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Understanding Latimer County, Oklahoma Property Taxes
Overview of Latimer County, OK Property Taxes
Out of the 77 counties in Oklahoma, Latimer County has the 76th highest property tax rate. Compared to the state average of 0.39%, homeowners pay an average of 0.00% more. Put another way, if you live in Latimer County, you can expect to pay $3.90 for every $1,000 of real estate value, or 0.39%.
Latimer County Property Search
If you are planning to buy a home in Latimer County and want to understand the size of your property tax bill and other home information, use the Latimer County Property Lookup Tool. | <urn:uuid:bf381093-d04e-4390-82c0-5a4cbfe42da7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://app.taxproper.com/main/content/taxes-by-county/OK/latimer-county/2211 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.911782 | 142 | 1.835938 | 2 |
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.
Artikel Terkait : | <urn:uuid:e5ad925b-bb07-415d-95bd-c37ee6d9c70c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bos-sulap.blogspot.com/2010/09/example-of-report-text-mangrove-trees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00519-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977742 | 314 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Man's devotion to Farmers Branch cemetery
keeps area's history alive|
|08:48 PM CST on Thursday, December 27, 2007
By STEPHANIE SANDOVAL / The Dallas Morning News
Paul Dafft has long loved poking around old cemeteries.
Paul Dafft Often, he's poked quite literally, sticking a steel pole into the
ground in search of long-buried grave markers, especially at his beloved
Farmers Branch (Keenan) Cemetery.
"When Paul reads that a person was buried in the Keenan Cemetery for which
there is no marker, he becomes a man on a mission," said Marjorie Cutler,
secretary of the Keenan Cemetery association. "Then, armed with a probe, he
walks the cemetery for days until he finds the buried marker, moves it to
the surface, does any restoration necessary and resets the marker."
For more than 30 years, the Carrollton resident has been one of the primary
volunteer caretakers of the historical burial ground, tracing the histories
of those who lie there, clearing weeds and unearthing long-hidden
headstones, sometimes at the families' request, other times to satisfy
REX C. CURRY/ Special Contributor
Keenan Cemetery is the burial site of 2-month-old John Keenan, the
first baby born to settlers in what would become Dallas County. The
cemetery holds seven members of the Keenan family, as well as an
assortment of pioneers, lawmen and gunfighters. Now, terminally ill
with cancer, Mr. Dafft is preparing to take his own place in the
He'll do so with a measure of peace, knowing the city of Farmers Branch has
agreed to take over maintenance and operations from the aging members of the
cemetery association. The transfer is slated for early in the new year.
"It's the most historic cemetery in Dallas County," Mr. Dafft said. "We
can't find any of them that's any older than this one."
Indeed, Indians and buffalo still roamed when
Thomas and Sarah Keenan
settled in the area, then known as Peter's Colony, in 1842.
The couple's son John holds two distinctions. He was the first child born to
settlers in what would become Dallas County. And, after his death in 1843,
at the age of 2 months, he occupied the first grave in what would become
As more settlers moved in and some died, the Keenans opened their family
burial ground up to others. In 1875, settlers donated that land and more,
1.5 acres in all, to Union Baptist Church for a formal cemetery.
Three state historical markers stand there now, one for the cemetery itself,
another marking the baby Keenan grave site and one noting the burial site of
the Rev. David Meyers, who founded Union Baptist out of the Keenans' home in
1846. He died seven years later of pneumonia, which he developed, according
to local historians, after riding home in a cold rain from delivering a
sermon in Collin County.
The cemetery holds seven members of the Keenan family, as well as an
assortment of pioneers, lawmen and gunfighters.
Among the latter is early Carrollton settler A.W. Perry's son Sanford
Commodore Perry, who Mr. Dafft said was killed in a gunfight at Poor's
Tavern in 1876.
There's also a deputy sheriff who was shot to death in the 1890s.
And Constable Riley Burnett, who was gunned down in 1893. Mr. Dafft learned
that residents, infuriated over the constable's shooting, were about to
convene a hanging when the sheriff intervened.
"We have all kinds of characters down there, good ones and bad ones," Mr.
The man to ask
Local residents say that if anyone wants to know the cemetery's history, Mr.
Dafft is the one to ask. Researching the history and caring for the cemetery
has been his passion.
His first ex-wife, Marthann Dafft, joked that "if I were dead and buried,
he'd know where I was born, when I was born, everything about me. But when
we were married ... he couldn't remember anything."
Mr. Dafft was born and raised in Carrollton, moved to Farmers Branch in 1959
after he married, and moved back after his first divorce, settling in a
house he had bought before age 21 for his mother and younger brother.
He served as a telegrapher in the Navy, then worked as a telegrapher and
station agent for the Cotton Belt Railroad before retiring.
Mr. Dafft's mother and father are buried in the cemetery, which sits just
northeast of City Hall, as are his second ex-wife, a brother and a son.
And, of course, he plans to be buried there himself.
Mr. Dafft joined the cemetery association in 1976, served as its vice
president from 1994 to 1997 and has been president ever since. He is
credited with bringing the first waterline into the cemetery, researching
information for the state historical markers, obtaining and placing military
markers on veterans' graves, adding a flagpole, planting trees and
organizing the installation of a wrought-iron fence.
"You can definitely tell it has been a labor of love for him," said Derrick
Birdsall, superintendent of the Farmers Branch Historical Park.
Mr. Dafft is wary of accepting too much credit. "I want to dispel the myth
that I did this myself," he said. "This was not a one-man job."
Mrs. Cutler agreed, to a point. "A lot of people have really worked to
preserve this cemetery," she said. "But Paul Dafft certainly in recent years
has been the driving force of maintaining it."
Keeping up appearances
The cemetery association was founded in the 1930s, but as time went on, the
folks who cared about the place moved away or died. By about 30 years ago,
Mr. Dafft said, the graveyard had become overgrown and unkempt.
That's when he and other association members went to work setting things
But as they aged, they worried that no one would be left to continue. Now,
the city's parks department will take over, nearly four years after Mr.
Dafft and other cemetery association members first approached city
Getting ownership transferred was a long process because of state laws
governing cemeteries and historical places, City Manager Gary Greer said.
Assistant City Manager Greg Vick said city records show about 1,100 burial
sites in the cemetery, 854 of them with headstones. The city will allow more
burials for people who have purchased the remaining plots. But Mr. Vick said
the cemetery is about full.
"I think what the council wants to do with that is basically preserve it as
a historic and important cemetery for the city," Mr. Greer said, "so we will
maintain it in the manner that it keeps a pleasing look to it."
And that allows Mr. Dafft to face his passing peacefully.
"That was our main goal, for perpetual care for the cemetery, because we
knew we were running out of time and the membership was getting old," he
said. "There's not the slightest doubt in my mind that the city's going to
take over and do a good job on it." | <urn:uuid:912b00e6-ab7b-47d2-94b5-27ad29ac818a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~txccarro/Cemeteries/Keenan/Misc/Paul_Dafft_Article/Paul_Dafft_Article.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00486-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977777 | 1,616 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Representatives of “the 99 percent” have been camping out in lower Manhattan to protest economic inequality since late September, but the riches on display at some of their home addresses clearly came from “1 percent” families.
We searched Google Maps and the real estate Multiple Listing Service for the home addresses police collected during the arrests of less-than-law-abiding New York City “occupiers,” and found dream homes aplenty. These opulent houses include in-ground swimming pools, manicured lawns, and golf course access.
Frustrated with the rich? Tell a protester. Isn’t life rough?
David Martosko contributed captions to this article. | <urn:uuid:8cee66af-d035-4f68-ab96-28747dd6d8d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://dailycaller.com/2011/11/02/opulent-homes-of-the-99-percent-slideshow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00508-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932763 | 147 | 1.5 | 2 |
Even if many people think of dangerous jobs as belonging to police and fire first responders, as well as manufacturing and construction workers, the people who supply us with day-to-day household needs and luxuries also have surprisingly dangerous dangers.
Wholesale warehouse and retail jobs are higher on New York’s lists of dangerous jobs than you might expect, even at relatively ordinary times in the nation’s history.
Citing New York area businesses keeps OSHA busy
An article late last year reported that the Staten Island warehouse of the world’s largest online retailer had what it called a staggering rate of injuries. “Plugging the information contained in the forms into OSHA’s own incident rate calculator, [the workplace] scored a whopping 15.19 in 2018. For contrast, in 2018, sawmills scored a 6.1; steel foundries: 10.2.”
Also late last year, OSHA cited a well-known chain of discount stores for a variety of safety hazards. They included boxes and equipment blocking an exit route in a storage room, unsecured boxes stacked to the ceiling, and piles of equipment and boxes blocking access to a circuit breaker at the company’s Elmira store. OSHA writes that it “cited the retailer for similar violations at locations in Bronx, Amityville, Lindenhurst, and Yonkers in 2014 and 2015.”
It was announced in February of this year that, after an employee fall led to hospitalization, OSHA opened an investigation into conditions at an “artisan baked” cookie company. They found employees were told to get supplies stored on top of a breakroom by standing on the forks of a forklift while it lifted them. Once there, the area had no guardrails to protect them from falling.
Warehouses and retail we rely on also injure workers
Judging from the latest numbers from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, New Yorkers experienced particularly high rates of lost days from work due to injuries and illnesses at such jobs. Among the businesses with higher rates are wholesale warehousing, building material and garden equipment dealers, food and beverage stores, and general merchandise stores.
In one report from the Centers for Disease Control, the most common causes of lost days from work in wholesale and retail work included “contact with objects/equipment,” which often includes being struck by falling objects, collisions with forklifts and carts, getting trapped by machines, etc. Wholesale work also stood out for its relatively high rate of transportation injuries.
Other wholesale and retail injuries come from overexertion from lifting, pulling, etc., and falling either on the floor (“falls to the same level”) or falling to a lower level. | <urn:uuid:3ab199e2-b80e-47ca-a6fc-a7e4aa3b90a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ekjlaw.com/new-york-warehouse-and-retail-jobs-often-dangerous/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.963194 | 568 | 1.921875 | 2 |
How to Help Your Child Improve Their Reading, Writing, & Math Skills in 20 Minutes a DayMarch 10th, 2010
I have had such an overwhelming response from last night’s call; I am truly humbled.
“We’ve already done some of the exercises you told us about. My kids thought they were fun! I just wish we had found you before we had spent thousands of dollars.” Kathy G
“I like that I can use this for all of my kids, not just my struggling one. I like that. That’s a big plus.” Linda E.
“I was able to join the call via the web conference and from what I heard, it was very exciting! Then I had tech problems. Any chance of being able to listen again?” Elise C.
“I so-o-o appreciate your making it doable via computer.” Tricia L
“Thank you so much for the information!” Rachel B
“I didn’t know there were so many easy ways I could help my son.” Susan B
For those of you that were unable to attend, I have twisted Susan’s arm and we are doing it again this Saturday. This is another chance for you to join in to the FREE private training call.
How to Help Your Child Improve Their Reading, Writing, & Math Skills in 20 Minutes a Day
Sat. March 13th 11am PST, noon MST, 1pm CST, and 2pm EST.
Upon registration, you will receive the call in information and a Handbook on How to Help Your Child Improve Their Skills.
You can either call in or attend via the web.
Bonnie Terry, M. Ed., BCET | <urn:uuid:1c8f041e-c1bc-4ed3-87ff-640f5c650b4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bonnieterrylearning.com/blog/how-to-help-your-child-improve-their-reading-writing-math-skills-in-20-minutes-a-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.96712 | 375 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Why Overtime Is Bad for Your Health—and How to Avoid It
How often do you stay late at work? Do you come in early most days to avoid it but always end up leaving later than clock-off time anyway? Well we're here to tell you there will never be enough hours in the day, there will always be more work to do, and the more you work overtime, the unhealthier you will become, both mentally and physically. Regularly working 10- or 11-hour days actually increases the risk of heart disease by 60%. But despite these alarming figures, a recent report found that the average "40-hour week" is actually longer by seven hours, which means we are working an entire extra day every week. In the same study, nearly four in 10 Americans say they work at least 50 hours. Joe Staples of Workfront told Forbes that salaried workers are hit the hardest, with "25% logging 60 hours per week, which equals working 12-hour days from Monday to Friday." This has to stop. If Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg can leave the office on time, then so can you. Scroll down to discover a few tips to avoid overtime.
Try not to focus on the amount of hours you put into the day, and write a list and prioritize so you can maximize those hours to get the job(s) done. Be realistic with your to-do list too. Make sure you are fulfilling the job requirements and meeting the deadlines for that day. Then let your team know what you've achieved so they know you're on task too.
Establish a strong relationship with your boss or team leader and set up a meeting to discuss your strengths and weaknesses. From here, you can set realistic targets together. The key to making this work is communication. Be sure to make your boss aware of how you're coping with the new workload set, and let him/her know if it's getting to be too much. Your boss won't have a productive employee if you're overworked and too tired. So it's important to both parties that you find the right balance.
With the advent of technology, there are more opportunities for employees to work remotely, with flexible working hours between home and the office now more commonplace. If you find you're logging too much time at work and it's becoming unhealthy, discuss working part of the week from home. As long as you are disciplined and still complete all your work, there shouldn't be a problem. In fact, Forbes reports flexibility can actually boost employee productivity. "Research shows that employees are healthier, experience less stress, and are more productive and engaged when they effectively make choices about how, where, and when they work," says Ellen Ernst Kossek, author and University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University.
If you're always the last one out the office door each night, then it might be time to have a productivity refresher course. There are plenty of simple yet effective hacks that can help you complete your tasks in a timely and efficient manner. If you're after a few tricks, then these 20 productivity hacks from our most successful and driven friends are sure to help.
This is critical to your daily performance. If you tend to make every new task a top priority, you'll find yourself scrambling to finish them all at the same time, and then wonder why you're working back late. Identify the tasks that need immediate attention or that have a set deadline. Then focus on the value; for example, client emails should come before internal. Try to write this down each morning and keep that set list beside you, crossing it off as you go.
It's so important to physically and mentally leave the office, and that means leaving your phone alone. We've all succumbed to that new email notification beep at 10 p.m., but you should wait until you're back in the office to respond. If you can't help yourself, then the iPhone's "Do Not Disturb" feature, or Android App, will be your new best friend. You simply set the time span, it could be from 9 p.m. until 6 a.m., and all calls and alerts will be silenced during that period. If you are expecting an important call, then you can set it to allow calls from "Favorites" or repeated calls if they call more than once in a three-minute window.
We all tend to stay a little late most days, but it's toxic if that extends beyond an hour every day. So to prevent this from happening, don't lose track of the time. Sometimes we are so zoned in on what we're doing that we forget about the clock. Just set up a simple reminder alarm on your Google calendar, maybe about 30 minutes after your normal clock-off time. It's amazing how this little notification can keep you on task and more aware. It will also give you that subtle push you need to finish what you're doing and log off.
Shop some of our favorite productivity products below.
What are your tips for getting out of the office on time? Share it with us in the comments.
Opening Image: bauersyndication.com.au | <urn:uuid:a2374d74-9638-4fd0-9739-a1433cffbf74> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mydomaine.com/toxic-overtime | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962936 | 1,063 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Solar Access Program
LET'S CHANGE THE WAY WE GENERATE POWER.
The Solar Access Program allows any building — regardless of the owners' income or credit score — to host solar panels in exchange for clean power and energy savings. We do not require cash payments or restrictive purchasing contracts like power purchasing agreements (PPAs).
The Solar Access Program is offered through a partnership with Resonant Energy. Through our Solar Hosting Agreement, any household can lease their roof to Resonant Energy. We'll build a solar system on it, and give you part of the system's power output in the place of a lease payment. Project hosts typically see electricity savings in the range of 20% - 50%, which is two to five times higher than the savings offered under standard PPAs.
And if you're a renter? No problem. Resonant Energy will give half the savings to your landlord for letting us use the property, and half to you for participating in the project. | <urn:uuid:7b280d37-df6c-4cc2-a6ca-331a9879cb83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cooppower.coop/solar-access-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921127 | 198 | 1.554688 | 2 |
“The nuclear doomsday machine.” It’s a Cold War term that has long seemed obsolete.
And even back then, the “doomsday machine” was regarded as a scary conjectural fiction. Not impossible to create—the physics and mechanics of it were first spelled out by U.S. nuclear scientist Leo Szilard—but never actually created, having a real existence only in such apocalyptic nightmares as Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove.
In Strangelove, the doomsday machine was a Soviet system that automatically detonated some 50 cobalt-jacketed hydrogen bombs pre-positioned around the planet if the doomsday system’s sensors detected a nuclear attack on Russian soil. Thus, even an accidental or (as in Strangelove) an unauthorized U.S. nuclear bomb could set off the doomsday machine bombs, releasing enough deadly cobalt fallout to make the Earth uninhabitable for the human species for 93 years. No human hand could stop the fully automated apocalypse.
An extreme fantasy, yes. But according to a new book called Doomsday Menand several papers on the subject by U.S. analysts, it may not have been merely a fantasy. According to these accounts, the Soviets built and activated a variation of a doomsday machine in the mid-’80s. And there is no evidence Putin’s Russia has deactivated the system.
Instead, something was reactivated in Russia last week. I’m referring to the ominous announcement—given insufficient attention by most U.S. media (the Economist made it the opening of a lead editorial on Putin’s Russia)—by Vladimir Putin that Russia has resumed regular “strategic flights” of nuclear bombers. (They may or may not be carrying nuclear bombs, but you can practically hear Putin’s smirking tone as he says, “Our [nuclear bomber] pilots have been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life.”)
These twin developments raise a troubling question: What are the United States’ and Russia’s current nuclear policies with regard to how and when they will respond to a perceived nuclear attack? In most accounts, once the president or Russian premier receives radar warning of an attack, they have less than 15 minutes to decide whether the warning is valid. The pressure is on to “use it or lose it”—launch our missiles before they can be destroyed in their silos. Pressure that makes the wrong decision more likely. Pressure that makes accidental nuclear war a real possibility.
Once you start to poke into this matter, you discover a disturbing level of uncertainty, which leads me to believe we should be demanding that the United States and Russia define and defend their nuclear postures. Bush and Putin should be compelled to tell us just what “failsafe” provisions are installed on their respective nuclear bombers, missiles, and submarines—what the current provisions against warning malfunctions are and what kinds of controls there are over the ability of lone madman nuclear bombers to bring on the unhappy end of history.
As for the former Soviet Union, the possible existence of a version of a doomsday machine is both relevant and disturbing.
In the Strangelove film, the Soviet ambassador tells the president and generals in the U.S. war room that the device was designed to deter a surprise attack, the kind of attack that might otherwise prevent retaliation by “decapitating” the Soviet command structure. The automated system would insure massive world-destroying retaliation even if the entire Soviet leadership were wiped out—or had second thoughts. As a result, some referred to it as the “dead hand” doomsday device.
It is Dr. Strangelove himself, the madman U.S. nuclear strategist played by Peter Sellers, who detects the flaw in this plan. After being apprised of the system’s existence by the Soviet ambassador, and the likelihood of its being triggered by a U.S. bomber on an unauthorized mission to nuke its Soviet target, Dr. Strangelove exclaims:
Yes, but the … whole point of the doomsday machine … is lost … if you keep it a secret! Why didn’t you tell the world, eh?
In other words, a doomsday machine kept secret is no good for deterrence, only for retaliation by extinction.
Did the Soviets actually design a variation on a doomsday device and not tell us about it? And could an accidental or terrorist nuclear attack on Putin’s Russia (by Chechens, for instance) trigger an antiquated automated dead-hand system and launch missiles capable of killing tens, maybe hundreds, of millions at unknown targets that might include the United States?
Up until Aug. 10 of this year, I would have thought these questions were best consigned to the realm of apocalyptic film fantasy. But on that day I came upon a startling essay in the London Times Literary Supplement. It was a review (titled “Deadly Devices”) of a book recently published in the United Kingdom: Doomsday Men: The Real Dr. Strangelove and the Dream of the Superweapon by nuclear-age historian P.D. Smith of University College London. (It will be out in the United States in December.)
The TLS reviewer, Christopher Coker (who is on the faculty of the London School of Economics), asserted that the book demonstrates that “only after the Berlin Wall had been breached and … the Cold War began to thaw did military analysts realize the Russians had actually built a version of the [doomsday] device. The details of this top-secret Soviet system were first revealed in 1993 by Bruce G. Blair, a former American ICBM launch control officer, now one of the country’s foremost experts on Russian arms. Fearing that a sneak attack by American submarine-launched missiles might take Moscow out in 13 minutes, the Soviet leadership had authorized the construction of an automated communication network, reinforced to withstand a nuclear strike. At its heart was a computer system similar to the one in Dr. Strangelove. Its code name was Perimetr. It went fully operational in January 1985. It is still in place.”
Wait a minute. Still in place?! How is this possible?
In the endnotes of Smith’s book (which turns out to be an illuminating portrait of the Doomsday weapon concept and its cultural implications), I found a reference to a further description of the Perimetr system in a 2003 Washington Post op-ed by Bruce G. Blair, the former Minuteman ICBM launch control officer who first revealed the existence of the program. (When he wrote the op-ed, he was a Brookings fellow; he is now head of the World Security Institute in Washington, a liberal think tank.)
The op-ed offers a far more detailed and chilling picture of Perimetr than the brief mention devoted to it in the book and review:
Die-hard [U.S.] nuclear war planners actually have their eyes on targets in Russia and China, including missile silos and leadership bunkers. For these planners, the Cold War never ended. Their top two candidates [i.e., targets] in Russia are located inside the Yamantau and Kosvinsky mountains in the central and southern Urals. Both were huge construction projects begun in the late 1970s, when U.S. nuclear firepower took special aim at the Communist Party’s leadership complex. Fearing a decapitating strike, the Soviets sent tens of thousands of workers to these remote sites, where U.S. spy satellites spotted them still toiling away in the late 1990s.
Blair sources his information on these command bunkers to “diagrams and notes given to me in the late 1990s by SAC [Strategic Air Command] senior officers,” men in charge of targeting our missile and bomber forces.
From them, he paints a Strangelovian picture:
The Yamantau command center is inside a rock quartz mountain, about 3,000 feet straight down from the summit. It is a wartime relocation facility for the top Russian political leadership. It is more a shelter than a command post, because the facility’s communications links are relatively fragile. As it turned out, the quartz interferes with radio signals broadcast from inside the mountain.
A quartz nuclear-war mountain! Something phantasmal about it, like a satanic big rock candy mountain. But the quartz mountain melts in comparison with the Perimetr dead-hand system at Kosvinsky.
“Kosvinsky,” Blair tells us, “is regarded by U.S. targeteers as the crown jewel of the Russian wartime nuclear command system, because it can communicate through the granite mountain to far-flung Russian strategic forces using very-low-frequency (VLF) radio signals that can burn through a nuclear war environment. The facility is the critical link to Russia’s ‘dead hand’ communications network, designed to ensure semi-automatic retaliation to a decapitating strike.”
Of course, there’s a world of difference between a “semi-automatic” doomsday device and the totally automatic—beyond human control—doomsday device in Strangelove, something that Blair is careful to note. The Soviet facility does require a human hand for the final fatal push of the button. But Blair believes that the human brain behind that hand has not been programmed to suddenly turn peacenik. And the details of the device are far from reassuring.
“This doomsday apparatus, which became operational in 1984, during the height of the Reagan-era nuclear tensions, is an amazing feat of creative engineering.” According to Blair, if Perimetr senses a nuclear explosion in Russian territory and then receives no communication from Moscow, it will assume the incapacity of human leadership in Moscow or elsewhere, and will then grant a single human being deep within the Kosvinsky mountains the authority and capability to launch the entire Soviet nuclear arsenal.
“Kosvinsky came online recently,” Blair wrote in 2003, “which could be one explanation for U.S. interest in a new nuclear bunker buster.”
Blair also suggested that the Bush administration’s recurrent interest in funding the development of nuclear “bunker buster” bombs was at least in some respects designed to give them the capacity to destroy the dead-hand device buried deep in a Kosvinsky bunker, an argument that, if true, would suggest the dead-hand doomsday device was still thought to be operational. And perhaps you’ve heard something about its deactivation, but I haven’t found any evidence of it.
Blair, who has written previously on the extremely rickety structure of presidential nuclear decision-making, believes that the current U.S. contingency plan is itself a “doomsday strategy”:
President Bush’s nuclear guidance doubtless instructs the Pentagon to plan the destruction of Yamantau and Kosvinsky, along with 2,000 other targets in Russia and hundreds more in China. But such targeting requires very high-yield weapons, typically 10 to 100 times more destructive than the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. We are talking about a doomsday plan in which Yamantau and Kosvinsky are struck as part of an all-out nuclear exchange that would kill hundreds of millions of people.
There’s some ambiguity in Blair’s use of “doubtless”: Does it imply that Bush’s “nuclear guidance” includes only one all-out, 2,000-target response, or “merely” the capability of it? But shouldn’t we know at least that in a genuinely “doubtless” way?
Blair’s primary recent concern is not the prospect of a deliberate, ideological, Cold War-type nuclear war, but accidental war caused by the continued deadly presence of all-too-easily triggered Cold War arsenals. In four fascinating papers on the subject (all available online, and well worth reading), Blair describes the “launch on warning” bias built into our nuclear command structure, and foresees the possibility of a doomsday that results from our attempt to pre-empt their doomsday plan, all of which might be touched off by accident, mistake, or malfunction on either side.
Blair is not a wild-eyed Cassandra raising unsupported suspicions. Colleagues in his field regard him as a serious and cautious scholar raising real questions. Stephen M. Meyer, an expert on the Russian military at MIT, told the Times that Blair “requires of himself a much higher standard of evidence than many people in the intelligence community.”
Blair’s troubling papers, along with his book The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War, serve as a reminder that the illogic, irrationalities, and vulnerability to catastrophic error of our Cold War nuclear war command and control mechanisms were never resolved or fixed, just forgotten when the Cold War ended. His analysis suggests that during the Cold War, we may have escaped an accidental nuclear war by luck rather than policy.
It was Blair who pointed out, in congressional testimony, another continuing problem with nuclear launch posture, this one involving the much-ballyhooed “de-targeting”—a process by which the United States and the former Soviet Union purportedly reduced the risk of accidental nuclear war by insuring that their missiles were—after the fall of the Soviet Union—not still targeted at each other. Blair told Congress that, especially on the Russian side, detargeting was only “cosmetic and symbolic,” and easily reversible, implemented in name only.
What drove Blair? I was particularly fascinated by one of Blair’s other papers, his more personal “Nuclear Recollections,” which might have been called “Memories of a Minuteman Missile Crewman,” and describes his period of service in a missile silo at the Malmstrom, Mont., Air Force Base, hundreds of feet beneath the Great Plains.
Especially because I’d been there! Down in one of those silos, under the bleak landscape of the Great Plains (this one in Grand Forks, N.D.), interviewing missile commanders like Blair (for a Harper’s story), only a few years after Blair resumed life aboveground and retired.
In the course of talking to Minuteman commanders down in their underground launch capsules, I’d glimpsed what they might be called upon to do. They had the ability to launch from their underground pods up to 50 missiles able to kill 200,000 or 300,000 people each. You do the math.
They certainly had, and it showed beneath their black-humored jokes about coming above ground after a nuclear war and finding “only huge mutant bunny rabbits alive.”
They were, thank God, not automatons. As Blair points out, their training system was designed to turn them into automatic button pushers, but the ones I spoke to retained a sharp sense of skeptical individuality. About the gravity of their “mission”: killing that many people. And about the sketchy mechanics of it.
One crew member even disclosed to me a flaw in the “command and control” “permissive action” system that was supposed to prevent a madman missile commander from launching his “birds” and starting an apocalyptic nuclear war all by himself. The flaw: the system’s susceptibility to the “spoon and string” improvisation.
So much focus has been placed—in film, fiction, and nonfiction—on our supposedly “failsafe” barrier to a lone-madman launch. We’d been told that to launch a missile, two keys must be inserted simultaneously into their slots by two separate launch officers, and that the slots for the keys were located at a sufficient distance from each other that one madman couldn’t, say, shoot the other crewman and then use both his arms to twist both the keys simultaneously.
But the missile crewmen I talked to told me they’d figured out a way to defeat that impediment with a spoon and a string. Not that they were planning to do it, but that they knew someone could do it.
You just shoot the other guy and “rig up a thing where you tie a string to one end of a spoon,” he told me, “and tie the other end to the guy’s key. Then you can sit in your chair and twist your key with one hand while you yank on the spoon with the other hand to twist the other key over.”
American ingenuity! Can’t beat it for finding a new way to end the world.
I always wondered if I should follow up on what happened after I published this information. (In a piece reprinted in The Secret Parts of Fortune, I assumed the flaw had been fixed somehow, and have long credited myself with saving the world. Kidding!)
I actually turned down an invitation to lecture about such matters from the Air War College in Alabama * (because of my peacenik inclinations at the time), and assumed that if they read the article, they must have taken action to save the world from a lone madman with a spoon and string, to whom I’d in effect given instructions for an unauthorized missile launch that could destroy the world. (Hmmm, maybe I’d come close to destroying the world, rather than saving it. Sorry about that.)
But it’s clear from Bruce Blair’s “Nuclear Recollections” that the experience of holding the lives of tens of millions in his hands when he held those keys left a profound mark on him. I know that when the missile crewmen I was interviewing let me hold the keys, even twist them into the (deactivated) locks, that it had a profound effect on me. The keys to Kingdom Come!
And while I may have abandoned my responsibility for too long, I was grateful that Bruce G. Blair was still on the case, raising the right questions. In fact, he’s devoted his subsequent life to raising the alarm about our flawed nuclear alarm and launch system, using what an actual missile commander learned about its dysfunctions and biases.
Blair’s work continues and I think it’s urgent, now that Putin’s “nuclear bombers” are flying again, that Congress re-examine the whole issue and take seriously Blair’s warnings about the variations of doomsday we still face.
Pay attention to Blair. You can’t count on me to save the world again. | <urn:uuid:62441daf-a77e-4b28-b6cd-b7da97bf7861> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://slate.com/human-interest/2007/08/did-the-soviets-really-build-a-doomsday-machine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952005 | 3,919 | 2.453125 | 2 |
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Hydrate Your Skin On The Inside and Out|
Vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients can revitalize
your skin and give it a healthy, youthful glow.
It's not only what you put on your skin that defy's wrinkles, it's what you put in your body as well. Health experts say that vitamins and minerals play the core role in a healthy complexion, whether it be food, supplements, or even a jar of cream.
"Your skin is the fingerprint of what is going on inside your body, and all skin conditions, from psoriasis to acne to aging, are the manifestations of your body's internal needs, including its nutritional needs," says Georgiana Donadio, PhD, DC, MSc, founder and director of the National Institute of Whole Health in Boston.
So which vitamins and minerals do we need to keep our skin healthy and looking its best? According to the experts interviewed by WebMD, plus new information from the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), the following vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other nutrients nourish our skin.
Vitamin A, B, C, E, and K are a great choice of vitamins to help improve skin health and reduce wrinkles. However, you must continue the vitamins daily to see results. Vitamins are vital for enhancing the nails growth, hair, and skin, which naturally prevents wrinkles.
Vitamin A - If your vitamin A levels are up to snuff from the foods you eat, adding more probably won't do much more for your skin. That said, if those levels drop even a little below normal, you're likely to see some skin-related symptoms, including a dry, flaky complexion. That's because vitamin A is necessary for the maintenance and repair of skin tissue. Without it, you'll notice the difference. Fruits and vegetables are loaded with vitamin A.
Topical vitamin A is the form that makes a real difference in your skin. Medical studies show a reduction in lines and wrinkles, good acne control, and some psoriasis relief, all from using creams containing this nutrient. The prescription treatment is called Retin A, and it's used primarily as a treatment for acne. The less potent, over-the-counter formulations are sold as retinols and used as anti-aging treatments.
Vitamin B Complex. When it comes to skin, the single most important B vitamin is biotin, a nutrient that forms the basis of skin, nail, and hair cells. Without adequate amounts, you may end up with dermatitis (an itchy, scaly skin reaction) or sometimes even hair loss. Even a mild deficiency causes symptoms. Your body makes plenty of biotin, and the nutrient is also in many foods, including bananas, eggs, oatmeal, and rice.
Vitamin B6 for Skin Conditions - One of the most significant benefits of Vitamin B6 is that it promotes healthy skin and hair. It helps in treating a number of skin problems including eczema, dandruff, acne, hair loss and dry skin. More than that, it helps in treating serious skin diseases like melanoma and psoriasis.
A B6 deficiency can lead to skin disorders, irritability, fatigue, hair loss, moodiness, loss of appetite, and cracking, dry skin. B6 supplementation treats common skin conditions such as: Eczema, Dandruff (Seborrheic dermatitis), Psoriasis, Acne, Dry Skin, Hair Loss.
Creams containing B vitamins can give skin an almost instant healthy glow while hydrating cells and increasing overall tone at the same time. Niacin, a specific B vitamin, helps skin retain moisture, so your complexion looks more plump and younger looking in as little as six days. It also has anti-inflammatory properties to soothe dry, irritated skin. In higher concentrations it can work as a lightening agent to even out blotchy skin tone.
As we age, our bodies' process nutrients less efficiently, resulting in the need for us to increase our nutrient intake. For example, Vitamin D is a nutrient essential to the prevention of osteoporosis. Our bodies manufacture vitamin D when our skin is exposed to sunlight, but by our 70s our bodies produce only 40 percent of what they produced in third grade. An adequate dosage of vitamin D for people in their 20s is 200 IU; for people who are older, 400 IU to 600 IU is needed to do the same amount of work. It's impossible to say at exactly which age you should be getting this much, but because aging is a continuum, you should gradually increase your intake so that by age 60 or so you are up to around 600 IU.
Vitamin C - Among the most important new dermatologic discoveries is the power of vitamin C to counter the effects of sun exposure. It works by reducing the damage caused by free radicals, a harmful byproduct of sunlight, smoke, and pollution. Free radicals gobble up collagen and elastin, the fibers that support skin structure, causing wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Make sure your diet includes plenty of vitamin-C rich foods (citrus and vegetables, among others), which can replace the loss of the vitamin through the skin. You can also take vitamin C supplements, up to 500 to 1,000 milligrams of per day, according to the AAD. Combined with vitamin E (see below), vitamin C supplements can also protect skin from sun exposure.
You can also try a topical vitamin C cream to encourage collagen production, just as your body does naturally when you are young. The trick here is to use a formulation containing the L-ascorbic acid form of vitamin C, the only one that can penetrate skin layers and do the job.
Vitamin E has been known to erase fine lines on the face, repair connective tissue, heal the circulatory system, and impart its soothing properties upon the digestive tract. Olives and olive oil (perhaps the greatest beautifying food of all), watercress, wheat germ oil, and the supplement Tocotrienols (the most potent form of antioxidant vitamin E available) will add a healthy dose of vitamin E to any meal.
Research shows that, like vitamin C, this potent antioxidant helps reduce the harmful effects of the sun on the skin. According to studies published by the AAD, taking 400 units of vitamin E daily appeared to reduce the risk of sun damage to cells as well as reduce the production of cancer-causing cells. Some studies show that when vitamins E and A are taken together, people show a 70% reduction in basal cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer.
Vitamin E can also help reduce wrinkles and make your skin look and feel smoother. (Be aware, though, that some recent research warns that large doses of vitamin E can be harmful. Stay with 400 international units per day or less to be on the safe side.) Used in a cream, lotion, or serum form, vitamin E can soothe dry, rough skin. When combined with vitamin C in a lotion, it's highly protective against sun damage, says the AAD.
Vitamin K as a nutrient responsible for helping blood clot, it won't do much for your skin from the inside. But studies presented to the AAD in 2003 show topical vitamin K does work well to reduce under eye circles as well as bruises. When combined with vitamin A in a cream or serum, vitamin K can be even more effective for those dark circles.
Most health experts agree that most of us don't need to supplement our mineral intake. This is even more true if you drink spring water, which often contains healthful, natural supplies of important minerals. Studies show that washing your face with mineral water can help reduce many common skin irritations, and the mineral content may help some skin cells absorb the moisture better.
DMAE Another powerful antioxidant, this nutrient has one of the strongest appetites for free radicals. It works mostly by deactivating their power to harm skin cells. It also helps stabilize the membrane around the outside of each cell so that assaults from sun damage and cigarette smoke are reduced.
According to Sullivan, DMAE also prevents the formation of lipofucsin, the brown pigment that becomes the basis for age spots. As with alpha-lipoic acid, you can take DMAE in supplements and in topical creams.
Alpha Lipoic Acid - we see it in skin care products, which indeed is wonderful for our skin, however taking it via pill form works miracles.
Alpha Lipoic Acid is a new ultra powerful antioxidant, hundreds of times more potent than vitamin C or E, it is a super boost for aging skin. In fact, Alpha-lipoic acid is showing remarkable effects against premature aging in the skin due to its anti oxidant properties.
In one study alpha-lipoic acid reduced mild-to-moderate wrinkles by up to 50 percent, whereas fine lines have almost disappeared. It does this research says because it's both fat and water soluble allowing it to penetrate and nourish the skin cells from both the inside and the outside of the body. Other known antioxidants can only affect cells from one or the other and not both.
More specifically, explains Mary Sullivan, alpha-lipoic acid, like vitamins C and E, neutralizes skin cell damage caused by free radicals. Some studies have shown it can repair the damage to skin's DNA, thus reducing the risk of cancer. Health experts say it also helps other vitamins work more effectively to rebuild skin cells damaged by environmental assaults, such as smoke and pollution. You can take a daily alpha-lipoic acid supplement which is 100% more powerful than when you used topically.
Alpha Lipoic Acid is a vitamin like antioxidant that contains antioxidant properties that help fight free radicals in the body.* Free radicals may contribute to the premature aging of cells.* As an antioxidant, Alpha Lipoic Acid also helps revitalize the underlying structure of skin, so it can look healthier and more radiant.*
Because of its powerful antioxidant qualities it is able to protect proteins against daily damage of free radicals. This is exciting news because it may have important implications for aging and is now being touted as the new "wrinkle cure'. Because it works synergistically with other vitamins to rebuild damaged skin cells from toxins such as pollution and smoke, alpha lipoic acid should be a part of every woman's skin care regimen.
Alpha-lipoic acid is an internal Moisturizer for Skin & Joints ...made with...BioCell Collagen, it moisturizes & rejuvenates skin, smoothes premature line/wrinkles, and lubricates & cushions joints.
You may have heard of alpha-lipoic acid as "the miracle in a jar" for its anti-aging effects. It's a newer, ultra-potent antioxidant that helps fight future skin damage and helps repair past damage. Alpha-lipoic acid has been referred to as a "universal antioxidant" because it's soluble in both water and oil, which permits its entrance to all parts of the cell. Due to this quality, it is believed that alpha-lipoic acid can provide the greatest protection against damaging free radicals when compared with other antioxidants. Alpha-lipoic acid diminishes fine lines, gives skin a healthy glow and boosts levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamin C.
Now you can take it in pill form and enjoy other enhancing skin care products that contain powerful skin rejuvinating properties such as Argireline® and Matrixyl®. Yes, now you can have it all.
Flax seed Oil - Flaxseed is known to have the richest deposits of Omega 3-fatty acids, which are necessary for anyone who wants supple skin. Flaxseed Oil Pills taken with Vitamin B6 daily, not only restores elastin, it works wonders for carpel tunnel syndrom and arthritis because it coushins the bones. | <urn:uuid:5cdae052-c475-4088-94de-242254c49256> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://agedefying-secrets.com/vitamins-for-skin.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00150-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937451 | 2,464 | 2.171875 | 2 |
You have spent the capital and developed the newest and the greatest product for today’s market. Perhaps you have even spent the time and resources to have alpha and beta field testing and research conducted of your product or service. Yet, when you introduced it to the
world your sales were less than ideal. Why is this? Everything seemed to be in place for success. It could be that you have a successful product design, but lack in the distribution and the strategies to distribute content. If you do not understand how to distribute content both traditionally and in today’s digital/tech savvy world, then your product is not apt to have success.
First things first
Before you start concerning yourself about distribution numbers, you should ask how you are distributing your content. Businesses in today’s world need to have an eshop to reach the maximum number of people. If you do not have an online store, this should be your first step.
Do you rely upon word of mouth?
Word of Mouth Marketing (WOMM) is a great first step in getting a product distributed. When you purchase a product, the odds are great that you will discuss the matter with at least one other individual. Consequently, if you have purchased a product and have found it to be less than ideal, the likelihood of you telling about its faults to another individual is substantially great. Forbes stated that WOMM was the first form of social media and that it is “the most valuable form of marketing- the one that consumers trust above all others and the one that is most likely to drive sales for your company”.
Word of mouth marketing should focus on empowerment, engagement, and equipping the person to go and tell someone else. There should be an initiative for the person to share the products and the services you offer.
The modern day WOMM
Today, word of mouth happens online, via reviews and ratings that others can see and share. And though this is a bit misleading (as companies frequently employ writers to review their products), most people give credibility to those reviews which they see online, especially if the content is shared from a family member or a friend. This is where having an online presence not just on your website is important. Sharing good reviews and encouraging social interaction which can be moderated by the company is important. In today’s word of mouth, social media crazed world, it may be more fundamental than your traditional advertising.
Networking as a means of marketing research
Before you can successfully advertise to a targeted audience, you should network. Branch out from your website and use those sites which are known for their WOMM capabilities, for their analytical reviews. Networking will allow you to know what your targeted customers are spending their money and time on.
Should you rely upon local and traditional methods of advertisement?
From the positive side of things, you would want to market to the local community to boost your presence as a reputable business in that area. This would increase the foot traffic to your business, as well as build up the Word of mouth content from local consumers. Using Google local business is also a way to boost your SERPs which could help with your distribution.
I would venture to say that if you should make a decision between traditional marketing and digital marketing strategies, that you should use digital. Where there are many who rely upon printed newspapers, radio advertisements, and flyers, ten times as many have cell phones, smartphones, and online content that they check for products and services. Remember, if your online marketing is strong, then the WOMM will play to your localized advertising.
Don’t rush it
If you do not have the time to put into your distribution strategy, do not rush and try to get anything out there. This is like using a shotgun to try to hit a precision mark. While you may get a few desired clients here and there, most of the marketing will be too far out to have an effect and to bring in the sales that you need. Should you find that you need help in developing a distribution of products and services strategy contact Agence Lookiimobile professionals. The professionals at Agence will work with you to find the best solution to drive traffic to your eshop. If you do not have an eshop, don’t worry we can help you get started there as well. To boost your traffic and start seeing the distribution numbers you desire, click on the link below. | <urn:uuid:a1f76599-33fd-4f4a-abf9-99bd60f3a67b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://agence-lookiimobile.co.uk/?p=365 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.965805 | 905 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Waterloo region's public schools to remain closed for community use
Rentals and community functions off-limits until 2021, school board says
The Waterloo Region District School Board won't be reopening schools for rentals and community use this year.
The school board published a statement on Monday saying those functions won't be allowed in schools until at least January 31, 2021.
The consideration is the final step of a five-phase approach to evaluating the feasibility of reopening schools for public use.
"As of today, we are evaluating Phase 5 as the board continues to focus on supporting our daytime school operations and responding to the adjustment in learning models and enrolment changes," read the statement.
Other steps included supporting child care centres and reopening board-owned outdoor facilities.
The board said it continues to monitor the COVID-19 situation. | <urn:uuid:e9c0f7e8-44e9-4d66-a023-e02ba63761d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/schools-off-limits-community-use-1.5787850 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.968892 | 172 | 1.515625 | 2 |
hs) along with Python SDK (
hydrosdk) installed on your local machine. If you don't have them yet, please follow these guides first:
hs clusterin your terminal. This command shows the name and server address of a cluster you’re currently using. If it shows that you're not using a local cluster, you can configure one with the following commands:
data/folder. Next you need to setup your working environment using the following packages:
int64) for OrdinalEncoder to obtain integers for categorical descriptors after transformation. Transforming the class column usually is not necessary. Also we can remove rows that contain question marks in some samples. Once the preprocessing is complete, you can delete the DataFrame (
fit()method in our case. After the training step, we can save a model with
model/model folder. Training data can be saved as a
csvfile, but don't forget to place
index=Falseto ignore index column and avoid further confusions with reading it again.
func_main.pyand store it in the
srcfolder inside the directory where your model is stored. Your directory structure should look like this:
func_main.pyshould be as follows:
colswe preserve column names as a list sorted by order of their appearance in the DataFrame.
func_main.py. You need to create
requirements.txtin the folder with your model and add the following libraries to it:
SignatureBuilder. A signature contains information about which method inside the
func_main.pyshould be called, as well as shapes and types of its inputs and outputs. You can use
X.dtypesto check what types of data you have for each column. You can use
int64fields for all our independent variables after transformation. Our class variable (
income) initially consists of two classes with text names instead of numbers, which means that it should be defined as the string (
str) in the signature. In addition, you can specify the type of profiling for each variable using
ProfilingTypeso Hydrosphere could know what this variable is about and analyze it accordingly. For this purpose, we can create a dictionary, which could contain keys as our variables and values as our profiling types. Otherwise, you can describe them one by one as a parameter in the input. Finally, we can complete our signature with assigning our output variable by
with_outputmethod and giving it a name (e.g.
y), type, shape and profiling type. Afterwards we can build our signature by the
pathvariable to define the root model folder and
payloadto point out paths to all files that we need to upload. At this point, we can combine all our efforts by using
ModelVersionBuilderobject, which describes our models and other objects associated with models before the uploading step. It has different methods that are responsible for assigning and uploading different components. For example, we can:
with_trainig_data(). Please note that the training data is required if you want to utilize various services as Data Drift, Automatic Outlier Detection and Data Visualization.
ModelVersionBuilderis prepared we can apply the
uploadmethod to upload it.
ModelVersionhelps to check whether our model was successfully uploaded to the platform by looking for it.
ModelVersionswith monitoring and other benefits. For that purpose, we are able to apply
ExecutionStageBuilder, which describes the model pipeline for an application. In turn, applications provide Predictor objects, which should be used for data inference purposes. Don't pay much attention to
weightparameter, it is needed for A/B testing.
predictmethod which we can use to send our data to the model. We can try to make predictions for our test set that has preliminarily been converted to a list of dictionaries. You can check the results using the name that we have used for an output of Signature and preserve it in any format you would prefer. Before making a prediction don't forget to make a small pause to finish all necessary loadings.
http://localhost. Here you can find all your models. Click on a model to view some basic information about it: versions, building logs, created applications, model's environments, and other services associated with deployed models.
metricpostscript at the end of the name. This is your automatically formed monitoring model for outlier detection. Learn more about the Automatic Outlier Detection feature here.
serving.yamlfile. You should get the following file structure:
hs apply -f serving.yaml. To monitor your model you can use Hydrosphere UI as was previously shown. | <urn:uuid:f4d7288f-5b56-467e-8975-be902467ccae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://docs.hydrosphere.io/quickstart/tutorials/train-and-deploy-census-income-classification-model | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.90994 | 997 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Yasin with Translation,Transliteration and Recitation
Surah Yasin is an Android App, which is designed to facilitate the users with the imperative Surahs of Quran all together in one App. App comes with a distinctive feature of Surahs with translation, transliteration, and audio recitation of each Surah of Quran.
Surahs of Quran included: 1. Surah Yaseen, which is the heart of Quran and has divine virtues associated with it, which awards innumerable virtues to the one who recite it daily. 2. Surah Rahman, which is the adornment of Quran, soothes the hearts of the believers. 3. Surah Mulk the reverend Surah of Quran e Hakeem, which shields against the afflictions and punishment of grave 4. Surah Kahf is one that significant Surah which will help from the pugnacities of Anti Christ (Dajal) 5. Surah Waqiya the divinity of which is proven with the authentic Hadith that it alleviates poverty and makes you enrich by heart
The detailed features of this App entail: • Translation in almost every language for each verse of the chapters included in Quran to enhance the understandings of Quran teachings • Recitation in the soulful voices of renowned Recitors Mishray Al-Afsay and Abdur Rahman as Sudais • Transliteration to help user in correct pronunciation of each Arabic Alphabet (Tajweed) for authentic recitation of this divine book of Allah Almighty • Go To option to search any particular verse of the Surahs mentioned in this App • Change of font style and font size for the clear visibility of text on your smart Phone screens • Play and pause option helps to take the hold of recital process for the users
Benefits and Blessings Section:
This bonus feature has added in this App to enlighten the users with the blessings of these aforementioned Surahs of Quran. It further consist sections, which separately are covering the virtues of each Surah enlisted in the App.
Rate and download this imperative free of cost App to grasp the divine bounties of Quran e Pak. Jazak’Allah! | <urn:uuid:737670b4-d476-41a9-8bf1-3c0b89cd65e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.quranreading.com/app-detail/98/surah-yasin-english | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00084-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906168 | 443 | 1.507813 | 2 |
In recent years, the implementation of the so-called digital transformation has been one of the most important challenges in Supply Chain Management. And even though according to the 8th Hermes Barometer only eight percent of companies claim to have already successfully implemented their transformation process, the new year brings new topics to the agenda. For example, the demand for individualized products is increasing and can only be met with the help of innovative technologies. We show you which Supply Chain trends you should not miss.
Transparency in the Supply Chain
While the desire for supply chain transparency is nothing new, the need for a real-time supply chain status is increasing. After all, customers are well aware of the technological possibilties and the maximum of transparency they entail. “Transparency in the supply chain will be an important competitive advantage in the future,” confirms Ralf Boelicke, Department Manager Solution Design at Hermes International, a division of Hermes Germany. IoT applications or big data can increase transparency along the entire supply chain and enable the transmission of data in real time. As a result, disruptions, delays or other sources of irritation in the supply chain can be identified quickly and countermeasures can be initiated. With the help of big data technologies, the data thus obtained can be used to further optimize supply chain processes and forecasting. This brings us to yet another trend: the use of innovative technologies.
The hype about blockchain technology seems to be slowing down a bit. Even though reports of on-road testing are increasing, the majority of companies may now have realized that using this highly complex technology is not the perfect way to optimize each supply chain. Nevertheless, innovative technologies are on the rise: RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags for better warehouse management, intelligent sensors to monitor the temperature and humidity in the cargo hold or the automated calculation of freight capacities enabled by big data – the use of innovative technologies will continue to increase this year. “Companies should carefully examine which technologies are effective for their own processes. These can be easily identified, for example, in the context of an analysis of the current state and that of the targets,” says Boelicke, referring to the approach with which Hermes Germany identified big data as a key technology for their processes about a year ago.
Customer Focus and Batch Size 1
Only those who know the needs of their (potential) customers can serve them and position themselves successfully on the market in the long term. With the increasing pressure of competition, therefore, it becomes more important than ever to successfully keep the loyalty of existing customers. The production of individualized products, i.e. smaller lots, tightens this situation and has a major impact on all upstream and downstream logistics processes. In addition, consumers shop online on a regular basis. There are no opening hours online and customers often expect the delivery of their purchases within one day. “An agile supply chain that adapts flexibly to new framework conditions will be even more important in the future in order to meet growing customer demands,” Boelicke is convinced.
In the field of logistics, the use of on-demand-warehouses or on demand-logistics allows companies this flexibility and agility. In addition, the streamlining of structures and processes can go hand in hand with immense cost savings for the companies. As a result, on-demand services and the use of other services by external providers are increasing. “We are now taking care of the entire fulfillment, warehousing, etc. for our customers,” confirms Boelicke. He adds: “Companies want to focus more on their core business and leave the further processes to logistics experts, Software-As-A-Service providers, etc.”
The focus lies clearly on the further optimization of the supply chain. The aim will be to satisfy the needs of the customer – whether it is more transparency, batch size 1 or same-day delivery – and thus secure a long and trustful relationship. Modern technologies can significantly optimize the processes and thus contribute to the long-term success of the business. | <urn:uuid:d5dc7705-a217-4231-9b22-e16093b4e468> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.hermes-supply-chain-blog.com/supply-chain-management-trends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.931171 | 848 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Frank, Katherine. A Voyager Out: The Life of Mary Kingsley. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1986 Katherine Frank’s novel A Voyager Out tells the life story of Mary Kingsley. She talks of her childhood, her young adult life, and her traveling life.
She wanted to tell the world what this woman explorer did for Africa. Mary Kingsley had a famous family, many of whom were writers. Mary herself wrote two books. In her books however, she leaves out a lot about her life.
A lot of what Katherine Frank had discovered came from Mary’s letters to friends while traveling. Some people who were the recipients of her letters found it odd that she put so much into her correspondences. In one case, she wrote a ten-page letter to a friend. His response to her was that she was wasting many of her good stories that could be published on a letter. Her response was to write him a six-page letter.
She loved writing. She also loved her voyages to Africa. Part of Mary Kingsley’s reason for loving her travel abroad came from her childhood life. Mary was born the daughter of a high-class man and his cook. George Kingsley was a writer and came from a family of writers. He did not produce much however.
He left a lot of his works unfinished, and many others unstarted. Because he did not do much in his lifetime, it has been said that his greatest gift to the world was his daughter. Her mother, Mary Bailey, was the innkeeper’s daughter. Four days after her father and mother were married, Mary Kingsley was born. If her father had not married her mother, Mary would have been bastard child of a destitute domestic.
Mary would have only been able to lead a life of servitude herself. Oddly enough though, most of her young life was lead in servitude. Mary lived a long life of isolation. During her adolescent years, her mother was her only female role model of what a woman is supposed to be.
Her mother was sick most of the time and therefore Mary had to take care of her and the household chores. While her father was off on one of his many voyages, Mary Bailey had the front windows of the house bricked closed. The house was kept dark and stuffy. Growing up like this made a normal childhood almost impossible for Mary Kingsley. Part of her mother’s illnesses came from constant worry about George.
He went on many trips overseas and partook in many heroic adventures. He would write home to his family about his adventures and this caused his mother great grief. Because of the grief this caused Mary Bailey, George stopped writing of his heroics to her, and instead wrote of them to his daughter. Mary Kingsley had to become a self-sufficient person.
With her mother being bedridden and her father being overseas, Mary grew up on her own. Being a girl, Mary was not given many opportunities at an education. The only education she had paid for her was a class in German. Most of her education came from reading her father’s books. She taught herself Latin, Physics, and Chemistry, which was an “unusual curriculum for even the most erudite governess” (24). Mary and her father had similar reading interests and were therefore constantly fighting over books to read.
They were both interested in reading the same book at the same time. George had a “volcanic temper” (27) so he was usually the victor of the fights. There was one instance when Mary decided to leave home for a small vacation. Mary had never been away from her home so this was a new experience for her. Only a short time into her trip, her mother became ill and Mary had to return to take care of her mother.
After staying at her mother’s bedside for quite some time, Mary Bailey’s health improved so Mary decided to finish her vacation. While gone this second time, Mary Bailey had a stroke and Mary stayed home with her mother from then on. Mary was never able to leave the home for a long period of time without her mother’s condition worsening. Her father became ill and was bedridden for a while as well so Mary was taking care of both of them.
George did eventually recover and so Mary was back to only having to take care of her mother. One night that George was feeling particularly well, he went to bed never to awaken. A month and a half later, Mary Bailey died as well. Mary felt her mother died because she no longer had anything to hold on to. The death of her parents was somewhat a relief to Mary.
She was finally free to be on her own. For the rest of Mary’s life, she dressed in black from head to toe. Part of this was out of mourning. After a while, however, the black clothes became accustomed to her. The hardest part of her parent’s death was having to sort through their personal things.
She had to go through their old letters and personal papers and decide which things to keep and which things to throw away. While sorting through her parent’s belongings, she found her parents marriage license and her birth certificate. This is when Mary realized just how close to being a bastard child she was. She already felt like an outsider in her family, and this only added to that feeling in her heart. Mary knew she had to get away. She wanted to travel to some of the places that she read about.
A family friend suggested that she travel to the Canary Islands. The idea thrilled her. Unfortunately, Mary still had to look after her brother Charley. She felt that it was her womanly duty to look after her brother.
She did not mind it actually. The only thing that bothered her was that her travel plans centered around his travel plans. Every time Mary was ready to leave and thought that Charley was too, his plans would somehow change or get put off. This gave Mary plenty of time to get ready for her voyage to Africa. She was told many times by many people of all the diseases that were awaiting her. This did not deter Mary though.
She felt that she was ready for anything. She did, however, realize the risk that was involved, and therefore wrote a will before she left for her travels. On her journey, Mary brought with her two diaries, one for scientific information, and the other for her own personal thoughts and psychological findings. She did not have a lot of money so she traveled light.
Most white people who traveled to Africa brought with them an entire entourage and hired African porters to carry their luggage. Mary did not want to set herself that far apart from the Africans. She traveled by trading goods and this helped her immensely while traveling. She felt that the Africans related better to her as a trader than they would have if she had come in empty handed. When the Africans saw that she had something they wanted, they would welcome her into their home.
She lived off of food that the villages provided for her. Mary’s mode of transportation for this first voyage was the ship The Lagos. While aboard The Lagos the issue of death came up many times. Many of the people aboard had stories of many white people who died making similar trips. The diseases that caused many of the deaths affected the white people so greatly because of the fact that the white’s immune systems just were not able to handle the new climate and bacteria that the Africans had grown accustomed to. While aboard the ship some of the passengers died.
At each new place that The Lagos stopped more and more deaths occurred. Still, Mary was not discouraged. While on this first voyage Mary discovered the sickening prejudice of miscegenation. Mary was a strong defender of polygamy as well.
Another unusual thing that Mary did was noting in her two books the physical beauty of the African. Because the African wore little or no clothing, it was probably the first time Mary had seen a naked body other than her own. She was probably the first white person many of these Africans had seen so it was a trade off of firsts. Mary had to deal with a lot of new issues in Africa that she had not even dreamt of while she was back in England, but she used this to learn and grow.
When Mary did finally return to England, she found it dull and lifeless. She was bored in England and missed Africa. To help ease her “homesickness” Mary redecorated her flat. She hung many African paintings and other artwork that she brought home with her.
To add to the pseudo-Africa, she kept the temperature in her flat turned up so that the heat was like that of Africa. While in England helping her brother, she decided to write. It was through her writing that her imagination was able to return to Africa. She wrote of the people she met while in Africa and the various tribes she came across. Most of her writings were about the scientific aspect of the tribe.
There was also a personal touch that she put in her writings. Mary did not like being back in England and was excited to be able to return again two years later. She spent the remainder of her time in England preparing for her next voyage. For this next voyage, she had more money available to her because her publisher really wanted her to write about these people. Even though she had the extra money, she decided not to travel any more luxuriously than she had the first time.
She felt that traveling as a trader really helped her to connect with the people. She did not want to set herself above the people she was there to get to know. Even though she could afford it, she did not bring tinned food and other travel aids. She thusly decided to travel light. When others heard that she was traveling light they asked her to bring things to their loved ones for them.
Mary, the nice woman that she is, could not say no. She ended up having a lot of luggage because of the many care packages she was bringing to various parts of Africa. While in Christianborg Mary discovered just how bad the white man’s death toll was. She was being given a tour of the Christianborg cemetery and she noted two wooden hoods covering empty graves.
When she asked what these were for, she was told that they always had two graves dug ready for the white man to die. She was rather shocked at this revelation, and did not at first believe the necessity for these graves. The tour guide told her that just a few days past two men died before noon and then two more died later on in the evening. Mary wrote about this in her books.
She wrote a lot about death in her books. As a matter of fact, most of everything Mary wrote about had a motif of death or beauty. Part of Mary’s interest in death had to do with the fact that she was largely responsible for taking care of the ill that she came across. She never went anywhere without her medical bag. In one case she volunteered to take the night shift of sitting up with an ill man.
She was used to sitting up at night with her mother so it was no big deal to her. She made sure though that no matter what time she was up to, she took an eight-mile walk. Sometimes she even took the walks while the person was asleep. She took the walk in order to keep in shape as well as to discover new parts of the land. Helping to cure others was her skill in life. She worked so hard to make the diseases she was told about before her first journey into something that the people could overcome.
She never put her health into her mind. She was always more concerned with the wellbeing of others. She loved doing the good deeds that she did, even when they were not the best condition. Mary’s finally voyage was to South Africa. When she arrived there she was told that her job would be to help the Boer prisoners of war.
Although the task was not pleasing, Mary accepted the duty. The conditions that she worked in were deplorable. The “hospital” was filled with about 200 wounded men in need of care, and only one doctor and three nurses. Mary was rather busy with this task, and fortunately for her, over time the hospital got a few more doctors and nurses, and even a few male orderlies. Mary wrote letters to friends describing the conditions at the hospital.
Typical Mary always added humor to even the saddest of letters. One of Mary’s final letters never got mailed to its recipient. The letter told of “the stench, the washings, the enemas, the bedpans, and blood” (295) that she had to deal with every day. Those were the things that Mary’s entire life consisted of. She began her life by taking care of her ill mother, crusaded all of her life by helping Africans and British who were overcome by sicknesses found in Africa, and then later died from being surrounded by diseases all of her life. She always took care of others, never worrying about herself.
One day she began to feel the same symptoms that she had for so many years treated. She tried to keep silent, not wanting anyone to see her weakness. Finally, it was impossible to hide the fact that she was sick. Mary’s final days were spent in bed. She woke up one day with an intense stomach pain.
She was rushed into surgery performed by one of the doctors she worked with and had become close to. He was convinced that the surgery had fixed her problem, but Mary knew better. She knew herself well enough to know she was dying. She only had two dying requests. The first being buried at sea rather than in a cold tomb that was waiting for her back in England.
She felt that she should be buried in the Cape of Good Hope where she spent a great deal of her time. Her second request was hard for her friends to fulfill, but out of love for Mary, they did. Mary wanted to die alone. She wanted to have her final peace.
She needed this. Her friends left her be. When she slipped into a coma, they returned to her bedside and waited. In order to fulfill Mary’s request to be buried at sea, her good friend and fellow doctor also requested a military burial as well.
She would not have permitted this because of how humble she was. Many people felt that this military burial was the only thing appropriate for a woman who did as much as she did. Her funeral was filled with many solemn speeches and final words. Mary would not go out that way, however. She always had to add that bit of humor to everything she did.
When her casket was thrown overboard, it was not properly weighted and therefore did not sink. Her coffin bobbed up and down in the water for a while as her final goodbye. An anchor was eventually tied onto the casket and the body of the great Mary Kingsley sunk into the water where she rested with the beauty of the coral and pearls and other sea creatures surrounding her. Now for the opinion part. The book was great. Mary Kingsley was an extremely interesting woman.
She did many great things for those who not many wanted to help. However, the book was not easy to read. The book was rather repetitive. Mary was born, helped the sick, went to Africa, helped the sick, people died, she left Africa, went back to Africa, helped the sick, people died, left Africa, went back to Africa, helped the sick… you get the point. It was a little bit difficult for me to pick out the important details to share with the class in this report.
I did not want to bore the class with the same thing over and over. Yes, I realize that Mary led an extremely wonderful life, and therefore all of the details of her life should be considered important. However, some of them were rather boring. Mary did a great deal of thing that should be looked up to and respected.
I do respect this woman that I have never had the chance to meet. The things she did were extremely courageous. She put other people’s lives ahead of hers. Never once did she stop and say, “This could be dangerous to me.” She was always willing to go above and beyond.
It gives me a great example of a way to lead a selfless life. I am not saying that I want to go to the extremes that Mary did, but I think that I could definitely learn a lot about helping others by following her lead. We all can. Mary crusaded to help those who did not get help from others.
She was a strong woman who did what she believed was right, not what others thought was right. She was a pilgrim of some sorts. She began what others eventually followed. Because of her, many others were willing to help those in need. I would recommend this book to any of those looking to find their own inner strength.
Reading of this woman’s adventures gives a great deal of motivation to get out and do something. If you are one of those who is thinking of going out and helping others and crusading for justice, this book would do a great deal for you. However, this book needs to be read in one sitting. If you read bits and pieces of this book at a time, it takes too long and therefore drones on. That is the trap that I fell into.
I read chapter by chapter and it felt as if I was rereading the same part of the book over and over. Part of the difficulty in the reading might come from the fact that the book was written about someone from that someone’s own books. Confused? Mary wrote a few books and lots of letters. She even wrote her father’s book for him. The research that the author of The Voyager Out based her writings on was Mary’s own writings. A lot of the book therefore was secondhand, and some was firsthand.
At times it was hard to tell whether the information was gotten from something Mary herself said or from an assumption Katherine Frank got from reading Mary’s writings. Another difficulty I found while reading the book was that most of Mary Kingsley’s family was named George, Charles, or Henry. Most of them also had one of those three for middle names as well. The females were named Mary and Charlotte. In order to keep this tradition alive, many of the men married women named Mary or Charlotte. Mary has a cousin Mary, her mother is Mary, and she is Mary.
Her Uncle Charles did a lot, but her brother Charley was lazy. While reading I found myself having to reread in order to find out who was being talked about at this time. For a good portion of my reading I was reading about Charley thinking that her uncle was the one being referred to. I had to reread almost an entire chapter once I discovered it was her brother. The audience of the book is most likely those who are already interested in doing similar deeds. The book is not so much a call to action as it is a remembrance of this great woman, therefore most of the readers probably already have some knowledge of what Mary did based on their own experiences.
I think if the book had been written more to persuade others to get involved it would have been more interesting. Because the audience is assumed to already be interested in what Mary did, I am sure most of the readers did not get bored of the repetition of what Mary did throughout her life. In general I am glad that I read this book, although I am extremely glad that I am done with it. If anyone else would like to read it, great! I would encourage you to go out and gain knowledge of what this woman did to help the sick in Africa. It is a truly touching story. If, on the other hand, you have other things to do, other tests to study for, or parties to go to, I would suggest doing that first. | <urn:uuid:0fa67de9-bd83-4580-b598-58bf69e83fb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sunnypapers.com/book-report-a-voyager-out-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.994828 | 4,155 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Does spelling count? That used to be the big question. What students meant was “will you be taking off points for misspelled words?” While using technology in class now, the question is essentially, “do we have to spell words right on purpose?” I frequently use an online discussion tool. Many students use text speak and emoticons whenever they are using an online tool in their personal lives, be it social media or mobile. Students have learned a variety of ways to make their words become their voice, including emoticons, CAPITAL LETTERS, and lots of punctuation!!!!!! Some teachers allow that style of writing while using online discussion tools because it increases their excitement and engagement with the tool, freeing them to “learn the way they live,” Other educators feel that if you are using the tool for a class students should be practicing proper writing skills at all times, including spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, etc. What do you think? Does digital writing count?
This post was created by a member of Edutopia's community. If you have your own #eduawesome tips, strategies, and ideas for improving education, share them with us. | <urn:uuid:eb850598-89b4-4792-a64d-b34aaca03de7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.edutopia.org/groups/middle-school/49793?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00465-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959658 | 244 | 3.421875 | 3 |
|For Immediate Release||Contact:|
|January 23, 2006||Communications Director|
Office of the Governor
CONCORD - Gov. John Lynch and U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael Leavitt will discuss state and national efforts to prepare in the event of an avian flu pandemic with health care professionals, community and business leaders, and state officials on February 7th in Manchester.
"An avian flu pandemic could be a catastrophe for the citizens of New Hampshire. We must make sure every sector of our state, including state agencies, local communities, emergency response officials, health care providers and businesses, are doing everything possible to prepare," Gov. Lynch said.
"This meeting with Secretary Leavitt will provide an important opportunity to discuss national efforts to prepare, as well as New Hampshire's ongoing initiatives," Gov. Lynch said.
The meeting, co-hosted by Gov. Lynch, the Department of Health and Human Services Division of Public Health and the Bureau of Emergency Management, will be held from 2:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Feb. 7th at the City of Manchester's Division of Public Health Services.
New Hampshire held a major statewide drill to test its ability to respond to a pandemic. The drill involved several communities, health care providers and numerous state agencies. Gov. Lynch requested last spring that the Department of Health and Human Services and the Bureau of Emergency Management organize the drill.
"What we learned from this drill will improve our state's ability to respond to an avian flu pandemic or any other emergency," Gov. Lynch said.
In addition, Gov. Lynch has directed the Bureau of Emergency Management to work with New Hampshire's neighboring states to develop better joint response plans for emergencies, including an avian flu pandemic.
"An Avian Flu Pandemic will not respect state borders. We need to discuss now how we would work together if a pandemic, or any other emergency, hit one of our neighboring states," Gov. Lynch said. "Communication and coordination will help protect the health and safety of the citizens of New Hampshire and New England." | <urn:uuid:5ce90661-2778-4af8-ad84-be45d4ff980e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nhinsider.com/press-releases/2006/1/24/governor-lynch-us-hhs-secretary-leavitt-to-hold-meeting-on-avian-flu-preparedness-on-feb-7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00246-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950483 | 438 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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Weaving Event Based Plot Arcs
A well-organized plot enhances not only novels but also many an RPG adventure. It's not easy to stick to a rigorous plot while maintaining the illusion of free will however. Especially in event-based adventures it can really seem like the game master is trying to force certain things to happen despite the player's actions. This happens very often in games I've seen. Here's some tips for making the skeleton of a campaign and filling in the rest collaboratively. Overall arcs, planning open-ended conflicts, dealing with tangents, foreshadowing and finalization will be covered in that order.
Our first step is to get a picture of the adventure in it's entirety. It's easiest to start a puzzle with a picture of the finished product, correct? Event-based adventures are the same way. Draft up how you would like the adventure to begin and then draft how you would like to see it end. Once you have those then bridge some of the gap. I say "some" because we're not writing a novel here – we're working on only one part of an RPG story. Let's use an adventure starting with the princess being kidnapped and ending with the ogre chieftain being defeated and her being rescued. That might be filled in with things like finding where the ogres live and learning about the ogre chieftains weakness. Maybe they have goblin slaves? In that case add 'free the goblins so they won't be an issue when the players storm their lair.' Don't flesh out every detail. Paint this in broad strokes just to give yourself a general picture of what you'd like to see in the adventure. The more narrow and concrete your design scheme then the less interactive the adventure will be for the players.
Each of those bridges you just outlined represent plot arcs. However, there's a slight misnomer in the phrase "plot arc." While it's true that we want to add story and intrigue to your adventure it's also true that we don't want to force or presume your player's actions. We need to remember to plan unresolved conflicts and not pathways. Planning conflicts takes an extra step but it's well worth it. As the adventure begins to appear less unchangeable, the players will be more engaged in working to change it. The extra step is simply to make two or three sequences each stage in the event-based adventure might go. For example, instead of 'Abbadon steals the crown jewels and flees,' go with 'Abaddon tries to steal the crown jewels.' The players might stop him. It'll be difficult but not impossible. If they do stop him then he might have an escape plan to try again or those jewels might have been a decoy. His real plan could be taking the players far from where his henchmen are stealing something else. Planning conflicts also leaves you a great deal more flexibility with the course of your adventure. Your players will have more influence in the game world and you'll have to try and force less to fit. Ideally there should be nothing forced to fit and you can just shape the details of the adventure around their actions.
In video games tangents can be more fun and even more rewarding than the main quest. Side quests fill in the rest of the world and sometimes more of the main story. I've got to say though that if one more newly released video game insists I run errands for over half the game I'm going to send letters in protest. Role-playing games have an even higher constraint for this: Gaming with friends involves time commitment and mutual devotion. Unless all of your players live for those tangents keep them to a reasonable ratio. I can't stress that enough. Side quests are great but keep them pertinent and make sure your players will never lose sight of the main quest once they get to it. How terrible would it be to miss saving the world because your party is busy tending the town farm? Examine your plot arc list and keep the main quest shining through with side quests aiding it as directly as possible. Unless your players teamed up to run a delivery service, that is.
Foreshadowing is the part of adventure writing that I enjoy the most. Since that's in the open I've made some mistakes here and there you can learn from. Foreshadowing is a keen art that if employed properly can really amaze people. First thing's first: Less is more. If anything major in the game is being hinted at all the time then your players might catch on a bit too quick. But if they're looking for foreshadowing and find little then they will have less to work with. Pick the most major things in your game and then find somewhere earlier in the plot to put them. Do they have to fight and kill an ancient dragon? Maybe a few steps before that arc they will be able to see it flying on the horizon. Perhaps rumors exist of it before then. Especially for major battles foreshadowing can serve two purposes: warning of impending danger and potentially alerting to a weakness or two. Just try to keep the mysterious cloaked figures they meet at the very beginning of a game to a minimum.
It's so nice to have an adventure skeleton laid out before you. In-game and preparation value both are worth more than the time invested painting the bigger picture. Take a six-step adventure as an example. Put it on display and organize the foreshadowing, side quests and plot arcs. Now you don't have to think of anything beyond what's happening at this and the next arc. Thus you can focus on the session at hand. Maybe plot arc two (we'll say free enslaved goblins) and five (learn of ogre chieftain's weakness) are foreshadowed at the beginning of the game and plot arc one (princess kidnapped) is coming up soon. Instead of thinking of all six plot arcs and how to foreshadow and portion side quests to each (or any) all you need to concern yourself with is foreshadowing two and five and setting the players up for plot arc one. Foreshadow freeing enslaved goblins by hearing of their revolt being crushed, reveal that the ogre chieftain has a weakness by having him silence a minion just before they mention it and bring them toward the site the princess will be potentially kidnapped from. The crown jewels may as well not exist in this session. Same with the location of the ogre lair and the name of whatever powerful artifact the ogre chieftain might have. Nothing else matters during this game session and that makes it so much easier to improvise. Of course all those other things matter when they come up but it's both easier and more fun when a game master has to think only of the current game session. Organizing an adventure's plot hooks helps you organize yourself at the table and your players will see that. Happy weaving!
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AVMA delegates voted July 24 to refer to the AVMA Animal Welfare Committee a resolution opposing the practice of force-feeding ducks and geese to produce foie gras—a delicacy made from the livers of those birds.
Foie gras is French for "fatty liver." Birds are force-fed mostly corn to expand their livers several times their normal size. Three farms in the United States produce foie gras—two are in New York and the other is in California.
In the background to Resolution 3, petitioners state that they oppose the practice because it adversely affects the birds' health and welfare.
They also mentioned that there is a considerable weight of scientific evidence, including a study described in the Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare by a committee of the European Commission, to support that view.
Earlier, the House Advisory Committee recommended that the House of Delegates refer the resolution to the Animal Welfare Committee for study. The AVMA Executive Board recommended disapproval of the resolution.
But HOD Reference Committee 2, which handles public matters before the AVMA, recommended that delegates approve the statement.
During their deliberations, however, it became clear that delegates knew little about foie gras or how it is made.
Many of them objected to how the practice of foie gras deliberately causes liver disease in the birds. But a majority of delegates were uncomfortable passing the resolution without having more information.
Even though he has personal reservations about foie gras, Dr. Y. M. Saif, delegate for the American Association of Avian Pathologists, advocated—and the HOD agreed—to refer the matter to the Animal Welfare Committee for study. | <urn:uuid:533fc021-477c-40a4-80a7-7b7566d0cf9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/040901f.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957083 | 349 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Mariposa County Public Works Department in cooperation with Mariposa County Health Department offers residents a sharps collection program for sharps used in the home. Sharps, defined as a medical needle or lancet, cannot be disposed of in the landfill.
To safely manage your sharps, they must be stored in a sturdy container with a screw-on lid, such as a 2-liter soda bottle or plastic bleach bottle, that protects you and others from being stuck. When the container is about 2/3 full, close the top securely and seal it with duct tape. Label it with a yellow warning label available at the Mariposa County Recycling Center located at the Mariposa Landfill off Highway 49N approximately 2 miles from downtown Mariposa. Bring the sealed, labeled container to the Recycling Center at the Landfill.
Business generated (veterinarian or medical clinics) sharps are NOT accepted at the Recycling Center.
In the future some pharmacies, doctors’ offices, mail-back programs, or hospitals may also accept used sharps. For more information about handling used sharps safely, go to www.fda.gov | <urn:uuid:f6655f10-a966-42de-bf16-6b476da907e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mariposacounty.org/index.aspx?NID=1203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00000-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910228 | 242 | 2.421875 | 2 |
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The Bengali renaissance or simply Bengal renaissance was a cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement in Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent during the period of British rule, from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century dominated by educated Brahmos and Bengali Hindus. The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although there have been many stalwarts thereafter embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output. Nineteenth-century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, that espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus.
The parallel socio-religious movement, the Brahmo Samaj, developed during this time period and counted many of the leaders of the Bengal Renaissance among its followers. In the earlier years the Brahmo Samaj, like the rest of society, could not however, conceptualize, in that feudal-colonial era, a free India as it was influenced by the European Enlightenment (and its bearers in India, the British Raj) although it traced its intellectual roots to the Upanishads. Their version of Hinduism, or rather Universal Religion (similar to that of Ramakrishna), although devoid of practices like sati and polygamy that had crept into the social aspects of Hindu life, was ultimately a rigid impersonal monotheistic faith, which actually was quite distinct from the pluralistic and multifaceted nature of the way the Hindu religion was practiced. Future leaders like Keshub Chunder Sen were as much devotees of Christ, as they were of Brahma, Krishna or the Buddha. It has been argued by some scholars that the Brahmo Samaj movement never gained the support of the masses and remained restricted to the elite, although Hindu society has accepted most of the social reform programmes of the Brahmo Samaj. It must also be acknowledged that many of the later Brahmos were also leaders of the freedom movement.
The renaissance period after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature. While Ram Mohan Roy and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar were the pioneers, others like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee widened it and built upon it. The first significant nationalist detour to the Bengal Renaissance was given by the brilliant writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Later writers of the period who introduced broad discussion of social problems and more colloquial forms of Bengali into mainstream literature included the great Saratchandra Chatterjee.
The Tagore family, including Rabindranath Tagore, were leaders of this period and had a particular interest in educational reform. Their contribution to the Bengal Renaissance was multi-faceted. Indeed, Tagore's 1901 Bengali novella, Nastanirh was written as a critique of men who professed to follow the ideals of the Renaissance, but failed to do so within their own families. In many ways Rabindranath Tagore's writings (especially poems and songs) can be seen as imbued with the spirit of the Upanishads. His works repeatedly allude to Upanishadic ideas regarding soul, liberation, transmigration and—perhaps most essentially—about a spirit that imbues all creation not unlike the Upanishadic Brahman. Tagore's English translation of a set of poems titled the Gitanjali won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He was the first Asian to win this award (and, indeed, the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in any category). That was the only example at the time but the contribution of the Tagore family is enormous.
Comparison with European renaissance
The word "renaissance" in European history meant "rebirth" and was used in the context of the revival of the Graeco-Roman learning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries after the long winter of the dark medieval period. A serious comparison was started by the dramatis personae of the Bengal renaissance like Keshub Chunder Sen, Bipin Chandra Pal and M. N. Roy. For about a century, Bengal's conscious awareness and the changing modern world was more developed and ahead of the rest of India. The role played by Bengal in the modern awakening of India is thus comparable to the position occupied by Italy in the European renaissance. Very much like the Italian Renaissance, it was not a mass movement; but instead restricted to the upper classes.
Though the Bengal Renaissance was the "culmination of the process of emergence of the cultural characteristics of the Bengali people that had started in the age of Hussein Shah, it remained predominantly Hindu and only partially Muslim." There were, nevertheless, examples of Muslim intellectuals such as Syed Ameer Ali, Mosharraf Hussain, Sake Dean Mahomed, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Roquia Sakhawat Hussain. The Freedom of Intellect Movement sought to challenge religious and social dogma in Bengali Muslim society.
During the Bengal Renaissance science was also advanced by several Bengali scientists such as Satyendra Nath Bose, Anil Kumar Gain, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Jagadish Chandra Bose and Meghnad Saha. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist , and writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first from the Indian subcontinent to get a US patent, in 1904. Anil Kumar Gain and Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis were leading mathematicians and statisticians of their time. Gain went on to found Vidyasagar University, while Mahalanobis laid the foundation of the Indian Statistical Institute. Satyendra Nath Bose was a physicist, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He is honoured as the namesake of the boson. Although more than one Nobel Prize was awarded for research related to the concepts of the boson, Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensate—the latest being the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics, which was given for advancing the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates—Bose himself was never awarded the Nobel Prize.
According to historian Romesh Chunder Dutt:
The conquest of Bengal by the English was not only a political revolution, but ushered in a greater revolution in thoughts and ideas, in religion and society... From the stories of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, we have learnt to descend to the humble walks of life, to sympathise with the common citizen or even common peasant … Every revolution is attended with vigour, and the present one is no exception to the rule. Nowhere in the annals of Bengali literature are so many and so bright names found crowded together in the limited space of one century as those of Ram Mohan Roy, Akshay Kumar Dutt, Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Hem Chandra Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Dina Bandhu Mitra. Within the three quarters of the present century, prose, blank verse, historical fiction and drama have been introduced for the first time in the Bengali literature...
Religious and spiritual
Most notable Bengali religious and spiritual personalities are Atiśa, Tilopa, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Ramakrishna, Sree Sree Thakur Anukulchandra, Nityananda, Haridasa Thakur, Jiva Goswami, Ramprasad Sen, Lokenath Brahmachari, Swami Vivekananda, Keshub Chandra Sen, Balananda Brahmachari, Vishuddhananda Paramahansa, Sri Aurobindo, Lahiri Mahasaya, Bamakhepa, Yukteswar Giri, Debendranath Tagore, Swami Abhedananda, Bhaktivinoda Thakur, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Mohanananda Brahmachari, Sitaramdas Omkarnath, Ram Thakur, Lalon, Tibbetibaba, Soham Swami, Nigamananda Paramahansa, Niralamba Swami, Pranavananda, Bijoy Krishna Goswami, Paramahansa Yogananda, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Anandamayi Ma, Hariharananda Giri, Anirvan and Sri Chinmoy.
- Asiatic Society (est.1784)
- Fort William College (1800)
- Serampore College (1817)
- Calcutta School-Book Society (1817)
- Hindu School (1817)
- Hare School (1818)
- Sanskrit College (1824)
- General Assembly's Institution (1830) (now known as Scottish Church College)
- Calcutta Medical College (1835)
- Mutty Lall Seal's Free School & College (1842)
- Hindu College (1817) later Presidency College, Calcutta (1855) now Presidency University (since 2010)
- Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur (1856) now known as Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
- University of Calcutta (1857)
- Vidyasagar College (1872)
- Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya (1873)
- Banga Mahila Vidyalaya (1876)
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1876)
- Bethune College (1879)
- Ripon College (1884) (now known as Surendranath College)
- National Council of Education, Bengal (1906) (now known as Jadavpur University)
- Visva-Bharati University (1921)
- University of Dhaka (1921)
- Maharaja Manindra Chandra College (1941)
- Seth Anandram Jaipuria College (1945)
- History of Bengal
- Bengali people
- Ramtanu Lahiri
- Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj
- Adi Dharm
- Prarthana Samaj
- Calcutta Youth Choir
- Structure of Ayyavazhi
- Tattwabodhini Patrika
- Scottish Renaissance
- Harlem Renaissance
- History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 211, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.
- Sumit Sarkar, "Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance", in Calcutta, the Living City ed. Sukanta Chaudhuri, Vol I, p. 95.
- "Reform and Education: Young Bengal & Derozio", Bengalinet.com
- History of Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 253.
- Kathleen M. O'Connell, "Rabindranath Tagore on Education", infed.org
- Deb, Chitra, pp 64-65.
- History of Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 210, 212-213.
- A versatile genius, Frontline 21 (24), 2004.
- Chatterjee, Santimay and Chatterjee, Enakshi, Satyendranath Bose, 2002 reprint, p. 5, National Book Trust, ISBN 8123704925
- Sen, A. K. (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science". Microwave Symposium Digest. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. Denver, CO: IEEE. pp. 557–560. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854. ISBN 0-7803-3814-6.
- Cultural Heritage of Bengal by R. C. Dutt, quoted by Nitish Sengupta, pp 211-212.
- Dasgupta, Subrata (1 August 2011). Awakening: The Story of the Bengal Renaissance. RHI. p. 501. ISBN 978-8184001839.
- Dasgupta, Subrata (2009). The Bengal Renaissance. Permanent Black. p. 286. ISBN 978-8178242798.
- Kopf, David (1 August 1969). British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance. University of California Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0520006652.
- Sivanath Sastri, A History of the Renaissance in Bengal: Ramtanu Lahiri, Brahman and Reformer, London: Swan, Sonnenschein (1903); Kolkata: Renaissance (2002)
- Kabir, Abulfazal M. Fazle (21 June 2011). The Libraries of Bengal, 1700-1947: The Story of Bengali Renaissance. Promilla & Co. Publishers. p. 181. ISBN 978-8185002071.
- Sen, Amit (4 September 2011). Notes on the Bengal Renaissance. Nabu Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1179501390.
- Sastri, Sibnath (30 November 2008). Ramtanu Lahiri, Brahman and Reformer: A History of the Renaissance in Bengal. BiblioLife. p. 304. ISBN 978-0559841064.
- Travers, Robert (17 December 2007). Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0521059688.
- Pal, Bipin Chandra; Cakrabartī, Jagannātha (1977). Studies in the Bengal renaissance. the University of California: National Council of Education, Bengal. p. 606.
- Marshall, P. J. (2 November 2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0521028226.
- Gupta, Subrata Das (2011). Awakening. Random House India. p. 504. ISBN 9788184002485.
- Mittra, Sitansu Sekhar (2001). Bengal's Renaissance. Academic Publishers. p. 134. ISBN 9788187504184.
- Chatterjee, Pranab (2010). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang. p. 294. ISBN 9781433108204.
- Dasgupta, Subrata (1 January 2005). Twilight of the Bengal renaissance: R.K. Dasgupta & his quest for a world mind. the University of California: Dey's Publishing. p. 213.
- Dhar, Niranjan (1977). Vedanta and the Bengal Renaissance. the University of Michigan: Minerva Associates. p. 205. ISBN 9780883868379.
- Sen, Amit. Notes on the Bengal Renaissance - Primary Source Edition. Nabu Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781293546192.
- Fraser, Bashabi edited Special Issue on Rabindranath Tagore, Literary Compass, Wiley Publications. Volume 12, Issue 5, May 2015. See Fraser's Introduction pp. 161-72. ISSN 1741-4113.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bengali renaissance.|
- "The Tagores and Society", Rabindra Bharati Museum Kolkata
- Copf, David (2012). "Bengal Renaissance". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. | <urn:uuid:db9af81f-1e34-4dcd-8244-c5e4d6be877d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878669 | 3,540 | 4.125 | 4 |
American industry in the war; a report of the War Industries Board (March 1921) by Bernard M. Baruch, chairman, including, besides a reprint of the report of the War Industries Board of World War I, Mr. Baruch's own program for total mobilization of the nation as presented to the War Policies Commission in 1931, and current material on priorities and price fixing. With a foreword by Bernard M. Baruch, and an introduction by Hugh S. Johnson. Edited by Richard H. Hippelheuser.
- 1 of 1 copy available at Evergreen Indiana.
0 current holds with 1 total copy.
|Location||Call Number / Copy Notes||Barcode||Shelving Location||Status||Due Date|
|Garrett PL - Garrett||338 BAR (Text)||30010000111313||Nonfiction||Available||-|
- Physical Description: xii, 498 pages : folded diagram ; 24 cm
- Publisher: New York : Prentice-Hall, inc., 1941.
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Students' protests in Venezuela
Protests from pro and against Chavez, destruction by Chavez's thugs, and Chavez's threats dominated the news in Venezuela during the week. Chavez threatened students that he will use "the good tear gas" against them while his thugs destroyed government properties such as the new Mayor's building as shown in the attached links below:
Video: Chavez's police implanted explosives to the students' peaceful protest
Policia Metropolitana siembra explosivos a estudiantes -
University authorities resolved to march together with students on Friday, January 23 to CNE headquarters (Photo: Kisaí Mendoza) President Chavez asks pro-government students to take the streets"Do not let bourgeoisie's students take the streets," President Hugo Chávez recommended pro-government students and asked them to stage demonstrations similar to a march scheduled for Wednesday, January 21 over the days ahead of the referendum on the amendment to the Constitution. www.eluniversal.com
Destruction of the new Mayor's building
Venezuelans need help from developed governments and international organizations to restore democracy and end corruption.
My blog is: http://maruangarita.blogspot.com/ | <urn:uuid:6c5446fc-c5e6-4610-acb6-26870cc59465> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://maruangarita.blogspot.com/2009/01/students-protests-in-venezuela.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.695388 | 244 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Omron Blood Pressure Monitor For Home Use
Omron Blood Pressure Monitor € 125.00
The Omron M3 comfort is a clinically validated blood pressure monitor that makes it easy to keep track of your hypertension at home From Omron, the number one recommended brand by cardiologists for home blood pressure monitors in Europe Omron’s unique Intelli Wrap Cuff takes away the hassle of cuff placement on the upper arm – giving accurate blood pressure measurements in any position around the upper arm Cuff wrap guide and body movement detection indicators help you to avoid common mistakes that can cause inaccurate blood pressure readings The M3 Comfort can be used by two separate users + a guest and stores up to 60 blood pressure readings per user
What does a Blood Pressure Monitor do ?
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure monitor. It consists of an inflatable cuff that's wrapped around your arm, roughly level with your heart, and a monitoring device that measures the cuff's pressure. The monitor measures two pressures: systolic, and diastolic.
Why have I been told to use a Blood Pressure Monitor ?
Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to know whether you have high blood pressure. High blood pressure usually has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. | <urn:uuid:8f0aade4-8a99-42dc-92f7-1a66d5ccf952> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.nebulizer.ie/BloodPressure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.892948 | 273 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Fort St. Michael (2) (1897-1923) - A U.S. Army Fort established in 1897 during the Alaska Gold Rush by Lieutenant Colonel George M. Randall, 8th U.S. Infantry, in present day St. Michael, Nome Census Area, Alaska. Abandoned in 1923.
Fort St. Michael Winter View circa 1900
Established by Lieutenant Colonel George M. Randall and a detachment of 8th U.S. Infantry troops from Fort D.A. Russell (2), Wyoming on 8 Oct 1897. The post was established during the Alaska Gold Rush to maintain law and order in St. Michael, Alaska.
The post was abandoned in 1923.
Fort St. Michael (2) Partial Commanders List (edit list)
||Walker, Edgar Smith
||Wilson, Richard H.
|Dates are formatted in yyyy-mm-dd to sort correctly.|
The Cullum Number is the graduation order from the United States Military Academy by year and class rank and links to a page for the officer on the website version of the Cullum Register. Listings without a Cullum Number indicate that the person was not a graduate of the United States Military Academy.
St. Michael, Nome Census Area, Alaska.
USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Database Entry: 1408977
Location: St. Michael, Nome Census Area, Alaska. Map point is approximate.
Maps & Images
Lat: 63.4780556 Long: -162.0391667
- Roberts, Robert B., Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States, Macmillan, New York, 1988, 10th printing, ISBN 0-02-926880-X, page 27 | <urn:uuid:5ab2c858-368c-43ef-b318-7dbb972a6d0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fortwiki.com/Fort_St._Michael_(2) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.827128 | 482 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Twinadoes are sick. They are not sick enough to justify doing nothing but sitting on the couch watching DVDs all day, but they are too sick for kinder. So that means that they have been home all week, stuck inside, not well enough to even go to the library, wanting me to entertain them…so by today it was all wearing a bit thin.
I needed something easy but a bit new and different to catch their attention and imaginations and give me fifteen minutes peace to get Muski to sleep. Fifteen minutes of doing something together without fighting. Fifteen minutes of activity that wouldn’t take me an hour to clean up….
Hmm how can I make drawing a little bit different and interesting? Then I got an idea…
I got out the boring old crayons and the roll of paper and then I rooolllleeed it out into a looooong piece that ran the whole length of the table. I set up chairs side by side, put the crayons in the middle and told them to draw me a really BIG, really LONG, picture.
I wandered off to get the small boy to sleep and part of me wondered how long it would be until I had to break up a fight over someone drawing on someone’s bit of the paper…. but to my surprise when I came back ten minutes later they were both drawing side by side making a combined picture of a ‘city’ and ‘roads with a round-a-bout’ It kept them busy for about 30 minutes all up!
Using a BIG piece of paper is such a simple change to the regular drawing routine, but it has a big impact. It encouraged my girls to work together, gave them a different space and a different perspective for their drawing. And most importantly it was quick and easy to set up… so why not give it a try! | <urn:uuid:122a027c-5c28-4ca0-8176-9fd60f2479e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://picklebums.com/what-can-we-do-today-draw-big/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.97357 | 397 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Ottawa / Canada
Australia and Canada have a lot in common. They’re both former British colonies, who to this day enjoy friendly sporting rivalry every four years at the Commonwealth Games.
They’re both modern, prosperous, stable democracies. They both occupy vast landmasses of sparsely populated wilderness with most of their populations heavily concentrated into a few major cities along their fringes.
But neither country can be particularly proud of its environmental record.
Australia has an obsession with coal, led by a Prime Minister who likes to fondle lumps of it in our federal parliament. Meanwhile the Canadian Prime Minister’s black obsession has been Alberta’s tar sands oil. For example he funded the Keystone XL pipeline after no private investor would back the environmentally disastrous and commercially unviable project. (This huge project, that would have run through both Canada and the USA was recently canned by US President Biden.)
When it comes to cycling, Australia and Canada had another negative thing in common. Until now, both Canada and Australia steadfastly refused, at the federal level, to directly fund cycling infrastructure.
That changed on 12th March 2021 when Canada announced over C$400 million in federal funding for new cycling infrastructure, as well as launching plans for their first national Active Transportation Strategy.
Canada joins a long list of countries that Australia usually takes notice of, from the USA to the UK, Ireland, New Zealand, Germany and others, who all now directly fund cycling at the federal level.
In both Canada and Australia, their argument for decades has been that it was a responsibility of their provinces or states.
Now one of the last comparable countries that federal Australian governments from both major parties could point to as an excuse for their own inaction has said ‘Yes, we are responsible!’ to the tune of A$416 million over five years.
Even adjusting this for Canada’s larger population, that comes to A$2.19 per Canadian citizen per year.
When the then Shadow Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development Anthony Albanese announced a pre-2019 election promise of A$250 million over 10 years, that was only A$1 per Australian citizen per year – less than half as much.
Of course, history tells us that his Labor party lost that election, so even this modest policy was never enacted.
No doubt there are still some countries that do not have a policy of federally funding cycling and other active travel infrastructure. But the list is rapidly shrinking, particularly amongst more prosperous nations.
Australia’s cover is disappearing fast, like a puddle evaporating in the hot sun, leaving only mud, then dust behind. | <urn:uuid:de5ea4e0-17df-4c65-aa7e-8d64d2757f8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://micromobilityreport.com.au/features/opinion/australias-turn-next/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.964267 | 546 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Charles Dickens wrote the novel “Oliver Twist” to express his views on how the rich treated the poor and how he felt about the laws regarding the poor. At the time, there was a huge gap between the rich and the poor due to industrialization. This meant that the poor were left to survive in unpleasant, overcrowded conditions and were treated harshly by the rich. Dickens felt strongly about this situation and wrote “Oliver Twist” to change the public’s attitude towards the poor. He uses pathos, wit, sarcasm, exaggeration, and emotional and deceptive writing to get his points and feelings across to the reader. In addition, Dickens uses various techniques to expose Victorian Society’s awful treatment of children of the poor.
From the very beginning of the novel, Dickens starts describing the mistreatment of the poor. He uses the workhouse and authorities to show us just how badly the children are treated. A newborn baby is seen as a “new burden…imposed upon the parish”, an “item of mortality,” or a “statistic.” Dickens shows the reader that Oliver has suffered from birth. “If he could have known…perhaps he would have cried the louder.” He was born into a grim workhouse where he was constantly in a “hungry and destitute situation.” The helpless infants are made to use the “treadmill” as punishment, and Oliver is frequently locked in the “coal-cellar.” Here Dickens uses exaggerated descriptions to show the treatment of the children, to get the message clear to the public so that they can get an idea of the reality.
Prices start at $12
Prices start at $11
Prices start at $12
Poor children are victims of the authorities. They have no control over what happens to them. A prime example of this is when Dick is dying. “I heard the doctor tell them I was dying.” Dickens uses pathos to create melodrama when writing this scene to demonstrate that although Dick knows he is dying, there is nothing he can do about it but wait until he dies. He uses this technique to create emotion in the reader and, in effect, help the reader experience the suffering that these poor children have gone through. In addition, the character of Mrs. Mann shows the careless attitude of those in authority. She uses dire punishments such as locking the boys in the dark “coal-cellar.” Oliver is even locked up on his “ninth birthday” with a “select party of two other young gentlemen”.
Here Dickens uses sarcasm to emphasize the carelessness of those who worked with the children. The children mainly die of natural causes, but Mrs. Mann makes no effort to keep them alive. “…at the very moment when a child had contrived to exist…fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accidents…” Dickens is really trying to demonstrate that the authorities are the main threat to the poor. The terrible conditions of the workhouse are clearly shown when Oliver asks for more gruel. “Please, sir, I want some more.” Dickens uses exaggeration and even slight humour to compose this section of the book. What seems to be a reasonable, polite question from a growing boy is shown as a complete insult and offence to authority.
“The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale.”, “What!” It also highlights the innocence and na�vety of the children. Even if the children were to survive past life in the workhouse, they would be exploited by employment. It was typical of employers to exploit the poor children in the 1800s. A good example is when the chimney sweeps are at work, and their employers light the fire below. This clearly shows us the mistreatment of the employers. Dickens uses stereotyped characters to symbolize the superior and how they treated the poor. Mr. Fang, a notorious police magistrate, is extremely harsh on Oliver and presents an unreasonable sentence for Oliver’s “crime,” considering his age. “…committed for three months-hard labour…” This shows he is a cold-hearted, absent-minded man who Dickens uses to generalize magistrates in Victorian society.
Mr. Bumble, the beadle at the workhouse, constantly bullies and looks down on Oliver. “…one hundred and forty-sixpences! – and all for a naughty orphan which nobody can’t love.” Although Mr. Bumble overpowers Oliver, he is not all that he seems. He acts superior and intelligent, but he frequently uses malapropisms. For example, he often uses the word “parochial,” but not in the correct manner. Dickens uses this technique to show the reader that the rich feel special and of a higher standard than the poor, but really they are in no sense any different from the lower class, so they should not be allowed to treat them any differently.
London is described as a “filthy” and “wretched” place, definitely not fit for a young, na�ve boy, so when Oliver reaches the city, it shows the dangers he has reached due to being ill-kept and running away. This makes the reader feel pity for Oliver. Oliver stays with Fagin and gets brought in with the boy’s thievery, not realizing their profession. “…the whole mystery of the handkerchiefs, and the watches, and the jewels, and the Jew, rushed upon the boy’s mind.” Oliver is used to illustrating how na�ve a poor young boy is in this situation and how dangerous it was for a boy like Oliver in those days.
Fagin is used to showing the other dangers present for the poor children at the time. Dickens uses imagery to introduce Fagin. He describes him as “villainous-looking,” “matted red hair,” and a “Jew.” At the time, Jews were stereotyped as evil. This all adds to the effect of Fagin being a replica of the Devil. Dickens also demonstrates that it was difficult for the poor to break free of the poverty cycle. Fagin could not earn money in any other way but look after the boys and train them to pickpocket for him. Stolen goods such as “many silk handkerchiefs” and “trinkets” paid for their survival. Dickens shows us here how hard survival was if you were classed as “poor” and how desperate the poor were for their necessities, that they reduced themselves to stealing.
Many poor young children were brought up as criminals, such as prostitutes and thieves, as that is the only way to survive. A good example of this is Nancy, the kind-hearted prostitute. “…some with the last lingerie tinge of their early freshness almost fading as you looked; others with every mark and stamp of their sex utterly beaten out…” This highlights that the young children do not choose and must go against their wishes to become such sinful criminals. Dickens uses pathos in this section to make the reader sympathize with the poor children who commit these sins out of sheer desperation for survival.
Many people believed that if you were born into a low-income family, you stayed in that “station” for life and could not move into the other. Charles Dickens tries to state that we are all born into the same world, and only our upbringing distinguishes us. He used Oliver to show us that you can overcome the bad through determination and willpower, and things will turn out how you want them to. Dickens was very biased towards Oliver throughout the book, and by using pathos, he emphasizes that all good triumphs over evil. Oliver returned to his rightful place in society, and those who hurt him along the way were severely punished. | <urn:uuid:ec8aa6df-fd1f-4e99-b861-b32670a22f9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://essayscollector.com/essays/oliver-twist-by-charles-dickens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.977903 | 1,704 | 3.796875 | 4 |
How Does Smoothie Affect Your Body
There are 22 kinds of vegetables, 2 kinds of fruits, 3 types of dietary fibers, 4.4 billion lactic acid bacteria and oligosaccharides contained in this smoothie. The nutrition they provide will make your body healthier in many ways, but the main attribute of this drink is the detoxification effect.
Let's take a closer look on our smoothie and see how can it support your body and health.
Fruits and Vegetables Detox
In world-class medical journals, vegetables and fruits are described as ingredients that should be frequently consumed to prevent cardiovascular disorders.
It is a common knowledge that people who succeed in weight loss, usually focused their diets around vegetables and fruits. Because they reduce risk of circulatory system disease greatly, vegetables and fruits should be considered as necessity in our daily diet. Moreover, the smoothie has anti-aging effect.
In the process of energy production, our body generates reactive oxygen causing the aging process. To slow down this process antioxidants are necessary.
Therefore, if you include vegetables and fruits in your diet, you can nourish your body with antioxidants (vitamin A, C, E) causing detoxification. On top of that, consuming smoothie may help you to lose weight, eliminate skin problems and improve look and quality of your skin.
Lactic Acid Bacteria And Detox Functions
Detox is a process of discharging waste products and toxins that have accumulated in our body. Detoxification effect of lactic acid bacteria has been drawing a lot of attention recently.
By ingesting lactic acid bacteria, the number of healthy bacteria in the intestine increases, decreasing the amount of the bad bacteria. The intestinal tract which becomes dominated by the good bacteria stimulates a peristaltic movement causing extraction of accumulated feces and toxic gases. If the inside of the body is properly detoxified, the skin will be naturally influenced by that, becoming healthy and more beautiful.
Detox With Dietary Fiber
Polysaccharides in our food (dietary fibers) cannot be digested by our organism. As they are not absorbed by our stomach, they play a role of detoxification. Dietary fibers can be roughly divided into "insoluble" and "water-soluble".
To understand how they work, we could compare them to a broom that soaks water, and a cleaning cloth that removes dust. Indigestible dextrin plays a role of broom, inulin and psyllium play a role of a dust cloth. Ingesting both in a well-balanced function, will ease excretion process, and prevent constipation. The dietary fiber willespecially affect the large intestine.
Improve Blood Flow
The primary cause of bad blood flow is caused by thrombus (blood clot). Green vegetables contain many components called chlorophyll which prevents thrombus from occurring. If you consume right food, the flow of your blood becomes smooth and the oxygen spreads to every corner of the body. Good blood circulation may prevent oversensitivity to cold and improve your skin condition.
Eliminate Legs Swelling
Potassium contained in vegetables and fruits has a diuretic effect which helps to eliminate swelling. Swollenness is said to be one of the causes of cellulite, so by drinking smoothies you can also prevent the forming of cellulite on your body.
Smoothies As A Diet Drink
Drink the smoothie on an empty stomach and try to avoid eating for the next 40 minutes to 1 hour. When you have nothing in your stomach and intestines, your body can absorb nutrition from the smoothies much easier. Many people drink smoothies as a substitute for breakfast (so-called replacement meal).
A smoothie is easy to drink on a busy morning, and it is much less of a burden for your stomach compared to bread or rice. At the same time, absorption of nutrition improves if there is no other food to digest. However, for people who are actively working during the day, it may be unhealthy to skip a regular breakfast or lunch. In that case the smoothie could be a good replacement for a dinner. In addition, if it is difficult to use smoothie as a substitute for a whole dish, you can drink it before each meal. However, remember to eat your next meal at least 40 minutes after drinking the smoothie and try to reduce its volume to 70 – 80% of a regular serving.
How to Drink
Put 5.5 g of 1 capsule into a glass, add about 100 ml of water and mix well.
If you mix it with apple juice, milk or yoghurt it will taste delicious!
For a start, use 3 packets a day. When you feel you have achieved the desired detox effect, you can reduce the intake to 2 packets a day.
Mixed vegetable / fruit powder: young leaves of barley, kale, okra, cabbage, carrots, pumpkin, burdock, sweet potato, taro, broccoli, ashitaba, asparagus, edamame, komatsuna, celery, radish, radish leaves, onion, parsley, spinach, lemon, lotus root, indigestible dextrin, dextrin, psyllium seed coat powder, chicory dietary fiber (inulin), beet sugar, soy flour, apple juice powder, oligosaccharide (lactosucrose), bactericidal lactic acid bacteria powder, sweetener (stevia), fragrance. | <urn:uuid:70a49735-b1cd-4faa-b1a4-fd515ec64aa1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.couz-nutri.com/collections/sky-food/products/skyfood-green-smoothie-detox-powder-fruits-and-vegetables | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.922414 | 1,129 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Lapis Moon Healing
Pranic Healingis a highly evolved and tested system of energy medicine developed by GrandMaster Choa Kok Sui that utilizes prana to balance, harmonize and transform the body's energy processes. Prana is a Sanskrit word that means life-force. This invisible bio-energy or vital energy keeps the body alive and maintains a state of good health. In acupuncture, the Chinese refer to this subtle energy as Chi.
Pranic Healing is a simple yet powerful & effective system of no-touch energy healing. It is based on the fundamental principles that the body is a self-repairing living entity that possesses the ability to heal itself and that the healing process is accelerated by increasing this life force that is readily available from the sun, air and ground to address physical & emotional imbalances. Master Choa Kok Sui says "Life Energy or prana is all around us. It is pervasive; we are actually in an ocean of Life Energy. Based on this principle, a healer can draw in Pranic Energy or Life Energy from the surroundings.
I have found that this work gently yet completely clears the auric field and charkas which in turn clears emotional distress in the emotional, physical and spiritual bodies. This practice allows me to help clear current and past life trauma deeply lodged in the chakra system. I have been trained in the following therapies:
* Advanced Pranic Healing
* Pranic Psychotherapy
* Pranic Crystal Healing
* Pranic Cellular Healing
* Pranic Ancestral Healing
* Pranic Cord Pulling/Clearing
* Pranic Face Lift and Body Sculpting
* Pranic Feng Shui
* Arhatic Yoga
Private or distance Pranic Healing sessions: $85 | <urn:uuid:247aa5f1-96b2-4b0b-98ca-9d5933ef3e27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lapismoonhealing.com/pranic-healing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.906278 | 364 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Ontarians report that they value their wealth more than the average Canadian, but more than a third of households in the province say they’re left strapped for cash after paying essential bills each month, says a new survey.
In a Canada-wide survey conducted for the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada, a quarter of households across the country say they never, or rarely, set aside any savings over the past year.
It also says 29 per cent of households from coast to coast are stuck tread-milling between paycheques. An analysis of the survey, co-authored by Rock Lefebvre, says those households are either breaking even, or sliding into debt.
“They felt that their incomes were not keeping pace with the cost of living,” Lefebvre told the Canadian Press.
Regionally, roughly 34 per cent of Ontario respondents said they had either no money or nearly no money after paying their bills, compared to 26 per cent of remaining Canadians.
“(Ontarians) struggle more in actually accumulating wealth and being satisfied with the results of that accumulation,” Elena Simonova, also a co-author of the analysis which examined the responses of more than 1,800 people, told The Star.
Two-thirds of national households had no expectations that their situations would get better, and reported they would continue to have no wealth accumulation.
The authors pointed towards consumer consumption as one of the things hampering the accumulation of wealth, which the analysis defined as a household’s total assets minus debt.
“This consumption pattern that has emerged over the last decade . . . is playing havoc with people’s ability to save,” Lefebvre said. “Because of the low interest rates coupled with the behaviour of borrowing, people are possibly buying homes and cars that are a little more expensive than what they would typically be able to afford.”
Canada’s household savings rate plummeted to 3.8 per cent savings of disposable income at the end of 2012 from its peak of about 20 per cent in the early 1980s, the analysis said.
The wealth of an average Canadian adult was only $6,600 in 2012, or 2.7 per cent higher when compared to the wealth controlled by households at the beginning of 2008.
Jennifer Bragg, a former researcher on the personal finance reality TV series, “Til Debt do us Part,” said the results are hardly surprising.
“It’s such a depressing statistic, it’s kind of scary,” Bragg said.
“It’s death by small costs.”
“I do know a lot of friends like that,” added Bragg. “They spend everything they have and then they run into emergency situations and they don’t really have anything left over.”
The authors of the analysis also said Canadians aren’t taking advantage of the times to save.
“This is a beautiful time to get ahead with these low interest rates. (But) people just seem to be living the life rather than make the sacrifice to get rid of this debt while it’s low interest and come out of it on the bright side,” Lefebvre said.
Jimohal Francis said he tries to save, but the cost of living adds up, even though the Torontonian is splitting rent and utilities with his aunt.
“Sometimes I find it very hard to save,” said Francis, 24, who works retail part-time. “It’s still hard to pay the bills and to get by.”
The online survey was conducted last Sept. 14-21 by Ipsos Reid with 1,805 Canadians aged 25 and older.
The polling industry’s professional body, the Marketing Research and Intelligence Association, says online surveys cannot be assigned a margin of error because they do not randomly sample the population.
With files from the Canadian Press | <urn:uuid:ccb9bf96-25ca-43db-a029-718ec36c5fa3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thestar.com/business/personal_finance/spending_saving/2013/05/22/a_third_of_canadians_living_paycheque_to_paycheque_survey.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966642 | 828 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|Part of a series on|
A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply differentiated by gross anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group. These fossils serve as a reminder that taxonomic divisions are human constructs that have been imposed in hindsight on a continuum of variation. Because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, there is usually no way to know exactly how close a transitional fossil is to the point of divergence. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that transitional fossils are direct ancestors of more recent groups, though they are frequently used as models for such ancestors.
In 1859, when Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was first published, the fossil record was poorly known. Darwin described the perceived lack of transitional fossils as, "...the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory," but explained it by relating it to the extreme imperfection of the geological record. He noted the limited collections available at that time, but described the available information as showing patterns that followed from his theory of descent with modification through natural selection. Indeed, Archaeopteryx was discovered just two years later, in 1861, and represents a classic transitional form between dinosaurs and birds. Many more transitional fossils have been discovered since then, and there is now abundant evidence of how all classes of vertebrates are related, much of it in the form of transitional fossils. Specific examples include humans and other primates, tetrapods and fish, and birds and dinosaurs.
The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on human evolution to refer to a perceived gap in the hominid evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.
- 1 Evolutionary and phylogenetic taxonomy
- 2 Prominent examples
- 3 Fossil record
- 4 History of transitional fossils
- 5 Misunderstandings
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Sources
- 9 External links
Evolutionary and phylogenetic taxonomy
Transitions in phylogenetic nomenclature
In evolutionary taxonomy, the prevailing form of taxonomy during much of the 20th century and still used in non-specialist textbooks, taxa based on morphological similarity are often drawn as "bubbles" or "spindles" branching off from each other, forming evolutionary trees. Transitional forms are seen as falling between the various groups in terms of anatomy, having a mixture of characteristics from inside and outside the newly branched clade.
With the establishment of cladistics in the 1990s, relationships commonly came to be expressed in cladograms that illustrate the branching of the evolutionary lineages in stick-like figures. The different so-called "natural" or "monophyletic" groups form nested units, and only these are given phylogenetic names. While in traditional classification tetrapods and fish are seen as two different groups, phylogenetically tetrapods are considered a branch of fish. Thus, with cladistics there is no longer a transition between established groups, and the term "transitional fossils" is a misnomer. Differentiation occurs within groups, represented as branches in the cladogram.
In a cladistic context, transitional organisms can be seen as representing early examples of a branch, where not all of the traits typical of the previously known descendants on that branch have yet evolved. Such early representatives of a group are usually termed "basal taxa" or "sister taxa," depending on whether the fossil organism belongs to the daughter clade or not.
Transitional versus ancestral
A source of confusion is the notion that a transitional form between two different taxonomic groups must be a direct ancestor of one or both groups. The difficulty is exacerbated by the fact that one of the goals of evolutionary taxonomy is to identify taxa that were ancestors of other taxa. However, it is almost impossible to be sure that any form represented in the fossil record is a direct ancestor of any other. In fact, because evolution is a branching process that produces a complex bush pattern of related species rather than a linear process producing a ladder-like progression, and because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, it is unlikely that any particular form represented in the fossil record is a direct ancestor of any other. Cladistics deemphasizes the concept of one taxonomic group being an ancestor of another, and instead emphasizes the identification of sister taxa that share a more recent common ancestor with one another than they do with other groups. There are a few exceptional cases, such as some marine plankton microfossils, where the fossil record is complete enough to suggest with confidence that certain fossils represent a population that was actually ancestral to a later population of a different species. But, in general, transitional fossils are considered to have features that illustrate the transitional anatomical features of actual common ancestors of different taxa, rather than to be actual ancestors.
Archaeopteryx is a genus of theropod dinosaur closely related to the birds. Since the late 19th century, it has been accepted by palaeontologists, and celebrated in lay reference works, as being the oldest known bird, though a study in 2011 has cast doubt on this assessment, suggesting instead that it is a non-avialan dinosaur closely related to the origin of birds.
It lived in what is now southern Germany in the Late Jurassic period around 150 million years ago, when Europe was an archipelago in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in shape to a European magpie, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a raven, Archaeopteryx could grow to about 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) in length. Despite its small size, broad wings, and inferred ability to fly or glide, Archaeopteryx has more in common with other small Mesozoic dinosaurs than it does with modern birds. In particular, it shares the following features with the deinonychosaurs (dromaeosaurs and troodontids): jaws with sharp teeth, three fingers with claws, a long bony tail, hyperextensible second toes ("killing claw"), feathers (which suggest homeothermy), and various skeletal features. These features make Archaeopteryx a clear candidate for a transitional fossil between dinosaurs and birds, making it important in the study both of dinosaurs and of the origin of birds.
The first complete specimen was announced in 1861, and ten more Archaeopteryx fossils have been found since then. Most of the eleven known fossils include impressions of feathers—among the oldest direct evidence of such structures. Moreover, because these feathers take the advanced form of flight feathers, Archaeopteryx fossils are evidence that feathers began to evolve before the Late Jurassic.
The hominid Australopithecus afarensis represents an evolutionary transition between modern bipedal humans and their quadrupedal ape ancestors. A number of traits of the A. afarensis skeleton strongly reflect bipedalism, to the extent that some researchers have suggested that bipedality evolved long before A. afarensis. In overall anatomy, the pelvis is far more human-like than ape-like. The iliac blades are short and wide, the sacrum is wide and positioned directly behind the hip joint, and there is clear evidence of a strong attachment for the knee extensors, implying an upright posture.:122
While the pelvis is not entirely like that of a human (being markedly wide, or flared, with laterally orientated iliac blades), these features point to a structure radically remodelled to accommodate a significant degree of bipedalism. The femur angles in toward the knee from the hip. This trait allows the foot to fall closer to the midline of the body, and strongly indicates habitual bipedal locomotion. Present-day humans, orangutans and spider monkeys possess this same feature. The feet feature adducted big toes, making it difficult if not impossible to grasp branches with the hindlimbs. Besides locomotion, A. afarensis also had a slightly larger brain than a modern chimpanzee (the closest living relative of humans) and had teeth that were more human than ape-like.
The cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are marine mammal descendants of land mammals. The pakicetids are an extinct family of hoofed mammals that are the earliest whales, whose closest sister group is Indohyus from family Raoellidae. They lived in the Early Eocene, around 53 million years ago. Their fossils were first discovered in North Pakistan in 1979, at a river not far from the shores of the former Tethys Sea.[page needed] Pakicetids could hear under water, using enhanced bone conduction, rather than depending on tympanic membranes like most land mammals. This arrangement does not give directional hearing under water.
Ambulocetus natans, which lived about 49 million years ago, was discovered in Pakistan in 1994. It was probably amphibious, and looked like a crocodile. In the Eocene, ambulocetids inhabited the bays and estuaries of the Tethys Ocean in northern Pakistan. The fossils of ambulocetids are always found in near-shore shallow marine deposits associated with abundant marine plant fossils and littoral molluscs. Although they are found only in marine deposits, their oxygen isotope values indicate that they consumed water with a range of degrees of salinity, some specimens showing no evidence of sea water consumption and others none of fresh water consumption at the time when their teeth were fossilized. It is clear that ambulocetids tolerated a wide range of salt concentrations. Their diet probably included land animals that approached water for drinking, or freshwater aquatic organisms that lived in the river. Hence, ambulocetids represent the transition phase of cetacean ancestors between freshwater and marine habitat.
Tiktaalik is a genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the Late Devonian period, with many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals). It is one of several lines of ancient sarcopterygians to develop adaptations to the oxygen-poor shallow water habitats of its time—adaptations that led to the evolution of tetrapods. Well-preserved fossils were found in 2004 on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada.
Tiktaalik lived approximately 375 million years ago. Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates such as Panderichthys, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to characterize Tiktaalik as a "fishapod." Unlike many previous, more fish-like transitional fossils, the "fins" of Tiktaalik have basic wrist bones and simple rays reminiscent of fingers. They may have been weight-bearing. Like all modern tetrapods, it had rib bones, a mobile neck with a separate pectoral girdle, and lungs, though it had the gills, scales, and fins of a fish.
Tetrapod footprints found in Poland and reported in Nature in January 2010 were "securely dated" at 10 million years older than the oldest known elpistostegids (of which Tiktaalik is an example), implying that animals like Tiktaalik, possessing features that evolved around 400 million years ago, were "late-surviving relics rather than direct transitional forms, and they highlight just how little we know of the earliest history of land vertebrates."
Pleuronectiformes (flatfish) are an order of ray-finned fish. The most obvious characteristic of the modern flatfish is their asymmetry, with both eyes on the same side of the head in the adult fish. In some families the eyes are always on the right side of the body (dextral or right-eyed flatfish) and in others they are always on the left (sinistral or left-eyed flatfish). The primitive spiny turbots include equal numbers of right- and left-eyed individuals, and are generally less asymmetrical than the other families. Other distinguishing features of the order are the presence of protrusible eyes, another adaptation to living on the seabed (benthos), and the extension of the dorsal fin onto the head.
Amphistium is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via natural selection—not suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe."
Amphistium is among the many fossil fish species known from the Monte Bolca Lagerstätte of Lutetian Italy. Heteronectes is a related, and very similar fossil from slightly earlier strata of France.
A Middle Devonian precursor to seed plants has been identified from Belgium, predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the multilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed, having all the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed.
Not every transitional form appears in the fossil record, because the fossil record is not complete. Organisms are only rarely preserved as fossils in the best of circumstances, and only a fraction of such fossils have been discovered. Paleontologist Donald Prothero noted that this is illustrated by the fact that the number of species known through the fossil record was less than 5% of the number of known living species, suggesting that the number of species known through fossils must be far less than 1% of all the species that have ever lived.
Because of the specialized and rare circumstances required for a biological structure to fossilize, logic dictates that known fossils represent only a small percentage of all life-forms that ever existed—and that each discovery represents only a snapshot of evolution. The transition itself can only be illustrated and corroborated by transitional fossils, which never demonstrate an exact half-way point between clearly divergent forms.
The fossil record is very uneven and, with few exceptions, is heavily slanted toward organisms with hard parts, leaving most groups of soft-bodied organisms with little to no fossil record. The groups considered to have a good fossil record, including a number of transitional fossils between traditional groups, are the vertebrates, the echinoderms, the brachiopods and some groups of arthropods.
History of transitional fossils
The idea that animal and plant species were not constant, but changed over time, was suggested as far back as the 18th century. Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, gave it a firm scientific basis. A weakness of Darwin's work, however, was the lack of palaeontological evidence, as pointed out by Darwin himself. While it is easy to imagine natural selection producing the variation seen within genera and families, the transmutation between the higher categories was harder to imagine. The dramatic find of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx in 1861, only two years after the publication of Darwin's work, offered for the first time a link between the class of the highly derived birds, and that of the more primitive reptiles. In a letter to Darwin, the palaeontologist Hugh Falconer wrote:
Had the Solnhofen quarries been commissioned — by august command — to turn out a strange being à la Darwin — it could not have executed the behest more handsomely — than in the Archaeopteryx.
Thus, transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx came to be seen as not only corroborating Darwin's theory, but as icons of evolution in their own right. For example, the Swedish encyclopedic dictionary Nordisk familjebok of 1904 showed an inaccurate Archaeopteryx reconstruction (see illustration) of the fossil, "ett af de betydelsefullaste paleontologiska fynd, som någonsin gjorts" ("one of the most significant paleontological discoveries ever made").
The rise of plants
Transitional fossils are not only those of animals. With the increasing mapping of the divisions of plants at the beginning of the 20th century, the search began for the ancestor of the vascular plants. In 1917, Robert Kidston and William Henry Lang found the remains of an extremely primitive plant in the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and named it Rhynia.
The Rhynia plant was small and stick-like, with simple dichotomously branching stems without leaves, each tipped by a sporangium. The simple form echoes that of the sporophyte of mosses, and it has been shown that Rhynia had an alternation of generations, with a corresponding gametophyte in the form of crowded tufts of diminutive stems only a few millimetres in height. Rhynia thus falls midway between mosses and early vascular plants like ferns and clubmosses. From a carpet of moss-like gametophytes, the larger Rhynia sporophytes grew much like simple clubmosses, spreading by means of horizontal growing stems growing rhizoids that anchored the plant to the substrate. The unusual mix of moss-like and vascular traits and the extreme structural simplicity of the plant had huge implications for botanical understanding.
The term "missing link" refers back to the originally static pre-evolutionary concept of the great chain of being, a deist idea that all existence is linked, from the lowest dirt, through the living kingdoms to angels and finally to God. The idea of all living things being linked through some sort of transmutation process predates Darwin's theory of evolution. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck envisioned that life is generated in the form of the simplest creatures constantly, and then strive towards complexity and perfection (i.e. humans) through a series of lower forms. In his view, lower animals were simply newcomers on the evolutionary scene.
After On the Origin of Species, the idea of "lower animals" representing earlier stages in evolution lingered, as demonstrated in Ernst Haeckel's figure of the human pedigree. While the vertebrates were then seen as forming a sort of evolutionary sequence, the various classes were distinct, the undiscovered intermediate forms being called "missing links."
The term was first used in a scientific context by Charles Lyell in the third edition (1851) of his book Elements of Geology in relation to missing parts of the geological column, but it was popularized in its present meaning by its appearance on page xi of his book Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863. By that time it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, but Lyell drew on new findings in his Antiquity of Man to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past. Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged. Lyell's vivid writing fired the public imagination, inspiring Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) and Louis Figuier's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ("Earth before the Flood"), which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes, in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition.
The idea of a "missing link" between humans and so-called "lower" animals remains lodged in the public imagination. The search for a fossil showing transitional traits between apes and humans, however, was fruitless until the young Dutch geologist Eugène Dubois found a skullcap, a molar and a femur on the banks of Solo River, Java in 1891. The find combined a low, ape-like skull roof with a brain estimated at around 1000 cc, midway between that of a chimpanzee and an adult human. The single molar was larger than any modern human tooth, but the femur was long and straight, with a knee angle showing that "Java Man" had walked upright. Given the name Pithecanthropus erectus ("erect ape-man"), it became the first in what is now a long list of human evolution fossils. At the time it was hailed by many as the "missing link," helping set the term as primarily used for human fossils, though it is sometimes used for other intermediates, like the dinosaur-bird intermediary Archaeopteryx.
"Missing link" is still a popular term, well recognized by the public and often used in the popular media. It is, however, avoided in the scientific press, as it relates to the concept of the great chain of being and to the notion of simple organisms being primitive versions of complex ones, both of which have been discarded in biology. In any case, the term itself is misleading, as any known transitional fossil, like Java Man, is no longer missing. While each find will give rise to new gaps in the evolutionary story on each side, the discovery of more and more transitional fossils continues to add to our knowledge of evolutionary transitions.
The theory of punctuated equilibrium developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge and first presented in 1972 is often mistakenly drawn into the discussion of transitional fossils. This theory, however, pertains only to well-documented transitions within taxa or between closely related taxa over a geologically short period of time. These transitions, usually traceable in the same geological outcrop, often show small jumps in morphology between extended periods of morphological stability. To explain these jumps, Gould and Eldredge envisaged comparatively long periods of genetic stability separated by periods of rapid evolution. Gould made the following observation concerning creationist misuse of his work to deny the existence of transitional fossils:
Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists—whether through design or stupidity, I do not know—as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms. The punctuations occur at the level of species; directional trends (on the staircase model) are rife at the higher level of transitions within major groups.
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- Lovejoy, Arthur O. (1936). The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea. William James Lectures, 1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. LCCN 36014264. OCLC 192226.
- Leche, V. (1904). "Archæopteryx". In Meijer, Bernhard. Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish) (New, revised and richly illustrated ed.). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. LCCN 15023737. OCLC 23562281.
- Prothero, Donald R. (2007). Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters. Original illustrations by Carl Buell. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13962-5. LCCN 2007028804. OCLC 154711166.
- Reader, John (2011). Missing Links: In Search of Human Origins. Foreword by Andrew Hill (Enlarged and updated ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927685-1. LCCN 2011934689. OCLC 707267298.
- Shubin, Neil (2008). Your Inner Fish: A Journey Into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42447-2. LCCN 2007024699. OCLC 144598195.
- Swisher, Carl C., III; Curtis, Garniss H.; Lewin, Roger (2001) [Originally published 2000]. Java Man: How Two Geologists Changed Our Understanding of Human Evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-78734-6. LCCN 2001037337. OCLC 48066180.
- Wellnhofer, Peter (2004). "The Plumage of Archaeopteryx: Feathers of a Dinosaur?". In Currie, Philip J.; Koppelhus, Eva B.; Shugar, Martin A.; et al. Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds. Life of the Past. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34373-9. LCCN 2003019035. OCLC 52942941.
- Wellnhofer, Peter (2009). Archaeopteryx: The Icon of Evolution. Translated by Frank Haase; foreword by Luis M. Chiappe (Revised English edition of the 1st German ed.). München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-108-6. OCLC 501736379.
- Lloyd, Robin (11 February 2009). "Fossils Reveal Truth About Darwin's Theory". LiveScience. Ogden UT: Purch. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- Hunt, Kathleen (17 March 1997). "Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- "Tiktaalik roseae". Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- "Whales Tohorā". Wellington, New Zealand: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- Hutchinson, John R. (22 January 1998). "Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?". DinoBuzz. Berkeley, CA: University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2015-05-19. | <urn:uuid:2b6bb741-6e1f-482b-9549-9e8fa7f461f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00467-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850563 | 9,450 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Video Above: Army Research Lab Scientists... Tells Warrior About Engineering New Explosives
Once the design is finalized, the tank will be a beast.
The Main Ground Combat System, as the tank project is known, is intended to replace the French Leclerc and Leopard 2 main battle tanks. While both tanks are considered capable and combat-effective, they are not getting any younger. The Leclerc made its debut with the French armed forces in the early 1990s, and the Leopard 2, essentially an advanced and redesigned variant of the Leopard 1, much before that, in the late 1970s. Both France and Germany are in need of an upgrade.
European/Enhanced Main Battle Tank
One of the first steps on the road to the MGCS was a technology demonstrator, built by the European defense company KMW+Nexter Defense Systems. Their demonstrator was called the European Main Battle Tank (or alternatively called the Enhanced Main Battle Tank by the French), and it debuted in 2018 at a military trade fair in Paris.
The demonstrator, a one-off design, combined already existing German and French tanks, but mated the turret of the Leclerc with the hull of the German Leopard 2. A neat video of the modern-looking demonstrator can be seen here and is worth the watch.
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The rationale behind the French-German hybrid was two-fold. First, it demonstrated the potential of French-German collaboration in defense, which for historical reasons has struggled. The other advantage was to explore the possibilities of using off-the-shelf parts and components to see what was possible. Their design is arguably better than either the Leopard 2 or the Leclerc, and is around 6 tons, or about 12,000 pounds (or nearly 5,500 kilos) lighter.
The Main Ground Combat System will be very powerful—especially the tank’s main gun. One of the MGCS’s conditions stipulates that the end product must have a more powerful main gun than the tanks that France or Germany currently have in service.
While most tanks, including virtually every tank in NATO ally inventories uses a variation of the German firm Rheinmetall’s Rh-120 L/55 120mm gun, the MGCS will use an enlarged 130mm main gun, also designed and manufactured by the German firm. The massive gun weighs about 300 kilograms, or about 660 pounds more than Rheinmetall’s previous 120mm gun. The ammunition is corresponding longer and larger in diameter and is a step up in terms of both penetration potential and range.
It remains to be seen what the final Franco-German design will look like. It should be assumed that it will have an improved armor protection package, and higher mobility. One of the features that can be assumed is the larger 130 millimeter main gun—which may make the EMBT one of the most powerful tanks in the world. Watch this topic closely for new developments.
-- This Story First Appeared in The National Interest -
Caleb Larson is a defense writer with the National Interest*. He holds a Master of Public Policy and covers U.S. and Russian security, European defense issues, and German politics and culture.* | <urn:uuid:042d9bb4-237e-4e71-815a-a4537f05bdec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://warriormaven.com/future-weapons/france-and-germany-are-working-together-to-build-a-new-super-tank | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.952335 | 670 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Affliction of Margaret
- This poem is about a woman is despair. Her son has left home and not kept in touch, she hasn't heard from him in seven years.
- She doesn't mention a father and even states that she has no earthly friend.
- Many personal pronouns are used, which could suggest that she is thinking more about herself than her son.
- The poet uses plain everyday language slightly archaic, to show that she is a plain every day simple woman, which suggests that this could happen to anyone - we are…
Similar English Literature resources: | <urn:uuid:0e4df4fc-805f-422c-a033-6d8a9327bd97> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/english_lit_the_affliction_of_margaret | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979564 | 118 | 2.71875 | 3 |
THURSDAY, July 25, 2013 (HealthDay News) — More than 275 people in numerous states have become ill with cyclospora infections in an outbreak that began a few weeks ago, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Most of the patients first became ill with the foodborne illness between mid-June and early July. The stomach bug, which causes diarrhea and other flu-like symptoms, has been reported in Iowa, Nebraska, Texas, Wisconsin and Illinois. At least eight people have been hospitalized.
Investigators are trying to determine the cause of the illnesses, but have not made any connections with specific food items. Various types of fresh produce have been implicated in previous outbreak investigations, the CDC said.
No common events, such as social gatherings, have been identified among the patients and it is not clear if the cases from all of the states are part of the same outbreak.
Possible additional cases are currently under investigation, the CDC said. | <urn:uuid:ea0c8bb7-92a4-41f8-b660-e7b1025cb369> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/0725/multistate-cyclospora-outbreak-has-sickened-more-than-two-hundred-seventy-five-people.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977422 | 201 | 2.5 | 2 |
Australia is now one of the most authoritarian states in the world. Conor Friedersdorf writes:
Australia is undoubtedly a democracy, with multiple political parties, regular elections, and the peaceful transfer of power. But if a country indefinitely forbids its own citizens from leaving its borders, strands tens of thousands of its citizens abroad, puts strict rules on intrastate travel, prohibits citizens from leaving home without an excuse from an official government list, mandates masks even when people are outdoors and socially distanced, deploys the military to enforce those rules, bans protest, and arrests and fines dissenters, is that country still a liberal democracy?
As I noted earlier, Australia is in clear contravention of the UN Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13 of which states:
- Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
- Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
To give Australia’s approach its due, temporary restrictions on liberty were far more defensible early in the pandemic…Had it behaved rationally and adequately valued liberty, a rich nation like Australia would have spent lavishly—before knowing which vaccines would turn out to be most effective—to secure an adequate supply of many options for its people. It could afford to eat the cost of any extra doses and donate them to poorer countries. Australia then could have marshaled its military and civil society to vaccinate the nation as quickly as possible, lifted restrictions more fully than Europe and the United States did, and argued that the combination of fewer deaths and the more rapid return to normalcy made their approach a net win.
Instead, Australia invested inadequately in vaccines and, once it acquired doses, was too slow to get them into arms. “Of the 16 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine that have been released to the government by manufacturer CSL, only about 8 million have gone into the arms of Australians,” The Age reported on August 21, citing concern about blood clots and a widespread preference for the Pfizer vaccine.
…Because of its geography, Australia is a neighbor and an observer of authoritarian countries as varied as China and Singapore. But its own fate, too, may turn on whether its people crave the feeling of safety and security that orders from the top confer, or whether they want to be free.
Australians largely support the restrictions but to me that makes them all the more disturbing.
Temporary restrictions on liberty can be justified in an emergency if the restrictions produce something else of great value but respecting the great value of liberty and individual rights means doing everything in one’s power to limit the scope of and lift such restrictions as quickly and completely as possible. | <urn:uuid:d2b141cb-e30a-4d09-a004-f11f2f84b7ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2021/09/authoritarian-australia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.966523 | 568 | 2.03125 | 2 |
THE DOCTRINAL FOUNDATIONS OF CBS (CBC&S; CCU) — JACK COTTRELL, 1993
[While cleaning out my office and files after being recently “retired” from my professorship at CCU, I came across the following. It is a presentation I gave at a gathering of the faculty and students at “the school on the hill” 23 years ago, in August of 1993. (I don’t remember the nature of the gathering.) I thought it might be of some interest now in September 2016, in view of what has taken place “on the hill” within the past year.]
My missionary friend Greg Waddell reports that his mission is building the first worship house belonging to Churches of Christ/Christian Churches in Argentina. This 10 x 20 meter building will have eighteen foundational pillars three feet square by four feet deep. Nothing is more important for any building than a solid foundation. The same is true for a school such as Cincinnati Bible Seminary.
I. THE FUNDAMENTALS
When CBS was begun back in the 1920’s, it was built squarely on two massive pillars of sound doctrine. The first foundational pillar is what we may call the fundamentals. CBS did not originate in a vacuum. It began in the midst of the fundamentalist-liberal conflict, which was not unique to the Restoration Movement. Since the late nineteenth century, the floods of Liberal unbelief had been sweeping across the whole of Christendom, affecting nearly every denomination and group.
The basic point of conflict between Fundamentalists and Liberals was the reality of the supernatural—the very existence of a transcendent Creator-God who exists separate from the world, yet who controls the world and supernaturally intervenes in it, especially for salvation.
Liberalism denied the supernatural. It denied the very existence of a transcendent God. “God,” man, and the world are all part of just one sphere of reality. Now, what are some results of this denial? First, the Bible is not a divinely-inspired, supernatural book. It was written by ordinary human beings expressing the religious feelings of their hearts. It is not different in quality from the writings of Augustine and Mohammed. Second, Jesus was not God incarnate; he was not divine, except in the sense that we ALL are “divine.” Third, Jesus accomplished no unique, supernatural work. He did what any of us can do, thus providing us with an example and with the moral influence to imitate him.
On the other hand, Fundamentalists (the term had no objectionable connotations then) continued to teach and defend the foundational orthodox doctrines of the Bible: the existence of the transcendent Creator-God; the divine inspiration of the Bible; the deity and supernatural works of Jesus. These are summed up in what are called the “five fundamentals”: (1) The divine inspiration of the Bible, which at that time naturally implied its inerrancy. (2) The virgin birth of Christ, which implied his deity. (3) The substitutionary atonement of Christ. (4) The bodily resurrection of Christ. (5) The visible second coming of Christ.
How did this conflict affect higher education? Many colleges and seminaries that had once defended and taught “the fundamentals” were taken over by Liberals, and their teachings were changed to conform to the liberal belief system. Thus many religious groups began new schools, especially Bible colleges, to continue to uphold the “fundamentals” in the training of their ministers.
This is how CBS began. This is our heritage. It started when the Liberal element of the Restoration Movement, the Disciples of Christ group, took control of our colleges and seminaries. This involved the capture of our school in Lexington, Kentucky: The College of the Bible. Thus when it became necessary to establish new institutions for the purpose of training Christian workers in sound doctrine in this area, two Bible colleges were begun not far from Lexington: one in Louisville and one in Cincinnati. These soon merged to form The Cincinnati Bible Seminary.
Thus we can see that one of our foundational doctrinal pillars consists of the “fundamentals,” which embrace the supernatural realities of the Bible and of Jesus Christ. This pillar of doctrine is something we have in common with all conservative Christian groups.
II. THE RESTORATION DISTINCTIVES
The second doctrinal pillar of our school is the Restoration distinctives. This is not what we have in common with other groups, but what makes us different: our Restoration Movement heritage. This includes our distinctive Restoration doctrines—which we accept as the true and accurate understanding of Biblical teaching.
The major areas where our doctrines are distinctive are quite focused and limited. They lie basically in two areas: the doctrine of salvation, and the doctrine of the church. Regarding salvation, one main point is that we accept free will rather than Calvinistic determinism. This is distinctive but not unique, since Wesleyans and some others share this view. More specifically, we have a unique view of baptism: adult immersion for the remission of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Regarding the church, we stress such things as the following: (1) The name of the church should include the name of Christ: either “Church of Christ” or “Christian Church.” (2) Church membership is determined by a distinctive “plan of salvation.” (3) Regarding church polity or organization, we believe in congregational autonomy, with each congregation being led by a plurality of elders. (4) Our church worship includes a weekly observance of the Lord’s Supper as a memorial to Christ’s death.
The Cincinnati Bible Seminary was founded upon the assumption that these are sound and faithful doctrines and should be taught as such, both in our classrooms and in our churches.
III. OUR TASK TODAY
My message for you today is that our task must be to continue to build upon BOTH of these doctrinal pillars in an even balance. First, we must emphasize the fundamentals, including the transcendent Creator-God, Biblical inerrancy, the deity of Christ, his substitutionary atonement, his bodily resurrection, and his yet-to-happen visible return. We can neither surrender nor neglect these great doctrines of the faith, doctrines we share in common with conservative Christendom as a whole. We cannot let our students and graduates assume that as long as they can faithfully teach “the plan of salvation,” that is all the doctrine we need.
Second, we must also emphasize the distinctives, including baptism for salvation, the weekly Lord’s Supper, and elders as congregational leaders.
I believe that the greatest challenge we presently face is maintaining and emphasizing these Restoration distinctives. There are tremendous pressures to “go easy” on them. Such pressures are arising in our brotherhood as a whole, as the spirit of tolerance is gradually replacing the commitment to sound doctrine, often in the interest of “church growth.”
But sadly, such pressures can be seen in our school itself, as the desire for institutional growth leads us to reach out more and more to non-Restoration groups for recruitment and other purposes. This is good when done for the right reasons (and I am glad we are doing it), but it can be disastrous if it causes us to hesitate to emphasize our Restoration distinctives so as not to offend these prospects and students. I have seen this hesitancy on two occasions, when I spoke on the Biblical doctrine of baptism at two of our sister Bible colleges [then named San Jose and Minnesota]. Some of the faculty and staff at each school were very upset because my strong stand on baptism may have offended their denominational students.
My concern is that we will never put our doctrinal distinctives in a closet here at CBS. This is one of the doctrinal pillars on which our school was founded, and our school will stay strong only as long as we continue to give these distinctives a strong emphasis.
We are not starting a new institution here at CBS. We are building on a foundation already laid. It is my prayer that we will continue to be true to that original foundation. | <urn:uuid:e56f8962-f7d1-4b6a-83f7-c16cae1eb99f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://jackcottrell.com/uncategorized/the-doctrinal-foundations-of-cbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00515-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961303 | 1,709 | 1.609375 | 2 |
A train carrying crude oil through Wells County, North Dakota has derailed. At least six rail cars have caught fire, sending thick, black plumes of smoke billowing into the sky. The village of Heimdal and nearby farms have been evacuated.
“The [Federal Railroad Administration] has deployed a ten person investigation team to the site and will be conducting a thorough investigation into the cause of the accident,” Acting Federal Railroad Administrator Sarah Feinberg said in a statement.
The BNSF Railway oil tanker derailed around 7:30 a.m. local time, Wells County Emergency Manager Tammy Roehrich said, the Grand Forks Herald reported.
Emergency crews from several fire departments across the region have responded, as well as hazardous materials teams from Devils Lakes and Grand Forks, Cecily Fong, public information officer for the North Dakota Department of Emergency Services, said.
The train’s engine and some of the attached cars were decoupled and moved away from the burning tanker cars, Fong said.
Jennifer Willis lives about a half mile from where the train derailed. She told Valley News Live that the derailment sounded like thunder. Willis has been evacuated from her home. She added that she could feel the heat from 1/8th of a mile from the scene.
About 40 people live in Heimdal, the vast majority of whom have left the village to stay with family and friends, Roehrich said, according to CBS News.
BNSF, which is owned by Berkshire Hathaway, said the tank cars involved were were unjacketed CPC-1232 models, the same model of so-called “bomb trains” that are set to be phased out over the next five years.
“Initial reports from the crew indicate there are no injuries but a fire has been reported at the scene,” BNSF said in a statement.
The FRA, part of the US Department of Transportation, recently issued new regulations for tank cars carrying crude oil and ethanol. Under the new rules, the oldest and least-safe tank cars, DOT-111s, long known to be inappropriate for transporting flammable material, would be phased out within three years. Unjacketed CPC-1232s would be phased out within five years. They would be replaced with the jacketed CPC-1232s, which have thicker shells, higher safety shields and better fire protection.
“Today’s incident is yet another reminder of why we issued a significant, comprehensive rule aimed at improving the safe transport of high hazard flammable liquids,” Feinberg said. “The FRA will continue to look at all options available to us to improve safety and mitigate risks.”
This is the fifth train derailment and fire in the US and Canada so far this year, Business Insider reported. All of the incidents have occurred in rural areas, and none have resulted in any deaths.
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- Germany Reported In “Total Shock” After Obama “Grand Lie” Exposed | <urn:uuid:56c459d2-1141-4d1f-b70b-e31a3e03ed33> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eutimes.net/2015/05/bomb-train-derails-in-north-dakota-explosion-forces-village-evacuation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963535 | 686 | 1.71875 | 2 |
No one disputes the importance of proper nutrition in pregnancy. But for women with gestational diabetes, BabyCenter warns, proper nutrition is a pivotal factor in reducing the risk of complications in labour and delivery, as well as potential injury and serious health issues to the baby because of his resulting large size. The good news is that many delicious and healthy diabetic meal ideas are available to satisfy your pregnant palate during gestational diabetes.
Other People Are Reading
Many women can control their gestational diabetes with diet and exercise. Dorchester Health recommends eating a meal or snack every 3 hours.
Meals for women with gestational diabetes should be high in fibre and protein but low in fats and sweets. Carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels, so it's important to stick to the carb intake level recommended by your doctor or dietitian. Refer to the Mayo Clinic's exchange lists for portion sizes.
Foods to Avoid
The Dorchester Health Department cautions women with gestational diabetes to avoid sugar and concentrated sweets such as most desserts, fruit juices and drinks, jams, jellies, syrup, honey, cornstarch, corn syrup, molasses, and other sweeteners. They also frown on convenience foods such as instant noodles and potatoes, frozen dinners, and tinned soup. BabyCenter advises that some women should avoid milk because of the lactose content.
Your blood sugar is lowest first thing in the morning, so a small high-protein breakfast provides a healthy start to your day. Diabetic Diet for Diabetes suggests one protein serving, such as eggs or low-fat cheese, cottage cheese, or ham. Whole-wheat toast with a small dollop of butter provides the starchy carb, and a glass of milk or serving of yoghurt provides the extra calcium boost mom and baby need for healthy development.
Waiting too long between meals can cause a blood sugar spike when you do finally eat, so a morning snack can keep your counts on an even keel. Opt for healthy snacks such as cut veggies and dip, fruit and cottage cheese, or whole-wheat crackers and peanut butter. eMedTV suggests half a peanut butter-and-jelly sandwich with milk.
For lunch, Diabetic Diet for Diabetes suggests one serving each of protein and vegetables, along with one or two carbs. Whole-grain pasta and pita bread add variety to your carb choices. Try chicken or tuna salad alone or stuffed into a pita, with tomatoes and grapes on the side. Or toss some leftover chicken and vegetables with pasta and a sprinkling of olive oil and Italian cheeses. eMedTV endorses pita bread stuffed with black beans, tomatoes, salsa, and cheese.
Fruits and vegetables can give you a midafternoon pickup to sustain you until dinnertime. eMedTV approves an apple with peanut butter and milk. Diabetic Diet for Diabetes recommends fruit and vegetable juice blends or soft cheese on a whole-grain bagel.
Diabetic Diet for Diabetes advises, "If you eat late and are inclined to crash into bed shortly afterward, you will need to guard against overeating. If you eat earlier and like a larger dinner, make sure you will be active enough to burn off some of the calories before relaxing. Try to catch up on any missing servings of vegetables and fruit at dinnertime." The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development proposes grilled chicken with pineapple, rice, and green beans. You may also want to try baked ham, carrots, fruit salad, and couscous. Or barbecue fish and serve it with a strawberry and spinach salad and new potatoes.
According to Diabetic Diet for Diabetes, if you stay up more than 3 hours after dinner or regularly wake with dangerously low readings, you'll need a light snack either before bed or as a midnight supplement to keep your blood sugar from crashing while you sleep. An apple or peanut butter crackers and milk can stabilise you for a good night's rest.
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- BabyCenter, LLC: What Kind of Pregnancy Diet Should I Follow if I Have Gestational Diabetes?: Julie Redfern
- Dorchester County Health Department: Dietary Guidelines for Women with Gestational Diabetes (or Those at Risk)
- Diabetic Diet for Diabetes: Gestational Diabetes Meal Planning:
- Clinaero,Inc.: eMedTV: Gestational Diabetes Sample Menu:
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: Sample Menu | <urn:uuid:feb203f3-b270-4d9e-b05b-13a7be5c60af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/way_5319015_gestational-diabetes-meal-plan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917831 | 938 | 2.3125 | 2 |
§ Mr. Whitbread
rose and spoke as follows:—Mr. Speaker; I rise to submit to the consideration of this house, one of the most interesting propositions which even occupied the attention of any deliberative assembly upon earth. I wish to engage you in an attempt at the solution of the most difficult of all political problems; namely, how to reduce the sum of human vice and misery, and how to augment that of human happiness and virtue amongst the subjects of this realm.—Sir, this attempt has been often and fruitlessly made; nevertheless I do not think the success of it impossible. However great the difficulty, it is our duty to endeavour at least to overcome it.—Sir, I will not now detain the house by an investigation of the original constitution of society; or enter into the abstract right of man to the succour and support of his fellow creatures. Whether that right exist or not; as individuals, we could never refuse relief to innocence, or even to guilt in distress; neither, as part of a legislature, could we ever be brought to say that such assistance shall not be attainable through the medium of the law. More than two centuries have elapsed, since after a succession of efforts, tending to the same end, there was embodied upon your statute-book, the great Christian principle, "that you should do unto others as you would that others should do unto you." What theory could be more delightful? As a state, you undertook to feed the hungry—to clothe the naked—to visit the sick—to protect the fatherless—to assist the widow—to find employment for the healthy and necessitous—and to compel work from the dissolute and the idle.—Sir, these plans were devised during the reign of Elizabeth; the glories of which are still vivid in the annals of our history. They were projected and carried into execution under the auspices of some of the wisest statesmen that ever presided in the councils of any country. They were not the sudden production of one particular period. They had occupied the attention of the legislature during the whole of that long and prosperous reign. From the 5th to the 14th—to the 18th—to the 39th down to the 43d of the queen, we find a constant succession of statutes, bearing testimony to the constant direction of the care of the government towards that object: till, at last, the work was complete.—But, sir, as if it were to confound the speculations of human wisdom, 866 and to humble the pride of man, these schemes, reared upon a foundation apparently so solid, by workmen so able, have been inadequate to the object they had in view. It is an assertion now pretty generally made, that the system of our poor-laws has served to degrade those whom it was intended to exalt, to destroy the spirit of independence, throughout our land; to hold out hopes which cannot be realized; to encourage idleness and vice; and to produce a superfluous population, the offspring of improvidence, and the early victim of misery and want. That which in speculation ought to have been our glory, has been turned to our reproach, A committee of this house, appointed to enquire into the state of the poor of Ireland (where great wretchedness is said to prevail) and to suggest some remedy, have solemnly rejected the system of your poor-laws, as likely, not only to be exceedingly oppressive to the land-owner, but to aggravate the distress of those for whose relief they would be enacted.—Sir, there has been a great revolution in the public mind. Till within a very few years of the period in which I am speaking, the 43d of Elizabeth was, if I may be allowed the expression, considered as the bible on this subject. Many persons observing the rapid increase of the burthens imposed by that statute, have projected plans of reform, and the legislature has adopted many new acts: but they have all proceeded upon the same principle. No one ever ventured to surmise that the system itself was radically defective and vicious: and even the last projector, Mr. Pitt, to whose benevolent intention I wish to bear sincere testimony; proceeded upon the supposition that the base upon which we had so long stood was stable and sound. His plan proved abortive, and indeed in most of its parts it was, I am confident, absolutely impracticable. I might presume to mention myself as having, about the same time, and before, at a still earlier date, proposed to the house the adoption of some regulations, which I then thought would be beneficial. The house did not, in either instance, think proper to pass them: and, sir, having now in view objects of a much more extensive nature, it is not my intention again to revive those regulations. But, sir, the period is arrived, in which I think it seems, by common consent, to be admitted, that some steps must be taken. You have lately had severe visitations from the hand 867 of Providence, which have roused your attention to the state of your community. It has been said, that those calamities have been greatly increased by the depression they have occasioned of the character of your labouring poor. It has been said, that necessity having overcome the honest pride which formerly withheld a man from resorting to parochial relief, he no longer cares to recover his independence, but now voluntarily resorts to that assistance which he would before have indignantly avoided.—That such was the effect during the continuance of scarcity (and even since it has ceased) no man can deny: but, sir, I am willing to believe, and not without ground, that that effect is gradually wearing off; that the mind of the labouring class is recovering its elasticity, and that the proper pride of independence has, in a degree at least, resumed its place.—Sir, by the accurate returns which have of late years been laid before parliament, your situation is exposed to your view. The spectacle is indeed fearful, but it must be contemplated. In order to cure any wound, we must know its exact situation and depth.—By the abstracts then upon your table, which were made up in the year 1803, it will appear, that upon a population in England and Wales, (exclusive of your army and navy) of 8,870,000 souls; not less than 1,234,000 are partakers of parochial relief. That is, that nearly one seventh part of your population is indebted to the rest wholly, or in part, for their support: and by far the larger part of that number is wholly subsisted without any exertion of their own. Sir, it is also proved that, exclusively of all collateral expence, such as army, militia, &c. which is raised at the same time with the rate for the relief of the poor, and paid out of it; there had been raised, in the year ending at Easter, 1803, for the maintenance and relief of the poor alone, the sum of 4,267,000l.; being almost double the sum raised for the same purpose, on the average of the years 1783, 1784, 1785, and nearly treble the sum raised in 1776.—Sir, that a remedy for an evil so great and so rapidly increasing, ought immediately to be sought, all will be ready to agree: and I stand up before you, under the persuasion that I shall be able to propose to you improvements, regulations, and modifications to effect that end, which will not be found wholly unworthy of your attention.—However small my personal claims to consideration may be, I am sure 868 in the contemplation of my task, I shall meet with the favour of this house. I desire no support from my best friends, but that which the merits of my plan may seem to deserve. I am sure I shall encounter no opposition but that which its demerits extort; and I am equally sure that at this moment there does not exist an individual throughout the nation, who does not wish me success.—Sir, I desire here to put in a rational claim to your attention, by assuring both you and the house, that I am no visionary enthusiast, seeking after universal plenty and comfort, and imaginary perfection. I know the laws of God to be immutable, and bow to their uncontroulable force. I believe man to be born to labour as the sparks fly upwards; that a certain portion of misery is inseparable from mortality; and that all plans for the lodging, clothing, and feeding of all mankind, with what may be called comfort, are quite impossible in practice.—Sir, there is a saying upon record, of one of the most amiable monarchs that ever filled a throne, (I mean Henry IV. of France) which from its benevolence is so captivating, that it has spread through all languages, and passed through every mouth. He is said to have expressed a wish, that he might live to see the day when every peasant in his kingdom should have a pullet in his kettle. Sir, I will not indulge in such a wish with regard to the subjects of this kingdom, because I know that physically it cannot be accomplished. The earth does not produce wherewithal to gratify such a desire; and whatever may be the first impulses of our feeling, in order to do good, we must chastise and reduce them within the sphere of action.—Sir, I have read in an account of the settlements in New South Wales, that some of the unhappy convicts who were transported to that distant clime, laboured under an unaccountable delusion, that adjoining to the land in which they were destined to dwell, there existed a region wherein the earth brought forth her fruits spontaneously, and her productions could be enjoyed without toil, in luxurious and sensual indolence. So strong was the impression, that they actually set out in quest of this fancied spot. Their fate need not be told. Some, after incredible toils and hardships, returned exhausted with hunger and fatigue; the rest perished in the wilderness, and their carcases became a prey to the beasts of the desert and the birds of the 869 air.—Thus, sir, if any politician under a similar species of delusion, were to profess that he could lead mankind by any path to the attainment of universal plenty and comfort, he and his followers would immediately be overwhelmed in the wilderness of error.—But here, I must stop to say, that after the most anxious and patient research into the state of society in these kingdoms, during a long period, I believe the situation of the lower and more useful classes to be better in every respect than at any former time: and he who shall attempt to persuade them to the contrary, must be either weak, misinformed, or wicked.—Sir, I have in view the practical benefit of mankind. In order to form myself for this day, I have had recourse to principles and unerring experience. Sir, I have been undoubtedly assisted by data upon your table, furnishing grounds of action, such as none of my predecessors had the good fortune to possess; and the subject has lately been submitted to an investigation much more accurate than any it had ever before undergone. One philosopher in particular has arisen amongst us, who has gone deeply into the causes of our present situation. I mean Mr. Malthus. His work upon Population has, I believe, been very generally read; and it has completed that change of opinion with regard to the poor-laws, which had before been in some measure begun. Sir, I have studied the works of this author with as much attention as I am capable of bestowing upon any subject. I am desirous of doing the most ample justice to his patient and profound research; to the inimitable clearness of his demonstration, and to the soundness of the principles on which he proceeds. I believe them to be incontrovertible. But in many of the conclusions to which he comes, I materially differ from him. Although I believe the design and intention of the author to be most benevolent, and that so much is to be collected from his writings, I think any man who reads them, ought to place a strict guard over his heart, lest it become hardened against the distresses of his fellow creatures; lest in learning that misery and vice must of necessity maintain a footing in the world, he give up all attempt at their subjugation.—Sir, this philosopher has delivered it as his opinion, that the poor-laws have not only failed in their object, but that they have been productive of much more wretchedness 870 than would have existed without them: that "though they may have alleviated a little the intensity of individual misfortune, they have spread the evil over a larger surface." [Malthus, v. ii. p. 149.] Many persons agreeing in this position, have wished that the whole system was well expunged from our statute book; and perhaps I should not go too far in saying that such is the prevailing sentiment.—But, sir, I think no one has been bold enough to propose a total and immediate abrogation of the poor-laws. Sir, I need hardly say, that no man could be bold enough to propose that, which must in its operation generate a most formidable political convulsion, when the good to be obtained would be at best problematical and uncertain. But supposing the ultimate good to be certain: could we, to obtain it, give our consent to a measure which, in its dreadful execution, would be more widely fatal than any edict which ever proceeded from the hand of any tyrant conqueror upon earth; which would spread desolation, famine, and death throughout your land; and consign to a premature grave, infirmity, age, infancy, and innocence. Sir, the immediate abrogation of these laws is absolutely out of the question. I will dwell no longer upon it.—But their gradual abolition has been suggested as practicable: and I recollect two plans only which have been laid before the public fur that purpose. The one bears the name of Mr. Arthur Young, and was also patronized, as I have been told, by an hon. baronet, formerly a member of this house, sir William Pulteney; one whose opinion must always carry with it great weight. The other is suggested by Mr. Malthus himself. Mr. Young's plan is to take the amount of the rate raised for the relief of the poor at a given time, and to enact that it should not on any account be increased. Ultimately, I suppose the intention to be (or else it would not tend to an extinction of the rate, however it might confine it) to draw the line more and more narrow, until at last the rate should be totally done away. I confess, sir, that I can by no means concur in the wisdom, or even the practicability of this scheme. But it has been so ably discussed by Mr. Malthus, in the appendix to the second volume of his work, that I will thank the house to attend to me whilst I read the passage; and it is remarkable enough, that in a 871 note upon this passage, Mr. Malthus gives us a quotation from a work of Mr. Young's wherein Mr. Young completely refutes himself. Mr. Malthus says, "under such a law, if the distresses of the poor were to be aggravated tenfold, either by the increase of numbers or the recurrence of a scarcity, the same sum would be invariably appropriated to their relief. If the statute which gives the poor a right to support were to remain unexpunged, we should add to the cruelty of starving, them, the extreme injustice of still professing to relieve them. If this statute were expunged or altered, we should virtually deny the right of the poor to support, and only retain the absurdity of saying, that they had a right to a certain sum; an absurdity which Mr. Young justly corrects with much severity in the case of France." [Malthus, vol. ii. p. 529.]—Then, sir, comes a note, which contains an extract from Mr. Young's travels in France, and it is as follows:—"The national assembly of France, though they disapproved of the English poor-laws, still adopted their principle, and declared, that the poor had a right to pecuniary assistance; that the assembly ought to consider such a provision as one of its first and most sacred duties; and that with this view, an expence ought to be, incurred of 50 millions a year. Mr. Young justly observes, that he does not comprehend how it is possible to regard the expenditure of 50 millions a year as a sacred duty, and not extend that 50 to 100, if necesity should demand it; the 100 to 200, the 200 to 300, and so on in the same miserable progression which has taken place in England."—Sir, I think I need not detain the house by adding much to the argument here so conclusively stated; but supposing an act to have passed, which should direct that in each parish or district no more should be raised for the relief of its poor than what had been raised in the year preceding; that that sum should have been necessarily and unavoidably expended in ten months, or upon a certain given number of paupers; all other cases of distress which might arise after that period, must be totally neglected; and yet it would be difficult to distinguish between the right to relief possessed by those who should have received it before the fund was exhausted, and those who might make application for relief after it was gone.—Besides, sir, instances might occur wherein the obedience 872 to such a statute might be productive of the most terrible mischief. I have myself witnessed such an instance. It was the case of a parish afflicted with a contagious fever; wherein, if it had not been possible to have raised a sum of money equal to the exigency of the case; not only the inhabitants of that parish would have been almost exterminated, but the scourge itself must have spread throughout the whole of the adjacent district. In short, sir, if legal relief be allowed at all, it appears to me, as well as to both the writers quoted, that it must be made co-extensive with the necessity to which it is to be applied.—The next plan we have to consider is Mr. Malthus's own: "He proposes a regulation to be made, declaring that no child born from any marriage taking place after the expiration of a year from the date of the law; and no illegitimate child born two years from the same date, should ever be entitled to parish assistance." [vol. ii. p. 396.] It is unnecessary to state the details wherein he gives an account of the method whereby he would have such a law promulgated. By this measure the poor-laws would absolutely cease, after the expiration of a very short period, as to the rising generation, But putting all other considerations aside, what a scene of confusion would ensue during the interval which must elapse, till the present generation should have all passed away, and the condition of all your people should have become the same. Divided as they would be into two distinct classes, the one possessing a claim upon you, the other none; what end would there be to their discontent, jealousies, and quarrel! what jarring, wrangling, and conflict! what difficulties of proof and discrimination in the first instance, and what harshness and severity in the second after proof should have been obtained!—Sir, I am perfectly certain, that if the legislature could be induced to pass a law pregnant with such cruelty, within two years after the commencement of its operation it must be repealed. Neither of these plans then, in my estimation, hold out any rational prospect of success towards the gradual abolition of the poor-laws.—But, sir, supposing any plan for that purpose to be adopted, we must, before we venture upon it, anticipate its consequences; and in order to enable us to do so, we must look a little back into our history, and see what was the condition of society before the 873 enactment of any law at all for the relief of the poor. Sir, we shall find that as the feudal system passed away, and the villein ceased to look up to, and depend upon his lord for support, poor began to be known: and there being no legal provision for their support, they obtained alms in the character of beggars. Mendicity was known and licensed by act of parliament under particular restrictions. But it became, as we may collect from our statute-book, a very formidable evil; so formidable, that laws of great severity were enacted against unlicensed mendicants under the description of vagabonds and sturdy beggars. During the prevalence of the Roman Catholic religion, the monasteries afforded great relief to the evil. After their dissolution, it must have increased with great rapidity, and raged with great violence; for in the first year of Edward VI. a statute was passed, containing enactments of such atrocious cruelty, that those who have not read it, will hardly believe in its existence. It is thereby enacted, "that if any person shall be found idle for the space of 3 days, he may be seized upon as a slave, and having been branded in the breast with a red-hot iron, with the letter S, he shall be fed upon bread and water, and compelled to work for the person so seizing him, however vile the work may be, by beating, chaining, or otherwise. Further, that if he absent himself from his said master for the space of 14 days, he shall be branded on the forehead, and adjudged a slave for ever."—True it is, this statute was not long suffered to disgrace your book, for it was repealed in the 3d and 4th year of the same king; but it sufficiently serves to shew how dreadful the state of the lower orders of the community must have been, to induce a legislature to think of such horrible remedies. The laws, however, against beggars and vagrants, were still very severe and cruel. Notwithstanding the very statute I have above recited, and divers others before that time, contained provisions for the relief of the poor, by encouraging the distribution of alms, and at last by compelling the gift of them, it was not until the enactment of that system of laws, during the reign of Elizabeth, on which we now act, that these severities all disappeared. A right hon. gent. over the way, (Mr. Rose) who has paid great and commendable attention to this subject, in a very useful pamphlet on the Poor-Laws, has justly ob- 874 served, that every expedient had been tried before recourse was had to the present plan. We ought, therefore, to consider, Before we consent to its destruction, what the probable consequences would be. If you were to say to men, that they had no right to any assistance or support from you under any circumstances, you could not impose any restraint upon them as to their habitations or settlement. You could not condemn them to starve, and therefore you must allow those in need to beg. Are you prepared to encounter that host of sturdy and valiant beggars, who under the cloak of the distresses of those who were compelled to beg in order to preserve life, would extort from you wherewithal to indulge their profligate idleness? If you should absolutely deny their right to support out of your property, they might have recourse to the original right of occupancy. For each man born has surely a right to occupy a spot of ground, which may have been left unoccupied by those who had come into the world before him; although he may not possess any right to the ground occupied by another, or to any part of the fruit of his labours. But if all the land be occupied, so that those who are born can settle no where in order to maintain themselves, and you deny their right to assistance, your metaphysical positions may be unquestionable, but you would create a set of dangerous enemies. Might they not become a most formidable body? and what step could you take to cure or correct the evil you thus improvidently created?—Sir, I cannot look forward to such a situation without great dread and apprehension, nor can I consent to break that chain, which, with all its imperfections and disadvantages, binds the different classes of society indissolubly together, and which I hope to preserve undissolved, and to be able to render light.—If then, sir, a total and immediate abrogation of your poor-laws is out of the question, and if no practicable plan presents itself for their gradual abolition, what remains to be done? Why, sir, "thinking it unadvisable to abolish the poor-laws, I have endeavoured to obtain a general knowledge of those principles which render them inefficient in their humane intentions, and to apply it so far as to modify them, and regulate their execution, so as to remove many of the evils with which they are accompanied, and make them less objectionable." [Malthus, vol. ii. p. 552.] In proposing to the house my ideas on the sub 875 ject, I am happy that I have it in my power previously to inform them, that I shall urge nothing which has not the sanction of the highest authority to recommend it, or the support of long-tried experience and practice to justify its adoption. Sir, my wish is not to get rid of the poor-laws, but, I think, by taking proper steps, they may hereafter become almost obsolete. And I am sanguine enough to hope that if what I have to propose should meet with the concurrence of parliament, in the lapse of half a century they would be little used; but I would have such a code always remain upon your statute book, in order that there might be a sure and legal refuge under any change of circumstances, or society, for indigence and distress.—The principles on which I would proceed, to effect this most desireable object, are these: to exalt the character of the labouring classes of your community, To give the labourer consequence in his own eyes, and in those of his fellows, to make him a fit companion for himself, and fit to associate with civilized men. To excite him to acquire property, that he may taste its sweets; and to give him inviolable security for that property, when it is acquired. To mitigate those restraints which now confine and cramp his sphere of action. To hold out a hope of reward to his patient industry. To render dependent poverty, in all cases, degradation in his eyes, and at all times less desirable than independent industry.—Having accomplished this first grand object, I would endeavour to lighten the burthens which must inevitably be borne, by making their distribution more equal. I would propose some material alterations in the mode of affording relief; to put some of your present institutions on a more orderly footing, and to enable you to distinguish between your criminal, and innocently necessitous poor.—In pursuing these objects, it has been my wish, and I hope I have succeeded, to steer clear of all new sources of litigation; not to disturb any of those decisions of the courts of justice which have formed the guide for the conduct of magistrates, and those intrusted to their care; and not, in the smallest degree, to alter or vary the ancient boundaries and divisions of the kingdom. I should further add, that I do not intend to regulate for any of those places whose concerns are provided for by special acts of parliament.—Sir, there is another principle upon which I wish to proceed, and in which I hope I shall ob- 876 tain the universal concurrence of this house; I mean that of non-interference with the concerns of the poor, until necessity calls for it.—Sir, I hold that I have no more right to meddle with the private concerns of the labourer, to tell him how he shall be lodged, or fed, or clothed, than he has to interfere with mine, until he applies to me for relief. Then the right begins, and again it terminates when he is again able to provide for himself. I am as sure of the sound policy of the doctrine of leaving the poor to their own management, as I am sure of the right they have to be so left: and notwithstanding the instances of unthriftiness and dissolute selfishness which we witness in some characters, generally speaking, they manage for themselves much better than we could manage for them.—Having, sir, however unwillingly, felt myself under the necessity of detaining the house with this preliminary matter, I shall now proceed to open to you the details of the plan I would propose. Sir, I think the house must anticipate that in the front of my plan for the exaltation of the character of the labourer, must appear a scheme for general national education. So it is; and upon its effects I mainly rely for the consummation of my wishes. Sir, it would be needless, in speaking before an assembly so enlightened as that which I have now the honour to address, to dwell upon the beneficial effects of the general diffusion of knowledge. I have of late heard it magnificently said from the chair in which you preside, that this house would at all times open its doors wide to receive the petitions of the people. Sir, I would borrow that expression, and bid you throw open wide the portals of the human understanding to the introduction of light and knowledge, in order that virtue and happiness might follow in their train. If there could exist a doubt about it in the mind of any man who hears me, I would refer him to the contemplation of the character of savage, uncivilized man. More helpless than the brutes amongst which he obtains a precarious subsistence, but more dangerous than them to his fellow creatures, because under the influence of malignant passions by which they are not excited or tormented. Look into the pages of that writer whom I have so often quoted; see, and shudder at the description of a totally uncivilized human being in every quarter of the world, from the northern to the southern extremity of the globe. Trace man from that rude state, 877 step by step, till he arrives at the highest polish of refinement in a civilized society, such as that in which we have the good fortune to live, and I think you will be compelled to confess that every step towards civilization, notwithstanding the adventitious vices which undoubtedly attend its progress, is a step towards morality and order.—Sir, in a political point of view, nothing can possibly afford greater stability to a popular government than the education of your people. Contemplate ignorance in the hand of craft; what a desperate weapon does it afford! How impotent does craft become before an instructed and enlightened multitude.—Sir, view the injustice and cruelty of ignorance; the violence and horrors of a deluded and infuriate mob; destroying its victims without selection or remorse, itself ultimately the victim of its own infatuation and guilt.—I would fain illustrate to you what I feel, by calling your attention to a story of remote antiquity; and I would ask whether the great Aristides could have suffered the injustice he met with from the Athenian people, had the ungrateful crowd whom he had so faithfully served, been sufficiently instructed to appreciate those services? Could any but a wretch as ignorant as the one who asked him to engrave his own name on the shell which was to condemn him to banishment, have been weary of hearing him called "the Just?"—Sir, to come nearer to our own times, could the great pensioner De Witt and his unhappy brother have met with their cruel and ignominious death from the hands of an enlightened populace? To bring it immediately home, could the disgraceful scenes of 1780, have taken place in this metropolis, had
§ *As much misapprehension prevails in this country on the subject of the Poor-Laws in Scotland, many persons not believing in the existence of the laws themselves, and others better informed as to that fact, having erroneously asserted that they are not now in force, I have thought it advisable to give the following brief but very perspicuous statement of the law, and the facts upon it, for which I am greatly indebted to Mr. Horner and the Rev. Sir Henry Moncrieff.
§ Note on the Scotch Poor-Laws, by Mr. Horner; Feb. 17, 1807.—"STATUTE LAW. The most ancient "enactments in the Scotch statute book on the subject of the poor, are of these dates; act 1424, c. 25.—1503, c. and 1535, c. 22. Their object is to check the increase of vagrants, by suffering none to beg but those who were licensed to wear a badge.—After the dissolution of the catholic establishment, some of the leaders of the reformation tried to obtain, under the new system, a plan for the regular support of the poor. In the parliament held in 1560, it was proposed, that the revenues of the abolished church should be applied towards the maintenance of ministers, the education of youth, and the support of the poor. But this proposal was not listened to. The first general assembly of the kirk was held in Dec. the same year, 1560; they drew up the first book of discipline, which they presented to the convention of estates, held 15th Jan. 1561, and the same plan for a distribution of the church revenues was hinted at. But the nobles, we are told by John Knox, rejected the scheme as 'a devout imagination.'—The act of the year 1579, with a few amendments subsequently made, forms the Scotch code of poor-laws. It is almost a literal transcript of an English statute, pasted seven years before, the 14th of Eliz. c. 5, which, though not printed in the modern editions of the statutes at large, may be found in the older collections; as in the second volume of Rastell. Sir F, Eden, in consequence of having overlooked this original of Elizabeth,878
§ there prevailed amongst you a general system of national education? Sir, I think none of these things could have happened, where the light of knowledge and of truth had universally beamed. Sir, I have contended for parliamentary reform in this house, and I am still a sincere and decided friend to the reformation of parliament: but I do not believe that any scheme could be devised, so totally unobjectionable in its means, and so entirely efficacious to its object of increasing the purity of this house, as the general instruction of your people. Nothing could so tend to diffuse the principles and practice of Christianity. You translate the Scriptures into the vulgar tongue, that all may have an opportunity of knowing, weighing, and following the divine precepts they contain. Open the eyes of your people, that they may read what you have so written, and your work is done.—Sir, I have the greatest authorities of the living and the dead, to recommend what I propose. Adam Smith, Mr. Malthus, the right hon. gent. opposite to me (Mr. Rose), the benevolent editor of the tracts which come from the Society for bettering the Condition of the Poor, all agree in recommending national education as the first step towards the alleviation of your burthens, and the amelioration of the condition of your people. Added to this, we have example and experience before our eyes. Look at Scotland. See her enviable state with regard to her poor. That country is the theme of panegyric amongst all who have visited her, on account of the situation of her labouring classes; and yet she has your system of poor-laws*; the enactments are the same; they are still in force, they have been in 879 general use, they may be and are still often resorted to, and time was when the state of the poor on the other side of the Tweed, as I shall presently shew you, was more wretched, and their violence greater, than was almost ever known in the southern part of the island. Now, the poor-laws are almost totally in disuse, and all is regularity and order. What was the day-star then which shone forth and calmed these troubles? Education. To borrow a quotation from the beautiful speeches of the late Mr. Burke, wherein he describes education to have calmed the disorders of some parts of this island:
§ Simul Alba nautis Stella refulsit, Defluit saxis agitatus humor; Concidunt venti, fugiuntque nubes: Et minax (sic Dî voluêre) ponto Unda recumbit.
§ Such was the effect of education upon
§ has fallen into a very remarkable mistake, when he intimates his opinion, that the English system of assessment was borrowed from the Scotch act of 1579. On the contrary, the latter is so closely copied from the English statute, that the execution of the act in country parishes is committed 'to 'them that sall be constitute justices be the king is commissioners;' and justices of the peace were not introduced into Scotland till 1689. It is also worthy of being remarked, that the only general regulation, which the Scotch legislature in 1579, did not copy from the 14th of Eliz. is that which directs the surplus of the poor's fund, to be employed in providing work for able-bodied vagrants.—We learn from the preamble of an act of the year 1592, cap. 149, that the system of the act 1579, for the maintenance of the poor had already been carried partially into execution. The act 1597, c. 272, to obviate the want of justices, committed the execution of the act 1579, in country parishes upon the kirk sessions.—In the three next acts, 1617, c. 10, 1663, c. 16, and 1672, c. 18, there are various provisions for a scheme of erecting workhouses for vagrants; which fortunately proved abortive. The second of those statutes, however, contains a most important enactment, with respect to the mode of assessing the heritors and their tenants; one half of the rate being ordained to be paid by the heritors of the parish, and the other half by the tenants and possessors.—The last period of Scotch enactments relating to the poor, is the reign of king William. During the severe dearth, which lasted from 1692 to 1699, (the seven ill years as they are still called by the common people), there were four proclamations of council, and three acts of parliament, enforcing the execution of former acts for the relief of the poor. They are merely declaratory of those acts."
§ Decisions of the Court of Session.—"There are in the books of Scotch law, for the last hundred years, down to the present day, many cases upon the construction of the foregoing statutes, with respect to the mode of their execution. There is no doubt of their being in full force; though in point of fact, the rate is assessed only in some districts of Scotland. A short notice of two or three leading cases, will sufficiently prove the actual existence of a statutory assessment in that part of the kingdom.—By a decision of the 6th of June, 1745, the court of session, decreed, in a question between two parishes in Berwickshire, and upon construction of the acts of Charles II. that a residence of 3 years in a parish, gives the pauper a right to relief. The decree of the court directed, that the heritors of the parish of Dunse should meet, and assess themselves accordingly.—In the case of the parish of Humbie, which was decided on the 15th of Feb. 1751, with regard to the joint administration by the heritors and the kirk session, the whole system of the Scotch poor-laws was investigated very minutely; and not only the decree, but all the arguments on both sides, proceed upon the supposition that the act 1579, with the subsequent amendments, was folly in force.—Since the last scarcity, a case had been determined in the court of session, which turned upon this question; viz. whether, under the Scotch poor-laws, those persons are entitled to relief, who, without any personal infirmity, are rendered unable by the high price of provisions to maintain themselves in time of dearth? And, whether an assessment for the relief of such persons was legal? The court decreed, on the 17th of Jan. 1804, that such relief and assessment were legal under the statutes: and the arguments used to obtain a contrary decree were, not that the statutes were not in force, but that they did not strictly include this particular case. This came likewise from the parish of Dunse in Berwickshire."
Note on the Scotch Poor-Laws, by the Rev. Sir Henry Moncrieff—"Assessments are made by law in many parishes of Scotland, for the relief of the poor. They have been regularly made in some parishes for 40 years past; and become from obvious causes, more frequent every year.—In many parishes they have been hitherto unnecessary; the collections at the churches every Sunday, and in many instances, other funds, in the hands of the kirk sessions, being sufficient without assessments to provide for the parochial poor; this is the ease still in the greatest number of parishes.—In small country parishes, or in parishes where there are no considerable towns or villages, the assessments
Scotland, and I will prove to you that that effect was produced by education alone. Sir, the system of our poor-laws was introduced into Scotland by an act passed in the year 1579, which was almost a literal transcript from the act passed in the 14th of Elizabeth: a variety of other statutes followed, shewing by their preambles that the provisions of the first act had been executed. Some of these acts were passed in the time of Charles II. Late decisions of the court of session shew these laws to be now in full force. Most of the information I have obtained on the subject of the Scottish law relating to the poor, I owe to an hon. member of this house (Mr. Horner), who has been well known in the republic of letters, and at the bar of Scotland; and who is sure to become an ornament of this assembly.—Now, sir, I will trouble you to direct your attention to a
passage which I shall take the liberty of reading from the second discourse of Mr. Andrew Fletcher, on the affairs of Scotland, written in 1698. The system of national education had been enacted in the year 1696; but of course its operation could not have been felt in so short a period. Mr. Fletcher says—"That there are at this day in Scotland (besides a great many poor families very meanly provided for the church-boxes, and others who, by living upon bad food, fall into various diseases) 200,000 people begging from door to door. These are not only no way advantageous, but a very great burthen to so poor a country. And though the number of them be perhaps double to what it was formerly, by reason of this present great distress, yet in all times there have been about 100,000 of these vagabonds, who have
are levied according to the valued rent of the lands, the one half being paid by the heritors, and the other half by the tenants, The cess-books of the county ascertain the valued rent.—But the practice in large parishes, where there are towns and villages, is different. The assessments are there made according to the real annual rents of lands and houses, a fourth part being deducted to the proprietors of houses for reparations; the half of the assessment is paid by the proprietors or landlords, and the other half by the tenants or possessors.—The assessments are made annually, by a joint meeting of the heritors and kirk session of the parish, held, by act of parliament, on the 1st Tuesday of August, or 1st Tuesday of February, who appoint a collector who makes a new rental each year of lands and houses.—The kirk sessions are, by law, the legal guardians of the poor, and have authority to manage and distribute the funds provided for their maintenance; but the heritors of each parish have a controul over their management; are entitled to inspect their accounts, and sometimes up point committees of their own number to act along with them. In general, however, the kirk sessions manage alone, and have the confidence of the country, and in all cases they do their duty, without any remuneration whatsoever.—Where there are parish workhouses, the management is commonly entrusted to the kirk session and heritors jointly: and in some of the great towns, to the magistrates, ministers, and others connected with the town councils or corporations.—The necessitous have a legal claim to relief, according to a rule, sanctioned by repeated decisions of the court of session, which gives a pauper a title to the charity of any parish in which he has resided 3 years, supporting himself during that period by his own industry.—There is a law relating to the settlement of paupers, which entitles the managers for the poor, in each parish, to send to the next parish any pauper who has not acquired the residence which entitles him to their charity; and he can be legally conveyed from parish to parish till he reaches the place of his nativity, or the parish in which he has acquired a title. This is sometimes done: but the practice is not general, or even frequent. As a pauper being a pauper when he comes into a parish, or before he has resided on Isis industry years, never acquires a title, he is commonly left to find his way to his own parish, or to depend on private charity.—The master of a parochial school is not bound to teach the children gratis. Sometimes the children of paupers are sent to him, at the expence of the kirk sessions; but he is always entitled to his fee. There are many charity schools, supported by public societies or private benefactions, which the children attend gratis: but fees are always due to parochial schools.—By an act of parliament lately passed, 1803, the heritors of each parish, who have property to the extent of 100l. Scots of valued rent, in conjunction with the minister, have a right to fix the, salary and fees to be paid to the schoolmaster. They are authorized to augment the salaries at the end of every 25 years, and may at all times regulate the fees; there is of course, some variation in the fees, as well as in the salaries of different parishes. But the most common fees may be as follows: for teaching to read, 18d. per quarter; for writing and arithmetic, 2s. or 2s. 6d. per quarter; for Latin, 2s. or 2s. 6d.*—The parents very generally avail themselves of the parochial schools; and in the law country especially, would be held as infamous if they neglected them.—The children are all, without exception, taught to read; and in particular, to read the Scriptures. They are minutely instructed in the catechisms which contain the general principles of religion; they are very generally taught to write, and to understand the common rules of arithmetic, and all may be so. In most parishes, a few who desire it are taught Latin; and if they prosecute it, may, by means of the parish school, be qualified to attend the Universities.—The males and females attend the parish schools together; but the females an the lowest ranks generally confine themselves to reading, catechetical instructions and sometimes go no further. Many even of them, however, are taught both writing and figures.
§ *The highest salary is 400, and the lowest 300 marks. The schoolmaster has, besides, a house, a school-house, and a small garden, 882 lived without any regard or subjection either to the laws of the land or even to those of God and nature. Fathers incestuously accompanying with their own daughters, the son with the mother, and the brother with the sister. No magistrate could ever discover which way one in a hundred of these wretches died, or that ever they were baptised. Many murders have been discovered among them; and they are not only an unspeakable oppression to poor tenants (who if they give not bread or some kind of provision to perhaps forty such villains in one day, are sure to be insulted by them), but they rob many poor people who live in houses distant from any neighbourhood. In years of plenty, many thousands of them meet together in the mountains, where they feast and riot for many days, and at 883 country weddings, markets, burials, and other like public occasions, they are to be seen, both men and women, perpetually drunk, cursing, blaspheming, and fighting together.—These are such outrageous disorders, that it were better for the nation they were sold to the gallies or West Indies, than that they should continue any longer a burthen upon us. But numbers of people bring great riches. Every government is to blame that makes not a right use of them. The wholesomeness of our air, and healthfulness of our climate, affords us great numbers of people which in so poor a country can never be all maintained by manufactures or public workhouses, or any other way but that which I have menioned." In another part of the same discourse, Mr. Fletcher says, "The better education of our youth would be very necessary."—Now, sir, I beg to call your attention to another description of Scotland, given in the year 1803, by the lord advocate of Scotland, when persuading this house to the adoption of a bill for the more liberally providing for the schoolmasters of that country; which bill was afterwards passed into a law, And in its preamble recites, "that the school-masters of Scotland are a most useful body of men, and essential to the public welfare."—Sir, the lord advocate, Hope, is upon that occasion reported to have said—" He ascribed to the establishment of those schools all that intelligence which was so observable in that part of the United Kingdom, and which so much attracted the attention of strangers who visited it. To it also was to be ascribed the good morals, the social order, the loyalty, the paucity of crimes, the proper attendance on divine worship and the increasing wealth of that part of the country. The paucity of crimes was so remarkable, that there were more convicts transported in one quarter sessions from Manchester, than from all Scotland in the course of the year. He also observed, that the executions it Scotland, on an average, did not amount to more than 6 in the year. He therefore thought an establishment, productive of such good, deserving of the greatest encouragement, and that without it the institution would sink into disrepute and become a nuisance instead of a benefit. The low salary of the school-masters had within the last 20 years, 884 caused several schools to be without masters."—Sir, can there be a greater contrast than is exhibited in these two descriptions? and is not all the improvement observable in the latter, when compared with the former, traced, by one who was the most competent judge that could have been selected, entirely to the system of national education? Sir, to bring the matter still nearer to a point, I am induced, and not without foundation, to believe that the necessity for the compulsory relief, which has been had recourse to of late years in Scotland, more frequently than before, has been owing to the circumstance of many schools having been abandoned on account of the lowness of the salaries of the masters. Sir, I trust the act of 18O3, which has made a more liberal provision for the schoolmasters, will re-produce all the original and beneficial effects.—I propose then, sir, a general system of national education, by the establishment of parochial schools; not compulsory upon the poor, for that would destroy its object: but voluntary, and I am confident that it will soon so work its way, that every man in England and Wales will, as in Scotland, feel it a disgrace not to have his children instructed. Sir, the details of this plan will be found in the bill which I shall ask permission of the house to introduce: and I say nothing of the expence, for I am sure no statesman, who views the importance of the establishment as I do, will hesitate on that score alone to adopt it, for in the saving of poor's rate it will repay itself an hundred, and in order, morality, and virtue, ten thousand fold.—Sir, I cannot help noticing to the house, that this is a period particularly favourable for the institution of a national system of education; because within a few years there has been discovered a plan for the instruction of youth, which is now brought to a state of great perfection; happily combining rules, by which the object of learning must be infallibly attained with expedition and cheapness, and holding out the fairest prospect of eminent utility to mankind. Sir, the meritorious person with whom parts of the plan of education, to which I have alluded, have had their rise, who has also had the good sense unostentatiously to add the acknowledged discoveries of others to his own, is well known to many members of this house, and to a large part of the nation; and he is patronized by persons of the first distinction, in this and a neigh- 885 bouring kingdom; he has further obtained the high honour of the royal sanction and support. The gentleman whom I mean to point out to you, is Mr. Joseph Lancaster*. Sir, I know that he has been the object of much opposition from bigotry and prejudice, but I believe him to be on every account, deserving of encouragement and protection; and I am happy to find that the unfounded clamour which has been raised against him, has in no degree prevailed; that he still enjoys that distinguished and discriminating support I have before mentioned, and as it frequently happens, that what was intended to overturn, has tended only to strengthen and support him.—The principles upon which be proceeds at the free school in the Borough, are, upon examination, so obviously founded in utility and economy, that they must prevail, and will finally, I have no doubt, furnish a mode of instruction, not only for this country, but for all nations advanced in any degree in civilization.—Sir, I by no means intend to introduce any enactments into the bill which I shall propose to you, compelling any particular mechanical mode of instruction; but I have thought this a proper opportunity of stating my opinions relative to what I think must prove a great practical benefit to this country and the world.—Sir, when the bill itself shall come into the hands of gentlemen, it will be found that the main spring of all that is good on earth, I mean religious instruction, is attended to; and that the interests of the establishment are strictly guarded.
§ *"Dr. Bell, late of the establishment of Fort St. George in the East Indies, and rector of Swannage, claims the original invention of the system of education practised by Mr. Lancaster. So early as the year 1789, he opened a school at Madras, in which that system was first reduced to practice, with the greatest success, and the most beneficial effects. In the year 1797, he published an outline of his method of instruction, in a small pamphlet, intitled, 'An Experiment on Education made at the Male Asylum of Madras.' That pamphlet has been extended, and very valuable details given to the public by Dr. Bell, in two subsequent publications of the years 1805 and 1807. Mr. Lancaster's free school in the Borough, was not opened till the year 1800. So that Dr. Bell unquestionably preceded Mr. Lancaster, and to him the world are first indebted for one of the most useful discoveries which has ever been submitted to society.—Dr. Bell and Mr. Lancaster have heretofore had much communication with each other; and Mr. Lancaster, in acknowledging the obligation he has to Dr. Bell, wishes not to detract from his honour or merit; nor to arrogate to himself any thing to which Dr. Bell is entitled;' † at the same time he asserts that many of the very useful methods practised in his school are exclusively his own. On the other hand Dr. Bell, with the feeling worthy of so great a benefactor to mankind, allows, that to the zeal, perseverance, and address of Mr. Lancaster, the mechanical parts of the system are under the greatest obligations.'†—The system itself is what I wish to recommend to public notice, and at the same time to do justice to the two persons who in its invention, improvement, and propagation, have rendered such distinguished services to the world. Under the patronage which each so liberally enjoys, their plan of education, founded on the basis of utility and truth, must prevail: and the union of all parties in the unprejudiced acknowledgement of the respective merits of Dr. Bell and Mr. Lancaster, cannot fail materially to advance the period of its universal adoption."
§ † Extract of a letter from Mr. Lancaster to Mr. Whitbread, March 2, 1807.
§ ‡ Extract of a letter from Dr. Bell to Mr. Whitbread, Feb. 26, 1807.886
§ Sir, I might here dismiss the subject of education altogether; and indeed, I reluctantly call your attention to one illustration of the advantages to be derived from it, and the great disadvantages attending its total absence from any country when I mention the state of the poor in Ireland; there are in that country no poor-laws, to which the misery and wretchedness of the lower orders of society can be traced. But they have no instruction. In Scotland they have instruction, and therefore they are contented and happy, and do not use the poor-laws which they have. Sir, I perfectly well know, that my noble friend, who is, fortunately for her interests, at the head of the goverment of that country, is a decided friend to general instruction, and that he is a patron of the improved plan I have discussed, as well as of the person who carries it into effect. I know that the other members of his majesty's councils for the more immediate government of that country, are doing their endeavours towards the instruction of that brave, patient, and generous people. I have also learnt with the greatest pleasure, that the people themselves are eagerly desirous of availing themselves of the light which I hope will speedily and abundantly shine upon them. With a combination of circumstances so fortunate, we are entitled to expect the happiest results. Sir, the next step which I would recommend to the house to take towards the desireable end of exalting the character of the labourer, is to encourage him to become possessed of property, that he 887 may taste its sweets; and to give him full security for the possession of what he shah acquire. All persons who have thought deeply on the subject of the poor, have felt the force and justice of this principle; but some have differed as to the species of property of which it is most desirable they should become possessed. Some have thought a property in live stock most beneficial; and in that has originated in some parts of England what is called the Cow System, whereby a labouring man is enabled either to purchase or acquire a certain property in a cow. The services of that useful animal to the family of the labourer, are esteemed of greater importance than any other possession. This system may locally be exceedingly beneficial; but there are some obvious objections to it: such as the precariousness of the life of the animal, and the great loss which must arise from any accident to it, in most cases irreparable, which put it altogether out of the question, as to general adoption; and flings great doubt upon its application to those parts of the kingdom even most adapted to it. Money, sir, I apprehend to be the only sort of property which it is worth our while to give encouragement to the labourer to acquire; which is convertible into whatever other species of property he may think fit to purchase. The consideration then is, that of a plan by which the savings of the poor may be safely and profitably invested. If a labourer spends the whole of his earnings, he necessarily becomes a charge to the parish, upon the first accident he meets with, or the first attack of sickness; and if he is fortunate enough to escape both, the burthen is only suspended till age renders him incapable of work. A great proportion of the labouring poor thus become in succession claimants upon the parish; and this must in some degree continue until the poor can be induced to lay by something in health, as a provision for sickness or age. Such of them as make the experiment, and have once felt the satisfaction of possessing something of their own, ordinarily succeed beyond all expectation. Advanced one step towards independence, they go on to improve their condition; and in this class are found some of the most industrious, frugal, and meritorious members of society. That so few are found to make any saving may in a great degree be accounted for, by the difficulty of putting out the little they can raise at a time. A poor man would 888 often be glad to put out small sums to interest, who cannot make up enough to induce a man of property to take it: and in the length of time necessary to raise a larger sum, so many temptations occur for spending the little fund, that it requires a degree of forbearance and self-denial which few possess, to resist them. Thus, the poor man not knowing where to place the money he has saved, spends it unnecessarily, or trusts it with some plausible neighbour, and loses it, or puts it in his drawer, and is robbed of it; or places it in the hands of his master, who in some instances has iniquitously defrauded his industrious and confiding servant. Thus men are discouraged from the renewal of an unsuccessful attempt: and others are deterred by such examples. The obvious remedy for this evil, is to find out a method adapted to the situation of the poor, by which they may put out their savings with security, at a fair interest, for this purpose. The establishment of friendly societies opens a very general and useful resource: and I am glad of this public opportunity of expressing my decided approbation of those excellent institutions; and my sense of the obligation due to the right hon. gent. opposite to me (Mr. Rose), under whose auspices an act has been passed for the regulation, support, and encouragement of those societies, which by increasing the number of subscribers to them has proved highly beneficial to the country; I mean the act of the 33d of the king, c. 54: but, sir, it is to be observed, that some institution, such as I shall venture presently to suggest, are wanted in aid of the operations of those societies. Sir, the lower orders of the people, are jealous, and naturally so, of any interference or controul over their property; and many who from motives of jealousy are prevented from placing their savings in societies of this description, would place it out to profit, or upon contingencies, when the whole of the management would remain exclusively to themselves. Sir, to shew how much this sort of jealousy operates, one might remark, that although the advantages held out by the act in question are very great, and that the effect has been, as I believe, greatly to increase the number of members in those societies, still the interference of the law has certainly alarmed some others; and I have heard of instances where clubs have been broken up in consequence of it; the balance, however, I am sure, is in favour of the 889 act. These prejudices would certainly operate most, when the act was new. They will gradually wear away, and the country will receive the full measure of its benevolent provisions. Sir, no man can be a greater friend than I am to the institution of friendly societies; and in the county in which I live, I do all in my power to encourage and support them. I know only of one objection to them, and that is inseparably attendant upon them; it is I believe without remedy, and is by no means of such magnitude as to counteract their general value. I mean the frequent meetings they demand; the loss of time, and expenditure of money at the public houses. I am no enemy to relaxation and social meetings amongst the lower classes; they have a right to their enjoyments when confined within the bounds of sobriety and moderation; but I do not wish that the temptations to indulgences, in which the head of the family alone can partake, should be multiplied.—Some persons, struck with the benefit of these friendly societies, have carried their love for them so far, as to propose a general national club, to which every healthy labourer should be compelled to contribute. Sir, I need hardly say, that such a scheme is quite impracticable; and that by compulsion we should entirely destroy that which is the effect of, and can be supported only by, free will. The impossibility of watching the members of such a club, with the vigilance necessary to guard against fraud, and all the numerous difficulties attending the scheme, are too obvious to be dwelt upon: but I have mentioned the matter, in order to shew that it has not escaped my observation. Sir, what I shall propose, is to assist the intention of the benevolent societies, but not to put them aside or interfere with them.—Mr. Malthus has proposed the establishment of county banks. I confess I see many objections to that plan also, arising out of its complexity, and the difficulty there would be in making any general and perfect responsibility for so many different and dispersed establishments; but I approve his principle, and would extend it.—I beg gentlemen not to start at what I am about to suggest, which to many who hear me may be quite new, but to afford it their cool and deliberate consideration. I would propose the establishment of one great national institution, in the nature of a bank, for the use and advantage of the labouring classes alone; that it should be placed, in 890 the metropolis, and be under the controul and management of proper persons, to be appointed according to the provisions contained in the bill I shall move for leave to introduce; that every man who shall be certified by one justice, to his own knowledge, or on proof, to subsist principally or alone by the wages of his labour, shall be at liberty to remit to the accountant of the Poor's Fund (as I would designate it) in notes or cash, any sum from 20s. upwards; but not exceeding 20l. in any one year, nor more in the whole than 200l. That once in every week the remittances of the preceding week be laid out in the 3 per cent. consolidated bank annuities, or in some other of the government stocks, in the name of commissioners to be appointed; to avoid all minute payments, no dividend to be remitted till it shall amount to 10s., and that all fractional sums, under 10s. be from time to time re-invested, in order to be rendered productive towards the expences of the office. The plan will be more amply detailed in the bill itself, and such regulations are provided as will, with the intervention of the post-office, give ample facilities to its execution. Gentlemen need not be told, that the perfection attained in the management of that great machine is such, as to give the most easy and rapid means of communication with the metropolis, much greater indeed than usually subsists between the remote parts of any county and its capital town. Sir, the advantage of such a plan as that which I have just sketched out, would be very much increased, if in addition, an opportunity were given to those who might wish by an annual payment up to a given age, to purchase an annuity for the remainder of their lives: or to insure the payment of a gross sum to their families upon their death; or upon any of those calculable events, which are the usual objects of insurance.—There are offices in which the higher and middle classes, may by proportional annual payments, make a provision for themselves or families; but the lowest of the requisite payments, are above the reach of the labourer; to whom such a provision is still more necessary. I would therefore propose, that at the same place, there should be established, under the same direction, an insurance office for the poor: that tables should be calculated for the assurance, in consideration of annual payments of gross sums upon the death of the assured, of an annuity for the remain 891 der of a life after a given age; or of an annuity to a wife surviving a husband; or of payments upon a child's attaining a certain age. The same description of persons to be entitled to the benefit of this part of the plan, and upon similar certificates. No annual payment to be less than 10s. or more than 5l. That the calculations be at such rates of interest, and probabilities of the duration of life, as to be likely to give such an advantage only to the insurers, as would cover the expence of the establishment. That the receipts be invested in stock. That no insurance be made upon any life without the testimony upon oath of a medical man, that such person is in good health; nor without proof on oath of the age, and the certificate of a justice, that he is satisfied of the facts. On proof of fraud or misrepresentation, the insurance to be forfeited.—I should also propose, that all remittances to and by the accountant of both these offices, and all necessary correspondence, should be free of postage; and that no bill, certificate, or policy, should be subject to any stamp duty; nor probates of wills in respect of this fund only; and that all dividends and annual payments, should be wholly exempt from the property tax. It this part of the plan, I have followed up the principle laid down in the act relating to the friendly societies; and it is obvious, that the revenue would lose nothing by such exemptions; because, without such offices, no such correspondence or instruments would exist as are here proposed to be exempted from postage and duty: and the annual payments would all be below those sums which it has been in the contemptation of parliament to subject to the operation of the property tax.—Such, sir is the general outline of the plan I would propose to encourage the labourer to acquire property; and to secure to him the certain and profitable possession of it when acquired.—I beg the patient attention of the house and the country to the consideration of it; and I have the greatest hope of a happy effect from its being put in practice. If the poor should be found to avail themselves of it to any extent; the advantages to them and to the country, would be incalculable, and the expence attending it would speedily be covered: if it should not succeed, the trial can cost but little.—The next point which I wish to urge to the consideration of the house, is the law of settlement. Sir, I believe it to be now 892 universally admitted, that the code of laws which exist upon that subject is grievously oppressive to the poor, and injurious to the common wealth. Here again all eminent writers concur with me in reprobating the system of settlement as carried into practice, and in wishing that it should be much relaxed. Mr. Rose in his pamphlet on the poor-laws, justly prides himself on having first shaken this obnoxious fabric; and the bill passed in the year 1796, commonly known by the name of its learned author, Mr. East, gave it another material, shock. Sir, I am glad to perceive the feelings of the house to go along with me so cordially in the opening of this part of my plan, it will be the less necessary for me to occupy their time in the demonstration of a point which seems so evident. I at the same time anticipate the decision of the house, that the law of settlement could not be entirely done away with safety or convenience. Sir, an erroneous opinion pretty generally prevails, that the law of settlement had its origin in the famous statute of the 13th and 14th of Charles II. which did indeed modify it, and in such a manner, as to open the door to more acrimonious disputes than are to be traced to any number of laws, however great, upon your table: wherein the substance of those who have contributed, has been wasted for the purpose of harassing and vexing those for whose relief it was intended. But, sir, the custom of settlement had its origin in very remote times, and we find very early traces of it in the statute law. So early as the 12th year of Richard II. cap. 7. the place of a man's birth is declared to be the place of his settlement. By the 11th of Henry VII. c. 2. the settlement of a man is deemed to be where he was best known or born; and by the horrible statute before cited, of the 1st of Edw. VI. cap. 3, a man's settlement is declared to be in the place of his birth, or where be has last resided for 3 years. At length came the act of the 13th and 14th Car. II. cap. 12. which conferred a settlement by a residence of 40 days. But, sir, it at the same time gave the power of removing persons likely to become chargeable, and thereby became the inexhaustible source of legal vexation. It is curious, and may be instructive to those who would wish to get rid of settlements altogether, to look at the state of the country at the time this act was passed, which is depicted in the preamble to the act itself. It is there said, 893 "That whereas, by reason of some defects in the law, poor people are not restrained from going from one parish to another, and therefore do endeavour to settle themselves in those parishes where is the best stock, the largest commons or wastes to build cottages, and the most woods for them to burn and destroy; and when they have consumed it, then to another parish; and at last become rogues and vagabonds, to the great discouragement of parishes to provide stock where it might be destroyed by strangers:—be therefore enacted, &c."—Now, sir, this uncontrolled power to the labouring poor, of planting themselves indiscriminately in any place, is not what I should think it wise for the legislature to give, as long as you hold forth the hand of the nation to relieve their wants. By the 1st of James II. cap. 17. the 40 days were to be accounted from notice given to the overseer; and by the 3d and 4th of Will. & Mar. cap. 11, it was further required, that the notice should be read in the church. This power of gaining a settlement by a residence of 40 days was thus rendered quite nugatory, because the delivery of the notice would at all times operate as a warning to the overseer, to obtain the removal of the pauper, as likely to become chargeable. The 8th and 9th of Will. & Mar. cap. 30, introduced the machinery of certificates, which went but a very little way towards the cure of the evil; and by a statute which passed in the 35th of the king, which I shall presently name, the use of certificates is quite done away.—By the law therefore as it now stands, no length of residence will of itself gain a settlement. Vexatious removals are indeed greatly diminished, by the humane provisions of 35 Geo. III. cap. 101. whereby it is enacted, that no person shall be removed till he shall become actually chargeable. But no settlement, by any length of residence can be gained.—It frequently happens therefore that a man settled by birth, or who has a derivative settlement from his parents, or who has acquired a settlement by apprenticeship, or service early in life, is fixed in a distant part of the kingdom, till age renders him incapable of any longer getting his living; and he is then removed from a parish which has had all the benefit of his labour in active life, and from every neighbourly connection, to linger and die, where he knows and is known to no one; and there are not 894 wanting instances of such removals after 50 years residence in a parish.—I propose therefore, that in addition to the means by which a settlement may now be acquired, that a residence, as a householder, for 5 years in any parish without being chargeable to that or any other parish, shall confer a settlement on any householder. But I would add, that such right to settlement should be forfeited by the person claiming it, if he should be proved to have been convicted of any crime, or to have incurred any infamous punishment during the period. By this restriction, I have in view the preservation of the morals of the country, to which I think it would very greatly conduce. The period of residence by which I would confer a settlement corresponds with that introduced by Mr. Pitt into his proposed bill, and I think it will appear to the house, to be a more reasonable limitation of time, than 3 years, as prescribed by the old customs and statute for England and Wales; and by the law of Scotland, as has been determined by very recent decisions of the court of session.—Under the head of settlements, there is another case for which it is extremely desirable to provide. The act of 35th Geo. III. cap. 101, having taken away the oppressive power of removing a pauper upon the ground of his being likely to become chargeable, there is no way of obtaining a judicial decision on his settlement, or even taking an examination upon it, till he becomes actually chargeable: and it is not perhaps till the distress occasioned by his last illness, or that of his family in consequence of his death, has produced an application to the parish officers, that it is in their power to put the question, however disputable, in a course of trial; when from the length of time the facts have become more difficult of proof, and the testimony of the pauper, who is usually the best witness of his own settlement, will often have been lost.—The remedy I propose is, to authorize two justices upon the application of the overseer, to enquire into and on sufficient evidence to make an order of adjudication of the settlement of any person likely to become chargeable, in the same way that orders of removal are now made, leaving out the clause of removal; that a duplicate of the order of adjudication should within a month be delivered to the overseers of the parish in which the settlement is adjudged to be; that such parish be at liberty to appeal against the order to 895 the quarter sessions, upon the usual legal notice; and that the order of sessions upon the appeal, or the order of the justices, if not appealed from, be conclusive on the settlement, as in the case of orders of removal. I propose, if the order is made within 20 days of the sessions, to allow an appeal to the second sessions, that the parish in which the settlement is adjudged to be, may have sufficient time to make enquiry into the case, and that the parish obtaining the order should be bound to produce the pauper who is the subject of the order. I would also propose that an order, not appealed from, should be recorded at the second session by the parish obtaining it, on proof of the delivery of a duplicate to the other parish.—Sir, it will be perceived that by this proposition I would alter nothing of the old law of settlement, but merely superadd the power of obtaining a settlement which I have described, to those already in existence. That I therefore interfere with none of the decisions of the courts of justice in that long string of settlement cases which have come before them for their opinion. By the provision for the previous adjudication of settlement I hope to take away the ground of much expensive litigation, under circumstances which render proof difficult and sometimes. impossible.—The principle of the previous adjudication of settlement, will be found in the Friendly Society act, and I have almost copied the provisions of the clause which it contains relative to this matter, adding only a further guard against vexation to the labourer; by ordering that in all cases where he is compellable to appear as a witness for the purpose of having his settlement adjudged, the expence accruing from his loss of time shall be paid to him. From all these provisions I expect the best effects, in the additional freedom it will give to the person, together with increased independence to the mind of the labourer, and the greater equality which it will create between the demand for labour and its supply.—The next matter in order, in which I would wish parliament to make some alteration, is the constitution and power of vestries. By the act of 43d Eliz. cap. 2, the churchwardens and overseers are required once in every month after divine service, to meet in the church, there to consider of the course to be taken for fulfilling the purposes of the act. By the 3d and 4th Will. & Mar. cap. 11, s. 11, "the parishioners are to meet in the vestry 896 yearly, in Easter weeek; or as often as it shall be thought convenient, and the lists of those receiving relief are to be called over, the reasons for relief examined, and new lists made of such persons as, they shall think fit, and allow to receive collection; and no other to receive any collection without the order of a justice, except in cases of pestilence, or small-pox." The yearly meeting appears to me to be much too distant, and the words "as often as it shall "be thought convenient" much too loose, and to leave too much in the discretion of the, parish officer. I believe the custom still to prevail in some parishes of assembling once in the month, or at some stated periods; but such meetings are not now deemed necessary, are not regularly summoned, and are frequently conducted without regularity or decorum. I shall propose, therefore, to restore the monthly meeting, directed by the 43d of Elizabeth; and as the interests of the inhabitants are so deeply affected by the administration of the poor laws; to give them a more effectual controul over the raising and expenditure of their money. I propose, that vestries shall meet monthly, and on notice, at intermediate times; that the church wardens and overseers be required to take their opinion, and observe their direction upon the assessments to be made, the persons to be relieved, and the relief to be given, in all cases which do not require immediate attention. But to prevent an abuse of this power by undue influence, or popular clamour, it will, I think, be proper to do something as to the constitution of the vestries, as far as regards the execution of the poor-laws. Gentlemen very well know, that the meetings of vestries are too frequently disorderly and tumultuous; and that the more respectable part of the inhabitants of a parish often withdraw themselves from all attendance on parochial business, from the disgust they experience at such assemblies. At present every person rated to the poor's rate, in the smallest sum, has an equal voice in the vestry with the proprietor who pays the highest proportion to the rate; and a few very inconsiderable renters sometimes have it in their power to dispose of the parish money against the opinion of the more substantial and better informed inhabitants. In order therefore to give to those who contribute most to the fund, a due weight in the application of the money, I would propose, 897 that a person assessed in a certain sum, should have two votes, and in a certain other larger sum, three votes, and the largest four. The act passed in the present reign, 22d Geo. III. c. 3. commonly called Mr. Gilbert's act, directs, that in parishes adopting the provisions of that statute, no persons shall be entitled to vote in vestry, who are not assessed to the relief of the poor, in the annual amount of 5l, I would not wish to see that regulation generally adopted. I think that all who contribute ought to have their proportionate controul over the distribution of the money. In order to ensure decency and order in the meetings themselves, I would propose, that the officiating clergyman of the parish should in all cases, when present, preside: in his absence, the senior churchwarden; then the junior churchwarden; after that the overseers in succession; and failing the attendance of all I have named, the person present paying the highest sum to the rate; and in all cases of equality of opinion, that the chairman should have the casting vote. By such provisions as I have described, and which will of course be more accurately and amply set forth in the bill, I should hope to secure a more perfect controul over the expenditure of the money; more care in the method of raising it; and to convert an ineffectual, noisy, and tumultuous meeting, into a decent, effectual, and orderly scene of business, to the great comfort of the poor, and the great saving of the parties assessed.—Sir, the next matter which I would submit to the consideration of the house, is one of the very first importance, I mean that of the rate itself, out of which the relief is given. Sir, I think I have shewn in the earlier part of my speech, that enormous as is the present amount of the rate raised for the relief of the poor, and rapid as the increase of it has been, it is not practicable to restrain it within any precise boundary. The reduction to be hoped for, must depend upon the success of the measures which may be enacted for reforming the habits, and improving the resources of the poor, such as I have already proposed, and to which I have still some to add. Sir, the law for a compulsory rate grew out of very ancient statutes, which recommended the giving of alms. By the 27th of Henry VIII. cap. 25, collectors were appointed to receive the alms given; and persons were forbid to give, except to those collectors. By the 5th and 6th of Ed- 898 ward VI. cap. 2, the bishop was directed, to exhort those who should refuse to give alms. By the 5th of Eliz. cap. 3, the bishop was directed to bind over such as should refuse to give alms, and they were to be imprisoned. By the 14th of Eliz. cap. 5, justices were directed to assess in every place. By the 39th of the same queen, cap. 3, overseers were, appointed for the management of the rate; and at length by the celebrated statute, so often mentioned, the rate was directed to be assessed after the manner which continues in force to this day. The only statutes, I believe, which have been passed since that period on the subject of the rate, are the 17th of Geo II. cap. 3, which directs, that notice shall be given of the allowance of a rate, without which notice, it shall not be valid; and also gives power to the inhabitants, to inspect the rate: the 17th of Geo. II. cap. 38, which directs overseers to deliver over the books to their successors, and gives power of appeal against the rate, to parties aggrieved by it; and the 41st of the king, cap. 23, which makes some further provisions about appeals. But the rate itself is or ought to be raised at this day, according to the intentions and enactments of the 43d Eliz. cap. 2: I say, ought to be, because the intention of that statute has evidently been departed from in practice, whereby a very gross inequality has been created, in the distribution of burthen necessarily imposed for the relief of the poor. Sir, the words directing the levy of the rate are as explicit as to the persons on whom the, levy is to be made, as can well be devised. They are the following: "to raise weekly, or otherwise, by taxation of every inhabitant, parson, vicar, or other, and of every occupier of lands, houses, tithes impropriate, propriations of tithes, coalmines, or saleable underwoods in such parish," &c. By these words I think it was clearly designed that every person having personal property in a parish should be assessed in regard of that personal property; and indeed that such is the true interpretation of the law, may be collected from the repeated decisions of the court of King's Bench. The rating of personal property had long fallen into disuse, but the law was not altered, and upon a case which came before the court on an appeal, although the rate appealed against was quashed for informality, Mr. Justice Aston said, "if it be the law that personal pro- 899 perty is rateable, it must be rated although it was never rated before." Lord Kenyon in another case said, "There is no doubt that personal property is rateable." In another case, of the King against White, it was decided, that "ships are rateable property like stock in trade, and confirmed a rate made upon White in respect of such ships, to the amount of 13,500l." But, sir, the practice of rating personal property has been so little resorted to, that the land has borne almost the whole of the burthen, and very unjustly. For certainly nothing can be more unjust, than that a person carrying on a lucrative concern within a parish should contribute only in proportion of the value of the land he holds, and nothing in respect of his productive capital; whilst his neighbour must pay in the same proportion for his occupation, although his resource for income should be in the land alone. I am perfectly aware that by the enforcing of this provision of the statute of Elizabeth there will be some difficulties to encounter; and I would by no means vest in any hands the sort of inquisitorial power necessary to ascertain the income of persons as is done for the purpose of levying those large taxes which perhaps must be raised during a war. But all productive capital must, in its operation, be to a certain degree visible; Such estimate must be made of it as can be best collected from circumstances; and the power of appeal affords the remedy to the party assessed. I would propose then to declare that, with the exception of farming stock, all local and productive personal property is rateable. Few persons, perhaps, will be more touched by such a declaration of the law than myself, in more than one instance; but, sir, in this house in order to do their duty, men must divest themselves of all personal and selfish considerations; and although I do not pretend to greater disinterestedness than other men, and should, perhaps, be as eager as others to relieve myself from any unusual payment, when called upon in my individual capacity, I have now objects of far greater magnitude in my view, and wish at my own expence, as well as at that of others, to procure a more equal and general distribution of inevitable burthens, in order that they may sit lightly on all. The great bulk of personal property will still be out of the reach of legal taxation; but the opulent are seldom found deficient inhumane attention to the wants of the poor. Sir, there is another grievance 900 under the head of rating, which ought long since to have been redressed. As the law now stands, every occupier is rateable to the poor-rate; and, till a late statute, upon proof on any appeal against the rate, of the omission of the smallest tenement, the court was bound to quash the rate. The act alluded to allows the rate to be amended, but the property still remains liable to be rated; and the cottage of an industrious labourer or workman, struggling to support himself and his family, is still often assessed and compelled to pay, what to him is a considerable sum, to be bestowed on less deserving objects. In some parishes it is the practice to leave out all persons below a certain yearly value; in others they exempt by name such as they think too poor to pay. I would propose to you, sir, to legalize the exemption, by authorizing the vestry to order such occupiers of cottages as they shall think too poor to pay, to be left out of the rate; to declare that such omission shall not be a ground of appeal against the rate; and also to give power to the justices upon application to strike out of the rate the name of any person who shall occupy a cottage not exceeding five pounds in yearly value, and that such exemption shall not in any case be considered as parochial relief. To prevent abuse also, in cities and boroughs, I would provide that no person should ever be exempted except upon his own application expressed in writing. By such enactments, sir, I entertain great hopes that we shall impose upon the rich such a proper share of the burthen, as they cannot severely feel, and will most cheerfully bear; and take from the poor a load, which, however inadequate to general assistance, is to him, grievous and oppressive.—Sir, I must detain you still longer on the subject of the parochial rate: and I mean to suggest some remedy to the extreme inequality of burthen now subsisting between one parish and another. In doing this, we should only restore the spirit of the 43d of Elizabeth. Sir, by that statute, although the assessments for the expences of the poor are to be raised in every parish; yet a discretion is given to two justices, if they shall find the inhabitants of any parish not able to pay sufficient sums within themselves, to tax "any other of other parishes within the hundred." And if the hundred shall not be thought fit and able to relieve the several parishes unable to provide for themselves; the justices in their general 901 quarter sessions are required "to rate and assess any other within the county." The inability here spoken of could not mean that the whole parish, in the first place, or hundred in the second, should be reduced to poverty before the rest of the county should be resorted to; the intention must have been to guard against gross or oppressive inequality in the charges; but the terms of the act are so vague, and the means of judging of the comparative inability so defective, that notwithstanding some parishes have been subjected to rates equal to their whole rental, the power of taxing others in aid, has very seldom been exercised. Why, sir, there are many gentlemen who hear me (and I particularly call upon one of the hon. members for the borough [Mr. Henry Thornton] who, during the great scarcity experienced a few years ago, was most humanely active, to attest the truth of my assertion) who know that within the precincts of this metropolis, and immediately adjoining, there are parishes at this moment labouring under the most grievous affliction because they cannot raise the money necessary for the relief of the indigent. Sir, I mean to allude more particularly to the parish of Spitalfields. A description of the sufferings of that parish has lately been given to the public by a deserving gentleman of the name of Hale, who has long officiated in the parish to the advantage of the inhabitants and his own credit. That district is unfortunately inhabited by none but the poorest classes of the people; manufacturers who resort there for the cheapness of lodging, and who, in the event of sickness, or stoppage of trade, or any other casualty, are instantly obliged to have recourse to the parochial fund. That fund is to be raised from persons of their own condition, so that the relief which is to prevent the starvation of one family, is, of necessity, wrung from another, to whom the loss of the pittance paid produces a state almost approaching to famine. The opulent employers of these manufacturers, all live in other parishes. Is it not fit, sir, that some remedy should be applied to this evil, and evils like this? If what I shall propose to you shall not be enacted, or, if enacted, shall not reach the case, some special parliamentary provision must be made for it.—Sir, that the intention and letter of the statute of the 43d of Eliz. are what I have represented them to be, I can prove in this case also, by deci- 902 sions of the court of king's bench. In the case of "the king against Boroughfen," "a taxation had been made of several persons in a parish, in aid of another parish. It was objected, that it should have been of all the persons in a parish. The court thought it unreasonable that several persons in a parish should be charged, and not all. But the words of the statute are very strong, and did not quash the order for that objection." In the cases of the "king against the tithing of Milland," the "king and Knightly," and the "king and the parish of St. Peter and Paul, in Marlbro';" in similar assessments, the orders were all affirmed by the court.—Now, sir, I hope to have devised a means of remedying this inequality generally, and by the same expedient, to produce a competition in economy amongst all the parishes of a county. I should therefore propose to empower the court of quarter sessions, at the second session which may take place after the passing of the act, and at the expiration of the seventh and every succeeding seventh year from that period, to require from the overseers of the poor within their respective jurisdiction, returns of the rental and other profits upon which the poor-rate is charged; and the charge per pound. In the first place, sir, I apprehend that the publicity of the proceedings of every parish, would create a desire, that those proceedings should be such as to bear the light. The comparative state of the rate in each parish would, at one view, be before all the land-owners: and those whose property was most burthened, would naturally enquire into the circumstances and management of those whose rates were the lowest, and from the example of others, might correct the improvidence of their own parishioners. Sir, it is by no means my intention to propose, that each Parish and district throughout the kingdom, should not, as at present, maintain its own poor out of its own rate. I know that it has been a favourite project with some, to make the divisions of the kingdom larger, for the purpose of assessment and relief; and some have even gone so far, as to declare an opinion, that as the object is national, the fund and the management of it should be national also. Sir, I confess that in speculation, I Should be wholly against such a change: and experience amply proves to me that such a change would be unwise. The gentleman who so accurately and laboriously arranged the 903 returns made in the year 1803, Mr. Poole of Somersetshire, and whose information on the subject of the poor-laws is extensive, and his willingness to communicate it, most praiseworthy, has furnished me with data, which I will shortly state. In districts so small, as that the whole of the poor's rate collected in one year, does not exceed 100l., the average of the rate is 3s. 4d.; from 100 to 200, 4s. 7d.; from 200 to 300, 5s. 1d.; and so on in regular progression till you come to districts, where from 2 to 3 thousand pounds are collected, and then the average of the rate collected, amounts to 8s. 2d. in the pound. Sir, the reason of this is manifest, that in the smaller districts the concerns of the whole are much more under the eye and management of each contributor, than they can be when more extensive; and this I think furnishes an irrefragable argument against the alteration or extension of the established boundaries of the kingdom, as well as against a general national, or even county fund, for the relief of the poor.—But, sir, an object of great importance may be obtained, by the plan I have suggested of the periodical returns of assessable property within a county, I mean the general equalization of the county rate throughout England and Wales. Sir, it is universally known, with what inequality that rate falls upon the public; the proportions in which it is at this day collected, are those which were established in the time of king William, and whatever alterations may have taken place in the value of land, there is no power any where to correct the great injustice arising out of the change of circumstances on the one hand, and the adherence to ancient rules on the other. This has been so strongly felt in some counties, that application has been made to parliament for redress. Some of these applications have been successful; and it the counties of Middlesex and Leicester, the county rates are equalized by special acts of parliament. With the provisions of those acts I would not interfere; but I would propose, that the county rate throughout the kingdom should be equalized, by directing that it should be charged on every parish, in proportion to the assessed property stated by the overseers, according to the returns proposed to be mad by them at the expiration of every 7th year. Having put this fund derived from the county rate, on an improved and more equitable footing; I would propose out of it 904 to relieve such parishes within the county, as shall be most burthened with the poor-rate. Not to establish an equality throughout the county; for that would destroy the motives to economy: but that any parish, whose charges upon an average of 3 years, shall have been more than double the average of the parish rates throughout the county, shall have liberty to apply to the court of quarter session, and that upon proof that the expenditure has been necessary and unavoidable, the justices shall be empowered to grant out of the county stock, such relief as they shall thick reasonable; so as not to reduce the charge from the parish applying, to less than double the average of the rate raised for the relief of the poor, in the different parishes throughout the county. By this provision it seems to me, that an easy method would be found for relieving extreme pressure, and at the same time, that the burthen left upon the parish making the application would be so heavy, as to afford an undiminished stimulus to economy and good management.—I am well aware that opposition to the equalization of county rates, may arise from interested motives in various quarters; but I think the general feeling must be, that the levying them in the present mode is improper, and that that feeling is founded in justice, and that the good sense of parliament will prevail over all selfish considerations, which may operate to impede the progress of the great work the house of commons will, on this day, take in hand.—Sir, I believe I have stated to you all that I have to propose, with regard to the rate, and I am now naturally led to mention the power I would wish to be given to magistrates, to apply a part of the county rate towards the exaltation of the character of the labourer. No one, sir, is so little conversant with the nature of man, as not to know that the passions of the human mind may be influenced to the greatest possible advantage.—That hope, however remote, will console him, from whom it is not entirely cut off; and cheer the gloom of the most difficult and laborious existence; and that the love of distinction is so deeply implanted in the human breast, that it may be used to excite him to the performance of the most severe and meritorious duty, as well as tempt him to acts of the most atrocious and deadly cruelty.—Sir, these passions are as much alive in the heart of the labourer, as in that of the man of the most eminent rank, 905 I would therefore encourage him to hope for reward from extraordinary patience and virtue, and I would awaken his laudable ambition to be distinguished above his associates. In Mr. Pitt's bill he introduced provisions, allowing the claim of the labourer to parochial relief, under certain circumstances of heavy pressure, arising from the largeness of family. Sir, I totally object to the principle of any such claim, which he had extended to a degree which it would have been impossible to have provided funds to satisfy. Mr. Malthus, who is certainly no friend to the claim of right, on the part of the poor, has gone the length of saying, that if a man shall have 6 or more children, he ought to be entitled to some aid towards their support. I would not give any such right, nor allow of general relief, on those grounds; but I would propose to parliament, to impower the justices in quarter sessions, to bestow a reward upon the labouring man, who shall upon the earnings of his labour, have brought up 6 or more children to a certain age without parochial relief. It is certain that the claimants for such prizes would not be very numerous, but the merit of such claimants must inevitably be very great, and ought to be at least within the possibility of being rewarded. I would also limit the reward to be given to the most deserving, to a sum so moderate, that it could not be any where felt as a burthen, and I would give a power to the magistrates to add some token of distinction, in cases of pre-eminent merit, to the pecuniary reward that a man might be known to have obtained the approbation of the court. This might be done by the gift of a coat or a hat; or if that was not deemed advisable, a parchment certificate, with the county seal affixed to it, might be given to the labourer to be hung up in his cottage, as a gratification to himself during his life, and an incentive to his children after his decease. The expense attending the execution of this part of my plan would throw upon the county rate. The discretion of exercising the power entrusted to them, would rest entirely with the magistrates, and if the claimants in crease in number, the advantage would be extraordinarily great. But, sir, I anticipate an objection. That considering the severe seasons which have taken place, and the almost universal necessity they have occasioned for parochial relief, your law would be in this respect nugatory, for the 906 you could not expect any claimants at all. To that I would reply, first, that if you had no claimants, no expence could be incurred, and therefore your enactment could do no harm; and secondly, that experience justifies me in asserting, that claimants would appear. Sir, we all know that agricultural societies have been established in many parts of the kingdom with the most beneficial effects; and that amongst other of their praiseworthy objects, has been that of rewarding meritorious labourers. Premiums have been generally offered by those societies, for such men as shall have brought up the largest families upon the wages of labour, without parochial relief. Such a society was instituted in the county in which I live, under the peculiar direction and patronage of that great patron of all that was wise, patriotic, benevolent, and good, the late duke of Bedford; it is still patronized and effectually supported by his worthy successor. The Bedfordshire Agricultural Society was formed immediately after the pressure of the scarce years, and I confess that at the time I assented to the proposition for premiums of the sort I have described, I did not entertain any expectation that they would ever be adjudged. How astonished and delighted then must I have been, as I truly was, to find swarms of candidates for the inspection of their certificates those certificates having been required in a way to preclude the possibility of fraud. What heartfelt joy was experienced by the great and ever-to-be-lamented personage, who at our first meeting distributed the rewards to the successful candidates, and by all who assisted at this useful institution. When I saw the honest glow of self-gratification beaming on the rugged countenance of industrious labour at the sight of the unexpected boon; the tear of joy trickling down that furrowed cheek which had been often moistened with the tear of anguish and disappointment; I could not help exclaiming to the farmers assembled round me, "Do you see this sight? Could you have believed the existence of these men, if they had not been produced before your eyes? Let it be a lesson to us. The idle, the profligate, and the clamourous, are constantly obtruding themselves upon our notice. They defraud, irritate, and fatigue us, and we are apt to judge and condemn all their brethren in consequence of their misconduct. Virtue is patient, silent, and unobserved; it be 907 hoves us to bring her into notice, and reward her. May this society then flourish and be perpetual, if only for the purpose of rewarding meritorious industry, and creating in the labourers an emulation to do well; in their employers a determination to do their duty by them, and an improved opinion of human nature!" Sir, that which I then contributed to make local, I now wish to make national, and from experience of its beneficial operation on a small scale, I propose it to your adoption on a general one, and I repeat the remark I have made, that if it fails, it can cost nothing; if it succeeds, it must be of inestimable value.—Sir, I would next advert to a circumstance very materially concerning the health and comfort of the poor, and which certainly requires the interference of the legislature; I mean the building of cottages. Sir, you well know, that by the 5th section of the 43d of Eliz. c. 2, the churchwardens and over seers of the poor are empowered to build cottages for the habitation of the impotent poor, upon the wastes, with the consent of the lord of the manor. But the execution of this power has fallen almost totally into disuse, and indeed, from the altered circumstances of the country, has in most cases become totally impracticable, the division of property under acts of in-closure having become so general, and decisive, as to leave no spot of which the parish could take advantage, and there being no power to buy land for the purpose of building upon. Sir, I would propose to revive and give effect to the power formerly given to the churchwardens and overseers, of building cottages; to which I would add the power of buying land to a certain extent, not exceeding perhaps in the whole five acres. By the limitations and restrictions I shall impose upon it, I am not afraid of incurring the opposition of those who have stated that the scarcity of habitations is the only preventive check to that morbid increase of population which they assert it to be the direct tendency of the poor-laws to produce. Necessity overturns theory, and is paramount to controul, and the want of habitations for the poor is in many places so great that even in villages, two, and sometimes more than two, families are crowded into a cottage barely sufficient for one. Parents and children of both sexes and of all ages are obliged to sleep in one room, to the injury of their health and in violation of 908 all decency. This has arisen partly from the increased expence of building and repairs, and much from the increased population. I would propose to give to the parishes a power to lay out in building, sums not exceeding a limited amount, proportioned to their rates. The immediate distress for habitations might thus in some degree be lessened, and the comfort, the health, and the morals of the poor so far promoted. But, sir, I should wish parliament to direct, that all cottages built under this power, should be let at fair and full rents, and even that the overseers, in letting the cottages, shall obtain for the parishes to which they belong, the benefit of the competition arising from the scarcity of dwellings, for as the bulk of the habitations of the poor must be the property of individuals, who justly expect a reasonable profit for this part of their capital, it would be unfair towards them, and ultimately injurious to the poor, to let the houses built by the parish, at less than the private proprietor can afford to take for his. The rents of cottages are so low as to discourage any interested man from building new ones or even from repairing those already built. The scarcity however must in this as in all other instances occasion an advance in the price; and till that happens, the distress for houses must continue. This furnishes a countervailing argument to the minds of those who might apprehend that from such an enactment we should take away the preventive check on marriage which Mr. Malthus has stated to be found in that scarcity of habitations: but Mr. Malthus never intended to push his principles to extremes; and I trust his admirers will not fall into that error.—The observations I have made on the rents of cottages are not intended to restrain parishes from allowing families to occupy any of the parish houses rent-free, in cases where relief shall be needed, and that may be thought the best way of giving it; but where this is done, the parish should have a power under the authority of the magistrates of displacing those who shall not longer be in need, or worthy of this benefit: and it will be useful to give a summary power of ejecting for sufficient cause the occupiers of all parish cottages.—Any gentleman who has acted as a magistrate in the country must know the difficulties which occur in getting rid of an idle and profligate tenant of a parish cottage; whilst those, ten times more deserving of 909 assistance and comfort, are without shelter, and the parish is unable to afford it to them.—The next and last subject on which I must detain the house is one of primary importance and comprehends a variety of details. Sir, I mean the mode of administering relief to the poor, the quantum of relief to be given, the distinction to be taken between the different applicants for relief, and the method of employment for those who are healthy and capable, of work. I must set out by declaring what I believe I have mentioned in a former part of my speech, that I deem it of most essential importance to maintain the character of independent industry, above dependent poverty; and that I think it a matter of injustice to the labourer, who is struggling by his own effort to maintain himself and a numerous family without parochial relief, to place the man who does not make such efforts in a more desirable or more favourable situation as to food, lodging, or raiment. To age, infancy, and sickness, I would hold out the hand of support, protection, and care, widely extended, filled with all the blessings the most copious charity could afford.—Sir, the impotent poor are to be considered under the two heads of the unfortunate and criminal, for the purpose of discrimination, of doing justice to misfortune, and of punishing profligacy.—And first to dispose of the criminal class. In the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, many acts were passed for the punishment of idleness in labourers and workmen, some of which I have already quoted, and they are full of horrible severity. But the only existing law for the punishment of idleness, unattended with other crime, is the 17th Geo. II. c. 5, by which "all persons who not having wherewith to maintain themselves, live idle, without employment, and refuse to work for the usual and common wages given to other labourers in the like work," are declared to be idle and disorderly persons; and are subjected, upon conviction, to imprisonment, not exceeding one month. But as long as a man can maintain himself and his family without applying to the parish, he is not, in practice or in law, liable to any penalty, and may spend as much of his time as he pleases in idleness without any legal punishment. Desirable as it is to prevent rather than to punish, it does not seem to be practicable to frame any power of restraint, without breaking in upon that freedom of action which is the right of every man in his own 910 concerns. But where a pauper applies to the parish for relief, there is fair ground to enquire whether he has abused this right; and if it appears that he has by profligate waste and extravagance become a burthen upon others, he ought to receive the punishment he has merited. I would propose therefore, that upon complaint made by the overseers by direction of the vestry to the justices of the district at the overseer sessions, or at any special sessions, that any person who shall by himself or family have applied for and received relief of the parish, has reduced himself to want by idleness or extravagance, the justices shall enquire into the case, and if, upon sufficient evidence after hearing the pauper, they shall find the charge to be true, they shall commit him to the house of correction for a time to be limited; there to be employed in such labour as he shall be capable of, and after his release, he shall, so long as he shall be a burthen to the parish, be distinguished by a badge denoting his crime with the name of the parish, in large letters on his outer garment, and that his allowance shall be no more than will provide him bread. I would empower the justices, however, upon proof of orderly behaviour for a given time, either to dispense with the criminal badge, or to put the offender on the same allowance as the unfortunate poor, or to do both. A sufficient power of appeal will of course be given.—Sir, with regard to the great class of unfortunate poor, excepting again, and always, the cases of age, infancy, and sickness, which are sacred; parochial relief should be confined to necessaries, whether in or out of the poor-house.—Sir, it is here fit I should state to the house that I am an enemy to the workhouse system. That I believe where it has been acted upon, it has almost universally increased the burthen of the poor's rate; and instead of adding to the comfort of the poor, or to the improvement of their morals, it has furnished seminaries of idleness and vice. At the same time, it is not my intention to propose to you to abolish workhouses altogether.—Sir, it is known that workhouses were first introduced in London by the 13th and 14th Ch. II. and they were authorized as a general measure by the 9th of Geo. I. by which act, "for the greater ease of parishes in the relief of the poor," churchwardens and overseers, with the consent of vestries, are empowered to purchase or hire houses for the maintenance and em- 911 ployment of all or any of the poor desiring relief; and there to entertain or employ, and take the benefit of the work of such poor, and none were to be entitled to relief who should refuse to be maintained and logded in the workhouse.—As the law long stood then, all relief was forbidden in those parishes where workhouses were established, to those who should refuse to be lodged and maintained therein: and it is only for a limited time and under particular circumstances, that relief can now be given out of the workhouse, It be well to enquire whether this measure has answered one of its objects, "the greater ease of parishes:" the answer is decidedly in the negative.—Sir, by the returns of the year 1803, it is proved, that the number of persons maintained in workhouses, and houses of industry in that year, was 83,468, and the expence of their maintenance, 1,015,445l. or 12l. 3s. 6d. each. That their earnings accounted for to the parish, were at the rate of 17s. O¼d. each. That the number of poor permanently relieved at their own habitations upon the most accurate calculation were 651,347, at an expence of rather less than 4l. 6s. 4d. each. Sir, I do not trouble the house with the very minute detail of figures, by which this indisputable fact is ascertained; they are before you, and my statements will be found correct. The inference is obvious, that as far as expence goes, the workhouse system has quite failed of its purpose. But let us compare the expence upon each individual in a workhouse, with the sum which a labouring man, living upon the wages of his labour, can afford to spend upon each head in his family; and we shall find, that upon a high average of wages, he could by no means afford to lay out upon each, any thing like the sum spent upon each head in a workhouse. This disparity ought not to exist, and we must endeavour to remove it. I believe it will be found in workhouses in general, not only that a much larger proportion of food is consumed or wasted for each individual contained in them, than the labouring man can bestow upon himself and his family, but that the consumption of bread and meat is greater than their numerical share of the consumption of the country, taking rich and poor. The fact is, that the frugal poor make their money go so much further than any other management can do for them, that they find means to live decently snd save something out of an income, which no calcula- 912 tion would make adequate to their support: a strong argument for not interfering in their concerns, wherever it can be avoided. The burthen, therefore, to the parishes has been increased, instead of being diminished, by the establishment of workhouses.—As to the poor themselves, the effect has been to break every tie, to force them from their relations and friends, to deprive the aged of their best consolation, and by exposing the young to the influence of the worst examples, to form nurseries of depravity. Sir, there are doubtless many and happy exceptions. I am speaking generally. Workhouses may in some instances have tended to ease parishes, by terrifying the most meritorious from applying for relief, and it is too true that they have been established in some parishes for that iniquitous purpose. Fortunately the humanity of the nation has generally taken a contrary direction, and has prevented the evils of workhouses from being so great as they otherwise might have been; by overlooking the law which prohibits relief out of the house: and the rigour of that law has been in some degree mitigated by 36 Geo. III. c. 23. allowing occasional relief; but the restraint ought, in my opinion, to be entirely taken away. I would propose, then to repeal so much of the act of Geo. I. as imposes that restraint. But as parish houses will be necessary for orphan children, for sick, aged, and infirm poor, who have no relations or connections to whose care they can be intrusted; and such houses may, in some cases, be necessary for the temporary lodging of those who have no home, I would propose that the provisions of 9 Geo. I. for purchasing and hiring such houses, should be continued; and to facilitate their execution, that parishes should be authorised to borrow, on the security of their rates, limited sums, to purchase, build or repair such houses, and I should wish to see enacted some regulations for their internal management. I propose that the parish shall meet in vestry on some fixed day, in every month, and that all applications for relief, and all cases requiring it shall be then considered, conformably with the spirit of 3 and 4 Will. & Mar. c, 11, that such of those entitled to assistance, as shall have settled habitations, and shall be in a situation to take care of themselves, or to be taken care of by their families, or by any relation or friend, a suitable allowance shall be made it their residence. 913 That the overseers be impowered to place sick, or infirm persons, having no connections, under proper care, and to agree for their maintenance. I would also propose to limit the rates of allowance, except in cases of sickness, and that no relief, except in urgent cases, be given by the overseer, without the consent of a vestry, or the order of a justice, would further remedy one very great grievance, which prevails as much to the disadvantage of parishes, as to the oppress on of the objects relieved. I mean the custom of depriving a man of every worldly possession before relief is administered. Sir, I would propose, in case of sickness, or other great emergency, that the possession of furniture, tools and live stuck, to the value of 30l. and a cottage, not exceeding the annual value of 5l. should not preclude the possessor from receiving relief. Thus a man, who, as the law now stands, must, by the acceptance of the most trifling assistance, be overwhelmed, will be able to get afloat again in the world, and recover his independence when the visitation shall be at an end. I would enable overseers to continue the present poor-houses, or build others, or hire them for the reception of persons such as I have before described, and to raise money for that purpose on the credit of the rates to a limited amount. I would also impose restrictions in the mode of contracting for the maintenance of the poor. I would provide, that contracts should not be valid for more than one year; and that they should not be made for a gross sum; to prevent the interest of the contractor clashing with his duty, but that every contract should be made by the head. That no contract should be valid until submitted to and approved by the justices in special session; and that a duplicate of the contract should be filed. Sir, I will not trouble the house any further, there will be ample details in the bill; I would only add, that following up the principle I originally laid down, that dependent poverty should not, as under the workhouse system it frequently happens, be supported at a greater expence than independent industry can possibly sustain, I would regulate the quantity of meat and bread to be furnished to each individual in health, maintained in a pariah house; taking care that there should be at all times an ample supply of other wholesome and nutritious food. For the purpose of these regulations, it will be necessary to give the justices in quarter session, the power of 914 enquiring into and declaring the price of bread and labour, within their jurisdiction, at certain periods, but by no means of interfering with either. Such a declaration would also be useful towards the execution of some acts already in existence, such as the act for the relief of the wives of militiamen, &c. Sir, I had almost forgot to mention the employment of the able bodied poor; a provision which I am sure will be looked for by many gentlemen of this house. But I must here premise, that I do not think, upon the most mature consideration which I have been able to give the subject, that that part of the 43d of Eliz. which enjoins "the churchwardens and overseers to take order for setting to work, all persons, having no means to maintain themselves, and to provide for that purpose a proper stock of hemp, wool, and other materials," ever was or ever could be, generally executed. This enactment appears to me to rest altogether upon the false supposition that the nation could, in the character of a great capitalist, employ all its labourers. We are now sufficiently enlightened to know, that individual capitalists alone can employ their capital to advantage in commerce; and that all attempts to establish manufactures for the purpose of making the poor support themselves out of their compulsory labour, (excepting very few cases) have either failed, or been kept alive by extraordinary exertion, and pecuniary aid. Sir, I agree with Mr. Malthus. in his position that the general execution of that part of the statute of Elizabeth, is a physical impossibility; and I refer gentlemen to his reasoning as conclusive on the subject. (See Vol. ii. p. 184.) But, there are now, comparatively, very few places in this country, where fair wages may not be obtained for labour, and wherever from particular circumstances there is not sufficient employment the parish officers are not likely to be able to create it. If that want of employment should be likely to continue, the further relaxation which I have proposed, in the law of settlement, would enable persons with the greater facility to transport themselves to those places where these workmen were the most scarce. In many agricultural parishes, labourers who cannot get work, are sent by the overseer to the different farms in the parish by turns. The employer usually pays something less than the ordinary wages of labour within the district; and the over 915 seer, where necessary, makes an addition from the rates. This practice however is not authorised by any law, it could not be generally adopted, and there are material objections to enforcing it. Do not let gentlemen imagine from what I have said, that I would by supporting persons in health, without work, give a bounty upon idleness. It is the furthest from my intention. In the case of a pauper making application to the overseer for work, I would propose to authorize such overseer, to contract with any other person for the labour of the applicant, in his own or any other parish within a limited distance; or to employ him in repairing the highways, or cleaning the streets, or any other public work of the parish, and where his earning should not exceed a certain sum, the difference to be made up out of the rates; always, however, keeping the wages of a person so employed, below the rate of wages in the parish, by way of creating a stimulus to the pauper to obtain work for himself. An extension of course to be given in proportion to the size of the family of the labourer: the applicant, upon refusal to do the work assigned, to be punishable for such refusal. These provisions, sir, are principally taken from the 32d section of the 22d of Geo. III. cap. 83; Mr. Gilbert's act. But notwithstanding my conviction, that the provisions of the act of the 43d Eliz. to which I have last referred "for setting the poor to work" can very seldom be applied to advantage, I propose to leave that part of the act untouched, that where it can be advantageously resorted to, the power may remain. I have contented myself with proposing powers which may be used where the provisions of that act are not found to succeed. Sir, I believe that I have gone through all the matters which have suggested themselves to me in the wide range of the poor-laws, as fit to be regulated, amended, or enacted by parliament, and I have advanced so far in digesting them that I hope, in the course of a very few days, to be able with the permission of the house, to present them at your bar, in the shape of a bill. In this, and every part of my task, I am under the greatest obligation to a very valuable friend, [Mr. Wilshere of Hitchen), in the county of Hertford] well known, and highly respected by several members of the house who now hear me; who has contributed his talents and experience to the furtherance of this great work: and, I am glad of the opportunity afforded 916 me to express, how much I owe to his friendly assistance. I am sure, therefore, that my intentions will at least be perspicuously stated. Sir, I am conscious that none of the plans I have opened are wholly new, and that more than one person, perhaps, may claim to himself the merit (if it be one) of having made the discovery of each that I suggest, either by way of original enactment on your statute book, or of remedy to some subsisting grievance. I do not aim at novelty but utility, and I do not wish to take from any of the persons who may have written on the different subjects, either publicly or privately, their claims to invention. To different minds reflecting deeply on the same practical evils, the same practical remedies will suggest themselves, and the more general the concurrence of sentiment, the more likely it is that those remedies should be applicable. If I have brought together in one view, the most striking of these evils, and suggested such provisions as are not altogether without the chance of affording relief, I shall consider my pains as amply repaid.—I would, however, ask one favour of the house and the country, which is, not to pass a hasty or premature judgment upon me. I would also intreat of those gentlemen who may, in their own particular districts, have been exerting themselves for the benevolent purpose of bettering the condition of their labourers, not to argue from the success of the particular experiments carried on under their own eye, to the general practicability of such schemes. There are particular local advantages belonging to every part of the kingdom, which, if skilfully improved by the land-owner, may contribute abundantly to the comfort and prosperity of the labourer; but which, if attempted generally, would utterly fail. To such laudable efforts, and to all local institutions adapted to particular situations, all I can say is, floreant! they will add to the general stock of comfort amongst the most useful of our countrymen; they do not interfere with, nor are they in any degree cramped by the plans I have opened. I would also request of gentlemen not to be led away by the pictures some may have in their minds of parishes where the poor-laws in their present form, have produced comfort, industry, and order. That picture cannot be made general. Sir, I have had the good fortune, with the assistance of able hands, to produce, by the operation of the poor 917 laws alone, in the parish where I reside, a situation of things, than which none can be presented more agreeable. Where there is not one wretched being, nor one well founded cause of complaint; and where the workhouse exhibits regularity, industry, economy, cleanliness, and health, testified by the countenances of all who inhabit it. But this could not be effected with machinery so complicated and imperfect, without great assiduity and exertion; neither could it be maintained without continued vigilance, and a combination of circumstances, which cannot be generally expected to take place. If it could be universal, I should nothing more; but I am not misled by the success of my own experiment. There are some matters collateral to the poor-laws which I hope will hereafter arrest the attention of the legislature, such as the laws respecting vagrancy, apprenticeship, &c. but they form no part of the poor-laws properly so called; and to meddle with them in this scheme, would only be to embarrass myself, with what may be better taken up separately. I submit the whole with the most perfect deference to the wisdom of parliament, to be adopted, rejected, curtailed, or amended as shall seem most expedient. I am open to conviction, and shall be glad to learn the opinion of the house of commons and the country, for which purpose I should wish that the bill, when introduced, should be read as first and second time, and committed pro formâ, that it should then be printed, and generally circulated, and that after the quarter sessions it should be taken into further consideration. I cannot, however, refrain front saying, that till better instructed, these are all favourite projects with me. During the hours of anxious thought and laborious investigation which I have passed, I have been charmed with the pleasing vision of the general amelioration of the state of society, and the eventual and rapid diminution of its burthens. In the adoption of the system of education I foresee an enlightened peasantry, frugal, industrious, sober orderly, and contented, because they are acquainted with the true value of frugality, sobriety, industry, and order. Crimes diminishing, because the enlightened understanding abhors crime. The practice of Christianity prevailing, because the mass of your population can read, comprehend, and feel its divine origin and the beauty of the doctrines which it inculcates. Your kingdom safe from the 918 insult of the enemy, because every man knows the worth of that which he is called upon to defend. In the provision for the security of the savings of the poor I see encouragement to frugality, security to property, and the large mass of the people connected with the state and indissolubly bound to its preservation. In the enlarged power of acquiring settlements the labour directed to those spots where labour is most wanted. Man, happy in his increased independence, and exempted from the dread of being driven in age from the spot where his dearest connexions exist, and where he has used the best exertions, and passed the best days of his life. Litigation excluded from our courts, and harmony reigning in our different parochial districts. In the power of bestowing rewards I contemplate patience and industry remunerated, and virtue held up to distinction and honour. In the various detailed alterations in the mode of rating, and the equalization of the county rate, I perceive the more equitable distribution of a necessary, but henceforth I trust decreasing burthen. In the constitution of vestries, the benefit universally resulting from arrangement, order, and economy, derived from the more attentive inspection by each of the general concern. From the power to exempt cottagers from the rate, a great relief to individuals at a very trifling expense to the public. In the power to build habitations for the poor, their comfort and health. Lastly, in the reform of the workhouse system, and the power of discrimination in administering relief, an abandonment of filth, slothfulness, and vice, and a desirable and marked distinction between the profligate and the innocent. If it were possible that all this should be only an allusion, at least it is one that has charmed me through the labours I have undergone for my country's good. But, sir, if the opinions of the wisest of mankind are not altogether ill founded, if the test of practice and experience does not in this single instance fail us, what I have proposed, corrected and improved by the wisdom of parliament, will give ease to those who contribute to the necessities of their fellow subjects, and diffuse happiness over those who are the immediate objects of its care. Sir, I move for leave to bring in a bill "for promoting and encouraging industry amongst the labouring classes of the community, and the relief and regulation of the criminal and necessitous poor."919
thought the hon. gent. entitled to the highest degree of gratitude for his able view of a subject of this magnitude; but he feared the object of the hon. gent. would not be effected, without a general plan for the employment of the poor.
§ Mr. Whitbread
feared that labour was not practicable on the plan alluded to by the right hon. gent.; but he wished the overseers to have a power of contracting for such labour as could be made productive, and to carry it towards the fund for their maintenance. National employment would be a losing and indeed impracticable scheme.
stated, that till within these few years the poor had been employed in a very useful manner in Lincolnshire, where the employment failed at length from the deficiency of that private attention which alone could keep it alive. He recommended to the hon. gent. to divide his bill into two or more bills. It might go to the quarter sessions in its present shape, but the division ought to take place before putting the matters to the final sense of the house. Mr. Pitt's bill had failed chiefly by being too comprehensive.
Mr. Lee Keck
stated, that in Leicestershire there was much extraparochial land, the holders of which had voluntarily subjugated themselves to the county rates not wishing to be exempt from their fail share of the burthens borne by their neighbours.
thought the hon. gent. entitled to the gratitude of the country for his able consideration of a subject of such magnitude. He saw much good in the hon gent.'s plan, and little that was not beneficially practicable.
§ Mr. Ellison
maintained, that no blame was due to the gentlemen of Lincoln, for the failure of the plan for the employment of the poor. The plan was impracticable and it was a delusion to expect much from it. The hon. gent. had taken an able view of this very extensive subject, but he feared the complexity of the hon. gent.'s plan would lead to more difficulty than what he wanted to get rid of. The act of Elizabeth contained the great principles of every good system; and all that was required was to simplify and improve the system established upon those principles. The great man whose loss the house deplored, and would deplore for ever (Mr. Pitt), had failed in an attempt to introduce such a 920 bill as that proposed by the hon. gentleman. If the hon. gentleman should, however, succeed in remedying the present evils, he would confer a lasting benefit on the country.
Mr. Spencer Stanhope
allowed the existence of every grievance which the hon. gent. ascribed to the present poor-laws. He was not prepared to say, how far the present plan contained adequate remedies. The opinion of the justices could not be collected at the next quarter session, and it would be material to the facility of collecting that opinion, to divide the bill into three or four parts.
said, there could be but one feeling with respect to the ability with which his hon, friend had recommended this great subject to the house, and the zeal which he had bestowed in making himself perfectly master of it. However, his hon. friend, had no intention to press the business forward precipitately, but it was desirable to apply a remedy to the existing evils as soon as possible. He would express no opinion of its merits farther, than that there was much in it that he approved, and if there was any thing in respect to which he differed, he would be ready to yield to his hon. friend who had considered the subject with much greater attention. In every discussion the measure would be amended. On the whole, much benefit was to be derived from the plan; and he hoped, that if not the whole, at least, it would be executed in the principal parts during the present session.
§ Mr. Sturges Bourne
wished the bill to be in the hands of the country gentlemen at the assizes, as well as the quarter sessions. It would thus meet a superior consideration. Without meaning to hurry the hon. gent., he hoped that before the next month it would be ready to be transmitted.
§ Mr. Whitbread
said, that before Monday, he meant to present the bill, which he would expedite to the hands of the magistrates by all means in his power.
§ Sir J. Newport
thanked the hon. gent. for so essential an improvement of the poor-laws, an improvement which rendered those laws more nearly applicable to Ireland, where the condition of the poor was such as to requite immediate relief; though the poor-laws, as they stood at present, had been universally rejected by the gentlemen of Ireland. The houses of industry in Ireland were cheaply and well administered, and had afforded a comfort- 921 able refuge to many. The annual expence in one of those houses which he was particularly acquainted with, was 7l. for each individual, though there were many idiots and lunatics in it.
recommended to have a great number of copies of the bill printed, and to have them circulated through the country, with every facility of conveyance that government could give. The bill would be better considered altogether, in the first instance; it might afterwards be divided; and if the whole of it should not pass this session, he hoped some parts of it at least would, as many parts of it would be highly beneficial.
§ Mr. Whitbread
said he should be pleased if any part of the labour he had bestowed on the subject, should meet the approbation of the house; but he would not lose sight of any amendment he thought requisite, till he should have effected it.—Leave was given to bring in a bill, and Mr. Whitbread, Mr. Pym, Mr. Brand, Mr. Lee Antoine, and Mr. Horner, were ordered to prepare and bring in the same. | <urn:uuid:4580761e-5142-420f-a1af-df3a77647eb2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1807/feb/19/poor-laws-bill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00205-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976617 | 30,184 | 1.648438 | 2 |
A couple of weeks back during one of our leads sync up at Think-Digital, I accidentally lost my temper which lead to misunderstanding!
I usually keep myself calm in most situations and keep up my temper under control.
But, on that day I lost it.
It was because the progress of the team was relatively very less for 2 consecutive months.
After this happened, there was not even a single leads sync that happened with everyone together.
Misunderstandings can happen in a team.
Even at the topmost layer of a professional team, misunderstandings happen.
It’s all about how we deal with any such misunderstandings.
Instead of just overthinking the situation, I felt more competent to open up what I have been caching in my mind.
After a month of their Academics break, I opened up with two of them whom I suspected to feel bad about my behaviour.
It looked like they had even forgotten that situation and it has been a one-sided misunderstanding within me.
I feel sorted out now.
According to my thought, the best way to deal with misunderstandings is to open up yourself!
Is it easy to understand that you have misunderstood something or someone?
How do you deal with misunderstandings? | <urn:uuid:af56629c-85b0-4697-ac46-a6bc0046d0ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gsthina.me/misunderstanding-is-all-about-how-you-miss-understanding-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976996 | 259 | 1.523438 | 2 |
On the heels of PA President Mahmoud Abbas’s fiery speech at the UN General Assembly last week, the cabinet on Sunday held a special briefing to highlight and counter “anti-Israeli incitement” in the Palestinian Authority.
Strategic Affairs Ministry Director-General Yossi Kuperwasser, the coordinator of a team tasked with monitoring incitement, said recent months have seen a negative record in expressions of hatred against Israel as seen in remarks by senior Palestinian Authority officials, on official websites, in the media and in the Palestinian Authority education system.
A statement issued by the Prime Minister’s Office failed to provide detailed statistics and referred media outlets to a Powerpoint presentation produced by a Palestinian media monitoring NGO, Palestinian Media Watch.
Examples that were mentioned included “the use of Hitler’s ideas,” the glorification of suicide bombers, anti-Semitic caricatures, the nonappearance of Israel on official maps, and calls for Palestinians to return to their “homes” in Jaffa and Haifa.
The reference regarding the use of Adolf Hitler’s ideas appeared to be based on an anti-Semitic quote attributed to Hitler that was uploaded next to an image of the Nazi leader to the Facebook wall of the Ikataba high school for girls in Tulkarm.
“This is additional proof that this is not a dispute over land but a denial of the existence of the State of Israel,” said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of the anti-Israel expressions. The Palestinians’ “unwillingness to accept a Jewish state in any borders whatsoever is the root of the conflict.”
“When there is a map that shows Palestine over the entire area of Israel, it indicates a conflict here over the very existence of the State of Israel,” Netanyahu continued. “The Palestinian Authority is unwilling to move toward accepting the existence of the State of Israel. It is poisoning the Palestinian public.”
Netanyahu added that peace talks can only achieve so much in an atmosphere that breeds hatred.
“They are raising the younger generation to hate. They are educating for the destruction of Israel. I do not see any discourse for peace here; there is no discourse that paves the way for coexistence. The discourse is one of hatred and the destruction of the State of Israel.”
In his Thursday speech before the UN General Assembly, Abbas accused Jerusalem of war crimes and “ethnic cleansing.”
“What permits the Israeli government to blatantly continue with its aggressive policies and the perpetration of war crimes stems from its conviction that it is above the law and that it has immunity from accountability and consequences,” Abbas said. “This belief is bolstered by the failure by some to condemn and demand the cessation of its violations and crimes and by position that equate the victim and the executioner.”
“As long as the Palestinian Authority educates its people toward hatred, and non-recognition, of Israel, there will not be peace,” said Strategic Affairs Minister Moshe Ya’alon. “They are sending deep messages and this education is being absorbed by all sections of the populace, especially the younger generation.” | <urn:uuid:0dd3b20b-8d89-414a-b288-0999e84fae6a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.timesofisrael.com/pm-says-palestinian-incitement-against-israel-reflects-root-of-the-conflict/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00014-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943501 | 664 | 1.742188 | 2 |
On The Importance of Storytelling
The telling of stories is an integral part of humanity, regardless of the different cultures we hail from. We learn from, connect and relate to other people through the stories we tell and listen to, whether it is the timeless fox-and-crow story your grandmother told you as a child more times than you can count, or the story of the unbelievable incident your friend had last week. Anecdotes, personal back-stories, tales passed down through generations, even stories meant to allegorize situations—from the multitude of ways we make use of stories, it is apparent that storytelling is not only for kids, but for people across all age groups.
Stories have traditionally been told to children to entertain them and teach them values. But for adults, they can serve other purposes, depending on how they’re used. Conflict resolution through what is known as a dialogue process uses storytelling to help people on opposite sides of an argument understand why their opponent feels the way they do. Used often in workplaces and in therapy, this facilitates participants to engage empathetically in the other party’s ‘story’ so they can work towards a solution or compromise. Indeed, stories foster empathy, even from a young age, since stories engage children and enable them to form new perspectives. Children’s books especially are effective tools. When children read by themselves, they participate in the narrative without external guidance, learning on their own.
Children also pick up on characters’ actions in stories and apply them to their own lives, or at least remember them well for future reference. Telling them stories or supplying them with books about resourceful, optimistic protagonists who face conflict boldly and who remain kind despite dire situations is important: it tells them that things eventually work out, and that if they don’t, there’s always some way to deal with it. Children’s methods of managing conflict often carry over into adulthood as well, so it is imperative that the stories they engage with equip them with the right means at an early age.
Along the same ‘forming new perspectives’ vein, therapeutic storytelling encourages adult listeners to wipe clean the lenses through which they look at the world, or swap them out entirely for newer, better ones. This translates into a mindset change for when a listener engages in a story that helps them view circumstances not unlike their own from a different point of view.
When it comes to pitches and advertising, studies have found that nothing satisfies like a compelling story. This is because stories deliver information with a more personal touch than straight facts do. When we listen to stories, we’re not simply listening or taking in information—we’re experiencing. Since no two people experience something the same way, each ‘experience’ of a pitch or an advertisement is that much more personal for each listener. Besides, engagement (as opposed to mere intake, in the case of dry facts) results in remembering, so we’re more likely to remember the ad with the funny storyline than one that just states its purpose. This is also why children are more likely to remember a fact they encountered in a storybook than if they’d read it from a textbook.
It doesn’t stop there. Storytelling among adults result in strong bonds forming between the teller and listener. It can empower groups, giving them their own voices and agency. It results in better teaching and learning even at the university level, and it cultivates empathy no matter what the age of the listener. Perhaps it’s true that children are the ones most entertained when a story is told, but it is time storytelling is recognized for the powerful tool it is even among adults. | <urn:uuid:d1ef2630-4c28-4e35-bb5d-49441685d8f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.karaditales.com/on-the-importance-of-storytelling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.951965 | 764 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Writers have an almost unlimited opportunity to offend their readers: sex, violence, race, religion, politics, profanity, gender, class, and so on. Americans in particular live in a society that officially encourages freedom of speech, and at the same time says that people who are offended, in certain ways, have a right to demand an apology from you. And we condone certain types of censorship: explicitly sexual material is labeled “pornography” and sent off to its own little ghetto.
All this presents an author with problems. Including some of this material will alienate readers, and in the case of certain sexual or racial terms can easily get one’s work removed from the public eye and one’s own reputation destroyed. And yet this material, by its very controversial nature, can be a fruitful source of material for an author.
Although it’s less commonly recognized, this tendency to not want to discuss certain subjects in certain ways also causes problems for the readers. The problem is less apparent, and therefore more dangerous, when reading contemporary fiction. For example, we don’t want to deal with the contradictions of a culture that relentlessly exploits sexuality as “sexiness,” yet would prefer that actual sex not be presented, or be presented in forms artificial and stylistic, or banished to the “pornography” classification, where they will be read and seen frequently with a dollop of guilt.
The problem for readers becomes more obvious when dealing with the literature of the past. The tragic history of antisemitism, particularly in the 20th century, makes it almost impossible for contemporary readers to think about Shakespeare’s attitude toward the Jew Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. And our greater sexual openness (greater in imagination than reality, I am afraid) no doubt is responsible for the current mania in pop culture to extend the story of Pride and Prejudice. We know Lizzie Bennett and Mr. Darcy have a happy marriage, yet inquiring just how Mr. Darcy went about boinking Lizzie Bennett on their wedding night somehow seems tawdry. Instead, we have stories about zombies and murder mysteries to somehow assure us that Lizzie and Darcy really are happily married. And this, somehow, is dignified and delightful.
There are literary traditions that insist that all literature be uplifting, convey a positive message, uphold the moral values of society. If you hold to these theories, then your treatment of potentially offensive subjects, as a writer or reader, will be simple and straightforward. Somethings must not be discussed, and others should always be treated in line with those principles. The Hays Code, Hollywood’s self-censorship system from the 1930s until it collapsed in the 1960s, should be your model. And it must be acknowledged that the Hays Code did provide a generation of film-goers with movies that could be seen by the whole family.
But defenders of such a system should also acknowledge that the Hays Code was often at variance with actual social norms. Daphne du Maurier’s novel Rebecca was a best-seller, which implies that readers accepted its plot as one worthy of public discussion, but it had to be altered to suit the Hays Code, because a person who committed a criminal act was depicted in positive terms in the novel. That was unacceptable under the Hays Code, so the criminal act had to be changed into an accident, thus robbing the story of its moral tensions. Then, too, Hollywood worked long and hard to circumvent the Hays Code by implying what could not be explicitly shown.
I’m not a defender of the principle that literature must be uplifting. Indeed, I think an author should have and use license to portray any aspect of humanity to make the intended point in any given work. Yet at the same time, I have to deal with my readers, and with the structures of our society. There are some things I feel uncomfortable saying, and when I think of my readers, my problems grow greater. I will never forget the shock I had when a friend of mine told me that she had passed along a copy of one of my works to her parents. Said work describes a borderline-psychotic personality, bisexuality, promiscuity, dominance, psychological torture, alcoholism, and bad taste in decorating hotel rest rooms. I could easily imagine the trouble I was about to get into.
Well, fortunately I was wrong with my idiotic thinking. I ended up with two appreciate readers, instead of a legislative act banning me from the state. And that was a heartening result. It told me that if I had a solid purpose in writing as I did, if it was clear to my readers that I was writing to make a point, and not just to shock and offend, I could for the most part write as I felt necessary. I will lose some readers that way. But, hey, I’m writing sci-fi/fantasy. By writing in that ghetto, I’ve already accepted up front that there are a lot of people who won’t read what I write. I’m writing for the ones that will. | <urn:uuid:af09cfa0-d7b4-4199-935d-fccd90f57dd5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sillyverse.com/2013/03/31/writing-to-offend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964357 | 1,074 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust, and makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Because aluminum is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as the free metal it is combined in over 270 different minerals.
Due to the implication of aluminum’s role in Alzheimer’s disease, Healing Gourmet recommends you avoid aluminum.
Primary dietary sources of aluminum include medications (antacids), tap water, baking powder and cake mixes (sodium aluminum phosphate, anti-caking agents). You may also be getting aluminum from aluminum cans and cookware. Be advised that acidic or highly salty foods tend to leach more aluminum out than other foods. | <urn:uuid:4ab323ac-fb94-4633-b356-13c4fe3d416b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://healinggourmet.com/healthy-eating/aluminum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899458 | 146 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A Study on the Last Things
When it comes to eschatology (“the study of the last things”), many Christians find themselves in a state of bewilderment. The feeling is that the topic is too mysterious and the biblical texts too bizarre to understand. No doubt, the plethora of popular-level books and movies published through the years has only served to add to the confusion. As a result, questions abound: Is the end coming soon? What is the final judgment, heaven, and hell all about? Will there be a final nemesis (e.g., the “Antichrist”)? If you have ever wondered about questions like these, then register for our Seminar in Eschatology. In this FREE preview course, you will:
“I didn’t realize how little I knew about eschatology until diving into the subject deeper. Studying eschatology has helped me connect the dots between the past and the future. It has helped me to see the big story that God is writing.”
“In taking this course, I came to realize the importance of context, particularly in regard to biblical history. It definitely increased my understanding of eschatology. Context isn’t just a thing—it’s everything. I would say it definitely helped my understanding of the biblical writings”
Matthew has been with Eternity Bible College since 2016. He has a passion for teaching students how to read the Bible faithfully and with careful reflection. An ordained minister, his aim is to equip Christians with the resources they need to be intelligent and gracious witnesses for Christ. Matthew holds undergraduate degrees in international studies and philosophy, as well as a Ph.D. in biblical studies and hermeneutics. | <urn:uuid:93583876-c7d5-4f3d-ad19-1e8cbe22e597> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eternity.edu/seminar-in-eschatology-free-preview-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.945526 | 359 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis want to know whether they can reduce the rate of unintended pregnancies at community clinics by providing contraceptive counseling that emphasizes the benefits of long-acting birth control, like IUDs and implants, and by making these methods available to women at sharply reduced costs or free of charge.
About half of all pregnancies in the United States — some 3 million a year — are unplanned. While intrauterine devices (IUDs) and under-the-skin implants are most effective at preventing pregnancies, many U.S. women still choose birth control pills and condoms, which have higher failure rates.
Some also are deterred by the high up-front costs of IUDs and implants, which are not always covered by insurance.
“We suspect that contraceptive counseling alone is not enough to increase the use of long-acting birth control,” said Tessa Madden, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology and principal investigator of the study. “Factors such as cost and lack of information from health-care providers may make it difficult for women to get IUDs and implants, and we want to see what happens when we remove those barriers in community clinics.”
The new initiative is a follow-up to a study reported in 2012 in The New England Journal of Medicine by the same team of researchers. That study, known as the CHOICE project, found a clear benefit to providing contraceptive counseling and free birth control to more than 9,000 St. Louis-area women. Those who opted for birth control pills or other short-term methods like the patch or vaginal ring were 20 times more likely to have an unintended pregnancy than women who used IUDs or implants.
The researchers want to see whether they can match results from the CHOICE project at two community clinics in St. Louis and two in Memphis, Tenn.
The researchers will enroll 800 women who will be divided into two groups. Half will receive contraceptive counseling, including information about all forms of birth control and a visit with a health-care provider. And the other half will receive the same counseling and a visit with a health-care provider who has received special training in IUDs and implants. Participants in this group also will receive help paying for IUDs or implants if they do not have health insurance or their insurance does not cover these methods.
Women in both groups will complete surveys after visits with their health-care providers and later at six weeks, six months and 12 months. Researchers then will compare how many women had unplanned pregnancies. They also will evaluate which birth-control method women chose and how satisfied they were with their birth control and counseling.
“If this research leads to changes in how we deliver contraceptive services, we could reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States,” Madden said. “Fewer unintended pregnancies will lead to better health for women and their families.”
The research will be funded by a federal Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) award. All awards in this most recent round of funding were approved pending completion of a business and programmatic review by PCORI staff and issuance of a formal award contract.
PCORI is an independent, nonprofit organization authorized by Congress in 2010. Its mission is to fund research that will provide patients, their caregivers and clinicians with the evidence-based information needed to make better-informed health-care decisions. PCORI is committed to continuously seeking input from a broad range of stakeholders to guide its work. More information is available at www.pcori.org.
Washington University School of Medicine’s 2,100 employed and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s
hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical
research, teaching and patient care institutions in the nation,
currently ranked sixth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare. | <urn:uuid:5f5ab71d-18aa-4f3d-8010-371ddee277ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://source.wustl.edu/2013/07/study-emphasizes-birth-control-education-helps-pay-for-iuds-and-implants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.959739 | 853 | 2.140625 | 2 |
ALBANY, NY May 12, 2010 - NYSUT today launched a statewide radio and Internet campaign reminding New Yorkers to support their local schools by voting on district school budgets May 18.
With more than a billion dollars in proposed cuts to state education aid, school districts across New York are facing their darkest days in recent memory. Up to 20,000 education jobs may be lost due to the state's fiscal crisis, and essential academic programs including tutoring, enrichment, and summer school face elimination. Class sizes are at risk of skyrocketing and interscholastic sports are on the chopping block, too.
Statewide, the proposed average increase in spending by school districts is 1.1 percent, according to NYSUT's research. Half the districts are proposing spending increases of below 1.1 percent, and nearly a third are cutting spending below 2009-2010 levels. Due to proposed cuts in state aid, the average proposed tax-levy increase is 2.9 percent.
"Our communities play a vital role in assuring that all of our children receive every opportunity to succeed," said NYSUT President Richard C. Iannuzzi. "Time and again, the public has turned out at the polls and shown overwhelming support for their local schools, and we urge everyone to make their voice heard again on May 18."
Despite last year's record budget-passage rate of 97 percent, NYSUT Executive Vice President Andrew Pallotta said local union members are taking nothing for granted, and are mailing post cards and making phone calls to urge the public to turn out at the polls.
"It is important that we invest in our children, especially during these difficult times," Pallotta said. "It is education that provides the best hope for success and a strong public school system is key to helping our state through these challenging economic times, and in securing its future."
The NYSUT ads will feature a "60 Minutes"-type stopwatch ticking in the background as an announcer says, "Give me 60 seconds and I'll tell you how you can help turn things around in New York state… We need an educated, skilled work force to get our economy back on track. But first we have to invest in our children and our public schools." The complete ad can be found at www.nysut.org
The campaign, on which NYSUT spent $260,000, will be heard in all radio markets outside of New York City.
- 30 - | <urn:uuid:7660a90e-e50e-48cf-876b-d1b30e65df86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nysut.org/news/2010/may/school-budgets--radio-ad-campaign-aims-to-get-out-the-vote | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00063-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967625 | 505 | 1.695313 | 2 |
After spending almost a billion dollars on a new system for fighting terrorism, the TSA may be turning into a backdoor immigration agency. The Intercept is reporting that the agency's new behavior detection program has drifted away from its intended focus on terrorism, with more than 90 percent of arrests having to do with immigration violations. (The survey looked at a single airport over a five-week period during 2007.) The behavioral detection program has been widely mocked for flagging supposedly suspicious behaviors like yawning and whistling, but the new report suggests the vague guidelines are serving a much more sinister purpose, effectively redirecting anti-terrorism measures towards immigration enforcement, even for domestic flights that don't involve travel outside the US.
It's unclear how much of the mission creep is intentional and how much is due to the relative prevalence of immigration violations compared to terrorism. Still, many of the behavioral guidelines seem to be actively flagging possible immigration violations, including checklist items for nervousness or separate individuals wearing similar clothing. "If you’re looking for people who exhibit multiple criteria on the checklist to reach the point of secondary screening or law enforcement referral," one official told The Intercept, "you’re just looking for illegal immigrants." | <urn:uuid:3bd4fc62-f418-4cb8-8919-27a7f322b8c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/6/8353065/tsa-airport-terrorism-checklist-immigration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.958681 | 242 | 1.882813 | 2 |
This is the first study of all the extant remains of the important Hellenistic poet and mythographer, Parthenius of Nicaea, reputed to have been Virgil's tutor in Greek and a major literary figure in his own right. A new edition of his poetic fragments, it presents the first commentary on themsince the work of August Meineke (1843); it also attempts to contextualize Parthenius within the traditions of Hellenistic poetry and within the `neoteric revolution' of late Republican Rome. It is also the first detailed study of and commentary on the extant collection of love-stories, the ErotikaPathemata, showing their roots in Hellenistic historiography, on the one hand, and their connection to the increasingly popular genre of the novel, on the other. It uses narratology to illustrate the hitherto entirely unrecognised skill and artistry with which the stories are told, and offers aclose linguistic analysis of a work of prose from a singularly badly documented period. The detailed commentary considers each story in terms of structure, literary and mythological affiliations, and parallel treatments; and a new text aims to provide an improved apparatus criticus with a goodnumber of new suggestions. The prime importance of the work is that it aims to be a comprehensive treatment of a relatively neglected and marginalized figure; and that it sets Parthenius' poetry and prose side by side to illustrate and contextualize a literary personality who was unusual inantiquity as an accomplished writer in both genres. | <urn:uuid:1ecd7b85-73d0-4de7-b82e-dd92ad4b844e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/parthenius-of-nicaea-the-extant/9780198152538-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954375 | 309 | 2.3125 | 2 |
In the Middle East, Strange Times Make for Strange Bedfellows
MIN READNov 24, 2017 | 15:43 GMT
The budding relationship between Saudi Arabia and Israel carries great risks -- to the kingdom's crown prince most of all.
There was a time when Saudi Arabia considered its enmity for Israel to be a mainstay of its power. But the shifting tides of geopolitics are steadily undercutting the value of conflict between the two. Perhaps nowhere is this change clearer than in an appearance last week by Israeli defense chief Gadi Eisenkot on a Saudi-owned TV station. During the Nov. 16 interview, Eisenkot declared Israel's readiness to share intelligence with Saudi Arabia on Iran. Israeli Energy Minister Yuval Steinitz later reinforced his colleague's comment, confirming that Israel's ties with the kingdom were getting stronger.
Despite their natural hostility, the two countries have a long history of working together behind the scenes. In fact, their quiet cooperation is one of the worst-kept secrets in the Middle East. Nearly 70 years after the Jewish state was founded, however, the Gulf kingdom's new strategic needs -- and a diminished appetite for continued acrimony... | <urn:uuid:dfd285e4-d404-44c0-9196-b0e777106f1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/middle-east-strange-times-make-strange-bedfellows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.951115 | 251 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Buenos Aires offers many interesting cultural activities to do for free. Here are only a handful of them.
You can catch these concerts while you’re out and about.
Live music, mainly tango and contemporary, at the Carlos Morel Hall at Teatro San Martin. Fridays and Saturdays at 7. Avenida Corrientes 1530.
Music at midday at the Carlos Morel Hall at Teatro San Martin (recordings). Tuesdays through Fridays from 1 to 2 pm. Avenida Corrientes 1530.
Midday live music at Teatro Gran Rex. Every weekday at 1 pm. Avenida Corrientes 857.
Some museums take a couple of hours of your time and some, maybe half.
Museo del Bicentenario. Avenida Paseo Colon 100 (just behind the Government House). Winter hours (March 21 to September 20) 10 am to 6 pm. Summer hours (September 21 to March 20) 11 am to 7 pm. The museum is housed in the remains of the old Buenos Aires Fort from the 18th century and the Customs Building –known as Aduana Taylor- built in 1855. Both buildings have played a crucial role in our history. The museum covers the last two centuries of Argentinean political history.
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes. Avenida del Libertador 1473. Tuesdays through Fridays 12.30 am to 8.30 pm, Saturdays and Sundays 9.30 am to 8.30 pm, closes on Mondays. It’s the most important art museum in the country. Its permanent collection comprises works from Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, modern art, Argentinean art and much more.
Biblioteca Nacional (National Library). Agüero 2502. Mondays through Fridays from 9 am to 9 pm, Saturdays and Sundays from 12 am to 7 pm. The Sala del Tesoro (where rare books, etc can be seen) is open Mondays through Fridays from 10 am to 6 pm. A wealth of Argentinean and world culture and literature is housed here.
Museo del Libro y de la Lengua (The Book and Language Museum) Avenida Las Heras 2555. Tuesdays through Sundays from 2 pm to 7 pm. This museum is devoted to the variation of Spanish language spoken in Argentina.
Recoleta Cemetery. Junin 1760. This historic cemetery is like an open-air history and art museum.
Museo del Agua y la Historia Sanitaria (Sanitation Museum) Riobamba 750. Monday through Friday from 9 to 1. The collection consists of terracotta ornaments, pipes, meters, taps, historic documents like a bill dating from 1915 for emptying a cart with sewage and toilets!
Check out the free guided tours around the city organized every month by the local council here (in English).
Going to Buenos Aires? Visit travelwkly for travel ideas and information. | <urn:uuid:6c291752-a0b7-46b8-8463-7ae346f396e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://anatravels.org/2012/05/25/interesting-things-to-do-for-free-in-buenos-aires/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876901 | 619 | 1.679688 | 2 |
The NYM ‘Ilm Circles are a weekly online halaqa which has been running consistently for over 9 years! The ‘Ilm Circle is a dynamic, fresh way to learn, tackling various applicable topics, working through a variety of courses and streams of knowledge, and really reflecting on the current times and being Muslim today. Alhamdulillah we will be starting a new course and new students are highly encouraged to register, and join the khair.
Through these circles of ‘Ilm, we offer an understanding of what role ‘Ilm can play in bettering the current situation of Muslims, and being the best we can be! In Surah al Mujadila, Verse 11, Allah subhana wa ta’ala says,
The ‘Ilm Circles rely on certain fundamentals and aide in how we as Muslims can achieve self reliance and empowerment. Some of our key fundamentals are as follows:
- Knowledge of the deen and dunya.
- Knowledge of Islamic Principles and Jurisprudence.
- How to deal with various challenges and being positive.
- Self confidence and identity.
- The betterment of society through positive dawah efforts.
Do you feel you can benefit from our weekly ‘Ilm Circle program? If so, please click on the following link to fill out the application form! | <urn:uuid:0cb13a89-899b-404f-aeaf-eda067233f60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nym.ink/ilm-circles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.916956 | 283 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Item number 1310106,
This workbook/CD set was written for beginning dulcimer player. There is a brief description of the history of the instrument followed by how to hold the dulcimer, read music, read tablature, and tips for smooth playing. All song arrangements have an accompanying track on the CD, played at both a slow and moderate pace. This allows you to play along while learning the song. A chart of backup chords is included in two different positions on the dulcimer, allowing you an early start on playing with others in a jam session or other gathering.40 pages.Boil Dem Cabbage - DAD Tuning Twinkle, Twinkle - DAD Tuning This Old Man - DAD Tuning Ode To Joy - DAD Tuning Row, Row, Row Your Boat - DAD Tuning Fre-re Jaques - DAD Tuning Three Jolly Fishermen - DAD Tuning Boil Dem Cabbage (With Chords) - DAD Tuning Old Joe Clark - DAD Tuning Go Tell Aunt Rhody - DAD Tuning When The Saints Go Marchin' In - DAD Tuning Cripple Creek - DAD Tuning Gray Cat On A Tennessee Farm - DAD Tuning Wildwood Flower - DAD Tuning Whiskey Before Breakfast (Spirits In The Morning) - DAD Tuning Simple Gifts - DAD Tuning Old Joe Clark (With Chords) - DAD Tuning Fre-re Jaques (With Chords) - DAD Tuning Tender Shepherd - DAD Tuning - From: "Peter Pan" | <urn:uuid:91e0c9fb-d846-45f1-ad8e-884ef93bdbfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.folkcraft.com/products/dave-haas-you-can-play-mountain-dulcimer-1310106 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00561-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846039 | 336 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The Handbooks in Economics series continues to provide the various branches of economics with handbooks which are definitive reference sources, suitable for use by professional researchers, advanced graduate students, or by those seeking a teaching supplement.
The Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, with an introduction by Robert Solow, features in-depth, authoritative survey articles by the leading economists working on growth theory.
Volume 1a, the first in this two volume set, covers theories of economic growth, the empirics of economic growth, and growth policies and mechanisms.
Volume 1b, the second in this two volume set, covers technology, trade and geography, and growth and socio-economic development.
Handbook of Economic Growth, 1st Edition
Part 4: Technology.
16. Growth and ideas (C.I. Jones).
17. Long-term economic growth and the history of technology (J. Mokyr).
18. General purpose technologies (B. Jovanovic, P. L. Rousseau).
19. Technological progress and economic transformation (J. Greenwood,
20. Wage inequality and technology (A. Hornstein, P. Krusell, G. Violante).
21. A unified theory of the evolution of international income levels (S. Parente, E. Prescott).Part 5: Trade and geography.
22. A global view of economic growth (J. Ventura).
23. Trade, growth and the size of nations (A. Alesina, E. Spolaore, R. Wacziag).
24. Urbanization and growth (J.V. Henderson).Part 6: Growth and the socioeconomic environment.
25. Inequality, technology, and the social contract (R. Benabou).
26. Social capital (S. Durlauf, M. Fafchamps).
27. The effect of economic growth on social structures (F. Bourguignon).
28. Economic growth and the environment (W. Brock, M.S. Taylor). | <urn:uuid:943915ed-a319-4695-84d2-005d90e2d710> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780444520432 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00301-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.787588 | 428 | 2.375 | 2 |
The Big Five personality traits is a proposed scientific classification, or gathering, for personality characteristics, created from the 1980s forward in psychological trait theory. At the point when factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, it uncovers semantic affiliations, which are words used to portray parts of character. These affiliations are regularly applied to a similar individual. For instance, somebody portrayed as conscientious is bound to be depicted as “arranged all of the time” rather than “untidy”. These affiliations recommend five broad aspects utilized in like manner language to portray the human personality, demeanor and psyche.
It is essential to take note of that every one of the five character factors addresses a range between two limits. For instance, extraversion addresses a continuum between extreme extraversion and extreme introversion. In reality, a many people lie some place in the middle of the two ends of each dimension.
The Big 5 personality traits are described below:
Characteristics like inventiveness and insight are present in this trait. 1 People that score well on this attribute also have a diverse set of interests. They are curious about the world and other people, and they are ready to learn new things and participate in new activities.
People with a high level of this personality trait are more daring and inventive. People that score low on this feature tend to be more traditional and may have difficulty thinking abstractly.
High degrees of thinking, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviours are all common characteristics of this dimension. People that are highly conscientious are usually well-organized and detail-oriented. They think ahead, consider how their actions influence others, and keep track of deadlines.
Excitability, friendliness, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high levels of emotional expressiveness are all characteristics of extraversion (or extroversion). People with a high level of extraversion are gregarious and thrive in social circumstances. They become invigorated and delighted when they are in the company of others.
People with low extraversion (or introversion) are more restrained in social situations and have less energy to exert. Introverts frequently require a period of solitude and silence to “recharge” after attending social activities.
Trust, benevolence, friendliness, affection, and other prosocial actions are included in this personality characteristic. People with a high level of agreeableness are more cooperative, whereas those with a low level of agreeableness are more competitive and even manipulative.
Sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability are all characteristics of neuroticism. Mood fluctuations, anxiety, impatience, and sorrow are common in those who score high on this attribute. Those who score low on this attribute are more emotionally stable and resilient. | <urn:uuid:9f7f894b-6309-4297-82f9-2faa70a4e24c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://track2training.com/tag/organizational-behavior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.942271 | 584 | 3.515625 | 4 |
While attending the OIE Global Animal Welfare Conference in Cairo, I was fortunate to meet Amina Tharwat Abaza, founder of SPARE, the Society for Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt. Colleague Jacqueline Bos and I were able to visit the SPARE shelter, located along a canal of the Nile in Giza. On the appointed day, Amina sent her trusted friend and taxi driver Ismael to get us.
Upon arrival, we were welcomed by Amina; SPARE’s administrator Madame May (whom Amina describes as the “heart and soul” of SPARE); Dr. Mohamed Nabawy, one of three veterinarian’s working for SPARE; several of the impressive young men who help care for the animals—Mahmoud, Wahid, Omar, and Mr. Mossaad—and scores of happy, healthy, sociable animals who greeted us like new playmates. That day, the shelter was hosting 90 dogs, 42 cats and one donkey.
SPARE provides free veterinary service to the local community, advocates better conditions at Cairo Zoo, and cooperates with other groups to end stray dog killings and improve conditions at Egyptian slaughterhouses.
SPARE teaches classes on respect for animals and disseminates information about Islam’s teachings regarding animals, while working with media to change attitudes. It also operates a stray animal sterilization and release program. Treated strays are returned to neighborhoods where they were found only if they will be safe there. Otherwise, they are put up for adoption. A potential adopter from the community must first work with the animal at the shelter and learn how to provide for him or her. Recently, SPARE has rented an adjacent building and is restoring it to hold additional animals and expand its education program. SPARE is fundraising to purchase the building and ensure the permanency of the animals’ quarters.
Animals at SPARE are the lucky ones, brought in by an owner or a concerned Cairo resident, or taken in after an emergency call or after employees have observed them in trouble. Upon arrival, dogs and cats are bathed, treated for external parasites, tested for rabies, sterilized, vaccinated, dewormed and microchipped. Then they are quarantined to determine their health status before being introduced to the existing population. Thereafter, the socialization process can take weeks for the most abused animals.
The morning of our visit, SPARE received a call from a boy about a dog in trouble. When staff investigated, they found a small, cream-colored puppy being used as a football in a street game. They brought the puppy back to the shelter and gave him a shampoo, treatment and much needed affection and rest. He was already recovering nicely. We also met a cat who had been blinded by acid, and a fearful dog who had been showered with acid, both recovering under the staff’s dedicated care.
The donkey was being treated for injuries sustained from months of wearing an ill-fitted halter and yoke. When healed, he will be returned to the owner who requested SPARE’s help. Dr. Nabawy explained that because owners need their farm and working animals for economic survival, it is important for SPARE to return them when they are well and teach the owner how to care for them. Otherwise, the owner may not want to seek treatment for his animals in the future. If the owner clearly does not care about the animal’s welfare, SPARE takes custody. Those animals are taken to SPARE’s sanctuary near Saqqara on the olive plantation owned by Amina’s husband, Raouf Mishriki, to live out their days with the best of care.
Dr. Nabawy treats Cairo’s weary beasts of burden and farm animals, both inside and outside the city. He drives into the countryside in SPARE’s mobile clinic, donated by two American ladies, where he treats horses, donkeys, cows, sheep and goats. Each time the mobile clinic is taken out, it costs SPARE around $300 for medicines. While SPARE receives some medicine donations, the needs of animals in Egypt are enormous, and SPARE’s financial resources are modest. SPARE has had to curtail routine visits to the countryside where it was easy for owners to bring animals for regular care. These days, the mobile clinic is able to respond only to emergencies.
Amina and colleagues have been criticized for using resources for animals when so many humans suffer. She responded in a 2007 interview in Al-Ahram Weekly, saying, “I realise mercy is indivisible. Say there is a man with a wounded donkey; it’s usually a poor man who can hardly provide for himself. Well, having treated the donkey, I would also help the man. If my calling was to help the man, I would still want the donkey treated. It is indivisible.”
Toward the end of the day, Amina invited us to visit SPARE’s sanctuary where 18 rescued donkeys were residing. On a bridge in the village where we stopped to buy hay from some farm women, a frantic mother dog was trying to grasp and carry a wet and dirty pup. The pup was large for the mother’s mouth, and every time she had hold of her and started to move away, people (thinking she was harming the pup) would shout and frighten the mother into dropping her. Amina rescued the puppy.
It later became clear that the mother dog had been attempting to retrieve her pups from the canal where some children had thrown them. One only had to look at the steep, almost perpendicular sides of the canal to know how difficult this must have been for her. At the sanctuary, Amina gave the pup warm milk and cleaned her up. Then, after we had seen the donkeys, Ismael drove us back into the city. Amina later wrote to say the mother was okay and the pup had survived and was living with other pups at the shelter.
“I called her Mazlouma, which means in Arabic ‘victim of injustice,’” Amina says. “But in fact, knowing what had happened to her, all of us at the shelter spoiled her, and now she is not a victim anymore. She is the alpha puppy of all the puppies, and they and we are her victims. The staff teasingly says we should shorten her name to ‘Injustice.’”
Copied from : https://awionline.org/awi-quarterly/2009-winter/protecting-animals-cairo | <urn:uuid:fde96902-bc7d-4347-9b46-705d9499f35f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sparelives.org/index.pl/latest_news?func=viewSubmission&sid=1132&wid=1097 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.977561 | 1,381 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Everyone goes through varying degrees of coping during these hard times. Most people remain positive despite all the turmoil around us and try to live a normal life. But some people find it hard to adjust and find themselves constantly depressed and missing sleep.
These are exceptional times where health and physical safety are threatened. The pandemic, social instability, human-made, and natural calamities, and politics have all combined to put a serious brunt on everyone’s mental health.
Most people in the midst of a personal struggle often find themselves groping with fear and anxiety. Many have Trouble Sleeping caused by the uncertainty of times and personal problems. Getting a good night’s sleep seems to be a luxury nowadays, and cases of sleep disorders are on the rise.
One of the leading causes of sleeplessness is overthinking. Though it is accepted that modern lives are for stress and problems, the recent health, political, and social problems continue to add to people’s worries.
Overthinking can have a serious impact on sleep quality because it keeps people’s minds racing during times when they are supposed to keep their eyes shut. People with some added stress like family and financial problems suffer from other mental instabilities, including depression and insomnia.
These intrusive thoughts often invade their minds when people are trying to silence their brains. In turn, it is hard to get sleep or maintain a quality slumber because thinking keeps them awake. Finding the right support either through friends, loved ones, or a professional sleep specialist will help lessen worries and anxieties that keep you awake at night.
Everyone faces inconsistencies with their sleeping pattern either because of work or lifestyle choices. Setting your body’s natural clock by going to bed around the same time every day helps to make the necessary changes.
Nonetheless, to lessen instances of Trouble Sleeping, experts advise limiting your stay in bed to prevent instances of sleeplessness from appearing. Most people who stay in bed for seven hours spend two hours tossing and turning to get their bodies and minds ready for bed.
Limiting your stay in bed will help remove all the unnecessary activities which often compromise your sleep. Watching television, fidgeting with your smartphone, or reading a book contributes to sleep disorders, including insomnia.
Relaxation and breathing exercises before getting to bed ready your body and mind. The process of controlled breathing calms your heart and also greatly affects the tranquillity of your brain.
Aside from that, relaxation also mollifies your nerves, so you are not plagued with all the negative thoughts affecting sleep. Spending a few minutes of your time before hitting the sack would rewire your mind and help you associate bedtime with relaxation.
Several breathing exercises are effective in putting a person to sleep. It includes:
Essentially, these breathing exercises aim to lower your heart rate and adjust your body‘s response to sleepiness. Inhaling and exhaling in a controlled way allows you to recognize your body‘s need for rest, contributing to quality sleep.
For some reason, you cannot get quality sleep because of overthinking, or you may be having a chronic sleeping disorder. It is best to seek the help of a sleep specialist. Early diagnosis means a highly successful treatment process and removes the effects of your sleeplessness.
Sleeping Troubles can also be an indication of an underlying problem like heart diseases, Parkinson‘s, Alzheimer‘s, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), among others. By catching the early signs of these problems, you are ensuring that you achieve a sound body and mind to make you fall asleep easier.
Seeking help will also help you discover techniques that will keep you from sleeping at night. Sleeping techniques like sleep restrictions, biofeedback, and stimulus control are part of the essential protocol professional‘s use.
Sleeping problems are one of the unaddressed problems of today’s society. More and more people suffer from sleep disorders because of lifestyle choices. Additionally, the world is currently going through some tough times with the pandemic and political turmoil around the world.
Finding the state where you can normalize your sleep is only achieved with the right support, behavioral shift, and seeking help from a professional sleep specialist. | <urn:uuid:310812ae-7b10-433d-a822-a9b6d56abcc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthsoul.com/blog/overcoming-depression-and-trouble-sleeping-during-uncertain-times/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.948068 | 873 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The love of Self is ones introduction to God. For there are those of us, who can love others, yet find self love too selfish and indulgence to enjoy. But wheter we learn to love others because we love ourselves, or love others more than ourselves, the common word is LOVE.
Breath is the Life force of the body. Love is the force of Life, that both unites us, and lives life, as a Soul. The more we learn the meaning of Love, for it has very many expressions. The more we come closer in understanding the Selfhood of God. The little "i" needs much love. Its a part of the self, yet it truly has yet to be understood, much less, Self determined. When we begin to love ourselves, in truth, the little "i" slowly gets encompassed into the more affirmed, self affirmed and contained, "I". Who still loves and needs love from others, but who now knows how to fill their once empty cups, void.
The more we love ourselves, the less we begin to need the kind of love, that seeks outward validation. Then we begin to validate ourselves. No longer needing to be validated, nor allow any one else, telling us who we are. As this love grows, so too does our need of certain kinds of love, change. The love we feel begins to fill our own cup, of self contenment. We begin to see the beauty of who we are, and see how much love God has given us. Love becomes something we now cherish. Something whose meaning expands in its enlightenment of love. We can begin to feel loves meaning from our Souls perspective. And its then, that a grateful heart is born.
No one truly experiences SELF love, without one one day finding they have learned to LOVE others, more than Self. It's that day, our Soul is born again, anew....and a new journey of giving, begins. God Bless all who make that journey in kind. | <urn:uuid:94d1e723-6d35-40cd-840e-1c8ac86f7944> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://community.beliefnet.com/lulu2/blog/2012/06/15/the_love_of_self..the_self_of_god__ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00003-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947871 | 408 | 1.5625 | 2 |
The Morning Report
San Diego news and info
you need to take on the day.
I attended the first half of a meeting between San Diego Gas & Electric and “stakeholders” of San Diego’s protection from wildfires this morning.
SDG&E was directed to organize the meeting by state officials after they rejected the utility’s proposed shut-off plan one month ago. Stakeholders at the meeting today include some of the most vocal opponents of the shut-off plan (schools, water districts and telecommunication companies).
The purpose of the meeting was to choose a mediation process to discuss the region’s fire safety efforts and the utility’s most controversial proposal, the shut-off plan. The utility brought three mediation services forward and the group is scheduled to discuss them until 1:30 p.m. I’m contacting people later in the day to see what the group decided.
The stakeholders could choose to use the mediation services of the California Public Utilities Commission or one of two private services. In any case, the stakeholders have the ability to frame what questions will be addressed in mediation and the group’s conduct in those discussions. SDG&E staff said the company would likely pay for the mediation service. Other mediation options (including payment for the services) could also be discussed by the group.
I stuck around to hear about the first option, a mediation service offered by the CPUC. A neutral staffer would be assigned to mediate the dispute and could become available for meetings in San Diego. The mediations are generally confidential — not to be discussed with the public, media or the CPUC — but some county staff at the meeting expressed concern with that limitation.
From the beginning, some stakeholders expressed doubt that a resolution could be reached. One member asked the coordinator of CPUC’s mediation service to address whether no resolution would just be a waste of everyone’s time.
“Each group is going to walk away with a clearer (picture of) objectives, desires — the things they must have, the things that are important to you,” administrative law judge Jean Vieth said via telephone. “I can’t tell you [alternative dispute resolution] will work. No one can.”
I’m scheduled to talk with a few people later today about what the group decided. I’ll write another blog post in the afternoon to let you know where the group is headed and how that might impact the proposed shut-off plan. | <urn:uuid:540b3be2-048b-4196-9822-42e645ece60e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://voiceofsandiego.org/2009/10/16/sdge-stakeholders-meeting-underway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.960833 | 523 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Heidelberg session on packaging megatrends
Wednesday, July 6, 2022
Heidelberg is set to host a webinar tomorrow that will look at packaging megatrends such as sustainability and automation.
The 45-minute session, titled ‘Sustainability and Automation: Two mega trends shaping the packaging industry’, will be a two-hander between Heidelberg's head of business development packaging Kerstin Haase and Heidelberg UK product executive, sheetfed & digital Matt Rockley.
The pair will discuss sustainable packaging production solutions, looking at practical ways to reduce carbon footprints and energy consumption as well as analysing cross-industry recycling initiatives and the circular economy for fibre-based packaging.
They will also look how robotics and AI are impacting print for packaging, and how they can further boost productivity and quality control as well as loop into sustainability efforts.
“It’s a great opportunity to discover the industry’s latest sustainable packaging innovations and automation technologies," said Ryan Miles, managing director of Heidelberg UK.
"Matt & Kerstin will also address trending topics such as energy and resource saving during packaging print production, cross-industry initiatives, developments for higher recycling rate and the circular economy for fibre-based packaging, and use of AI in printing and automation.”
The webinar will include a Q&A session, with Heidelberg experts on hand to for follow-up one-to-one questions.
The session, which is being hosted by London Packaging Week, takes place on Thursday 7 July 7 from 11-11.45am BST.
Click here for more information or to register. | <urn:uuid:dc0e8304-8c6a-480e-b6a0-c3f26b276b01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.printweek.com/news/article/heidelberg-session-on-packaging-megatrends | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.930168 | 346 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Is Part Of is exactly Adirondack Research Library
Katherine (Kay) Flickinger Dockstader (1910-1995) was a lifelong resident of the Schenectady, New York area who worked for General Electric. She was one of the first women to hike the 46 Adirondack High Peaks and was an active member of the Adirondack Mountain Club (ADK), Mohawk Valley Hiking, and Otyokwa Clubs. Kay took extensive scenic photographs, detailing many of them with personal notes about the locations and participants. The images reflect Flickinger’s opinion that “up here, everything is beautiful!"
The Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies (AJES) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that exists to foster a dialogue about the broad range of issues that concern the Adirondacks and Northern Forest. AJES serves to bridge the gaps among academic disciplines and among researchers and practitioners devoted to understanding and promoting the development of sustainable communities, both human and wild. The journal purposefully avoids serving as a vehicle for any single or special point of view. To the contrary, in searching for common ground AJES welcomes variety and a broad spectrum of research and opinion from its contributors.
View exhibitions on the history of environmental activism in the Adirondacks Mountains. This website showcases themes and material available for further exploration in the John S. Apperson Jr. Papers and the Paul Schaefer Collection held at the Adirondack Research Library of the Kelly Adirondack Center at Union College in Schenectady, New York. The materials in these collections provide unique insights into 20th century citizen activism, grassroots environmental campaigns, daily life, and outdoor recreation in the Adirondack region of New York State. The materials were organized, selected for digitization, and cataloged during a two-year project at Union College, Grass Roots Activism and the American Wilderness: Pioneers in the Twentieth Century Adirondack Park Conservation Movement, which was funded by the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) Cataloging Hidden Collections program. | <urn:uuid:555e3a8e-36aa-455c-a83f-e507839339b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://digitalcollections.union.edu/s/home/item?Search=&property%5B0%5D%5Bproperty%5D=33&property%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=eq&property%5B0%5D%5Btext%5D=Adirondack%20Research%20Library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.932841 | 439 | 2.28125 | 2 |
|What is the Southside?
In his study Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945-1966, historian J. Harvie Wilkinson noted, "The Southside defies exact geographical designation." Wilkinson used "topography, population characteristics, congressional districting lines, and political history" to define the region. Generally speaking, the
Southside refers to those counties in the Piedmont of Virginia that lie south of the James River. The region extends roughly from Nansemond County (now Suffolk) west to the city of Lynchburg, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
In the nineteenth century, the Southside was the heart of Virginia’s tobacco belt and the northernmost tip of the South’s black belt, the region extending from Virginia to Mississippi that focused on cotton cultivation and contained large numbers of African Americans. During the twentieth century, the Southside, an area of gentle, rolling hills, continued to be predominantly rural and agricultural. Farmers concentrated on growing tobacco and corn, as well as raising livestock. With its large African American population, the Southside elected several black men to public office in the late nineteenth century, including John Mercer Langston, who was elected to Congress in 1888. When Virginia Democrats rewrote the state constitution to disfranchise African Americans in 1902, the Southside quickly became a stronghold of the Democratic party political machine, run by Senator Harry F. Byrd from the 1920s through the 1960s. The Organization, as the Democratic party was called, relied upon "county courthouse rings," groups of local officials, to control voters and to dispense its political patronage. For much of the twentieth century, the Southside corresponded with the Fourth Congressional District in Virginia. | <urn:uuid:bddd0766-6597-4a16-acb3-c3df2220ac24> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.longwood.edu/staff/welchds/centerforsouthsideva/southside.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944265 | 355 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Things can happen now, in the future or in the past. The tenses show the time of a verb’s action or being. The verb ending is changed (conjugated) to show roughly what time it is referring to.
Time can be split into three periods the present (what you’re doing), the past (what you did), and the future (what you are going to do).
The tenses we use to show what time we’re talking about are split into the simple, continuous and perfect tenses.
In English we use two tenses to talk about the present and six tenses to talk about the past. There are several ways to talk about the future some of which use the present tenses, there are:
· Present : simple present, present continuous.
· Past : simple past, past continuous, present perfect continuous, present perfect simple, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous.
· Future : using the simple present, using the present continuous, using the present perfect simple, using the present perfect continuous, using going to, using shall/will.
The purpose of this paper is to help students in learning and mastering English language well and correctly and to teach students how to speak and understand English. | <urn:uuid:0a781c15-eb6d-43ab-8f7d-1ef68f57bc34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://persis89.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-i-foreword.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938119 | 258 | 4.53125 | 5 |
Columbia Water Center developed a modeling platform to quantitatively assess mining-related water and environmental risks and their financial implications, in a three-year project sponsored by Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM).
The modeling platform provides investors access to a targeted analysis of water-related mining risk, with a high level of specificity related to the type of mining operation, geophysical and socio-political setting, remediation and mitigation needs, financial implications of particular asset risks on the broader company portfolio, and causal connections between risk factors and financial performance.
The model was developed utilizing the relatively data-rich settings in the United States, Canada, Chile, and Australia. The research team cross-validated model performance to test the application of the models to settings where data is less abundant. Applications were tested in other regions such as South Africa and Peru, where geophysical and mining conditions are similar but where data might not be as readily available and where there may be differences in economics, governance, and other site factors. Portfolio risk analysis tools were also developed for the analysis of financial risk at the asset, company, and regional levels.
Read the full report on this project Mining and Water Risk: Diagnosis, Benchmarking, and Quantitative Analysis of Financial Impacts – A Synthesis of Key Findings or the one page project overview "Water and the Mining Industry."
S. Thomashausen, N. Maennling, T. Mebratu-Tsegaye. A comparative overview of legal frameworks governing water use and waster water discharge in the mining sector.
J. Ossa-Moreno, N. McIntryre, S. Ali, J.C.R. Smart, D. Rivera, U. Lall, G. Keir. The Hydro-economics of Mining
L. Bonnafous, U. Lall, and J. Siegel. An index for drought induced financial risk in the mining industry
L. Bonnafous, U. Lall, and J. Siegel. A water risk index for portfolio exposure to climatic extremes: conceptualization and an application to the mining industry
P. Larrauri, U. Lall. Assessing Risk of Mine Tailing Dam Failures
P. Larrauri, U. Lall. Tailings Dams Failures: Updated Statistical Model for Discharge Volume and Runout
J. Salem, Y. Amonkar, N. Maennling, U. Lall, L. Bonnafous, K. Thakkar An analysis of Peru: Is water driving mining conflicts?
J. Blanchet and K. Murthy. Quantifying Distributional Model Risk via Optimal Transport
J. Blanchet, Y. Kang, and K. Murthy. Robust Wasserstein Profile Inference and Applications to Machine Learning
J. Blanchet and K. Murthy. On Distributionally Robust Extreme Value Analysis
C. Dolan, J. Blanchet, G. Iyengar, U. Lall. A model robust real options valuation methodology incorporating climate risk
Blanchet, J., Dolan, C., Iyengar, G., and Lall, U. Towards a Robust Top-Down Model for Valuation of Mining Assets
Fonseca, F., Bonnafous, L. and Lall, U. Asset-level Analysis and Modeling of Water Risks Associated with Mining
Maennling, N., Thomashausen, S., Nielsen, D.. and Vempati, A.R. Mining and Water: A Perspective on Legal and Regulatory Risks
Blanchet, J. and Lall, U. Private Risk and Valuation: A Distributionally Robust Optimization View
Butler, L., Lall, U., and Bonnafous, L. Cumulative Heavy Metal Contamination in Mining Areas of the Rimac, Peru Basin
G. M. Mudd, S. A. Northey, T. Werner Water Use and Risks in Mining
“Last week’s Hurricane Harvey demonstrated the devastating risks that climate change poses to people and the planet. At least 60 people have lost their lives and some meteorologists are saying Harvey is the worst rainstorm and the one of the most expensive disasters in U.S. history. Climate change is making extreme weather events more extreme and more frequent. Warmer seas feed more power into hurricanes, and higher temperatures increase evaporation rates and the carrying capacities of rainstorms. As such, a number of scientists have suggested Harvey’s damage was magnified by the warming climate. Now Hurricane Irma is tearing up the Caribbean, strengthened by the same abnormally warm sea waters.”
“Disappointed with the less lucrative results of these policies than expected and in light of the heavy environmental and social costs of mining, in recent decades a number of developing countries have pursued targeted policy interventions that promote protectionism or resource nationalism.”
“While a new administration in Washington has shifted toward deregulation of the mining industry, an opposing trend is taking root in jurisdictions around the world. A number of national and local governments are tightening environmental regulations and shutting down specific mining projects, or in some cases the entire industry, due to environmental risks, including those related to water use and pollution.”
“Across the nation, thousands of abandoned mines remain nearly as they were left when they ceased to be operational. In many cases these mine sites continue to pollute the environment for decades as acid mine drainage flows into rivers and streams. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was enacted in 1980 to enable the federal government to manage such industrial pollution. But through lack of funding and enforcement, the public has been stuck with the cleanup bills.”
“The Columbia Water Center submitted a letter in support of the proposed changes to the rules and encouraged disclosure on many factors related to water risk, including a mine’s capacity to maintain its social license to operate, its risk of tailings dam failure in the light of increasing extreme weather events, and its ability to live up to its own predictions of water quality during the mine’s operation and closure.”
“Under the proposed rules, mining companies must submit a “technical report summary” for each mineral resource or reserve that is significant enough of an asset to be considered material. The SEC outlined specific requirements for the contents of the technical reports, including, most relevantly: ‘the final identification and detailed analysis of environmental compliance and permitting requirements, including the finalized interests of agencies, NGOs, communities and other stakeholders, together with the completion of baseline studies and finalized plans for tailings disposal, reclamation and mitigation.’”
“Rule 10b of the Securities Exchange Act gives shareholders the right to bring a lawsuit to recover economic loss sustained as a result of fraud related to the trading of their investments in stocks or bonds. This fraud can come in many forms, including insider trading, price fixing or corporate misrepresentations to its investors. This last type of fraud has seen increased attention (primarily at the state level) from those who want to see corporate statements regarding future environmental liabilities, including climate change impacts.
In the past year, lawsuits against three different foreign-owned mining companies operating in South America were brought in U.S. courts regarding mismanagement and lack of disclosure of environmental risk.”
“Early this year, a federal court agreed with environmental advocates that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must take steps to ensure that mining companies pay for their own harmful environmental impacts so the taxpayer is not stuck with the bill. The Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed a settlement agreement between the EPA and several environmental groups that establishes a timeline for the creation of financial assurance requirements for certain hazardous industries, starting with hardrock mining.”
Project Calculates the Cost of Social Conflict
Apr 18, 2016
“The Columbia Water Center is undertaking a three-year project to quantitatively assess mining-related water and environmental risks and their financial implications. This research is generously supported by Norges Bank Investment Management.”
When Environmental Oversight Takes a Back Seat
Apr 15, 2016
“The mining industry accounts for 12 percent of the Peruvian economy and 60 percent of Peru’s total exports. The government of Peru faces significant pressure to encourage growth and investment in this sector, especially in the face of falling commodity prices. But this has also put pressure on the government’s ability to properly assess environmental impacts.” | <urn:uuid:65392769-4675-4d00-9362-eaf92f7b5aff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://water.columbia.edu/content/water-and-mining-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.921326 | 1,789 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 11/11/2009 (2538 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Federal health officials now say that 4,000 or more Americans likely have died from H1N1 flu -- about four times the estimate they've been using.
The new, higher figure was first reported by The New York Times. It includes deaths caused by complications related to H1N1 flu, including pneumonia and bacterial infections.
Until now, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had conservatively put the U.S. H1N1 flu death count at more than 1,000. Officials said this week they're working on an even more accurate calculation.
The CDC says "many millions" of Americans have caught the pandemic flu virus since it first appeared in April.
A flu drug expert says details about North America's first reported case of pandemic H1N1 viruses resistant to Tamiflu underscore the risk of giving the drug to people to prevent them from getting ill.
Dr. Guy Boivin of Laval University in Quebec City is reporting on the case in this week's New England Journal of Medicine.
A man with chronic lung disease was given the drug to prevent him from getting sick after his 13-year-old son contracted H1N1 in late June. Within 24 hours of starting the drug the man started experiencing the symptoms of flu, suggesting he was sick when he started taking the drug.
A half dose of the drug is used to prevent illness but if a person is already sick a half dose can spur the virus to develop resistance.
Boivin says if doctors do give people Tamiflu to prevent flu they should monitor them and switch them to a full treatment dose if they become ill.
-- The Canadian Press | <urn:uuid:2689e93e-6dee-4852-a583-aa10b59afbcc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/canada/us-flu-fatalities-soar-to-4000-69835842.html?story=U.S.%20flu%20fatalities%20soar%20to%204,000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967949 | 373 | 2.859375 | 3 |
SWANTON – Travis and Ashley Belisle plan to erect seven wind turbines on Rocky Ridge, a mile-long slope that they own in Swanton near the St. Albans Town line.
Travis has lived around Swanton his entire life. A graduate of Bellows Free Academy – St. Albans, he spent his early years working at Sticks & Stuff, the building goods store co-owned by his father.
Now the proprietor of Rocky Ridge Construction and living in his father’s former home with his wife, Ashley, the couple is looking to remake the ridgeline that overlooks much of southeastern Swanton, St. Albans, and Fairfield.
In an interview with the Messenger, Belisle explained his reasoning for wanting to develop the ridgeline. “We are local business-owners who understand the need for locally produced, clean, sustainable, and affordable energy,” he said.
“We want to do this to make a contribution to our community’s clean energy future and help achieve the state’s renewable energy goals.”
“Nothing gets better if we don’t do our part.”
Belisle’s project ran into strong headwinds right out of the gate when a planned, informative meeting left many of his neighbor’s angry and hurt.
“I really wanted to be open and transparent and answer their questions,” Belisle explained. “But it quickly turned into an ‘attack Travis’ kind of situation. Which is really too bad.””
Many of Belisle’s neighbors purchased their homes from him within the past few years. Belisle said that when he sold the homes, he made sure the buyers were made well aware of what he was planning for the ridgeline. “I told them I was looking at putting houses up there, logging, quarrying, and wind generation,”
Belisle said. “Everyone knew what I meant by wind farm. I made it clear because I didn’t want anyone to feel like was going behind their back or anything,” Belisle said.
But many people, from three towns will be affected, to some degree, by the turbines that Belisle plans to install. They report worries about the project devaluing their homes, keeping them awake with the noise and flickers of light, and impact on wetlands and wildlife.
“They’re all working people, good people, and I understand they are concerned, but I think a lot of their concerns are based on bad information,” Belisle said.
“Our home is only a few hundred feet farther than the house closest to the proj ect,” Ashley Belisle said. “We don’t want anything that would damage our health or well-being being put up on that ridgeline either. We have as much of an interest as anyone else in making sure this project is done right.”
Review of Belisle’s wind project will be done by Vermont’s Public Service Board (PSB), a quasi-judicial group that regulates utilities and electrical generation. Projects like Swanton Wind are permitted at the state, rather than local level, because the legislature decided that their impacts are felt statewide.
“The burden of proof is on us. The PSB, Agency of Natural Resources (ANR), and the Public Service Department (PSD) will ask us questions and we will have to provide responses and prove that this project won’t have any undue impact on the community or the natural environment,” said Martha Staskus, of Vera Renewables, the consulting firm the Belisles have hired to help permit and construct the project.
Vera Renewable also on worked the Georgia Mountain Wind project.
ANR and PSD are two state agencies’ whose job it is to provide accountability and make sure developers do their research, Staskus said.
ANR will require Swanton Wind to map out wetlands and habitat areas and have them prove the locations and operation of the wind turbines will not damage these areas.
“We will have to build our roads and foundations to avoid the Class II wetlands on that ridge and adjust placement to suit. We’d like to build seven turbines on the ridge, but there may not be room for that after mapping out the areas,” Staskus said.
The project also will be compelled to do noise studies and make adjustments to suit.
If the acoustics demand it, the project may be required to purchase less productive, but quieter turbines, or to modify and provide extra insulation to muffle the sound.
According to Staskus, the PSB encourages neighbors and communities to speak up and offer their opinions regarding projects seeking permits. They make an effort to give locals a voice in how and whether a project is permitted.
“At Georgia Mountain, the PSB issued the permit with 30 conditions, all of which Georgia Mountain has to meet or the permit could be revoked,” Staskus said.
When asked if any project has been stopped as a result of its neighbors’ objections, Staskus responded, “No.”
“Every project has impacts and benefits,”Belisle said. Indeed, many in Swanton, including the selectboard, have been asking what benefits the project will confer on the community that hosts it.
According to current estimates, if the project is permitted to be as large as the Belisles hope, it will pay roughly $150,000 to Swanton and $135,000 to the Vermont Education Fund annually.
In 2015, Swanton Town voters approved a general fund budget that raised $300,000 in taxes. Swanton Wind could potentially cover half of that tab on an annual basis.
“Both the state and the town will receive payments from the project,” Staskus explained. “It’s a significant contribution to the host community and to the state. On top of it all, every kilowatt-hour generated will stay in Vermont.”
The Belisles plan to either contract with a power company for the 25-year life of the project, or sell annually to Vermont Electric Power Producers, Inc. (VEPPI). VEPPI purchases its power from renewable resources – mainly hydro dams – and sells it o a prorata basis to in-state power companies.
“The State of Vermont has a goal to be 90 percent renewable by 2050,” Belisle said. “Now I understand people don’t like change.
But what we’re doing is good for the environment. We’re going to be making good, clean, sustainable, affordable energy for Vermonters.”
The project is projected to power about 7,800 Vermont households annually.
“We’re doing this project and we’re going to get it right,” Belisle said.
|Wind Watch relies entirely
on User contributions | <urn:uuid:674808ce-717c-4ea7-8f6b-5584d0851757> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.wind-watch.org/news/2015/07/21/wind-developers-discuss-turbine-proposal-positives-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00250-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964248 | 1,472 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Sioux Falls, SD
People at high risk for type 2 diabetes can take steps to possibly prevent the disease. That's why health officials say it's important to know whether you're prediabetic.
A growing number of Americans have the condition, in which your blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes.
Counting carbohydrates is part of Jeanette Justice's regular routine. The Sioux Falls woman has been watching what she eats very closely since a doctor diagnosed her with prediabetes almost six years ago. She also had gestational diabetes when she was pregnant with her daughter.
"They told me, at that time, that I would probably be diabetic in ten years. She's 17 now, so I'm feeling pretty good about that," Justice said.
Justice credits knowing she has prediabetes with her ability to take the steps necessary to hopefully prevent or delay developing type 2 diabetes.
"If you don't know you have it, you can't do anything to change it," Justice said.
"There are many Americans who are prediabetic and don't know it. In fact, it's estimated that 79-million Americans have prediabetes. Obviously, a very large portion of those individuals don't know they are prediabetic," Avera Endocrinologist Dr. Richard Crawford said.
Justice found out she has prediabetes after having her blood sugar tested. That's a common way to find out, but there are other warning signs.
"If you are a person who has high cholesterol or high blood pressure, always make sure you check your fasting glucose to make sure you don't have prediabetes," Crawford said.
Crawford says another sign is if you have a high triglyceride level, which is a component of total cholesterol.
"We know individuals with high triglycerides, low healthy HDL cholesterol, high total cholesterol, as well as other risk factors, such as central obesity and hypertension are all risks for prediabetes," Crawford said.
Justice also has a family history of diabetes but she plans to beat the odds through a healthy lifestyle.
"Lifestyle changes that are simple and more simple to take care of now before getting diabetes," Justice said.
A person with prediabetes has a fasting blood sugar level between 100 and 125. | <urn:uuid:681d1a3a-206a-4c24-83e2-c41895e16dd4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.keloland.com/news/article/healthbeat/more-people-with-prediabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00005-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975863 | 479 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Sand Town is a historical, beautiful and serene residential area in the heart of Spring Hill, an affluent suburb of Mobile, AL. The oldest African American neighborhood in Spring Hill, Sand Town's boundaries are from Three - Mile Creek to just north of The Cedars and east to west from Dilston Street to Ziegler Boulevard.
Established before 1845, Sand Town predates the United States Civil War. Among its many ancient oak trees, lush, green grounds, magnolia trees, and azalea hedges, stands a culturally significant 145 year old American landmark: a continuously functional, quaint, brick church where residents hold services every Wednesday and Sunday. An adjacent cemetery commemorates the Sand Town community ancestors. They were former slaves and free Indigenous Black Americans who created this community together. It is still populated by the descendants of those proud and hard-working Americans. They are a people who autonomously maintain authority and ownership of a highly valued inheritance - the treasure of their homes and land.
Sand Town is the kind of place where neighbors care about and look out for each other because they have known each other their entire lives. The houses and yards are well maintained and the area has remained virtually crime free over the centuries. That’s not by accident. The residents of Sand Town adhere to high values in the truest sense through self reliance, mutual respect, friendship, trust and loyalty. Educating others and preserving our rich history is paramount.
Whether you help through tax deductible monetary donations, volunteering your time, or spreading our mission through word-of-mouth, thank you. We couldn't accomplish our goals without the help of supporters like you. Thank you.
We are dedicated to preserving our community and educating others. Your tax deductible contribution today helps us make a difference.
Feel free to click below if you would like to use a credit card or PayPal. Thank you.
If you'd prefer to send a check via mail, write to:
SandTown Community Action Group
c/o Earl Safford, Treasurer
855 Knowles Lane
Mobile, AL 36608 | <urn:uuid:80dd47af-7454-4f69-8331-9687f70548fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sandtowngroup.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.952541 | 425 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Wednesday, July 14, 2021
Laurel E. Fletcher (UC-Berkeley; Google Scholar), Let's Talk about the Boteros: Law, Memory, and the Torture Memos at Berkeley Law, 38 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 1 (2020):
What parts of their uncomfortable associations should universities remember, and how? Berkeley Law is revisiting an ongoing question about its link to the War on Terror: how should the school should address its relationship to the Torture Memos of the Bush Administration in light of its employment of one of the Memos’ principal authors, Professor John Yoo? The dean of Berkeley Law is considering whether to remove paintings by the world-famous artist Fernando Botero. The paintings, currently on prominent display inside Berkeley Law, depict US soldiers torturing prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison.
These artworks rebuke the US government and its decision to rewrite the foundational norms of the rule of law in the pursuit of national security after 9/11. The potential removal of these paintings raises questions of memory heuristics: why are the paintings there at all, what do they communicate about the past, and is this past worthy of commemoration? This Article examines the paintings as works of public memory and uses this lens to explore what the Boteros have come to mean to the Berkeley Law community. Understanding the Boteros as memory works enables us to see their representational economy in greater complexity and invests the deliberation about their future as a site for shaping institutional identity and values. By grounding discussion of how the law school should reconcile with this divisive past in memory theory, this Article provides insights into broader debates about how universities should reckon with their unsettling histories. | <urn:uuid:00d20081-817c-4939-a3c8-b4d26fcdb1be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/2021/07/lets-talk-about-the-boteros-law-memory-and-the-torture-memos-at-berkeley-law.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.91918 | 400 | 1.757813 | 2 |
It is now a fundamental principle that diffusible molecules act intracellularly to translate an external signal into appropriate cellular responses. Second messengers like calcium, inositol polyphosphates and cyclic nucleotides, are such molecules. Calcium in particular can mediate cellular reactions as diverse as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, phototransduction and neuron excitability. One important question is how an elevation of intracellular calcium mediates so many processes. The answer lies in the versatility of the calcium signaling system. Assessing the role of calcium in biological systems involves powerful biophysical techniques such as electrophysiology and calcium sensitive dyes; other techniques involve measurement of calcium using calcium-sensitive microelectrodes. An example is shown below for Drosophila.
The following links provide more information about specific projects in several laboratories of the department. | <urn:uuid:4a0252d8-1fc2-45da-ac44-4801a2302a7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bumc.bu.edu/phys-biophys/research/signaling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881234 | 177 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 23 Skidoo Street
- (idiomatic, archaic, chiefly US) [c. 1908-1923] To leave, particularly quickly or at an advantageous time.
1908, George Washington University student publication, The Cherry tree: published by the students at George Washington university, page 348:
- ... the 'varsity quarter, who at the close of each meeting discards the conventional "I move we adjourn, sir,'" for the more modern "23, skidoo."
1928, Henry Robinson Luce, Time, volume 11:
- I can imagine nothing more shocking than to hear some one use a slang expression current ten years ago, such as "23 skidoo" or "you're off your base".
- (idiomatic, archaic, chiefly US) [c. 1908-1923] To be forced to leave quickly. | <urn:uuid:c34e582c-f7ab-4d8d-87d7-8d0f2c5e0d00> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/23_skidoo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00085-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843617 | 191 | 1.757813 | 2 |
About the webinar
This webinar describes the setting-up of WhatsApp group Communities of Practice (COPs) in rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, where teachers typically have little access to professional development opportunities. We explain the rationale for the use of WhatsApp in the project and show how the project began with learning from the use of WhatsApp to support COPs in Rwanda, another challenging context. All these ideas informed the design of a workshop to initiate the COPs in Côte d’Ivoire. We describe the content and delivery of the workshop and explore the challenges and possibilities of working in this way. We also show how our findings are informing our current projects and teaching online during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Recorded 25 November 2020
Watch a recording of this webinar below
About the speakers
Susan Dawson is a Senior Tutor and Research Associate in the Manchester Institute of Education where she teaches on various undergraduate and MA Education programmes. Her main areas of interest are teacher professional development, inclusive practitioner research and Aristotelian perspectives on knowledge. She is currently working on a GCRF funded project on teacher professional development through practitioner research: https://tateproject.wordpress.com/
Gary Motteram is a Senior Lecturer in Education at the Manchester Institute of Education where he teaches on MAs in TESOL and Digital Technology in Education and the PGCert in Higher Education. His research interests lie in the area of language teacher education at a distance. He is currently working on a GCRF funded project on teacher professional development through practitioner research: https://tateproject.wordpress.com/
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Honorable Shri Gary Motteram and honorable Smt. Susan Dawson are both experienced educational experts. Teaching and learning process through mobile has become a revolutionary slogan especially in the world spread Corona Pandemic Times 2020. They both have stressed for the enhancement of educational technology especially for school children with special reference to underdeveloped regions of Africa [eg Rawanda]. This herculean task cannot be completed without a large scale public involvement from all corners of the world. The world governments should promote online teaching until a successfully tried medicine comes in the government hospitals as well as markets. We thank British Council for providing us opportunity of participation in recorded webinars. | <urn:uuid:383a43be-b72a-4507-bc4f-e43cc668a7af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/teacher-professional-development-through-whatsapp-based-communities-practice-challenging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.919892 | 997 | 2.359375 | 2 |
V., Şahoğlu, M., Şevketoğlu, Y.H., Erbil (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Connecting Cultures: Trade and Interconnections in the Ancient Near East from Prehistory until the End of the Roman Period. Held in Nicosia CYPRUS 2017. Ankara: Ankara University Press (2019).
Şevketoğlu, M. “William Dreghorn Guest pensioner in Cyprus” in “Guest”, Exhibition catalogue, Published by Art Rooms, Kyrenia, Soylem Printers, Nicosia. 2016.
Şevketoğlu, M. William Dreghorn “Bellapais Abbey” revised, edited and introduction written by Muge Sevketoglu. Department of Antiquities and Museums, William Dreghorn Series No 2. 2016. Nicosia Cyprus.
Şevketoğlu, M. ‘’William Dreghorn Castle Sketch book’’ Nicosia Cyprus, Department of Antiquities and Museums. 2013.
“Nicosia Monuments and Memories”. Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press, Cyprus. ISBN 996342 701 4. Translation from original text written by Rita Severis. 2003
Translation to Turkish “Famagusta: Emperium of the East” Rita Severis, Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press. 2005
Translation to Turkish “Limassol: Town of Visionaries” Rita Severis, Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press. 2006
Translation to Turkish “Paphos: Town of Legendaries” Rita Severis, Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press.2007
Translation to Turkish “Larnaca: The Great Dame” Rita Severis, Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press. 2008
Translation to Turkish “Kyrenia: The Enchanter” Rita Severis, Hellenic Bank, Kailas Press. 2009
Şevketoğlu, M. “Tatlısu-Çiftlikdüzü (Akanthou-Arkosykos), Kıbrıs Erken Neolitik Toplumları ve Deniz” TINA Turkish Institute of Nautical Archaeology, issue 9.Pp. 9-28. July 2018.
Şevketoğlu, M. “Documenting Ship Graffiti in North Cyprus: Preliminary Results”. Underwater Science and Technology Meeting, Izmir Urla. Ankara University Publication. Pp.181-199. 2017.
E. Galili, M. ¸Şevketoğlu, A. Salamon, D. Zviely, H. K. Mienis, B. Rosen & S. Moshkovitz “Late Quaternary beach deposits and archaeological relicts on the coasts of Cyprus, and the possible implications of sea-level changes and tectonics on the early populations.” In: Harff, J.,Bailey, G. & L¨th, F. (eds) Geology and Archaeology: Submerged Landscapes of the Continental Shelf. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2015.
M. Şevketoğlu and I. Hanson, “Akanthou-Arkosykos, a 9th Millenium Coastal Settlement in Cyprus “ Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology. Vol. 20 No 3 pp225-238. 2015.
Şahoğlu, V. and, Şevketoğlu, M. Tuncel, R. “Protecting the Cultural Heritage of Cyprus: International Laws and Concerns” in, Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies, vol 3, No 2, pp141-148. Pensylvania State University Press. 2015.
Galili E., Şevketoğlu M., Salamon A., Zviely D., Mienis H.K., Rosen B. and Moshkovitz S.’’ Late Pleistocene beach deposits, tectonics and sea-level changes on Cyprus, and their possible association with Neolithic colonization and settlements’’. Proceedings of the XVIII. INQUA Congress in Bern 2011. Pp. 272-286. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Şevketoğlu, M. “Early Settlements and procurement of Raw Materials. New Evidence based on research at Akanthou-Arkosykos (Tatlisu-Ciftlikduzu), Northern Cyprus”. TUBA-AR, Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology, XI, 2008.
Chapter in a Book
Şevketoğlu, M. ‘’Historical Introduction, Cyprus and the Morphou Region’’ pp.19-39, In The Canopy of Heaven, The ciborium in the church of St. Mamas, Morphou. Edited by Michael Jones and Angela Milward Jones. (2010).
Tourism Development Projects and Publications
2018 Kyrenia Municipality, “Yıkık Kule” information board.
2015 Tatlısu Municipality, Miniature Cyprus Project brochure.
2015 Venetian Lion information panel and photo booth for Department of Antiquities and Museums.
2013 Kyrenia Municipality, Tourist Information map and Historical Path / Road. | <urn:uuid:36874032-9a09-48a2-8bcb-afc5342e9976> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ciu.edu.tr/en/research/research-centers/archaeology-cultural-heritage-and-conservation/publications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.685824 | 1,171 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Source: An Appreciation by Thorold Rogers in Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P., ed. by John Bright and J.E. Thorold Rogers with a Preface and Appreciation by J.E. Thorold Rogers and an Appreciation by Goldwin Smith (London: T.Fisher Unwin, 1908). 2 volumes in 1. Vol. 1 Free Trade and Finance.
At the time of Cobden's death, Mr. Thorold Rogers was still a clergyman of the Church of England (like Mr. Leslie Stephen, Mr. Goldwin Smith and others, Mr. Thorold Rogers later availed himself of the Clerical Disabilities Act, and resigned his Orders). On Sunday, April 9, 1865, Mr. Thorold Rogers preached at West Lavington Church, Sussex, in the graveyard of which Cobden was buried, a memorial sermon on Richard Cobden, from which the following interesting extract is taken:—
Two days ago, the greatest and wisest men in England gathered in this church and churchyard in order to render the last offices of loving homage to the most single-hearted and generous statesman who has ever lived in the history of mankind. The burial of other men has been solemnized with greater pomp and more numerous attendance, has been marshalled by authority and accompanied by all the circumstances which art could invent in order to shew honour to departed eminence. But on this occasion, as never before, the great concourse of mourners was gathered out of the deep wish felt to do reverence to a man whose memory will live as long as the world shall endure. To that grave in which lies all that was mortal of one whose rare powers of thought and word and deed were joined to vast and varied knowledge, and graced by most winning and gentle manners, men will do pilgrimage in time to come, For it is right and seemly, while we give all honour and glory to God for the fact that He suffers men to largely serve their fellows, and acknowledge always that there cannot be any true good in man's work acknowledge always that there cannot be any true good in man's work God, that we should gratefully recognize man's work, and hold in high honour God's choicest instruments.
Let us reflect on the reasons which roused, and will rouse, these strong feelings of affection towards the man who has gone from among us. In the first place, his whole public life was an earnest and constant endeavour to do true service to man. There have been those who doubted the convictions which he entertained, and resisted the conclusions which he sought to establish, but no man ever ventured to assert that his perseverance and resolution were founded on any but the loftiest and the purest aims. Out of every contest into which he entered with what he believed to be error and wrong, he came forth with unchallenged motives and untarnished reputation. Modest and unassuming in his whole demeanour, he was, as just and true-hearted men should be, jealous in the highest sense of his personal integrity. Wholly indifferent to the hostility which is sure to be the heritage of the courageous and the patient, he was careful lest any charge of self-seeking should even in the smallest measure binder or enfeeble the work which his instincts and his experience equally taught him could be effected only by persistent disinterestedness. And just as in the spiritual life, those only who are pure in heart are blessed with the sight of God, so in the administration of those public affairs which form the largest and most exalted field on which human interests can be consulted and sustained, they are sure to arrive at the wisest and most certain conclusions, and to secure the most solid and lasting benefits to mankind, who are not to be diverted from their purpose by fear, by flattery, or by self-interest. The advantage of his life, and his public teaching, allowed and admitted to the full even by those who once resisted him and his purposes, has become in the best sense the property of the whole human race, is acknowledged more and more widely among mankind, has called forth the respect and assent of all nations to whom the news of his death has come; but is consecrated by the unswerving integrity of his whole career, by the unfailing purity of his purposes, and by the heroic self-devotion of the last acts of his life. Henceforth he is a true pattern to all who give themselves up to public affairs and the administration of the state, and the great Englishman will be, among all who speak our tongue, and join to make the history of our race, dear to every honest English heart, and helpful to every earnest English will. To love truth for truth's sake, to resist what conviction suggests is false or wrong, to persevere in a righteous cause, even when it is in the highest degree unpopular or unacceptable, and to be willing to serve men, even when the willingness is slighted or thwarted, are the highest acts of the best life, and fulfil most nearly the spirit of God's commands.
Great as were this man's services to his country and the world, he was at all times ready to welcome those who laboured in other ways to advance the good of their fellows. Every plan which seemed likely to further what was good and true found in him a warm advocate and a judicious critic. Those who had experience of the willing kindness of his heart—and many here must have had such knowledge of him—may not have been aware of how his busy mind and loving nature were always teeming with plans for furthering the highest interests of his fellow-men; of how he mourned over ignorance and sin, and how he longed to help in the great work of supporting and extending the growth of a true godliness. It was, as I have heard him say over and over again, hopeless to expect any good from any man who did not cherish a strong and vital sense of religion, and did not make the revelation of the Gospel and the teaching of Christ the starting-point of all human duty. Too wise and too modest to arrogate, as shallow men do, entire completeness to the office which he was able to fulfil, he welcomed gladly every act of true charity and every honest purpose as a contribution to those great forces which fight with misery, and wrong, and vice. Many men who little imagine that he watched their labours, gained his warmest respect for their genuine service and untiring devotedness. He was full of the humility of true greatness, abounding in the sympathy which always goes with sincere devotedness.
Careful and cautious in the best sense, he had achieved, or possessed naturally, a complete mastery over himself. No one ever heard a hasty word or an angry expression from his lips. The strongest utterance of indignation to which he ever gave vent was called forth by what he felt to be a malicious misconstruction of the character and language of his friends. But free as he was from passion, he had an absolute loathing for deliberate untruth, and he would not hesitate for a moment to sacrifice an intimacy or a familiarity with any one whom he distinctly discovered to be acting treasonably to that which he held in such continual reverence. And on such occasions—there were, as might be expected, some, in so vast and varied an experience of men as his was—he never scrupled to avow the cause of his coldness or aversion, and to display the same openness in disclaiming an unwelcome because insincere friend, as in expressing and according the largest good-will to those whom he saw to be fellow-labourers after truth.
This translucent life of his was before the world, and witnessed to by all men. He had hushed into nothingness or into merely occasional bursts of spite the mean envy which disparaged the width of his great mind, or which affected to sneer at the efforts he made to further the general welfare of mankind. He had outlived the rancour of party spirit, and had put to silence the imputation of party interests. Never perhaps and had put to silence the imputation of party interests. Never perhaps did any man so conciliate the respect of those whose policy or whose instincts urged them to conclusions different from his. No earnest and busy worker in the battle of life was ever more blameless and more pure; no man so self-possessed was ever more unaffected.
You who have seen much of the daily doings of his later years can bear testimony to the kindliness of his manner, the courtesy of his conduct, the placid gentleness of his address, the unbroken evenness of his temper. No one ever, who came within the sphere of his influence, failed to see how orderly were his doings, and how generous was his estimate of those about him. Full of knowledge and wisdom, tried in the great struggles of his public life, he came in his maturer years to his native place, to exhibit the unvarying graces of a good and honest man, and to practise those rare virtues of simplicity and tranquillity which adorned him even more than his vast knowledge and unparalleled sagacity. Those who merely saw him could hardly credit the large powers which lay hid in so easy and serene a presence.
To us who were honoured with his closer intimacy there is a blank created by his loss which no subsequent friendship can occupy. We cannot imagine any man with such varied gifts, with such signal opportunities, with so wide an experience, with so wise a mind, with so pure and simple a character. Precious as are the memories of our association with him, as lasting as will be the recollection of his profound and sagacious judgments, we who constantly consulted with him on matters of difficult import, feel that the loss of his wise interpretations can be replaced from no living experience. The charms of his graceful simplicity, of his lucid language, his copious knowledge, are no longer available for our instruction. No man's loss could create such a waste, because no man ever occupied so large a space in the habitual thoughts and affectionate intercourse of his more intimate friends. To have lived familiarly within the influences and convictions of a great and true mind, is to live happily indeed, but to live within the range of a great sorrow.
There are not indeed wanting consolations to those who loved and honoured him, He was taken away in the maturity of his judgment, in the fulness of his powers, in the height of his reputation. But his renown is wide as the civilization which he furthered, and the Christianity which he acknowledged and revered. And those who can profit by them will surely take heart by his example and his teaching, by the speech of his lips, and the pattern of his life, and will not fail at all times to look to his character and recall his person, with continual honour to him, and with deep thankfulness to God, who permitted his words and ordered his ways, as He does order all that is good, and true, and honest, and loving.
Last modified April 13, 2016 | <urn:uuid:20a4b200-407d-479a-9cc9-ab62b67cda6b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/cobden-an-appreciation-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00168-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987288 | 2,283 | 2.109375 | 2 |
One thing is for sure if you’re planning to learn how to plant bare root hibiscus- it’s not easy to handle; it requires a lot of attention for it to grow healthy. You have to consider the temperature, moisture, air circulation, and all the other factors.
Lucky for you because we have prepared 16 ways on how to plant bare root hibiscus. We assure you that all these procedures will give the best results out of your plant. So what are you waiting for? Let’s dig further.
Upon receipt, bare root Hibiscus will often have large root systems that may be too large to fit in the container they are going to be grown in. Hibiscus from bare root is most suitable for production in two gallon or larger containers. If the roots are too large to fit into the container they are to be grown in, the roots can be trimmed to a 3-4 inch radius or 6 to 8 inches in total width. When potting, plant the crown of the plant so that it is just slightly below the media surface.
A beautifully finished Hibiscus ‘Starry Starry Night’ flowering the first year from bare root in a 3-gal container.
Although one of the advantages of using bare root Hibiscus is the numerous shoots which emerge from the crown, the fullest and highest quality finished product is obtained by pinching them early in the production cycle. After the emerging stems have developed at least 5 nodes, soft pinch them by removing the terminal growing point from every stem in each container, leaving 3 to 5 nodes on each stem. Pinching can be done by hand or using scissors. Additional pinches can occur a few weeks later if more branching is desired, to shape the plants, or when growing in very large container sizes.
Bare root Hibiscus prefer to be kept consistently moist (not overly wet or overly dry) during production. Never allow them to wilt as the plants may experience lower leaf yellowing and/or flower bud abortion is likely to occur. Due to their vigorous growing habit, Hibiscus require ample amounts of nutrients; provide 150 to 200 ppm nitrogen with every irrigation or incorporate a medium rate of a reliable controlled release fertilizer formulation at potting. The acceptable pH range is 6.0 to 6.5. Grow Hibiscus outside in full sun or in greenhouses with high light intensities.
One of the keys to successful production is to grow Hibiscus warm. They do not grow well with cool temperatures. When the temperatures are below 60 to 65° F, the plants grow slowly and may appear chlorotic. The best growth and development occurs with day temperatures above 70° F and night temperatures above 68° F. Hibiscus require long days for flowering.
Hardy Hibiscus absolutely lights up the garden in late summer and early fall. Pictured here is Hibiscus ‘Mars Madness’
Allow 12 to 14 weeks from planting to flower for two gallon crops that have been pinched once early in production when grown at the temperatures described above. For crops that have been pinched on multiple occasions allow approximately 6 weeks from the time of the last pinch for them to reach flowering.
It may be necessary to control plant height using plant growth regulators during production. If height control is necessary, spray applications of 5 ppm uniconazole (Concise, Sumagic), 45 ppm paclobutrazol (Bonzi, Paczol, Piccolo), or the tank mixture of 3750 ppm daminozide (B-Nine, Dazide) and chlormequat chloride (Cycocel, Citadel) can be applied. It is best to begin PGR applications about 3 to 5 days following a pinch and reapplying them as necessary at 7 day intervals.
The most common pests to attack hardy Hibiscus are Japanese beetles, spider mites, and whiteflies. The occurrence of plant diseases is fairly rare. Growers should have routine scouting programs in place to help detect the presence of pests and diseases early and determine if control strategies are necessary.
16 Ways To Plant Bare Root Hibiscus
Yes, it may take a long process to plant bare root hibiscus, but it will surely be worth it. So, be patient, follow every step, and enjoy. Here are the steps on how to plant bare root hibiscus.
#1 Timing and potting
The first thing you should do once you have your bare root hibiscus is to pot them. We recommend the soil be a mixture of peat/bark soil with a pH level of 6.0 to 6.5. After potting, bring the plants outside and put them into drip irrigation.
This procedure must be done right after potting your plants. Pinch 3 to 5 nodes of the plant’s top growth. After one week, drench it entirely in 1ppm of uniconazole- a chemical that is generally used as a retardant, promoting growth.
No matter what kind of plant you have, it is necessary to space them well. It might not be a problem when the plants are still little, but overcrowding in a pot will happen when it starts to grow.
Overcrowding makes the hibiscus look unattractive. Space the plants properly so it can create a well-rounded look when it grows.
Hibiscus is a kind of plant that prefers to be under the heat with an ideal temperature of 68°F and higher. Anything lower than that will result in chlorotic foliage and slower growth. That is why it is best to plant them during the summer, but regularly check up on its moisture and not let them get too much sun exposure.
What’s difficult about taking care of a bare root hibiscus is that it thrives well in hot weather, but it must always be kept moist. We advise you to use drip irrigation for easy and efficient watering over your plants. Indications of your hibiscus being too dry are having the leaves and buds turn yellow.
#6 Look out for pests and diseases
Diseases on bare root hibiscus are not often a problem since it’s quite rare to find one on them. Examples of these rare diseases are fungus and wilting of the leaves. As for pests, regularly check on your plant for sawflies, whiteflies, spiders, mites, and Japanese beetles.
#7 Use of fertilizer
Fertilizers are essential to any plant, bringing added nutrients they need to grow faster and bigger. With every irrigation, feed your bare root hibiscus with 150 to 200ppm of nitrogen, or you can also mix controlled-release fertilizer when you pot your plant.
#8 Do not force the plant
Hibiscus commonly takes quite a while for them to start flowering. Forcing this kind of plant to bloom is possible, but it is costly and causes damage in the long-run. Natural blooming is a better way to go, which happens at the beginning of midsummer.
#9 Trim roots to fit container
Bare root hibiscus has large root systems the first time you receive them, which are often too big for the ideal container of 2-gallons. You can trim down the roots to 3 to 4 inches in radius or an overall diameter of 6 to 8 inches to fix this.
It is advisable that during potting, plant the crown to make it settle below the media surface.
#10 Look out for weeds
During the growing times of your bare root hibiscus, weeds will appear quite often. It is general knowledge that weeds must not come near your plants because they steal space and nutrients for your hibiscus. Two ways to prevent this is by regular soil cultivation or applying mulch to stop the weeds’ germination.
#11 Protect plants against intense weather conditions
When your plants are newly potted and haven’t settled properly, provide them with protection against intense sunlight and extreme winds. Air circulation is good for the plant, but not too much. The same goes for lighting as it requires a healthy amount of sunlight, but not too much that it dries the plant.
#12 Apply additional mulch for colder seasons
We cannot disregard those who live in colder regions, who want to plant their bare-root hibiscus. That is why we have this advice ready for you.
Applying a layer of 1 to 2 inches worth of mulch during the cold autumn season will give added protection to your plant. When springtime comes, you can remove the mulch and let it grow as usual.
#13 The flowers only last one day
Many of you may not be aware, but hibiscus flowers have a life span of one day before they fall off. But, do not worry because plenty more will grow back quickly. We wanted to add this tip to not be concerned if the flowers fall after a day and think you may have done something wrong in growing them.
#14 Discard foliage
In the autumn season, hard frost often happens, and this can affect your bare root hibiscus. After the frost, you must take out and discard the foliage in your plants.
Bare root hibiscus does not need pruning but, if you want to shape your plant, then you may do so. We encourage you to prune in the early summer at the time the hibiscus starts growing. Pruning helps in the plant’s branching and development of more flower stalks.
#16 Divide plants when they become overcrowded
There are tendencies that your plants overcrowd as it grows, even when you thought you have properly spaced them. The best way to deal with this is by dividing your plant in the early spring. Once you’ve divided your hibiscus, you can replant them once you’ve taken out into a different pot.
Hibiscus require ample amounts of fertilizer to support its fast growth rate. Feed plants with a constant liquid feed of 150-200ppm nitrogen at every irrigation or incorporate a medium rate of controlled release fertilizer at potting. An EC rate of 2.5-3.5 using the pour-though method is best.
It is very critical that you never let Hibiscus dry out. Yellowing leaves and buds, and the ensuing leaf and bud drop, indicate that the plants are too dry. Drip irrigation is highly recommended.
Hibiscus requires very high light intensities to initiate flower production and to produce the proper foliage pigmentation. ‘Berry Awesome’ will be greener if grown indoors under UV inhibitor plastic, but will develop rich, olive green foliage when grown outdoors. Grow Hibiscus in full sun outdoors or if necessary, in greenhouses with very high light intensities. Long days are required for flowering.
Hibiscus is a crop that must be grown warm and thrives in heat—ideal temperatures are 68°F or higher. Cool temperatures will result in very slow growth and chlorotic foliage. Growing plants outdoors in summer is ideal as long as they can be kept moist.
Finished Hibiscus plants are an absolute showstopper at retail with big, tropical-looking blooms
Pests and Diseases
The most common pests to attack Hibiscus are Japanese beetles, sawflies, spider mites, and whiteflies. Scout regularly for pests. Plant diseases are quite rare on this crop.
Pinching & PGR’s
After potting, pinch the top growth back once to 3-5 nodes. Drench the entire plant with 1ppm uniconazole (Sumagic) one week after pinching. Allow 6 weeks from the time of the last pinch to flower. Spacing plants very well is essential to creating well-rounded finished plants.
Forcing is not recommended for Hibiscus as they require long days for flowering, and it is costly to force them into bloom. It is recommended that growers allow these plants to flower naturally beginning in midsummer to maintain their margin on the crop.
Besides the benefits of using bare root plants, growers should consider the type of flowering each cultivar offers as not all Hibiscus are created equal. There are two types of flowering habits: ‘determinate’ and ‘indeterminate’. Cultivars with ‘determinate’ flowering develop flower buds near the terminal shoot and ‘indeterminate’ varieties develop flower buds at the nodes along much of the stem as well as near the terminal shoots. Therefore, ‘indeterminate’ cultivars produce more flowers and bloom considerably longer than ‘determinate’ varieties.
Most of the older genetics on the market are ‘determinate’ bloomers with flowers lasting for approximately one month during the summer. All of the new Walters Gardens introductions are ‘indeterminate’ bloomers and flower consistently for 2 to 3 months or even longer.
Bare root hibiscus is a plant that is most often used for beautification in events or inside homes. That is why people who grow them take extra care of them. All these 16 ways on how to plant bare-root hibiscus are essential. We assure you that following them will give you the most beautiful and healthy one among all others. | <urn:uuid:0994f56b-a1a7-47bb-9e79-4d2926b3b765> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iatsabbioneta.org/how-to-cultivate-bare-root-hibiscus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.935348 | 2,842 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Are you a Linux user? Have you ever curiously run Windows program in Linux? For Windows user who have just moved to Linux, probably would be confuse in operating it. It’s not easy changing from one heart to another, is it? For you who still want to run some Windows application in Linux or haven’t found replacement application from Windows for Linux, SOT will give you tips about how to run Windows application in Linux.
Some moment ago, SOT has shared the similar way by using giveaway software which is CrossOver which probably couldn’t be downloaded anymore. Here is four ways to run Windows application in Linux.
One free software for Linux which is able to run Windows application in Linux is Wine. Basically, it is an implementation of Windows API in Linux. In fact, not all Windows application could be run using Wine, to find out what application which can be run using Wine, you can view it in Wine Application Database. Generally, Wine is used to run game in Linux because the common game couldn’t be run in Virtual Machine.
Here is how to Install Wine via terminal in Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install wine
Other alternative for Wine is PlayOnLinux, PlayOnLinux is more like Google Play or Software Center. Here you can select Windows application you want to install in Linux. Not like Wine which when installing it, you should check first the application in Wine Application Database. PlayOnLinux is easier to be used, you just have to search software you will install and click on install.
Here is how to install PlayOnLinux via terminal in Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install playonlinux
Other way to run Windows program in Linux is by using Remote Desktop. Probably you will be asking, what is Remote Desktop? It is a feature in Microsoft Windows which made possible for user to access Windows from distance. To access Remote Desktop from Linux, you can use rdesktop or tsclient software.
Here is how to install RDesktop or TSClient in Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install rdesktop
sudo apt-get install tsclient
If using the three software above is not working, then you can use VirtualBox, VMware Player or other Virtual Machine for Linux. By using one of the machine software, you can create a virtual computer contained OS Windows. So, you can run Linux and Windows at once. By this way, you can run Windows software in Linux. However, the weakness of using this way is, it would take too much CPU memory. So your computer will work so hard since it run 2 OS at once. Don’t be surprise if your computer suddenly run so slow.
Those are tips from SOT to run Windows program in Linux. If you have other tips you successfully did, don’t hesitate to share it with other SOT’s friends. You can leave it in comment column. | <urn:uuid:46a13d07-0d12-42f3-b86b-295d12e82470> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.spyontech.com/software/freeware/4-ways-to-run-windows-application-in-linux.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00337-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885434 | 592 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Flatt & Scruggs’ Breakup: Why the Bluegrass Icons’ Split Wasn’t All Bad News
Despite early reports teasing something far more contentious, most sources paint the March 11, 1969, split of Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs' Foggy Mountain Boys as a case of creative differences. And while it’s hard to spin the breakup of a legendary act as a completely positive development, there are certainly reasons to be thankful that Flatt and Scruggs parted ways.
Throughout their 20-plus-year partnership, Flatt and Scruggs took former boss Bill Monroe’s creation, bluegrass music, to a global audience. Flatt’s guitar-picking and vocal delivery and Scruggs’ innovative banjo skills won over a broad radio and television following through their longstanding relationship with their sponsor, Martha White Flour. Their widespread fan base grew even larger thanks to "The Ballad of Jed Clampett," the Beverly Hillbillies theme song; it became the duo’s only chart-topping country hit in January of 1963.
The folk revival’s embrace of rural American music benefited Flatt and Scruggs as well, no later than their appearance at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival. Scruggs’ wife Louise, also the band's manager, was an early supporter of Bob Dylan, and the couple’s sons Gary, Randy and Steve came of age during Beatlemania.
Be it the influence of his family or a reflection of personal taste, Scruggs readily embraced the ways that younger practitioners of folk and popular music could further progress bluegrass. Meanwhile, Flatt -- nearly 10 years his bandmate’s elder -- balked at straying from a traditional bluegrass sound -- and his attempts at compromise sound awkward in retrospect.
Near the end of the duo’s run, Flatt and Scruggs recorded the 1968 album Nashville Airplane. It features multiple covers of Dylan, including a rendition of “Rainy Day Women #12 & 35” -- and there’s something noticeably off when Flatt deadpans “Everybody must get stoned!” The bluegrass elder statesman's talents and personality were simply better suited for preserving the old-time way than embracing newer styles. What would’ve come next: “One Toke Over the Line” going over Flatts’ head because the chorus mentions Jesus?
It wasn't as though Flatt and Scruggs' breakup ended their musical careers, either: The duo's split also resulted in two great bands. Flatt formed the Nashville Grass, a hardcore bluegrass ensemble that included a very young Marty Stuart, while the Earl Scruggs Revue provided a platform for not just the Scruggs sons but also another practitioner of progressive mountain music: Charlie Daniels. An early live appearance by the latter finds Scruggs and Daniels, of all people, performing to as many as 500,000 protesters in the nation’s capital during the Nov. 16, 1969, Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.
Flatt and Scruggs' breakup allowed two legends to stand their ground with new bands, doubling the odds of a Flatt or Scruggs appearance during the formative years of the bluegrass festival scene. It also created new opportunities for future country legends with deep roots in bluegrass. Neither might've happened if Flatt kept singing modern folk tunes, or if Scruggs couldn't embrace long-haired agents of change.
More Memorable Country Music Breakups: | <urn:uuid:e52c89a2-b81e-459d-b253-9a5ff8654127> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bigcat953.com/flatt-and-scruggs-breakup-op-ed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.954919 | 758 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Ayurveda is a holistic healing science which comprises of two words, Ayu and Veda. Ayu means life and Veda means knowledge or science. So the literal meaning of the word Ayurveda is the science of life. Ayurveda is a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a complete way of life and draws its concepts and practices from five thousand years of Indian wisdom distilled into a system of practice.
Ayurveda is much more than the wellbeing of the body. Ayurveda defines health as 'Purity' of the body, mind and soul. It leads not merely to the well being of the individual; it leads to the well being of the universe. It restores harmony and existence.This system of science, stress on the prevention of body ailments in addition to curing them. This tradition of natural healing system has been a part of culture and daily life in India. It is the most natural way to refresh yourself, eliminate all toxic imbalances from the body, and regain resistance and good health.
Malta hosts one of the first authentic Ayurvedic Centres in the Mediterranean and the largest in Europe.
Please click here in order to see our featured providers. | <urn:uuid:00192367-03e6-4a88-82d9-f2ffd07e67f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://treatmentinmalta.com/treatments/treatment-ayurveda-treatment-and-medical-spa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00038-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944593 | 254 | 2.59375 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED063272
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1972
Reference Count: 0
Innovation in Teacher Education: An International; Perspective.
Klassen, Frank H., Ed.; And Others
This volume presents a sampling of major innovative programs in a broad range of teacher training institutions. A selection of 39 case studies focus on innovations in teacher education in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the United States. The case studies are selective; certain areas of the world were not canvassed; the majority of contributions came from the United States. Each study was particularistic; most changes emphasized specific components of a total program. Eight areas of innovation were studied, including 1) performance-based teacher education; 2) in-service education; 3) field centered teacher education; 4) educational media, technology and teacher education; 5) teacher education for rural transformation; 6) individualized teacher education; 7) integrated teacher education; and 8) innovation in teacher education at a national level. Each study section was provided with an introduction and three to eight case studies concerning the area of study. A summary of innovation and change in teacher education stressed the need for continual innovation for the survival, rather than the decoration of education. (MJM)
Descriptors: Change Agents, Educational Change, Educational Development, Educational Innovation, Educational Needs, Educational Programs
ICET, One Dupont Circle, Suite 610, Washington, D.C. 20036 ($3.00)
Publication Type: N/A
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France).
Authoring Institution: International Council on Education for Teaching, Washington, DC. | <urn:uuid:628a62d5-ab21-4927-a13c-5e655710f5f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED063272 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89771 | 355 | 2.046875 | 2 |
My congregation, First Mennonite Church of San Francisco, has been learning about colonization and its continuing impacts since I founded the Dismantling the Doctrine of Discovery Coalition in 2014 with Sarah Augustine and Anita Amstutz. We have put action behind that learning by becoming a member of the coalition’s Repair Network, advocating for the Indian Child Welfare Act and hosting members of the San Carlos Apache when they came to federal district court to defend their sacred site of Oak Flat from a copper mining corporation.
Our commitment went to the next level when we decided to issue a $100,000 challenge grant to the larger church to hire Augustine as a full-time Indigenous organizer for the coalition. We are not a large congregation — and, due to membership loss during the pandemic, are facing a possible budget shortfall next year. But we believe now is the time for the coalition and Augustine’s work to move forward.
In addition to learning about colonization, our congregation has been waking up to the connections between the Doctrine of Discovery and the roots of the climate/ecological crisis in our exploitation of Indigenous lands and peoples.
We in the wealthy Global North are living in a state of ecological overshoot: Our demand for natural resources exceeds the regenerative capacity of Earth’s ecosystem.
We must transition from being a creation-destroying civilization based in extraction and exploitation to a sustainable one. Ecological philosopher Joanna Macy calls this the Great Turning. This vision motivates Kinari Webb, who founded Health in Harmony, a nonprofit that reverses tropical deforestation by partnering with Indigenous communities.
After reading Augustine’s book, The Land Is Not Empty, Webb told me, “I want to support Sarah’s leadership, just as so many have supported mine. The world needs her leadership now.”
She put money behind that belief. Compelled by Augustine’s insistence that it is not moral to profit from investments in extractive industries like mining, which devastates Indigenous communities, Webb and her wife, Stephanie, donated a stock fund worth over $18,000 for hiring Augustine full-time. She challenged the rest of the congregation to do the same.
“This is a very scary process for us to give so much money,” she said. “We do worry about Rowan’s [their son’s] future, and yet we consider this a different kind of investment in the future he’ll inherit. . . . For us, this is also a form of reparations. I have a conviction of faith that when God calls, many positive things will come from it.”
We answered the challenge. In four months, First Mennonite Church raised $100,000 to create the matching grant challenge. It felt like a true outpouring of the Spirit. For years, I and the coalition have longed to hire Augustine full-time to do the work to which she has devoted her life. For decades, she has been a leading voice in calling the Christian church to dismantle structures that oppress Indigenous peoples and deprive them of their lands — structures the Christian church established centuries ago.
I believe these same structures have now brought us to a point of crisis. I believe this is the kairos time, the fullness of time, when we must all dedicate ourselves to the Great Turning.
And so, our congregation issues a challenge: Will you join us in empowering Augustine and the coalition to do this important work? We will match every dollar donated to Augustine’s salary campaign up to $100,000 through Indigenous Peoples Day, Oct. 10. To do so, go to dofdmenno.org/donate.
There are other ways to join our coalition’s work toward Earth healing and justice with and for Indigenous peoples. We invite your volunteer energy on our committees and your commitment as part of our Repair Network (dofdmenno.org/coalition-structure-and-committees). Thank you!
Sheri Hostetler is lead pastor at First Mennonite Church of San Francisco. | <urn:uuid:dd9fb414-67c1-4942-b634-dcf12edfcde8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anabaptistworld.org/christians-built-unjust-structures-lets-invest-in-dismantling-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.947191 | 839 | 1.835938 | 2 |
These pages are official (as far as we know -- edit if you know better!) references to standards and formats.
“A video disc is a CD or DVD that contains multimedia video content, playable on a computer or...Video disc formats
“DVD Technical Notes provides fairly detailed technical information about the DVD standard., Ian...Video authoring references
Pages in category "Reference"
The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. | <urn:uuid:0824ce72-94a8-402f-b7d2-59ec473df871> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tovid.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Reference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00504-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833709 | 93 | 2.171875 | 2 |
48-Week Results of Study Comparing New Version of Amprenavir Once-A-Day to
Nelfinavir Twice-A-Day Presented at Glasgow International HIV Meeting
Reported by Jules Levin
Clearly we are entering the age of once-a-day therapy for HIV. An increasing
number of drugs are approved for once daily use, and these include d4T, ddI,
efavirenz (Sustiva), tenofovir (Viread) and 3TC. Nevirapine is being studied
once daily but has not yet been approved in the USA for once daily use.
Saquinavir also boosted by low dose ritonavir is being studied once per day.
As well, Kaletra is being studied once per day. For some drugs once-a-day use
may or may not be appropriate for some patients and so the pros and cons of
once daily dosing should be discussed between doctor and patient.
Here are excerpts from press release from GlaxoSmithKline reporting the
results of a study comparing the new formulation of their protease inhibitor
amprenavir (called "908) administered in this study once a day and boosted
with loe dose of ritonavir to nelfinavir administered twice a day. Brief
Summary: In what appears to be patients with more advanced HIV, 68% receiving
908/r regimen and 65% of patients receiving nelfinavir regimen had <400
copies/ml after 48 weeks of study; patients achieving <50 copies/ml was 56%
in 908 regimen and 52% in nelfinavir regimen. Patients with >500,000
copies/ml before therapy had a higher percent undetectable when receiving 908
compared to nelfinavir. Although the discontinuation rates for the two drugs
were about the same, more patients withdrew due to lack of viral response in
the nelfinavir group and more patients withdrew due to adverse events in the
908 group. More details are reported below.
Results of the SOLO trial, an open-label, multi-center study evaluating the
safety and efficacy of once-a-day (QD) dosing of the investigational protease
inhibitor (PI) GW433908 (908) boosted with ritonavir (908/r) QD in
antiretroviral therapy-naive patients versus twice-a-day (BID) nelfinavir
(NFV, Viracept), were presented today at a late breaker session at the 6th
International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection. SOLO is one of the
first pivotal studies to investigate the potential of QD (once-a-day) dosing
of an HIV protease inhibitor. Both drug arms were administered as part of
combination therapy that included abacavir (ABC) and lamivudine (3TC). 1400
mg of 908 is 2 pills and 200 mg of ritonavir 200 mg is 2 pills for a total
pill burden of 4 pills once a day. In the CONTEXT study described at the end
of this report Glaxo is studying 908 in treatment-experienced patients
boosted by low doses of ritonavir compared to Kaletra.
A large proportion of patients with advanced HIV disease. The patients
enrolled in the SOLO trial generally had advanced HIV disease at
baseline (median viral load: 4.8 log; 63,000 copies/ml), with 43 percent
having a viral load greater than 100,000 copies/ml. In addition, 20 percent
counts <50 cells/mm3 at baseline. Although patients with active or
acute Class C events were excluded, 22 percent of subjects in the SOLO
trial had a history of Class C events, designated by the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention as signs of advanced infection.
Gender diversity. Females represented 30 percent of the patients in the
908/r QD arm and 24 percent in the NFV BID arm.
Ethnic Diversity. In the 908/RTV QD arm, 38 percent of patients were of
African descent and 7 percent were Hispanic. In the NFV BID arm, 33
percent were African and 8 percent Hispanic.
Age range of patients was 18-69 (median 36) years.
Sexual orientation. 48 percent of 908/RTV QD recipients were
heterosexuals, versus 44 percent in the NFV BID arm.
The CONTEXT study is an open-label trial in PI-experienced subjects assessing
908 dosed at 700 mg BID in combination with 100 mg RTV, or 908 at 1400 mg QD
in combination with 200 mg RTV, compared to a third treatment arm of 400 mg
lopinavir/100 mg RTV BID. Participants also receive two active reverse
transcriptase inhibitors. The trial is fully enrolled with more than 300
patients and is being conducted at more than 80 research centers worldwide.
The study is assessing the safety and efficacy of each regimen at 24 and 48
weeks. Results from the CONTEXT trial are expected to be presented in 2003.
649 patients were randomized to receive either 1400 mg of 908 QD combined
with low dose ritonavir (200 mg QD), or 1250 mg of NFV BID. Both groups took
the medications in combination with 300 mg BID of ABC and 150 mg BID of 3TC.
In the 908/r QD arm, 68 percent of 322 patients achieved viral suppression
(<400 copies/ml) compared to 65 percent of 327 patients in the NFV arm.
Virologic failure at 48 weeks was seen in 4 percent of patients taking 908/r
QD compared to 15 percent of those taking NFV BID. Further, a viral load
below 50 copies/ml was achieved in 56 percent of patients taking 908/r QD
compared to 52 percent of patients taking NFV BID.
Seventy-one percent (71%) of patients in the 908/r arm with high viral load
(>500,000 copies/ml) at baseline (n=51) achieved undetectable viral load
compared to 53 percent of patients with high viral load at baseline (n=47) in
the NFV arm.
73 percent of patients in the 908/r arm with low CD4 count (<50) at baseline
(n=62) achieved undetectable viral load compared to 51 percent of patients
with low CD4 counts at baseline (n=69) in the nelfinavir arm. Quantitative
plasma HIV-1 RNA measures in the SOLO study were made using the Amplicor
HIV-1 MONITOR Test, Version 1.5, with the UltraSensitive sample preparation
method (limit of detection=50 copies/ml).
Study researchers report the incidence of dose limiting adverse events (AEs)
and severe laboratory abnormalities was low in both groups. The only drug
related AE that was significantly different between the two groups was
diarrhea, which was significantly (p=0.008) more prevalent in patients on NFV
(16 percent) than patients on 908 (9 percent). Most common other AEs with
908/r were allergy (7 percent), nausea (7 percent), and vomiting (6 percent).
The incidence of Grade 3-4 lipid abnormalities was <1 percent with the
exception of triglycerides which were 6 percent in patients taking 908/r QD
versus 2 percent in the NFV BID arm, but this report does not contain
percentages of patients with grade 2-3 lipid abnormalities. All mean fasting
cholesterol levels remained below the recommended National Cholesterol
Education Program (NCEP) intervention guidelines. In addition, normalization
of HDL-C was achieved in a substantial proportion of subjects.
Study investigator Joseph Gathe, MD reports "the overall rates of
discontinuations were similar in both study groups, more subjects withdrew
due to insufficient viral response in the NFV BID group - 8 percent, or 27
patients - compared to only 1 patient in the 908/r QD group. At the same
time, 9 percent, or 28 subjects, withdrew due to AEs in the 908/r QD group
compared to 5 percent, or 16 subjects, in the NFV BID group". | <urn:uuid:1176c28c-a4ba-4fe0-8af1-54fbe6d6da5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.natap.org/2002/6thIntlCongress/day1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927072 | 1,810 | 1.59375 | 2 |
According to Dezeen and MINI Frontiers: a group of students have developed a concept kitchen table for Ikea, which acts as an integrated cooking hob and dining table and can recommend recipes primarily based on the components you place on it (+ movie).
The interactive table, which was created by college students at Lund University and Eindhoven University of Engineering together with design consultancy IDEO, can detect an ingredient placed on it via a camera and picture-recognition technology.
Recommended Link: Xiamoi Mi 16000mAh Power Bank Launched In India At Rs.1,399
It will then suggest other ingredients to mix with it and can take the user by means of a full phase-by-step recipe through instructions projected immediately onto the surface of the table.
"It sees what grocery you place onto it and decides via color, form and size what grocery it is," explains Lund University student Ingrid Allenbach in the film. "It will then propose what will go nicely with it and give you recipes to guidebook, you by means of how to cook them."
The thought behind the table, which was presented as a starter for concept kitchens 2025 at the Ikea Short-term present in Milan, was to promote cooking and decrease the volume of foods that gets thrown away.
Magnetic coils have been created to fit within the table and also enables it to act as an induction hob, allowing customers cook straight on the wooden surface. The table consists of a crank, which means its prime can be lowered so that it is the proper height to eat at soon after getting ready food.
Recommended Link: Acer Predator 8 Gaming Tablet With Intel Atom x7 Goes Official at Computex 2015
Another idea that was proposed at Idea Kitchen 2025 was the notion for "noticeable fridge". Instead of storing perishable meals in closed refrigerator, users can use a series of induction shelves on which personally cooled containers can be positioned.
Each of the containers attribute a transparent lid, so meals are clearly noticeable at all times and so significantly less likely to go off and be thrown away. Empty containers can be switched off to save energy. | <urn:uuid:de93e92c-5060-4928-9825-e2f75735c825> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gizbot.com/gadgets/this-smart-table-ikea-can-suggest-receipes-also-cook-meals-y-025670.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00316-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962082 | 433 | 1.898438 | 2 |
By Willie Baptist and Kristin Colangelo
“We are homeless but not helpless…freedom is not free. We only get what we are organized to take!”Chris Sprowal, Lead Organizer and First President, National Union of the Homeless
“Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers.”Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Communist Manifesto
This digital series is an edited version of a draft booklet written to address the question of power, not pity, for the poor. It is dedicated to the many beloved warriors and leaders who gave their lives to the struggle of the class of the propertyless, that is, the poor and dispossessed, to abolish all poverty and human indignity.
This serious and sacred struggle of the poor and dispossessed is a fight for our lives and self-emancipation; for economic, social, and cultural justice for all. The lives of these warriors and leaders teach us that power for the poor, not pity, is the only path to ending poverty. Their lives teach us how we must each commit ourselves to the path of uniting and organizing the poor and dispossessed as a revolutionary social force. This commitment is the first indispensable step in the path to building political power.
To understand strategically what this path means for the tasks of leaders and organizers today, we must come to appreciate the commitments made by past generations of leaders, and learn from the lessons of their struggles for justice and human dignity. Today, the struggles of the poor and dispossessed have to build on these previous eras of struggle and undergo a fusion into a united and organized fight of a united and organized class force. Without this fusion of the poor, there is no other way for everyone to attain the universal human rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Among the many revolutionaries who, as both fighters and thinkers, devoted their lives to the uplifting of humanity, we want to give special acknowledgement to: Beulah Sanders, Johnnie Tillmon, Chris Sprowal, Roxanne Jones, Larry Gibson, Ron Casanova, Peg Franzen, Annie Smart, Vernon Bellencourt, Albert “the Root Doctor” Turner, Bessie Lou Cornett, Diane Bernard, Kathleen Sullivan, Ebon Dooley, Dottie Stevens, Tony Mazzocchi, Nelson Peery, Sue Ying, Chuck Wooten, Nancy Singham and General Baker.
And the many more, named and unnamed.
Beginning in the early 1990s, the Political Education Committee of the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU) entered into a period of comparative studies of the Poor People’s Campaign launched in 1967, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense founded in 1966, and the National Union of the Homeless begun in 1985. These studies compared the rise and demise of these efforts to organize the struggles of the impoverished, each of which proved to be, to one degree or another, politically threatening to the capitalist economic status quo and state apparatus of the United States.
Although they varied in form and approach, each of these political projects were deemed a threat by the state, and then targeted, either destroyed outright or defanged. The unfulfilled promise of the Poor People’s Campaign, the Black Panthers, and the National Union of the Homeless suggests to us that the poor, through sustained unity of action and organization, could become, as Dr. King once posed, a “new and unsettling force in our complacent national life”. The revolutionary possibility that each of these efforts represented, deemed too great a threat, was that through the organizing efforts of the poor not only would the poor themselves become awakened, but so too would the middle strata of the nation. Were that to happen, the main social base of the US economy and state, middle-income family households, could have been undermined and weakened to a place where a thorough transformation of society might actually have been possible.
Therefore, the various agencies and levels of the U.S. state played, and continue to play, a major role in the rise and demise of these national organizing efforts of the poor. Each of these important struggles of the poor and dispossessed rose in direct opposition to the violence of the U.S. state, which in turn played a decisive role in their defeat. In the KWRU studies, this central and destructive role of the state was key. With this in mind, the Political Education Committee of the KWRU also began a study of the network of national policy formulating think tanks, beginning with the old and formidable Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Afterall, it was, and continues to be, from the membership rosters of the CFR and related organizations that wide swaths of corporate and government leadership has been composed over the past 70 to 80 years.
This time of comparative studies encompassed a period from the founding of the Annie Smart Leadership Development Institute at Dignity Housing of Philadelphia through the demise of the National Union of the Homeless in the mid-1990s and all the way up to the founding of the University of the Poor in 2000. With the establishment of the Poverty Initiative in 2004, we added to these studies the beginnings of a historical analysis of the theological, moral, and economic underpinnings of the “Jesus Movement” in the ancient Roman Empire. For these studies and others, we derived specific lessons and concrete considerations for the mass political organizing of the poor and dispossessed into a united revolutionary class force.
These comparative studies all circulated around and were informed by the unprecedented national organizing drive of the National Union of the Homeless in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the overall approach of these studies was also influenced by a general survey and specific study of the lessons to be drawn from major social and political movements of the poor and propertyless across time. Those lessons include specific insights and inspirations drawn from the anti-slavery struggles of enslaved Blacks and poor whites, followed by Social Reconstruction after the Civil War. Drawn from these studies were two pivotal conclusions: the first economically defining and the second politically strategic.
Firstly, owing to the unprecedented and global microelectronics technological revolution, certain qualitatively new economic shifts have begun to take place. These shifts define our present times. In particular, they are producing a class of the poor today that is unlike the poor of yesterday, just as the poor of industrial capitalism and national imperialisms were unlike the ancient and feudal poor. The poor and dispossessed today is the most economically exploited and excluded section of the newly globalized working class. Its increasingly de-industrialized and superfluous socioeconomic position makes it objectively the most revolutionary class force; potentially “a new and unsettling force” compelled to kill the system that is directly killing it.
Secondly, the politically strategic conclusions drawn from our studies are that a mass organizing drive to unite the poor and dispossessed must include two important and indispensable operations:
- A network of political leaders with a revolutionary resolve and strategic outlook must be built to ensure the overall coordination of a mass organizing drive of the poor and dispossessed as politically independent from the rich and ruling class. This organizational network of revolutionaries must be organic, inseparably tied to the struggles of poor and dispossessed people. For this to happen, efforts such as the University of the Poor, which is committed to the education, training, and formation of this core of political leaders, is needed.
- Continuous major operations like the 1967-1968 Poor People’s Campaign need to be launched and conducted so as to develop a fusion class unity of the poor, along with the identification and unification of emerging leaders across all lines of division in the direction of abolishing poverty.
These two conclusions on the mass political organizing of the poor as a class are in stark contrast to the prevailing notions of organizing and organization today. These notions are generally only designed and directed against the “leaves and branches”, rather then the roots, of society’s problems, the causes of poverty and homelessness and the state apparatuses that uphold and protect these social ills.
The conventional notions of what constitutes organizing have been drawn mostly from the organizational principles of narrow trade unionism, whose adversary is the single employer or local governmental authority, and not the capitalist profit-making and poverty-producing system (and the state that protects it). Consequently, unlike political organizing, which is necessarily centered around contesting state power and deepening an approach to political education, these prevailing notions of organizing have been historically utilized to win some concessions for the poor, but to still preempt and prevent the uniting and organization of the poor (“the bottom”) as a powerfully influential class force. Some of the most notable examples of these prevailing notions come out of “pure and simple” trade unionism, Saul Alinsky’s model of “community organizing”, and Francis Fox Piven’s concept of non-organizing “disruptive” actions (or protest mobilizations) of the poor.
The comparative studies that laid the ground for this series were done during a period when the KWRU, an organization of homeless and poor families, was one of the most active chapters of the National Welfare Rights Union. We want to acknowledge again that the analyses, conclusions, and principles put forth here draw heavily from earlier generations of fighters and thinkers. In the following sections of this series, we will draw further on these and other experiences to help us develop a working concept of what it will take to move beyond pity for the poor and toward the actual power-building of the poor to transform our own miserable conditions. | <urn:uuid:49234b6a-49c4-4309-af11-b0cabbf8bb52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://universityofthepoor.org/power-not-pity-the-poor-organizing-the-poor-to-abolish-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.954134 | 2,002 | 1.992188 | 2 |
A review of the report from the National Science and Technolgy Council, "Smart Disclosure and Consumer Decision Making: Report of the Task Force on Smart Disclosure"
Access to data has been WD40 to the wheels of the US economy.
Companies like Facebook and Google derive their value from the data they collect and analyze. Manufacturers and retailers are able to optimize and streamline their operations becuase of the data they have at their disposal. And of course, consumers are able to make the best choices--not only for electronics and household staples, but also for education, health care, and financial services--becuase of the data they can easily access and visualize online.
But where does all that data come from? How can consumers and businesses trust the data's veracity? Who is promulgating the standards that ensures (or at least encourages) interoperability of the data, and its ability to be manipulated easily by competing or complimentary applications?
A new report by the National Science and Technolgy Council, "Smart Disclosure and Consumer Decision Making: Report of the Task Force on Smart Disclosure," outlines the benefits of opening data stores ("Smart Disclosure") to consumers and then details the actions various government agencies have been undertaking to realize those benefits.
What is being disclosed
The report breaks "data" into four categories based on what the data is about and who makes it available: data about individuals that the government makes available, data about individuals that the private sector makes available, data about government products or services, and data about private sector products or services.
Understandably, the administration has much greater influence over the rules that pertain to its own data, and especially over the data of its products and services, than over any data generated by and used for the private sector.
The distributed benefits of disclosure
The report details the benefits of smart disclosure as "Promoting Consumer Choice," "Empowering consumers with their own personal data," "New data-driven service," and "Broader economic impact." further, it details which sectors have seen some or all of these benefits, listing:
- Education, including "data sets and online tools available to help students and families choose a college and decide how to finance their children’s education."
- Energy and the Environment, including "energy efficiency of products, environmental compliance and enforcement, and consumers’ own personal energy usage"
- Finance, including data sets that "can help employees better understand their retirement options and employers better understand the quality of the plans they offer, with the help of third parties that analyze the data"
- Food and Nutrition, including nutrient profiles for common foods, inspection and other food-safety data, and location-based data about food options, such as the locations of farmers markets"
- Health Care, including data that "[d]evelopers can use the data to create applications that make health information more useful to consumers, communities, and service providers in areas such as disease prevention, health promotion, and the measurement of health care quality and performance."
Also mentioned are data about safety, telecommunications, and transportation.
Privacy and security are critical elements of smart disclosure, and the report explains sevral methods through which the administration is ensuring that data is accessible only to appropriate users, and that it is housed securely.
Smart Disclosure Initiatives
Since 2009, the administration has begun a number of smart disclosure initiatives, including:
- Blue Button: This health data initiative "is a public-private initiative [gives] individuals the ability to download their personal health data by clicking on a “Blue Button” on the website of the institution that is providing access to the data (e.g., a Federal agency or health care company). Individuals [can share] data with their health care providers or using an increasing number of services that use the data, such as personal health apps."
- Green Button: An energy data program, "Green Button, gives consumers timely access to their own energy usage and utility bill data in machine readable form, via the click of a “Green Button.” Armed with usage information, consumers can use a growing array of new Web and smartphone tools to make more informed energy decisions."
Other initiatives have begun to spur activity that uses finance, energy, and education data.
The report makes two recommendations for the future of smart disclosure. First, that federal agencies "should incorporate smart disclosure as a core component of their efforts to institutionalize and operationalize open data practices," and second that agencies "[d]evelop a government-wide community of practice."
For consumers--of goods and services, of financial instruments, of education or health care--data, like logic, may be the beginning of wisdom, not the end. But it is an indispensible beginning, and this report catalogs the ways in which the administration is trying to free more of it up to the benefit of all.
The full report can be read here.
Image via Tudor Catalin Gheorghe/Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:e8ae43a3-0053-43a8-84dc-e7f89806b036> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.govexec.com/excellence/promising-practices/2013/07/better-decisions-through-smart-disclosure/64238/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942248 | 1,025 | 2.8125 | 3 |
About the Book
New York Times bestseller
Named one of the top health and wellness books for 2016 by MindBodyGreen
Depression is not a disease. It is a symptom.
Recent years have seen a shocking increase in antidepressant use the world over, with 1 in 4 women starting their day with medication. These drugs have steadily become the panacea for everything from grief, irritability, panic attacks, to insomnia, PMS, and stress. But the truth is, what women really need can’t be found at a pharmacy.
According to Dr. Kelly Brogan, antidepressants not only overpromise and underdeliver, but their use may permanently disable the body’s self-healing potential. We need a new paradigm: The best way to heal the mind is to heal the whole body.
In this groundbreaking, science-based and holistic approach, Dr. Brogan shatters the mythology conventional medicine has built around the causes and treatment of depression. Based on her expert interpretation of published medical findings, combined with years of experience from her clinical practice, Dr. Brogan illuminates the true cause of depression: it is not simply a chemical imbalance, but a lifestyle crisis that demands a reset. It is a signal that the interconnected systems in the body are out of balance – from blood sugar, to gut health, to thyroid function– and inflammation is at the root.
A Mind of Your Own offers an achievable, step-by-step 30-day action plan—including powerful dietary interventions, targeted nutrient support, detoxification, sleep, and stress reframing techniques—women can use to heal their bodies, alleviate inflammation, and feel like themselves again without a single prescription.
Bold, brave, and revolutionary, A Mind of Your Own takes readers on a journey of self-empowerment for radical transformation that goes far beyond symptom relief.
“A Mind of Your Own is must reading for everyone who has bought into the idea that drugs are the best answer to anxiety and depression. With the research to prove it Dr. Kelly Brogan lays out a path to help you reclaim your mind and your brain health.” — Christiane Northrup, MD, New York Times bestselling author of Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom and Goddesses Never Age
“A Mind of Your Own leverages the most forward-minded clinical research combined with a healthy dose of compassionate holism to bring forth a revolution in treating mood disorders. Dr. Brogan’s program is a soundly welcomed bright light in a world otherwise focused solely on pharmaceuticals.” — David Perlmutter, MD, author of #1 New York Times bestseller Grain Brain and Brain Maker
“Bold, brilliant, and brimming with practical ideas and tools to end depression and anxiety without drugs, A Mind of Your Own is a tour de force that will change how you approach your health and mental wellbeing.” — Sara Gottfried MD, author of The Hormone Reset Diet and The Hormone Cure
“Here’s a new prescription for thinking about depression and how to treat it: Heal the Body, and the Mind Will Follow. Brogan provides a clear review of the science behind that prescription, and how to fill it, challenging readers to open their minds to new possibilities in mental health.” — Robert Whitaker, author of Mad in America and Anatomy of an Epidemic
“A Mind of Your Own is a perfect affirmation for how a person can take charge of her own mental health using Dr. Brogan’s program. Anyone reading this book will come away with a scientifically-based, safe, and effective approach to mental health without the use of drugs.” — Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D, FACN, author of The Disease Delusion
- ISBN: 9780062405579
- ISBN 10: 0062405578
- Imprint: Harper Wave
- On Sale: 03/15/2016
- Trimsize: 6 in (w) x 9 in (h) x 1.13 in (d)
- Pages: 352
- List Price: 26.99 USD
- BISAC1: PSYCHOLOGY / Psychopathology / Depression
- BISAC2: SELF-HELP / Mood Disorders / Depression
- BISAC3: MEDICAL / Holistic Medicine | <urn:uuid:d0fc525a-905a-43ad-9658-b9ebed3c2d81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062405579/?utm_source=aps&utm_medium=athrweb&utm_campaign=aps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879221 | 907 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Quotes of the Day for 20 February 2001 – The Heavens
For thousands of years we have been looking into The Heavens, wondering what was out there. As our vision improves our sense of wonder only increases.
Our sun is one of 100 billion stars in our galaxy. Our galaxy is one of the billions of galaxies populating the universe. It would be the height of presumption to think that we are the only living things within that enormous immensity.
- Werner von Braun
When you reach for the stars you may not quite get one, but you won't come up with a handful of mud either.
- Leo Burnett
A penny will hide the biggest star in the Universe if you hold it close enough to your eye.
- Samuel Grafton
One can search the brain with a microscope and not find the mind, and can search the stars with a telescope and not find God.
- J. Gustav White
We do not have to visit a madhouse to find disordered minds; our planet is the mental institution of the universe.
Do you see an error on this page? A typo, a character that is messed up, a misattribution? Please let us know! | <urn:uuid:365043b0-ca3d-4355-bb87-e8519ae37334> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.qotd.org/archive/daily.html?date=2001-02-20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00491-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909697 | 245 | 1.695313 | 2 |
The Guilt Offering
7:1 “‘This is the law of the guilt offering. It is most holy. 7:2 In the place where they slaughter the burnt offering they must slaughter the guilt offering, and the officiating priest 1 must splash 2 the blood against the altar’s sides. 7:3 Then the one making the offering 3 must present all its fat: the fatty tail, the fat covering the entrails, 7:4 the two kidneys and the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he must remove along with the kidneys). 4 7:5 Then the priest must offer them up in smoke on the altar 5 as a gift to the Lord. It is a guilt offering. 7:6 Any male among the priests may eat it. It must be eaten in a holy place. It is most holy. 6 7:7 The law is the same for the sin offering and the guilt offering; 7 it belongs to the priest who makes atonement with it.
Priestly Portions of Burnt and Grain Offerings
7:8 “‘As for the priest who presents someone’s burnt offering, the hide of that burnt offering which he presented belongs to him. 7:9 Every grain offering which is baked in the oven or 8 made in the pan 9 or on the griddle belongs to the priest who presented it. 7:10 Every grain offering, whether mixed with olive oil or dry, belongs to all the sons of Aaron, each one alike. 10
The Peace Offering
7:11 “‘This is the law of the peace offering sacrifice which he 11 is to present to the Lord. 7:12 If he presents it on account of thanksgiving, 12 along with the thank offering sacrifice he must present unleavened loaves mixed with olive oil, unleavened wafers smeared with olive oil, 13 and well soaked 14 ring-shaped loaves made of choice wheat flour 15 mixed with olive oil. 7:13 He must present this grain offering 16 in addition to ring-shaped loaves of leavened bread which regularly accompany 17 the sacrifice of his thanksgiving peace offering. 7:14 He must present one of each kind of grain offering 18 as a contribution offering 19 to the Lord; it belongs to the priest who splashes the blood of the peace offering. 7:15 The meat of his 20 thanksgiving peace offering must be eaten on the day of his offering; he must not set any of it aside until morning.
7:16 “‘If his offering is a votive or freewill sacrifice, 21 it may be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and also the leftovers from it may be eaten on the next day, 22 7:17 but the leftovers from the meat of the sacrifice must be burned up in the fire 23 on the third day. 7:18 If some of the meat of his peace offering sacrifice is ever eaten on the third day it will not be accepted; it will not be accounted to the one who presented it, since it is spoiled, 24 and the person who eats from it will bear his punishment for iniquity. 25 7:19 The meat which touches anything ceremonially 26 unclean must not be eaten; it must be burned up in the fire. As for ceremonially clean meat, 27 everyone who is ceremonially clean may eat the meat. 7:20 The person who eats meat from the peace offering sacrifice which belongs to the Lord while his uncleanness persists 28 will be cut off from his people. 29 7:21 When a person touches anything unclean (whether human uncleanness, or an unclean animal, or an unclean detestable creature) 30 and eats some of the meat of the peace offering sacrifice which belongs to the Lord, that person will be cut off from his people.’” 31
Sacrificial Instructions for the Common People: Fat and Blood
7:22 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 32 7:23 “Tell the Israelites, ‘You must not eat any fat of an ox, sheep, or goat. 7:24 Moreover, the fat of an animal that has died of natural causes 33 and the fat of an animal torn by beasts may be used for any other purpose, 34 but you must certainly never eat it. 7:25 If anyone eats fat from the animal from which he presents a gift to the Lord, that person will be cut off from his people. 35 7:26 And you must not eat any blood of the birds or the domesticated land animals in any of the places where you live. 36 7:27 Any person who eats any blood – that person will be cut off from his people.’” 37
Priestly Portions of Peace Offerings
7:28 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 38 7:29 “Tell the Israelites, ‘The one who presents his peace offering sacrifice to the Lord must bring his offering to the Lord from his peace offering sacrifice. 7:30 With his own hands he must bring the Lord’s gifts. He must bring the fat with the breast 39 to wave the breast as a wave offering before the Lord, 40 7:31 and the priest must offer the fat up in smoke on the altar, but the breast will belong to Aaron and his sons. 7:32 The right thigh you must give as a contribution offering 41 to the priest from your peace offering sacrifices. 7:33 The one from Aaron’s sons who presents the blood of the peace offering and fat will have the right thigh as his share, 7:34 for the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution offering I have taken from the Israelites out of their peace offering sacrifices and have given them to Aaron the priest and to his sons from the people of Israel as a perpetual allotted portion.’” 42
7:35 This is the allotment of Aaron and the allotment of his sons from the Lord’s gifts on the day Moses 43 presented them to serve as priests 44 to the Lord. 7:36 This is what the Lord commanded to give to them from the Israelites on the day Moses 45 anointed them 46 – a perpetual allotted portion throughout their generations. 47
Summary of Sacrificial Regulations in Leviticus 6:8-7:36
7:37 This is the law 48 for the burnt offering, the grain offering, 49 the sin offering, the guilt offering, the ordination offering, 50 and the peace offering sacrifice, 7:38 which the Lord commanded Moses on Mount Sinai on the day he commanded the Israelites to present their offerings to the Lord in the wilderness of Sinai. | <urn:uuid:e8f772f5-f106-4be9-9866-c89fc8f7916c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://net.bible.org/?_escaped_fragment_=bible/Leviticus%2B7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967544 | 1,388 | 1.875 | 2 |
It may be a case of grab that new customer while you can.
Wall Street analysts wondered why some natural gas firms barely flinched when propects dimmed for fast decontrol of gas. One reason, they say: Gradual decontrol gives firms more time to sign customers while gas prices are low relative to oil. Based on heat content, the average price of gas in the US is about one-third that for oil -- but will gradually rise as older wells are exhausted and decontrol boosts prices for gas from newer wells.
Firms worried that if gas prices shot up, salesmen would have a tough time getting oil customers to switch. | <urn:uuid:106389c1-f68a-428f-bad2-06a640ec0ade> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0212/021209.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00490-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950533 | 135 | 1.75 | 2 |
ORANGE BALL is for players who are transitioning from Red Ball and learning to play on the 60 ft. court. Athletic development and a focus on technique are important building blocks for this stage.
ORANGE BALL DETAILS
Ball Type: Orange Ball
Court Size: 60ft court
- develop an understanding of the correct grips, footwork stances, and swing pathways
- athletic development and a focus on technique are important building blocks for this stage
- competition through games and drills to work on decision making, reading the court and the opponent
- players learn patterns and can control spins and directions
- players are able to consistently rally and cooperate with a partner
- maintaining proper technique during points and proficiency on serve is a necessity before moving to the next level
We highly encourage players to choose one of our coaches and begin private or semi- private lessons to speed up the developmental process. | <urn:uuid:7bbc991b-0726-4054-9606-be4dbc502bb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.acadianaserves.com/pages/laaserves/events/orange2x-week-tue-and-thurs-at-beaver-park_877179.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.946429 | 193 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Missouri's Technology Development Network
Resources for Starting and Growing Technology Companies in Missouri
Missouri has a strong network of of state, federal, university and private resources designed to develop and support high-growth businesses. These organizations work together across the state of Missouri to support high-growth and technology-based businesses. Find the one that is right for you by accessing
Research and Development Support
Universities often have new technologies that are ripe for commercialization as well as faculty and staff who can help to solve research and development problems.
Early-stage Seed Investments
MoFAST counselors can help you seek out, apply for and win Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) awards that will provide money to develop and potentially commercialize your innovations.
Angel Groups are available to take you to the next step in funding beyond "friends and family."
Early-stage Business Growth
Covering every county in Missouiri, the Small Business and Technology Development Center Network offers counseling, assistance with business planning and access to technology specialists across the state.
Missouri has a network of Innovation Centers that offer a wide range of management and technical assistance to businesses. Many of these centers have associated incubators with wet labs.
Missouri Enterprise works to improve the productivity and competitiveness of Missouri’s manufacturers and businesses in the health care industry.
Later Stage funding
InvestMidwest is Missouri's own annual venture capital forum. The state also boasts a number of venture capital firms.
Other statewide technology based organizations
These organizations provide advocay and funding for technology initiatives.
>Missouri Technology Corporation | <urn:uuid:38677fa2-88b9-4c31-8425-12abf45cf14f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mosourcelink.com/high-tech/missouri's-technology-development-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00082-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933727 | 333 | 1.5 | 2 |
As part of my MSc in Science Communication and Public Engagement, I've created a Gamebook. It's been made to help educate people on biobanks, whilst hopefully allowing people to have some fun on the way!
I'd really appreciate you guys giving it a go and filling in the feedback form at the end.
Please feel free to ask me about anything you want if you have questions
Nicely done! I learned something without the need to read through some 50 page long scientific paper :D
Second half of the game gets bit tedious as it is all just talking during meetings. I would sprinkle some "action" to it by maybe having player doing some research, or collecting samples themselves. It would give another insight into the topic, and helps break the monotony.
For example examining samples for contamination to discard them (would affect how the research goes in the long run), collecting samples themselves (how far do you stick the spatula into the volunteer's mouth? Could be some funny outcome there :P) or just adding something in between.
There are some jumps like "4 months later" or "1 year later". Plenty of time to add some stuff there... for instance some crisis or government pulling the funds and player needs to defend the funding, or diffusing situation with some protestors protesting in front of the institute... you get the jist :)
Other than that, a game well done and thank you for making me aware of this biobank business!
Thanks so much for playing! I really appreciate the feedback.
Good point on adding in a bit more action. I was struggling as I was trying to stick to reality but I never thought of the funding being pulled being dramatic to an outside audience. You've given some great ideas to refresh it after my MSc. Unfortunately, I can't add in the changes until it's done! (Thems the MSc rules) | <urn:uuid:3de675f7-92bd-41a5-8954-9b412d6b7844> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://textadventures.co.uk/forum/games/topic/4jqiyb4cfuejx9qvg9cihw/whats-in-a-biobank-new-game | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.961775 | 444 | 1.78125 | 2 |
While women still face an uphill battle when it comes to breaking the corporate glass ceiling, many women are finding success these days as entrepreneurs, building their own businesses without those ceilings to hold them down. The growth rate of women-owned businesses has climbed steadily, even as they continue to face challenges with getting the financing and other assistance they need to succeed. However, there's no doubt that women entrepreneurs are, as a group, innovative and highly successful.
"Look at women in business today, and you see a distinct new generation of Entrepreneurs. They are experienced, educated and have an appetite for growth." – Julie Weeks, Director of Research, Center for Women's Business Research. The 90's marked the start of the phenomenal growth rate of businesses started by and owned by women. In an a report released by the Center for Women's Business Research the latest data reported in "Key Facts about Women-Owned Business-a 2007 Update" shows that for the past two decades majority women-owned firms have continued to grow at around two times the rate of all other firms. Between 1997 and 2006 the number of privately held firms by women of color grew five times faster than all private held firms. Women-owned firms account for 41% of all privately held firms, employed more than 12.8 million people and generate $1.9 trillion in sales. Three percent of all women-owned firms have revenues of $1 million or more compared with 6% of men-owned firms. Women-owned firms with revenues of $1 million or more are more likely to market their products and services nationally. The largest share of women-owned firms is in the service sector. More than two-thirds (69.0 %) of these firms (5.3 million) are in services; 14.4% (1.1 million) are in the retail trade; and 7.7% (0.6 million) are in real estate, rental and leasing. From 1997 to 2006, the greatest growth among 51% or more women-owned firms has been in | <urn:uuid:e7c9c234-8885-4a87-bae1-74c443c66310> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.studymode.com/essays/Women-In-Business-876413.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.97561 | 420 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Active in the world of children’s manga from the 1930s through until the 1950s, Sugiura Shigeru was a multitalented creator and influential manga artist. Influential senior to the very famous gag manga artist Akatsuka Fujio, as well as a musician, photographer and novelist in his own right, his works portray fantastic ideas that shake off common sense and a cheerfulness that leaves the reader smiling unconsciously.
The year 2009 marks one hundred and one years since the birth of Sugiura, and the Kyoto International Manga Museum has put together a commemorative exhibition, in celebration of his characters’ famous hand gesture with the index and little fingers raised, came the idea of celebrating “Birthday 101” with the keywords “niko-niko (smiling)”,“henteko (funny)” and “hogaraka (cheerfulness)”.
Designed to appeal to old fans as well as a new generation who have never known his works, this exhibition recaptures the happy, wonder of Sugiura World and will be held as outlined below. His pop and modern style never seems old to look at, and even now presents modern day audiences with fresh surprises.
|Date||March 20th (Friday) to May 24th (Sunday) 2009|
|Location||Kyoto International Manga Museum, 2nd floor, main gallery|
High and junior high school students: 500yen
Elementary school students: 200yen
*This amount includes the entrance fee to the museum (500yen, 300yen and 100yen respectively)
Sponsors:Kyoto International Manga Museum
Joint sponsorship (planning partners):Sugiura Shigeru Hyakuichinensai Jikko iinkai .
Shimazu Yotaro (manga researcher), Minamoto Taro (manga artist, manga researcher), Nakano Haruyuki (manga editor, nonfiction writer) and others.
- Original artwork, publications, supplementary volumes and books introducing the works of Shigeru Sugiura accompanied by commentary panels written by exhibition planning partners Shimazu Yotaro, Minamoto Taro and Nakano Haruyuki.
- Original illustrations dedicated to Sugiura Shigeru by self-acknowledged fans of his work from various creative fields.
- Exhibition panels introducing those who were close to Sugiura Shigeru, such as his mentor Tagawa Suiho (famous for his series Norakuro) and similarly pupils* of Tagawa, as well as others.
* Yamane Aooni (Meitantei Kage), Yamane Akaoni (Yotaro-kun), Takita Yu (Terashima-cho Kitan), Kurakane Shosuke (Anmitsu Hime) Hasegawa Machiko (Sazae-san)
- A corner where you can look through and read ‘phantom’ works such as Ninjutsu Kassen (1954), Dangan Tommy (1958) and others which were not published as individual book volumes or reprinted after their initial serialization. 14 different works totaling over 1,000 pages.
- Commemorative photography corner where you can experience Sugiura World with character disguises and faceless cardboard cutouts etc. Additionally, in various places throughout the building, Sugiura characters have been set up so that not only the special exhibition hall, but the entire museum is brightened by the 101 Year Festival.
- A symposium on Sunday the 22nd of March by Taro Minamoto (manga artist, manga researcher and exhibition planning partner) will be followed on Sunday the 12th of April by a talk show with Kenzo Saeki (musician).
Sugiura Shigeru - Profile
Born in Tokyo in 1908 and died in the year 2000, after studying Western Painting at school Shigeru Sugiura studied under the tutorage of Tagawa Suiho known best for his series Norakuro. Sugiura continued to produce manga during the pre and post war period, and in particular, gained great popularity for his adventure themed manga aimed towards young boys. His well rounded works were known for a cheerful painting style and original fantastic ideas as well as contrary elements such as the depiction of an otherwise classical world through the use of puns and comic stories, and a surreal literary style reminiscent of the Spanish painter Salvador Dali. Though his works, he influenced the next generation of creators in a myriad of ways. Among others, the manga artist Akatsuka Fujio (1935-2008), novelist Tsutsui Yasutaka (1934-) and musician Hosono Haruomi (1947-). He has ardent fans in all fields. He produced a countless number of representative works such as Sarutobi Sasuke, Shonen Saiyuki and Shonen Jiraiya, to name but a few. | <urn:uuid:f605a822-b869-4bdb-9757-4f206e80e316> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kyotomm.jp/HP/international/english/2009/02/sugiur101th_e.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00082-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954983 | 1,024 | 2.140625 | 2 |
MONTGOMERY, AL—The YMCA of Greater Montgomery announced the operation of its first-ever food mobile set to begin today. The food mobile, called “The Brown Bag Bus,” will be serving a mission under “Operation: Brown Bag” to provide fresh, healthy meals to our neighbors facing hunger. It will function as a nutrition education and food assistance outreach hub. The bus will boast seating for 30, food distributions, and a kitchen for nutrition education. The kitchen will give instructors the space to teach participants how to prepare food in a healthy fashion.
The YMCA will send its truck to low-income communities and will serve an after-school and weekend need to families providing up to 100 meals each day during the school year. During the summer, the food truck will serve up to 1,000 meals per week.
While the Y already serves 500,000 meals per year through both closed and open feeding sites, the food mobile will travel more widely. The mobile model allows the meals to go to high-need areas, even if there is not a facility able to serve as a feeding site.
“No one should have to be hungry or spend time worrying about their next meal. It is our hope here at the YMCA with the help of community partners, to ensure that every person in our community has access to healthy food, and educated on how to prepare healthy meals for their families,” said YMCA of Greater Montgomery President and CEO, Gary A. Cobbs.
Coca-Cola has agreed to fund the project with a $50,000 grant. As part of the American Beverage Association, Coca-Cola has a long-standing commitment to being part the solution to reducing obesity in America. With their latest project, Balanced Calories Initiative, recently launched in the Montgomery/Lowdnes County areas, the beverage industry will provide consumers with more choices, smaller portions and fewer calories, with the goal of a 20 percent reduction of beverage calories consumed per person nationally by the year 2025.
Matt Flurry, sales center manager for Montgomery Coca-Cola said, “We are proud to join hands with the YMCA of Greater Montgomery as they begin the operation of their first-ever food mobile. As a nutrition education and food outreach hub, the YMCA of Montgomery’s Brown Bag Bus will provide the perfect platform to help us at Coca-Cola, along with the American Beverage Association, further our commitment to combat obesity in our community.”
Cobbs said, “We are extremely grateful to Coca-Cola for their support as we embark on this journey to help our community combat obesity in a big way.” | <urn:uuid:0c90d5eb-1275-43ad-ab5e-f720307134ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ymcamontgomery.org/announcements/the-ymca-of-greater-montgomery-announces-plan-for-first-ever-food-mobile-for-community-thanks-coca-cola-for-50000-support/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.960151 | 554 | 1.5625 | 2 |
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