can thereby increase and help to sustain their commitment to actions that aid those who might otherwise be neglected. Thus it fulfills the proper hope of those who wield sovereign power, which is to serve, insofar as possible, the good of all the people.
In this regard the first aim of public policy would be to encourage adoption of an approach to health insurance that restores the proper role of individual freedom and responsibility. One way to achieve this would be to exempt from Federal taxation in every respect those who adopted an approach consistent with this objective. This would include both the insurance funds themselves (both as to the individually owned accounts and the investments or other income generating activities related to the general funds) and the transactions involved in their use.
This exemption could include allowing health insurance companies to emit tax-free financial securities (similar to tax-free municipal bonds) with the particular intention of raising capital for use in funding individual accounts for the 'hard cases'. Such bonds could then be marketed with particular attention to charity minded individuals. Instead of scoffing at the idea that needs should be met through charitable giving, this policy would aim to make charity a marketable commodity, that allows good intentions to feed upon themselves in order to nourish and increase the resources available to fulfill them.
As with the desirable features sketched out in the previous article in this series, this suggestion is simply meant to illustrate an approach consistent with individual liberty and responsibility. People with greater knowledge and expertise, encouraged to think along these lines, will doubtless come up with better tailored proposals. Unfortunately, the present focus on socialist concepts doesn't offer such encouragement. Stuck in the rut of archaic nineteenth and twentieth century thinking, the current health care policy debate doesn't encourage the development of decentralized approaches based on individual goodwill and initiative, approaches that would be far more in synch with the opportunities and possibilities that can be empowered by twenty-first century networking and globally targeted niche-marketing techniques.
Aside from being more up-to-date, such twenty-first century ideas would also take account of the timeless moral principles that must be respected when dealing with life and death matters like health care. As we have noted, one of the reasons for mounting opposition to the Obama faction's socialist proposals is the perception that banal bureaucratic calculation would usurp the judgment of concerned and loving individuals when it comes to dealing with the health crises of family members and other loved ones. Though the perception attaches to particular provisions of the Obama proposal, the concern is properly raised with respect to any health care approach that displaces individual freedom and responsibility. Bureaucracies may or may not reliably make decisions that are better informed or more consistent with cost-effectiveness. They will never reliably make decisions with greater love. Love must reflect the voluntary commitment of individuals to the welfare and happiness of other individuals. The works of love transcend rules and calculations, at least in part because the rationale of love takes as its denominator a being perceived to be of infinite worth. The value of an individual's life can therefore never be quantified or measured by any ruler except the loving heart. Beyond the requirements of justice, by respecting individual freedom and responsibility we make it more likely that our approach to health care gives love its due. | <urn:uuid:2c11808b-3924-4c34-b73d-7afa768a7294> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://loyaltoliberty.blogspot.com/2009/08/health-care-funding-revolt-to-freedom.html?showComment=1251862481882 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965854 | 2,801 | 1.734375 | 2 |
A surveillance system that singles you out if you’re acting suspiciously and alerts authorities so they can take pre-emptive action is being developed.
The system uses behaviour recognition software to identify unusual activity, such as shifting around on a bus. The system is based on computers learning what normal behaviour is, then looking for patterns of behaviour outside the norm. The system would then alert the authorities when it detects unusual behaviour.
The technology, still in early stages, isn’t designed to recognise fine detail, such as fidgeting or acting nervous. But it would detect more obvious behaviour. “For example, pickpockets have a very strange behaviour pattern on a bus compared to most people,” says Barney Glover, of Curtin University of Technology. “They generally move around from seat to seat to find a mark, while most people sit down and then depart.”
Roger Clarke, at the Australian National University in Canberra, says the technology would result in countless false alarms and constitute a civil liberties infringement. “It’s a horrendous proposition in terms of interfering with the way the world works,” he says.
Curtin University of Technology has also devised a system where “anxiety” levels are built into a house. “The house gets anxious if an abnormal event continues,” says Glover. “Eventually it reaches an anxiety level where it sends an SMS to a carer and says, ‘grandma seems to be sitting on the floor beside her bed and isn’t responding to the prompts from the house, please intervene’.”
The most sophisticated forms of the technology are expected to be available within the next 10 years.
Via ABC News. | <urn:uuid:5c6c184d-eb2a-4710-a4c5-f2f49b43101c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://we-make-money-not-art.com/a_surveillance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.943796 | 357 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The reptile has landed. London Mayor Ken Livingstone was praised three times by Bill Clinton during his address to the Labour faithful in Manchester last week, and cheered to the rafters by conference delegates. Earlier this summer he was given sweeping new powers over housing, planning, energy, skills, arts and sport. Livingstone has the satisfied air of a man who knows that the times have caught up with him.
His nasal twang is curiously statesmanlike. The acid barbs, though, are fresh and frequent. 'My broad approach is that 99 per cent of the time you can achieve what matters to London with reasoned argument and a bit of charm,' he said from his office at the top of City Hall. 'Occasionally you come across people that doesn't work with. The Reuben Brothers [property developers] or Veronica Wadley [editor of the London Evening Standard]. There are some people you have to be brutally direct to.'
This apparently no longer applies to Gordon Brown. After the 1997 election Livingstone declared that the Chancellor should be sacked for sticking to tight Conservative spending plans when Britain desperately needed investment. And they clashed bitterly over how to finance modernisation of the Tube.
Now things are sweetness and light, with Livingstone predicting that Brown will be the new Labour 'Caesar'. What thawed their relations? 'We showed that if you actually make an investment in London, you get a much better tax return on that than anywhere else.'
The economic case was one thing. It was delivering the congestion charge, cajoling the government to back a bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and increasing the number of affordable new homes that persuaded Brown to let Livingstone borrow £2.9bn for new transport infrastructure, the first time any local government leader has been allowed to do this. New investment is urgent because Livingstone has revised upwards the capital's projected population from 8.1 million in 2016 to 8.5 million in 2020. The last official figures put it at 7.5 million.
It is not just migration that will fuel population growth. London's birth rate is accelerating rapidly. But expansion, he argues, is sustainable. 'People don't believe me when I say this is the least densely populated big city in Europe. Greater Paris has the same population in half the space.'
What will fuel the economy, says Livingstone, is the financial services industry. Post-Enron corporate regulations mean that Russian companies are choosing London instead of Wall Street to raise money via flotations. 'Chinese firms are splitting 50-50 between us and New York. Clearly, the vast bulk of Indian investment is coming to London.'
A small but significant Latin American contingent could soon be joining the throng. It appears that Hugo Chavez's visit two months ago may result in the Venezuelan oil industry siting its European headquarters in London.
Livingstone attributes reliance on overseas businesses to the fact that the UK's economy is so small 'our financial services industry has to broaden its horizons'. But London as a global financial centre will propel the economy throughout the next century. 'All the emerging economies see London as the best place to do business. And if we can secure that position then we're set fair for another 100 years and not just getting me through to the next election.'
To appeal to Chinese investors, Livingstone has been talking to the Schools Minister Lord Adonis about offering primary school children lessons in Mandarin. 'To try and learn Mandarin when you're 12 or 13 is not easy. We need Mandarin-speaking teachers in our primary schools for kids of six or seven.' An experiment will involve flying in teachers from China. Londoners learning Mandarin, he says, will attract the 100 million Chinese people who by 2020 will be rich enough to visit the capital. But quite how this will tally with his next campaign - on aviation - is unclear.
The Mayor wants a tax on airline tickets included in Labour's next general election manifesto. He believes the electorate will vote for it amid authoritative predictions that the world's climate could be at a tipping point within five years. Livingstone says that other steep carbon emission cuts will be wiped out by the projected growth in aviation.
'In the same way we restricted people driving into central London, you restrict the growth of air travel by taxing it. The aviation industry has too strong an influence globally because the world got locked into an international treaty in 1948 which said it would be exempt from tax. That's ridiculous.'
He is not persuaded that a new run- way at Heathrow is vital to keep London's economy on track, and moves to end restrictions on night flights will be 'strongly opposed'.
The westerly expansion of the congestion charge will start in February. This will be followed by £1,000 fines on heavily polluting trucks, coaches, cabs and buses to improve air quality. 'Maybe by the Olympics we might look at cars. But so many people are going to [hybrid Toyota] Priuses and electric cars, and once the congestion charge is amended so Cherokee Jeeps are charged £25, that might happen a bit faster.'
Livingstone has told the government he is prepared to administer the installation of water meters to London households to conserve supplies. 'We could cope with double the projected growth in London if we had meters.' Likewise he wants Transport Secretary Douglas Alexander to let the capital pilot a national road pricing scheme.
Even the Olympics going over budget and past deadline isn't causing him sleepless nights. Budgets will come in at roughly the £2bn originally projected , he said, but extra cash needs to be found for laying the foundations of what will be a new town of 40,000 homes in the capital. 'For me getting the Olympics was about regenerating the Lower Lea Valley. The Olympics is the start. You get 5,000 or 6,000 homes [from it]. The government is now committed to building 35,000 to 40,000 homes throughout the Lower Lea, and you would be mad to put in the infrastructure for the Games and come back and dig it up, so now we're adding the infrastructure.'
Livingstone admits that Olympic site land values have doubled since the Games were won, adding £500m to acquisition costs.
He is confident that the Treasury will agree funds for a new rail line linking Heathrow with the Square Mile and Canary Wharf. The Crossrail train project is the subject of furious lobbying from business. Livingstone has said money will be signed off next summer, allowing construction workers finishing the Olympics to be transferred seamlessly to the building of new stations.
Justifying a Standard story last week that former Transport for London commissioner Bob Kiley will receive consultancy fees of £737,000 over two years, Livingstone said: 'What we get by paying for Bob is more brutal negotiation skills than you get from your traditional British civil servant. Watching Bob terrifying the people he's negotiating with is an impressive experience.'
As is witnessing Livingstone these days. The Mayor, who tore up his Labour membership card six years ago, will be key to retaining Labour's London vote at the next election. Once demonised by New Labour, he is now back in the fold. | <urn:uuid:89f7b8dc-a635-4a10-8160-4b8a79433ffa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/oct/01/politics.greaterlondonauthority | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956139 | 1,460 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Considering that, according to studies, some form of castor oil was used in 971 cosmetic products used castor oil in 2002 alone, the questions in the title are clearly legitimate. Is castor oil effective against acne and blemishes? Because, let’s be honest, acne may be perfectly normal, but nobody wants it!
That leads to the more general question: does castor oil work well on acne-prone skin? Perhaps or maybe not! One-size-fits-all is a long gone concept. So, let’s find out if castor oil can do anything for your acne and blemishes!
Table of Contents:
- Can castor oil clear acne?
- Oil cleansing with castor oil for acne prevention
- DIY castor oil remedies for the prevention of breakouts
- Does castor oil fade dark spots / acne scars?
- When should you use castor oil for acne prevention?
- Which skin types can use castor oil?
- Which castor oil should you add to your beauty routine?
Can Castor Oil Clear Acne?
Excessive sebum, dirt, and bacteria clog pores and cause acne. Though sebum secreted by the sebaceous glands helps keep your skin moisturized, overproduction could result in clogging pores and breaking out. In such cases, p. acnes, an acne-causing bacteria that feeds on sebum, gets multiplied. And that's when castor oil slides into the picture. But, don't be fouled, this does not mean your skin does not need moisturizer.
Should You Try Oil Cleansing with Castor Oil?
If you have oily-acne-prone skin, you might be thinking “eww! Who cleanses an oily face with oil?” But wait until you see the results.
Unlike other oils, castor oil has a very thick consistency, which means that it will be hard to apply and equally hard to wash off, so you might need to dilute it first.
Oil on oily face? Well, yes! Think of it this way: ‘Birds of a feather flock together! The castor oil dissolves the sebum and excess oil and leaves your skin clean and glowing.
DIY Castor Oil Remedies For the Prevention of Breakouts
Castor oil, Grapeseed oil and Tea Tree Oil
Blend castor oil with grapeseed oil in equal parts (let’s say 5 tablespoons of each), add 2-3 drops of tea tree essential oil, mix evenly and use the solution to cleanse your face. You can also use it as a spot-on overnight treatment, but make sure it gets absorbed before you go to bed.
Castor Oil and Turmeric
Take half a spoon of castor oil and a spoonful of turmeric. Turmeric contains antiseptic properties and helps in the reduction of acne-causing bacteria. Mix the ingredients well and apply the paste on a clean face, particularly on the acne-afflicted regions. For best results, use it once a day.
Castor Oil as a Stand-Alone Ingredient
Wash your face with a gentle cleanser to get rid of sebum and other impurities. Using a clean towel, pat off the water, or you can leave it to air dry. Then take a few drops of castor oil on your palm and massage it gently and thoroughly on your face. You can leave it overnight or wash it off after 10-15 minutes.
Does Castor Oil Fade Dark Spots / Acne Scars?
Skincare enthusiasts have been reporting for a while now the benefits of castor oil on acne scars. However, there is still little research to backup these claims.
Nevertheless, by reducing inflammation and blemishes, natural oils can certainly help improve the overall appearance of acne-scarred skin. Here are a few tips on how to use castor oil for acne scars:
Castor Oil and Lavender Oil
To a tablespoon of castor oil, add 2 drops of lavender oil. Blend it well, apply the mix on the affected areas and let it sit for 10-15 minutes before you wash it off with warm water.
Castor Oil and Vitamin E Oil
Extract the vitamin E oil from three or four capsules and mix it with a few drops of castor oil. Apply the solution to the affected areas after cleansing your face with a gentle face wash. Wash it off with warm water after few minutes.
For best results, follow the routine every day for at least a month.
Which Skin Types Can Use Castor Oil?
Castor oil works well on most skin types. While it moisturizes and nourishes dry skin, it removes excess oil and sebum from oily skin types.
“It has been used as a face oil for acne treatment,” and "You could also just spot treat with it," says Purvisha Patel, a certified dermatologist.
Caren Campbell, also a certified dermatologist, claims that castor oil helps inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, “Topically, it has been used in skincare to calm inflammation and pain.”
“Given its anti-inflammatory properties, castor oil can help soothe itchy, dry, or sensitive skin,” added Patel.
Which Castor Oil Should You Add to Your Beauty Routine?
WOW Skin Science Castor Oil is 100% pure, cold-pressed, processed from the highest quality castor seeds and packed with antioxidants, vitamin E and essential fatty acids.
Its anti-inflammatory properties soothe the skin, while Vitamin E can help improve the appearance of acne scars.
To wrap up, go for 100% undiluted castor oil and incorporate it into your daily routine. Let it spare you the trouble of hiding behind oversized shades!
Want a Gentler Method of Hair Removal? Try Sugaring
The Best Tips for Preparing Your Skin for Sun Exposure | <urn:uuid:87ad7979-62ca-4b4f-8e5d-508c7f539cde> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wowskinscience.com/blogs/news/can-you-use-castor-oil-for-acne-how-about-acne-scars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.920563 | 1,279 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Over the course of the year, Germany.info and The Week in Germany will highlight a different “Word of the Week” in the German language that may serve to surprise, delight or just plain perplex native English speakers.
Compound nouns abound in the German language. One that applies well to a variety of scenarios yet is difficult to translate precisely into English is “Fingerspitzengefühl.”
The literal translation of this expression – often used to connote someone who deftly handles all manner of tricky social situations, accurately assesses various signs of the times, or cleverly strategizes solutions in a range of contexts – is “finger tip feeling.”
Most German native speakers would use it to positively describe an individual or his or her actions.
For instance, if an employee named Klaus had done a great job of sussing out a new consumer trend and implemetend a successful marketing event for his company related to it, while cleverly stroking the fragile egoes of various colleagues and/or potential clients in the process, he would probably reap praise for his keen business acumen by keeping his finger on the pulse of his field as well as assessing any interpersonal pitfalls that could throw up roadblocks to sealing a successful deal.
“Klaus showed real Fingerspitzengefühl in masterminding that sale,” is what one of his superiors might say to another, for instance.
Unbeknownst to many modern Germans, the origins of the word seem to stem at least in part from the world of military strategy.
According to an entry in English on the word “Fingerspitzengefühl” in the popular global online encyclopedia Wikipedia, it refers to “a stated ability of some military commanders … to maintain with great accuracy in attention to detail an ever-changing operational and tactical situation by maintaining a mental map of the battlefield.”
In this vein, the encyclopedia goes on to state, “the concept may be compared to ideas about intuition and neural net programming.”
Most Germans, in day-to-day civilian language, however, would most likely not immediately relate this word to military strategy.
A random, unscientific sampling of German diplomats at the German Embassy in Washington supports this more general connotation of Fingerspitzengefühl, which they would use to describe someone having a deft grasp of a given situation.
In terms of traditional handicrafts or trades such as watchmaking, wood carving or hairdressing, the expression Fingerspitzengefühl, may also be taken literally – namely as someone showing fine dexterity with their hands, or excellent “finger tip feeling.” | <urn:uuid:b55b846c-e4b0-47b7-a0c3-65a74b45292e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://germanyinusa.com/page/41/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.949612 | 574 | 2.5 | 2 |
Whenever I do out for a good Neopolitan pizza, I try and observe and learn a bit more. Yesterday I spoke with the Pizza Maker of a local shop that makes extremely good neopolitan pizza. Although I feel a bit awkward about pressing for too much info, I did learn that he uses a bulk fermentation for a number of hours, knocks the dough down and then does a two day refrigerator rise before balling the dough and letting it sit out for use that day. I have no further info on exactly how much time the initial fermentation takes. (The process did remind me a little of what I have read on this site regarding the dough process at A16).
However, the most interesting thing he said is that before putting the dough in the fridge, he "feeds it a little". I have never heard of this before, and have no idea what he might be talking about. Again, being a bit sheepish to begin with, I did not make further inquiry. Could it be that he sprinkles into the dough a little sugar, or maybe a little more flour, to sustain it for the two-day rise in the refrigerator?
I will try and learn more next trip, but wonder if anyone is familiar with this technique. | <urn:uuid:3aa88a59-411b-4ea4-901d-410bca6ab8b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php?topic=2845.0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00496-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961663 | 254 | 1.726563 | 2 |
This interjection is used to express multiple reactions.
It can be used to express:
Surprise- Wow! You won the match.
Sadness: – Wow! I’m really sorry to hear that your husband lost his job.
2. OUCH / OW
Either of these can be used for showing pain in the moment when you hurt yourself:
“Ow!I banged my knee on the corner of the table.”
3. EW / EEECK / YUCK / UGH
The function of these interjections is to express disgust or hate.
Example: “Ew! Your wardrobe stinks. Do you even wash your clothes?”.
Best used when you suddenly understand/ discover something, as a thinking word, to express contempt.
Example- In a Math test: “Aha! I got the answer. ” (finding)
Contempt: Ah! Look what you’ve done! You’ve ruined it!
Understanding: Ah. I see what you mean.
Thinking: Ah…that’s not exactly what I meant.
5. OOPS / WHOOPS
When you make a mistake or react to a mistake you can use these interjections:
To make a mistake:
“Oops – I just spilled my soda all over the table.”
“I’ll get some paper towels to clean it up.
Reaction to a mistake:
“I borrowed a book from my teacher and then left it on the bus.”
“Whoops! Was she mad?”
6. DUH / WHOOP-DEE-DOO / LA-DEE-DAH
Use these interjections to express sarcasm. They should only be used with very close friends, because they would be offensive and inappropriate in a business context or a social context.
Duh is used in reaction to an extremely obvious statement:
1. “Hey, did you know you can share pictures on Facebook?”
2. Whoop-dee-doo is used when you want to say something is not as great as it seems. It’s like “Who cares?”
“I won $20 in the lottery!”
3. La-dee-dah is also used to express “I don’t really care,” in reaction to somebody else trying to sound impressive or show off:
“My boyfriend bought me a Ferrari.”
7. UM / UH
Use these interjections to pause while you think of what to say next.
Example: “How many students are there at your university?”
“Um, I’m not sure. I think around 1,000 – but I’ll have to find out from the website.”
This word is used to express despair or hopelessness.
Example: Gah! I give up!
This is a dismissive interjection.
Example: Bah! You never liked him anyways.
Meaning: That way stupid!
Example: I just deleted all my files. Doh! | <urn:uuid:eb2bc979-f9c5-47d1-b333-a767d984e085> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.learnex.in/interjections-to-express-emotions-english-grammar-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.918591 | 743 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Tuesday, October 29, 2013
The text tells us that when Esau comes in from the fields, he sees Jacob cooking. He is famished, hungry, starving. "Quick!" he says. "Give me some of that red stuff." He is too hungry to care what it is, too desperate for food to be polite. He demands instant gratification, instant satiation for his basic human need. My young children are so similar. When they want something, they want it NOW. When they decide that it has to happen, it must be immediate. Jacob uses this opportunity to his advantage, to negotiate with Esau for the birthright. We as parents can use this need for immediate satisfaction too. We can take the moment to remind them that, thankfully, they actually aren't starving. Thankfully, if it doesn't happen now, it's going to be okay. We help them to breathe, to consider, to think, to say please and to wait, even just a few moments, to fully understand that instant gratification may not be necessary. The thrill of waiting, of anticipation, of working hard to accomplish and earn something...this is part of our job as parents and teachers. Esau's need to be fed "right now" cost him his birthright. For our children, we hope that they will learn patience and persistence, steadfastness and determination.
TorahMama is my weekly attempt to talk about the Torah portion from a parenting perspective.... | <urn:uuid:6501e277-bb58-4557-828d-8186ac2c6aa2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://imabima.blogspot.com/2013/10/torahmama-toldot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00096-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975963 | 297 | 2.234375 | 2 |
A trip to the Mile High City calls for an urban adventure. Nestled in the vicinity of the resplendent Rocky Mountains, Denver is a metropolis of nature, with its backyard boasting a myriad of outdoor attractions. As the most populated city in Colorado, Denver also maintains an active downtown area, filled to the brim with museums, nationally renowned restaurants, and entertainment venues.
Sixty miles west of Denver sits Mount Evans Scenic Byway, the highest paved road in North America. With an elevation of over 14,000 feet, the peak dwarfs the Denver skyline. Echo Park, where the mountain itself is situated, offers a great outdoor experience to its visitors, including lake fishing. Colorado lives up to its reputation here: the trip to Evans’ summit passes through five climate zones.
At Dinosaur Ridge, visitors can walk in the footsteps of our ancestors (the kind with lots of teeth). Located just west of downtown Denver, the site is etched in dinosaur tracks, and once contained the fossils and bones of such creatures as the Stegosaurus and the Allosaurus. It’s not quite Jurassic Park, though you can still survey the grounds and take a prehistoric walk through time.
Molly Brown House Museum
Known as the “Unsinkable Molly Brown,” Miss Molly became one of Denver’s most famous residents. She caught the nation’s attention after surviving the horrific sinking of the Titanic. Molly used her fame as a platform, campaigning for several social justice causes throughout the rest of her life. At the Molly Brown House Museum, Denver tells her story, and guests are invited to explore her gorgeous Queen Anne-style abode.
Forney Transportation Museum
With the slogan “Anything on wheels,” the Forney Transportation Museum is a love letter to the history of transportation in America. The exhibits include one of Amelia Earhart’s beloved vehicles (the “Gold Bug” Kissel), an amphicar, and several historic locomotives. For the auto enthusiast, the museum even showcases cars for sale.
To plan your trip to Denver or for an extended guide of things to do, visit the official Denver city guide at http://www.denver.org.
Denver International Airport
To learn more about specific flight information, hotels around the airport, ground transportation and more, visit the airport's website.
(Frontier service to Denver is operated on a seasonal basis) | <urn:uuid:df1b00a9-0d26-45f3-80bf-7bfdc6ab7cf1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.clevelandairport.com/flight-information/non-stop-cities/denver-seasonal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927438 | 500 | 1.84375 | 2 |
The overturning of the conviction for murder of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito by an Italian court on Monday contrasts with the fate of Troy Davis.
In both cases, a conviction was built on shoddy evidence. In both cases, during the appeal the weakness of the case became apparent. But in the US, the verdict was allowed to stand. If Amanda Knox had been in Georgia’s legal system, she would probably be dead instead of on an airplane home.
Would it help for appeals in the US, like those in Italy, to have a jury? That step might counter-act the natural instinct of any court to preserve its authority by resisting a charge of having made a major error. The Italian system often modifies the original judgment on appeal, which seems to me a virtue. Would it help if attorneys could serve on the appeal juries, as in Italy?
Would it help for the United States, like Italy, to abolish the death penalty?
That is obvious. But it won’t happen as long as a significant part of the country actually cheers executions (the part that otherwise claims ad nauseam to be ‘pro-life.’) | <urn:uuid:f6597d04-7775-4d45-bd88-140ed912ec13> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.juancole.com/2011/10/amanda-knox-and-troy-davis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00479-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976391 | 245 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Here’s our important 🇬🇷Rhodes Travel Guide 🇬🇷, providing you with EVERYTHING you want to know to take the effort our your vacation in Rhodes.
The beautiful island of Rhodes has an extended and enchanting historical past, and is a mecca for solar seekers. From lovely surroundings to gorgeous medieval cities, there’s one thing everybody will love.
In this journey information, we’ll cowl:
► Our favorite issues to do
► What to eat in Rhodes
► How to talk Greek
► The greatest methods to get in regards to the metropolis
► How to benefit from your cash on vacation
Want to study extra about travelling to Rhodes? Visit our Rhodes Travel Hub: https://www.holidayextras.com/destinations/rhodes.html
Greek Islands Travel Hub: https://www.holidayextras.com/five-greek-islands-post-lockdown.html
Greece Travel Hub: https://www.holidayextras.com/destinations/greece.html
Some helpful hyperlinks on your personal Rhodian journey!
Rhodes Tourism Board – http://www.rodosisland.gr/
Travel Planner App – http://www.heha.com/
Book an Airport Lounge – goo.gl/Y7zv5y
Pre-book an airport taxi – http://bit.ly/2DQmGv3
Travel Insurance – http://bit.ly/2v1fZ9f
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Welcome to Rhodes!
Known as ‘Ro-dos’ by the locals, it’s the 4th largest Greek island within the Aegean Sea and the most important of the Dodecanese islands.
Rhodes has an extended and enchanting historical past, and at present prides itself on having among the finest preserved medieval settlements on the earth, in addition to a wholesome quantity of seashore resorts that make it a mecca for solar seekers.
The north of the island is residence to its jewel, the outdated city, whereas the south is greatest identified for its pure magnificence.
On a drive throughout Rhodes you’ll see every little thing from valleys to seashores, picturesque villages and, in all probability, a great deal of goats!
And with 300 days of sunshine a 12 months, it’s no shock that over 2 million individuals go to yearly.
So with that form of recognition we needed to come right here and see what all of the fuss was about.
We’ve been exploring the island that will help you take advantage of out of your journey. Coming up we’ve obtained recommendations on meals, cash, getting round and language.
But let’s begin with our favorite issues to do right here on the island.
Spending a day in Rhodes outdated city will really feel such as you’ve jumped right into a time machine and gone again to medieval instances.
It’s the oldest inhabited medieval city in Europe and you’ll simply spend a few hours right here wandering round and getting misplaced amongst the windy cobbled streets. (It says we’re right here)
Navigation could be troublesome, so I’d advocate downloading Google Maps earlier than you go (Love Google Maps) to be sure you discover the well-known Street of the Knights, which runs from the Hospital of the Knights as much as the Palace of the Grand Masters, a well-known fortress that stands tall and proud on the highest level of city.
Having a neighborhood knowledgeable discuss you thru every little thing you’re taking a look at is so value it. I booked a strolling tour with Rhodes Private Tours and was proven across the outdated city and the port.
Our tour information Dimitri was so passionate in regards to the island, it was fascinating to listen to all his insider’s information…
The degree is a bit larger than the extent of the ocean, so the intention was to not put water in, the intention was to create distance from one wall to the opposite. So the Turks, all was constructed to defend the town from the assaults of the Turkish, it was the brand new navy energy of the fifteenth century. Then they needed to go down throughout this mote and canopy, go up then behind is one other moat, then once more up, it was unimaginable to be invaded, the place.
So no go to to Rodos could be full with out a journey to the seashore. There’s a bunch of seashores right here and we’ve come to take a look at Elle seashore, which is kind of widespread with vacationers. There’s a load of lodges, bars, eating places right here. It’s a pebbly seashore, however what’s fairly cool about it’s that there’s a diving platform proper in the course of the ocean that you simply’ve obtained to swim out to.
In 2017 Greece ranked second on the earth for the standard of its seashores on the Blue Flag scheme and there are a lot to select from.
But, named after the well-known actor, my favorite seashore on the island needs to be Anthony Quinn Bay. With its crystal clear, emerald waters and luxurious inexperienced vegetation, it’s completely my form of paradise.
The valley is known as after the 1000’s of butterflies which arrange camp right here in the summertime, enticed by the vanilla scented Oriental Sweetgum timber.
It’s one of many island’s magnificence spots, with it’s inexperienced cover, streams, ponds and waterfalls, making for a serene various to a day on the seashore. | <urn:uuid:b77813da-ff86-47c6-8cbd-144b4e6fa41e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://explorigate.com/%F0%9F%87%AC%F0%9F%87%B7rhodes-travel-guide-%F0%9F%87%AC%F0%9F%87%B7-holiday-extras/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.910299 | 1,370 | 1.773438 | 2 |
2022 Petzl RocTrip TV Show – Day 3
We're going to make a point. On rocks, we're going to use a 12-mm bolt. The first step is choosing the location.
For that, we need to check the rock to make sure there are no weaknesses. I'm going to use a hammer to check. First, I'll tap it a bit to see what it sounds like. Like this. There you go. If it sounds solid, it's good. If it sounds hollow, it's no good.
It's hollow there, so that's no good. It's solid here. Another key thing is that this part should be flat so that the hanger lies against it in a stable position. Third requirement, when I climb, I'm going to place a quickdraw on this hanger. There mustn't be physical stress on the quickdraw. It mustn't be at an angle.
Basically if I put the point here, the carabiner's in an awkward position, which would be an issue. So, that's about right. That's perfect. One final key thing is you must make sure that you don't put the point on a much larger piece of rock that you may not have spotted, a large fragment or block that could come off. In this case, it's all solid.
It's perfect. Now we can start drilling. So, we're going to drill with the drill bit that matches the diameter of the bolt.
I have a bolt that's 12 mm in diameter, so I'm going to use a drill bit that's the same size. The 12-mm one. For the depth of the hole, which is very important, you want to drill slightly deeper than the total length of the bolt. There are a few key things here. I could put some duct tape to mark a reference point.
When I drill, I'll know that I've drilled deep enough. I could also compare my bolt. I'm looking to check I have the right length because all drill bits are different and there are several bolt sizes. So, why do we drill the right length? We drill the right length, so we can push the bolt in fully, so it's very important to drill deep enough to expand the bolt correctly. If I don't drill enough, I won't be able to push it in or expand it fully.
Then the drill angle will be perpendicular to both planes. Horizontally like this and vertically. Again, this is to make sure it's in a stable position.
If I drill at an angle in one way or another, the hanger will be in an unstable position, so I won't be able to install it correctly and I won't get the desired results. So, I'm checking that the level is right here and here. Now I can start to drill. When I drill, I'm also paying attention to how the rock feels.
There's quite a lot of resistance. The rock's very hard. But you can get pockets of air like bubbles or areas of rock that aren't as firm, so a bit softer or even decayed. So, I'm paying close attention to how it feels when I'm drilling. If there's a big air bubble, I might need to change the location of my point.
There. Then we'll clean the hole. We can clean the hole by hand like that or with a little tube that you put inside. And you blow. To really clear the hole and ensure there's no dust inside that could gather at the bottom and reduce the distance. Reduce the depth of the hole, I mean.
I'm now going to take my bolt. I'm going to position it over the hole and push it in slightly. The key thing is I'm just going to leave the head of the bolt sticking out to hammer it in to avoid damaging the thread. If I do this, I risk damaging the thread and then I wouldn't be able to expand it. So, I'm going to unscrew it and just leave the head of the bolt.
I'll get my hammer. And I'll hit it in. When I get to the end, it's important to unscrew it again slightly to use the entire length of the shaft. Right to the end.
Otherwise, I'll have to unscrew it again and hammer it even more. There you go. I'm positioning it so that when I attach the quickdraw, it's the right way around. The angle isn't right. Vertically, like that.
So, when I attach my quickdraw, it's in the right position. So, the hanger will be in this position, because if it's in a different position, if you fall, the carabiner will drive downward and there's a risk that it will unscrew. The hanger can unscrew, so it's essential to place it in the direction that the carabiner and hanger are being used.
It clips on like that. Then to expand the point, I'm going to use a wrench that's a suitable size. I don't need a huge wrench.
It's naturally easy to expand. It's clearer with the eyelet. There you go. And now I'm just going to feel when my point expands. Inside, there's a little clip that stays in place and when I screw the bolt, the shaft expands the clip, while coming out slightly. I should feel resistance.
There shouldn't be loads, but at least a bit. There you go. The size of the wrench is designed to be tightened with one hand. No need to tighten with both hands. When I can clearly feel resistance, it means my point is expanded.
So, once my clip has been put place, visually it's in line, it doesn't move. You can check, but it doesn't move. And the shaft isn't sticking out too much.
If it sticks out too much, it means part of the rock was too soft or there was a bubble, so it's hard to make sure that the hanger is really strong. Above all, the quickdraw might go in an awkward position. It could go in an awkward position and get caught on the shaft sticking out.
The quickdraw is positioned perfectly, and you can see there aren't any parts that you press with your finger that could open if you fall or the climber moves. In any case, we can move onto the next part. See you soon! Today, most people have left the village because they couldn’t find work. They went away for their studies and became scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers. Consequently, with the older generation passing away, half of the houses are uninhabited and there aren't a lot of people left. The only opportunity for income is from agricultural work.
Most of the inhabitants have left the villages for that reason; to find a job elsewhere, in Chalkida or Athens. It's a problem in our village, as well as all the surrounding areas. We would like something to be done here in our village, so that young people can come and stay here.
The region needs climbing. We have to promote it. As a friend told me, "You live in paradise and you don't even know it." We have a paradise here, so if the people realize that, that there is potential in tourism, in other kinds of tourism, then I think that the people will decide to stay instead of leaving.
We are in the main square of Manikia, a small Greek village on the island of Evia. It's a village perched high in the hills, where a small community lives. They've always been surrounded by these cliffs without imagining that something could be done with them. Then they saw us come and start climbing, bolting, etc. We gradually became friends with the locals — like family. It's always been important to us that the locals are involved in the development of climbing.
The organization was born with a few dozen individuals. Slowly, new people are joining. Those who joined were not necessarily climbers. But we told them that in order to obtain funding, we'd need to make a guidebook for the climbing areas, to make signage for navigating the area, and establish a rescue team.
So, we try to share all the knowledge we have, and step by step they become self-sufficient. The goal is that in 2023 they will be fully independent in managing all aspects of the project. As for climbing, it's something really new in the village. People are sometimes skeptical, they don’t realize the potential.
Our region is really diverse, we have the sea and the mountains. We can be in the mountains, surrounded by snow and pine trees in the morning, then be on the coast at noon. Now, with everyone working together, we can move forward with our project to develop the area. We have the will, the motivation, the organization, and the support of the villagers to make it successful and to highlight the area. I think that in a couple of years the village will have changed. Abandoned houses will be rebuilt, there will be restaurants, and new people will be attracted to the village.
At the moment, 90% of the inhabitants are retired. Little by little, I think that young people will invest in the climbing project. I am confident. Climbers are coming from all over the world here. But the locals also need to keep their identity. | <urn:uuid:8a00eb6a-22f8-4f24-ac1b-e3cb013efe65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newstechtrend.com/tourism/2022_petzl_roctrip_tv_show_day_3_i4210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.975111 | 1,964 | 2.375 | 2 |
We should be happy to engage with trenchant criticisms of aid – it is important to do so if those of us involved in the development sector are to retain credibility in the long-term. Aid has mixed impacts, can harm as well as help development and takes the focus away from other more important things rich countries should be doing to spur development. African governments should set out medium-term plans to reduce aid dependency, while rich countries need to switch from traditional forms of aid-giving to supporting global goods (like clean energy, vaccinations, security) in new ways.
But there is one argument against aid that we need to tackle head on; the idea that we cannot afford aid, that we are being over-generous, especially in a time of cuts at home. This notion that we are being too generous is an attack not on aid, but on the development project itself, by which I mean the idea that people in rich countries have a duty to stand in solidarity with people in poorer countries who face hardships and injustice, often caused or compounded by the actions and decisions of rich countries themselves.
Using pejorative terms like "handouts" and "doling out", some parts of the media are mounting a campaign to suggest Britain should be embarrassed by our level of aid giving. But the idea that aid is generous is absurd. Some people, inspired by religious tradition, think it is appropriate to give 10% of what they have to charity, £10 in every £100 of earnings. In 2010, the UK gave not £10, not £1, but 56p ($0.91) in overseas aid for every £100 ($163) we earned as a country. On average, since 1990, we have given even less, 35p ($0.57).
If we add in personal contributions to charities (ie aid that doesn't come through the government), as the Spectator (UK magazine) argues quite convincingly that we should, 2010 saw 80p ($1.30) in every £100 given to poorer countries. If I gave 80p in every £100 I earned to help people less fortunate than me, who would call me generous? I don't think many people in this country have that attitude. I am quite embarrassed that newspapers in my country think this level of giving is generous. What would make them happy - 40p ($0.65) in every £100 or 30p ($0.49)? How stingy do we have to be before their bizarre anti-solidarity is satisfied?
But the main point is that giving aid is not actually a great act of generosity. Aid buys things donors want (such as political support and economic advantage, whether directly for donor businesses or indirectly through policy change). The other things rich countries need to do to really show solidarity with the poor will require if not more generosity (as we can turn them to our economic advantage) then certainly greater risk: accept fairer trade rules, adapt rapidly to climate change and resource scarcity by limiting our consumption, accept the employment consequences of a more just arms trade, clamp down on tax havens and force our international companies to abide by social, environmental and accounting norms (to name a few).
Being truly generous requires rich countries to undergo fairly profound changes in the way they have lived for the last few decades. The notion that giving away our loose change is embarrassingly generous would be an odd one to poor people around the world trying to scrape together a living under the unfair system rich countries have established to work in their favour.
It is certainly true that poor people in the UK and other rich countries are going through tough times, as services are cut and jobs are hard to find. The kind of cuts being made in the UK at the moment are both economically illiterate and ethically unacceptable. I watched a BBC documentary called Poor Kids last week showing the lives of three of the 3.5 million very poor children in the UK. It was shocking.
The UK has created a hugely unequal society in which bankers go home with millions while one London council has started to charge children to visit playgrounds. It will take a long time to carry out the radical reform needed to bring it to something verging on sanity and fairness. But these problems existed long before the financial crisis. To suggest that we should seek to help the poorest at home by withdrawing support from people abroad who are much poorer, while the rich make off with their millions, is surely morally indefensible in any philosophy.
Some argue that countries we are giving money to are doing better than us. Well, some poor countries are certainly growing faster than us, which is as it should be – they are catching up to our standard of living. But take India's annual income and divide it between the whole population and each Indian gets just over $3 per day. Better than it was, yes, but still hardly above starvation wages, and nowhere near the UK's $113 per day ($41,370 per year). Despite two years of financial turmoil, the UK is still the sixth richest country in the world.
Getting the facts and ethics straight on this issue is crucial not to defend aid, but to defend the very concept of generosity in a changing world. Rich countries need to be more generous not less and, as Andrew Mitchell rightly says, they should be proud when they stand in solidarity with the worse off. | <urn:uuid:89eb2189-def1-4ba3-80b4-623339c23b8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jun/14/aid-is-hardly-an-act-of-great-generosity-effectiveness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971232 | 1,084 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Planning for regional growth
As part of the process of maintaining an adequate water supply for the Hutt, Porirua, Upper Hutt and Wellington city councils into the future, Greater Wellington Regional Council has recently increased the water storage capacity of the Stuart Macaskill Lakes at Te Marua and is investigating additional water source and storage options.
Our aim is to have a water supply system that results in a very low risk of water shortage. We use a security of supply design standard of not more than a 2% annual probability of shortage, which is regarded as best practice for our combination of run-of-river, aquifer and storage sources.
Infrastructure is planned and developed to provide additional water to maintain the 2% standard for a growing population and any changes in the average level of water consumption per person (includes residential and commercial).
We use a water modelling programme developed by NIWA that utilises climate, population and water use data, to assess future water demand scenarios. These inputs are reviewed and updated at regular intervals as modelling capabilities develop, population projections change and water use trends emerge.
Our water modelling programme was updated in 2013. This update took into account the consistent reduction in water use per person that has been seen over the last few years and an improved understanding of the behaviour of the Waiwhetu Aquifer.
This means that the sustainable population (the population that our present network can reliably supply with enough water in most years) has risen – from 414,000 to 447,000 people. Based on Statistics NZ 2012 medium-growth projections (the latest available), a population of 447,000 for the four cities in our supply area would be reached about 2035. Given this projection, the likely date for developing a new bulk water source is now 2035 – 15 years later than previously estimated.
While the currently-projected 15 year deferral of the need for a new bulk water source is welcome, we have continued to work on options for the additional sources of water so that we are fully prepared should this outlook change.
In 2012, GWRC decided to pursue a flexible and incremental approach to developing a new water source. This approach resulted in the purchase of land at Kaitoke that has the potential to hold three water storage lakes of differing sizes (and costs).
The Whakatikei dam remains an important option for future long-term water supply development, however, the proposed storage lakes in Kaitoke are likely to be built first as they provide more choice regarding the scale, environmental impact and cost of the next stage of development, whenever that is needed.
Reducing demand for water “per person” (by methods such as reduced leakage from city water reticulation networks, increased use of water-efficient appliances and fittings or household water metering and associated conservation education) at a rate equivalent to population growth would help to defer the need to build a new water source.
We are working with the region's city councils to develop strategies that include elements of water demand management, for public consultation. However, our planning approach is conservative and does not rely on the reduction of per capita water use in the future. | <urn:uuid:59406b30-101a-4178-ac53-30967829a6b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gw.govt.nz/planning-for-regional-growth-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00224-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947886 | 646 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Casting movies is a complicated process. Casting directors are generally in charge of filling out the cast for a film, though writers and directors may have an idea about who could best play a role. Sometimes producers or the financiers of the movie may demand to choose the lead actors — and their choice is often based on bankability.
The last few years in Hollywood may be characterized as the age of record-breaking superhero blockbusters. A small group of actors have been cast in these massive productions and are now among the box office greats. But there is a bigger group of actors who don’t necessarily star in franchise movies but still draw the most people to theaters.
To determine the 40 most bankable actors of the 21st century, 24/7 Tempo reviewed data on average box office for roughly 8,000 actors. Actors were ranked based on the average domestic box office per film in which they received the lead star credit, according to credit data from the Internet Movie Database. Animated films, sequels, and franchise films were excluded from the average box office calculation.
Nine of the most bankable actors on this list are women, one of them only recently retired. Almost half have been cast as the lead in at least three motion pictures over the last decade that have grossed more than $100 million in the U.S. alone.
The actors on the list are among the most popular names in the entertainment business right now. Their path to becoming one of the main reasons people pay for a ticket at a movie theater had to start somewhere — these are the movie roles that launched the careers of Hollywood’s biggest stars.
To determine the most bankable actors, 24/7 Tempo reviewed data on average box office for roughly 8,000 actors. Actors were ranked based on the average domestic box office per film in which they received the lead star credit, according to credit data from the Internet Movie Database.
Animated films, sequels, and franchise films were excluded from the average box office calculation.
Data on domestic box office came from IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes, and film industry data site The Numbers.
Only actors with at least five lead acting roles throughout their careers and who have starred in at least one movie that grossed at least $100 million since 2011 were considered. Actors were also excluded from consideration if more than half of their lead film roles were in sequels to their own movies.
Only films with at least 25,000 reviews on IMDb were included in our analysis.
Sponsored: Tips for Investing
A financial advisor can help you understand the advantages and disadvantages of investment properties. Finding a qualified financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three financial advisors who serve your area, and you can interview your advisor matches at no cost to decide which one is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
Investing in real estate can diversify your portfolio. But expanding your horizons may add additional costs. If you’re an investor looking to minimize expenses, consider checking out online brokerages. They often offer low investment fees, helping you maximize your profit. | <urn:uuid:1c70a71b-7f42-4980-a336-7f518ac4fa0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://247wallst.com/special-report/2021/04/16/most-bankable-actors-century/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.976519 | 668 | 1.828125 | 2 |
A mystery bedeviling marine biologists for years was how life at the bottom of the ocean gets enough food. The measured amount of sinking organic particles did not seem to be enough to sustain the observed creatures there. The menu secret might be mucus. Tadpole-size creatures called giant larvaceans dwell in delicate houses of slime often more than a meter wide, which they use to snare food. Once a house gets too clogged, the larvacean abandons it and spins a new one. Bruce Robison and his colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, Calif., spent 10 years collecting larvacean houses and videoed the building and discarding of the mucous abodes. Larvaceans spun themselves a new house every day, with enough old homes descending to account for roughly half as much carbon as the rain of organic particles. Their findings fell into the June 10 Science.
This article was originally published with the title "Dinner Slime" | <urn:uuid:50c1fd5e-7f36-4943-9aa4-8b949391deb2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dinner-slime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00273-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957324 | 205 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The Renaissance Academy is a collegial association of retired and semi-retired men and women who share learning experiences and intellectual growth in a friendly, relaxed, academic setting, regardless of educational background. Enrollment is open to all who believe in the importance of pursuing the Academy's life-long learning opportunities. Classes are peer-facilitated and include topics like philosophy, history, literature, current events, poetry and computer technology.
Classrooms and some resources at both the Chicago and Orland Park campuses are made available to Renaissance members as part of the Saint Xavier University community outreach initiative.
- Participation in one to three Academy classes each term (Chicago campus only)
- Use of University library, lounges and café
- Use of the Shannon Center track during class days. (Chicago campus only)
- Special events and Speakers' Forum
- Invitations to selected University events
- Audit privileges for one University class with restrictions and approval (Chicago campus only)
Individual Renaissance Academy members serve as class facilitators. They develop their
own programs and choose program materials. Members are encouraged to volunteer their
time so that the Academy may offer a broad selection of courses.
No testing or grading is included in the program; however, class participation provides the energy that makes the Academy a viable entity.
Sample Areas of Study | <urn:uuid:c183f0c7-91fd-40b5-972c-b6a3152b64c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://sxu.edu/community/renaissance/index.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937634 | 270 | 1.507813 | 2 |
American composer and educator
Hugo David Weisgall
Hugo Weisgall, in full Hugo David Weisgall (born Oct. 13, 1912, Eibenschutz, Moravia [now Ivančice, Czech Republic]—died March 11, 1997, Manhasset, N.Y., U.S.) Czech-born American composer and educator, whose operas have been praised for their literary quality, their psychological drama, and their unique vocal style.
Born into a musical family that had produced several generations of composers and cantors, Weisgall immigrated with his parents to Baltimore, Md., U.S., in 1920. He studied at the Peabody Conservatory (1927–32) in Baltimore and later attended the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where he earned diplomas in conducting (1938), under Fritz Reiner, and in ... (100 of 321 words) | <urn:uuid:7d87800c-0c26-460f-a923-f1a672f3c4da> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugo-Weisgall | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00221-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967687 | 191 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Sec. Negative Emission Technologies
Implementing the Soil Enrichment Protocol at Scale: Opportunities for an Agricultural Carbon Market
- Indigo Ag, Boston, MA, United States
High-quality agricultural carbon credits that incentivize regenerative practices can help address climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement and CO2 sequestration. Generating large volumes of such credits requires rigorous crediting methodologies. The Soil Enrichment Protocol (SEP) by the Climate Action Reserve (CAR) aims to unlock this type of crediting potential. The SEP includes new expert-driven standards for validating the use of soil biogeochemical modeling to generate credits. Technical experts at Indigo Ag participated in the SEP working group and are supporting implementation of the first project, CAR 1459_RP1, on hundreds of thousands of acres in the US. The authors share their thoughts on new approaches enabled by the SEP as both contributors to the theory behind and practitioners of these approaches. The SEP enables scalable, high-quality credits through four main advances: (1) allowing flexibility in the use of biogeochemical models that meet explicit performance requirements, (2) enabling a new approach to field-level, modeled baselines, (3) supporting a hybrid approach of credit generation using both soil measurement and modeling, and (4) requiring a new type of credit uncertainty quantification that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty. Together these advances support agricultural credit quantification that enables payments to offset transitional costs for growers, at large enough scales to create a robust market, with a level of rigor that ensures any credited emission reductions have real climate impact. Innovations in soil analyses, advances in research, and improvements in data collection could further improve the potential for agricultural carbon credits to scale.
To ensure long-term success at a global scale, carbon markets must be based on confidence in driving emissions reductions. This confidence requires rigorous and transparent protocol standards for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and CO2 sequestration to generate high-quality carbon credits, defined as being realistically baselined, additional, and permanent, among other criteria (see Table 1). Since the use of an offset credit involves the allowance of an equal emission elsewhere on Earth, offset credits that do not equate to equivalent amounts of emissions reductions (i.e., are not real) result in direct environmental harm. Confidence is critical; if credits are not rigorous, science-based, and transparent in their methods; if low-quality, unverified credits are transacted in the market, it can cast doubt on the entire market and the incentive structure can collapse.
Recently, multiple entities (including Indigo Ag) have either explored or actively launched programs to generate agricultural carbon credits due to the potential for regenerative practices, such as cover cropping and reduced tillage, to reduce GHG emissions and sequester carbon in soils (Paustian et al., 2016). To support large-scale practice change, growers need to be directly compensated for the carbon credits they generate on their operations. Implementing regenerative practices often involves transitional costs, such as changes to equipment to plant into heavier residue, or ongoing operational costs, such as annual purchases of cover crop seeds. Carbon credit payments generated by these activities could reduce financial barriers to adoption. Currently, adoption rates of regenerative practices in many regions remain low; for example, <2% of growers used cover crops and <12% practiced no-till in 2017 [United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 2017]. Agricultural carbon credits have an opportunity to increase regenerative practice adoption, by incentivizing regenerative management strategies that minimize GHG emissions while maximizing carbon sequestration and co-beneficial outcomes to soil and crops.
Carbon markets have developed since the 1990s through voluntary efforts, such as independent project registries, and regulatory mechanisms, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the California cap-and-trade program [International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA), 2020]. There is broad consensus around a suite of quality criteria that should underpin any credible offset program [Offset Quality Initiative (OQI), 2008]. Individual programs, such as the Climate Action Reserve (CAR), maintain their own programmatic standards built around these quality criteria, and then adopt individual protocols and methodologies for specific project activities, such as forestry or agricultural land management (Climate Action Reserve Offset Program Manual, 2021). Several protocols have been adopted to address implementation and monitoring of GHG mitigation projects on agricultural lands, including the CAR Nitrogen Management Protocol (Climate Action Reserve Nitrogen Management Protocol Version 1.0, 2012) and California Compliance Offset Protocol for Rice Cultivation Projects (COP RCP) (Compliance Offset Protocol Rice Cultivation Projects, 2015). Except for livestock manure digestion projects, these past efforts have not resulted in large-scale projects or significant credit volume. This lack of scale is at least partly a result of a reliance on the combined precedent of industrial emission reduction methodologies and forestry-focused land use methodologies, which proved ineffective in creating scalable agricultural projects. Additionally, those protocols faced significant challenges with farmer engagement and data collection, partly because either the programs or protocols were highly prescriptive and left little room for innovation by project aggregators or for growers to be responsive to changes in market demand for certain crops. For example, the 2015 COP RCP generated zero credits despite stable demand and above average prices in the California compliance offset market (Air Resources Board Offset Credit Issuance, 2020; Compliance Offset Protocol Rice Cultivation Projects, 2015). This protocol generated zero credits because of high data burdens, grower resistance to monitoring and data collection requirements, and limited opportunity to practically aggregate multiple fields into a single project. The protocol was also limited in geographic scope to rice growing regions in California, the Mississippi River delta, and Louisiana.
The CAR Soil Enrichment Protocol v1.0 (SEP) aims to generate high-quality carbon credits at scale by providing opportunities for projects to continually benefit from scientific advancements in agricultural sampling methods and soil biogeochemical modeling, while supporting credit generation at a grower-beneficial cadence (Climate Action Reserve Soil Enrichment Protocol Version 1.0, 2020). Indigo participated in the stakeholder working group for the CAR-led development of the SEP. The registry engaged with expert working groups that represented multiple perspectives, including growers, scientists, environmental NGOs, and industry representatives, and included public comment periods. This process resulted in an independently validated, publicly available, and scalable methodology with four critical advances from previous protocols: (1) a flexible approach in soil biogeochemical model use within a single project, (2) a new approach to generate field-level, modeled baselines, (3) a combined measurement and modeling approach to credit generation, and (4) a novel uncertainty quantification approach. These advances enable the SEP to yield high-quality carbon credits from the quantification and verification of GHG emission reductions associated with soil enrichment projects on agricultural lands.
Protocols like the SEP do not exist in a vacuum; national policies can play a key role in accelerating their impact. In the US, the Growing Climate Solutions Act aims to provide clarity around acceptable standards for agricultural carbon and GHG measurement and verification. If implemented as proposed, this act will reduce confusion on the quality and value of various carbon programs that farmers can choose from Growing Climate Solutions Act (2020). If quality standards are set too low, however, the problem would not be solved for growers because the USDA standard would not align with the minimum quality demanded by the wider carbon market. Another proposal, the establishment of a carbon bank, could encourage both farmers and project developers to invest in project implementation. There are many ways that this idea could be implemented (e.g., a buyer of last resort, transition payments, no interest loans for capital costs, etc.), but the basic concept of providing stable financing to encourage climate smart agricultural practices is helpful if the structure and timing of financing benefits growers and drives practice change. Lastly, policies that discourage regenerative practice adoption could be changed, such as Federal crop insurance rules, which, in some cases, penalize the use of cover crops.
In this perspective article, we share how the SEP supports a more robust carbon market in agriculture, as well as our learnings to date from operating as a CAR SEP project developer for a project on hundreds of thousands of acres. We also discuss how innovations in commercial soil analyses, advances in agroecosystem and soil biogeochemical modeling, and targeted research can further reduce uncertainties, increase inclusivity, and strengthen the quality of agricultural soil carbon credits at a global scale.
Quantifying Agricultural Carbon Sequestration and GHG Emissions At Scale Requires Leveraging The Latest Science
Climate and environmental issues require pressing action and the science behind regenerative agriculture has reached a level of maturity where we can implement net beneficial solutions today (Pittelkow et al., 2015; Griscom et al., 2017; National Academies of Sciences, 2019; Oldfield et al., 2019; Paustian et al., 2020). Although many regenerative agriculture areas remain in need of additional research, the SEP provides a framework whereby these needs are not a bottleneck. Instead, the protocol balances the current state of scientific knowledge supporting each credit issuance iteration with standards that allow continual advancements in agricultural research, soil measurement methods, and biogeochemical modeling. These standards focus on the use of soil biogeochemical model simulations, realistic and adaptive baselines, the combined use of soil measurement with modeling to generate credits, and the quantification of credit uncertainty. The SEP also employs standards to ensure that carbon credited meets a 100-year permanence period (see Supplementary Materials for details).
New CAR SEP Model Guidance Standards Increase Soil Biogeochemical Modeling Flexibility and Ensure Verifiable Use for a Given SEP Project
Model requirements described in the stand-alone CAR SEP Model Guidance define new standards for the use of peer-reviewed published experimental data to validate the capacity of a model to simulate the practice changes, crop types and biophysical settings in a SEP project (Climate Action Reserve Requirements and Guidance for Model Calibration, Validation, Uncertainty, and Verification for Soil Enrichment Products Version 1.0, 2020). In previous crediting protocols such as the CARB Compliance forest offset protocol, models were not permitted to change model parameterizations or undergo updates during a project [California Air Resources Board (CARB) U.S. Forest Projects Compliance Offset Program, 2015]. Instead, models were typically approved for use individually based on expert input and the general robustness of evidence for model performance in peer-reviewed publications. Furthermore, crediting methods did not require quantification of model prediction error, and thus provided no mechanism to account for model performance in credit estimations.
In contrast, the SEP Model Guidance allows any model to be used in a SEP project if the specific model validation requirements are demonstrated, documented, and reviewed in a separate report prior to credit issuance (Climate Action Reserve Soil Enrichment Protocol Version 1.0, 2020). The SEP model validation report ensures each model version and associated parameter sets demonstrate appropriate calibration, validation, and model uncertainty quantification for the specific SEP project in which the model will be used, as defined by the project crop types, practice changes, soil properties, and geographies. These standards allow model recalibration and version improvements to be used over the project duration. Critically, independent expert-review, CAR approval, and public availability are required of every validation report to demonstrate that these standards are met. This requirement helps ensure that all model performance for SEP projects is transparent, and that associated data are available to the scientific community for side-by-side comparisons. In the development of the Model Guidance document, one of the critical challenges was how to best support verification entities who may not have the expertise needed to ensure that a soil biogeochemical model was used appropriately. SEP Model Guidance standards aim to balance rigor with practicality in implementation, requiring the engagement of expert review to verify model performance, but not requiring this expertise from verifiers. Verifiers are instead allowed to reference an approved model validation report to confirm model application in each project, checking that model versions, required information, and parameter sets match their application to quantify credits within a project.
The SEP Enables a Baseline Approach That Is Better Suited to the Dynamics of Agricultural Lands
Carbon credits are quantified as the difference in emissions that occurred in the project scenario and the baseline scenario—i.e., emissions that would have occurred in the counterfactual world in which the project did not incentivize a change. Methodologies for managed lands previously relied on two approaches to establish a project baseline: a static approach – wherein samples or historical data are used to create a single baseline that is used for several (often 5 or 10) years or an entire project, or a forward-modeling approach – wherein referential historical data is used to create a model projection (e.g., linear) of baseline emissions that is referenced to evaluate credits earned each year of the project. With re-baselining occurring at increments of 5 years or longer, neither approach accounts for variables, such as changes in weather or market demands, that may change grower choices practices, such as crop rotations. This limits the ability of such protocols to quantify offsets accurately and dynamically at scale. Recent work highlighted the potential to over-estimate emissions reductions from deforestation and forest degradation projects (REDD+) in the Brazilian Amazon (West et al., 2020). Significant changes in market forces reduced the expected level of deforestation during the project early implementation phase, but the model baselines were quantified with historical data and did not account for these changes. As a project developer, Indigo is now undertaking the first implementation of the new baseline approach in the SEP that generates what we term a Just-in-Time Adaptive Baseline (JITAB)—inspired by the Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention approach in behavioral science (Nahum-Shani et al., 2018; Hardeman et al., 2019). This approach creates a baseline using static historic data and incorporates dynamic modeling to re-calculate the baseline every year in response to ongoing real-world changes in project crop rotation and weather (see Supplementary Materials for further discussion).
A Hybrid Sampling and Modeling Approach Enables Annual Quantification of Large Projects
Before the CAR SEP, agricultural GHG emission mitigation methodologies relied either on narrow use of models, solely on direct soil measurement, or on use of narrowly applicable default emission factors (Climate Action Reserve Nitrogen Management Protocol Version 1.0, 2012; Compliance Offset Protocol Rice Cultivation Projects, 2015). Direct measurement-only approaches have significant barriers to scale: they are expensive, struggle to handle short-term fluxes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and trace gases, and can take a long time to deliver results (e.g., often a minimum of 5–10 years). Moreover, setting baselines for measurement-only projects requires either paired control plots which are infeasible at scale, or regional benchmarks for which there are not yet sufficient data. Using soil biogeochemical models exclusively might be less expensive but would only produce low-quality credits as the models would not be anchored to the reality of the individual site(s), even if provided accurate and spatially resolved soils, climate, and management data. Default emissions factor approaches do see common use in crediting protocols as they are the most straightforward and least expensive quantification option. However, they also have narrow scope of application, low field-level accuracy, and are unable to adapt to changing conditions and management. The SEP requirements provide a framework to overcome these limitations using a hybrid approach that balances in-field soil sampling and analysis with biogeochemical models that can be continually improved and validated (Climate Action Reserve Requirements and Guidance for Model Calibration, Validation, Uncertainty, and Verification for Soil Enrichment Products Version 1.0, 2020), as well as default equations for non-CO2 GHG sources (N2O and CH4) that provide an alternative option when models cannot be validated for these trace gas fluxes. This approach enables scalability; for example, in Indigo's first project under the SEP, we are implementing a process that would use soil core measurements a quarter of all project fields. Combining soil measurements with modeling requires high-quality data yet enables wide-scale GHG estimation on project fields that accounts for and incentivizes the reduction of model uncertainty via improved model performance.
SEP Uncertainty Quantification Requirements Allow Innovative Post-stratification of Sampling Points and New Approaches for Handling Missing Data
The SEP requires uncertainty quantification to include multiple sources of uncertainty, including project sampling design uncertainty and uncertainty arising from model used in credit quantification. The benefits of this approach are twofold: one, model prediction error is explicitly represented in quantification of emission reductions and removals, allowing models to be used with measurable confidence to generate credits for the first time in an offset project protocol; and two, combining both sources of uncertainty enable post-stratification statistical methods able to meet the unique challenges of monitoring emission reductions in agricultural soils.
Agricultural soils can be highly heterogeneous both within fields and regions, and soil properties vary significantly across space and time (Wuest, 2014). Carbon credit projects that estimate climate benefits using a random, representative sampling points have highly uncertain climate benefit measures within a project unless many soil samples are pulled due to this inherent heterogeneity (Franzleubbers, 2010). One way to reduce the number of soil samples without increasing uncertainty is to divide the project lands into non-overlapping groups, called “strata,” to draw a random sample in each stratum independently of the other strata, and to allocate more samples to strata that are expected to be more heterogeneous in the outcome variable (Cochran, 1977; Holt and Smith, 1979). The SEP, like many methodologies, encourages stratification.
For the estimation tasks in the SEP, stratification is challenging for two reasons. First, there are multiple outcome variables (i.e., emissions reductions in various gases) and the ideal stratification may vary significantly for one outcome variable to another. Second, practice changes made by growers are important stratification variables, as they differ substantially in their average reduction in emissions. Many growers, however, do not know what practice change they will make upon joining the program, or those they will make in the subsequent years, making it difficult to assign land to strata at enrollment. Indigo is forming strata after creating a random sample of the project because of these challenges, a technique is called post-stratification (Holt and Smith, 1979). Like pre-stratification, post-stratification can reduce variance, if strata are homogeneous in their outcome variable. Post-stratification can also reduce bias introduced by “missing soil samples” that were planned but not taken due to unforeseen challenges including temporary floods, tall crops, frozen soil, grazing cattle, and samples lost or damaged in shipment. Bias from these missing samples is mitigated if strata are formed such that the observed samples are representative of their stratum. This is useful in large sampling campaigns like those in SEP projects because the planned samples appear in thousands of fields that are accessible for sampling for just a few months per year.
New Technologies and Research Coupled With Carbon Credits Can Accelerate The Implementation of Regenerative Agriculture At The Global Scale
While the SEP provides a path forward for large-scale projects to quantify agricultural credits, it is also designed to advance with the state of the science. Several areas of research and innovation can improve projects, implementation, and the quality of agricultural carbon credits so that agricultural soils can realize their full potential as a negative emissions technology to mitigate climate change on a global scale (summarized in Table 2). Smith et al. provide a comprehensive assessment of soil measurement, reporting, and verification in the context of greenhouse gas removal projects (Smith et al., 2020). In this section, we discuss innovations that can reduce the cost of estimating baseline emissions, collecting data, and verifying offsets, could make agricultural carbon credits more accessible to all producers and enable greater adoption of environmentally beneficial practices. We highlight three of these areas: (1) improving soil analyses, (2) continuing research and updating models to better account for all soil gains and losses (including erosion and inorganic carbon), and (3) improving the accessibility and management of agricultural data.
Table 2. Landscape of research and technologies that could accelerate the impact of agriculture as a tool to reduce net GHG emissions.
Innovations in Soil Analyses Can Improve Scale and Throughput
Conventional soil carbon quantification methods require soil core sample collection, transportation, and multi-step lab analyses to deliver accurate and precise results. In practice, separate analyses are required to characterize soil carbon by dry combustion, bulk density by soil weight over volume, texture by hydrometer or pipet method, and pH by pH-meter. While these methods are trusted and widely adopted, they can be time consuming, labor intensive, and expensive. Novel rapid and accurate soil measurement technologies would revolutionize soil carbon sampling and measurement systems. Remote sensing of soil properties would be the most impactful advance, but current methods have not demonstrated strong performance for soil organic carbon (R2 > 0.85) or are limited to fields with bare soil—a requirement that is hard to meet in no-till systems with residue and cover crops (Bhunia et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2017). In-field soil property measurements through probes or scanners still require in-person visit fields but would reduce sample shipping and tracking logistical needs (Viscarra Rossel and Bouma, 2016). Finally, improvements in lab analyses could decrease costs and already show promise in the near-term based on published data on spectroscopic techniques and existing spectral databases (Baldock et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2020) (further detail in Supplementary Material).
Research and Methodology Updates Could Improve Accounting for All Potential Soil Carbon Gains and Losses
Further research is critical to elucidate how key practices and crop systems impact GHG emissions and soil carbon sequestration. Recognizing this, Indigo has undertaken a long-term research effort, the Soil Carbon Experiment, described in the Supplementary Material. External research has also illustrated how methodologies and biogeochemical models could be improved to better account for carbon enrichment or loss in diverse soils. The methods described in this article and in the SEP primarily focus on organic carbon flux. The SEP allows for use of amendments such as biochar, which includes a component of inorganic carbon, to enhance carbon sequestration provided that the carbon remains in the project area. Properly quantifying and verifying the inorganic carbon stocks, however, is challenging as it is not currently estimated by biogeochemical models. Similarly, soil erosion is an important factor to accurately estimate the benefit of practices such as no-till and cover cropping (Asefaw Berhe et al., 2018). Although some models like EPIC and RZWQM2 account for erosion, many do not. Updating models and methods to better account for these sources and losses of carbon could further incentivize adoption of regenerative practices. Recent research has also highlighted ways that soils could be used to capture carbon through enhanced rock weathering, in which the soil-captured carbon eventually travels through waterways and deposits on the ocean floor (Beerling et al., 2020). This type of sequestration has benefits in terms of greater certainty of permanence but would require a new methodology or significant revision to the SEP as the ultimate location of the carbon goes outside the bounds of the fields within a project.
Improved Data Collection Methods Can Reduce Barriers to Entry for Growers
The volume of data required to create high-quality credits cannot be understated. Precise, verifiable, and traceable soil and agronomic data must be collected from grower fields and grower records to keep uncertainty low. These documentation requirements represent significant investment from the grower and the project developer, both in interview time and in the effort to properly clean and assess the data for quality. Multiple ag-tech companies, including Indigo, have created software tools to support soil and grower data collection. Even so, the burden of data collection remains a challenge for growers as many farm records remain undigitized. Remote sensing technology can be leveraged as a gap-filling measure to help reduce the burden of historical data collection across project fields (Ge et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2018; Sulla-Menashe et al., 2019). Although growers must still corroborate the data and the project developer must still verify eligible practice changes have occurred, remote sensing could provide initial crop type and practice data across project fields for current and previous seasons. Research investments that improve and validate remote sensing tools for field-level practice determination can play a significant role in realizing its potential to decrease the data collection burden.
In this perspective article, we explored the theoretical underpinnings and key advancements of carbon crediting under the CAR SEP– a flexible modeling approach, a new approach to baselining, a hybrid measurement and modeling approach to credit generation, and a new approach to uncertainty quantification. Thanks to growing voluntary carbon market incentives and rigorous protocols like the SEP, there are financial mechanisms to reward producers who implement land management practices that sequester additional carbon in soil and mitigate GHG emissions. Agricultural carbon credits can be further enhanced by improving grower data collection through remote sensing, funding research on high-throughput and accurate soil quantification technologies, and leveraging research insights in comprehensive calibration-validation databases. It is important to acknowledge that agricultural offsets, while impactful, must be complemented by critical emissions reductions and natural climate solutions across all sectors to mitigate climate change (Griscom et al., 2017). However, wide-scale adoption of regenerative agriculture can serve as a viable, low-cost, and co-beneficial component of a global climate change impact reduction effort. By continuing to leverage scientific advancements and cutting-edge research, we can improve upon model uncertainties, issue high-quality credits, and implement this negative emissions technology at scale.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions generated for the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
AJ and AK contributed to manuscript ideation, primary writing, and editing. MM, MD, and EC contributed to writing, editing, and review. CB and GP contributed to writing and review. DH contributed to review. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
All authors are employed by Indigo Agriculture.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2021.686440/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: negative emissions technology, agriculture, soil, carbon offset, carbon credit, regenerative agriculture
Citation: Jackson Hammond AA, Motew M, Brummitt CD, DuBuisson ML, Pinjuv G, Harburg DV, Campbell EE and Kumar AA (2021) Implementing the Soil Enrichment Protocol at Scale: Opportunities for an Agricultural Carbon Market. Front. Clim. 3:686440. doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.686440
Received: 26 March 2021; Accepted: 27 May 2021;
Published: 21 June 2021.
Edited by:Phil Renforth, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
Reviewed by:Andy D. Robertson, Shell, United States
Rafael Mattos Dos Santos, University of Guelph, Canada
Copyright © 2021 Jackson Hammond, Motew, Brummitt, DuBuisson, Pinjuv, Harburg, Campbell and Kumar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ashok A. Kumar, email@example.com | <urn:uuid:6292ceb3-f3cc-461b-97a2-944fac98c074> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2021.686440/full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.864011 | 9,176 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Sphincter muscles are found throughout the human body, including sphincters discovered in the male and female pelvic location. A sphincter muscle is a circular muscle that surrounds another framework in the body, such as the male and female ureters and anal canals. Working out these sphincter muscles helps preserve a sturdy pelvic floor and helps avoid incontinence. You can do numerous sphincter exercises numerous times a day without anyone noticing, as the movements are internal, while pelvic tilt workouts can be integrated into your routine workout regimens.
Perform kegel workouts for the sphincter muscles bordering the male and female urethra. This sphincter consists of or launches the circulation of urine from the bladder through the urethra, which extends from the bladder to the beyond the body. Reinforcing this muscle could help prevent incontinence. Sit or stand in a comfortable position. Agreement your pelvic floor muscles as if you are holding in urine. Agreement tighter and greater and visualize your muscles moving up, much like an elevator in an elevator shaft.
Practice tightening of your pelvic floor muscles and exercise the sphincter bordering the urethra by sitting on the toilet when you’ve to go to the bathroom. Begin and stop your urine circulation at will. This is called bladder training and is often utilized to treat urinary incontinence in the senior. Nonetheless, do not carry out these workouts too typically, as overdoing them could cause reduced bladder control instead of enhanced bladder control.
Exercise your anal sphincter muscles– the sphincter ani internus, rectum externus, and the internal and exterior anal sphincters– by squeezing and tightening the anus while sitting, lying down or standing. Feel the contraction as you press the anal sphincter, however keep your other pelvic flooring muscles and the urinary sphincter unwinded. Practice contracting 10 times a number of times throughout the day.
Tone and exercise the urinary and anal sphincter muscles with pelvis tilts. Do this exercise a number of times a day. Lie on the flooring on your back, knees bent and arms relaxed at your sides. Pull in your lower stomach muscles and tuck your hips slightly upward and inward. Slowly remain to raise your hips and butts upward while concentrating on tightening the sphincters. Press your rectum and butts muscles tightly and agreement your pelvic flooring muscles as if you are composing urine flow. Hold at the peak of the contraction, matter to 3 and then lesser your pelvis pull back to your starting position. | <urn:uuid:c2a8c5f2-b7fc-4626-b120-c1c815ae0694> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.amazingfitnesstips.com/how-to-strengthen-the-sphincter-muscle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924994 | 542 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Koop M8 Oil Spray
1. Rapeseed Oil (High Quality Food Grade, NZ grown cold Pressed Rapeseed Oil)
2. Allicin – Garlic Essential Oil
Why is Oil used in the war against Red mite?
Oils work solely by ‘Mechanical’ means. The oil coats the insect or mite and floods their breathing pores & spiracles. This blocks the breathing process.
The result is physical suffocation of the organism by directly impeding gas exchange.
It has been noted in oversea’s studies that oil’s have been shown to be effective against multiple life stages of the mite, including eggs.
- (firstname.lastname@example.org healthcanada,gc.ca/pmra )
We have also added Garlic Essential oil to the mix solely for its aroma.
The added Garlic derived Essential Oil is showing itself to be an exciting new weapon in the war against pests. Naturopaths have long praised the attributes of garlic and its natural ability to keep pests at bay with its unique smell. New trials have shown promising results when Garlic has been added into laying poultry feeds. It was noted the chickens fed the Garlic added feed (vs the group of placebo chickens on normal feed ) had a lower count of poultry red mites in the cages & on the birds. And I know what you are thinking…. no, the garlic does not taint the eggs with taste or smell!. The birds emminate the smell of garlic from their skin pores which seems to be the key of success. Read more via this link….
See live red mites in the video below if you are unsure of size and what they look like:
Due to the effect of the oil itself coming into direct contact with the mites & causing direct suffocation, obtaining any natural resistance to the oil is near on impossible for the mites.
We noticed during ‘In Vitro’ testing here on site initially, that the red mites do not like the spray oil and will recoil from it (see below).
This means the best effect from using the spray oil is to make sure there is always some present in your coop where it needs to be, hence the weekly applications.
We have trialed this oil type for over two years now on our own 15 coops and a select few clients have trialed it for us in their own coops. We have struggled to find red mites when the application frequency is followed. The key is to apply frequently and thereby halting any population explosion from being able to occur.
Clients that have trialed this have had great results over the last two years also and have returned time and time again for more oil.
My chickens are happy and healthy. They have had no health problems at all. Other people I know locally who don’t use the Koop M8 Oil have had chickens die from red mite infestations, which saddens me as it seems totally preventable with this oil. The Koop M8 oil has truly been a lifesaver for my chooks. It is easy to apply (just sprays on) and even smells nice!. This oil is a must if you have chickens.
Heidi G (Christchurch)
Directions for Use:
Always best to start off with a cleaned out coop. Removing faecal matter and dust on a regular basis will help to reduce the living and breeding material available for red mites. They love dust and poop!
If any mites are found, give them a good spray with Koop M8 oil and soak any areas where the red mite colony may be living and breeding such as at the end of a perch rail or around a nest box.
You can clean the area if required using ‘Bio Zyme Enzymatic wash’ and water to wash out.
Let the area dry after washing out and respray with Koop M8 Oil right around the jointed areas that are near to any chook’s. Follow this up with a good puff of Koop M8 powder so you have a good residual powder in place making it hard for mites to re-establish. (remember to wear a mask & to make all applications while the chickens are out of the coop area)
Then weekly, spray liberally over the perch rails and in the nest boxes paying particular attention to any cracks and crevices. Make sure you spray underneath the perch rails as the mites use this to move along freely between birds at night at a faster pace. (See the information page on how to set up your coop for success)
Note: because of the weak acid content in the oils, rubber seals can be damaged if in contact with the oil for prolonged periods. This is why we use a high quality heavy duty sprayer unit with resistant Viton seals. Please re-use the sprayer and purchase a refill after initial use.
1. 1lt of Spray Oil: Supplied in a chemically resistant, high quality sprayer. $45.90
2. 1lt Refill pack – $39.90
3. 5lt Refill pack – $155.00 | <urn:uuid:b0672a21-7e14-417b-bbb3-6df84e9be71d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thechookshed.co.nz/koop-m8-oil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.951467 | 1,126 | 1.695313 | 2 |
So laws should not define behavior only punish those who infringe on another’s rights. I have news for you when you pass laws that punish unacceptable behavior you are defining acceptable behavior. The most effective way society induces acceptable behavior is with it’s rules/laws of acceptable behavior and to dole out punishment for those who break these rules or laws.
Society can not punish unacceptable behavior without defining what is acceptable. An individual may think their behavior is acceptable but society will not. Rules and laws can and are changed as attitudes about behavior change.
What was unacceptable 40 years ago now has changed. Some behavior is still unacceptable but society has changed or mellowed it stance on others. It is not the laws on behavior you object to it is the change in attitudes about what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior in society that you object to.
Charles M. Reeder
Submitted by Virtual Newsroom | <urn:uuid:7725a4a1-7a9e-4b2c-abae-3d3c745dc124> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sungazette.com/opinion/letters/2013/07/behavior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00239-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942301 | 184 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In the first of two parts, educator and author Linda Hoyt describes how to blend guided writing with guided reading. Cheers to the weekend!
by Linda Hoyt
What Is Guided Writing?
I used to think that guided writing occurred when I gave students a writing assignment and directed them to use a particular format, genre, or topic. I believed I was guiding writing when I asked them to write in a learning log about a science experiment, write a response to a treasured story, or write an argument for the best way to solve a math challenge. I was providing guidance, but I was mostly just giving assignments.
I realize that these “assignments” had value for deepening knowledge of content and text structure, but there was little “guiding” about the craft of writing.
Now, I see guided writing as a highly focused, small group writing experience. As in guided reading, this is a time for the teacher to focus tightly on a small group of learners. During this small group time, the teacher can provide connections to minilessons shared with the whole class and give an opportunity for the writers to engage with the minilesson concepts while the she is close by to guide and support. This small group time might be an opportunity to stretch and expand the writing skills of gifted students, to reteach key writing skills for struggling students, or to demonstrate an informational text feature a group of students would find helpful in their content writing. As in guided reading, instruction is built upon learner needs, and groups are small, flexible, and short-term.
Where Does Guided Writing Fit in the Daily Classroom?
Guided Writing as an Extension of Guided Reading
I often slip into guided writing as an extension of a guided reading lesson, taking students into the world of the writer in response to their reading. In this case, I would ask the students to revisit their guided reading selection and think with the eyes of an informational author. For example, I might decide to focus on the author’s craft by asking, “What do we notice about this author’s word choice?” Or, I might decide to focus on informational text features, asking questions about the author’s use of bullets in a list, captions, or conventions like bold-faced headings. In the guided writing group, we would make connections between reading and writing by asking ourselves, “How did techniques or features help us as readers? How might we use those tools in our own informational writing?”
The next step is to get out writing folders and have the students examine a piece of their own informational writing to consider adding text features that would strengthen their message and offer better support to their readers.
In this scenario, guided writing is slipped into the time allocated for guided reading, with students shifting between the two. This requires no adjustments in daily schedules because the guided reading occurs during an already scheduled time block.
Guided Writing Within Writers Workshop
Guided writing can offer instructional power during writers workshop. If you look at your writers workshop schedule, you might be able to allocate ten minutes of each workshop for a guided writing group meeting. This could be regularly scheduled so students know they have guided writing with you on a certain day. It could also be much more flexible in that you could use that allocated guided writing time to gather students in flexible needs groups to do some explicit modeling, reteach a concept from a whole class minilesson, or teach an advanced lesson on a craft element in informational text.
Guided Writing in Content Area Studies
Math, science, social studies, and health all offer rich opportunities to gather small guided writing groups for explicit instruction and support for writing in the content areas. Even a brief session can heighten learners’ awareness and bring increased skill to their written communications.
In Part 2 of her Guided Writing blog, Linda will offer sample lessons to show how guided writing can be a partner to guided reading and support students in their writing journeys. Stay tuned!
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Linda Hoyt is a nationally recognized consultant who creates environments where engaged children are active participants in their own learning. She is the author, co-author, or editor of Solutions for Reading Comprehension, Revisit, Reflect, Retell, Updated Edition, Spotlight on Comprehension, Exploring Informational Texts, Make It Real, and Snapshots. In addition, she is the author of the Interactive Read-Alouds series and the Explorations in Nonfiction Writing series. | <urn:uuid:79e9e09a-7b4c-483c-bbf2-4629b5dc8942> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.heinemann.com/guided-writing-part-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.961761 | 936 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Fred Pearce’s Greenwash
Monsanto? Sustainable? Water bully, I’d say …
The maligned GM-crops agricultural giant may try to portray a green image, but its ‘water-efficient maize’ simply doesn’t wash in Molokai
The agricultural giant Monsanto may well still be the world’s most hated company. The company that brought the world Agent Orange, the defoliant of choice in the Vietnam War, followed up a decade ago with a strident push to flood the world with genetically modified crops. It alienated millions – and even its friends and rivals among GM supporters blamed Monsanto’s belligerence for putting back the cause by many years. But I’m going to ignore GMs and talk about water. And belligerence.
In part, no doubt, to help salvage its GM-tarnished reputation, Monsanto now makes great play of its efforts to help engineer a second green revolution built around “sustainability”.
Sustainability is a much-abused term and it infiltrates almost every corner of the company’s website. But to be fair they do try and define what the word means for its business. The company promises that its “sustainable yield initiative” will “reduce by one-third per unit produced the aggregate amount of key resources such as land, water and energy, required to grow crops by 2030.”
Many analysts now see water, rather than land, as the key limitation on growing food to feed future world population of nine billion in the coming decades. So a third more crop for the same amount of water is a valuable goal. The company trumpets especially its work to engineer more water-efficient maize.
Of course, despite the company’s public pledge to “share knowledge and technology” the companys corporate aim is to make sure that farmers buy Monsanto-patented water-efficient seeds by the trillion.
But you would expect Monsanto to be especially sensitive about how it manages water in its own farming operations, and particularly to show concern for how neighboring farmers are facing up to water shortages. Wouldn’t you?
The scene shifts to the Hawaiian island of Molokai. This isan old stomping ground of Monsanto’s. It is the largest employer and the island is sometimes known as “the birthplace of biotechnology” and “the Silicon valley of the seed corn industry”.
This is where Monsanto does a lot of its research into GM crops such as maize, and where it grows many of the seeds it sells to farmers round the world.
Nature on Molokai has suffered badly from the invasion of Monsanto and other big-farm companies. In recompense, Monsanto puts money into a Nature Conservancy programme on the island to “preserve biodiversity and protect water sources”.
The company has nonetheless gained a bad reputation there as a water bully. As a local journalist wrote there last year in the Molokai Dispatch, “Monsanto’s thirst for more water” threatens its future on the island. “Like most large corporations, Monsanto’s number one priority is to maximise profits. In this case it means planting as many acres as possible, and using a lot of water,” wrote Todd Yamashita.
Recently, during a drought that emptied reservoirs and forced the local irrigation company to demand 20% water cutbacks from local farmers, Monsanto insisted on the right to take more water and lobbied for a new aquifer to be tapped.
In law, two-thirds of the water from the Molokai irigation system should go to homestead farmers. In practice big landowners, especially Monsanto, take 84% of the irrigation system’s water consumption. Monsanto alone, according to Yamashita, takes almost twice as much water as all 200 homesteaders.
So I think I have this right. In the cause of develoing crops that will allow the world’s farmers to use less water, Monsanto is so overusing the water in its own backyard that local farmers are have resorted to legal action to get their water back. As the Molokai Dispatch’s headline has it: “Monsanto could be its own worst enemy.”
Monsanto may have had a PR makeover, with its website featuring wind mills and lot of happy farmers tending healthy and well-watered crops.
But the reality down on the farm doesn’t seem to have changed so much. | <urn:uuid:178736ff-5be0-4191-b6bf-eb3c8444d435> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lesscancer.org/204-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.945963 | 975 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Pekinese stitch is also known as Chinese stitch since it is found on Chinese embroideries worked in silk, row upon row sometimes 30-40 stitches to the inch.
Pekinese stitch creates a heavy line which can follow a curve well making it ideal to use as a linear stitch. Pekinese stitch is also great to use as finishing line around the edge of items like fabric postcards, ATCs (Artist Trading Cards) bags, purses, needle books or pin cushions. It works well for anything small that requires a tidy edge.
This stitch can crate a fine line is you use a fine thread. In the sample to the left I hand embroidered a fine line of Pekinese stitch down the middle of rick rack braid using cotton perle #12 threads. The beads are seed beads so it gives you a sense of scale.
How to work Pekinese Stitch.
Start by working a foundation line of back stitch in a loose manner because the threading will tighten the stitches. If you need a refresher on how to work back stitch check out my tutorial on back stitch here
A second decorative thread is then laced through the line of back stitches. Use a blunt ended tapestry needle to avoid splitting the foundation stitches. As you thread do not pass the needle through the fabric
Work from left to right. Bring your needle out on the bottom left on the line of back stitches. Move along two stitches to slide the needle under the foundation back stitch. With the needle tip pointed towards the top pull your thread through.
Move back one foundation stitch and slide your needle downwards under the stitch. With the needle tip pointed towards the bottom pull your thread through.
Repeat this lacing process along the line. To create a neat textured line, tighten slightly after each threaded loop is created.
For extra interest use your imagination with thread choice. Experiment with contrasts of texture and weight. You can lace with fine cord, chainette, rayon ribbon floss, a yarn, or a fine ribbon. In the sample above I have laced using a fine metallic braid.
You can also work lines back to back to create an interesting thicker line. In the sample above I worked a foundation row of back stitches in green cotton perle #5 thread then I laced them with a hand dyed cotton perle #5. I added a third line of back stitch down the middle.
I hope you enjoy this stitch! | <urn:uuid:0ae8b8fe-d0fd-4376-b6d0-29fc1ade0f84> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pintangle.com/2012/08/14/take-a-stitch-tuesday-week-33-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925783 | 503 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The Industrial Development (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003 (herein after referred as “the said act”) received assent of the President of India on 30th December, 2003 and was thereafter published in the Official Gazette, the said act came into force in July, 2004. The sole objective of the Act is to transform Industrial Development Bank of India into a Government Company registered under Companies Act, 1956 and to repeal the existing Industrial Development Bank of India Act, 1964. After the enforcement of the said Act, the undertaking of Industrial Development Bank of India came to be vested in IDBI Ltd.
The IDBI Ltd (said company) was incorporated on 27th September, 2004 and thereby expanding its functions into banking which was previously limited to Financial Institution. According to the said Act, the IDBI Ltd. shall be reckoned as Banking Company and shall function and carry out banking business as per the Provisions laid down in the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. Such provisions shall apply to such Company to the extent that they shall not stand repugnant to this Act (IDBI UNDERTAKING & REPEAL ACT). It is not mandatory for the IDBI Ltd. to obtain license under Section 22 of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (BR Act) and also to maintain the percentage of assets for a period of five years as otherwise required under Section 24 of BR Act.
A proposed notification of the said company requires approval of both the Houses of Parliament during the sessions for a period of thirty days. Approvals of both the Houses of Parliament is necessary and any proposed modifications to such notification by any of the Houses of Parliament shall be duly implemented by the said company before publishing the notification.
The registration of the shareholders shall be duly carried out by the bank from the appointed day, including the name of the Central Government as a shareholder. Such registration shall be made to the extent of face value of shares held by each shareholder. The charge of the development bank entrusted and vested in the company shall include business, holdings, rights, powers, authorities, entitlements and all properties including real estate, movables and immovables etc. And also includes liabilities, borrowings, loans and other obligations of what so ever nature.
Similarly, all the documentations such as bonds, deeds, contracts, power of attorneys etc shall stand terminated against the development bank after the appointed day and can no longer be implemented or applicable against the development bank. Such documentations will be fully enforceable and be continued to take effect against the company in which undertaking is vested of the development bank. Likewise, any pending litigation or cause of action against the development bank before the appointed day shall stand transferred to the company after the appointed day.
Any officer or employee of the development bank (excluding the Managing Director appointed for whole time or Director or Chairman) shall continue to be an officer or employee of the company after the appointed day and shall enjoy same rights and privileges, being employed for same tenure and remuneration, enjoy same facilities and perform same tasks and duties and be similarly responsible as he was before the appointed day or before the undertaking by the company and shall carry on the same for a period of six months after the appointed day, in case he do not wish to remain employed after the undertaking has vested in the company. The employee or officer is not entitled for any compensation or claim in case of transfer of services and no such claims shall be allowed by any Court, Tribunal or any other authority.
Every employee or other officer of the Development Bank shall receive and enjoy same gains, entitlements and prerogatives, after the appointed day from the Company. The provident fund, pension and gratuity endowed to the employees of the Development Bank shall continue to exist in the similar manner and any tax benefit/exemption made available on account of such provisions shall persist with the Company as it was before the appointed day against the Development bank.
It is also to be noted that any Director, Managing Director or Chairman appointed for whole time management shall not be entitled for any damages or claims for untimely termination of any managing contract or his services or any damage caused to him on account of loss of his office.
The tax exemptions or any exemption available on payment of tax deducted at source or any other monetary or fiscal policies applicable to the Development bank before the appointed day shall continue to be applicable to the Company. It is also pertinent to note that any guarantee given by or in favour of the Development bank against any loan or lease or any other debt shall continue to be functional against the company.
by Dakshaja Yeolekar. | <urn:uuid:b3a436da-2f96-42d2-a377-6502a412f9da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lawyerslaw.org/the-industrial-development-transfer-of-undertaking-and-repeal-act-2003/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00531-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963278 | 930 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The delicious true story of the world's most famous chocolate firms by award-winning writer and a descendant of the Cadbury chocolate dynasty, Deborah Cadbury In 'Chocolate Wars' bestselling historian and award-winning documentary maker Deborah Cadbury takes a journey into her own family history to uncover the rivalries that have driven 250 years of chocolate empire-building. In the early nineteenth century Richard Tapper Cadbury sent his son, John, to London to study a new and exotic commodity: cocoa. Within a generation, John's sons, Richard and George, had created a chocolate company to rival the great English firms of Fry and Rowntree, and their European competitors Lindt and Nestle. The major English firms were all Quaker family enterprises, and their business aims were infused with religious idealism. In America, Milton Hershey and Forrest Mars proved that they had the appetite for business on a huge scale, and successfully resisted the English companies' attempts to master the American market. As chocolate companies raced to compete around the globe, Quaker capitalism met a challenge that would eventually defeat it. At the turn of the millennium Cadbury, the sole independent survivor of England's chocolate dynasties, became the world's largest confectionary company. But before long it too faced a threat to its very survival, and the chocolate wars culminated in a multi-billion pound showdown pitting independence and Quaker tradition against the cut-throat tactics of a corporate leviathan. Featuring a colourful cast of savvy entrepreneurs, brilliant eccentrics and resourceful visionaries, 'Chocolate Wars' is the story of a uniquely alluring product and of the evolution, for better and worse, of modern business.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Deborah Cadbury is the highly acclaimed, bestselling author of several books, including 'The Dinosaur Hunters', 'The Lost King of France', and 'Seven Wonders of the Industrial World'. She has also won numerous international awards as a TV producer for the BBC, including an Emmy for 'Horizon'. She lives in London.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description HarperCollins Publishers, 2010. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX000732555X
Book Description HarperCollins Publishers, 2010. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 000732555X
Book Description HarperCollins Publishers, 2010. Book Condition: New. Brand New, Unread Copy in Perfect Condition. A+ Customer Service!. Bookseller Inventory # ABE_book_new_000732555X
Book Description HarperCollins Publishers, 2010. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. New item. Bookseller Inventory # QX-131-X5-8074008
Book Description HarperCollins Publishers, 2010. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P11000732555X | <urn:uuid:3ed62ad2-73b7-45d9-9074-7911c75d07e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.abebooks.com/9780007325559/Chocolate-Wars-Cadbury-Kraft-200-000732555X/plp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00572-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911737 | 601 | 1.804688 | 2 |
In the example you give , it is always:
and will mean the same thing.
Hope this helps!
actually, no. On always uses 3rd person singular for the verb. Therefore there can sometimes be an apparent mismatch between verb and participle:
On s'est rencontrés hier. -- We met yesterday.
-- Chris (not a native speaker).
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Test your French to the CEFR standard | <urn:uuid:cadb923d-0db2-4a14-a581-69732b20372b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://progress.lawlessfrench.com/questions/view/where-on-refers-to-we-as-a-specific-group-of-people-should-it-not-be-verrons-rather-than-verra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.765173 | 119 | 1.5 | 2 |
Egypt Frees One Al-Jazeera Journalist From Prison
RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:
This morning, there is news from Egypt. After many months in an Egyptian prison, Al Jazeera journalist Peter Greste is free. This morning, Egypt's state news agency announced that Greste will be deported to his home country of Australia. He was arrested on charges of aiding a terrorist group and sentenced to seven years in prison. NPR's Leila Fadel is in Cairo. She joins us now. Good morning, Leila.
LEILA FADEL, BYLINE: Good morning.
MARTIN: So Peter Greste has been in prison for more than a year. He was arrested in December 2013. Why then is he being released now? What do you know?
FADEL: Well, this has been a hugely embarrassing case for the Egyptian government. A lot of international pressure has been put on the government to release these three men. It is seen as a test of freedom of speech in Egypt. He was released under a recently passed law that allows for the Egyptian government to deport foreigners accused or convicted of crimes in this country. And so with the approval of the president, Peter Greste has finally been released and is on his way home.
MARTIN: Can you remind us, what were the circumstances of his arrest?
FADEL: Well, he and two of his colleagues, one an Egyptian-Canadian - Mohamed Fahmy - and one an Egyptian - Baher Mohamed - were detained in December of 2013. They were accused of aiding the Muslim Brotherhood of being - of aiding or being terrorists. And the evidence that was presented in court was really just evidence of them doing journalism.
This has come out of a bad relationship between Egypt and the Gulf nation of Qatar, which owns the Al Jazeera news network. And really it's been a very difficult time for the families of these three men who say they're just journalists.
MARTIN: So what does all this mean for the other two men, the other two journalists, Greste's colleagues who were arrested with him and remain imprisoned?
FADEL: Well, at this point, that's unclear. Mohamed Fahmy is an Egyptian-Canadian and also could possibly be deported under the same law. It is clear that he has applied for that. But it's not clear if he's also being deported today, if that process is underway. But Baher Mohamed is of the most concern to his company and to his family because he is Egyptian. He cannot be deported. And even though their conviction was overturned on appeal, Baher Mohamed received the most difficult sentence of 10 years. And so he may have to stand trial again. So it's really unclear what will happen to either of them. Al Jazeera English expressed relief that Peter Greste has been released, but called on Egypt to release the other two men today.
MARTIN: Leila, there was so much international attention around the arrest of these three journalists. How is this - how has it been playing out in Egypt, in the Egyptian press?
FADEL: Well, here, there really is a lot of anger towards Al Jazeera. People see it as pro-Muslim Brotherhood, the organization that was ousted from power that is now banned in Egypt and whose top leadership and many of its members have been systematically really repressed here. So there hasn't been a huge amount of sympathy for these three men despite what was seen as really a sham trial by international organizations. And so that has been the most difficult thing so far because there's very little public support for the three men in jail.
MARTIN: NPR's Leila Fadel in Cairo talking to us about the release of Al Jazeera journalist Peter Greste. Thanks so much, Leila.
FADEL: Thank you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:b2edf6d1-87a7-43f1-9af9-7765c81915a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wmky.org/2015-02-01/egypt-frees-one-al-jazeera-journalist-from-prison | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.986114 | 804 | 1.617188 | 2 |
How big was Hudiesaurus?
January 17, 2008
In the last post, an astute commenter asked about Hudiesaurus: “A first dorsal 550 mm–isn’t that in Argentinosaurus territory?”
Well, let’s find out.
Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum was described by Dong (1997) based on a partial skeleton from the Kalazha Formation in China. The holotype, IVPP V 11120, is an anterior dorsal vertebra. Referred elements include a nearly complete forelimb, supposedly from a smaller individual of the same taxon.
I don’t actually have a copy of Dong (1997), but I do have Glut (2000), which contains a pretty good summary and a couple of pictures. Here’s the holotype dorsal in posterior view, after Glut (2000), after Dong (1997).
According to Glut, the scale bar is 15 cm–I added the “15 cm” in the image above for ease of use. Presumably ‘sp’ is ‘spine’, ‘po’ is ‘postzygapophysis’, ‘dp’ is ‘diapophysis’, and ‘ce’ is ‘centrum’. Glut says:
As measured by Dong (1997), the holotype dorsal centrum of H. sinojapanorum has a length of 42 cm, 1.5 times longer than the comparable element in the 22-meter (about 75-feet) long mounted holotype skeleton of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis, which was the largest sauropod known from China when it was described. From these dimensions, Dong (1997) estimated the total length of H. sinojapanorum to be about 30 meters (more than 100 feet) in length.
IF the scaled figure (from Glut [from Dong]) is accurate, and if the 42 cm length (reported by Glut [reported by Dong]) is accurate–and the uncertainties involved cannot be ignored, especially after the last post–then the vertebra has the following dimensions:
- Centrum length: 42 cm
- Cotyle height: 39 cm
- Cotyle breadth: 42 cm
- Total height: 78 cm
None of these are close to 550 mm, so there’s no telling where that measurement came from or what it refers to.
UPDATE: please read comment #4 below, by Mickey Mortimer, which sets the measurement record straight. And invalidates the specific numbers used in the rest of the post, but not the overall point.
Fortunately for us, the dimensions of the vertebrae of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis are available for free in English, along with the rest of the description (Young and Zhao 1972), courtesy of the wonderful Polyglot Paleontologist site. Here’s the paper. Let’s do some comparin’.
D1 of M. hochuanensis has a centrum length of 25 cm, cotyle height of34 cm, cotyle width of 17 cm, and total height of 64 cm. The fact that the centrum is twice as tall as wide is almost certainly an artifact of the lateral compression that affects the whole vertebral column to some extent. Let’s say for the sake of argument that the cotyle was originally circular and 25 cm in diameter. The holotype of H. sinojapanorum is 68% longer, 60% larger in diameter, and 22% taller. So if the vertebra is actually D1 and if H. sinojapanorum was built like M. hochuanensis (be sure to keep your If Counter updated), it might have been anywhere from 27-37 meters long (89-121 feet).
A couple of points before we go on. First, that’s pretty big, but it’s also a huge range. At the low end, it’s no bigger than Diplodocus; at the high end, it’s one of the longest sauropods on record. So that math suggests that it was a big sauropod but doesn’t help us pin down how big it was. Second, you have to keep in mind that Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis is basically a ridiculous neck attached to an unremarkable body (at least in terms of size). If you ignore the neck, the animal was about the same size as Cetiosaurus or Haplocanthosaurus–about 75% the size of the well-known specimens of Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus, and no where near the size of Brachiosaurus (despite having a longer neck). It’s basically a weiner dog, with most of the weiner out in the neck. Which is how Hudiesaurus could be 22% bigger and still be about the same size as Diplodocus. Even if Hudiesaurus was 60% bigger than M. hochuanensis, it would still not be in Argentinosaurus range in anything but length.
Mike (white shirt on lift) with M. hochuanensis at the Field Museum. It is worth remembering that he would need the same lift at about the same height to work on the posterior cervicals of Brachiosaurus!
Also, assigning serial positions to isolated vertebrae is tough. What if Dong was off by a single position, and the holotype vert is actually the most posterior cervical? True, it doesn’t have fused cervical ribs, but cervical ribs can fuse pretty late in ontogeny. Furthermore, rib identities can get a little wonky in the cervico-dorsal transition. Sometimes you have a nice, well-behaved, fully-fused rib on the last cervical, and a nice, well-behaved, long mobile rib on the first dorsal, but sometimes there is a godawful Frankenstein rib that doesn’t fit neatly into either category. Anyway, we’re just playing “what if” here. Nobody should take this as gospel.
The last cervical of M. hochuanensis has a centrum length of 32.5 cm, an average cotyle diamter of 29 cm, and a total height of 66 cm. If the holotype of Hudiesaurus actually corresponds to this vert instead of D1, then it is 29% longer, 38% larger in diameter, and 18% taller. In other words, no bigger than Diplodocus. In which case, the articulated forelimb might belong with the dorsal vertebra after all. Although it was found more than a kilometer away from the vertebra, so the case for it’s referral to the same taxon is not strong. At all.
But that’s not all! Not all Chinese sauropods were hellaciously long-necked, a point made by Mickey Mortimer in his DML post on Hudiesaurus. Abrosaurus ha 13 cervicals, rather than 19 like M. hochuanensis, and its cervicals are only about a third longer than its dorsals (upshot: in neck-to-body proportions, it was built like Camarasaurus). If Hudiesaurus was built like a giant Abrosaurus, it might have approximated a large individual of Camarasaurus in both body size and neck length.
A final amusing point. Glut (2000, p. 235) includes a photograph of the articulated forelimb of Hudiesaurus on display at Dinofest ’98 in Philadelphia. Next to the forelimb is a string of 4 articulated dorsal vertebrae. What is this? The original paper only mentions one dorsal vertebra, so where did the other three come from? Sadly, they came out of the same mold as the first–if you look carefully at the photo, you can see that the exhibitors simply made four casts of the same vertebra and strung ’em together to look like something more complete.
It’s not uncommon to clone adjacent vertebrae to fill out mounted skeletons. Heck, the T. rex skeleton in the Valley Life Sciences Building at Berkeley (my old digs) has a block of 5 identical dorsals, and its caudals come in identical pairs all the way down the tail (easy to see even in the small photos here). But that’s a different case. T. rex is known from complete remains, and the cloning was only done to fill out a skeleton that was already mostly there. The exhibition of the cloned Hudiesaurus vertebrae bothers me, because it implies to observers that the animal is better known than it actually is. I wasn’t at Dinofest ’98 so I can’t tell you for certain that there wasn’t a sign right there that said, “Warning: this animal is based on one vertebra that we have cloned to show you what a string of them would look like!” but I seriously doubt that there was any indication at all (that’s no reflection on Dong; he probably had nothing to do with the choices made by the exhibitors).
Here’s the take-home message:
If you see an eyebrow-raising number tossed out regarding a giant dinosaur, don’t surrender your credulity until you or someone you trust have tracked down the sources. And anytime you see mounted material, it’s perfectly fair to ask how much of it is real.
- Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102-110 in Dong, Z. (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
- Glut, D.F. 2000. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia, Supplement 1. McFarland & Company, Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina. 442 pp.
- Young, C.C., and Zhao, X.-J. 1972. Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs, A, 8:1-30. | <urn:uuid:0d34e7f7-e5ed-4b30-8eca-f201588e1de9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://svpow.com/2008/01/17/how-big-was-hudiesaurus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916693 | 2,163 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Competition Kettlebells differ to that of standard kettlebells. They are made of steel, rather than cast iron, and are used in international kettlebell competitions. Unlike classic cast iron kettlebells, Competition kettlebells always have the same dimensions regardless of size. This means that whether you are using an 8 KG bell or a 32 KG bell, it will always rest on your forearm in the exact same place. This ensures that your technique stays consistent regardless of weight. Traditional cast iron kettlebells get larger as they get heavier, and each size rests in a slightly different place in the rack position.Due to the fact that Competition kettlebells are made from steel, and not cast iron, they are more durable.
This is not to say that our cast iron kettlebells will fall apart, it just means that steel is stronger than cast iron and therefore more durable.Competition Kettlebell handles are slightly slimmer than with traditional cast iron kettlebells. The handles are specifically designed to prevent lateral slipping and minimize fatigue with high repetition sets.
Competition Kettlebells look “fat” compared to cast iron bells. They have a larger mass in the ball of the bell, imparting different, and many think, better ballistic properties due to this larger center mass.Available in the following sizes: 8kg – Pink; 12kg – Blue; 16kg – Yellow; 20kg – Purple; 24kg – Dark Green; 28kg – Orange; 32kg – Red | <urn:uuid:c90dccdc-c03c-42f2-b50c-a506e47f9321> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mifitness.co.za/product/competition-kettlebells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.923071 | 310 | 1.8125 | 2 |
New York, Mar 12(ANI): Over 11,000 Ground Zero (World Trade Centre) rescue and cleanup workers stand to earn up to 657 million dollars after a tentative settlement was reached in a complex case that has been going on since 2004.
According to reports, the proposal, presented to Manhattan federal Judge Alvin Hellerstein, must be approved by 95 percent of the firefighters, police officers, medics and hardhats- many of whom were sickened by working in the toxic debris at the site.
If approved, each worker whose illness is confirmed would get a sum based on the type and severity of his or her medical problem, and individual payments could run as high as one million dollars.
It is believed that the payment amount to each worker will be determined on the basis of "severity charts" prepared by special masters appointed by Judge Hellerstein and lawyers for both sides.
The special masters and lawyers have worked the chart which would grade individual conditions on a scale from zero to four, The New York Post reports.
Those who claim to have physical illnesses that have not been confirmed by doctors would collect the minimum payment 3,200 dollars.
The payouts would come from the WTC Captive Insurance Co., which was created by New York City with funding from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in July 2004. It is controlled by Mayor Bloomberg that manages one billion dollars provided by Congress.
However, people with stress related and other psychological problems would not be compensated.
In addition to the proposal, some workers will also get an insurance policy to cover Ground Zero-related illnesses that have not yet developed. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:dc5118fa-041f-47ea-b5dd-59aee8c8fa47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oneindia.com/2010/03/12/11000ground-zero-rescue-cleanup-workers-to-share-657mil.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00242-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980739 | 337 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Roughly how long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth?
Roughly how long does it take the Moon to orbit the Sun?
Why do we only ever see one side of the Moon?
How strong is the Moon's gravity?
Where do most scientists believe the Moon came from?
How old is the Moon?
How far away is the Moon?
The Moon is slowly moving away from Earth, but by how much each year?
When did man first walk on the Moon?
Who was the second man to walk on the Moon? | <urn:uuid:b9840848-aed5-4d97-bf0f-391f7149a42a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/quiz/newsid_3161000/3161157.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949425 | 118 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Herewith is presented the seventh edition of R L
Polk & So’s Lexington City Directory.
In addition to the alphabetical list of the people and
their organizations, it contains a classified list of all
trades, professions and pursuits, making a special Trade
Directory of each business and profession. It contains
also an improved Street and Avenue Guide and Direc-
tory of Householders, giving the names of householders
and business houses, arranged by street and number; a
Miscellaneous Directory of State, City and County Of-
ficials, Academies, Colleges, Schools, Churches, Asylums,
Homes, Hospitals, Banks, Secret and Miscellaneous
Soeieties, Labor Organizations, Parks, Public Halls and
Buildings, Railways, Newspapers and Periodicals, Post-
office Statistics, Etc., covering almost every phase of
Lexington was settled in 1776.
Is the county seat of Fayette county, which has more
than 350 miles of macadamized roads within its bound-
Is the center of the Blue Grass section and also of the
Kentucky hemp industry.
Has 5 steam railroads and is connected with five Blue
Grass county seats by electric interurban railways.
The railroad shops of the Lexington & Eastern Rail-
way, the division repair shops of the Chesapeake & Ohio
Railway and the division terminal yards and shops of
the Louisville & Nashville and Southern Railways are
located here. -
Within a radius of 30 miles of Lexington there is a
population of more than 300,000 people.
Lexington homes and business houses are supplied
with natural gas at a cost of 30 cents per thousand cubic
Lexington gets her water supply from artificial lakes,
the water shed covering some 1500 acres. The supply
is adequate and the water pure and wholesome.
Has a splendid public school system, with an enroll-
ment of over 6000 pupils. There are 6 buildings for
white children and 3 for colored children.
Has ten banks and trust companies with a combined
capital and surplus of more than $4,500,000.
Lexington has cheap fuel. Kentucky has 16,100
square miles of workable coal area, most of it practically
untouched, and Lexington is the gateway city to these | <urn:uuid:2d1e1053-133d-4917-9a9f-f8acc30f2fe7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://exploreuk.uky.edu/catalog/xt7m0c4sjs3w_5/text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00271-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931531 | 486 | 1.75 | 2 |
Do you have a desire to serve your community? Do you have experience leading and organizing to make a difference? Here are some of the backgrounds of currently elected Democratic women: lifelong union member; PTO member, mother, small business owner, attorney, teacher, counselor, consultant, landscape architect, physical therapist, anthropologist, partner, church group leader, nonprofit director, community activist. Sound like you?
The Emerge Program is the premier training program for Democratic women. We inspire women to run and we hone their skills to win. Our goal is clear: to increase the number of Democratic women in public office.
But why? The facts speak volumes:
- Ninetieth in the world: that's where the United States ranks for women in elected office, behind Mexico, China and Pakistan
- Women make up just 17% of the U.S. Congress
- Only six states currently have female Governors
- Only nine states currently have female Lieutenant Governors
Although there has been progress, there is still a large disparity when it comes to women in positions of political power. We can no longer sit back and allow this to continue. The research is clear: women are asked to run for office less often than equally-qualified men, and women feel more confident to run for office when they have training and a network. Emerge addresses these barriers directly by recruiting, training, and inspiring Democratic women to run for office and win. Emerge can provide you with the training and network that you need to be successful.
Feminist icon Gloria Feldt suggests:
"We're at unique place in history-where we've blown open the glass ceiling but not yet swept away all the treacherous shards. Though we can find data to support many explanations about why we aren't at parity in elected office and boardrooms, we simply no longer have compelling justifications not to be taking responsibility to get ourselves there."
Why not you?
Too often, women do not see themselves running for office - they don't think they are experienced enough or they just don't know where to start.
"All worthwhile accomplishments start with a vision. Not a small, incremental vision, but a bold, audacious, bigger-than-yourself vision."
- Gloria Feldt
YOU can lead the way and start taking real steps towards progress. You are part of a pool of highly qualified Democratic women candidates that can and should become elected leaders, for our country, our children, our values, our future.
The Emerge Program is the essential step for Democratic women who have a vision of running for public office and a desire to serve their community, but do not necessarily know where to start. Take the first step - apply! | <urn:uuid:c4c1116b-6975-4f17-9410-54c4f493c4cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.emergenm.org/training/why | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00078-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962886 | 551 | 1.601563 | 2 |
An Assessment of The Standardized Assessment of Personality
A standardized personality check determines how positive and unfavorable a person scores on every of the scale. An individual’s personality could be formed by both hereditary and environmental components. According to Hatch (2018), the massive 5 character traits embrace extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness and openness to expertise. In this paper, I will describe myself when it comes to the Big Five Personality Traits utilizing social traits, private conception traits, and emotional adjustment traits. I may also describe how my character profile seems to influence my private conduct.
After analyzing the Big Five Personality Test, I famous that it pretty provides a precise appraisal of my character. First, I would rank excessive on openness to expertise since I am creative, inquisitive, adventurous and open-minded. I also are inclined to look out for new issues. When I encounter repetitive things, I feel like I am in a stoop and like changing every thing. Additionally, my openness to experience makes me a great solver of points.
I do not enable problems to distract me in my wishes and I have famous that I give you good options by considering broadly.
In regards to conscientiousness, I am accountable, properly organized, reliable, and unrelenting. I also suppose that being conscientious typically limits my openness to experiences as I highlighted above. I strategy all conditions fastidiously and in a calculated means making certain that I make all things as correct as attainable. Concerning extroversion, I am much less outgoing, I don’t like socializing with others and I are usually assertive.
Additionally, I take time to research and understand all conditions offered to me, I am considerate and prefer to stick to smaller groups in comparability with larger crowds.
I also prefer to spend time by myself other than being with others. In terms of agreeableness, I am good-natured, trusting, and supportive. I am warm, sociable, and thoughtful. I also tend to focus extra on my personal wants even when it conflicts with the curiosity of other folks. While concerning emotional stability I have a tendency to not worry myself an extreme quantity of, I am safe, calm, and I have robust management over my emotions.
My character profile appears to influence my private behavior in that it affects every facet of my efficiency together with how I react to different conditions at work. I actually have additionally come to study that not all people are suitable for every job. Therefore, it is important to be aware of our persona traits and discover the most effective roles that go nicely with our personalities greatest. This method, I will be more productive, improve my satisfaction in doing a selected exercise, and contribute towards making the issues I am engaged in additional effectively. | <urn:uuid:05190eb9-bf76-4b9c-8fd5-c97a2c8ad2c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studyscroll.com/an-assessment-of-the-standardized-assessment-of-personality-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.957739 | 565 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Non-Surgical Pain Expert Dr. William Moyal, DC, CCSP was just featured on Newswatch TV for the work he has been doing for the last 14 years in Non-Surgical Spinal Decompression.
Dr. Moyal is one of the leading crusaders for Non-Surgical Spinal Decompression helping his patient base avoid surgery, drugs and shots if qualify for this type of treatment.
This High-Tech approach has proven extremely successful in more than 95% of the case that qualify for this type of treatment without any side effects as is all too often seen with surgery.
It is the most effective treatment of its kind for chronic sciatica, spinal joint problems, stenosis, bulging discs, herniated discs, degenerative discs and even failed-back surgeries because it focuses on helping your discs heal and regain the hydration process that has broken down when your discs suffer any type of injuries, instead of just trying to pacify the pain you may be in.
Treatments attempting to just take away pain, muscle spasms or inflammation DO NOT get to the real core of your issue.
Getting epidural shots can also be dangerous… As they are not FDA approved –> see here FDA WARNING
Non-Surgical Spinal Decompression is most efficient for chronic neck and back problems because it addresses the main underlying root of your disc or joint problem, and its ability to move, create and restore a pump mechanism that does not just hydrates the disc, but also increases the influx of oxygen and nutrients back into the disc providing it the tools it needs to self-repair and heal.
This technology helps the disc heal, regain and maintain its integrity allowing disc sufferers to get back their lives and enjoy their favorite activities and hobbies.
For more information or to schedule a One-on-One Consultation with Non-Surgical Pain Expert Dr. William Moyal, call our office today at (305) 531-2933… | <urn:uuid:1c7b8872-e56d-40d1-a9e5-1379656787ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coralwaydisccenter.com/non-surgical-pain-expert-dr-william-moyal-featured-on-newswatch-tv-miami-beach-fl-33139/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942956 | 409 | 1.507813 | 2 |
More than half of employees identify inadequate staffing as top cause of stress
Stress has a much greater impact on workplace disengagement than was previously thought, according to a global study by HR consultancy firm Towers Watson.
The results of its Global Benefits Attitudes Survey found that more than half (57 per cent), of employees who claimed to be suffering from high levels of stress also said they felt disengaged. This compares to just 10 per cent of employees who had low levels of stress.
The research also found that absence levels and presenteeism levels (those in-work, but who are unwell and unproductive), are also heavily influenced by stress.
Data from more than 22 countries revealed highly stressed staff took an average of 4.6 sick days per year, compared to the 2.6 days that low-stressed employees took. Prenteesim rates were 50 per cent higher among those who were highly stressed compared to those were stressed to a low degree. Stressed staff were present, but unproductive for 16 days per year compared to 10 days per year for those with only low levels of stress.
According to the CBI each absent employee cost their employer an average of £975 per day in 2012.
Rebekah Haymes, wellbeing specialist at Towers Watson, said the results of the study prove the “destructive link between high levels of stress and reduced productivity”. She added: “A third of respondents said they often experience excessive pressure in their jobs, and this study shows it can lead to higher instances of disengagement and absenteeism.”
Inadequate staffing has the greatest impact on whether staff will suffer from stress, the study found – with 53 per cent of respondents branding it the top cause. Worryingly, this is at odds with what employers themselves think – with only 15 per cent of senior managers acknowledging this as a cause of stress in their organisations.
Haymes said: “If leaders want to promote a lower stress environment in their workplace, it’s vital they understand the real causes of stress in their organisation. These can be areas that are not immediately visible to managers, such as good communication and feedback structures.”
Employers thought technology was the biggest contributor to stress. More than a third (34 per cent) said that staff who used technology to work outside normal office hours were most likely to feel frazzled. However, only 8 per cent of staff themselves actually agreed with this.
Haymes added: “Companies could take more responsibility for educating staff about the benefits of more sleep, physical activity, good nutrition and work-life balance in order to keep employees healthy, happy and productive.” | <urn:uuid:b26debc9-628a-415f-9990-b98448e392b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.recruitment-international.co.uk/blog/2014/09/more-than-half-of-employees-identify-inadequate-staffing-as-top-cause-of-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00445-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979886 | 546 | 1.859375 | 2 |
There are millions of family businesses in the US, and even a buzz-word, “copreneurs,” to describe couples who work together. Unfortunately, with up to half of all marriages ending in divorce, a significant number of these businesses will end up as a football to be tossed around between squabbling spouses. To complicate matters, not all “family businesses” are mom and pop affairs. A significant number have children, siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins involved. The dynamics can get complicated.
While each situation is different, a handful of issues come up fairly often:
No Paper. Most lawyers helping to set up a business advise clients to put certain rules of the road in writing. In a corporation, these rules are generally in the certificate of incorporation, bylaws and a shareholders agreement; in a general or limited partnership, in the partnership agreement; and in a limited liability company, in the operating agreement. There may also be employment agreements. If these documents are well prepared, they provide guidance on who owns the business (sometimes surprise relatives end up holding stock certificates), the mechanics of who runs the business, what happens to profits and losses, transferring ownership interests and related matters. If documents do not exist or do not address particular circumstances, the law may fill in the blanks. If worse comes to worse, most of the governing statutes provide that a receiver can take over and sell the business under certain circumstances, and of course the Probate and Family Court has the power to divide marital assets. Before any serious negotiation can take place, everyone involved should be aware of the legal and contractual landscape. Company lawyers can be helpful in the process, although if they appear to take sides they can contribute to an atmosphere of mistrust.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Both parties are often emotionally as well as financially invested in the business. It may have also been a major part of their social lives. The parties should consider whether it makes more sense for one to buy the other out or for them to try to continue working together. Sometimes, once tension from their personal lives is separated from their professional lives, couples do manage to make the transition to being just co-owners. One of the major factors is whether effective lines of communications between them are still open.
Who Does What? Small businesses are notoriously inchoate. At the outset, everyone pitches in to do whatever is required. As time goes on, the roles may become more defined, but in that process there is often conflict around overlapping responsibilities or jobs that do not get done. Divorce adds an extra layer of complexity to a problem that may already exist. Job titles only go so far.
The Goose and Her Golden Egg. If one member of the couple will be staying with the business after the divorce, he or she might be tempted to hold off on making some sales or improvements until after the split is formalized. Otherwise, he or she will just be increasing the value of the asset and, possibly, how much he or she will have to pay to buy the other partner out. It is a natural response that may not even be conscious. However, holding out may injure the underlying business. If customers start to drift away or innovation is locked down for a year while the divorce trickles through the system, the spouse whose ownership is surviving may find that he or she needs a surprising amount of time and effort to revive the business after the dust settles. Business valuators may pick up on it and point it out in a report that the judge sees, should it go to litigation – not a good result for anyone. An advocate needs to be aware of the possibility. A mediator should have the parties explore it early in the process.
Cash or Carry. Often enough, the family business is the largest asset the divorcing couple has. It will be part of the overall property division. At the same time, one or both spouses may be working in the business. It is an income stream. If only one of the partners will be staying with the business and the other is keeping an ownership interest, how do they decide how much of the business income will be coming out as salary and how much as a distribution to be split pro rata in accordance with ownership? How do they decide if there is enough cash available for one partner to buy out the other, or if it should be done over time, or if it should be done with cash flow from the business, or with third-party financing, or with security other than the business assets?
Toxic Flypaper. Sometimes, in a relationship we see one partner with a deeply held view that anything he or she has touched is automatically his or hers. The downpayment for the car came out of my Christmas bonus? It means I should get the car no matter where the monthly payments come from. I need it more than you do anyway.
In a business, this viewpoint shows itself as, “I touched it. I did it. I am responsible. I am the real business. You are not.” At some level, the other partner’s contributions are diminished or dismissed. I once encountered a gentleman who referred to his 50-50 partner as a “glorified secretary” because the partner “only” took care of all the day to day business operations. Outside the divorce context, this mindset is very common in technology companies, with each of the inventor and the CEO seeing himself as more important than the other.
Sometimes, this sense bleeds from the personal life to the business life and visa-versa. It is not an uncommon protective response to conflict. In more difficult cases, the mediator may have noticed unstable and violently defended ego boundaries that affect all aspects of the separation. However, in the business context, the mediator should be slow to assume it is purely a manifestation of individual psychology. There may be more than a grain of truth behind the party’s belief. Sometimes even equal partners do not pull their weight, and as mediators we do not have the data to evaluate it. We have to pay attention to the parties’ beliefs, though, or else we are not doing our clients any favors: if operating roles are not covered in the post-separation business the business may not survive, and if one of the parties feels violated by an agreement on the family business the rest of their separation discussions will be at best strained.
As central as this sense may be to all aspects of the dispute, the mediator should be careful when opening the wounds it may have caused. On the one hand, it may be a stumbling block the parties must get past. On the other, it may be so deeply held a conviction that everyone is better off focusing on specific outcomes rather than how each party got there. In the endless debate among family mediators as to whether and when private caucus sessions are appropriate, you should consider whether this particular dynamic calls out for them.
Opening the Books. Small business bookkeeping is not always the most accurate. Owners rarely keep their books in strict accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. If outside parties start to delve into them to do a valuation or to figure out how much cash flow is available to pay child support, there may well be unwelcome surprises such as cash unaccounted for, personal expenses charged to the business (including some that reveal infidelity) or games to make the value seem lower. Sometimes, allegations of fraud, conversion or breach of fiduciary duty come out, especially if any third party partners are tempted to take sides. Fears and suspicions about accounting are very common weapons in the war between separating spouses.
No Guaranty. Corporations, limited liability companies and limited partnerships are limited liability entities. As a matter of law, the debts of the business are not the debts of the owners. Sometimes, though, a couple intertwines their personal and business assets, adding an extra layer to the usual debt-splitting discussions.
The discussion may get even more complicated. Banks often insist that small business owners personally guaranty loans made to the business, which becomes an issue if one member of the separating couple is not staying with the business. The departing member might reasonably ask, “Why should I be on the hook for what that one is doing when I don’t even own a part of the company any more?” The answer is that the bank may not care. While the loan officer may be personally sympathetic, most institutions are not interested in reducing their security. If a new partner buys out the departing one, then the bank may accept a guaranty by the new partner. If not, there may be a need to refinance, possibly at a higher interest rate. If refinancing is not possible, the departing member may ask for a quid pro quo to balance the risk of the continuing guaranty or just have to accept it.
Who is Not In the Room? In every negotiation, the mediator has to deal with the people who are not there. They may be parents, peers, aunts and uncles who assist in childcare or someone who provided a gift. With a more complicated asset like a business, the cast of absent characters can include employees, other family members who are part-owners, parents or grandparents who founded the business, children who hope to inherit the business, major suppliers or customers, influential advisors or people who provided lifeline financing. The mediator should explore who these people are and decide whether and how it makes sense to bring them into the process.
It’s Not Worth That Much vs. It’s Worth Way More Than That. If one of the partners will be buying out the other as part of a settlement, there is an inherent conflict over the price. One party may feel an extra sense of entitlement if a gift or inheritance were involved in purchasing or capitalizing the business. The courts would probably expect a business valuation using one of a handful of accepted methodologies. However, many will argue that all a business valuation professional can do is give guidance as to what a third party might pay. Sometimes the people running the business think that number is too high or too low, depending on how they project cash flow and the time period they are looking to for return on their investment. The economic cycle dictates valuation, too. At the time of this writing, valuations are down from what many people would expect.
And then there is the emotional factor. People set values in their mind and dig in their heels when a spouse or even a third party tries to convince them otherwise. Sometimes the parties themselves have a hard time distinguishing bluffing from a truly deep belief.
Shutting the Doors. Family businesses do close down over divorce issues. There may not be enough cash for a buyout, or not enough talented personnel without both parties staying involved, or not enough income for the spouse who would remain with the business to make support payments. Orderly winding up is an option. So is bankruptcy. Forced judicial sale may be, too, depending on the statutory regime. These options belong on the mediator’s flip chart. They are distasteful and frightening precisely because they may be realistic.
* * *
Mediators tend to collect techniques, the way other people collect stamps, or sports memorabilia, or cats. Armed with the foreknowledge of what we might expect when we walk into a family conflict over separating a business, how should we approach it?
Beyond the usual normalizing of the confusion that goes along with the situation, the mediator might consider going beyond a purely facilitative process. That kind of process can work, but adding in other elements may make it more helpful. Parties often look to the mediator to be a more active participant in helping them generate options, so some knowledge of common small business practices is useful. Techniques borrowed from commercial mediation have a place to get clients past particularly sticky spots if their relationship is so damaged they slip into hardball positional negotiating, but the mediator should always be aware of the potential for poison in feelings of unfair compromise. The mediator might even consider drawing on the narrative mediation lexicon, since many of these potential issues can also be parts of a conflict story.
The number of possible legal, business and emotional issues means that there is almost always too much to resolve in a single mediation session. The mediator should manage the parties’ impatience and expectations: clients should understand up front that it takes time to gather and evaluate all the facts and then make difficult choices. Parties should also anticipate “homework” between sessions relating to business operations, valuation or third party advisors.
Separating a family business can be a divorce within the divorce. The issues are often tied to personal self-worth and interwoven with every other aspect of the parties’ lives, and third parties often play a big role. As a result, the decisions can be some of the most difficult in the whole separation process. These cases call on the effective mediator to be especially patient, persistent and creative.
From Denise French's BlogThe small business owner in divorce faces unique challenges that other, regular W2 employees don’t. A business owner’s divorce attorney (or their spouses divorce attorney) will often ask...By Denise French, MAFF, CVA, CDFA, CRPC | <urn:uuid:bc68ed66-a014-4008-a474-3ce4aba89814> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mediate.com/the-family-business-in-divorce-issues-for-mediators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.960283 | 2,722 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Luke 17:5-10, Psalm 137
If you had faith the size of a mustard seed…It begins so nicely, we smile and begin to imagine a great sermon that just rolls off our fingers to the screen in front of us. If we could just stop right there.
So what reassuring word do we find in our Psalm? Happy shall they be who take your little ones and dash them against the rock!
Here is a new word to describe this week in lectionary. The word is paraprosdokian
- War does not determine who is right — only who is left.
- Dolphins are so smart that within a few weeks of captivity, they can train people to stand on the very edge of the pool and throw them fish.
- You do not need a parachute to skydive. You only need a parachute to skydive twice.
- I want to die peacefully in my sleep, like my grandfather. Not screaming and yelling like the passengers in his car.
Life is often paradrosdokian. I got some really good, really late, advice recently. If you have some things that you really need to get done, do them when you have time: before your retire!
And something longer, if you need it:
Moshe was nearing death. He was extremely old, and he had seen much suffering during his days. Golda, his wife, sat on the edge of his bed and wiped his forehead. They had been married for more than 70 years. Moshe looked at his wife and said, “Golda, do you remember the horrible pogrom/the devastation in our village in 1905?” She replied, “Of course I do. I was right there with you.” “Do you remember when the Communists beat me up in 1918? Were you with me then?” Golda answered, “Certainly I was with you.” “Were you with me in the Lemberg ghetto?” “Yes, dear, I have always been with you.” Moshe lay silently for a few moments and then looked at his wife and said, “Boy, Golda, you’ve been bad luck for me.”
Have a great week, sincerely, no punch line! – Laurin | <urn:uuid:8fc6e3dc-e2a3-4326-8c22-291020aeff4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lectionaryamusing.wordpress.com/tag/ord27c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.987685 | 482 | 2.015625 | 2 |
primer and promoter sequences - (Dec/08/2010 )
I'm new plant transformation and now I have to isolate RNA(ARR22 gene, At3g04280) from the Arabidopsis. I'm going to do rt-pcr where I have to find the sequence for the promoter and the primer. Please anyone guide me on how to get the sequence. I already try it using primer3 and PlantCare(promoter sequence), but I'm not sure whether they are the right sequences or not. Besides, the sequences that I have are difference from the previous study. I also have to find the sequence for tomato plant (SL1.00sc06004_225.1.1)(homologues with Arabidopsis ARR22 gene).
Try ensembl DB. It worked fine for me
Hope to be helpful | <urn:uuid:31c81cb7-192c-4099-8491-068f4bff0155> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums-2/posts/18457.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935293 | 175 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Two thousand years ago, contemplating the relentless flow of time, Confucius gazed down at a river and sighed, "What passes is just like this, never ceasing day or night ..." In China, time can feel both frozen and unstoppable at the same time. The Tiananmen massacre that 20 years ago ravaged Beijing, killed thousands of unarmed citizens, and altered the lives of millions, seems now to be locked in the 20th century, forgotten or ignored, as China continues to hurtle blindly towards its future.
The amnesia to which China has succumbed is not the result of natural memory-loss but of state-enforced erasure. China's Communist regime tolerates no mention of the massacre. But Tiananmen Square, and other sites connected with the events of 1989, still remain charged with memory. When the written and spoken word is censored, the urban landscape becomes a nation's only physical link to the past.
I left Beijing in 1987, shortly before my books were banned there, but have returned continually. In 1989, I was on Tiananmen Square with the students, living in their makeshift tents and joining their jubilant singing of the Internationale. In the two decades since, each time that I have gone back, visions from those days seem to return with increasing persistence.
During the Beijing Olympics last August, I took my now five-year-old son to the square. On our journey there, our movements were observed by the CCTV cameras in the lift of our apartment block and outside the front gate of our compound, by the listening devices in our taxi, by the armed police who lined the streets and by the security guards who frisked us before finally allowing us on to Tiananmen. We emerged from the underpass and stepped on to the square. Apart from the crowds of policemen, the plain-clothes officers (instantly identifiable by their dark sunglasses and striped Airtex shirts) and the gaudy flower displays, the concrete-paved square, the size of nine football fields, was almost deserted.
In spring 1989, the square had been taken over by Beijing students and civilians who were mounting the largest peaceful protest in history. They were pressing for dialogue with their Communist leaders, and ultimately for freedom and democracy. The packed square became the city's pulsing heart; the police had vanished. This was a benevolent form of anarchy - noble, joyous, and surprisingly orderly.
My son ran to the spot where 20 years ago the students had erected a huge polystyrene replica of the Statue of Liberty. He looked northwards to Tiananmen Gate, the entrance to the Forbidden City where China's emperors used to live. In 1949, Mao stood on the gate and declared the founding of the People's Republic. Now the gate's blood-red walls were covered in scaffolding and green gauze. At politically sensitive times these walls are invariably covered for "important repair work", ensuring that the public won't get near enough to daub them with subversive slogans. The only bit of the gate that tourists could now photograph was the portrait of Chairman Mao over the central arch.
My son stared up at the tyrant's pink, pudgy face and asked me who he was.
"Mao Zedong," I replied.
"Is he dead now?" he said, sweat dripping down his cheeks.
"He died years ago, his body is lying in that big building over there," I explained, pointing to the grey, concrete mausoleum behind us. My son turned round and ran off towards an ice-cream stall, and I thought of how, in 1989, I too had run across the square in the sweltering heat, with a bag of ice-lollies in my backpack, which I then handed out to my writer-friends who had marched to the square from the Lu Xun Writers' Academy, calling for freedom of expression and an end to government corruption. I gave them the victory sign as they paraded past. More than a million people were on the square that day. The sky was just as blue then, but instead of the scent of flowers and green turf, the air was filled with the sour smell of sweat, rotting refuse and exuberant cries of protest.
As my son peered into the vendor's ice box, I glanced at the bridge over the Jinshui moat that skirts Tiananmen Gate. It was now lined with police. They were there to prevent the suicide jumps of anti-government petitioners. Five years ago, a Beijinger named Ye Guoqiang had attempted just such a fatal jump as a protest against his recent and forceful eviction from his home in order to make way for an Olympic Games construction project. He was sentenced to two years in prison for embarrassing the state. "If you want to kill yourself," the judge told him, "at least do it in the privacy of your own home, not beneath the Chairman's nose." Citizens can allow themselves to be shot dead by the army below Mao's portrait, but not to commit suicide there.
Opposite the Museum of Chinese History on the east side of the square, I took a photograph of my son standing in front of a garish maroon, yellow and orange potted flower display. The slogan above read: One World, One Dream. In early May 1989, during the students' mass hunger strike, I had told my friend that if the army came to the square and turned their guns on us, I would take her straight into the museum for cover. "You think they'd turn their guns on us?" she laughed. "Are you crazy?" She was wearing a straw hat at the time, with the words "Sorrow! Joy!" printed on the front. Like almost everyone else, she couldn't believe that the People's Liberation Army would shoot innocent civilians.
On May 28 1989, my brother had an accident in my hometown of Qingdao and fell into a coma. I immediately left Beijing to look after him, so I didn't witness the massacre of 4 June. (Perhaps if I had, I would never have been able to write about it.) My friend Li Lanju, the head of a Hong Kong student association, told me that in the early hours of 4 June she too had been sitting here in front of the museum. She saw PLA soldiers in green helmets pour out from inside and line up on the steps in front. A boy of about 15 ran towards the soldiers with a rock in his hand and shouted, "You just shot my brother! I want to avenge his death!" Li Lanju rushed over to him and pulled him back. But a few minutes later, a man ran past carrying the same boy in his arms. He was dead now, his face covered in blood. The Museum of Chinese History holds no records of those events that happened below its front steps.
I walked over to my son and bought him a panda-shaped ice cream on a stick. (Back in London, a month later, his mother and I were horrified to learn that the dairy products we'd been feeding him and his three-year-old sister had been contaminated with kidney-stone inducing melamine. The Chinese government had known that unscrupulous farmers had been adulterating milk to increase profit margins, but had suppressed all news of the scandal to avoid spoiling their Olympics propaganda pageant.)
We continued south past Mao's mausoleum and my thoughts returned again to 1989, when a student in my tent told me how he longed to muster a few friends, charge into the mausoleum, drag out Mao's corpse and throw it into the Jinshui river. He said that as long as Mao's embalmed body remains in the square, China will have no peace.
Feeling tired and dispirited, I took my son's hand and led him across the road to the Qianmen district. In 1989, I'd often scarpered off to its crowded, bustling lanes in search of a quick bowl of noodles. Back then, stall holders would hand out free drinks and bread rolls to hungry protesters. I heard that after the students were driven out of the square on 4 June, street vendors came out with baskets of trainers to give to protesters who'd lost their shoes in the scrum. Today, the place was almost unrecognisable. In the run-up to the Olympics, the Ming Dynasty buildings along the main street, with their beautiful stone carvings and ornate wooden eaves, had been demolished and replaced by soulless, modern replicas of their former selves. I stood with my son amid the kitsch while locals wandered around in bewilderment, cameras in hand, now reduced to tourists in their own backstreets.
After a while, the sense of alienation from the past becomes suffocating and makes one long to reconnect with old friends. When I arrived in Beijing a few weeks before the Olympics, the secret police summoned me to the Sheraton Hotel and, over coffee and cakes, told me very politely not to speak in public, meet with any foreign journalists and especially to stay away from politically sensitive people such as Liu Xiaobo and Zhou Duo - two of the four intellectuals who went on hunger strike in sympathy with the students during the last days of the democracy movement. Zhou Duo, a former economics professor at Beijing University, is an old friend of mine. He is a quiet, scholarly man, with a love of philosophy and classical music. In 1989 he became swept up in the democracy movement after the more flamboyant and charismatic essayist, Liu Xiaobo, declared him to be the most important intellectual of our generation. Zhou Duo had never taken much interest in politics before, so I was surprised to hear that he had joined the hunger strike. In the late hours of 3 June he and the Taiwanese rock star, Hou Dejian, went to negotiate with the army. While the students huddled in terror below the Monument to the People's Heroes, he implored the army to let the students retreat from the square in safety. His quiet, diplomatic demeanour no doubt saved thousands of lives.
Unlike Liu Xiaobo who, having spent several years in prison, is now in detention again for signing a charter last year calling for political reform, Zhou Duo has disappeared from public life. He hasn't been able to work or be published since 1989 and is under constant police surveillance. He regrets his involvement in the protests and the loss of his career. Having found God, he manages to hold small services in his heavily monitored flat in the outskirts of Beijing, and spends most of his time drawing up models for China's political future. Few will ever see them. We spoke briefly on his bugged phone before the Olympics, but I didn't dare suggest a meeting.
In February of this year I returned to China to research my next book. The authorities know about the novels of mine that have been published in the west, including the latest one, Beijing Coma, about a student shot in Tiananmen Square, but so far have allowed me to return. They continue to search me at customs, confiscate my documents and monitor my movements, but no doubt realise that as long as they deny me a voice in China, I can't do much harm. Although my next book has nothing to do with Tiananmen, a few days after my arrival in February I found myself involuntarily drawn back to that vast open space. I went there by taxi. The square was deserted and carpeted in snow. The emerald conifers along its perimeter drew one's gaze skyward. I wound down the window to take a photograph, but before I had time to press the shutter, the driver barked, "Close that window! There's a new rule, didn't you know? All taxi windows must be kept shut when driving past Tiananmen Square. It's been designated a 'politically sensitive area'."
This year is one of many important anniversaries in China, including the 60th of the founding of the People's Republic and the 20th of the Tiananmen massacre. The government is more on guard than ever. I wound up the window, glanced out at the square and recalled a multitude of raised hands, banners and flags. The cries of a million silenced protesters echoed in my mind's ear, saying more to me than anything my eyes could now see.
Beijing Coma took me 10 years to finish. The first few years, I wrote very little. A single recurrent image was blocking my progress: a man lying naked on an iron bed, a sparrow perched on his arm, his chest illuminated by a cold beam of light. Those 10 years were a struggle to prove to myself the power and meaning of that single beam of light.
"Why is it that men are so good at turning their heaven into a hell?" I muttered to myself as I closed my eyes.
The taxi driver looked out of his window and said, "That snow is nothing. You should see how much has fallen back in our village ..."
"I don't want to get out at the square any more," I said. "I've changed my mind. Please turn round and take me to Tongxian."
I had a sudden wish to visit the artist and photographer Chen Guang. The photographs he had taken many years ago of himself surrounded by naked women or having sex with a prostitute had been crude expressions of an inner rage. But recently, he had completed a series of oil paintings of the Tiananmen massacre, and had exhibited them on the internet.
I wanted to see them.
Chen Guang's flat in Tongxian is in an anonymous modern block. In the middle of his stark room was a plastic bucket filled with his cigarette stubs; the white walls were hung with green swirling paintings of tanks, helmeted soldiers and flattened tents.
He gave me a glass of water and confessed that in 1989 he had joined the army. He was just 17. Within a few months of conscription, his regiment - number 62 - was sent to Beijing to help quash the student movement. On 3 June his fellow soldiers received orders to disguise themselves as civilians, make their way independently to the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square, and await the signal to drive the students out.
"There were 7,000 of us," he told me, lighting a new cigarette from the glowing stub of his last one, "and I was given the job of transporting our 4,000 assault rifles to the Great Hall. I dressed myself up as a student and loaded the guns on to a public bus the army had appropriated. As the driver edged through the packed crowds of students on Changan Avenue, I was terrified that they might jump up and spot the rifles stacked along the floor, so I leaned out and gave them a cheerful victory sign. When we reached the back yard of the Great Hall and locked the gates, I spent two hours unloading the guns, armful by armful. They were brand new. By the end, I was drenched in oil."
I'd never heard a soldier give a first-hand account of the crackdown. He took a deep drag from his cigarette and continued, his eyes beginning to redden: "Each soldier was given a loaded rifle and told to stand in line. Most of us were young boys from the villages. We had hardly eaten for days. We were weak and terrified, convinced we were going die. Some guys shat themselves, others were trembling so much that they inadvertently fired their guns and injured fellow soldiers.
"At 12 midnight on 4 June the doors of the Great Hall were swung open. It was chaos outside. Special forces in camouflage were brandishing bayonets and driving out the students still left in the square. Nearby, a small group kicked a student to the ground and hit his skull with their rifle butts. I heard machine-gun fire in the distance, and saw the Goddess of Democracy being rammed by a tank and topple to the ground ...
"I clutched my rifle but didn't know where to point it. I was ordered to help clean the square and burn all evidence. I walked across the swath of flattened tents, blankets, sandals and leaflets, and picked up two journals and one long plait of black hair tied at the bottom with a plastic band. I guessed that some girl must have cut it off in despair before the army arrived ..."
I asked Chen Guang what was his most vivid memory of those days. He said, "After we sealed off central Beijing, we could go everywhere, places we'd never usually get to see. I remember wandering into the Zhongnanhai compound. All the government leaders had abandoned their villas. Their pet cats and dogs were left to starve outside the front doors ... I remember that, and other little details. But when I close my eyes and think back on those days, what I see first is the colour green, a nightmarish swirling green of helmets and tanks."
I told him that although I wasn't in Beijing during the crackdown, I too pictured a terrifying green, the sea of dehumanising khaki that kills and maims, when I came to describe those days in my book. I imagined how at dawn on 4 June, even the rising sun was stained green.
I asked him why he'd decided to talk about this now. "It's the 20th anniversary this year," he said. "I think it's about time. Anyway, I can't hold these nightmares inside me any longer." He is one of the few artists to have dared confront Tiananmen Square head-on. The day I met him, his internet exhibition was closed by the censors, just three days after going online.
The Chinese have made a faustian pact with the government, agreeing to forsake demands for political and intellectual freedom in exchange for more material comfort. They live prosperous lives in which any expression of pain is forbidden. When I talk to young Chinese about 1989, I am invariably accused of spreading false rumours and being a traitor to my nation; when I bring up the subject with my old friends, most of them laugh scornfully, as if those events are now irrelevant. But I know that behind this show of derision or apathy lies real fear. Everyone knows that attempts to break the Tiananmen taboo can still destroy a person's life and the lives of their families. The authorities, for their part, may have a monopoly of the nation's resources, but they can never fully control the nation's soul, and every day they live in terror that the intricate stack of lies they have constructed will collapse.
Xidan Book Store, a five-minute walk down Changan Avenue from the Zhongnanhai government compound, is the largest bookshop in Asia. A few days after meeting Chen Guang, I went there to buy a Chinese translation of WG Sebald's Austerlitz. Like the protagonist, I too am always struggling to find out how many memories a human life needs. This five-floor bookshop sells 100,000 books a day. A huge poster of smiling President Obama is displayed close to the main entrance. Inside you can buy translations of the latest scientific or economic tomes, and books charting China's 5,000-year history, but you will not find a word about the Tiananmen massacre, or any accurate accounts of the other tragedies that the Communists have inflicted on China since 1949. These missing chapters of the nation's history weaken the power of every other Chinese text in the shop.
My mobile phone rang. I had arranged a meeting at the bookshop with Liu Hua, a Tiananmen survivor and son of a Beijing University professor. I glanced outside the window and knew at once that it was him. He was the only person in the crowd to have only one arm.
We walked together down Changan Avenue. A cold wind was blowing and the snow on the pavements had been shovelled towards a line of holly trees. The ancient red walls of the Zhongnanhai compound were glimmering in the evening sun. We reached the Liubukou intersection. A few years ago I'd stood here and taken photographs as part of my research for Beijing Coma. At that time, the gap between the eyewitness accounts I'd heard of the carnage that took place at this intersection in 1989 and the mundane reality before my eyes could not be closed without an effort of the imagination. Now, with Liu Hua right beside me, the present scene was instantly merged with the past. He had come on the dawn of 4 June with two young students.
"It happened right here," he told me, "just by these white railings. A tank charged down Changan Avenue, and sprayed tear gas into the air. There was a big crowd of us. We were coughing and choking. We rushed on to the pavement, and I was squashed back against these railings. A girl dropped to her knees. I was grasping the railings with one hand to stop myself falling and with the other I offered her a handkerchief and told her to use it as a mask. Just as I was leaning over to hand it to her, another tank roared up and careered into us. Thirteen people were crushed to death but I only lost my arm. The tank commander knew exactly what he was doing." He stared down at the patch of asphalt at his feet and then glanced nervously at the police vans parked on the other side of the road. It was rush hour; cars and taxis were streaming past us.
What a terrifying experience, I said, gripping the white railings.
"Yes, it was," he replied quite calmly. "But I wasn't truly afraid until I saw Deng Xiaoping on television, telling the martial law troops: 'Foreigners say that we opened fire, and that I admit, but to claim that army tanks drove over unarmed citizens, that is a disgraceful slur.' My scalp tightened. I was a living witness to the truth. What if one day they came to get me? ... For two years I never dared go out at night, I never spoke about what happened. Policemen came to interrogate me almost every day, but none of us ever mentioned the tanks. Every anniversary of 4 June, the police would come to my house with pillows and mattresses and sleep on my bedroom floor. Just to stop me speaking to foreign journalists."
As the sun began to set, we retreated into a restaurant. I stared out at the darkening walls of the Zhongnanhai compound and thought of the government leaders inside sitting down for a family meal in their sumptuous villas, their cats and dogs scampering around their feet.
Liu Hua turned to me and said, "Those bloody Communists! What right did they have to take my arm from me? If they don't apologise for the crackdown and offer justice for the victims, I'll take them to the courts!"
"Be sure to keep all your evidence and medical records safe," I said. "The day of reckoning is bound to come." I'm always surprised by how much faith the Chinese place in the legal system. In a country that has no rule of law, our only weapon in the fight for justice is the strength of our convictions.
Without these witnesses, we would become more and more distanced from the atrocity. In just 20 years, the Tiananmen generation that inspired people across the world to rise up against tyrannies has faded from view. School teachers, parents, newsreaders and armies of censors have collaborated in numbing a generation. It is left to brave survivors including Liu Hua, Chen Guang, and many others such as Ding Zilin, founder of the "Tiananmen Mothers" support group, to drag the dead back from oblivion and fight for truth.
Not all of those who died on 4 June did so unknowingly. Some chose deliberately to walk towards the rifles. As the bullets were flying towards them, possibly the one thought in their minds was: "This is the darkest moment; afterwards the light will come." The unfree bodies chose to fall so that millions of others could stand up freely again and trample on the injustices of the past. The only point of self-sacrifice is to force one's oppressors to live with the burden of guilt.
I think of my brother who 20 years ago fell into a coma. His wife and children abandoned him long ago. Today, he is able to eat, drink and sleep, but has no emotions or self-respect. He can't speak, but he can sit in front of a television show and laugh himself to tears. Or he can stare at the ceiling for hours on end. He has no control over his life. He is like the Chinese people.
And yet, something extraordinary happened the last time I visited him. I often give him a pen and paper and wait to see what he draws. Sometimes it's just boxes and crosses; sometimes he'll write my name or the name of his first girlfriend. But this time, he drew a picture of a horse galloping across an open field. Although the lines were shaky, they were more expressive than any I could have drawn. For a moment, I saw a faint beam of light on his chest, and I knew that there was still hope.
© Ma Jian, May 2009. Translation by Flora Drew. Beijing Coma is published by Vintage. To order a copy for £8.99 with free UK p&p go to theguardian.com/bookshop or call 0330 333 6846. | <urn:uuid:55453dab-07d9-4f67-80da-d45f16d9b667> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/02/tiananmen-square-protests-1989-china?view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984814 | 5,257 | 1.976563 | 2 |
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James McAvoy, fresh off the box office success of Glass, hosted Saturday Night Live for the first time this weekend, and reminded us why we all fell in love with him in one of his very first genre roles.
Sporting a kilt to represent his native Scotland during the monologue, McAvoy struggled with his cue cards at first, but his enthusiasm never wavered, and that set the tone for the night. In sketch after sketch, McAvoy committed to all manner of accents and characters, from a Philadelphie Eagles fan in a Charmin focus group to a Scottish air traffic controller. When it came to genre parodies, though, McAvoy and the SNL crew steered clear of both his many Glass characters and his treatment of Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men films.
Instead, McAvoy and company took us all the way back to Mr. Tumnus, the gentle faun character he played in 2005’s The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In the years since that film was released, it’s become very clear that many young men and women developed a rather intense crush on McAvoy’s Tumnus, and that turned out to be the crux of the sketch, as Mr. Tumnus greeted visitor after visitor who wanted to tell him all about their, ahem, formative experience with him upon entering Narnia and discovering his woodland home.
That sound you just heard was a good portion of Narnia fandom nodding their heads in agreement with all three of those women (played by Cecily Strong, Kate McKinnon, and Aidy Bryant). Make sure you watch all the way to the end for the reveal of what became of another classic Narnia character. | <urn:uuid:502a1557-1bb8-417a-92cc-31aecdf9875c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/james-mcavoy-understands-your-mr-tumnus-crush-in-snl-narnia-spoof | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.972398 | 390 | 1.59375 | 2 |
1. What is a recycled paper bag?
Recycled paper bags are made from recycled paper, is a scrap and waste paper, and reprocessed to turn into new paper for various purposes.
According to data from paperbag.org, a paper bag is reused or recycled 3.5 times on average before being completely discarded in the European region.
What kind of paper bag can be recycled? The popular material for making recycled paper bags is most types of bags such as shopping bags, coffee paper bags, gift bags and food bags.
However, some kinds which are unable to be recycled consist of plastic film, wet and greasy stains or unremovable food.
2. Decode symbols commonly found on recycled paper bags?
Mobius Loop: A popular symbol that shows this paper bag is used to recycle.
Mobius Loop: There is the symbol of recyclable products because the internal number indicates the percentage of packaging made from recycled materials. It helps to encourage consumers to recycle the bag after use.
The Green Dot: If you see this symbol on a paper bag, it means that the manufacturer can have a certain contribution to the recycling of that bag.
FSC: FSC certified product symbol, meaning that this paper bag has a clear origin – the source of wood produced and managed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), balances between environmental protection values and social benefits of related parties (producers, society and local people).
Read more: 5 Surprising Benefits Of Using Paper Bags
3. Extraordinary benefits of recycled paper bags
3.1 Saving on production costs
The following figures will surprise you about the benefits of paper recycling. On average, every ton of paper is reused, so we can save:
24 forest trees in nature;
The amount of sufficient oxygen for 12 people to breathe in a year;
39,084 liters of water is enough for 875 baths,
5 minutes each, and provide adequate water for 3,000 toilets flushing;
Nearly 4,000 kWh of electricity is enough for a 3-bedroom house in 1 year;
605 liters of crude oil;
Limiting the amount of CO2 equivalent to the emissions of a car for 6 weeks (diminishing 95% pollutant emissions compared to the production process of 01 ton of paper made from wood).
This demonstrates that using recycled paper will economize a significant amount of budget and workforce for businesses and society, as well as protect the environment in an effective way.
3.2 Reducing CO2 emissions
The faster young trees absorb CO2, the more older trees are likely to store it. Therefore, if you use recycle paper, the number of old trees for wood will decrease, which helps reserve more CO2 in the tree and reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Every 1m3 of wood will absorb 1 ton of CO2 and emit 0.7 tons of O2.
Statistics illustrate that the average annual carbon storage of European forests reaches 719 million tons of CO2 per year. This figure is equal to the amount of annual CO2 emissions which is generated by Germany, including the energy, manufacturing and construction industries, transportation, households, agriculture, and waste. Otherwise, it estimates the equivalent of 209 coal-fired power stations.
3.3 Recycle and decompose easily
According to the research from American television channel – NBC, most paper bags contain at least 35% recycled material or more. Paper bags are able to go on be processed and reused after one use, while many other companies do not approve the recycling of plastic bags because they can cause issues about obstructing machinery or require a more complex handling process.
A plastic bag takes 500 – 1000 years to completely decompose, while a paper bag merely takes a few months. There is a great idea when you tear up paper bags and then put them into a compost pile.
3.4 Protection of marine life
These plastic bags can destroy the lives of thousands of marine creatures every year. Since it makes some marine animals mistakenly believe that they are edible food, the consequence is a stomach obstruction and many starving animals such as many sea turtles, whales or sea birds.
Paper bags have the capability of decay in water better, so the risk of harm to marine organisms is lower.
3.5 Promoting business brand
Using recycled paper bags is the best way to introduce customers that your business not only concerns but also contributes to environmental protection. This contributes to creating a positive image for the brand and attracting more customers.
4. Which elements are the quality of recycled paper bags affected?
4.1 Food stains, grease
It is thought that food stains on paper bags are one of the most difficulty in the recycling process. Grease and stains will not be a big problem because plastic, metal or glass is recycled by heating method.
However, many kinds of paper packaging, paper bags and paper boxes, which are mixed with water and into mud, it greatly affects the quality of recycled products if it does not remove grease and stains.
4.2 Components of paper bag
Most of the glue which uses for locating the bag such as hip stickers, bottom stickers and bag straps are easily dissolved in water. Therefore, many manufacturers of paper products are able to remove this glue during the recycling process.
There are many materials used to make bags of different sizes as well as colors like fabric, ribbons, cotton… As usual, recycled paper bags often have straps with twisted or folded paper that still can ensure aesthetic and environmentally friendly of the bags.
If bag straps are made of twisted or folded paper, they will be recycled together with the body of the bag. Nevertheless, bag straps will be removed before recycling if it is other materials such as cotton, ribbons, cloth…
Paper bags which use printing techniques, including hot stamping, lamination/ glossy lamination, UV coating – varnish, will also be considered for classification before recycling.
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Tel: (+84) 77 8878 222 | <urn:uuid:c3810d0b-0bc7-4d22-b1e4-ffdbe259eeca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://packagingvietnam.com/recycled-paper-bags-and-5-things-that-not-many-people-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.944406 | 1,269 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Suppose your organization is involved in exporting certain goods, software, or technology, which may be useful in any number of applications, to specified countries. In that case, you may face special licensing requirements. Your organization will likely have to develop compliance strategies around the Military End-User (MEU) Rule, which is part of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
Your organization’s compliance with the MEU Rule is critical, as the fallout could involve hefty civil and criminal penalties and export-related complications. Here is what the MEU Rule entails and what stakeholders can do to ensure compliance.
What the MEU Rule Entails
The MEU Rule at §744.21, which the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) enforces, is an additional EAR license requirement that may apply in addition to standard destination-based export controls. It requires parties to obtain an export license if a party knows, or has reason to know, that the items they are exporting, reexporting, or transferring in-country are intended for a military end user or a military end-use. Exporters, reexporters, and in-country transferors generally must obtain a BIS license for such an end use or end user if both of the following conditions apply:
- The item the organization is exporting falls under any of the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCNs) described in Supplement No. 2 to Part 744 of EAR. Widely exported items on this list include mass market encryption software, aircraft and ship parts, and common electronics.
- The destination for the item is Burma, Cambodia, China (including Hong Kong), Russia, or Venezuela
Exporters unsure of how to best classify their products and other exports can request classifications through the Simplified Network Application Process – Redesign (SNAP-R) portal or self-classify their items. Although BIS offers a guide that helps companies classify their products using the ECCN system, ECTI also offers comprehensive course bundles that can walk you through this process.
Understanding Military End Use
Given the consequences at play, it would be natural to wonder what types of end uses would fall under the rule’s purview. The MEU Rule codifies this guidance, including the circumstances which BIS regards as a “military end use.” Under §744.21(f), BIS will consider an export to have a “military end use” if either of the following situations apply:
- The item is for incorporation into military items described:
- On the U.S. Munitions List (USML), or
- In an ECCN ending in “A018” or a 600 series ECCN. Such items include, but are not limited to, articles and components used in explosives, imaging sensor devices, military vehicles, aircraft, and gas turbine engines
- Any item that supports or contributes to the operation, installation, maintenance, repair, overhaul, refurbishing, development, or production of military items described on the USML or an ECCN ending in “A018” or a 600 series ECCN
End Users Covered by the MEU Rule
Beyond this, exporters will also need to consider whether their transactions will involve “military end users.” Section 744.21(g) of the MEU Rule states that these end users can include any of the following:
- National armed services, including armies, navies, marines, air forces, and coast guards
- National guards and national police
- Government intelligence or reconnaissance organizations
- Persons or entities whose actions or functions are intended to support “military end uses” as described in the rule
BIS has explicitly named certain entities as military end users in the agency’s MEU List, as found in Supplement No. 7 to Part 744 of EAR and periodically updated in the Federal Register. Although BIS’s MEU List identifies military end users, this list is non-exhaustive. Therefore, exporters must continue parsing these definitions and assessing what they know or should suspect about their transactions when determining whether they are dealing with military end users.
How Companies Can Mitigate Their Risks for Non-Compliance
Non-compliance with the MEU Rule—and, by extension, EAR—can be prohibitive for organizations. These penalties, outlined in the Export Control Reform Act of 2018, can be civil and criminal. The maximum limits for these penalties include:
- Criminal penalties of up to 20 years of imprisonment, up to $1 million in fines per violation, or both
- Administrative monetary penalties of either up to $308,901 per violation as adjusted for inflation or twice the value of the transaction, whichever is greater
- Denial of export privileges for any transaction governed under EAR
To ensure compliance with the MEU and to avoid both statutory penalties and attendant non-compliance complications, your organization must master EAR’s various ECCN classifications. More importantly, companies should not misclassify items to avoid having otherwise exempt items be subject to the MEU’s purview. Proper and extensive training on best classification practices can significantly help stakeholders on this front.
From there, after you confirm whether you will export items to China or one of the other countries the MEU Rule targets, you will need to evaluate whether you will be transacting with “military end users” or for a “military end use”. You can confirm this by researching your transaction partners’ lines of business online or working in tandem with your organization’s overseas affiliates to do the same offline. Third party information services may also prove helpful. In doing so, consider obtaining an end-use statement or end-use certificate from your transactional partners. While not mandatory, doing so can put your transactional partners on the record about their involvement (or lack thereof) with military-related activities and help establish the extent of your knowledge about their military-related activities.
Finally, your company should consider simply filing a license application that includes all the information you and your colleagues know about your items and the anticipated end use and end user. By doing this, you will shift the burden to BIS for assessing whether it is truly necessary for your company to obtain an export license. If BIS ultimately decides that your organization does not need a license, then its decision is sufficient for allowing you to move forward with the export at issue.
We hope this article helps you understand what you need to know about military end-use export rules and the MEU Rule, along with when they could apply to your company. As we said earlier, export compliance is a complex and detailed undertaking. Your company’s investments rely on achieving 100% compliance with all applicable export regulations and controls. That said, it is absolutely achievable—you can do it, provided you take the necessary time up front to align with an established and widely acclaimed export compliance training partner who can guide you step by step toward compliance success.
Do you have questions about military end-use export control rules or other export compliance challenges for your company? Visit www.learnexportcompliance.com to learn about our company, our faculty, our staff and our esteemed Export Compliance Professional (ECoP®) certification program. To find upcoming e-seminars, live seminars and live webinars, and to browse our catalog of 80-plus on-demand webinars, visit our ECTI Academy. You also can call the Export Compliance Training Institute at 540-433-3977 for more information.
Scott Gearity is President of ECTI, Inc. | <urn:uuid:80a46c8f-c05d-4c74-8ff6-ebd14510c13c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.learnexportcompliance.com/military-end-user-export-control-rules-what-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.919665 | 1,582 | 1.554688 | 2 |
How We Approach Prostate Biopsies And Prostate Cancer Diagnosis At Ctca
When you come to CTCA for a prostate biopsy or a second opinion, youll have access to tests that may help increase the accuracy of each biopsy. Our team has expertise with these tests and procedures, allowing us to work quickly and efficiently.
If youre diagnosed with prostate cancer, a multidisciplinary team of genitourinary experts, which may include a urologist, a urologic oncologist, a radiation oncologist and a medical oncologist, will review your case and develop a personalized plan based on your specific circumstances and needs.
We only treat cancer at CTCA, which means our cancer experts are skilled at assessing risk associated with each persons circumstances. We give you the pros and cons of the treatment options available to you, allowing you time to talk with your team of doctors and other experts about those options.
Our cancer experts are also vigilant about what patients need and when they need it. We know that when men are told they have slow-growing prostate cancer, some of them wont keep up with the necessary follow-ups, so we help keep them on track.
If you choose to receive treatment with us, you may benefit from our integrative approach to cancer treatment. Our multidisciplinary team works together to help prevent and manage the side effects of cancer and its treatment, providing supportive care services, such as:
Inflammation Of The Prostate
Some studies have suggested that prostatitis may be linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, but other studies have not found such a link. Inflammation is often seen in samples of prostate tissue that also contain cancer. The link between the two is not yet clear, and this is an active area of research.
Eating Diet And Nutrition
Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing prostatitis. During treatment of bacterial prostatitis, urologists may recommend increasing intake of liquids and avoiding or reducing intake of substances that irritate the bladder. Men should talk with a health care provider or dietitian about what diet is right for them.
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What Is Free Psa
The routine PSA test measures total PSA in your blood. But there are two types of PSA. Bound PSA is attached to a protein. Free PSA is not. The free PSA test breaks the results down and provides your doctor with a ratio. Men with prostate cancer tend to have lower levels of free PSA than men who dont have prostate cancer.
Its a simple blood test, but theres no consensus among doctors on the ideal ratio of free to bound PSA. The free PSA test is valuable in that it gathers more information, which can help in the biopsy decision.
On its own, the free PSA test cant confirm or rule out a prostate cancer diagnosis.
How To Prepare For A Prostate Biopsy
A patient may be asked to self-administer an enema before the procedure in order to clean out the rectum and decrease risk of infection. He may also be prescribed antibiotics as an additional precaution against infection these should be taken an hour before the procedure and for two to three days following it.
Additionally, certain drugs can increase the risk of bleeding. A patient shouldn’t change medications unless instructed by his doctor, but should inform his physician if he is taking any of the following:
- Aspirin or other pain medications, such as ibuprofen and other NSAIDS
- Blood thinning medications, such as warfarin or heparin
- Herbal medicines, some of which can also act as blood thinners
Read Also: Healthy Foods For Your Prostate
What Are The Side Effects Of A Biopsy
Having a biopsy can cause side effects. These will affect each man differently, and you may not get all of the possible side effects.
Pain or discomfort
Some men feel pain or discomfort in their back passage for a few days after a TRUS biopsy. Others feel a dull ache along the underside of their penis or lower abdomen . If you have a transperineal biopsy, you may get some bruising and discomfort in the area where the needle went in for a few days afterwards.
If you receive anal sex, wait about two weeks, or until any pain or discomfort from your biopsy has settled, before having sex again. Ask your doctor or nurse at the hospital for further advice.
Some men find the biopsy painful, but others have only slight discomfort. Your nurse or doctor may suggest taking mild pain-relieving drugs, such as paracetamol, to help with any pain.
If you have any pain or discomfort that doesnt go away, talk to your nurse or doctor.
Its normal to see a small amount of blood in your urine or bowel movements for about two weeks. You may also notice blood in your semen for a couple of months it might look red or dark brown. This is normal and should get better by itself. If it takes longer to clear up, or gets worse, you should see a doctor straight away.
Symptoms of a urine infection may include:
- pain or a burning feeling when you urinate
- dark or cloudy urine with a strong smell
- needing to urinate more often than usual
- pain in your lower abdomen .
Long Term Side Effects Of Rectal Prostate Biopsy
Hello does anyone know we what the long term effects of a prostate biopsy are. I have read that although rare they happen.
0 likes, 27 replies
Posted 3 years ago
Thank you for your reply. If you read my reply to Fred you will see my husbands history re. prostate. I do think that doctors generally should tell patients about risks short and long term when undertaking a procedure. I have found that when it comes to medication they often dont mention side effects. I suppose that they hope you wont get them but these days it is so easy to google medications side effects and interactions and make a choice based on their circumstance. I was given a steroid nasal spray for rhinitis which worked a treat but I did query whether I should use it as I was worried about it affecting my glaucoma as I have been told by the eye hospital that I am a steroid responder. I was assured it would be ok but when I had my routine eye check my eye pressures had gone up quite a bit and I decided with the knowledge of my gp to discontinue the spray. When I returned 6 weeks later the pressures and gone down to base level. Obviously I cant prove it but I am sure it was the spray. Sorry if I have digressed. As I mentioned in my reply to Fred I did not mention digestive problems as I was waiting to see if anyone might have experience of this. Thanks
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A Traditional Prostate Biopsy Which Is A Random Sampling Of The Prostate Can Miss Prostate Cancers Says Michael Herman Md Director Of Urologic Oncology At South Nassau Communities Hospital In Oceanside Ny
The miss rate, continues Dr. Herman, is up to 25 percent of the time. That is not reassuring.
Dr. Herman continues, This often led to patients requiring repeat biopsies because of a persistently elevated PSA.
Solution to Biopsies Missing Prostate Cancer
However, over the last few years, we have developed the use of MRI before biopsy to more accurately target areas in the prostate that are concerning, explains Dr. Herman.
These MRI-targeted biopsies are up to 30 percent more accurate than traditional biopsies.
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The Test Poses Some Risksand Often Isn’t Necessary
Each year more than 1 million men in the U.S. have a prostate biopsy, an invasive procedure to discover whether the prostate gland is cancerous. While most prostate biopsies turn out to be negative, the rate of cancer detection as a result of biopsies ranges from 17 to 44 percent in recent studies. But an alarming number of the men who undergo the procedure are also getting infections that are resistant to antibiotics. The problem is so serious that our medical consultants say men should be cautious about prostate-cancer screening.
A biopsy is the usual follow-up procedure if a mans prostate-specific antigen level is consistently elevated, as shown by a blood test. In a standard biopsy, a urologist uses an ultrasound probe to guide a needle through the wall of the rectum and into the prostate gland, taking multiple tissue samples to examine for cancerous cells. Since the rectum is full of bacteria, doctors should prescribe antibiotics before and after the procedure to thwart infection.
For more information read “Evaluating drugs used to treat enlarged prostate.”
In the last decade, some bacterial strains have become resistant to the class of antibiotics that were once highly effective: fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin . Studies suggest that about one in five men undergoing biopsies harbor E. coli bacteria that are resistant to fluoroquinolones. They are more likely to develop infections of the urinary tract or bloodstream and land in a hospitals intensive-care unit.
What Is A Transperineal Biopsy
This is where the doctor inserts the biopsy needle into the prostate through the skin between the testicles and the back passage . In the past, hospitals would only offer a transperineal biopsy if other health problems meant you couldnt have a TRUS biopsy. But many hospitals have stopped doing TRUS biopsies and now only do transperineal biopsies.
A transperineal biopsy is normally done under general anaesthetic, so you will be asleep and wont feel anything. A general anaesthetic can cause side effects your doctor or nurse should explain these before you have your biopsy. Some hospitals now do transperineal biopsies using a local anaesthetic, which numbs the prostate and the area around it, or a spinal anaesthetic, where you cant feel anything in your lower body.
The doctor will put an ultrasound probe into your back passage, using a gel to make this easier. An image of the prostate will appear on a screen, which will help the doctor to guide the biopsy needle.
If youve had an MRI scan, the doctor may just take a few samples from the area of the prostate that looked unusual on the scan images. This is known as a targeted biopsy.
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Risks Associated With Transperineal Prostate Biopsy
Common risks associated with transperineal prostate biopsies include:
- Bruising around the skin â this is usually minor and will disappear after 1-2 weeks
- Blood in the urine â it is normal to have a small amount of blood in the urine for up to one week
- Blood in the semen â because semen is produced by the prostate, it is common to notice red or rust colouring to the semen after a prostate biopsy. This is not a cause for concern, this will likely persist for several weeks after the biopsy.
- Difficulties in urinating â in some men with pre-existing enlarged prostates, prostate biopsy can cause difficulties passing urine due to prostatic swelling. This may last for about one week. Medications can be given to help urination, rarely, a temporary urinary catheter must be inserted if urination is not possible.
Prostate Cancer Risk Factors
A risk factor is anything that raises your risk of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be changed. Others, like a persons age or family history, cant be changed.
But having a risk factor, or even several, does not mean that you will get the disease. Many people with one or more risk factors never get cancer, while others who get cancer may have had few or no known risk factors.
Researchers have found several factors that might affect a mans risk of getting prostate cancer.
Controversies And Misconceptions Surrounding Prostate Biopsies
The PSA test measures the levels of PSA proteins in the body, and when it was first developed, it was quickly implemented by many physicians as a screening test for prostate cancer. The thought was that since PSA proteins are only produced by the prostate, elevated levels could be an indication of prostate cancer. As a result, most men with an abnormal PSA test underwent a prostate biopsy.
The increase in biopsies resulted in the number of advanced, untreatable prostate cancers decreasing significantly because more prostate cancers were caught earlier, when the disease is easier to treat. But the problem with many patients being diagnosed sooner was that some patients were being aggressively treated when they should have been monitored instead.
Though many in the field of urology believe it was flawed, a controversial study attempted to assess the benefits of the PSA test as a screening tool for prostate cancer, and its results led to the recommendation that most men shouldn’t get the test because it didnt appear to improve mortality rates from prostate cancer. This, combined with growing awareness that many cases of prostate cancer were being treated unnecessarily or prematurely, led to a reduction in prostate biopsies. This controversy led to a reduction in prostate cancer screening and an increase in the number of diagnoses of advanced prostate cancer.
What Are The Symptoms Of Prostate Dysfunction
Not all prostate cancer patients experience prostate symptoms. However, according to the National Institute on Aging, the most common symptoms of prostate problems include:
- Increased frequency of urination
- Sexual dysfunction
- Painful back, hips, pelvis, or rectum
If you are experiencing these symptoms, please seek medical care as soon as possible. They may indicate inflammatory conditions like BPH , prostatitis , an infection of the prostate, bladder, or other organs, or other diseases like STDs and cancer.
Read Also: What Does Grade 4 Prostate Cancer Mean
How The Test Will Feel
During the procedure you may feel:
- Mild discomfort while the probe is inserted
- A brief sting when a sample is taken with the biopsy needle
After the procedure, you may have:
- Soreness in your rectum
- Small amounts of blood in your stools, urine, or semen, which may last for days to weeks
- Light bleeding from your rectum
To prevent infection after the biopsy, your provider may prescribe antibiotics to take for several days after the procedure. Be sure you take the full dose as directed.
Indications For A Prostate Biopsy
As prostate biopsy is employed for early detection of prostate cancer, it is recommended under the following circumstances:
- The prostate-specific antigen blood levels are higher than normal
- Abnormal findings are detected during digital rectal exam
- High prostate-specific antigen levels even after a normal biopsy
- Presence of non-cancerous abnormal cells in previous biopsy
Also Check: Can Prostate Cancer Metastasis To The Colon
Isnt A Psa Test Enough
The prostate specific antigen test is a common screening test for prostate cancer. PSA is a protein that comes from the prostate gland. The test measures the amount of PSA in your blood. Its a simple blood test, and for some men, it turns out to be a lifesaver.
On the other hand, its value as a diagnostic tool is fairly limited. High PSA levels may be a sign of prostate cancer, but its not enough to diagnose the disease with certainty. Thats because there are other reasons your PSA levels could be high, including urinary tract infection and inflammation of the prostate.
Also, a single abnormally high PSA test result cant tell you if the high level is temporary or rising over time.
Low PSA levels cannot definitively rule out prostate cancer, either. The fact is that PSA tests can result in both false positives and false negatives.
PSA tests can be useful during and after treatment for prostate cancer. Rising PSA levels may signal that treatment is not effective or there is a recurrence of the cancer. If your PSA levels are decreasing, your current treatment is probably doing its job.
What Are The Different Types Of A Prostate Biopsy Procedure
The surgeon can choose any of the three different ways of performing a prostate biopsy. These are as follows:
- Transrectal method: This is the most common method of performing a prostate biopsy. In this, the surgical instruments are inserted through the rectum .
- Perineal method: This is done through the area lying between the scrotum and rectum.
- Transurethral method: A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra .
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Prostate Biopsy Alternatives And Cancer Treatment Options
My Personal Experience with Trans-Rectal Ultrasound MRI Fusion-Guided Prostate Biopsy: A Guide of what to expect after your prostate biopsy.
Since 10 years ago, there is a lot more information on what to expect after your trans-rectal ultrasound prostate biopsy. Back then, many websites omitted some key side effects, such as blood in your ejaculate. Even some very reputable health and medical websites buried things like the possibility of serious infection or sepsis as a small bullet point. It turns out, this is a very real, increasingly likely and possibly fatal complication. Urinary infection or inability to urinate are also possible complications. Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction are less common risks.
This new care sheet is pretty good based on my experiences. Here is another reasonable webpage more centered on the risks, except that you also may see traces of blood in your semen doesnt come remotely close to describing it for some men:
Im going to discuss my own, personal recovery experience following my second TRUS guided prostate biopsy, done under local anesthesia. It was pretty similar to my first one. If you are squeamish or dont like the TMI type of details, STOP READING NOW. The rest of this article is definitely Too Much Information unless you really want to know from first-hand experience. | <urn:uuid:92f8b05a-0494-4b19-b154-3540449ddaa2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prostateprohelp.com/what-are-the-risks-of-having-a-prostate-biopsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.948291 | 3,974 | 1.773438 | 2 |
The Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a (PWW) RAWS station is jointly operated by the State and Private Forestry and the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) of the Forest Service. Click here to learn more about RAWS. The station is located at an elevation of 2,326 feet (709 m) above sea level and has been in continuous operation since 2004. Besides precipitation, a number of other climatic data is collected by the station. These include, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, wind gust speed, average, minimum, and maximum air temperature and relative humidity, and evapotranspiration.
Data from the station is available from NOAA’s Western Regional Climatic Data Center and can be downloaded here. Average annual precipitation for the site is 28 in (710 mm). Longer term (41 year) precipitation records from the NOAA cooperative PWW station located nearby show similar patterns of precipitation. Normal, 41-year, annual rainfall is about 22 inches (563 mm), slightly drier than the data available from 2004-2007.
The first set of graphs below show the total annual and average monthly precipitation for the PWW RAWS station from 2004-2007. Rainfall can be extremely variable from year to year. These four years at have been a wet period for PWW. 2008 rainfall is running about half normal levels.
The second set of graphs show show average monthly solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity (error bars are standard errors). As is expected, the summer months show higher solar radiation and higher average air temperatures. Relative humidity is only slightly lower during the drier summer months.
The downloadable file below contains copies of the graphs, the daily RAWS data files, metadata for the station, and some summary data we have prepared. | <urn:uuid:2a020467-1864-4456-a93a-b2cf5c1fa0a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thehetf.us/climate/pww-raws-station/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.92112 | 385 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Russia unchallenged in move to rein in former satellites 旧衛星国への支配強めるロシア
Russia unchallenged in move to rein in former satellites
Russian moves in Ukraine and other nations carved out of the Soviet Union are reviving memories of the Cold War power struggles for influence between Moscow and Washington.
The fierce standoff in Kiev between pro-Western and pro-Russian elements in Ukrainian society is the latest manifestation of the revival of the competition between the two Cold War superpowers. Despite conflicting signals from Kiev in recent days, many see Russian President Vladimir Putin with the clear initiative in the contest. | <urn:uuid:6a8ddd5c-1ef0-4fb3-bd6f-9d2bbf010b00> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://vpoint.jp/world/rosia/8346.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00512-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908034 | 138 | 1.578125 | 2 |
How would you say “I like your shirt” in Korean? Teacher 경화(Kyung-hwa) is going to explain it in detail in this video. Enjoy!
In this video series, “How Do You Say This In Korean,” we choose one of your questions about how to say certain things in Korean and let you know not only how to say it, but also how the sentence is formed.
In order to submit your question, Click HERE !
You can check out all the previous lessons in this series HERE .
Do you enjoy studying Korean with Korean dramas? If you do, here’s the perfect e-book lesson for you! In this e-book lesson, we introduce some useful phrases that you can hear often in Korean dramas. In this e-book lesson package, we have 20 common Korean drama phrases accompanied by vocabulary list, sample sentences and audio lesson that explain everything! You can get it here on our store.
Photo Vocabulary – 옷 가게
Learn new vocabulary related to shirt! In this episode of Photo Vocabulary, we look at a photo of a clothes shop and introduce you some related words and phrases that can come in handy when you go shopping in Korea!
Photo Vocabulary – 옷 가게. | <urn:uuid:49171594-2dab-47a6-837e-b8e9f75a3402> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.talktomeinkorean.com/shows/hdstik-25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00253-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93258 | 281 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Pope Benedict XVI announced the appointment in Rome on Friday. Eijk is the eighth Dutch cleric to be appointed cardinal.
Archbishop Eijk is now one of just two Dutch cardinals, the other being Ad Simonis who turned 80 in November. Due to his age, Cardinal
Simonis will not take part in next papal conclave which will select a new pope when Benedict XVI passes away. Eijk succeeded Simonis as archbishop in 2007. Ever since Jan de Jong was appointed cardinal in 1946, it has been customary for the pope to bestow the rank of cardinal on the archbishop of Utrecht.
Note: This is an Abuse Tracker excerpt. Click the title to view the full text of the original article. If the original article is no longer available, see our News Archive. | <urn:uuid:c8e5836f-d694-4cce-ac19-2f07339932a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bishop-accountability.org/2012/01/dutch-archbishop-wim-eijk-appointed-cardinal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.952415 | 171 | 1.78125 | 2 |
2. UPS Types: Standby (?)A stand-by UPS is the most basic, lowest priced type of battery backup protection available. During any type of power fluctuation, a standby UPS switches to battery mode to provide clean power to attached devices. Line interactive (?)This type of UPS employs an automatic voltage regulator that corrects these anomalies without accessing battery power, thus putting less strain on the battery and extending its life. On-line (?)A true online UPS completely re-generates the incoming AC power to provide the best type of power protection available. This is accomplished by an internal inverter converting incoming power from AC to DC, and at the output, the DC signal is then converted back to AC.
3. Narrow by product line:
4. Input voltage:(?)The voltage of the utility power outlet the UPS will be connected to; 120V is most common, larger loads or network equipment will be 208V+ 120 208 220 230 240
5. Output voltage:(?)Voltage required by the equipment being backed up by the UPS; consult product documentation for specifics on your equipment’s power requirements 120 208 220 230 240
6. Other options: Rackmount units only Sine wave units only High-temperature
7. Minimum runtime:(?)Minimum amount of time vital equipment will be needed in a blackout; use this to narrow search results, or leave at default to see all options No min 15 min 30 min 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs
8. Maximum runtime:(?)Maximum amount of time vital equipment will be needed in a blackout; use this to narrow search results, or leave at default to see all options 15 min 30 min 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs No max
9. Growth: (?)Percentage extra load expected to be added to the system in the future; if no growth is expected, leave at default: NONE None 10% 25% 50% 75%
Runtimes for small loads of less than 10 percent of the stated capacity of a given UPS may vary greatly. Please call to confirm most accurate runtime for small loads.
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Check a Domain Controller Configuration with the DCDiag Tool
How do I use the DCDiag tool to check a domain controller configuration?
After promoting a server to a domain controller (DC), or when you’re experiencing some problems with Active Directory – and suspecting a DC configuration issue – the dcdiag.exe command-line tool can be extremely useful.
There are 27 basic tests, including checking registration of DNS records, name resolution, AD replication, and Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) roles. If your DC fails any of the tests, it likely indicates a problem. To run the tool locally on a Windows Server 2012 DC, open an elevated PowerShell prompt, type dcdiag, and press ENTER.
Useful DCDiag switches
To run DCDiag against a remote DC, specify the /s:<dcname> switch and replace <dcname> with the name of your DC. If necessary, you can also specify a username and password when executing dcdiag against the remote DC.
/s:<dc name> /u:<domain name>\<username> /p:<password>
Typing an asterisk (*) instead of your password in the command above will generate an additional prompt where you can enter the password for the specified user separately and the text will be hidden.
The /c switch initiates more thorough testing, most notably more comprehensive DNS testing. Before running dcdiag, especially if the DNS test results are of particular interest, you might want to flush the DC’s local DNS cache to ensure that any results the tool returns are resolved from a DNS server. The cache can be cleared by running ipconfig /flushdns.
The /v switch gives verbose output which can be useful when you need more information for troubleshooting purposes.
Useful as DCDiag is, sometimes it reports tests as failed when there may not be any problem. This is more likely to occur if you are running DCDiag from Windows Server 2012 against a variety of different versions of Windows Server. For instance, the FrsEvent test reads the event log for the file replication service, but access to the event log is blocked by default by Windows firewall in later versions of Windows Server. For a full list of potential issues with dcdiag tests, see Microsoft’s page on DCDIAG.EXE /E or /A or /C expected errors.
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More than 600 migrants hoping to reach Europe from Libya have been stopped since Friday, the navy said, as the International Organization for Migration warned Libya was “not a safe port.”
Three groups of illegal migrants were intercepted at sea on Friday and Saturday by Libya’s coastguard and units in charge of securing ports, the navy said in a statement, released overnight Saturday to Sunday.
It said the 638 people were mostly citizens from sub-Saharan African nations trying to reach Europe, and they were brought to a naval base in the capital Tripoli ahead of handing them over to an anti-immigration squad run by the interior ministry.
The navy said a first group of 334 migrants, who were on board four inflatable boats, were “rescued” on Friday.
Two other groups, of 132 and 172 people, were assisted separately on Friday and Saturday.
The navy did not say if the boats were sinking or had technical problems.
International agencies have repeatedly denounced the return to Libya of migrants intercepted at sea, due to the chaotic situation in the country and poor conditions in detention centers.
The IOM repeated its concerns late Saturday.
“Today, 172 migrants, including women and children, were returned to Libya by the coastguard,” it said.
“Our teams provided emergency assistance to more than 600 migrants intercepted over the past 48 hours,” it added.
“We reiterate that Libya is not a safe port.”
Libya is a major route for migrants trying to reach Europe via the Mediterranean, and traffickers have thrived in the lawlessness that followed the 2011 overthrow of President Muammar Gaddafi.
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History of the West Indian cricket team
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The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1880s when the first combined West Indian team was formed and toured Canada and the United States. In the 1890s, the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides. Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ("WICB"), and known colloquially as The Windies, the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English-speaking Caribbean countries.
The WICB joined the sport's international ruling body, the Imperial Cricket Council, in 1926, and played their first official international match, which in cricket is called a Test, in 1928. Although blessed with some great players in their early days as a Test nation, their successes remained sporadic until the 1960s, by which time the side had changed from a white-dominated to a black-dominated side. By the late 1970s, the West Indies had a side recognised as unofficial world champions, a title they retained throughout the 1980s. Their team from the 1970s and 1980s is now widely regarded as having been one of the best in test cricket's history, alongside Don Bradman's Invincibles. During these glory years, the Windies were noted for their four-man fast bowling attack, backed up by some of the best batsmen in the world. The 1980s saw them set a then-record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in 1984, which was part of a still-standing record of 27 tests without defeat (the other tests being draws), as well as inflicting two 5–0 "blackwashes" against the old enemy of England. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, however, West Indian cricket declined, in part due to the rise in popularity of athletics and football in West Indian countries, and the team today is struggling to regain its past glory.
In their early days in the 1930s, the side represented the British colonies of the West Indies Federation plus British Guyana. The current side represents the now independent states of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, and the British dependencies of Anguilla, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands along with the U.S. Virgin Islands and St. Maarten. National teams also exist for the various islands, which, as they are all separate countries, very much keep their local identities and support their local favourites. These national teams take part in the West Indian first-class competition, the Stanford 20/20, the Carib Beer Cup (earlier known as the Busta Cup, Shell Shield and various other names). It is also common for other international teams to play the island teams for warm-up games before they take on the combined West Indies team.
The first major international cricket played in the West Indies was between local, often predominantly white, sides and English tourists – the Middlesex player Robert Slade Lucas toured the West Indies with a team in 1894–95, and two years later Arthur Priestley took a team to Barbados, Trinidad, and Jamaica, which included, for the first time, a match against a side styled "All West Indies", which the West Indians won. Lord Hawke's English team, including several English Test players, toured around the same time, playing Trinidad, Barbados and British Guiana (now Guyana). Then in 1900 the white Trinidadian Aucher Warner, the brother of future England captain Pelham Warner, led a touring side to England, but none of the matches on this tour were given first-class status. Two winters later, in 1901–02, the Hampshire wicketkeeper Richard Bennett's XI went to the West Indies, and played three games against teams styled as the "West Indies", which the hosts won 2–1. In 1904–05, Lord Brackley's XI toured the Caribbean – winning both its games against "West Indies".
The tours to England continued in 1906 when Harold Austin led a West Indian side to England. His side played a number of county teams, and drew their game against an "England XI". However, that England XI only included one contemporary Test player – wicketkeeper Dick Lilley – and he had not been on England's most recent tour, their 1905–6 tour of South Africa. The Marylebone Cricket Club, which had taken over responsibility for arranging all official overseas England tours, visited the West Indies in 1910–11, and 1912–13 but after that there was no international cricket of any note until the West Indian team went to England in 1923. This tour did not include a game against an England team, but there was an end-of-season game against HDG Leveson-Gower's XI against a virtual England Test side at the Scarborough cricket festival, a traditional end-of-season game against a touring side at the English seaside resort of Scarborough, which Leveson-Gower's XI won by only four wickets. 1925–26 saw another MCC tour of the West Indies.
The MCC was eager to promote cricket throughout the British Empire, and on 31 May 1926 the West Indian Cricket Board, along with their New Zealand and Indian counterparts, was elected to the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC), which previously consisted of the MCC and representatives of Australia and South Africa. Election to full membership of the ICC meant the West Indies could play official Test matches, which is the designation given to the most important international games, and the Windies became the fourth team actually to play a recognised Test match on 23 June 1928 when they took on England at Lord's in London. They did not, however, enjoy immediate success – the West Indies lost all three 3-day Tests in that 1928 tour by a long way, failing to score 250 runs in any of their six innings in that series. They also failed to dismiss England for under 350 runs in a series completely dominated by England.
The early Tests (1930s and 1940s)
The West Indies played 19 Tests in the 1930s in four series against England and one against Australia. The first four of these were played against an England team led by the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe that toured in 1929–30. However, as Harold Gilligan was leading another English team to New Zealand at exactly the same time, this was not a full-strength England side. The series ended one-all, with the West Indies first ever Test victory being recorded on 26 February 1930. West Indians George Headley scored the most runs (703) in the rubber and Learie Constantine took the most wickets (18).
The Windies toured Australia in 1930–31. They lost the Test series 4–1. The fifth and final Test showed some promise – batting first, the West Indies spent the first three days earning a 250-run lead with five wickets down in their second innings. A bold declaration was backed up by their bowlers, as Herman Griffith took four wickets and West Indies won by 30 runs to their first overseas Test victory. By the time the team left, they had left a good impression of themselves with the Australian public, although at first the team were faced with several cultural differences – for example, their hosts did not at first appreciate that the tourists' Roman Catholic beliefs would mean they would refuse to play golf on Sundays or engage in more ribald behaviour. The West Indian sides of the time were always led by white men, and the touring party to Australia comprised seven whites and eleven "natives", and the West Indian Board of Control wrote to their Australian counterparts saying "that all should reside at the same hotels". Australia at the time had in place its " White Australia" policy, with the Australian Board having to guarantee to the Government that the non-whites would leave at the end of the tour. When the West Indians arrived in Sydney, the whites were immediately given a different hotel from the blacks. They complained, and thereafter their wishes were met. The tour lost a lot of money, part of which was due to the Great Depression then affecting Australia. The West Indians won four and lost eight of their 14 first-class fixtures.
1933 saw another tour of England. Their hosts had just come back from defeating Australia in the infamous Bodyline series, where England's aggressive bowling at the body with a legside field attracted much criticism. England won the three-Test series of three-day Tests against the Windies 2–0. The second, drawn, Test at Old Trafford, Manchester, provided an intriguing footnote to the Bodyline controversy when Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine bowled Bodyline – fast, short-pitched balls aimed at the body – against the Englishmen, the only time they faced it in international cricket. The tactic did not work, as Douglas Jardine, the English captain who ordered his players to bowl it against the Australians, did not flinch as he scored his only Test century, making 127 out of England's 374.
Another England tour of the West Indies followed in 1934–35. England won the first Test in Barbados on a poor pitch, affected by rain, and in a match where 309 runs were scored, England took a four-wicket victory. Both sides declared one of their innings closed to have their bowlers take advantage of the poor pitch. The second Test saw the Windies win by 217 runs, and a drawn third Test saw the series go to a decider at Sabina Park in Jamaica. A massive 270 not out from George Headley saw the Windies declare on 535 for 7. Despite a century from Les Ames, England could not avoid going down by an innings and 161 runs – the West Indies had secured their first Test series victory.
The West Indies toured England in 1939. England won the first Test at Lord's easily by 8 wickets, then there was a rain-affected draw in Manchester, and finally a high-scoring draw at the Oval in mid-August. The highlight of the series for the West Indies was George Headley scoring hundreds in both innings in the Lord's Test. With the clouds of World War II seemingly about to envelope Europe, the rest of the tour was cancelled and the Windies returned home. They would play no more Tests until 21 January 1948 saw the start of the first Test the West Indies played since the War, which resulted in a draw against the MCC side from England. The second Test was also drawn, with George Carew and Andy Ganteaume both making centuries. Ganteaume was then dropped, ending with a Test average of 112 – the highest in Test history. The West Indies won the final two Tests chasing sub-100 totals, and wrapped up the series 2–0, their first away-series victory.
In 1948, West Indies toured newly independent India for the first time for a five Test tour. The tour was preceded by a non-Test tour of Pakistan and followed by a similar short tour of Ceylon. After three high-scoring draws against the Indians, the West Indians wrapped up the fourth by an innings before a thrilling fifth Test, which left the Indians six runs away from victory with two wickets in hand as time ran out, so that the West Indies thus won the rubber 1–0. Carrying on from his hundred in the series against England, Everton Weekes set a record of scoring hundreds in five successive Test innings.
The post-War period (1950s)
1950 saw another tour of England, the series saw the emergence for the West Indies of their great spinning duo, Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine. England won the first Test by 202 runs, but Valentine and Ramadhin's bowling would win the series for the visitors. The second Test saw the Windies put on 326 thanks to 106 from Allan Rae before Valentine (4 for 48) and Ramadhin (5 for 66) skittled England in the first innings. A mammoth 168 from Clyde Walcott saw England set a theoretical target of 601. Ramadhin's 6 for 86 and Valentine's 3 for 79 dismissed the hosts for 274. The spinning duo took 12 wickets, Frank Worrell made 261 and Everton Weekes 129 as the third Test went the Windies way by 10 wickets, the fourth saw 14 wickets from Valentine and Ramadhin and centuries from Rae and Worrell as England were defeated by an innings. The West Indies won the series 3–1.
In 1951–1952 the Windies visited Australia. The first Test saw a narrow defeat by three wickets, with the two spinners seemingly continuing their form with twelve wickets between them. The second Test was lost by seven wickets, as Australia replied to the Windies 362 and 290 with 567 (which included centuries from Lindsay Hassett and Keith Miller) and 137 for 2. 6 wickets from Worrell in the third Test saw Australia dismissed for only 82, and the Windies eventually won by six wickets to pull back to two-one down in the series. The fourth Test saw the series lost in a narrow defeat. Worrell, batting with an injured hand, scored 108 and helped the Windies to 272 before Australia made 216 in reply. 203 from the Windies left Australia a target of 260. 5 wickets from Valentine helped reduced the Aussies to 222 for 9, 38 short with 1 wicket remaining. It didn't happen, as some brilliant running between the wicket for Australia by Bill Johnston and Doug Ring saw West Indies lose their composure and the match. The fifth Test saw three batting collapses, as Australia (116 and 377) beat Windies (78 and 213) by 202 runs to finish the rubber four-one winners. The West Indies then went on to New Zealand. In the first Test encounter between the two teams, the visitors to scored a five wicket victory. In the second and final Test, Allan Rae scored 99, Jeffrey Stollmeyer 152, Frank Worrell 100 and Clyde Walcott 115 as the West Indies put on 546 for 6 declared. There wasn't enough time to bowl out the opposition twice though, as the hosts made 160 and were following-on at 17 for 1 when stumps were drawn, leaving the Windies series winners.
The Indians toured at the beginning of 1953. The Windies won the second of the five Tests that were played, with the others all being draws. The highlight of these games we Frank Worrell's 237 in the fifth Test, where all the three W's scored hundreds, as the West Indies scored a 1–0 series victory. Len Hutton led an MCC (England) side to the islands in 1953–1954. Sonny Ramadhin again starred for the Windies taking 23 wickets (no other West Indian took more than 8), as Walcott's 698 runs was more than 200 higher than second-placed West Indian, Everton Weekes. The five match rubber was drawn two-all.
Australia came and conquered in 1954–1955. After the Aussies made 515 in the first innings of the first Test, the Windies went down by 9 wickets. Then the Windies 382 was put in the shade by 600 for 9 declared by the visitors as the second Test was drawn. A low-scoring third Test saw Australia (257 and 133 for 2) beat the hosts (182 and 207) by 8 wickets. After Australia scored 668 in the fourth Test, the series was lost, although a double century from captain Denis Atkinson and a world-record stand for the seventh wicket allowed the Windies to reach 510 and draw the Test. The fifth Test saw the West Indies win the toss and bat. Walcott's 155 was the highest score of their 357. The Australians then batted and batted, in total for 245.4 overs in the 6-day Test, as they put on 758 for 8 declared, with five players making centuries. 319 in the West Indies' second innings left them defeated by an innings and 82 runs in the Test, and by three games to nil in the series. Walcott set records by scoring five hundreds, and hundreds in both innings of a match twice. A four-Test tour of New Zealand followed in February 1956. After two wins by an innings and one by 9 wickets, the Windies were surprised by the Kiwis in the fourth, dismissing them for 145 and 77 as they recorded their first ever Test win in their 45th Test.
John Goddard returned to captain the West Indians for a five-Test tour of England in 1957, which was lost three-nil, with England having the better of the two draws. Then 1957–1958 Gerry Alexander led a team that defeated Pakistan three-one. It was in this series in Jamaica that Garry Sobers scored 365 not out to record what was then the highest score in Test match cricket. Alexander went on to lead the West Indies to a three-nil win over five Tests in India, and a two-one defeat to Pakistan in a three match rubber in the following winter. In 1959–1960 he led as West Indies went down one-nil at home in a five-match series with England.
A period of mixed fortunes (1960s)
Despite being a region where whites are a minority, until 1960 West Indies were always captained by white cricketers, though this was more social than racial discrimination. Throughout the 1950s, social theorist CLR James, the increasingly political former cricketer Learie Constantine and others called for a black captain. Constantine himself had stood in for Jackie Grant in the field against England on the 1937–38 tour, and George Headley captained the West Indies in the First Test against England in 1947–48 when the appointed, white captain, John Goddard was injured. However, no black was appointed as captain for a whole series until Frank Worrell was chosen to lead West Indies in their tour of Australia in 1960–61. In his three years as captain, Worrell moulded a bunch of talented but raw cricketers into probably the best team in the world.
In 1960, Australia were the best team in the world but on their way down, while West Indies were on their way up. It so happened that when they met, the two teams were of almost equal strength. The result was a series that has been recognised as one of the greatest of all time. The first Test in Brisbane was the first Test ever to end in a tie, which in cricket means the side batting last has been dismissed with scores level. The teams shared the next two Tests. In the fourth, Australia's last pair of Ken Mackay and Lindsay Kline played out the last 100 minutes of the match to earn a draw, while Australia won the final Test and the series by two wickets. One of the days of play was attended by a world-record crowd of 90,800. Such was the impression created by Worrell's team that the newly instituted trophy for the series between the two teams was named the Frank Worrell Trophy. Half a million people lined the streets of Melbourne to bid them a ticker-tape farewell.
West Indies beat India 5–0 at home next year, and in 1963, they beat a fine English team by three matches to one. The Lord's Test of this series saw a famous finish. With two balls left, England needed six runs to win, and West Indies one wicket. The non-striker was Colin Cowdrey, who had his left arm in a sling, having fractured it earlier in the day. However, David Allen safely played out the last two balls and the match ended in a draw. Worrell retired at the end of the series. The selectors picked Garry Sobers to succeed him.
Worrell did, however, serve as the team manager when West Indies hosted Australia in 1964–65. The matches against Australia were bitterly fought, with accusations about Charlie Griffith's action (he was accused of throwing, which is banned in the laws of cricket) and bouncer wars. The West Indies won this series 2–1 to be the unofficial world champions. Sobers was not as good at man-management as Worrell and cracks soon began to appear. Often it was his individual brilliance that made the difference between a win and a loss. Throughout the 1960s, West Indies bowling was led by Wes Hall, Griffith, Lance Gibbs and Sobers himself. Hall and Griffith faded and then retired by the end of the decade, but WI could find no replacement for them till the mid-1970s.
Sobers was at his best in England in 1966, scoring 722 runs and taking 20 wickets in the five Tests. Three times he topped 150, and the 163* at Lord's turned a certain defeat into a near victory. West Indies won 3–1. England toured the West Indies in 1967–68 for a series that became noted for England's deliberate slow play. West Indies were forced to follow on in the first Test but saved it without difficulty. The second Test was played on an underprepared wicket at Kingston. England won an important toss and scored 376. The bounce of the wicket having become very uneven, West Indies collapsed to 143 and followed on. On the fourth day in the second innings, a disputed decision led to a crowd riot, and the match had to be stopped for some time. In a curious decision, the West Indian Cricket Board (WICB) agreed to add a 75-minute sixth day to compensate for the lost time. Sobers played an outstanding innings of 113 not out, which allowed West Indies to set England a target of 159 in 155 minutes. England just about saved the game, losing eight wickets for 68. In the fourth Test West Indies gained a first innings lead of 122 at Port-of-Spain, but with the second innings score at 92 for 2, Sobers, frustrated by England's slow over rates and wanting to give himself a chance, albeit a small one, to win, surprisingly declared the innings, a decision for which he was widely criticised at the time. England were set a target of 215 in 165 minutes and they achieved it with 3 minutes to spare. West Indies made one last effort to win the final Test, but England drew it with only wicket left in their second innings. West Indies lost the series 0–1, the first defeat since 1960–61.
Australia and Bill Lawry had their revenge in 1968–69, when West Indies lost the away series 1–3. New Zealand managed to draw the series that followed, and then in 1969 West Indies were defeated 0–2 in England.
World dominance (1970s)
West Indies' woes overflowed into the 1970s. At home in 1970–71, they lost to India for the first time. In the next year, a five Test series against New Zealand cricket team ended with no team coming close to winning one. A major find in the New Zealand series was Lawrence Rowe, who started off with a double century and century on his debut. Under Rohan Kanhai's captaincy, West Indies showed the first signs of revival. Australia won the closely fought 1972–73 series in the Caribbean by two Tests. With Sobers back – but Kanhai still the captain – West Indies defeated England 2–0 in 1973. This included a win by an innings and 226 runs at Lord's, their biggest win against England. The return series in West Indies ended 1–1, though the home team was the better side. Rowe continued his run scoring three centuries including a 302 at Kingston. The final Test of this 1973–74 series marked the end of an era in West Indies cricket – it was the last Test of both Garry Sobers and Rohan Kanhai, and marked the emergence of fast bowler Andy Roberts.
The new captain Clive Lloyd had made his first appearance in Test cricket in 1966 and had since become a fixture in the side. His avuncular, bespectacled appearance and a stoop near the shoulders masked the fact that he was a very fine fielder, especially in the covers, and a devastating stroke player. Lloyd's first assignment was the tour of India in 1974–75. West Indies won the first two Tests comfortably. Gordon Greenidge started his career with 107 and 93 in the first Test. Vivian Richards failed on his debut, but scored 192* in his second. India fought back to win the next two, but Lloyd hit 242* in the final Test to win the series.
West Indies won the inaugural World Cup in England in 1975, defeating Australia in the final. Then in 1975–76 they toured Australia, only to lose 1–5 in the six-Test series, and then beat India at home two-one in a four Test series later that same winter. It was in Australia that the quick bowler Michael Holding made his first appearance. Colin Croft and Joel Garner made their debut the next year, and Malcolm Marshall two years after. In the span of about four years, West Indies brought together a bowling line-up of a quality that had rarely been seen before. The tour of India had seen the debut of Vivian Richards, arguably the finest West Indian batsman ever, and Gordon Greenidge, who joined a strong batting line-up that already included Alvin Kallicharran and opener Roy Fredericks in addition to Rowe and Lloyd. These players formed the nucleus of the side that became recognised as world Test match champions until the beginning of the 1990s.
Next came a tour of England in 1976. In a TV interview before the series, English captain Tony Greig commented that the West Indies tend to do badly under pressure and that "we'll make them grovel". This comment, especially as it came from a South African-born player, touched a raw nerve of the West Indians. Throughout the series, the English batsmen were subjected to some very hostile bowling. After the first two Tests ended in draws, West Indies won the next three. Of the many heroes for West Indies, Richards stood out with 829 runs in four Tests. He hit 232 at Trent Bridge and 291 at the Oval. Greenidge scored three hundreds, two of which were on the difficult wicket at Old Trafford. Roberts and Holding shared 55 wickets between them, Holding's 8 for 92 and 6 for 57 on the unhelpful wicket at the Oval being a superlative effort.
West Indies won a home series against a tough Pakistan side in 1976–77. A few months later, the World Series Cricket (WSC) controversy broke out. Most of the West Indian players signed up with Kerry Packer, an Australian TV magnate who was attempting to set up his own international cricket competition. The Australian team that toured West Indies the next year included no Packer players. West Indies Cricket Board fielded a full-strength team under the argument that none of the West Indies players had refused to play, but disputes arose in the matter of payment and about the selection of certain players. Before the third Test, Lloyd resigned his captaincy. Within two days all the other WSC-contracted players also withdrew. Alvin Kallicharran captained the team for the remaining Tests of the series, which the Windies won three-one.
WICB allowed the WSC players to appear in the 1979 World Cup, and the West Indies retained the title with little difficulty. By the end of 1979, the WSC disputes were resolved. Kallicharran was deposed after losing a six-match series one-nil in India and Lloyd returned as captain for a tour against a full-strength Australia (where the Windies won two-nil, with one draw) and New Zealand. The latter tour was full of controversy. New Zealand won the first Test at Dunedin by one wicket, but West Indies were never happy with the umpiring. West Indian discontent boiled over the next Test at Christchurch. While running into bowl, Colin Croft deliberately shouldered the umpire Fred Goodall. When Goodall went to talk to Lloyd about Croft's behaviour, he had to walk all the way to meet the West Indian captain, as the latter did not move an inch from his position at the slips. After tea on the third day, West Indies refused to take the field unless Goodall was removed. They were persuaded to continue, and it took intense negotiations between the two boards to keep the tour on track. The Kiwis won the three match series after the second and third Tests ended in draws. Nevertheless, the defeat proved to be the West Indies last Test series loss for the next 15 years.
Dominance, rebels and blackwashes (1980s)
|WI Test series in the 1980s|
|After losing their first series of the 1980s in March 1980, the West Indies went throughout the rest of the decade undefeated.|
The 1980s started with a one-nil victory away to England over five Tests, one-nil away to Pakistan over four Tests, two-nil home to England over four Tests and a one-all draw away to Australia. Then in 1982–83, a West Indian rebel team toured apartheid South Africa. It was led by Lawrence Rowe and included prominent players like Alvin Kallicharran, Colin Croft, Collis King and Sylvester Clarke. WICB banned the players for life (which was later revoked), and some were refused entry back home. However, the rebels managed another tour the next year, which included most of the players of the original team. Despite this loss of talent, the official Windies side continued to dominate. During this time, the West Indies established themselves as one of Test cricket's all-time great sides, peaking perhaps on their tour of England in 1984, where they won the series 5–0, the only time in Test cricket history the touring side has whitewashed a five-test series. This was followed by a second "blackwash" against England at home in 1985–86. At the same time, the West Indies established the then-record of 11 consecutive Test victories, which was part of a still-standing record of 27 Tests without defeat. In the period from 1980 to 1985–86 they won 10 out of 11 Test series, the 1981–82 series in Australia being drawn 1–1. The West Indies' only notable defeat in this period was in the one-day arena, when, to general surprise, they lost to India in the final of the 1983 World Cup.
West Indian captain Lloyd retired from Test cricket at the end of the 1984–85 series against Australia. In total Lloyd had captained West Indies in 74 Test matches, winning 36 of them. Vivian Richards was Lloyd's successor, and continued the run of success. Meanwhile, a change of old guard was also happening. Joel Garner and Michael Holding had retired by 1987. A major find was Curtly Ambrose, who was as tall as Garner and equally effective with the ball. Courtney Walsh, who made his first appearance in 1984, bowled with an action that resembled Holding. Ian Bishop also had a similar action, and was as good a bowler till injuries interrupted his career. Patrick Patterson was faster than all the rest, but had a short career. Marshall still was the finest fast bowler in the world. But batting was beginning to show signs of weakness. West Indies failed to qualify for the semifinal of the 1987 World Cup. By the end of the 1980s, while still the best team in the world, they had lost the aura of invincibility that they had till the middle of the decade. Finding good replacements for senior players was again becoming a problem.
Fall from grace
During the early 1990s, the West Indies team was still reeling from the retirements of players like Jeff Dujon, Clive Lloyd, Gordon Greenidge, Malcolm Marshall, Joel Garner, and Michael Holding and when Viv Richards retired in 1991 it was an end of an era. This left a youthful and inexperienced side. Indeed after Richards' retirement the only players with significant experience were Richie Richardson (the captain), Desmond Haynes, who was soon dropped, Gus Logie, who was recalled and Roger Harper who came and went. However, this did not immediately affect their performance. Richie Richardson capably picked up the captaincy from Richards and Brian Lara was waiting in the wings, as were a new crop of young players such as Ian Bishop, Jimmy Adams, Carl Hooper, Phil Simmons, Keith Arthurton and Winston Benjamin. It was five more years before the West Indies lost a series, but they had a number of close shaves before then. Making a comeback to international cricket, South Africa played its first Test match in Bridgetown, a match which was attended by fewer than 10,000 people because of a boycott. Needing 201 to win on the last day, South Africa reached 123 for 2 before Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh took the remaining 8 wickets for 25 runs. In 1992–93, the West Indies defeated Australia by one run in Adelaide, where a loss would have cost them the series. In 1994–95, the West Indies salvaged a draw in India when, after losing the first Test and drawing the second, they secured a win in the third. In 1992, the West Indies once again failed to qualify for the World Cup semi-finals.
Australia finally defeated the West Indies 2–1 in 1994–95 to become the unofficial world champions of Test cricket. The 1996 World Cup ended with a defeat in the semi-final, which forced Richie Richardson to end his career. The captaincy passed over to Courtney Walsh and then in 1998 to Brian Lara. The West Indies made their first ever official tour to South Africa in 1998–99. It was a disaster, starting with player revolts and ending with a 5–0 defeat. The 1999 World Cup campaign ended in the group stages. The next year, England won a series against the West Indies for the first time in thirty-one years. The West Indies ended the decade with another 5–0 defeat, this time in Australia.
For most of the 1990s, the West Indian batting lineup was dominated by Brian Lara. Lara became a regular in the side after the retirement of Viv Richards in 1991. In 1993–94, he scored 375 against England in Antigua, breaking Sobers' world record for the highest individual score in Test cricket. He continued his fine form playing for Warwickshire in the 1994 English County Championship, posting seven first-class hundreds in eight innings (including the Test match 375). The last of these was a 501 not out against Durham, which improved upon Hanif Mohammad's thirty-five-year-old record as the highest score in first-class cricket. The West Indian bowling attack was spearheaded by Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh, the latter setting a then world record of 519 wickets. However, these two had both retired by 2001, and their successors failed to maintain the high standards that Ambrose and Walsh had set. Despite the emergence of some good batsmen like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan, Brian Lara remained the crucial figure of the side.
After a 2–0 defeat to New Zealand in 1999–00, Lara was replaced as captain by Jimmy Adams, who initially enjoyed series wins against Zimbabwe and Pakistan. However, a 3–1 defeat to England and a 5–0 whitewash by Australia saw him replaced by Carl Hooper for the 2000–01 visit by South Africa. By the time Lara was restored to the captaincy in 2002–03, series had been lost to South Africa, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, New Zealand and India. The only series win of note was against India (although Zimbabwe and Bangladesh were also beaten) as the West Indies plummeted to eighth place in the world-rankings, below all the other established Test nations.
After losing the first series of his second captaincy period to world champions Australia, Lara secured success against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, before another poor run saw 3–0 defeats in 4-Test series against both South Africa and England. In the drawn fourth Test against England, Lara became the only man to regain the world record for highest individual Test score by scoring 400 not out, once again in Antigua, bettering Matthew Hayden's 380 against Zimbabwe the previous year. The West Indies were then whitewashed 4–0 in England. Lara's last act as captain was to win the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, a one-day competition second only to the Cricket World Cup, at the Oval, London – a win that was a welcome surprise for the Caribbean which had just been hit by Hurricane Ivan.
Player, Board disputes
This joy was short-lived as a major dispute broke out in 2005 between the West Indian Players Association (WIPA) and the Cricket Board. The point of contention was clause 5 of the tour contract which gave WICB the sole and exclusive right to arrange for sponsorship, advertising, licensing, merchandising and promotional activities relating to WICB or any WICB Team. Digicel were the sponsors of the West Indian Team, while most of the players had contracts with Cable & Wireless. This conflict, coupled with a payment dispute meant that the West Indies initially announced a team absent Lara and a number of other leading West Indians for South Africa's visit in 2004–05, leading to Shivnarine Chanderpaul becoming captain. Some of these players did, in the end, compete. However, the dispute had not been resolved and rumbled on, leading to a second-string side being named for the tour of Sri Lanka in 2005. A resolution did not arise until October 2005, when a full-strength side was finally named for the 2005–06 tour of Australia. It was on this tour that Brian Lara overtook Australian Allan Border as the highest run-scorer in Test match cricket, despite the West Indies losing the series 3–0.
In 2009, another dispute erupted when many senior players decided not to take part over pay and contract issues. The WICB chose a second-string side to take part in a series against Bangladesh and the Champions Trophy. In 2012, ICC decided to get involved in order to resolve this long standing dispute.
- 1975: Won
- 1979: Won
- 1983: Runners up
- 1987: First round
- 1992: 6th place
- 1996: Semi Finals
- 1999: First round
- 2003: First round
- 2007: 6th place
ICC Champions Trophy
- 2002: First round
- 2004: Won
- 2006: Runners up
- 1998: Runners up
- 2000: First round
The West Indies generally play fast bowlers more so than spin bowlers. The West Indian team at any one time will generally consist of four fast bowlers (as opposed to a mixture of fast and spin bowlers). They have on occasion played spin bowlers however, they tend to be batting All-Rounders. Examples include Gus Logie, Carl Hooper, etc. One famous example of their "four-pronged" pace attack (as it has been dubbed) was during the 1980s when the attack generally included :
- Malcolm Marshall (fast bowler)
- Joel Garner (fast)
- Patrick Patterson (fast) and
- Michael Holding (fast)
Their current attack includes:
- Fidel Edwards (fast)
- Lionel Baker (fast medium)
- Dwayne Bravo (fast medium) and
- Jerome Taylor (fast)
- Kemar Roach (fast) | <urn:uuid:af215ad9-f027-47ce-97b7-00a1242c208e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/h/History_of_the_West_Indian_cricket_team.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00147-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978719 | 8,163 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Medical and Dental Assistance: Career and Education Opportunities in Irving, Texas
Medical and Dental Assistance: Medical and Dental Assistants provide support for physicians as they do their work. Aiding and supporting doctors day-to-day activities, they work with patients on a wide variety of medical and non-medical issues when at the doctor's office.
Irving is located in Dallas County, Texas. It has a population of over 201,358, which has grown by 5.1% in the past ten years. The cost of living index in Irving, 91, is below the national average. New single-family homes in Irving cost $273,600 on average, which is far greater than the state average. In 2008, four hundred fifty-seven new homes were built in Irving, down from seven hundred ninety-five the previous year.
The three big industries for women in Irving are finance and insurance, educational services, and health care. For men, it is construction, professional, scientific, and technical services, and accommodation and food services. The average travel time to work is about 24 minutes. More than 30.0% of Irving residents have a bachelor's degree, which is higher than the state average. The percentage of residents with a graduate degree, 10.2%, is higher than the state average.
The unemployment rate in Irving is 7.8%, which is less than Texas's average of 8.1%.
The percentage of Irving residents that are affiliated with a religious congregation, 55.1%, is more than the national average but less than the state average. African Baptist Church of Irving, Plymouth Park Church and Chapel of the Bells Church are all churches located in Irving. The largest religious groups are the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention and the United Methodist Church.
Irving is home to the Dallas Gun Club and the Trinity Valley Marketplace as well as Senter Park and Revere Park. Shopping centers in the area include Irving Shopping Center, Plymouth Park Shopping Center and MacArthur Park Shopping Center. Visitors to Irving can choose from American Hospitality Services Corporation, Best Western DFW Airport and Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas for temporary stays in the area.
Featured Online Colleges
CAREERS WITHIN: Medical and Dental Assistance
Dental Assistants assist dentist, set up patient and equipment, and keep records. Dental Assistants need to note the reactions and responses of others in both work and social situations. They also need to read and understand what has been read.
Medical Assistants perform administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of physician. Medical Assistants need to speak clearly and communicate with others. They also need to listen well to others and take in their information and issues.
Medical Equipment Technicians prepare, sterilize, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. Medical Equipment Technicians need to attend to equipment so as to monitor and adjust its activity. They also need to actively seek out need information and learn from it.
Psychiatric Aides assist mentally impaired or emotionally disturbed patients, working under direction of nursing and medical staff. Psychiatric Aides need to note the reactions and responses of others in both work and social situations. They also need to listen well to others and take in their information and issues. | <urn:uuid:d2a17d5b-b16d-4017-93ba-437337512ee2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.careeroverview.com/usa/texas/irving/healthcare-support/medical-and-dental-assistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00377-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968329 | 662 | 1.953125 | 2 |
I thought I would share how I built our pond in case you would like to replicate it yourself. I'm no expert on landscape design so I may not be able to answer questions if it isn't included here. I started off reading a lot of things on the internet and there is so much conflicting information and after one false start have created a beautiful garden fish pond.
Before you begin you will need the following things:
plank of wood
[optional] black vinyl duct tape
[optional] cement & bucket
Note: I live in Australia If you live in an area where it snows you may have to take other things into account for your fish to survive. Koi fish also need specific habitats that I have not addressed in this tutorial.
My total cost for this project was around $100 as I only needed to buy the liner, sand and the pump. The pond liner cost me $40
Step 1: Step 1: Digging the Hole
First dig yourself a good hole. I had a look at pond liners that were available first and knew that I could get one that is 2.5x2m for $39, so that meant that I wanted to keep my pond less than 1.5x1m and no more than 50cm deep. You can use a garden hose as a guide to work out your approximate shape.
You want to dig the sides straight down, but be careful that you don’t break off parts of the wall as we want them nice and solid for later. You might want to start a little smaller than your ideal size and make it bigger as you go just incase you do accidentally collapse part of a wall. One point to realise is that once you have put on the rocks at the end it will seem smaller so don’t be afraid if it looks really big right now.
Take off the crumbly top soil to a width of 4-5 inches around the hole if this is an issue for you like it is for me. The top soil for us was only about an inch thick, which gives us a solid foundation for the bricks. Use a straight plank of wood and a spirit level to make sure your sides are reasonably in line across the pond. Use a hand trowel to shave off a little more if some areas are higher than others.
Create a deep part and a shallow part in your pond. The centre of my hole is about 15cm deeper than the small area at the top. This will allow us to put in a range of plants as we desire. Some plants can only be placed in up to 20cm of water, some like it a lot deeper. Think about the fish you are going to get when you are planning your size as well as Koi need a much deeper, larger area than other fish.
Check for rocks and roots that may puncture your liner. After scraping with the shovel and removing most of the rocks I used my hands to feel around all the areas of the pond and dug out any more small rocks with the trowel.
Next, place your underlay in the hole. I used about an inch of sand in the bottom and on the ledge. You can also use damp newspaper, carpet or special underlay that you can buy from garden centres. | <urn:uuid:3e98ef33-7949-4c02-ba59-a4f14daf00d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Build-a-Fish-Pond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961009 | 670 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Tulsa, Okla. Wolf & Bennett c/o American Royalty Company, No date [c. 1940s]. Stiff boards. Folio (14 x 17”); [254pp]; grey stiff board covers with two screw binding, cover paper restored; new endpapers; marginal notes in both pencil and ink with dates; small closed tears to many pages, a few pages with small loss, light age toning to pages; very good minus. Very good. Item #49
This atlas is important in the State of Texas as showing the Land Grants recorded at the Texas General Land Office in Austin. The TXGLO (General Land Office) was established in 1836 by the Republic of Texas to record land grants, including the patent date and transfers. It has since become important to oil and gas companies to establish ownership of mineral rights. Texas has a total of 254 counties, the most of any U.S. state. The most recent county formations were Kenedy in 1921 and Loving which was established in 1893, then abolished in 1897, and reestablished in 1931. Both of these counties are included in this atlas. The atlas is complete with all 254 counties, Brooks and Jim Hogg counties share a page and are inserted twice, in alphabetical order for Brooks and again for Jim Hogg. The maps included have dates from 1884 through 1926. Updates by the TXGLO cannot be done on an annual basis in all counties, so are updated as needed. While no publication date exists in this atlas, this copy seems to have been published in the 1940s with a label over the Wolf & Bennett publisher identification. While the label is no longer present, C.R. Bennett placed his label over the earlier publisher. | <urn:uuid:f17ea195-6fb2-4ff5-8016-c350d4d3a591> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.slhbookseller.com/pages/books/49/austin-general-land-office-texas/maps-of-all-texas-counties-latest-edition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.966504 | 367 | 1.65625 | 2 |
How the new Houses of Parliament will look
LONDON – England – The Houses of Parliament are set for an architectural revamp by up-and-coming architect Gandolpho Huhne.
Even Prince Charles has been wowed by the new Houses of Parliament design and has fully endorsed the radical proposal.
“When the armoured secure vehicles transport the MPs through the solid new gates, they will be kept there in the Houses of Parliament for as long as their sentences are required to be incarcerated at Her Majesty’s Pleasure,” Rupert Magwitch, head of the presentation team for Huhne Architectural Services, said.
Some MPs have voiced their concerns for the new design but were swiftly put in their place with a bout of solitary.
The architect revealed to Architecture Today magazine that he came up with the idea for the new design whilst speeding in his car with his wife.
“I told my wife to take the wheel whilst I drew up a design on a napkin. We were doing 70mph in a 20 zone. If it wasn’t for her help I wouldn’t have got the commission.”
Building for the new Houses of Parliament project will commence next week. | <urn:uuid:f1662c12-1de7-417f-95f6-1fbbd136fd9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dailysquib.co.uk/world/3880-new-houses-of-parliament-design-proposal-accepted.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00343-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977 | 247 | 1.765625 | 2 |
A two-day conference on "Inequalities and the world of work: What role for industrial relations and social dialogue?" is taking place in Brussels (23-24.2.2017) to discuss key factors leading to rising inequalities in EU-Member States. The conference, organized by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the European Commission (EC) is going to investigate the possible role of social dialogue and social partners, and more generally of industrial relations, in reducing inequalities in the world of work.
Alternate Labour Minister, Rania Antonopoulos, speaking to Athens-Macedonian News Agency about her participation in the conference, stressed that “we live in the era of great inequalities: inequalities in income, access to education and employment, social security". Antonopoulos, who will participate today (24.02) with other EU labour ministers at a round table on the 'political perspective of industrial relations and inequalities’, added that "inequality has exceeded sustainable levels, already affecting economies and threatening the cohesion of societies. It has been proven that some inequalities are associated with the mechanisms governing the workplace - from the level of wages and the type of labour relations to the constant professional education.
As the new ILO report to be presented at the conference demonstrates, labour market policies and the industrial relations systems underpinning collective bargaining have a key influence on the level of inequalities observed in EU Member States. The report examines overall trends in Europe with specific chapters on Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the Baltic States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
According to the report’s chapter on Greece (Imposed Labour Market Flexibility and Growing Wage and Employment Inequalities under Austerity in Greece), written by professors Maria Karamessini and Stefanos Giakoumatos, social dialogue has fallen victim to the ‘structural labour market reforms’ that have been implemented since 2010, with the intention of decentralizing the collective bargaining system in order to promote wage flexibility. The end result of all reforms of collective bargaining and the abolition of social dialogue were destabilization and erosion, the dramatic fall in the coverage rate of employees by collective agreements, a great reduction in wages and the expansion in the share of employees enduring in-work poverty. These reforms have also played a crucial role in amplifying wage inequalities from 2012 onwards.
The chapter on Greece concludes that, after nine years of recession and seven years of austerity, it has become evident that wage devaluation is not a viable way out of the Greek Great Depression and that sustainable growth requires a new institutional set up that promotes productivity growth and investment in product and services quality. A multi-level social dialogue framework is part and parcel of this institutional set up. Collective bargaining is a fundamental right in democratic societies and a prerequisite for decent work and social cohesion. At the same time, collective agreements with a high coverage or applicability create a level playing field for companies that can invest in skills and retain experienced employees by paying decent wages without being undercut by competitors who are not covered by a collective agreement. This means that collective agreements are a prerequisite for both sustainable and equitable growth.
On the overall EU level, the report shows that in several European countries, the erosion of collective bargaining has led to an increased number of low-paid jobs and rising inequality among the workforce. Conversely, countries with more centralized or highly coordinated collective bargaining systems such as Sweden or Belgium have been successful at preventing the rise of low-paid or employment insecurity and the growth of inequalities.
“Countries with low income inequality tend to have strong social dialogue institutions, leading to a reduction of the gender pay gap and better working conditions for employees in non-standard forms of employment,” explains Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead, ILO Senior Economist, who edited the volume. The minimum wage can also contribute to limiting wage inequality, but only if it is combined with effective collective bargaining, the report finds. For example, in Belgium and Ireland but also France and the Netherlands, the combination of a floor-setting minimum wage and a strong social dialogue framework has limited fragmentation in terms of pay and working conditions.
“The erosion of social dialogue in some countries is worrying and calls for a strong policy agenda. If we want to preserve economic growth and social cohesion, we must strengthen collective bargaining to curb inequalities,” concludes Heinz Koller, ILO Assistant Director-General and Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia. | <urn:uuid:45b6d158-f001-47ef-839b-e1e7a402e1b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greeknewsagenda.gr/topics/politics-polity/6310-collective-bargaining-is-a-fundamental-right-as-well-as-a-prerequisite-for-economic-growth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.945344 | 909 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: ‘I owe this man everything’
George Hejduk helped teach the NBA’s all-time leading scorer the skyhook
In my 24 years of interviewing great writers in front of large audiences, I have never seen a crowd respond with such adoration. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the NBA’s all-time leading scorer, was part of our annual Writer’s Symposium by the Sea in San Diego to talk about writing — his social commentary, history, children’s books, fiction and his most recent book, Coach Wooden and Me, about his relationship with the UCLA legend.
When he and I walked onto the stage, the audience stood and cheered for several minutes. He vigorously waved to them and wore that contagious smile.
When there was trouble with the auditorium’s audio and he and I had to wait a few minutes onstage, many in the audience surged near the front to take photos. It felt like we were fish in an aquarium and people had crowded up to the glass to watch us. The longer it took the tech folks to figure out the problem, the more the crowd pressed and the closer it came to actually coming up the steps. Kareem tuned them out and kept up the conversation we had started backstage, his eyes on me the entire time. The guy could focus.
When the 50-minute interview was over and we walked to the lobby for him to sign books, I watched him briefly glance at the size of the line — about 1,000 people — and saw his face harden as he stared straight ahead to get to the book signing table. It was chaos. As the crowd shouted and screamed his name, I remembered descriptions I had read about him walking through an airport, or down a street. People were excited to see him and wanted him to look their way — which he did not do.
He sat down at the table, and the first person in line was an elderly, white-haired man who slid a book across the surface for Kareem to sign, with a Post-it note that said “To George.” As Kareem signed it, I saw someone lean in and say something to the star. I was sitting in the next chair, but the noise of the lobby was too loud for me to get it.
Kareem looked at the man, then shot to his feet and called for his assistant.
Uh-oh, I thought. I couldn’t imagine what finally made Kareem snap. Whatever it was, I went into full damage-control mode and stood up to intervene. But Kareem proclaimed this above the din:
“I owe this man everything!”
The man was George Hejduk, an 80-year-old retiree who lived in the nearby beach town of Encinitas.
Hejduk taught Kareem the skyhook.
When Kareem was in the sixth grade, he was 6 feet, 6 inches tall.
“Everyone wanted him to play basketball, but he wasn’t very good,” Hejduk told me later when I visited him at a coffee shop. “Every time he got the ball, he tried to dribble, and kids just took it away from him.”
Hejduk knew Kareem’s coach, who asked him to come to the gym at St. Jude’s Parish in New York to work with the tall kid.
“He was very awkward,” Hejduk said. “So I stood at the top of the key, told him to put his hands in the air and come to me.”
Hejduk would pass Kareem the ball up high with the instruction to not lower his hands. No dribbling. Step, look, hook. They practiced the shot for about 30 minutes.
Two years later, when Hejduk was playing at Manhattan College and Kareem was in eighth grade (now at 6 feet, 8 inches), the two played against each other in a pickup game in a neighborhood playground.
“I didn’t see much of the skyhook then, but he did dunk on me twice,” Hejduk said, laughing. “He worked at the shot for a couple of years, and it became the greatest shot in all of basketball. Everybody else shoots up; Kareem shoots down.”
At the book signing table, Hejduk knew that the superstar didn’t recognize him.
“He seemed taciturn when I gave him the book and asked him to sign it ‘To George,’ ” he said. “When he handed the book back to me, someone said to him, ‘That’s George Hejduk.’ ”
They embraced like long-separated brothers.
There were still 999 people in the book signing line, so Kareem got back to work.
It’s Kareem’s 72nd birthday as I write this, and the NBA playoffs are underway. I think about James Harden’s step-back shot, Stephen Curry’s quick release and some of the great shooters of the past. Dirk Nowitzki’s fadeaway, Reggie Miller’s distance, Shaquille O’Neal’s dunks, Manute Bol’s and Ralph Sampson’s sweeps, Michael Jordan’s turnarounds — but only Kareem’s skyhook seems to still command the term “unstoppable.” The combination of Kareem’s height and agility made it tough. That, and the ball was already in a downward trajectory when it left his hand.
When Kareem exited the auditorium, Hejduk and his daughter were waiting so they could take pictures and exchange numbers. As they hugged goodbye, Hejduk’s daughter said, “You made my dad’s year.”
Kareem didn’t hesitate.
“He made my life.”
All evening long, the crowd had been in awe of Kareem. At the end of the night, when the audience was down to one, Kareem returned the favor. | <urn:uuid:d03b2899-92cf-414e-89b9-f3aa6188c4b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andscape.com/features/kareem-abdul-jabbar-i-owe-this-man-everything-george-hejduk-skyhook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.986358 | 1,321 | 1.578125 | 2 |
We’re cracking down on immigrants. As I write this the UK Home Office’s Twitter feed is working itself into a frenzy over the arrest of some “suspected #immigrationoffenders”, posting invasive pictures of various people being nicked. And a few days ago Border Agency cops were accused of racially profiling people at tube stations.
The show of force will fizzle out. It always does, because the reality doesn’t match the perception. But while we have all this worthy endeavour, I trust we’ve not forgotten these words: “There are unacceptable levels of ignorance among police, social services and the UK Border Agency, which mean we fail victims of trafficking.”
Nor these: “An appalling outcome of such failure on the frontline is the fact that numerous victims of modern slavery are being prosecuted for offences they have committed as a result of being trafficked. This may include immigration offences or, in cases where people – often minors – are trafficked into the UK to work in one of the thousands of British cannabis farms, drugs offences…More must be done to ensure that vulnerable victims of modern slavery are not criminalised…Responsibility in government lies with the Minister for Immigration. This is wrong. Modern slavery is first and foremost a crime and not an immigration issue.”
These are the words of Iain Duncan Smith’s think tank, the Centre for Social Justice, which earlier this year produced a definitive report on this issue. As it makes clear (read from page 77 onwards), there is a massive conflict of interest in allowing the same authority to assess both whether someone needs help as a trafficking victim and how that person’s immigration status is going to pan out. It doesn’t help, of course, that victims of trafficking like women in brothels or children in cannabis farms, are often given false documents by their captors.
Our system for dealing with crimes like these is a shambles. Our Government has admitted there are failings itself, folding the wretched UK Border Authority back in house. It’s been the case for some time, but we’ve always offered some form of legal redress to those we’ve let down. In large part, we’ve been able to do this because we offer legal aid. But now the Government’s proposals suggest that legal aid for judicial reviews – which challenge the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies – should be curtailed.
For charities working with victims of trafficking, the ongoing failings in the government’s approach are deeply worrying. Dr Russell Hargrave of Asylum Aid explains:
“Most victims of trafficking are terrified of the consequences if they ask for help. It’s difficult to exaggerate the hold that traffickers can have over them, so victims need to know there is support there when they need it. “But the current system falls way, way short. And instead of trying to improve the way people are treated, the government is restricting access to legal aid for anyone who needs to challenge the system’s myriad failings. I can’t see trafficking decisions improving, only more victims being abandoned to their fate”.
Trafficking is barely the start of it. Prossy Kakooza knows all too well how valuable legal aid can be. She fled Uganda after being horrifically assaulted due to her sexual orientation. She was violently raped by police officers and scalded with hot meat skewers. Her family bribed the guards to get her out of prison, but all of them apart from her mother wished to sacrifice her to “take the curse away”. Her mother managed to smuggle her to the United Kingdom.
The local GP in England was so horrified by the extent of her injuries that the police were called, and she received treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. At first, the Home Office refused her asylum application: they acknowledged she was brutally raped and burnt because of the medical evidence, but have dismissed the appalling attacks as “the random actions of individuals”, and stated she could be returned to a different town in Uganda. This ignored the fact that gay people throughout the country face the threat of life imprisonment, and that in Uganda a reference has to be provided by your previous village when you move: there would be no escape from persecution.
“The solicitor suggested to me by the Home Office was terrible,” she tells me. “She never picked up her phone. It was only once I got in touch with the Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit that I got a decent service.” Prossy’s appeal was eventually upheld. The stress of the process combined with the trauma she’d suffered lead to a breakdown and suicide attempts, but she pulled through, now lives in Manchester, and is one of the volunteers who runs the Lesbian Immigration Support Group.
Prossy’s appeal process was supported by thousands of people who heard her story. But under these new proposals it would never have happened. The Government will no longer pay anything until a Judicial Review has been approved by the High Court. In practice, no lawyer could afford to prepare and bring a complex trafficking case without knowing if they’ll ever be paid.
Another issue with the proposals is that anyone who has not been legally living in the UK for more than a year will no longer have recourse to legal aid in civil cases. Grace’s tale was provided to me by the charity Save Justice. She was brought to the UK as a dependent on her husband’s visa. Her husband subjected her and her children to horrific physical and psychological abuse. She managed to get away from him, but he tracked her and the children down. She managed to make an application for a non-molestation order in the Family Courts. Under the proposals, Grace would have not been able to receive legal aid to apply for the order within her first year of being granted refugee status by the Home Office.
Last week, protesters gathered outside the Old Bailey for a noisy protest against what the Government is doing. Here are a few points the speakers made:
Sadiq Khan said without legal aid the Birmingham Six would be in prison, while the killers of Stephen Lawrence would be free.
Shauneen Lambe, a leading child welfare lawyer, said without legal aid hundreds of vulnerable teenagers will be at risk of harm or falling into prostitution. She invited the assembled to look at the inscription on the Old Bailey’s great facade: “Defend the children of the poor and punish the wrongdoer.” “I’ve no doubt,” she said, “the Government are the wrongdoer.”
- Anne Hall, the mother of Daniel Roque Hall (whose case I covered here), said her son would probably be dead without legal aid.
So you have to ask why the Government is carrying out a policy that even the Attorney General has refused to endorse. Last November, Chris Grayling ordered an “immediate examination” of the legal aid system following the trial of Abu Hamza. Since then Save Justice has been attempting to use the Freedom of Information Act to find out the terms of reference for it.
To date the MoJ has refused to answer the question three times using section 35 of the Freedom of Information Act – basically saying that the grounds for the formulation of the policy need protecting. A review by the Information Commissioner’s Office has now been requested. But this has been going on since November last year, so how much “safe space” does Grayling need? Shouldn’t this investigation be happening by now? Did he opportunistically use Abu Hamza as a stick to bash legal aid without thinking about the implications of criticising, er, the right to a fair trial, which is a pretty basic tenet of our law? Surely not.
This is barely an issue of left or right wing politics. Contrary to the boneheaded wailing of some self-professed right wingers this is simply an issue of basic humanity in a modern, civilised, nominally Christian country that doesn’t wish to be a pariah state.
UPDATE 06/08/2013 08:00
A Ministry of Justice spokesman said:
This Government is determined to tackle the trafficking and exploitation of vulnerable men and women. It is vital that victims of trafficking receive specialised support and counselling, which is why the Government now provides £3 million a year to help victims of this merciless exploitation. Funding these experts means that hundreds of trafficking victims have been given invaluable support and a real chance to recover, while our work to raise awareness of trafficking means we are getting better at identifying victims and going after those who profit from this human misery. The proposed legal aid reforms would not impact on trafficking victims in the way suggested. We are determined to bring down the cost of legal aid, but not at the expense of the most vulnerable. Contrary to suggestions here legal aid would continue to be available for the initial stages of a judicial review case, and where victims of trafficking were seeking to claim asylum they would be exempt from the proposed residence test. Those who did not meet this residence test would also be entitled to apply for exceptional funding. England and Wales has one of the most expensive legal aid systems in the world and our reforms intend to ensure we get best value for every penny of around £2 billion a year of taxpayers’ money we spend on it. We have been very clear we are listening to views from the consultation and are now carefully considering all of the responses before taking final decisions. | <urn:uuid:1800c8c4-54c2-4d03-b17a-67abb6f306d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/08/how-governments-legal-aid-cuts-will-affect-victims-trafficking-and-domestic-vio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.96834 | 1,978 | 1.5 | 2 |
Short Course Description
The three decades following WWII witnessed major upheavals in U.S. social and political life, with material living conditions for many Americans shifting as much as or more than they had in the previous two centuries. As these material, social, and political conditions changed, so too did Americans? imaginative relations with the state, with dominant societal institutions, and with one another. In this course we?ll explore these complex changes by studying how the era?s fiction, poetry, cinema, and nonfiction dissents from, even as it reproduces, prevailing master-narratives of Cold War America. As we go, we?ll seek to clarify the nebulous concept of ideology by tracking its role in shaping Cold War notions of U.S. identity (notably, those of gender, class, sexuality, race, and religion) and political belonging (as manifested in personal engagements with domestic and international initiatives of the U.S. state). Reflecting an unusually tumultuous time in U.S. history, the works we?ll study inscribe, challenge, and reshape the narratives by which Americans understood their country and their lives.
Full syllabus will be available to registered students only | <urn:uuid:ab2d149c-97cd-4768-97a0-dfc7d0cf4801> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ims.tau.ac.il/Tal/Syllabus/Syllabus_L.aspx?course=0626501201&year=2020&lang=EN | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.950815 | 246 | 2.875 | 3 |
This is an ad for Extreme Teambuilding, a unique training program that uses exclusive instructional and assessment methods used by Special Forces personnel.
It is used for employee selection, networking, staff motivation, and problem solving. He explains the program can be tailored to your needs.
He emphasizes the importance of communication, team work, leadership skills, time appreciation, lateral thinking, accelerated decision making, and customer care skills. How might this kind of program improve employee communication skills? | <urn:uuid:1b922ece-4a46-4b2c-af7c-e5d7a42b7143> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clipsforclass.com/extreme-teambuilding-from-premier-corporate-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.929698 | 95 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The switch to solid-state storage in laptops comes with many advantages: thinner devices, lower power draw, less noise, and a much quicker access to data. But, as with everything else, there are also disadvantages. And the most noticeable one is the significantly diminished amount of available storage space you have left. With most devices, you get 128GB or 256GB; however, in most cases, you will have to pay a premium for it. There is no doubt that a high-capacity external storage device can prove to be very handy, especially if we are talking about a plug-in-and-forget one.
With the size of a coin, the new 128GB USB memory drive designed by SanDisk is small enough to feature a plug-and-stay design, allowing you to keep it always attached to your computer or other types of devices.
The new device allows you to add up to 128 gigabytes of storage to your computer or other devices by means of a memory drive that you will never need to remove.
According to its storage vendor, SanDisk, the Ultra Fit USB 3.0 drive has a 128GB storage capacity and it is the world’s tiniest USB 3.0 flash drive. Without the cap, this incredible drive measures 0.35 inch in height, 0.63 inch in width, and 3/4 of an inch in length. SanDisk boasts that these features make it smaller than a dime. And the best part is that it can be easily plugged into any USB port, without having to worry about unplugging it.
The 128GB drive developed by SanDisk solves one of the problems that affect those notebook users who require a superior storage space. It is true that any flash drive can be connected to a PC if one needs more capacity. However, most memory drives are too long and big to be kept connected to notebooks, especially if you wish to put it in a case or travel with it. SanDisk’s new flash drive is sufficiently compact to be kept plugged in permanently. This way, you will be able to carry around your videos, photos, music, or any other type of content that you wish to keep at hand all the time. And you won’t even have to connect and disconnect the flash drive.
According to SanDisk, the drive was specifically designed for all those media enthusiasts who need and wish to increase the storage space of their tablets, notebooks, in-car audio systems, TVs, gaming consoles, or other types of similar devices. The drive can be also plugged into hard-to-reach devices, such as gaming consoles. Those who need smaller capacities can opt for the 16GB, 32GB, or the 64GB versions. When plugged into a USB 3.0 port, the drive provides an up to 130 MB/s transfer speed.
SanDisk has also revealed the 256GB edition of the amazing Ultra USB 3.0 memory drive. Though it is longer and larger than the Ultra Fit counterpart, this new flash drive provides a double storage capacity, which is a first for this model. The model is also available in a 16GB, 32GB, 64GB, or 128GB capacity, and it is able to provide transfer speeds that can reach 100MB/s when connected to USB 3.0 ports.
The two drives are endowed with SanDisk’s SecureAccess, a feature that allows you to create secure folders for all you private files using encrypted password protection. By buying the drive, you will also be gifted a free subscription to the RescuePro back up software (for one year), a software designed to restore those files that have been accidentally deleted or lost. In addition, just as with all its Ultra Fit drives, the producer offers a 5-year warranty.
According to SanDisk, the two new drives are available worldwide, both at stores and online retailers.
However, if small is not your cup of tea, SanDisk is also introducing the Extreme 900, which is introduced as the highest-performing portable SSD in the world. Considered to be the fastest USB Type-C SSD currently available on the market, the device delivers 9 times faster transfer speeds than other portable hard drives. According to SanDisk, the Extreme 500 is up to 4 times faster. | <urn:uuid:0637e425-8068-4f56-a84a-aac757972d7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.usbcompany.co.uk/blog/128gb-squeezed-usb-3-0-drive-size-coin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.952806 | 872 | 1.703125 | 2 |
#Advanced Autodesk Autocad rscript to animate wall clock.
Autodesk's Autocad users who do not know how to use rotate rscript in Autocad to animate Wall clock, this is the video you should watch before trying yourself.
You can find me on Youtube and subscribe through this link. Do not forget to hit the bell icon so that you can get all my videos notifications.
A Sub if you loved it and Thumbs up if you liked it. | <urn:uuid:1f188de6-0133-417e-ad7e-8683dd8d4f02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://print.grabcad.com/tutorials/advanced-autodesk-autocad-rscript-to-animate-wall-clock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.830534 | 132 | 1.765625 | 2 |
The banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita Breiter, Passifloraceae) known as “tumbo” is very appreciated in tropical and subtropical countries of South America. Methanolic extracts from peel and the fruit juice of P. tripartita growing in Chile were analyzed for antioxidant capacity as well as for flavonoid and phenolic content. A chromatographic method was developed for the rapid identification of the main phenolics in the samples by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The fast fingerprint analysis allowed the detection of eighteen flavonoid C-glycosides and four flavonoid O-glycoside derivatives which were characterized by UV spectra and ESI-MS-MS analysis. Several of the C-glycosides detected are structurally related to the orientin derivative 4′-methoxy-luteolin-8-C-(6″acetyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside (31), fully elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant derivative 31 along with schaftoside, vicenin II, orientin and vitexin were isolated from the fruit extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). A suitable method for the preparative isolation of flavonol C-glycosides from “tumbo” extracts by HSCCC is reported. The pulp of the fruits showed good antioxidant capacity (12.89 ± 0.02 mg/mL in the DPPH assay). The peel presented the highest content of flavonoids (56.03 ± 4.34 mg quercetin/100 g dry weight) which is related to the highest antioxidant power (10.41 ± 0.01 mg/mL in the DPPH assay). | <urn:uuid:38b5fcdd-f1e9-4392-abdb-49ce28486325> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://academicworks.cuny.edu/le_pubs/181/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.919353 | 386 | 1.71875 | 2 |
How To Train Your Dragon
Training your dragon can be as easy as training any pet......supposedly.
Indeed, anyone can tame these magnificent mythical creatures. In fact, it's as easy as cake. Want to know how? Simple, watching Dreamworks' new animated feature film, "How To Train Your Dragon", will show you the way. When I first saw this movie, I had no idea what to even expect. However, it was surprisingly better than I thought it would be, but it's no where near the level of it's hype.
The story features an unlikely hero named Hiccup (Jay Baruchel), who is essentially a social outcast who has no friends. The girl he loves, Astrid (America Ferrera), hates him, and his father isn't too fond of him either. If that wasn't bad enough, his father, Stoick (Gerard Butler), also happens to be the Viking leader and hero many of the other Vikings wish to emulate. Quite a shadow to live under, especially when almost everyone in the village hates you. However, what puny little Hiccup lacks in size and strength, he makes up for with ingenuity and knowledge as he always tries to invent things. Sadly, none of them ever work.....that is until one day he manages to capture the fabled black dragon; a dragon so deadly and fast that nobody has ever seen one and lived to tell the tale. That is....until now! Hiccup, in his quest, to impress his father and the other villagers manages to capture and tries to kill the beast, but it seems he has a change of heart as he couldn't go through with it. Therefore, he sets it free. Little did he know, this would be the beginning of an unlikely friendship. Discovering that the dragons aren't fierce and violent creatures his people thought they were, but they're actually more like cats and dogs, where they're not really bad. They only killed the other hundreds of Vikings, over the years, out of self defense when they slaughtered over thousands of dragons. In fact, the food and livestock the dragons steal from the Vikings is only to keep a much larger creature at bay. They're not so bad, just misunderstood.
For years the Vikings and dragons have been at war, with neither side coming close to defeating the other. The dragons having a clear advantage due to size and strength, but the Vikings own the advantage when it comes to intelligence. Although you probably wouldn't know it from hearing them talk with Scottish accents while speaking Americanized English. Which I doubt seriously Vikings talked like that, but hey it's a kids film.
Indeed, Hiccup is the perfect hero for this kind of kid based novel series adaptation, where it has a character who is unsure of himself, that the audience can deeply relate to. You have a father, who views Hiccup as something of a failure, and Hiccup is an outcast among the rest of the villagers. Of course, this tired old formula of having a social outcast as the unlikely hero is a bit cliched and predictable. Even the viking girl that Hiccup loves, who happens to be the most popular one by the way, is another tired story telling cliche as well. Since this is a children story, I doubt seriously most people will care about these details. However, it's a bit redundant sometimes to say the least.
Sadly, the story isn't that great to be honest, as it's entirely too predictable. As I was watching this film, I felt it would've made a much better video game story than a movie one. As the story elements seemed like they were primarily used to move the action sequences along. Filling in the gap between each action and fight sequences, which is essentially what a video game story arc does. Unfortunately, most video game stories have deeper and less predictable story lines than "How To Train Your Dragon."
However, the visuals were amazing, and make up for some of the stories short comings. Although some may not want to fork out the extra few bucks for the 3-D show, I can promise any skeptics it'll be worth it. As the 3-D truly does make the difference for this film. Watching the visuals on screen were too beautiful to describe with words, as it was like watching a 3-D arcade game come to life. Although the characters had a surrealistic look about them, the visuals were very well detailed. Everything from the fire that the dragons breathed to the visual references, when Stoick led the Vikings against the dragons, inside their home, in a "300" style manner....were just amazing.
"How To Train Your Dragon" is obviously a cliche ridden movie geared towards your kids, as I doubt most adults will enjoy this film as much as they do. For what it's worth though, "How To Train Your Dragon" isn't the worse film out there, but I would hardly call it one of the best animated family movies of the year or of any other year for that matter. It's a decent film to take your kids to, but I wouldn't expect too much out of it though, as most people would be better off waiting for it to be released on DVD.
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When an all girl band shows up to Canterlot High, Sunset Shimmer fears they might have some devious intentions once their music starts to tear the school apart.
Buster Moon decides to throw one last concert in hopes of saving his struggling theater. His act? Various musical talent from across the city yearning to have their voices heard before the masses.
The troll princess, Poppy, and her estranged friend, Branch, set out on a journey to rescue their friends from the Bergens before it's too late. | <urn:uuid:c55573a0-e20f-42f9-871e-1516e850de6e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hubpages.com/entertainment/How-To-Train-Your-Dragon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982969 | 1,189 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Debt consolidation programs have http://feeds.feedburner.com/Fb-rssFeedForAliceTaylor offered many individuals just like you financial relief, but they have also caused their fair share of problems. So, how do you find the relief and not the problems? The key is to have a basic understanding of each program first, and also to know what to watch out for. Continue reading to learn more.
Before you begin looking at debt consolidation, you'll want to check out your credit report. The first thing you need to do if you want your debt to be fixed is to figure out what's causing your problems. Assess your debt and document ho | <urn:uuid:41c74ec7-f303-4629-a4cd-36aa8f9336bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cloisteredscenetblog.wallinside.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00009-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95764 | 137 | 1.523438 | 2 |
From the earliest of times people have sought to grow and nurture plants in a garden area. Gardens and Gardeners of the Ancient World traces the beginning of gardening and garden history, from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, to the Minoans and Mycenaeans, Greeks, Etruscans and Romans, through Byzantine, Islamic and Persian gardens right up to the Middle Ages. It shows how gardens in each period were designed and cultivated. Evidence for garden art and horticulture is gathered from surviving examples of ancient art, literature, archaeology, actual period gardens that have survived the centuries and the wealth of garden myths associated with certain plants. These sources bring ancient gardens and their gardeners back to life, and provide information on which plants were chosen as garden worthy, their setting and the design and appearance of ancient gardens. Deities associated with aspects of gardens and the garden's fertility are featured - everyone wanted a fertile garden. Different forms of public and domestic gardens are explored, and the features that you would find there; whether paths, pools, arbors and arches, seating or decorative sculpture. The ideal garden could be like the Greek groves of the Academy in Athens, a garden so fine that it was comparable with that of the mythical king Alcinoos, the paradise contemplated by the Islamic world, or a personal version of a garden of Eden that Early Christians could create for themselves or in the forecourt of their churches. In general books on garden history cover all periods up to the present, often placing all ancient gardens in one chapter at the beginning. But there is so much of interest to be found in these early millennia. Generously illustrated with 150 images, with plant lists for each period, this is essential reading for everyone interested in garden history and ancient societies. | <urn:uuid:0ae77a68-5224-4b2e-8ac2-366929323794> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.buchhandel.de/buch/Gardens-and-Gardeners-of-the-Ancient-World-9781909686861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954865 | 359 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The illegitimate mixed-race daughter of the late U.S. Senator and one-time segregationist Strom Thurmond has broken her life-long silence about her father during a news conference Wednesday.
Essie-Mae Washington Williams, 78, who had spent decades denying rumors that she was Mr. Thurmond's daughter, says she is speaking out now because she is looking for a sense of closure.
"I am not bitter, I am not angry, in fact, there is a great sense of peace that has come over me in the past year," she said. "Once I decided that I would no longer harbor such a great secret that many others knew, I feel as though a tremendous weight has been lifted. I am Essie-Mae Williams, and at last, I feel completely free."
Ms. Williams was born in 1925, when Mr. Thurmond was 22 and living in his parents home. Her African-American mother, Carrie Butler, was 16, working as a maid in the Thurmond home.
At a news conference in her native South Carolina, Ms. Williams said she waited until now to talk about her father because she did not want to hurt his career.
"We respected each other," explained Ms. Williams. "I never wanted to do anything to harm him or cause detriment to his life, or to the lives of those around him."
The Thurmond family has acknowledged Ms. Williams' claim. In a statement Wednesday, the Thurmond family said it is seeking a private meeting with Ms. Williams and her children to get to know them.
Senator Thurmond, who died in June at the age of 100, was known for his segregationist policies, although his views changed later in his career and he came to support a federal holiday honoring slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King.
In an interview with the Washington Post, Ms. Williams said Mr. Thurmond privately acknowledged her as his daughter and had provided financial support during much of her life. She says he arranged to meet with her about once a year. Their first visit was in South Carolina when she was 16.
Ms. Williams is a retired teacher who lives in Los Angeles. She says she has four children, 13 grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:46d92fed-d5f6-4024-b5c5-4c1d45be2504> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-12-17-12-strom-67296002/380763.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993333 | 462 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Metal Working and Welding: Career and Education Opportunities in New Jersey
Metal Working and Welding: Metal Workers shape the structure that underlies much of our urban environment. From welding structural steel to crafting the boilers that heat our water, they bend and shape the framework of our world.
New Jersey has a population of 8,707,739, which has grown by 3.49% in the last 10 years. Nicknamed the "Garden State," its capital is Trenton, though its most populous city is Newark. In 2008, there were a total of 5,176,293 jobs in New Jersey. The average annual income was $51,473 in 2008, up from $50,364 the previous year. The unemployment rate in New Jersey was 9.2% in 2009, which has grown by 3.7% since the previous year. Roughly 29.8% of New Jersey residents have college degrees, which is higher than the national average.
The top industries in New Jersey include wholesale trade, durable goods merchant wholesalers, and drugs' sundries merchant wholesalers. Notable tourist attractions include the Morris Museum, the New Jersey Historical Society, and the A P Personal Limo.
CITIES WITH Metal Working and Welding OPPORTUNITIES IN New Jersey
Featured Online Colleges
CAREERS WITHIN Metal Working and Welding
Steel Workers raise, place, and unite iron or steel girders, columns, and other structural members to form completed structures or structural frameworks. Steel Workers need to respond to the actions of other and coordinate activities with them. They also need to track and maintain equipment on an ongoing basis. | <urn:uuid:3f737ae3-8e9f-46b9-bcdb-2725abedc734> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.careeroverview.com/usa/new-jersey/construction-and-extraction/metal-working-and-welding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955595 | 340 | 2.640625 | 3 |
I purchased this plant from Save-On-Foods in Victoria a couple weeks ago. I've watered it a few times using tap water %26amp; it's currently in a white room with a large west-facing window that receives plenty of light (even when the blinds are closed).
I heard it could be overwatering (cold temperature %26amp; fluoride), so I've been using rainwater or filtered water instead. I had a leaf already fall off (turned yellow, then black on the tips; however, it wasn't soggy or dry). Meanwhile, the roots look plump and yellow/creme, which I assume is healthy.
It's still in its original pot from the store (with holes on the bottom), placed in a ceramic vase on my TV table in the living room.
Leaf Spots on My Dracaena Lemon-Lime Warneckii?
You did a great job of showing the problem and describing what it is not. The root system being 'vital', means to me that you are not overwatering.
The first diagnostic indication that I get is from your pictures. Good job there too. In plants, spots can be caused by Biotic and Abiotic reasons. In this case, the darker color surrounded by a halo, in various degrees indicates that this is Biotic. This is not the splashing of chemicals, or some other Man caused problem.
You have some sort of living pest. Check the underside of the leaves for signs of bugs (use a magnifying glass). Try first, cleaning the leaves with a solution of soapy water. Be sure that you do not put the leaves in direct sun while wet. If this does the trick, then stop, problem solved.
If it does not do the trick, then get a mild organic (if possible) fungiside, and apply according to the label on the product.
This should help.
Reply:You probably don't need to water as much as you actually are. It may have very wet roots. Try this test: use a wood or bamboo skewer and push it into the soil until it reaches the bottom. Remove the skewer and check the moisture of the soil that sticks to it. It's alot like checking a cake or brownies with a toothpick. If the soil is moist after only an inch or so down, it's plenty wet. Check the moisture periodically, and if it reaches a point near the bottome one or two inches of the pot, give the plant some water. | <urn:uuid:53236711-656a-499a-9a95-bba719e93388> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dracaena2.blogspot.com/2009/11/leaf-spots-on-my-dracaena-lemon-lime.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944392 | 525 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Year : 2021 | Volume
: 13 | Issue : 5 | Page : 48--51
COVID-19 antibody tests: An overview
Arjun B Ravi1, V P Prabath Singh1, Roshni Chandran2, Krishnan Venugopal1, Kaushik Haridas1, R Kavitha1,
1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Viyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
2 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, YMT Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Arjun B Ravi
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Affiliated to Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Kochi - 682 041, Kerala
Novel coronavirus (nCoV) first emerged in Hubei province of China in December 2019. The virus initially known as 2019-nCoV was renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The associated disease is known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, interest has grown in antibody testing as a way to measure how far the infection has spread and to identify individuals who may be immune. Molecular diagnostic tests like polymerase chain reaction are developed rapidly, however they are not able to fulfill all the requirements of an epidemic reaction. Hence, to complement molecular diagnostic tests, serology tests emerged as a vital aspect of the overall response by confirming the presence of antibodies during the early stage of the infection. Antibody tests help in assessing herd immunity, data about the ongoing phase of infection, identifying potential donors for convalescent plasma therapy, etc. This review currently focuses on giving an overview about the antibody tests in SARS-CoV-2 infections.
|How to cite this article:|
Ravi AB, Singh V P, Chandran R, Venugopal K, Haridas K, Kavitha R. COVID-19 antibody tests: An overview.J Pharm Bioall Sci 2021;13:48-51
|How to cite this URL:|
Ravi AB, Singh V P, Chandran R, Venugopal K, Haridas K, Kavitha R. COVID-19 antibody tests: An overview. J Pharm Bioall Sci [serial online] 2021 [cited 2022 Aug 17 ];13:48-51
Available from: https://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2021/13/5/48/317688
Viral diseases continue to emerge possessing a serious threat to public health. Novel coronavirus (nCoV) first emerged in Hubei province of China in December 2019. The virus initially known as 2019-nCoV was renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 infection also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020 and later on as a pandemic outbreak on March 11, 2020. From that point forward, the disease had a rapid global spread, claiming millions of lives worldwide.
On March 16, 2020, the WHO Director-General remarked in his briefing that countries are expected to escalate testing, isolation, and contact tracing, as “the backbone of the response” against this novel pandemic. Later on, he emphasized the importance of increasing the testing capacity of countries to control the spread of the pandemic.
For any infectious disease outburst response, laboratory diagnostic tests play a central role, which is also valid for COVID-19. Various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were hastily developed after the genome release of SARS-CoV-2 and were deployed at the forefront of COVID-19 diagnosis. Molecular diagnostic tests like PCR are developed rapidly, however they are not able to fulfill all the requirements of an epidemic reaction. As the pandemic advanced further and infected millions around the globe, it was concluded that PCR assay exclusively could not meet the different requirements of COVID-19 response, like retrospective contact tracing, detection of asymptomatic infection rate, and appraisal of herd immunity. Hence, to complement molecular diagnostic tests, serology tests emerged as a vital aspect of the overall response by confirming the presence of antibodies during the early stage of the infection. This review currently focuses on giving an overview about the antibody tests in SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily of Coronavirinae, family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. This subfamily consists of four genera – Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta coronavirus – based on their phylogenetic relationships and genome structures. While the alpha and beta subfamily of viruses infect only mammals, the gamma and delta infect mostly avian species with some exceptions. The current SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the beta group whose structure comprises of crown-like, enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA viruses.
In the past two decades, crossovers of betacoronavirus from animals to humans have been reported in two separate occasions resulting in severe infection with pneumonia-like symptoms. In 2002–2003, a new betacoronavirus thought to originate from bats infected humans through an intermediary host (palm civet cats) in the Guangdong province of China and was designated SARS CoV. It infected 8422 people, causing 916 deaths (mortality rate 11%) in China and Hong Kong before it was contained. A decade later in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, also believed to be of bat origin, emerged in Saudi Arabia with dromedary camels being the intermediate host, affecting 2494 people and causing 858 deaths (fatality rate 34%).
Samples Suitable for Testing
As per the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations, the upper respiratory specimen, particularly the nasopharyngeal specimen has been the choice for reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) molecular assay for COVID-19. The CDC also suggests other specimens such as oropharyngeal, nasal mid-turbinate, anterior nares (nasal swab), or a nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate as alternatives whenever nasopharyngeal specimen cannot be obtained. After collection, all the specimens are transported to laboratories for testing in a suitable viral transport medium. The same way the blood sample for serological assay should be collected. All necessary personal protective equipment and strict adherence to infection control and prevention guidelines as stated by the WHO should be followed and monitored by all the health-care professionals involved.
Common Testing Methods
Conventionally, there are two main types of diagnostic tests for infectious viral diseases – the first type is by detecting the presence of the virus itself establishing current infection status and the second is to detect the presence of antibodies against the virus to understand any prior infection.
Methods to find the presence of the virus or tests to detect current/active infection
Detection of viral RNA by RT-PCRAntigen tests.
Methods to detect prior infection
What Can Testing Reveal
Testing someone to identify whether he/she is infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus at a particular point of time (testing for active/current infection) is very important to:
Ensure that infected individuals get appropriate treatmentEnable rapid isolation of infected individuals and initiating contact tracing protocol to prevent further spread of infectionIdentify the number of individuals who are infected on a particular day.
Tests performed to identify if a person has been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the past (testing for prior infection) could be used to:
Indicate approximately how many people had infectionTo prioritize individuals to receive vaccinations, once they are availableTo find potential donors for convalescent plasma therapy.
Antigen versus Antibody
Antigens are molecules which are able to initiate immune reactions. Distinct features on the surface or epitopes of different antigens elicit particular responses. Y-shaped immunoglobulins (antibodies) which are proteins are produced in response to different antigens by the B cells as a part of the immune mechanism of the body. Each antibody which counteracts specific antigens contains a paratope which identifies a particular epitope on an antigen, binding to them like a lock and key system. This interaction plays an important role in removing antigens from the body, either by direct neutralization or by “tagging” for other arms of the immune system.
Utilizing Antibodies in Serological Tests
When infected with a pathogen, the body's immune response produces antibodies that interact with specific antigen binding to them, thus helping to eliminate the pathogen. This mechanism has been utilized in developing diagnostic tests based on the presence of antibodies and their interactions. An antibody test detects the presence of antibodies, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M (IgG, IgM) in blood or serum, revealing if an individual has already been exposed to an infection or not.
Overview of Immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M
IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation, which represents approximately 75% of human immunoglobulins (antibodies). It helps in controlling infection by binding to various pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi and protects the body from infection. They are responsible for long-term immunity after infection or vaccination.
Produced by B-cells, IgM represents around 10% immunoglobulins in humans. IgM is the largest and the first line of defense in response to an antigen exposure. Hence, they are the early phase immunoglobulins that develop initially during acute infections.
Antibody tests in coronavirus disease 2019
By detecting antibodies in the blood or serum, antibody tests can reveal whether an individual was likely infected with COVID-19 at some time in the past or not. Majority of the tests identify IgM, IgA, and/or IgG against the nucleocapsid protein or viral spike glycoprotein. This detection can be done based on a laboratory test like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or chemiluminescent immunoassay, or a point-of-care test based on lateral flow technology. The timing and type of antibody test affect accuracy. Usually, the use of antibody tests to diagnose current infection is limited because of the time lag from infection to the production of antibodies. If the testing is done too early in the course of infection, the test may not detect antibodies because the immune response might still be building up within the body. Hence, it is recommended to perform antibody tests at least 14 days after the onset of symptoms. In case of SARS-CoV-2, recent developments have shown that although IgM and IgG have been shown to be positive as early as the 4th day after symptom onset, the peak response in case of IgM antibody is around 2 weeks after infection and that of IgG antibody is about 3 weeks. After the peak response IgM antibody level declines reaching lower levels by week 5 and almost disappearing by week 7, whereas IgG levels continue beyond 7 weeks.
Role of antibody tests in coronavirus disease 2019
Antibody tests assist in tracking the spread of disease, which in turn gives a more precise representation of the pandemic. They help in assessing the number of individuals with the previous infection, which is a significant factor in assessing whether herd immunity is obtained or not.Tests which can differentiate between IgM and IgG could provide useful data about the ongoing phase of infection, indicating the duration of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Another benefit of accurate antibody testing is that it can identify potential donors for convalescent plasma therapy. They could also be useful in identifying those who should be prioritized for vaccinations when they become available.
Shortcomings of antibody tests
There are several limitations for an antibody test. Taking into consideration that there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans, cross-reactivity is a major challenge. If the test is done too early following an infection, a negative test result may be reported. Furthermore, it is not known whether having antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 will protect an individual from reinfection. The level of immunity and how long it will last are also unknown. Recent studies have shown that the level of antibodies starts to drop after 2 months. This implies the fact that the period for which antibody testing can recognize individuals who have been infected is comparatively short. For the above mentioned reasons, the interpretation of antibody test results should be done with caution.
Molecular assay such as RT-PCR remains the superior option for etiological diagnosis of the COVID-19 patients, whereas antibody tests can serve as a valuable supplementary aid for the mass screening on a community basis. Both molecular and immunological assay helps to combat the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, which has affected millions and also the economy worldwide. Appropriate laboratory tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 and specific antibody response are useful tools in guiding patient care and also in making important public health decisions. However, a final interpretation should be made by correlating with different epidemiological and clinical information.
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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|17||Chia WN, Tan CW, Foo R, Kang AE, Peng Y, Sivalingam V, et al. Serological differentiation between COVID-19 and SARS infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:1497-505.| | <urn:uuid:f71a64bc-45f9-469f-99f3-1a84285dcbdb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jpbsonline.org/printarticle.asp?issn=0975-7406;year=2021;volume=13;issue=5;spage=48;epage=51;aulast=Ravi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.898442 | 3,995 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Pricing can be automatically determined for you if you use SAP's Sales Distribution or SD software. This is one of the more common types of programs used by various businesses to keep operations running smoothly. The Sales Distribution software produced by SAP is able to automatically set pricing for you based on predetermined formulas that account for three different types of pricing structures.
When SAP SM software determines prices in a sales order, it makes the determination based on the type of pricing program being used. Three primary types of pricing programs are available for use as models to determine price: revenue, margin or standard. Each of these programs has a separate set of commands that the software uses to check the Customer Master Maintenance or CMMM database. Once it plugs the proper numbers into to the appropriate formula, it automatically generates a price.
When the SM program sees that the CMMM indicates pricing based on margin, it looks at the percentage of the markup that is set in the system as the default percentage. If no default percentage is indicated, the software automatically checks margin based on location and updates the database according to the default percentage. In some cases, the person who takes the order may change the margin percentage on the order screen. When this occurs, the SM program overrides this percentage, except in certain instances where it is not able to complete an override. For instance, if a sales discount is applied, this stops the program from falling back on the default percentage.
Standard and Revenue
When price is automatically determined based on either revenue or the standard pricing method, there is only one major difference between the two methods: The standard method involves the SM software determining what the existing book price is for the product and calculating the price based on this information.; the revenue model, on the other hand, determines the price based on the gross unit price or the quantity.
Using these types of automatic pricing procedures has its advantages. For one, it takes the guesswork out of pricing strategy and makes it simple for a business to carry out the sales process in an automated fashion. It also makes it possible to price items in large quantities and with various price margins simultaneously. Although it appears complicated because of the complex nature of the software involved, it can be utilized fairly easily once you become familiar with the basic order-taking process.
- Burke/Triolo Productions/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:e77e542e-f91d-4143-9138-69a1be9c3557> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/pricing-procedure-determined-automatically-sales-order-36663.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00500-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90938 | 475 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Discussion in 'Landscape & Cityscape' started by abraxas, Oct 8, 2006.
Even more of this famous moon!
The Landscape and Nature Forum is FULL of these special moon photos ... and I totally missed this moon (our German weather was quite quite against us this year).
I really like THESE vulture photos (the others did not speak so much to me, I was there, I saw them but did not really know what to say). There are some cool close-ups, too, and some nice colours, the "High Vulture" .... erm ... "High Voltage" pic is nice ... and that moon, of course, adds loads to the frames.
I think I like the last one best but I am not sure, there are so many good ones here.
neat captures, i especially enjoyed 4, 6, & 10... :thumbup:
Wow, you've got some really cool shots in that series! Glad you bumped it, or I might have missed it. 4, 7, 9 and 10 are my faves.
Very cool series. Nice work and good eye.
Very nice and funny photos.
Wow, is that moon for real? Awesome! I love #6 & 10. Great job!
Thanks everyone. I'm glad I bumped it. They are kinda so ugly you can't look away. Their flight is so absolutely beautiful though.
Alex06: Yep, the moon is real. I got up early to do this and remembered all the harvest moon shots here on the forum when I went out in the dark and it wasn't dark. I thought this would be the last of the harvest moon this year (unless something came in from Hawaii). I had a great time working to get it in the frame. It was cool, moon on one side, sunrise on the other and buzzards all around. I like the way the moon follows instead of fixes in the sky. It makes lining up shots interesting.
Note: October is a good month for tarantulas in the desert. Last year I got shots of a couple mating/fighting (to the death).
http://digital-desert.com/wildlife/tarantula.html (see the slideshow for the fight photos & others).
Separate names with a comma. | <urn:uuid:562cc074-fed9-4181-8e5e-d3a29de6746e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thephotoforum.com/threads/vultures-the-harvest-moon-at-sunrise-all-that.61217/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961531 | 477 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Fulbright scholar Jason Lee was overheard at a house party last month waxing enthusiastic about one of Beijing’s newest subway lines. “I mean, listen to this. I’m going to be able to go from Zhichun Lu to everything I’d wanna do: Gongti, Guanghua Lu, Guomao … ”
Lee’s ebullience didn’t exactly rub off on the party’s other guests, but his excitement is understandable. While only subway lines four, five and ten will be finished for the Olympics, officials recently announced that when the subway expansion is complete in the year 2020, it will include 22 lines and stretch to 561 kilometers, overtaking London’s and New York City’s subways as the longest metro system in the world.
But the city isn’t stopping there. Last month it made two other groundbreaking announcements: First, Beijing’s strategic underground city (the network of tunnels that currently weave beneath the Tian’anmen area) is currently being expanded so that by 2012 it will occupy 20 million square meters, making it the world’s largest network of its kind. President Hu Jintao has called it an “important strategic effort” for national security and for the safety of future generations.
Embarrassingly, Beijing’s underground city actually lags 40 years behind that of cities in Europe and the United States. In the event of a sudden large-scale disaster or war, shelters in the Western world can hold 80-90 percent of local citizens, while Beijing’s underground city can currently only provide safety for 8-10 percent of its people.
Another development flying below the radar (unless you attended November’s International Conference on Underground Space): Beijing is exploring the possibility of tripling the city’s 30 million square meters of public underground space “to ease ground traffic congestion, land use tension in downtown areas, and environmental problems.” The plan, proposed by the Beijing Urban Planning Commission, includes construction of six underground expressways by 2020 to further ease traffic congestion, mainly within the Second and Third Ring Roads. Aside from the logistical problems of such a project, Duan Jinyu, director of the transport planning department at Tsinghua University, told tbj it’s misdirected simply because “people don’t feel pleasant in underground space.”
Nevertheless, Jason Lee is looking at the bright side of the underside: “The flexibility of this new transportation will give Beijingers a better lifestyle.” However his excitement over Beijing’s subterranean dreams is somewhat hypothetical, perhaps like the plans themselves. “Actually, I won’t still be around in 2008,” he revealed after the party. “But I live so close to where the subway could be.” | <urn:uuid:96d5115a-c31d-4421-8f3b-39b736551351> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://asiatime.blogspot.com/2007/01/beijing-goes-underground.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932089 | 595 | 2.234375 | 2 |
By Brad Wieners
25 November 2014
(Bloomberg Businessweek) – […] As they say, it’s not paranoia if they really are out to delay, rewrite, or kill off a meaningful effort to reduce the build-up of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere. A Powerpoint (MSFT) deck now being circulated by climate activists—a copy of which was sent to Bloomberg Businessweek—suggests that there is a conspiracy. Or, if you prefer, a highly coordinated, multistate coalition that does not want California to succeed at moving off fossil fuels because that might set a nasty precedent for everyone else.
Created by the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA), one of the most powerful oil and gas lobbies in the U.S., the slides and talking points comes from a Nov. 11 presentation to the Washington Research Council. The Powerpoint deck details a plan to throttle AB 32 (also known as the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006) and steps to thwart low carbon fuel standards (known as LCFS) in California, Oregon, and Washington State. Northwest Public Radio appears to have been the first to confirm the authenticity of the deck, which Bloomberg Businessweek did as well, with WSPA spokesman Tupper Hull.
Specifically, the deck from a presentation by WSPA President Catherine Reheis-Boyd lays out the construction of what environmentalists contend is an elaborate “astroturf campaign.” Groups with names such as Oregon Climate Change Campaign, Washington Consumers for Sound Fuel Policy, and AB 32 Implementation Group are made to look and sound like grassroots citizen-activists while promoting oil industry priorities and actually working against the implementation of AB 32. [more] | <urn:uuid:00cb63f1-2366-4caf-b506-a802ab87ab8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.desdemonadespair.net/2014/11/leaked-oil-lobbys-conspiracy-to-kill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945034 | 349 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Comparing a single-stage geocoding method to a multi-stage geocoding method: how much and where do they disagree?
© Lovasi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
Received: 28 November 2006
Accepted: 16 March 2007
Published: 16 March 2007
Geocoding methods vary among spatial epidemiology studies. Errors in the geocoding process and differential match rates may reduce study validity. We compared two geocoding methods using 8,157 Washington State addresses. The multi-stage geocoding method implemented by the state health department used a sequence of local and national reference files. The single-stage method used a single national reference file. For each address geocoded by both methods, we measured the distance between the locations assigned by each method. Area-level characteristics were collected from census data, and modeled as predictors of the discordance between geocoded address coordinates.
The multi-stage method had a higher match rate than the single-stage method: 99% versus 95%. Of 7,686 addresses were geocoded by both methods, 96% were geocoded to the same census tract by both methods and 98% were geocoded to locations within 1 km of each other by the two methods. The distance between geocoded coordinates for the same address was higher in sparsely populated and low poverty areas, and counties with local reference files.
The multi-stage geocoding method had a higher match rate than the single-stage method. An examination of differences in the location assigned to the same address suggested that study results may be most sensitive to the choice of geocoding method in sparsely populated or low-poverty areas.
Spatial epidemiology studies often begin with address geocoding, allowing residences, facilities, or other structures to be geographically located and placed in the context of their surroundings. Errors in the geocoding process lead to incorrect location assignment and misclassification of the corresponding data . Often, however, there is a trade off between minimizing positional error and maximizing the geocoding match rate (percentage of addresses located) . That is, a process or setting may have a higher match rate at the expense of placing the address far from its location, or a higher confidence in the assigned locations at the expense of the match rate. Krieger has encouraged public health researchers to evaluate and report on their geocoding methods, and a number of recent papers have done so [2–10]. In this paper, we compared two geocoding methods: an automated, single-stage method and a multi-stage method used by the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH).
MacDorman found that 21 (43%) of the 49 surveyed state vital statistics departments reported some automated geocoding of address data from vital records. Software tools used varied widely, including in-house software, Matchmaker, Dynamap, Code 1, ArcInfo/ArcView, Finalist/Final Focus, and others. Also, several states subcontracted their geocoding to outside agencies. The WA DOH has an established multi-stage geocoding protocol (described in detail on their website ), which is made available to local health departments and spatially-oriented public health projects throughout the state. The WA DOH uses proprietary address standardization software, local reference data where available, and Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system (TIGER)-based street files from up to four different years . This method required investment in software, proprietary geographic reference data, and programming time. We evaluated how much is gained through a multi-stage process like that of WA DOH, compared to a simpler, single-stage process, by looking at how and where these two methods disagreed.
Using a sample of 8,157 Washington State addresses, we compared the WA DOH multi-stage geocoding method to a single-stage geocoding method based on a single street reference file. We expected to find a higher geocoding match rate with the WA DOH multi-stage process. For addresses geocoded by both methods, we measured the distance between multi-stage and single-stage geocoded coordinates for the same address; we use this "discrepancy-distance" to quantify disagreement between the two methods. We expected that the multi-stage and single-stage geocoded address coordinates would be more similar, and discrepancy-distances smaller, in more densely populated areas and areas where national street files were used as a reference for both geocoding methods. Further, we hypothesized that the two geocoding methods would disagree less, as indicated by smaller discrepancy-distances, in low poverty areas.
Of the 8,157 Washington State addresses, we were able to geocode 8,098 (99%) by at least one method and 7,686 (95%) addresses by both methods. The multi-stage geocoding process matched 8,058 (99%) of the addresses, and the single-stage geocoding method matched 7,726 (95%).
While we included addresses in each of the 39 counties in Washington State, more of the geocoded addresses were in the densely populated counties. According to Census data from the year 2000, Washington State had an overall density of 34 residents per square kilometer; 68% of our geocoded addresses were in the 8 counties with densities higher than 34 residents per square kilometer. In the state, 10% of the population was below the federal poverty line; 51% of our geocoded addresses were in counties with less than 10% poverty.
While local reference data (tax parcels or street files from local government agencies) have been recommended for greater geocoding accuracy [9, 13, 14], these data are not uniformly available. Of all Washington State residents in the year 2000, 61% lived in counties with local street data and 68% lived in counties with parcel data; 59% and 63% of the geocoded addresses in our study were in counties with local street data and parcel data, respectively.
Area characteristics for geocoded addresses
Multi-stage method only
Single-stage method only
N = 7686
N = 372
N = 40
Parcel data available, %
Local street data available, %
Density, median, population/km2
Census block group
Percent poverty, median
Census block group
For those addresses matched by both methods, 96% (7,374) were geocoded to the same census tract by each method; of addresses in the same census tract, 93% (6,859) were geocoded to the same census block group by both methods. The density and percent poverty based on the two geocoding results generally agreed as well: for density, intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.97, and 0.93 at the census tract and census block group levels, respectively; for percent poverty, intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.97 and 0.89 at the census tract, and census block group levels.
Distance between locations for the same address assigned by two geocoding methods, by area characteristics
Arith. mean (95% CI)
Geo. mean (95% CI)
Percent > 1 km apart
160 (140, 179)
49 (48, 51)
Census Tract Poverty*
156 (77, 234)
28 (25, 30)
10 to 19%
169 (135, 203)
46 (44, 49)
< 10 %
156 (132, 180)
59 (57, 61)
Census Tract Density* (population/km 2 )
106 (83, 129)
44 (43, 46)
500 – 999
141 (108, 174)
50 (47, 53)
200 – 499
213 (140, 286)
49 (45, 54)
281 (218, 345)
66 (61, 71)
Most common reference for multi-stage method*
152 (128, 176)
61 (59, 62)
136 (107, 165)
52 (48, 56)
191 (140, 242)
30 (28, 32)
Multi-variable regression model of discrepancy-distance
Ratio of discrepancy-distance medians* (95% CI)
Poverty in census tract
0.87 (0.85 – 0.91)
Density of census tract
0.90 (0.88 – 0.91)
Multi-stage reference file
In stratified analyses, the effects of poverty and density were in the same direction, but were most pronounced where both geocoding methods used TIGER-based street files: median ratio was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75 – 0.86) for doubling poverty in this subgroup (likelihood ratio test p for interaction: < 0.001) for a doubling of density and the ratio was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83 – 0.88).
We found that a multi-stage geocoding method implemented by the WA DOH achieved a match rate 4% higher than that achieved by a single-stage method. Most addresses were matched by both methods, but they were not geocoded to exactly the same coordinates by each method: 10% of addresses were assigned locations at least 180 meters apart by the multi-stage and single-stage methods, and 2% of addresses were assigned locations at least one kilometer apart. Locations assigned by the two methods were closer together in high density and high poverty areas, and in areas where reference data sources were most similar for the two methods. The results for area-level poverty, which were contrary to our hypothesis, were not explained by density or availability of local reference files. The associations of area-level poverty and density with discrepancy-distance were strongest where the two methods used similar reference files.
Previous studies have evaluated different single-stage geocoding methods or geocoding vendors [2–4], automated versus interactive geocoding methods , or compared a single-stage geocoding method with a gold standard [7, 8]. Also, McElroy described and recommended the use of a multi-stage geocoding process, despite added costs . Our study contributes to this literature by (1) providing further information on geocoding results of a multi-stage process as compared to a single-stage process, (2) confirming previous findings that geocoding methods may have better agreement in densely populated areas [4, 7–9], and (3) suggesting that geocoding methods may also have better agreement in high poverty areas, after controlling for population density. Geocoding discrepancies in low poverty areas could be due to differences in address quality, reference file quality, or other determinants of geocoding error (such as recent redevelopment, street length, or lot size). If this association is confirmed, further research will be needed to distinguish among these possibilities.
Our study investigated whether single-stage geocoded address coordinates were systematically shifted relative to the multi-stage address coordinates. We found that the single-stage coordinates were shifted north-south and east-west relative to the multi-stage coordinates more often than would be expected by chance alone. This may have been due to different assumptions about how addresses are spaced along a street , since WA streets are more likely to be oriented in the cardinal directions than would be expected by chance. In Washington State, we estimated that 42 percent of street segments are within five degrees of being oriented directly north-south or east-west (only 11 percent expected by chance). This directional shift finding may be most relevant to areas where urban planners played an active role in establishing N-S and E-W roadway grids.
Since the accuracy of address geocoding depends on address quality, preprocessing, program settings and reference maps , further research is needed to understand the effects of each component. While our study and others have controlled for address quality by using the same addresses for both methods, we simultaneously examined differences in preprocessing, geocoding software, and reference maps. A limitation of our study is that we did not discern which elements contributed most to the difference between the two geocoding methods under investigation, and cannot use these data to project differences between other approaches. We considered only one of many possible contrasts between geocoding methods, by comparing one multi-stage process to one single-stage process. Given that these two methods were implemented independently, using different software packages and reference files, this contrast may provide an upper bound for how much geocoding methods in large research studies would be expected to differ for a state-wide administrative data set. Also, we had no gold standard with which to evaluate the relative accuracy of the two geocoding methods; however, a third geocoding method using satellite images (implemented using Google Earth Pro, as described below in the Methods section on Supplemental geocoding) agreed more closely with the multi-stage geocoding method. Rather than focusing on comparisons with a gold standard, we evaluated which area characteristics predicted larger discrepancies between two geocoding methods.
Another limitation was that there may have been unmeasured or residual confounding by address or area characteristics in this study, interfering with our ability to assess which characteristics predicted geocoding discrepancies. Finally, the geographic scope and distribution of our study addresses limits the generalizability of this Washington-based study . These data were statewide and may be similar to other health department address data; however, the geocoded addresses were all numbered street addresses with ZIP codes and did not include Post Office boxes.
The importance of the differences between any two methods depends on the context and purpose of geocoding. Both the level of analysis and hypothesized exposure effects will influence the cost of geocoding errors. The available data or confidentiality protections may constrain some researchers to work with data at the zip code or census tract level, or even "jittered" address locations with deliberately introduced error. Some researchers might find our 96% concordance at the census tract level encouraging. Single-stage geocoding using street addresses may be adequate for some research purposes. However, for a study of small-scale environmental exposures, such as radiation, the ability to detect or replicate an association may depend on the geocoding method selected, and even multi-stage geocoding may place addresses far from their actual locations. The importance of relative geocoding precision may also vary across areas. For example, the commonly observed pattern of decreased geocoding accuracy in sparsely populated areas may be of little concern if an exposure, such as air pollution, is less variable across small distances in a rural context. Geocoding match rates which vary among geocoding methods can also affect the power and external validity of spatial epidemiology studies; subjects with unmatched addresses may not be representative and are generally excluded from further analyses.
We refer those choosing a geocoding method for a particular study, research group or health department to previously published reviews and recommendations [1, 3, 6, 14]. Based on our experience, even a group with limited resources and time can incorporate geocoding through a low-cost, single-stage method, like the one described here. This is likely to be adequate when (1) the addresses are relatively free of spelling and formatting errors, as may be the case with billing addresses; (2) the addresses of interest are mainly in high density or high poverty areas; and (3) the exposure of interest varies only gradually with distance. For organizations like the Washington State DOH, initial costs for setting and validating a multi-stage system may facilitate a variety of projects by improving match rates and utilizing local geographic files when available. Another option, not evaluated here, would be using a commercial geocoding vendor [2, 4, 7].
The multi-stage geocoding method examined in our study had the advantage of a higher match rate, but without a gold standard with which to gauge the accuracy of the two geocoding methods we could only guess the relative validity of the two methods. Our findings and those of previous studies suggest that the choice of geocoding method may be especially influential in areas with low density or low poverty.
A sample of addresses throughout Washington State was geocoded using the multi-stage WA DOH method and a single-stage method within a GIS software package. This convenience sample included 8,753 addresses of licensed daycare providers in Washington State, collected from 2003–2005 by the Children's Administration of the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services.
All addresses had an accompanying ZIP code, but two were street intersections and 156 others had no street number. The addresses without street numbers were not geocoded by either method. There were also 475 Post Office boxes and two Mail Stop numbers. After intersections, addresses without a street number, Post Office boxes and Mail Stops were excluded, 8,157 addresses remained in our analyses.
The multi-stage geocoding method used by the WA DOH is documented online . This method began with automated preprocessing: automated address correction, standardization to United States Postal Service (USPS) format, and parsing. Preprocessing was done using Centrus software .
After preprocessing, addresses were geocoded in stages by matching them to different reference maps of tax parcels or streets using ArcView 3.2 . At each stage, the remaining unmatched addresses were geocoded using a different reference file. Tax parcel data linking addresses to geographic coordinates were used first, accounting for 45% of the address matches, but were used in only 8 of 39 counties. For those addresses not matched to parcels, the following street reference files were used, in this order: local street reference files (available for 14 counties in Washington State, 21% of address matches); enhanced TIGER-based NAVTEQ GPS Streets (from Navigation Technologies , 25% of address matches); and TIGER-based line files (including the Geographic Data Technology Dynamap, provided with ArcView ). In addition to year 2000 TIGER-based line files (accounting for 8% of address matches), TIGER-based line files from three other years were used (1998, 1995, 1992); these earlier years were used to match only one percent of the study addresses. Geocoding was attempted for each reference file using strict criteria to identify a match, and these stages were repeated for addresses that had not yet been matched using less stringent match criteria. This geocoding sequence was executed using custom-written program scripts in the language Avenue .
To assess data accuracy/availability at the county level, we recorded the type of reference file (local parcel, local street, or TIGER-based street file) most commonly used for the multi-stage geocoding process for each county. We also categorized counties according to whether local parcel and street data, collected from 2000 to 2003, were available to WA DOH at the time of multi-stage geocoding.
Single-stage geocoding for this project was done using Maptitude GIS software, version 4.7 . This software was selected as representative of GIS software products that include street files (value-added TIGER files), and because address standardization to USPS format is done as part the geocoding process. Directional prefixes (e.g. the "N" in "N 123 Fourth St") in 68 addresses prevented the single-stage method from finding a match, but 97% of these addresses were matched by the multi-stage method.
We used the default geocoding setting to identify exact or approximate ("normal") street address matches within the provided postal code. In a sensitivity analysis, a very strict match criterion reduced the single-stage match rate to 67 percent, and reduced the proportion of discrepancy-distances above one kilometer to 0.5 percent (mean discrepancy-distance was reduced from 160 meters to 91 meters). Another sensitivity analysis showed that changing the offset from 25 to 30 feet in order to match the offset of the multi-stage method did not change any of the results substantially.
Supplemental geocoding results using satellite images
Original geocoding result
1000 (a random sample)
Number (%) matched by Google Earth Pro
Distance to single-stage geocoded location, meters
50th percentile (median)
Proportion > 1000, %
Distance to multi-stage geocoded location, meters
50th percentile (median)
Proportion > 1000, %
For both the multi-stage and single-stage address coordinates we collected information on characteristics of the surrounding county, census tract, and census block group using a point-in-polygon process. A point-in-polygon process was used, despite the limitations of this method , for consistency across geocoding reference files. Percent of poverty was selected as a measure of neighborhood socioeconomic status . Density (population/area) and poverty (percent of individuals below the federal poverty line) were based on the 2000 Census. These data are included with the Maptitude software for the county and census tract levels , and were obtained for census block groups through the Washington State Geospatial Data Archive .
Intra-class correlation coefficients for census tract density (0.24, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.41) and poverty (0.31, 95% CI: 12 to 51) by county indicated that census tracts in the same county tend to be similar. Likewise, intra-class correlation coefficients for census block group density (0.69, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.71) and poverty (0.68, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.71) by census tract indicated that census block groups in the same census tract tend to be similar. The correlation between poverty and density in our Washington State sample varied by level of measurement: -0.66, 0.16 and 0.21 for county, census tract, and census block group levels, respectively.
Addresses were primarily described using the characteristics of areas surrounding the multi-stage address coordinates. For the addresses geocoded by both methods, we examined concordance by area and area characteristics. For the few addresses geocoded only by the single-stage geocoding method (N = 42), we used areas surrounding the single-stage coordinates.
Distance between the multi-stage and single-stage geocoded address coordinates (discrepancy-distance) was used to describe how these two geocoding methods would differ for spatial epidemiology studies. To calculate distance from longitudes and latitudes we used the Haversine formula . A greater discrepancy-distance would indicate more difference between the results of the two methods. The degree of difference may result from lower precision for one or both methods, or from a shift between the reference files used by the two methods. The distribution of discrepancy-distances across categories was shown using smoothed kernel density plots.
We used a bulls-eye plot [4, 8] to show the directional bias of single-stage geocoded address coordinates with respect to the corresponding multi-stage coordinates. Each dot on this plot represents one address that was geocoded by both methods. The multi-stage geocoded address coordinates were placed at the origin for each address, and the relative position of the single-stage coordinates was shown as a dot. Dots close to the center (0,0) had small discrepancy-distances. A dot directly above the center had a single-stage geocoded address coordinates further north than the corresponding multi-stage coordinates, and a discrepancy-distance equal to the distance away from the center. Dots randomly scattered in each direction would indicate no directional bias, whereas an off-center cloud would indicate systematic bias. An angular histogram was also used to explore the direction of displacement. In this angular histogram, frequencies were proportional to the radial length of each slice.
Concordance of area-based characteristics for locations assigned by the two geocoding methods was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients which incorporated information on bias as well as association .
Hypotheses regarding differences in discrepancy-distance by area-level characteristics were tested using linear regression models with robust variance estimation in Stata 8.2 . We fit regression models with log-transformed discrepancy-distance as the outcome; predictors were log-transformed population density, log-transformed percent below poverty line, and the most common reference file used for the multi-stage method in that county (three categories). Log-transformations were used to moderate skewness and heteroscedasticity.
We present model results as ratios of geometric means, which are approximately equivalent to ratios of medians. Geometric means or medians are used as measures of central tendency because of the skewed distribution of discrepancy-distances: many discrepancy-distances are quite close to zero, and only a few are above one kilometer, so that the mean is consistently higher than the median (for a normal distribution, the mean and median are approximately equal). A 10% decrease in the median discrepancy-distance can be interpreted as a shift in the distribution such that the midpoint decreases by 10%, even though the skewed shape remains. More generally, this decrease in discrepancy-distances indicates that the two methods are in closer agreement, geocoding the same address to longitudes and latitudes that are closer together.
This research was supported by contracts R01-HL043201, R01-HL068639, and T32-HL07902 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, by grant R01-AG09556 from the National Institute on Aging, and by a University of Washington Royalty Research Fund Award. GSL, a Health and Society Scholar at Columbia University, thanks the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Health & Society Scholars Program for its financial support.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:8f181ea3-8f5b-4a23-9737-d6c45df0462a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-072X-6-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914744 | 6,608 | 2.203125 | 2 |
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With more than 50 non-fiction books and numerous magazine articles to his credit, Allen Wyatt is an internationally recognized author. He is president of Sharon Parq Associates, a computer and publishing services company.
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Please Note: This article is written for users of the following Microsoft Excel versions: 97, 2000, 2002, and 2003. If you are using a later version (Excel 2007 or later), this tip may not work for you. For a version of this tip written specifically for later versions of Excel, click here: Colors in an IF Function.
Steve would like to create an IF statement (using the worksheet function) based on the color of a cell. For example, if A1 has a green fill, he wants to return the word "go", if it has a red fill, he wants to return the word "stop", and if it is any other color return the word "neither". Steve prefers to not use a macro to do this.
Unfortunately, there is no way to acceptably accomplish this task without using macros, in one form or another. The closest non-macro solution is to create a name that determines colors, in this manner:
With this name defined, you can, in any cell, enter the following:
The result is that you will see text based upon the color of the cell in which you place this formula. The drawback to this approach, of course, is that it doesn't allow you to reference cells other than the one in which the formula is placed.
The solution, then, is to use a user-defined function, which is (by definition) a macro. The macro can check the color with which a cell is filled and then return a value. For instance, the following example returns one of the three words, based on the color in a target cell:
Function CheckColor1(range) If range.Interior.Color = RGB(256, 0, 0) Then CheckColor1 = "Stop" ElseIf range.Interior.Color = RGB(0, 256, 0) Then CheckColor1 = "Go" Else CheckColor1 = "Neither" End If End Function
This macro evaluates the RGB values of the colors in a cell, and returns a string based on those values. You could use the function in a cell in this manner:
If you prefer to check index colors instead of RGB colors, then the following variation will work:
Function CheckColor2(range) If range.Interior.ColorIndex = 3 Then CheckColor2 = "Stop" ElseIf range.Interior.ColorIndex = 14 Then CheckColor2 = "Go" Else CheckColor2 = "Neither" End If End Function
Whether you are using the RGB approach or the color index approach, you'll want to check to make sure that the values used in the macros reflect the actual values used for the colors in the cells you are testing. In other words, Excel allows you to use different shades of green and red, so you'll want to make sure that the RGB values and color index values used in the macros match those used by the color shades in your cells.
One way you can do this is to use a very simple macro that does nothing but return a color index value:
Function GetFillColor(Rng As Range) As Long GetFillColor = Rng.Interior.ColorIndex End Function
Now, in your worksheet, you can use the following:
The result is the color index value of cell B5 is displayed. Assuming that cell B5 is formatted using one of the colors you expect (red or green), you can plug the index value back into the earlier macros to get the desired results. You could simply skip that step, however, and rely on the value returned by GetFillColor to put together an IF formula, in this manner:
=IF(GetFillColor(B5)=14,"Go", IF(GetFillColor(B5)=3,"Stop", "Neither"))
You'll want to keep in mind that these functions (whether you look at the RGB color values or the color index values) examine the explicit formatting of a cell. They don't take into account any implicit formatting, such as that applied through conditional formatting.
For some other good ideas, formulas, and functions on working with colors, refer to this page at Chip Pearson's website:
ExcelTips is your source for cost-effective Microsoft Excel training. This tip (10779) applies to Microsoft Excel 97, 2000, 2002, and 2003. You can find a version of this tip for the ribbon interface of Excel (Excel 2007 and later) here: Colors in an IF Function.
Excel Smarts for Beginners! Featuring the friendly and trusted For Dummies style, this popular guide shows beginners how to get up and running with Excel while also helping more experienced users get comfortable with the newest features. Check out Excel 2013 For Dummies today! | <urn:uuid:30246083-c196-471c-af0b-34bfcd866715> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://excel.tips.net/T010779_Colors_in_an_IF_Function.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869869 | 1,074 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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