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In 1986, shortly before the beginning of Japan’s “bubble economy,” a department in the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) announced a plan named Silver Columbia 92.
The project encouraged Japan’s private sector to develop “silver towns,” communities abroad that would attract large numbers of Japanese retirees. The United States, Spain, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, various Asian nations and Australia were listed as possible destinations.
The name Silver Columbia 92 acknowledged that 1992, the year the project was to be launched in earnest, would fall on the 500th anniversary of Columbus’ voyage to the New World.
Behind the bureaucrats’ thinking was the inevitable rise in retirees, particularly from around 2007, when millions of dankai no sedai, as Japan’s postwar baby boomers are called, would be reaching the mandatory retirement age.
But many Japanese angrily brushed off the MITI proposal as a callous effort to export the elderly, in what was effectively a more humane version the ancient practice of ubasute, the abandoning of elderly women in the mountains. The MITI plan also drew criticism from the proposed inbound countries, which had no infrastructure to provide medical care and other services to Japanese expatriates.
Aside from the emotional issues, some parts of the MITI plan did make sense. Due to smaller dwellings and various socio-economic factors, the ratio of three-generation households living together under one roof was rapidly declining. Seniors, too, began to look forward to their golden years as a time to pursue hobbies, travel and other interests. Their pensions and savings were regarded as something to be used up during their lifetime rather than hoarded for their heirs.
Another key development was the sharp appreciation of the Japanese yen, which from 1986 has more than doubled in value against the U.S. dollar, giving retirees considerably more purchasing power outside Japan.
Silver Columbia 92 spawned the LongStay Foundation (www.longstay.or.jp), an incorporated foundation established in February 1992 that works with private-sector businesses and individuals to disseminate information for those considering a move abroad.
Toyo Keizai (Feb. 9) ran a 40-page cover story devoted to overseas residence and investments. As of 2011, the magazine reported, 1.18 million Japanese were “long-term” residents overseas — defined as staying outside their country for three months or more. The figure increased by about 3 percent from 2010.
“After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, there was a major rise in interest toward moving abroad,” a knowledgeable source tells the magazine. “Previously this group was largely made up of affluent people, but now it’s spread to other segments of the population.”
While the appeal for taking up residence abroad may vary, lower living costs are clearly a key attraction. A survey of 575 such people by HomeStay Foundation found that only 22 percent of respondents said their monthly outlays exceeded ¥210,000 per month, as opposed to 32 percent with monthly outlays between ¥100,000 and ¥150,000. (Another 23 percent said they pay between ¥50,000 and ¥100,000 per month.)
Noting that Japanese are not only paying higher rates for utilities but will also soon face the prospect of an increase in the consumption tax, Nikkan Gendai has been running an ongoing series titled “You can’t live on your social security,” which has featured testimonials from Japanese living in such places as Portugal and Chiengmai, Thailand.
Another appeal of such countries is affordability of care-givers. When a retired gentleman named Makino moved to Malaysia in 2006, he checked his elderly mother out of her rest home and brought her along. The monthly cost for her round-the-clock assisted living came to ¥60,000. When she passed away three years later at age 92, her remains were transported back to Japan for burial, which involved a bit of red tape, but at ¥270,000 the total cost was manageable.
As more Japanese move money abroad, however, the government has begun to adopt tougher measures to monitor their assets. Shukan Diamond (Feb. 23) reported that from 2013, the National Tax Agency will require Japanese to report all foreign assets exceeding ¥50 million, and cheaters risk fines or imprisonment. The new laws also aim at closing loopholes heretofore not covered, such as transferring assets, either through gifts or inheritance arrangements, to family members living abroad, even if they have acquired foreign nationality.
At the opposite end of the financial spectrum are those who, through carelessness or bad luck, find themselves far from home and flat broke. Toyo Keizai cited a staff member at the Japanese Embassy in Manila who noted the growing numbers of compatriots — 103 in 2011 — who come calling to request financial assistance. Most even lack their return fare to Japan or funds to pay the fine for visa violations — about ¥6,000 per month of overstay.
A 48-year-old man from Aichi prefecture was one such person. During the day, he managed to earn enough to eat by working at a stall in the market that sold fried vegetables. But for one year, he spent his nights curled up on the floor of the Baclaran Church until finally managing to find a sympathetic person willing to underwrite his return to Japan. | <urn:uuid:a585597e-305d-4f48-a46b-36afa1c9663b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/24/national/overseas-voyages-by-retirees-include-more-than-a-few-shipwrecks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00561-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971688 | 1,117 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Книгу можно купить в интернет-магазинах:
· OZON.ru 1588р. [Проверить наличие]
ISBN: 5-98124-108-X, 1419505033Издательство: Kaplan Publishing
Год издания: 2005
Book DescriptionChildren are Sitting Ducks in Today’s High-Powered World of Commercialization According to a 2004 study by the American Psychological Association, companies spend $12 billion annually on advertising aimed directly at children and teens. Children today watch close to a thousand of hours of television every year, the obesity rate of youth ages six to 19 has tripled over the past thirty years, approximately 80% of videogames contain some form of violence, and about 70% of television programming has some sort of sexual content. America’s children are under assault, and a new book from educational researchers Daniel S. Acuff, PhD, and Robert H. Reiher, PhD will help parents protect their children. In Kidnapped: How Irresponsible Marketers are Stealing the Minds of Your Children , Drs. Acuff and Reiher explore the development stages from birth through adolescence and showing what kinds of messages children can “tolerate” at each... | <urn:uuid:9e4cd38a-b4ef-4cea-8149-360d3836aee1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.libring.ru/books/100213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854116 | 324 | 1.804688 | 2 |
|News & Articles|
Violence Against Women on Rise on TV
The Parents Television Council has discovered that depicted violence against women on television has increased 120 percent over the last five years. And, portrayal of violence against teenage girls has increased by an alarming 400 percent.
To make matters worse, this study by the PTC only surveyed CBS, NBC, ABC, and Fox, without taking a look at cable networks. Not surprisingly, NBC heads the list of offenders with a 192 percent increase, followed by CBS at 119 percent, Fox at 105 percent, and ABC with a “mere” 39 percent.
The increase of violence against teenage girls is even worse.
Violence against teenage girls increased by a shocking 700 percent on Fox, 600 percent on CBS, and 300 percent on NBC.
The report can be read at www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/Womenin-Peril/main.asp.
Please let the networks know that this is not acceptable!
– Source: The Bulletin, Philadelphia, 11/28/09. | <urn:uuid:9412c99e-59f1-48d9-8050-cf708bfbd205> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/violence-against-women-on-rise-on-tv.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938048 | 222 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Common concrete block dimensions are 39 cm 19 cm 30 cm (or 20 cm or 10 cm) in size, with unit configurations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches being the most often used sizes.Concrete blocks are made by mixing cement, aggregate, and water together.When it comes to concrete blocks, the cement-to-aggregate ratio is 1:6.
What are the dimensions of a 6 inch block, taking this into consideration?
Sizes of concrete masonry units (CMUs).
|CMU SIZE||NOMINAL DIMENSIONS D X H X L (INCHES)|
|4′ CMU Half-Block||4′ x 8′ x 8′|
|6′ CMU Full Block||6′ x 8′ x 16′|
|6′ CMU Half-Block||6′ x 8′ x 8′|
|8′ CMU Full Block||8′ x 8′ x 16′|
What is the size of a 4 inch concrete block?
Dimensions of Concrete Blocks If you have any doubts regarding the project or the mortar joint, having a list of the usual sizes of CMUs may be quite beneficial. CMU with a 4-inch diameter 3 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 7 5/8 in. Actual Dimensions Nominal Dimensions: 4 x 8 x 8
What size concrete blocks do I need for a door?
Specialist blocks for door trim, window trim, rafter and pipe fittings, and other building applications are often smaller and more solid in construction.They are normally 2 1/4 x 4 x 8 inches in size and are used to replace red clay bricks in a variety of applications.references.
Cemex: Different Types and Sizes of Concrete Blocks.Concrete block sizes and CMU dimensions are included in the Archtoolbox.
What are the different types of concrete blocks?
Concrete blocks are available in a variety of standard sizes, the most common of which is referred to as a concrete masonry unit (CMU) (CMU). Other sizes are typically half the size of a CMU, measured either vertically or horizontally, depending on the application.
What is the standard size of concrete masonry?
Concrete masonry modules typically have nominal face measurements of 8 in.(203 mm) by 16 in.(406 mm), and are available in nominal thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 in., depending on the manufacturer (102, 152, 203, 254, 305, 356, and 406 mm).
It is important to understand that nominal measurements refer to the module size while considering bond patterns and modular architecture in relation to door and window openings. | <urn:uuid:1a68ae74-7e02-4243-82f3-3a2cfd99c766> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kanyakumari-info.com/trends/what-is-the-dimensions-of-a-concrete-block.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.900591 | 574 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Occasionally, Enterprise Networking Planet is pleased to publish articles contributed by leaders in the field. Today’s contribution comes from Rich Napolitano, CEO of Plexxi, who shares his predictions for the enterprise network to come and his advice for achieving its requirements.
The dynamics of IT are changing. Just as many analysts and pundits predicted, big data, mobile and the Internet of Things are putting an ever-increasing strain on the network. While this change empowers end users around the world, most networks are unprepared for the added stresses on already-fragile infrastructures. The rest of the datacenter has sped ahead (servers have been virtualized, the software powering them has changed), but the technology powering our networks has remained essentially unchanged.
The shift we are seeing is what many, including IDC, call the “Third Platform Era” of IT innovation. It is defined by data and applications becoming increasingly distributed. The concept is as follows: As more and more data is created and transferred between resources, the network must be increasingly resilient, dynamic and agile to adjust to application demands accordingly.
You might be wondering: If we’re already in the Third Platorm Era, what were the First and the Second Era?
Even though you may not be able to instantly pinpoint them, the footprints of each era are clearly defined if you look closely. The First Era was defined by monolithing IT infrastructure. This meant that everything – storage, compute, networking, applications – were all contained in one central mainframe. Following that came the Second Era, marked by the introduction and meteoric rise of the personal computer, leading to increased strain on networking systems. During this era, we saw the growth of the IT giants, like Cisco and EMC.
That brings us to the Third Platform Era, where we stand today. As data and applications become increasingly distributed, there is an inherent architectural dependence on the interconnect, which enables these resources to work in concert to deliver application workloads. That interconnect — the network — must undergo its own transformation to meet the new needs of the Third Platform Era.
So, what characteristics are networks currently missing? What features does the network of the future need to succeed? In my opinion, there are five characteristics each much have:
1: Agility. Application agility is meaningless if the network cannot keep pace. Keeping pace means removing complexity, simplifying operations, and embracing automation to provide a dynamic and responsive infrastructure. Conditions in and around the datacenter are perpetually changing, placing a greater focus on resource management. Infrastructure agility must match business agility, requiring that the underlying infrastructure be responsive to the applications for which it is responsible.
How to achieve agility in your network: Network agility comes largely from the ability to change the network from the “wires up,” based on new business needs, without lots of complex, manual, error-prone and labor-intensive work (the antithesis of agility!). Think about developing a long-term plan for a fully automated agile network, with interim steps to get to that point. Start by looking at a cap-and-grow strategy from the existing legacy network and build out new applications on a network that can be fully automated from the wires up. The next step is to build hooks from the self-service IT domain into the virtualized overlay. When it is time to replace the physical network, look for one that provides full Layer 1 re-configurability with higher-level automation hooks.
2: Scalability. In a dynamic application environment, it’s about more than scale. The challenge with scalability is less about how large the clusters are now, and more about how to gracefully scale for future deployments. If an infrastructure is architected for small deployments, how will it evolve as the number of nodes increases? Will it require a complete re-architecture at some point? The key point to remember is that scalability is less about the absolute scale and more about developing the path to a sufficiently scaled solution.
How to achieve scalability in your network: When evaluating a new network, look at the break points that cause high degrees of pain to get beyond. For example, in a traditional “leaf-and-spine” network, typically the network will scale up to the capacity of the spines. Beyond that, further scaling requires re-architecture and re-cabling, a painful and costly experience. This type of overbuilding creates waste and increases the likelihood that the technology will become obsolete before it is usable at the scale needed. Instead, look for a network that grows as incrementally as possible and in the smallest possible unit (usually the number of ports). Finally, look for one that doesn’t necessitate major re-cabling or re-architecture at break points.
3: Integration. The infrastructure must work in an orchestrated fashion to deliver application experience. This means that compute, storage, networking, applications and all the surrounding systems must be capable of frictionless coordination. A well-integrated network should be able to affect different behaviors via policy and have the ability to efficiently fit available network resources to the most critical business needs. All of this needs to be done in ways that can easily be automated.
How to achieve integratability in your network: As you move from bespoke applications and infrastructure to self-service utility computing for both test/dev and production workloads, think about how production workloads can be configured to express their intent directly to the infrastructure. Most new orchestration systems are starting to build in the ability to encapsulate workloads with policy meta data. This makes it important for network engineers to think about how to structure that policy and define the syntax/grammar, in addition to operational considerations like change control and governance. There needs to be a holistic way and common approach for workloads to tell the infrastructure what is needed, within the bounds of what that workload is equipped to request. Put simply, start to define the interface points and policies and procedures between infrastructure and applications before individual application developers start to build their own ad-hoc integrations.
4: Resiliency. Distributed systems only function if the interconnect is reliable. This means the network must be fault-tolerant and resilient.
How to achieve resiliency in your network: Resiliency and cost-effective redundancy are byproducts of good design. As applications become more distributed and scaled-out, they are inherently more resilient (unless they run on a network that takes the entire application down with it). As networks transition to scale-out applications, consider moving from a redundancy perspective to a resiliency perspective. Leaf-and-spine networks typically create a single point of failure at the spine layer, which means that redundancy must be engineered into the system. This can be done with multiple spines, even if they are not all needed for capacity. There are alternative scale-out approaches that create additional network ports at the leaf layer completely “spinelessly,” but in these systems, if a single leaf goes down, the rest of the network continues to provide its connectivity services.
5: Security. With data at the center of the network, and with more and more organizations paying close attention to big data trends, security is more important than ever, not just for the infrastructure, but also for the applications and data.
How to achieve security in your network: In many ways, security and resiliency go hand-in-hand from an architectural perspective. Security is no longer about keeping the bad guys out. It’s about assuming they are already in and limiting their potential to inflict damage. New networking approaches must provide the ability to leverage the “tells” in the data to spot anomalies and provide the levers to do something about it, including immediate quarantining of the bad hosts. Look for networks that not only provide network statistics visibility (most networks will provide sFlow/NetFlow data feeds), but also those that provide tight integration to analytics applications and those that provide low-level remediation controls, like L1 containing.
Tectonic shifts that fundamentally restructure the whole IT landscape are rare. But such changes do happen, perhaps only once in a generation. The very nature of IT — serving as the underpinnings for many businesses — does not lend itself well to frequent, massive upheaval. We are in the midst of one of those upheavals now, one that will leave IT and networks looking very different (from even five years ago) by the time the transformation is complete. To keep up, the network must adjust accordingly. The five characteristics laid out above may not be the full story, but they are a step in the right direction.
Rich Napolitano is CEO of networking software and hardware vendor Plexxi.
Photo courtesy of Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:326b2144-b90e-4017-8a8e-855c541c7772> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/data-center/five-characteristics-of-the-network-of-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.948237 | 1,813 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Want to see some illustrations of the reasons why the mainline churches are in trouble? Look no farther than the story in the Roanoke Times today about a visit by Episcopal Presiding Bishop Katherine Jefforts-Schori to southwestern Virginia:
Calling for economic evangelism and political advocacy, the Most Rev. Katherine Jefferts Schori, elected leader of the nation’s 2.7 million Episcopal Church members, roused an audience of her denomination’s regional leaders in Roanoke on Saturday.
Reason #1: the confusion of evangelism with social activism and political advocacy. It shouldn’t be hard to tell the difference, but for some they are all the same thing. Writing a letter to a congresscritter stating your opinion that food stamp allowances should be raised is the same as witnessing to the tranforming impact of the lif, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
And Jefferts Schori urges a roll-up-your-sleeves brand of Christianity that’s big on persuading church members to volunteer in community service, dig deeper into their pockets to furnish food for the world’s impoverished and nudge politicians to provide more help for the hungry.
Her activist message resonated with Southwest Virginia pastors such as Vince Carroll, rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Richlands. “She reminds me of something the Apostle Paul said, ‘The poor will always be with you.’ But you damn well better do something to help them out.”
Reason #2: ignorance of Scripture even among the clergy. It was, of course, Jesus who said “the poor you will always have with you” (Matthew 26:11, Mark 14:7, John 12:8). This isn’t just a matter of not being able to remember addresses, either. The expression comes in the context of a woman (John says it was Mary of Bethany) anointing Jesus with expensive perfume, which others objected to because the perfume could have been sold and the proceeds given to the poor. But Jesus rebuked them, both for ignoring the “beautiful thing” she had done to Him and for missing the prophetic significance of the act, which was to anoint Him ahead of time for burial. In fact, while there’s no doubt that Jesus highly valued ministry to the poor, the message f this particular passage is exactly the opposite of the one that Rev. Carroll assigns to it. Then again, if you’re going to decide what the teaching and mission of the church is based on the New York Times editorial page, I don’t suppose it really matter.
There’s nothing esoteric about her take on theology. “It’s refreshing to hear her put it in very straightforward terms,” said Deborah Hunley, rector of Christ Episcopal Church in Roanoke’s Old Southwest neighborhood. “What we are as a church is defined by the good we actually do for others.”
Reason #3: failure to grasp the proper mission of the church. The church is not defined by “the good we actually do for others” (that would be the Lions Club or the local food pantry). The church is defined by its faithful relationship with the Lord who constitutes it as His body. As such, our mission is not to “do good,” our mission is to carry our the work that God has assigned us, much of which (for instance, witnessing to the truth of the gospel, making disciples, teaching them Jesus’ commandments, baptizing them–you know, Great Commission stuff) the world doesn’t consider good, and in fact positively repudiates.
In her address, [Schori] barely mentioned the traditional church mission of saving souls. Instead, she zeroed in on the need for “social justice ministry,” specifically to rally to such causes as improving health care, education and job opportunities. Further, she encouraged church leadership to press politicians into helping Third World nations develop economically — plugging debt reduction and fair trade.
Reason #4: mistaking the church for a political party. What Schori wants these people to be is Democratic Party activists, not Episcopalians. In her vision of what the church and its mission are, Schori has traded in the glorious vision of the Kingdom of God for the earthly (and in truth, miserly) vision of a government program. If that’s all the church is, I’d just as soon go to work for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or Labor or Education. The government’s pension program is better than the church’s. | <urn:uuid:3e2cb32a-6862-4359-9fe8-ffbe6a74c3b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://reformedpastor.wordpress.com/2008/01/27/thats-it-in-a-nutshell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955712 | 970 | 1.570313 | 2 |
The Town and Country Garden Club met on October 18 at Legion State Park at the Gazebo. The weather was wonderful. Mrs. Debbie Moody, President, called the meeting to order and the Inspiration was given by Mrs. Frances Ball. He subject was on “Consider the Clouds”, Job 37:1-16. Afterwards, members enjoyed a wonderful picnic.
Mrs. Moody called on Mrs. Frances Ball to introduce the Program which was given by Dr. Brian Counterman, Professor of Biological Science, MSU. His topic was on “The Secret of Heliconius”, a study of butterflies. He gave a most interesting and informative program. After his introduction, he presented a slide show of his trip to South America to gather butterflies for research. His study includes the genetics of butterflies. Butterflies, commonly called Passion Vine Butterflies, make perfect subject for better understanding a fundamental scientific question which is, how do organisms change to survive?
Butterflies are made up of different colors and species. However, they have a short life span. Laying their eggs on just the right plant material is key to a great hatch. He also explained how he transports the butterflies such a long distance and this is done by dissecting and freezing them.
After Dr. Counterman’s presentation, Mrs. Marie Shaw critiqued her beautiful flower design of colorful wildflowers made up of goldenrods, black eyed susans, cocks comb, colorful leones, and elm. Mrs. Dot DePriest explained her horticulture which was sweet autumn clematis, a vine found in ditches mostly, but originated in Japan. It can grow to 30 feet and has a sweet smell. It is beautiful in designs.
The roll was called with ten members present. Minutes were read from the September meeting and approved.
The dedication of the Blue Star Memorial Marker was discussed. The date for dedication is on November 9th at 11:00 a.m. on Hwy 25 near the Exxon Station.
The meeting was adjourned until next month where we will meet at Mrs. Shirley Hawkins’ home. | <urn:uuid:0c3b9b1f-702c-4662-8e5d-ac47f64d0359> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://winston.winstonnewsonline.com/?p=2348 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00044-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969334 | 440 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Invitation to seminar on reforms in education
The European Research Network on Reforms in Education is directed by Johannes Westberg (Groningen, NL/Örebro, Sweden), together with Mette Buchardt (Aalborg), Michael Geiss (Zurich), and Jane Gingrich (Oxford).
The network's aim is described as being to "promote interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological reflection on educational reforms during the 20th century. The network will pursue 4 forms of activities during 2020-2022: international workshops, invited speakers, international research stays, and fully funded conference participations". To learn more about the network, press here.
During the late spring and early autumn of 2021 the network will organize international lecture series series of seminars, engaging with central question at present concerning reform in education, including the role of nation and nationalism in education. The seminars will be held via Zoom. Centre for Education Policy Research (CfU) is the fortunate host of one of these seminars. The seminar wil take place on August 23, 2021 CET 16-17:30 and is titled "The political project of the nation state and the education systems. Reforms in Europe and the Americas".
The presenters all work with reforms duing different times and spaces. Mette Buchardt (Centre for Education Policy Research, Aalborg University, Denmark) will host and open the seminar, Nicole Gotling (University of Vienna, Austria) and Felicitas Acosta (Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina) will each give a presentation and Johannes Westberg (University of Groningen, The Netherlands) will serve as discussant. The seminar is free and open for all.
program: The political project of the nation state and the education systems. Reforms in Europe and the Americas
Introduction by Head of CfU Professor Mette Buchardt.
”Nation-state reform crafting through historiography. Textbook narratives of the Prussian Wars, from the 1860s till the World Wars”
by PhD Fellow Nicole Gotling
”Nation-States and secondary education reforms in Argentina: The case of the Colegio Nacional (National School)”
by Professor Felicitas Acosta
Comments by discussant, Professor Johannes Westberg
Outro by Head of CfU, Professor Mette Buchardt.
Registration for the zoom session by August 20, 2021: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:1dee49c9-4868-4e92-bdf1-a0e1e3109bac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.en.culture.aau.dk/research/research-groups/cfu/news/news+show/invitation-to-education-reform-seminar---the-political-project-of-the-nation-state-and-the-education-systems.-reforms-in-europe-and-the-americas-.cid504368 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.876721 | 580 | 1.601563 | 2 |
“Talk of the devil and he’s at your elbow.” This discourages talking about the devil…which is defeated by the popularity of the proverb.
As a kid reading Bradbury, I worried my elders might take away my monsters. As an adult, I see that some “monsters” are people—and need us.
Many of the tropes we take for granted about Satanism have roots in anti-Jewish bigotry, although like the appeal of George Burns, they can be hard to place.
Curiosity-seekers sometimes ask: As atheists, how do Satanists cope with death? Which I find a strange question. What makes you think anyone copes?
Conspiracy assholes believe they’re special, but from Procter & Gamble to the Wayfair scare, they’re working off a script from thousands of years ago. | <urn:uuid:d1b5df36-dc6a-44bc-9346-e8474ff951fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.satanicbayarea.com/tag/shakespeare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.95324 | 182 | 1.671875 | 2 |
|Birth name||Anthony Leslie Novis|
|Date of birth||22 September 1906|
|Date of death||2 November 1997(1997-11-02) (aged 91)|
|Place of death||Cheltenham, Gloucestershire|
|Rugby union career|
Anthony Leslie Novis (22 September 1906 – 2 November 1997) was a rugby union international who represented England from 1929 to 1933. He also captained the English team.
Novis made his international debut on 16 March 1929 at Murrayfield in the Scotland vs England match. Of the 10 matches he played for his national side, he was on the winning side on 4 occasions. He played his final match for England on 18 March 1933 at Murrayfield in the Scotland vs England match.
England national rugby union team captains
|To the First World War|
|To the Second World War|
|To the Professional Era|
|To the Present Day| | <urn:uuid:4b103953-8470-4f24-9ecc-9a71f70679fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Tony_Novis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.936801 | 222 | 1.617188 | 2 |
31 Water Experiments for Kids
A Month of Homeschool Science
When my children were small we used the following article to do a month of science water experiments (one a day), and we recently used them again (with more detailed scientific explanations) as part of our homeschool science.
Although the science experiments seem quite simple to begin with, they actually cover a lot of scientific principles
So I was really thrilled when the author of the article, Faith Hickman Brynie, agreed to let me share the article in full with you here.
We had a lot of fun with these water experiments, and hope you do too!
Water Play? A Lesson a Day!
Water Experiments By Faith Hickman Brynie
This article on water experiments is copyright by Faith Hickman Brynie, and is published here with kind permission of the author.
Children are natural scientists
. They're always full of questions, always eager to explore the world around them. You don't need much time, money, or equipment to nurture your child's curiosity. It's enough just to take advantage of the opportunities for learning that pop up every day
Water is one good example. It's clean, cheap and readily available. Children love water play, and turning play time into active learning is easy
. This month, why not try a water 'lesson' every day? Discovering some wonderful things about water could be as much fun for you as for your child!
Just as water is all around every day, so are other materials and ideas for fun science learning children and parents can share
- Drop a single drop of food coloring into a glass of water. Don't stir or shake. Just watch what happens. (It's called diffusion.)
- Use a medicine dropper to drop water onto a penny, one drop at a time. How many drops will the penny hold before the water spills? (The answer may surprise you!)
- Try the same water experiments as #2 with water that has a little detergent in it.
- Try the same thing as #2 comparing the heads and tails.
- A lump of clay sinks. Change its shape to make it float.
- Dunk sieves and colanders in water. Pour water through funnels. What does the size of the holes have to do with how fast the water flows?
- Compare the sizes of containers by filling one with water, then predicting whether another will hold more or less. Test your prediction.
- Measure volumes of water using measuring cups and spoons. Weigh measured volumes of water on a diet scale. (Don't forget to subtract the weight of the cup that holds it).
- Simulate erosion by pouring water onto a "mountain" of sand or dirt. Experiment to find out whether some soils resist erosion better than others.
- Select some household objects. Predict which will sink and which will float. Test predictions at bath time.
- Make a boat from a margarine tub. Predict how many pennies it will hold before it sinks.
- Test different types of sponges to see which hold more water.
- Float an apple in fresh water. Make it float higher by adding salt to the water.
- An orange floats, but without its peel it sinks. Build an artificial peel that will enable an orange to float.
- Is it easier to move through air or through water?. Do an experiment to find out.
- Does sound travel better through air or water? Experiment to find out.
- What happens when salt dissolves in water? Make some salt water, then leave it in a warm place for a few days. What happens? Why?
- Repeat water experiments #17 with a mixture of vinegar and water. Are the results the same?
- Sprout bean seeds in soil. Then give the seedlings measured amounts of water at scheduled intervals. Give one group of seedlings no water, another a moderate amount, and a third a lot. Keep records of growth.
- (For safety, an adult demonstration for a child.) Hold a cold surface (such as the bottom of an ice-filled glass) over the spout of a steaming kettle. What collects on the surface? Why? Is this like rain?
- Make a chart showing all the ways your family uses water
- Can water move uphill? Cut a strip of coffee filter paper or a paper towel. Hold the strip so the bottom barely touches the surface of the water. What happens? Build a tower of sugar cubes in a shallow dish, then add a little colored water in the bottom. Watch the result.
- "Paint" abstract watercolor pictures by floating some oil on the surface of water. Add drops of different food colors here and there. Place absorbent paper flat on the surface of the water, then lift.
- Fill a glass about half full of water. Add salt and stir until you have dissolved as much salt in the water as possible. Color the solution blue and chill over night. The next day, color some hot water yellow but add no salt. Tilt the container that holds the cold, blue water and gently pour the hot, yellow water down the side. The solutions won't mix. The yellow layer will float on top of the blue layer. (This happens because the cold, salty water is denser than the hot, fresh water).
- Investigate the absorbency of different materials by cutting pieces all the same size, wetting each thoroughly, then measuring the amount of water you can squeeze out.
- Measure the diameter and depth of puddles. Record how long they take to dry up. Does size seem related to drying time?
- Hang swatches of different types of wet fabrics on the clothesline. Do some take longer to dry than others? Why?
- Test foods to see which dissolve in water. Try cornstarch, sugar, butter and nutmeg.
- Invent a way to keep a matchbox dry when immersed. Test various designs.
- Prop a pocket mirror at an angle into a glass of water and set in a sunny windowsill (or shine a flashlight on it). Tilt the mirror until you find the angle that makes rainbows dance on the wall.
- Stir one cup of cornstarch into 1/2 cup of cold water and mix thoroughly. Will the mixture pour? Will it make a ball? What happens when you press your fingers into it?
. Get in the habit of observing, questioning and experimenting every day!
Faith Hickman Brynie is the author of several science and health books for children and young adults, including Parent's Crash Course Elementary School Science Fair Projects , Painless Science Projects
, and Six-Minute Nature Experiments .
I hope these water experiments are helpful to you in your homeschool science!
Looking for more science ideas?
31 Quick and Easy Science Experiments.
The Periodic Table for Kids
Home School Science Projects.
Home School Science Books. | <urn:uuid:d7364a80-174b-4b53-b8e6-1ada9d808a4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.homeschooling-ideas.com/water-experiments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00403-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926381 | 1,438 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Why Should You Consider Leasing?
By leasing a new vehicle you get more car for less money. The car’s monthly payments are typically lower because you’re only paying for the future depreciation of that vehicle, and not the actual sales price. For example, on a $30,000 car, you’d finance the entire $30,000 purchase price with a car loan. With a car lease, you only pay a percentage of that. The car’s predicted future value is what it is expected to be worth at the end of the lease, which is its residual value. The residual value is subtracted from the purchase price and what’s left over is what you make payments on. So if the car’s residual value is 55 percent after three years, for example, that means the $30,000 car would be worth $16,500 at the end of the lease. You’d make lease payments on the remaining $13,500 and not the full $30,000, plus interest, taxes and fees. If you only have a small down payment saved up, leasing may also be better for you. Many car leases require anywhere from $0 to several thousand dollars up front, though the down payment is negotiable. Many advertised lease offers will promote low payments, but require a sizable down payment. If you want to put as little down as possible, remember that your monthly lease payments will be higher.
Many leases last about three years, which is typically the length of many new-car bumper-to-bumper warranties. As a result, the car is usually covered under warranty for repairs for the duration of the lease. You still need to maintain the car, though, which includes oil changes, tire rotations and recommended maintenance from the manufacturer. Failure to properly maintain the car during the lease can result in fees when you turn the car in at the end of the lease.
If you enjoy having the newest high-tech features, leasing could be better for you. Since you’d be leasing every few years, each new car you lease will have the latest and greatest technology and safety features. If you’ve fallen in love with your leased car and want to keep it, you can generally buy it at the end of the lease by paying cash or by taking out a car loan to finance the balance.
Should you have an accident in your leased vehicle, you will not take the depreciation that goes along with a bad Car-fax report. Which normally can affect the value of your car from $2,000-5,000. As long as the leased vehicle is fixed correctly through a reputable company, there is no penalty at the end of your lease. Simply turn the car in. | <urn:uuid:eebccd3d-5595-41a8-8477-fa2ee77ea20a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.austininfiniti.com/why-should-you-consider-leasing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.970176 | 564 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The Hunger Games won’t leave you starving for more.
This wildly popular young adult novel turned movie adaptation needs no introduction now. With internet memes and a $155 million opening weekend draw, the whole world knows the powerful draw of this new, now surefire, movie franchise with the very marketable, important and awesome image of a “mockingjay” (a genetically engineered bird) holding an arrow as a pin.
The Hunger Games movie is based off of the first book. This is where the audience is introduced to Panem, the new post-apocalyptic country people inhabit in twelve different districts, and then the Capital. It is never described what kind of apocalypse occurred but as a result the Capital gained control over the twelve districts each with their own class distinctions, where twelve is one of the lowest classes. District 12 is where our heroine Katniss Everdeen (Jennifer Lawrence) calls her shabby home.
This district is very poor and pretty much everyone is starving. Katniss learned how to hunt from her deceased father so she is well prepared to get food for her mother and younger sister Primrose. Her bow skills come in handy later during her volunteered entry into this country’s “Hunger Games” when her sister’s name is drawn from a jar. These are games run by the Capital essentially to remind the districts who is in charge and to prevent another uprising that could lead to another end-of-the-world scenario.
These “games” consist of two children aged 12-18 from each district who fight in a battle-to-the-death until there is a single winner. The subject matter is dark, incredibly disturbing, but handled with such ease, it leaves you astounded. It’s a near perfect recipe to a perfect movie.
1) Add a dash of violence.
With a PG-13 rating many concerns revolved around the fact they would have to tone down the violence from the book and what kind of effect that would have to the story. I can tell you, it had no effect at all. In fact, the quick cuts from children stabbing or slicing each other made the scene more grisly as it made your imagination picture the horror within the battlefield.
2) Mix in some crazy effects.
The audience is first introduced to a taste of the Capital through the emergence of Effie Trinket (Elizabeth Banks) in an outfit that looked like it was stolen from a costume used in a whimsical Tim Burton movie. It turns out the entire Capital dresses like that. (See above photo with the lady in pink and tell me that isn’t something that came from Tim Burton’s imagination).
The Capital’s technology that can control the battlefield from a safe distance is also spectacular. It makes you understand why they’re in control because if they are able to create giant, wild dogs from a computer to attack people in the battlefield, what else would they be capable of?
3) Crack open a love triangle.
It seems love triangles are the latest trend in young adult fiction. This one is much less irritating than another popular love triangle in a successful movie franchise (the movie that shall not be named). We see Katniss and Gale (Liam Hemsworth) together first. He is a friend who likes to hunt with her, and well, they have good chemistry. You know who else has good chemistry? Peeta and Katniss. And there’s nothing that brings two people closer than fighting for their lives together…I would imagine. I’ve never experienced such a thing.
4) Blend some of the best casting choices made this year.
Every single actor in this film was great. They suited their role to perfection. Jennifer Lawrence, Liam Hemsworth (the brother to Thor’s star Chris Hemsworth), and Josh Hutcherson are now stars and they deserve to be. Hutcherson and Lawrence fit their parts perfectly, but I can’t just single them out. Stanley Tucci as the creepy but charismatic talk show host Caesar Flickerman, Elizabeth Banks as uptight Effie Trinket, Wes Bentley as the head Gamemaker, and Woody Harrelson as the damaged alcoholic sponsor Haymitch are stellar. May I also add there is no way anybody could be as good at being Haymitch as the always fantastic Woody Harrelson.
At 2 hours and 22 minutes this movie went on a bit long, but it was worth it. It’s a well blended movie that’s a definite must see for everyone. Not just kids 13 and above. The implicit allegory about society and the authentic relationships within this great story is something everyone can enjoy.
My Rating: 8/10 | <urn:uuid:b0644ba0-5ace-4091-9c35-723181e2566b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.weeatfilms.com/film_reviews/movie-review-the-hunger-games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00166-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964498 | 983 | 1.625 | 2 |
So you’ll want to learn how to devote? Investing can be a risky business enterprise and every and the majority of expert people will usually lose cash. There are numerous of methods go about it, nevertheless. It is possible to open a forex account by using a brokerage firm, put your profit a mutual fund, or choose wall street game. The favourite procedure for committing today is by the a guarantee markets.
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Choosing how you need to spend is equally as essential as selecting a account or getting a mix off different types of investment strategies. Would you like to expand and attempt? Do you need to focus on one type of purchase? Or do you have no interest in doing so and just desire to aim to change up atlanta divorce attorneys possible way? Correct monetary upcoming we’re investigating here, so you should definitely do what you can to shield it!
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Walsall’s children and young people will be able to receive care from the comfort of their own homes thanks to new technology.
Walsall Manor Paediatric Service has introduced a ‘Paediatric Virtual Ward’ to the Trust’s children’s ward this month.
Virtual wards allow patients to get the care they need at home, safely and conveniently, rather than being in hospital and to support early discharge.
Support includes remote monitoring using app technology and medical devices such as pulse oximeter. Support will involve face-to-face care from multi-disciplinary teams based in the community.
Care group manager Suzanne Priest who is overseeing this launch said:
“I can’t tell you how excited we are to finally be able to implement this into the paediatric service. It has taken time however, we are very proud that we have started our Paediatric Virtual Ward with the first patient being discharged home on Tuesday 2 August.
“This modern technology is great as we can send children and young people home instead of keeping them on a ward whilst parents have the reassurance and support in monitoring them at home.
“Their family or carers record the child’s vitals such as their temperature or blood pressure from the comfort of their own home. By uploading this information into the app, the Paediatric Virtual Ward community nursing team can review and provide support ensuring patient safety.
“Parents are able to contact the team for any questions or advice with out of hours support via the Paediatric Assessment Unit.”
She added: “It’s great to be able to use the new technologies to redesign and improve our services for the benefit of patients.
“We have seen the success of virtual wards over at Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust and we are hoping to see the same success here at Walsall.
“It really benefits everyone as treating patients at home enables earlier supported discharge and the management of admissions.” | <urn:uuid:b1ed1173-db79-40af-94bc-d084ad5e0fda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.walsallhealthcare.nhs.uk/news/2022/08/05/theres-no-place-like-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.953424 | 413 | 1.898438 | 2 |
If you fire shot loads through a rifled shotgun barrel, the shot piston is gripped by the rifling, and spun. Upon leaving the barrel, the shot pattern is thrown outwards by centrifugal force, resulting in an almost circular very open pattern- with a hole in the middle. For a visual, look at a donut. The slugster designation USUALLY means a rifled barrel, and rifle type sights, intended for use with sabot type slugs, not rifled slugs.
What we have here is... failure- to communicate. | <urn:uuid:803d555b-404a-4772-956a-fb66feb2c381> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.firearmstalk.com/forums/f26/slugster-rifled-barrel-42324/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92178 | 113 | 2.03125 | 2 |
VICTORIA - B.C.'s deputy provincial health officer says the province's drinking water is among the best in the world but collecting data on it is still a challenge.
Dr. Eric Young says an information system that integrates data from all water system suppliers would allow analysis if there's any problem.
He says various attempts to find such a system have so far been unsuccessful and it would have to be accomplished in small steps.
Young made the comments while releasing a drinking water report that covers various provincial programs from 2007 to 2009.
During that time, there were no outbreaks of sickness caused by water-borne illness related to drinking water.
However, the number of boil-water advisories increased to 604 in March 2009, from 480 in 2006, reflecting what the health officer says is an increased emphasis on assessing small systems and ensuring appropriate advisories are issued. | <urn:uuid:48bbe6dc-8b85-4712-b622-dd4dcd2b7f60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/15/bc-drinking-water_n_1518887.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972995 | 178 | 2.390625 | 2 |
SKF establishes University Technology Center with Luleå University of Technology in Luleå Sweden
2011 December 21, 11:09 CET
SKF today announced it has signed a five-year contract with Luleå University of Technology (LTU) to establish an SKF University Technology Centre focused on developing advanced concepts in condition monitoring and asset management.
"Luleå University of Technology is at the forefront of research in a number of areas that are of interest to SKF," says Dr. Alan Begg, SKF Senior Vice President Group Technology and Development. "Our customers are concerned with reducing downtime costs and our work with Luleå will enhance our ability to provide them with advanced condition monitoring services."
The initial contract with the Department of Mechanical Engineering of LTU is for five people over a period of five years for the development of critical technologies, which enable SKF's vision. This program builds on SKF's position as a supplier of condition monitoring systems and the long collaboration between SKF and LTU on both condition monitoring and tribology topics.
"We are excited about this opportunity to make our centre in Lulea a focal point for collaborative activities involving SKF industrial customers, SKF as well as LTU," says Johan Sterte, Vice Chancellor Luleå University of Technology. "In addition to advanced research activities, another objective of this collaboration is to extend activities from the theoretical area to practical implementation."
An exciting feature of the program is the development of a multidisciplinary approach, involving professors and students in four areas:
- Tribology: With particular focus on monitoring and controlling surface contact conditions in service.
- Sensors and modelling: To monitor the operating environment of bearings: load, lubrication, temperature, and vibration.
- Communication and signal processing technologies: To convert data into prognostic information and initiate corrective actions when required.
- Maintenance management: Data systems and processes to integrate these condition based maintenance processes into management systems.
Gothenburg, 21 December 2011
For further information, please contact:
PRESS: Rebecca Janzon, Global Press Manager,
tel: +46 31 337 2400, mobile: +46 727-173880, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
INVESTOR RELATIONS: Marita Björk, Head of Investor Relations
tel: +46 31-337 1994, mobile: +46 705-181994, e-mail: email@example.com
SKF is a leading global supplier of bearings, seals, mechatronics, lubrication systems, and services which include technical support, maintenance and reliability services, engineering consulting and training. SKF is represented in more than 130 countries and has 15,000 distributor locations worldwide. Annual sales in 2010 were SEK 61,029 million and the number of employees was 44,742. www.skf.com | <urn:uuid:b0d53a6c-2cda-4858-a4ef-224cda01f913> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.skf.com/group/news-and-media/news-search/2011-Dec-21.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00107-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926031 | 598 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Bone Crushing Machine is the newly-developed grinding equipment for crushing various animal bones, like chicken, fish bone and so on. The final fineness can be 3-5 mm. Capacity: 300 kg/h, 200-300 kg/h.
Warranty : 12 Months
Dimension(L*W*H) : 1730 * 560 * 1450 mm
Weight : 350 kg
Power(W) : 5 kw
Voltage : customizable
Production Capacity : 100 Sets per Month
Model Number : AMS-SG-300
Place of Origin : China
Condition : new
Capacity : 300 kg/h
Bone Crushing Machine is the newly-developed grinding equipment for crushing various animal bones. The final fineness can be 3-5 mm.The blades of the bone crusher is made of super quality alloy steel which is processed by special heating process, highly abrasion resistance and thin sharp of the blade ensure the durable and heavy load.
Features of Bone Crusher
1. Optimal structure design of cutting blade has improved single blade shearing force and impacting resistance.
2. The cutting blades are made of first-class alloy steel, durable and wear-resistant, with long service life.
3. The electric motor is equipped with overload protective device which can ensure safe operation.
4. The feeding hopper is made of stainless steel material, noise insulation.
5. Can be equipped with a conveyor so that it can feed automatically to reduce the labor intensity.
Applications of Bone Crushing Machine
* Bone Crusher can grind different kinds of animal bones, like pork, cow, chicken, fish bone and so on. The final fineness can be 3-5 mm.
* It is widely used for the product of sausage, ham, meat ball, frozen food, salt essence, bone powder, powder soup, pet food, etc.
* Bone Crushing Machine can be used with Bone Paste Grinder to make bone paste.
The Working Principle of Bone Crusher
The electric motor drives the rotor to rotate with high speed in the crushing chamber. The materials are fed into the machine from the upper feeding mouth and are crushed under the hitting, impacting, cutting and grinding of the cutting blades which are moving with high speed.
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Iranians around the world are up in arms over the publication of the National Geographic Society's new Atlas of the World. The uproar is over the inclusion of "Arabian Gulf" as a secondary name for the "Persian Gulf," the body of water that lies between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Iran insists the area has for centuries been called the Persian Gulf. In protest, the government in Tehran has banned the sale of "National Geographic" magazine until the secondary name is removed. A report produced by RFE/RL reveals that several Iranians living in the United States noticed that in the new edition of the National Geographic Society's Atlas of the World, "Arabian Gulf" was listed as a secondary name in parentheses for the body of water long known as the "Persian Gulf."
Alarmed, these Iranians abroad informed activists and reporters inside Iran. Pejman Akbarzadeh is a young journalist and member of Artists Without Frontiers in Tehran said to RFE/RL:
"This issue actually started with e-mails by several Iranians living in Virginia, who have a subscription to National Geographic's Atlas. Then a lengthy article was published in the reformist daily "Shargh" in Tehran. After that, a wave of protests was generated against this move by the National Geographic Society in Iran's main dailies with different political affiliations."
More than 70,000 Iranians have signed an Internet petition titled "The Persian Gulf Will Remain Persian." It calls the new map "fraudulent and distorted" and demands an immediate correction.
Meanwhile, the Iranian government has banned National Geographic reporters from reaching Iran and prohibited the sales of its publications until the company corrects the eighth edition of its World Atlas.
Throughout history, the body of water between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula has been known as the "Persian Gulf." Most countries and international organizations still employ that name, though Arab nations tend to use "Arabian Gulf."
The United Nations adopted two documents -- one in 1971, the other in 1984 -- officially recognizing the area as the "Persian Gulf."
In a statement on its website, the National Geographic Society says that while it considers "Persian Gulf to be the primary name, it has been the society's cartographic practice to display a secondary name in parentheses when the use of such a name has become commonly recognized."
The National Geographic website has reportedly been flooded with protest emails from Iranians living in America. There are also reports of Iranians canceling their subscription to National Geographic Society publications.
The Internet is full of other pro-Persian Gulf activism. Type in "Arabian Gulf" in the popular Google search engine and up pop several web pages with messages such as: "The Gulf you're looking for does not exist .The correct name is Persian Gulf, which always has been and will remain, Persian."
Many Iranians consider the map offensive to Iran's ancient past. Saeed Peyvandi is a professor of sociology in Paris specialized on Iran said to RFE/RL:
"The people of Iran have always been very sensitive to any move to change this name or use a Persian Arabic name because they consider it a transgression on their historical memory and historical past and from this angle we can say that it has a scientific dimension and also a strong symbolic value because it is interconnected with the identity of a great civilization."
Mohammad Ala is a professor of business in California and Iran and the president of the Persian Gulf organization, which seeks to preserve the gulf's heritage and sovereignty. He tells RFE/RL that there has been an outcry among Iranians across the world:
"We have received more than 4,000 e-mails from all over the world; surprisingly, we have received emails from China, we have a lot of emails from Canada, several from France, Japan, we have several from the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait. In total, more than 40 countries are represented in the emails."
For sensitive Iranians, however, there are signs their protests may be bearing fruit, according to Reza Pahlavi, Iran's former Crown Prince who lives in the United States.
His press office said in a statement on Monday that John M. Fahey, the head of the National Geographic Society, has personally told Pahlavi that his organization is "in the midst of an in-depth study and reflection on the merits of the use of a secondary name for the Persian Gulf." | <urn:uuid:069b7cfc-ac4f-407f-afb7-abb7c58f5b5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.radiofarda.com/a/330282.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00116-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958473 | 898 | 2.5 | 2 |
Chinese Academy of Science
Li Jianhui is the director of Science and Technology Cloud Department at the Computer Network information Center (CNIC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and a Professor at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS). He obtained Ph.D. degree on computer science from the Institute of Computing Technology of CAS in 2007. He spent over 15 years in the research of scientific data management, data-intensive computing and big data analysis. he led the design and development of CAS scientific data infrastructure and open data cloud. In 2016, He founded “China Scientific data”, which is the first open access data journal for scientific data publication in China. Currently, he is leading the design, development and operation of CSTCloud (China Science and Technology Cloud), which is the national level open science platform. He also serves as the CODATA vice president and actively engage in open data and open science international cooperation.
All Sessions by Li Jianhui
CSTCloud: progress, challenges and opportunities
We are stepping into an era with unprecedented trends of cross-disciplinary and cross-border collaboration for science and research. A new research paradigm is shaping by applying increasingly machine learning, and by harnessing the most advanced computing facilities and software, to handle those huge data. The advanced infrastructure for this new paradigm and open science is on demand. After decades sustainably developing and operating the cyber-infrastructure of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), we started to design and develop a new converge infrastructure of network, computing and data, which called China Science and Technology Cloud（CSTCloud）. Driven by new technologies in high speed network, cloud computing, big data and machine learning, CSTCloud aims to develop next-generation e-infrastructure for research to serve domestic science discovery and global science collaborations. CSTCloud is a national platform to provide scientists with efficient and integrated cloud solutions in the retrieval, access, use, transaction, delivery and other aspects of sharing information and relevant services. CSTCloud was launched to provide services at the end of 2019, which collected 400 shared science software and Petabyte scale Multidisciplinary open data with its computing capacity and cloud storage reaching over 315 PF and over 150 PB respectively. Priorities include but are not limited to one-stop and tailored services for scientists, advanced demonstrations driven by key research initiatives, open science practices, and multilateral collaboration and interoperability. We will update the new progress of CSTCloud in technique framework, resources, services, and some typical using cases. We will discuss some key challenges of the implementation technique, resource sharing policies and operation mechanics. We will also explore the possibility to make alignment of different national, regional open science platform to be a global open science cloud the world, to deal with complex, large-scale problems.
Discussion Panel: Open Science And Regulatory Frames
Panelists: Karina Angelieva, Deputy Minister of Education and Science in Bulgaria Dr. Paul Ayris, University College London Prof. Li Jianhui, Chinese Academy of Science Martin Semberger, Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs Dr. Stefan Hanslik, Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research Marie Timmermann, Science Europe Chair and Moderator: Dr. Paolo Budroni, TU Wien Co-chair: Dr. Tiberius Ignat, Scientific Knowledge Services | <urn:uuid:c93fcfda-86dc-48ea-bcd7-3d00303ce1aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarly.events/speaker/li-jianhui/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.894767 | 692 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Bounded by Wilson Boulevard, Langston Boulevard, North Veitch Street and Queens Lane.
Date: Built 1934
Current Use of Property: Residential
Colonial Village was the first large-scale rental housing project in America insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). It was once the most talked about architectural project in the nation, and in 1948 the Urban Land Institute described it as “one of the outstanding developments of its kind in America.”
Colonial Village had a significant influence on apartment design in the 1930s. Intending it to be a model for future projects, FHA officials worked with developers to create an apartment complex with exemplary site planning. Colonial Village was one of the first to apply innovative garden city planning concepts to a low- and middle-income apartment complex. These concepts include low-density superblock development, clustering apartment units into spacious, richly landscaped courtyards, separating pedestrian and vehicle traffic and using an undeveloped interior greenbelt.
The project was an immediate success, noted for high-quality construction and low rents. Before construction was completed on the first 276 units, management was swamped with almost 15,000 applications. In 1935, apartments at Colonial Village rented for $36.50 for an efficiency, $50.00 for a one-bedroom and $62.50 for a two-bedroom.
Designed by Washington Architect Harvey Warwick, the Colonial Village garden apartment complex is of the Colonial Revival style. It was developed as a superblock project with six interior roads set into an irregular grid and an undeveloped greenbelt crossing the complex diagonally. Pathways, a footbridge, children’s recreational facilities, terraced steps and wood benches are found both within and near these central public spaces.
Buildings occupy only 18 percent of the land in the Colonial Village apartment complex. The 245 buildings on the site hold approximately 1055 apartments. Set off the street, these two- and three-story brick buildings observe deeply staggered setbacks and face into spacious, well-landscaped courtyards.
The project was built in four stages between 1935 and 1940. The first three sections were built as an FHA project. The oldest section is comprised of 276 units on the 25 acres flanking North Rhodes Street. The first phase cost $1.1 million and was completed in October 1935. The second phase was completed in November 1936 and contained 462 units located along Key Boulevard. The third FHA phase consisted of 236 units and was completed in July 1937.
Ring, the developer of Colonial Village, came to be regarded as a pioneer in the garden apartment field. His first project in 1930 was the 555-family Westchester Apartment building in Washington, D.C., designed by Architect Harvey Warwick. He then purchased 50 acres in Arlington to construct a multi-family, moderate-income rental housing development, but was unable to find a local lender to finance the project. In 1935, Ring submitted new plans with reduced rents and Colonial Village qualified as a low-cost housing project eligible to take advantage of the new FHA program.
Following the success of Colonial Village, Ring quickly pursued other FHA projects. He was also involved with three expansions of Colonial Village and developing Arlington Village, Brentwood Village in Washington, D.C., and Northwood Apartments in Baltimore, Md.
Bounded by Wilson Boulevard, Langston Boulevard, North Veitch Street and Queens Lane, Arlington, VA 22201 View Map | <urn:uuid:30c3941c-a649-4fae-8555-019ed7722801> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.arlingtonva.us/Government/Projects/Project-Types/Local-Historic-District/Colonial-Village | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.960828 | 744 | 2.359375 | 2 |
This book examines the compensation system for teachers in compulsory education in China and how it can be brought to bear in attracting, retaining, and motivating teachers while improving the quality of basic education.
The study first draws on theories of modern pay systems and revisits major teacher pay reforms at the national level and their implementation at the school level, thereby evaluating the characteristics and problems of pay systems. A comparative analysis of different pay scales and its competitiveness in contrast to other professions then further demonstrates the limitations of existing salary structures in compulsory education schools, along with a failure to offer enough incentives for high-quality teachers and teaching. Approaching the topic from both theoretical and empirical perspectives, the author proposes a restructured pay system and advances constructive suggestions on policymaking as well as research directions in teacher pay reform.
The book will appeal to scholars, students, school officials, and policymakers interested in education economics, education management and administration, and especially teacher pay scales and pay reforms.
Table of Contents
1. Teacher attraction, development, and retention: pay system and teacher quality 2. History of Chinese teachers’ pay system: characteristics and trends of four reforms 3. Teacher as an attractive occupation: the external competitiveness of the pay scale of compulsory education teachers (1990–2018) 4. Development incentives in teacher career ladder: a study on pay grade of compulsory education teachers 5. Performance incentives of school internal pay redistribution: a case study of merit pay reform 6. Future reform of compulsory education teachers’ pay system: pay system model restructuring 7. Summary and outlook
Jiang Jinqiu is an associate professor in the School of Urban Economics and Public Administration at Capital University of Economics and Business, China. Her research focuses on teacher pay and teacher quality, especially in the context of Chinese rural schools. | <urn:uuid:cf1ce8c1-8c0e-4359-bdd8-9033e10b1197> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.routledge.com/Chinese-Teacher-Compensation-System-of-Compulsory-Education-Attraction/Jinqiu/p/book/9781032140049 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.939308 | 374 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The Manufacturer Traditional Sandals Bakiak In Province South Sumatera Indonesia – Sandals are footwear that’s widely used by individuals to protect their feet to stay clean and stay awake. Indonesia has a great deal of uniqueness that is seldom found in other countries, has various types of sandals that are distinctive and appealing to be an added significance for Indonesia and uniqueness in the eyes of the world. No wonder so to delight in the beauty and uniqueness of the Republic of Indonesia’s beloved country. Within this guide we will go over the The Manufacturer Traditional Sandals Bakiak In Province South Sumatera Indonesia at Indonesia you are quite curious to see the following sandals. Please read the info below.
Video Of The Manufacturer Traditional Sandals Bakiak In Province South Sumatera Indonesia
Comparison Of Of Particular Traditional Sandal Models & Traditional Sandals Bakiak in Indonesia
Difference Of Clogs Sandals & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
This sandal version is quite well known in Indonesia, you’ll locate these vases in various regions in Indonesia. The origin of these sandals came from East Java. In earlier times these clogs have a name called Kelompen. Clogs are created from a substance that is timber with quality that is good so it is durable to wear this one footwear is popular as it is different from vases generally and has a form that is exceptional. In the borders are only given as rubberized to support front legs.
Difference Of Kellom Geulis Sandals & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
These sandals are highly well known in other nations including Singapore and Malaysia, sandals with various interesting, unique and cool motifs are unique sandals originating from Indonesia. Theme and the shape make people such as this one. These Kellom sandals have a great deal of accessories that adorn the top of the sandals so it seems luxurious and attractive to check at. You can locate these vases West Java, in Cirebon City. For 100 dollars can be reached by the superior version these sandals are sold at a cost for the edition.
Difference Of Tarupah Sandals & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
The next special sandal comes from East Java, the title of this sandal is Tarupah. The sandals of this country of Indonesia have a shape, even though they are currently sporting modern stuff, but it does not make this sandal look boring. There are numerous substances from leather which are used to decorate sandals to make it seem distinctive and more elegant. Because many are interested in buying them A lot of crafters are faithful to create these sandals. Additionally, these sandals are appropriate to be taken to certain events, along with being powerful and durable, the material used for creating sandals that are Tarupah is of high quality.
Difference Of Bestong Tarumpah slippers & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
If formerly it was just known as Tarupah, then the following unique sandals are called Tarupah Bestong. Tarupah Bestong is. These sandals are very rare as they’re offered at high rates. The substance used to create these sandals does not come from cheap or random substances, but high quality substances. The least expensive price of the Bestong tarupah vases is about 100 bucks.
Comparison Of Conventional Slippers & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
Next unique antiques from Indonesia which are frequently employed by people of Indonesia are slippers which use quality materials in leather and rubber. Because the shirt is about 70 these sandals are far more attractive and look luxurious. Convenient to relax or to be taken to particular occasions. These shoes are offered at prices, so the cost is fairly costly, but a few sandals wear motifs.
The intriguing thing about these sandals is that the raw materials are derived from plants. That’s the reason why, these vases have a costly cost because there are arts which you cannot find in other vases.
Comparison Of Listing Of Conventional Sandal in Indonesia
Comparison Of Price of Tarumpah Sandals & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
In contrast to this Bestong Tarumpah we talked about previously, that one is generally reserved for girls. The price of all Tarumpah sandals can also be marginally more affordable than Tarumpah Bestong, the price of a single set of these sandals is approximately IDR 45,000 – IDR 100,000 (based on the material and quality). Though these sandals are rather trendy, their production is declining because they are losing out to competitors who are making sandals with innovations. There are many men and women who are and enjoy these sandals because they’re comfortable to wear Indonesia’s cultural heritage.
Comparison Of Price of Conventional Slippers & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
Next, the first conventional Indonesian sandals that are adored by most young people and adults are slippers made of rubber and many other materials. These sandals we usually see worn at wedding ceremonies, circumcisions or occasions that essentially utilize conventional clothes. These vases are closed so they can protect the feet from overseas items, furthermore add to the aesthetic and artistic belief of this 1 sandal. The cost of these sandals is quite cheap starting from IDR 50,000 – IDR 70,000.
Comparison Of Price of Woven Sandals & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
This sandal is made from materials taken directly from nature, for example, the material used to make woven necklace is chosen from many leaves such as pandan leaves, and mendong leaves, water hyacinth leaves, along with broomsticks. Whereas the foundation employs rubber and other substances that are several to fortify. These sandals have various motifs and shapes so people like woven sandals, the cost for these sandals is around IDR 40,000 – IDR 50,000 economical just and comfortable to wear.
Comparison Of The Price Of The Geulis Kelom Sandal & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
This one design is a design that is so popular with sailors motifs, its shape is considered to possess high art with the existence of many themes such as batik, granules, flowers and so on. Not surprisingly, these sandals have many fans. The cost for these sandals can achieve IDR 200,000 – IDR 300,000 / one set. No wonder the purchase cost of these sandals is quite high as it does have artwork.
Difference Of Cost of the Bestong Tarumpah Sandal & Traditional Sandals Bakiak
The next price of classic necklace is Tarumpah Bestong, that is a costly sandal. Many men and women use these sandals for making them stems from animal skins such as Snakes and many others because the main factor. These vases have the form of vases in early times the difference is that the surface at the peak of the sandals that are glistening. These sandals are often worn for boys because they are produced particularly for guys. These sandals’ price can reach IDR 300,000 / Series of Sandals.
Until here first the article about the The Manufacturer Traditional Sandals Bakiak In Province South Sumatera Indonesiathis information might be helpful for each of those who want to be aware of the cost of vases that are conventional in Indonesia. That’s all and thank you. | <urn:uuid:12717d21-53b6-4e38-9791-e5b491bdd3e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.fashionnewso.com/traditional-sandals/the-manufacturer-traditional-sandals-bakiak-in-province-south-sumatera-indonesia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.944706 | 1,551 | 1.539063 | 2 |
If you’re living in the Sunshine State, you know that there’s a downside to sun-filled days on the beach, and that’s sun damage. The Skin Cancer Foundation says too much sun can also cause precancerous conditions, such as actinic keratosis, and skin cancer.
The good news is that it happens gradually, and you still have time to start a regimen to keep it from getting worse. With up to 90 percent of skin damage caused by the sun, it’s easy to know where to start.
How to Get Rid of Sun Damage
- Wear sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher all year long. Daily use will keep you looking younger and lower your chances of getting skin cancer.
- Hydrate. When you’re around sun, chlorine and salt, your skin dries out. First, drink lots of water. Creams with alpha hydroxy or hyaluronic acid brighten the face, and moisturizers work well on the hands, arms, and feet.
- Exfoliate. The outer layers of skin build up and give a blotched, uneven texture. Scrubs, loofas, acids like alpha hydroxy, and do-it-yourself dermabrasion kits help you to look younger and more radiant.
- Avoid the sun. Ultraviolet (UV) light can cause precancerous spots like actinic keratoses, or it can lead to skin cancer. Always wear a hat, limit exposure, and avoid the mid-day sun.
- Bleach. Skin lighteners help to lighten brown spots, but they don’t lighten your skin tone. Products that contain kojic acid and Retin-A, steroid cream, or hydroquinone are effective and easy to use.
- Use an at-home light-emitting diode (LED) to reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve acne, and encourage collagen production.
- See a dermatologist. If DIY tricks and a good skin regimen don’t do the trick, you still have options in the doctor’s office. Laser treatments work for everything from wrinkles to blotchiness. A combination of aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light can do wonders for scaly skin.
Where to Learn More About How to Reverse Sun Damage
If you’re looking to reverse skin-related sun damage, you have plenty of options. At Divine Laser & Spa, we offer sun damage treatments that may help you regain your youthful skin. Contact us today for more information. | <urn:uuid:c579c2c8-484d-429f-ae11-bc0e62bf9bfb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.divinelaser.com/reverse-sun-damage-in-7-easy-steps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.888033 | 536 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Ultraviolet Water Bottle
For years, researchers have learnt about the sanitation capacity of ultraviolet wavelengths, particularly germicidal UV (also understood as UV-C). Ultraviolet Water Bottle
In recent times, germicidal UV light helped stop the spread of numerous microorganisms like the flu as well as other superbugs. However can germicidal UV additionally combat the novel coronavirus (or COVID-19)?
The COVID-19 scenario is quickly transforming, as well as it’s creating concerns to shift for a great deal of us. Safeguarding patients, customers, workers, as well as our families is more vital than ever. Disinfecting often used surfaces is exceptionally vital, and also UV light is extremely reliable at inactivating pathogens like infections and germs.
Germicidal UV products suggest pathogen kill rates more than a 99.9% price. They’re unbelievably useful right now in the home since of their efficiency.
Obtaining An at-home UV Sanitizer Is Worth It Ultraviolet Water Bottle
Medical facilities have actually welcomed ultraviolet (UV) lights as a cleaning device for many years, making use of huge, industrial-grade equipments to decontaminate rooms. Currently, smaller sized variations of UV cleanliness lights are offered to consumers looking to tidy virtually anything, from phones to toilet seats.
At-home UV sanitizers are extremely efficient at eliminating viruses as well as germs.
- Ultraviolet (UV) light destroys the molecular bonds that hold together the DNA of infections as well as bacteria.
Because it kills microorganisms regardless of medicine resistance and without poisonous chemicals, * UV light is a particularly good choice for cleanliness.
- At-home methods of UV cleanliness have actually been shown very effective versus pathogens and also can be found in a selection of forms– including portable sticks, phone sanitizers, and tooth brush cleansers.
What is UV-C or Germicidal UV Light?
Germicidal UV or UV-C belongs to the ultraviolet range best recognized for its capability to suspend microorganisms like bacteria as well as infections. It uses specific wavelengths of the ultraviolet range, typically between 200 to 280 nanometers.
Germicidal UV is normally made use of to decontaminate areas as well as surface areas. COVID-19 can survive on certain surface areas for up to three days, so it’s crucial to sanitize at normal intervals.
The scientific research behind germicidal UV has actually been around for a long time, it hasn’t been commonly made use of till recently. The CDC and FEMA started to endorse the use in medical facilities in the early 2000s. Because then, numerous medical evaluations have kept in mind the performance and also usage has entered the last 13 years.
How To Use a UV Light To Kill Germs In Your Home
UVC lights available to customers come in different kinds, including boxes, containers, and covered sticks. Each has its own set of instructions for just how to use the light to kill germs, with specifics on things like for how long the sanitation takes as well as, when it comes to wands, just how close it has to be to the object you’re attempting to sanitize. Larger box-shaped variations fit tablets, playthings, and infant containers. Ultraviolet Water Bottle
One 2008 research checked the efficacy of the VIOlight, a $US30 tooth brush sanitizer that declares to rid your toothbrush of disease-forming germs. The research found that, contrasted to a tooth brush that had not been treated with ultraviolet light, the VIOlight removed 86% even more colony-forming units of S. salivarius, lactobacilli, and E. coli. These microorganisms can create strep throat, digestion issues, and also a number of other illnesses.
Sanitizing sticks allow you to wave UVC light over anything you could desire to decontaminate, including counters, bedding, and also guiding wheels. The wands can be made use of anywhere, job within seconds, and also are commonly used by tourists concerned regarding points like resort area hygiene.
A 2014 study examined the efficiency of these portable sticks as well as discovered that they killed 100% of commonly-found bacteria within five secs as well as suspended 90% of spore-forming germs, which are more difficult to kill, within 40 seconds.
What’s The Difference Between Germicidal UV and UV From The Sun?
Germicidal UV, or UV-C, is a specific range of ultraviolet light (UV). UV energy takes place naturally from the sunlight or can be created artificially in light fixtures as well as light bulbs.
Although it is typically called “UV light,” ultraviolet wavelengths fall simply outside of the visible light range. Rather than light, UV is medically called glowing power.
Consequently, you won’t any see light produced from UV products.
UV wavelengths can range anywhere from 10 nanometers (nm) to 400 nanometers (nm).
Germicidal UV utilizes the wavelengths between 200 to 280 nm. Far-UVC also drops within germicidal UV, but uses a smaller segment of wavelengths.
UV-An and UV-B light can likewise eliminate some germs and germs.
Does UV Light Kill Germs?
The 3 main sorts of UV rays are UVA, UVB, and also UVC. Due to the fact that UVC rays have the shortest wavelength, and therefore highest energy, they are qualified of killing microorganisms and infections, also called microorganisms. Ultraviolet Water Bottle
UVC light has a wavelength of between 200 and also 400 nanometres (nm). It is highly effective at decontamination due to the fact that it damages the molecular bonds that hold with each other the DNA of germs as well as viruses, consisting of “superbugs,” which have actually established a stronger resistance to anti-biotics.
Powerful UVC light has been regularly made use of to sanitize surgical tools as well as medical facility spaces. A research study that consisted of 21,000 individuals that stayed overnight in a space where a person had actually been formerly dealt with found that sanitizing a health center area with UV light along with standard approaches of cleaning cut transmission of drug-resistant germs by 30%.
This is partly since UVC light can properly sanitize hard-to-clean nooks and crannies. UVC light additionally functions by destroying the DNA of pathogens, that makes it effective versus “superbugs.”.
Researchers have recently been collaborating with narrow-spectrum UVC rays (207-222 nm). This kind of UVC light eliminates microorganisms and also infections without penetrating the outermost cell layer of human skin.
A 2017 research study showed that 222 nm UVC light eliminated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria equally as successfully as a 254 nm UVC light, which would be toxic to humans. This research was duplicated in 2018 on the H1N1 virus, as well as narrow-spectrum UVC light was once more discovered to be reliable at getting rid of the virus.
This has specifically essential effects for public wellness since the opportunity of safe above UV illumination in public spaces could considerably decrease the transmission of illness.
Because it kills germs regardless of medication resistance and without toxic chemicals, eliminating germs as well as infections with UV light is particularly reliable. It is also efficient against all bacteria, also newly-emerging microorganism strains.
Can Germicidal UV Light Kill Viruses?
Germicidal UV lights can actually transform the DNA as well as RNA of germs as well as infections, damaging their ability to reproduce. Ultraviolet Water Bottle
Viruses are not living microorganisms, so germicidal UV can not technically “eliminate” them. Instead, we can say germicidal UV “inactivates” infections, while it does kill microorganisms.
Bacteria might be immune to various other things like prescription antibiotics, yet can not develop a resistance to UV light.
Can UV Lights Inactivate COVID-19?
Because this is an unique (or brand-new) coronavirus, testing is very minimal yet is presently continuous. The structure of COVID-19 is different from past infections. For that factor, there is not adequate data to state that UV lights can suspend COVID-19.
Here is what researchers do know. Pathogens can be ranked based upon their resistance to anti-bacterials, like germicidal UV. Coronaviruses fall into the classification of “enveloped infections,” or a Class 3. Class 3 infections are the most convenient to obtain rid of.
Products that are able to inactivate even more resilient viruses like big and also tiny non-enveloped infections (Class 1 & 2 viruses) ought to likewise work against enveloped viruses like coronaviruses. Many UV item suppliers claim their products can kill most Class 1 viruses.
Based upon this details, germicidal UV is thought to be efficient versus COVID-19.
Is UV Light Safe?
Recent studies reveal specific wavelengths of UV light may be more secure than others while still targeting germs and also infections.
Far-UVC lights use a slim range of UV-C wavelengths, from 207 to 222 nm.
Far-UVC is believed to be simply as effective at eliminating germs as greater varieties of UV-C light, yet less harmful to our skin and eyes.
One research specifically concentrates on the usage of far-UVC light. The research study wrapped up that 222 nm UV can inactivate microorganisms but not permeate the skin.
Here’s the bottom line when you’re choosing germicidal UV products: Make certain you acquire the appropriate light bulb for the ideal component as well as adhere to item use guidelines.
Advantages of Germicidal UV Lights.
Germicidal UV lamps are very effective and have several major benefits.
- When used properly, Pathogen kill price– Tests show that germicidal UV items kill up to 99.9% of microorganisms and also viruses. On top of that, virus and microorganisms can not become resistant to UV like they can certain prescription antibiotics and also antibacterial products.
- Limited chemical exposure– UV-C operates in place of possibly dangerous chemicals. It’s secure to get in a space after germicidal UV products sanitize the area, but it could be tough to take in a space that has actually simply been sprayed down with chemicals.
- Lighting arrangements– There are numerous lights arrangements for germicidal UV light, including various types of fixture installation, mobile devices, as well as industrial HVAC accessories. Mobile systems are an excellent alternative for hospitals, airports, fire as well as police terminals, as well as the hospitality market because they’re easy to move from space to area. And also, mobile devices are an economical choice compared to installing fixtures in every space.
What Are Ultraviolet (UV) Light Sanitizers?
” Unlike the average American, our technology tools do not take a shower daily,” states Michael Schmidt, PhD, a teacher with the division of microbiology and immunology at the Medical University of South Carolina. “We shower to remove the microorganisms connected with our skin. The only point that microbes like much better than human skin is plastic and also glass,” he clarified. Ultraviolet Water Bottle
Simply put, microorganisms are attracted to your smart device, your earbuds, your tablet and other products you likely use everyday.
Till lately, your best alternative was to make use of a microfiber fabric– or an alternative– to literally clean these microbes away. Recently, firms have actually been releasing items outfitted with ultraviolet (UV) light to sanitize products (or themselves). These UV light sanitizers promise to rid your technology and various other home things of germs that could make you ill.
Exactly How Do UV Light Sanitizers Work?
On the UV light spectrum there are UV-A, B, as well as C lights. Just the UV-C light can kill bacteria, states Philip Tierno, PhD, a clinical professor in the department of pathology at New York University Langone Medical Center.
” This light has a variety of efficiency, which conflicts and also destroys the nucleic acids of bacteria and also other microbes,” Tierno described, including that the array of light can additionally interfere with proteins in the microorganisms by eliminating particular amino acids. They function best on smooth surfaces as well as have restrictions, Tierno advised.
” UV-C penetrates ostensibly, and the light can not get involved in spaces and crannies,” he discussed. That consists of things like buttons or phone instances, which are lined with holes. If a bacterium is framed within a food fragment, as an example, the UV light won’t be able to access it.
” These kill microbes rapidly,” Michael Schmidt claimed. “But when your gadget comes out, it’s just as risk-free as its last experience.” Simply put, making use of the UV light sanitizer doesn’t certify you to obtain filthy and neglect feasible brand-new germs on the phone.
What is UV Light Sanitizer?
It is an electronic gadget that is helpful to clean most house things from toys to mobiles phones at residence with an Ultraviolet light in it. You can also utilize it to eliminate the germs from the commode!
You can obtain a 100% result with this little mobile tool in a snap. No requirement for any type of chemical services to clean the different type of poor germs around your residence. Ultraviolet Water Bottle
A 2014 research in the American Journal of Infection Control located that a portable UV wand eliminated 100 percent of several kinds of bacteria generally found on surfaces after just 5 secs, and also suspended 90 percent of specifically hardy spore-forming bacteria after 40 secs.
According to the researchers, a UVC gadget is an affordable choice to making use of chemicals to disinfect surface areas.
Advantages of Portable UV Sanitizers
- Kill germs off of your phone as well as gadgets without screwing up your gadgets with foul-smelling as well as wet wipes!
- Universal sterilizer for traveling or house – Disinfect your gizmos anywhere you go!
- Reach inside your shoes or check any type of contaminated surface area to destroy germs in your shoes, on iPad-compatible tools, keyboards, laptop computers, child toys, tooth brushes, push-button controls, door handles, toilet covers, cups, steering wheel dental retainer!
- Proven to Work – UV Sanitizer has actually been clinically shown to kill bacteria utilizing its sanitizing, germ-killing feature.
- UV Light Sanitizer eliminates germs and also fungis in just couple of seconds, also at an 8-inch range!
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Part 4 out of 6
of all the difficulties of the channel. We were now no longer at a loss
to account for the rising of the river at the falls; for this tremendous
rock was seen stretching across the river, to meet the high hills
on the left shore, leaving a channel of only forty-five yards wide,
through which the whole body of the Columbia pressed its way.
The water, thus forced into so narrow a passage, was thrown into whirls,
and swelled and boiled in every part with the wildest agitation.
But the alternative of carrying the boats over this high rock was
almost impossible in our present situation; and as the chief danger
seemed to be, not from any obstructions in the channel, but from
the great waves and whirlpools, we resolved to attempt the passage,
in the hope of being able, by dexterous steering, to descend in safety.
This we undertook, and with great care were able to get through,
to the astonishment of the Indians in the huts we had just passed,
who now collected to see us from the top of the rock. The channel continued
thus confined for the space of about half a mile, when the rock ceased.
We passed a single Indian hut at the foot of it, where the river
again enlarges to the width of two hundred yards, and at the distance
of a mile and a half stopped to view a very bad rapid; this is formed
by two rocky islands which divide the channel, the lower and larger
of which is in the middle of the river. The appearance of this place
was so unpromising that we unloaded all the most valuable articles,
such as guns, ammunition, our papers,. etc., and sent them by land,
with all the men that could not swim, to the extremity of these rapids.
We then descended with the canoes, two at a time; though the canoes
took in some water, we all went through safely; after which we made
two miles, stopped in a deep bend of the river toward the right,
and camped a little above a large village of twenty-one houses.
Here we landed; and as it was late before all the canoes joined us,
we were obliged to remain this evening, the difficulties of the navigation
having permitted us to make only six miles."
They were then among the Echeloots, a tribe of the Upper Chinooks,
now nearly extinct. The white men were much interested in the houses
of these people, which, their journal set forth, were "the
first wooden buildings seen since leaving the Illinois country."
This is the manner of their construction:--
"A large hole, twenty feet wide and thirty in length, was dug
to the depth of six feet; the sides of which were lined with split
pieces of timber rising just above the surface of the ground,
and smoothed to the same width by burning, or by being shaved
with small iron axes. These timbers were secured in their erect
position by a pole stretched along the side of the building near
the eaves, and supported on a strong post fixed at each corner.
The timbers at the gable ends rose gradually higher, the middle pieces
being the broadest. At the top of these was a sort of semicircle,
made to receive a ridge-pole the whole length of the house, propped by
an additional post in the middle, and forming the top of the roof.
From this ridge-pole to the eaves of the house were placed a number
of small poles or rafters, secured at each end by fibres of the cedar.
On these poles, which were connected by small transverse bars of wood,
was laid a covering of white cedar, or arbor vitae, kept on by
strands of cedar fibres; but a small space along the whole length
of the ridge-pole was left uncovered, for the purpose of light,
and of permitting the smoke to pass out. The roof, thus formed,
had a descent about equal to that common among us, and near the eaves
it was perforated with a number of small holes, made, most probably,
for the discharge of arrows in case of an attack. The only entrance
was by a small door at the gable end, cut out of the middle piece
of timber, twenty-nine and a half inches high, fourteen inches broad,
and reaching only eighteen inches above the earth. Before this hole
is hung a mat; on pushing it aside and crawling through, the descent
is by a small wooden ladder, made in the form of those used among us.
One-half of the inside is used as a place of deposit for dried fish,
of which large quantities are stored away, and with a few baskets
of berries form the only family provisions; the other half,
adjoining the door, remains for the accommodation of the family.
On each side are arranged near the walls small beds of mats placed on
little scaffolds or bedsteads, raised from eighteen inches to three feet
from the ground; and in the middle of the vacant space is the fire,
or sometimes two or three fires, when, as is usually the case,
the house contains three families."
Houses very like these are built by the Ahts or Nootkas, a tribe of
Indians inhabiting parts of Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland.
A Nootka calls his house an ourt.
The good offices of Lewis and Clark, who were always ready to make
peace between hostile tribes, were again successful here.
The Echeloots received the white men with much kindness, invited them
to their houses, and returned their visits after the explorers had camped.
Lewis and Clark told the Echeloot chiefs that the war was destroying
them and their industries, bringing want and privation upon them.
The Indians listened with attention to what was said, and after
some talk they agreed to make peace with their ancient enemies.
Impressed with the sincerity of this agreement, the captains
of the expedition invested the principal chief with a medal
and some small articles of clothing. The two faithful chiefs
who had accompanied the white men from the headwaters of the streams
now bade farewell to their friends and allies, the explorers.
They bought horses of the Echeloots and returned to their distant
homes by land.
Game here became more abundant, and on the twenty-sixth of October
the journal records the fact that they received from the Indians
a present of deer-meat, and on that day their hunters found plenty
of tracks of elk and deer in the mountains, and they brought
in five deer, four very large gray squirrels, and a grouse.
Besides these delicacies, one of the men killed in the river
a salmon-trout which was fried in bear's oil and, according to
the journal, "furnished a dish of a very delightful flavor,"
doubtless a pleasing change from the diet of dog's flesh
with which they had so recently been regaled.
Two of the Echeloot chiefs remained with the white men to guide them
on their way down the river. These were joined by seven others
of their tribe, to whom the explorers were kind and attentive.
But the visitors could not resist the temptation to pilfer from the goods
exposed to dry in the sun. Being checked in this sly business,
they became ill-humored and returned, angry, down the river.
The explorers noticed here that the Indians flattened the heads
of males as well as females. Higher up the river, only the women
and female children had flat heads. The custom of artificially
flattening the heads of both men and women, in infancy,
was formerly practised by nearly all the tribes of the Chinook family
along the Columbia River. Various means are used to accomplish
this purpose, the most common and most cruel being to bind a flat
board on the forehead of an infant in such a way that it presses
on the skull and forces the forehead up on to the top of the head.
As a man whose head has been flattened in infancy grows older,
the deformity partly disappears; but the flatness of the head
is always regarded as a tribal badge of great merit.
"On the morning of the twenty-eighth," says the journal, having dried
our goods, we were about setting out, when three canoes came from above
to visit us, and at the same time two others from below arrived for the
same purpose. Among these last was an Indian who wore his hair in a que,
and had on a round hat and a sailor's jacket, which he said he had obtained
from the people below the great rapids, who bought them from the whites.
This interview detained us till nine o'clock, when we proceeded down
the river, which is now bordered with cliffs of loose dark colored rocks
about ninety feet high, with a thin covering of pines and other small trees.
At the distance of four miles we reached a small village of eight houses
under some high rocks on the right with a small creek on the opposite side
of the river.
"We landed and found the houses similar to those we had seen at the
great narrows; on entering one of them we saw a British musket, a cutlass,
and several brass tea-kettles, of which they seemed to be very fond.
There were figures of men, birds, and different animals, which were cut
and painted on the boards which form the sides of the room; though the
workmanship of these uncouth figures was very rough, they were highly
esteemed by the Indians as the finest frescos of more civilized people.
This tribe is called the Chilluckittequaw; their language, though somewhat
different from that of the Echeloots, has many of the same words,
and is sufficiently intelligible to the neighboring Indians. We procured
from them a vocabulary, and then, after buying five small dogs,
some dried berries, and a white bread or cake made of roots, we left them.
The wind, however, rose so high that we were obliged, after going one mile,
to land on the left side, opposite a rocky island, and pass the day."
On the same day the white chiefs visited one of the most prominent
of the native houses built along the river.
"This," says the journal, "was the residence of the principal chief
of the Chilluckittequaw nation, who we found was the same between whom
and our two chiefs we had made a peace at the Echeloot village.
He received us, very kindly, and set before us pounded fish,
filberts, nuts, the berries of the sacacommis, and white bread
made of roots. We gave, in return, a bracelet of ribbon to each
of the women of the house, with which they were very much pleased.
The chief had several articles, such as scarlet and blue cloth, a sword,
a jacket, and a hat, which must have been procured from the whites,
and on one side of the room were two wide, split boards, placed together
so as to make space for a rude figure of a man cut and painted on them.
On pointing to this, and asking him what it meant, he said something,
of which all that we understood was `good,' and then stepped up
to the painting, and took out his bow and quiver, which, with some
other warlike instruments, were kept behind it.
"He then directed his wife to hand him his medicine-bag, from which he drew
out fourteen forefingers, which he told us had belonged to the same
number of his enemies, whom he had killed in fighting with the nations
to the southeast, in which direction he pointed; alluding, no doubt,
to the Snake Indians, the common enemy of the tribes on the Columbia.
This bag is usually about two feet in length, and contains roots,
pounded dirt, etc., which only the Indians know how to appreciate.
It is suspended in the middle of the lodge; and it is considered
as a species of sacrilege for any one but the owner to touch it.
It is an object of religious fear; and, from its supposed sanctity,
is the chief place for depositing their medals and more valuable articles.
They have likewise small bags, which they preserve in their great
medicine-bag, from whence they are taken, and worn around their
waists and necks as amulets against any real or imaginary evils.
This was the first time we had been apprised that the Indians
ever carried from the field any other trophy than the scalp.
These fingers were shown with great exultation; and, after an harangue,
which we were left to presume was in praise of his exploits,
the chief carefully replaced them among the valuable contents
of his red medicine-bag. The inhabitants of this village being part
of the same nation with those of the village we had passed above,
the language of the two was the same, and their houses were of similar
form and materials, and calculated to contain about thirty souls.
They were unusually hospitable and good-humored, so that we gave
to the place the name of the Friendly village. We breakfasted here;
and after purchasing twelve dogs, four sacks of fish, and a few
dried berries, proceeded on our journey. The hills as we passed
were high, with steep, rocky sides, with pine and white oak,
and an undergrowth of shrubs scattered over them."
Leaving the Friendly village, the party went on their way down the river.
Four miles below they came to a small and rapid river which they called
the Cataract River, but which is now known as the Klikitat. The rapids
of the stream, according to the Indians, were so numerous that salmon could
not ascend it, and the Indians who lived along its banks subsisted on what
game they could kill with their bows and arrows and on the berries which,
in certain seasons, were plentiful. Again we notice the purchase of dogs;
this time only four were bought, and the party proceeded on their way.
That night, having travelled thirty-two miles, they camped on the right
bank of the river in what is now Skamania County, Washington. Three huts
were inhabited by a considerable number of Indians, of whom the journal
has this to say:--
"On our first arrival they seemed surprised, but not alarmed,
and we soon became intimate by means of smoking and our favorite
entertainment for the Indians, the violin. They gave us fruit,
roots, and root-bread, and we purchased from them three dogs.
The houses of these people are similar to those of the Indians above,
and their language is the same; their dress also, consisting of robes
or skins of wolves, deer, elk, and wildcat, is made nearly after
the same model; their hair is worn in plaits down each shoulder,
and round their neck is put a strip of some skin with the tail
of the animal hanging down over the breast; like the Indians above,
they are fond of otter-skins, and give a great price for them.
We here saw the skin of a mountain sheep, which they say lives among
the rocks in the mountains; the skin was covered with white hair;
the wool was long, thick, and coarse, with long coarse hair on the top
of the neck and on the back, resembling somewhat the bristles of a goat.
Immediately behind the village is a pond, in which were great numbers
of small swan."
The "mountain sheep" mentioned here are not the bighorn of which we have
heard something in the earlier part of this narrative, but a species of wild
goat found among the Cascade Mountains. The "wildcat" above referred to is
probably that variety of lynx known in Canada and most of the Northern States
and the Pacific as the loup-cervier, or vulgarly, the "lucifee."
On the last day of October, the next of the more difficult rapids
being near, Captain Clark went ahead to examine the "shoot,"
as the explorers called the place which we know as the chute.
In the thick wood that bordered the river he found an ancient
burial-place which he thus describes:--
"It consists of eight vaults made of pine or cedar boards
closely connected, about eight feet square and six in height;
the top covered with wide boards sloping a little, so as to convey
off the rain. The direction of all of these vaults is east and west,
the door being on the eastern side, partially stopped with wide
boards decorated with rude pictures of men and other animals.
On entering he found in some of them four dead bodies, carefully wrapped
in skins, tied with cords of grass and bark, lying on a mat,
in a direction east and west. The other vaults contained only bones,
which were in some of them piled to the height of four feet.
On the tops of the vaults, and on poles attached to them,
bung brass kettles and frying-pans with holes in their bottoms,
baskets, bowls, sea-shells, skins, pieces of cloth, hair, bags of
trinkets and small bones--the offerings of friendship or affection,
which have been saved by a pious veneration from the ferocity
of war, or the more dangerous temptations of individual gain.
The whole of the walls as well as the door were decorated with strange
figures cut and painted on them; and besides were several wooden
images of men, some so old and decayed as to have almost lost
their shape, which were all placed against the sides of the vaults.
These images, as well as those in the houses we have lately seen,
do not appear to be at all the objects of adoration; in this place
they were most probably intended as resemblances of those whose
decease they indicate; when we observe them in houses, they occupy
the most conspicuous part, but are treated more like ornaments
than objects of worship."
The white men were visited at their camp by many Indians from the villages
farther up the stream. The journal says:--
"We had an opportunity of seeing to-day the hardihood of the Indians
of the neighboring village. One of the men shot a goose,
which fell into the river and was floating rapidly toward
the great shoot, when an Indian observing it plunged in after it.
The whole mass of the waters of the Columbia, just preparing to descend
its narrow channel, carried the animal down with great rapidity.
The Indian followed it fearlessly to within one hundred and fifty feet
of the rocks, where he would inevitably have been dashed to pieces;
but seizing his prey he turned round and swam ashore with great composure.
We very willingly relinquished our right to the bird in favor of
the Indian who had thus saved it at the imminent hazard of his life;
he immediately set to work and picked off about half the feathers,
and then, without opening it, ran a stick through it and carried it
off to roast."
With many hair's-breadth escapes, the expedition now passed
through the rapids or "great shoot." The river here is one hundred
and fifty yards wide and the rapids are confined to an area four
hundred yards long, crowded with islands and rocky ledges.
They found the Indians living along the banks of the stream
to be kindly disposed; but they had learned, by their intercourse
with tribes living below, to set a high value on their wares.
They asked high prices for anything they had for sale.
The journal says:--
"We cannot learn precisely the nature of the trade carried on
by the Indians with the inhabitants below. But as their knowledge
of the whites seems to be very imperfect, and as the only articles
which they carry to market, such as pounded fish, bear-grass, and roots,
cannot be an object of much foreign traffic, their intercourse
appears to be an intermediate trade with the natives near the mouth
of the Columbia. From them these people obtain, in exchange
for their fish, roots, and bear-grass, blue and white beads,
copper tea-kettles, brass armbands, some scarlet and blue robes,
and a few articles of old European clothing. But their great
object is to obtain beads, an article which holds the first place
in their ideas of relative value, and to procure which they will
sacrifice their last article of clothing or last mouthful of food.
Independently of their fondness for them as an ornament, these beads
are the medium of trade, by which they obtain from the Indians still
higher up the river, robes, skins, chappelel bread, bear-grass, etc.
Those Indians in turn employ them to procure from the Indians
in the Rocky Mountains, bear-grass, pachico-roots, robes, etc.
"These Indians are rather below the common size, with high cheek-bones;
their noses are pierced, and in full dress ornamented with a
tapering piece of white shell or wampum about two inches long.
Their eyes are exceedingly sore and weak; many of them have
only a single eye, and some are perfectly blind. Their teeth
prematurely decay, and in frequent instances are altogether worn away.
Their general health, however, seems to be good, the only disorder
we have remarked being tumors in different parts of the body."
The more difficult rapid was passed on the second day of November, the luggage
being sent down by land and the empty canoes taken down with great care.
The journal of that date says:--
"The rapid we have just passed is the last of all the descents
of the Columbia. At this place the first tidewater commences,
and the river in consequence widens immediately below the rapid.
As we descended we reached, at the distance of one mile from the rapid,
a creek under a bluff on the left; at three miles is the lower
point of Strawberry Island. To this immediately succeed three
small islands covered with wood. In the meadow to the right,
at some distance from the hills, stands a perpendicular rock about
eight hundred feet high and four hundred yards around the base.
This we called Beacon Rock. Just below is an Indian
village of nine houses, situated between two small creeks.
At this village the river widens to nearly a mile in extent;
the low grounds become wider, and they as well as the mountains
on each side are covered with pine, spruce-pine, cottonwood,
a species of ash, and some alder. After being so long accustomed
to the dreary nakedness of the country above, the change is as
grateful to the eye as it is useful in supplying us with fuel.
Four miles from the village is a point of land on the right,
where the hills become lower, but are still thickly timbered.
The river is now about two miles wide, the current smooth and gentle,
and the effect of the tide has been sensible since leaving the rapid.
Six miles lower is a rock rising from the middle of the river to
the height of one hundred feet, and about eighty yards at its base.
We continued six miles further, and halted for the night
under a high projecting rock on the left side of the river,
opposite the point of a large meadow.
"The mountains, which, from the great shoot to this place,
are high, rugged, and thickly covered with timber,
chiefly of the pine species, here leave the river on each side;
the river becomes two and one-half miles in width; the low grounds
are extensive and well supplied with wood. The Indians whom
we left at the portage passed us on their way down the river,
and seven others, who were descending in a canoe for the purpose
of trading below, camped with us. We had made from the foot
of the great shoot twenty-nine miles to-day. The ebb tide rose
at our camp about nine inches; the flood must rise much higher.
We saw great numbers of water-fowl, such as swan, geese, ducks of
various kinds, gulls, plovers, and the white and gray brant,
of which last we killed eighteen."
From Tidewater to the Sea
Near the mouth of the river which the explorers named Quicksand River
(now Sandy), they met a party of fifteen Indians who had lately been down
to the mouth of the Columbia. These people told the white men that they
had seen three vessels at anchor below, and, as these must needs be American,
or European, the far-voyaging explorers were naturally pleased.
When they had camped that night, they received other visitors of whom
the journal makes mention:--
"A canoe soon after arrived from the village at the foot of the last rapid,
with an Indian and his family, consisting of a wife, three children,
and a woman who had been taken prisoner from the Snake Indians,
living on a river from the south, which we afterward found to be
the Multnomah. Sacajawea was immediately introduced to her, in hopes that,
being a Snake Indian, they might understand each other; but their language
was not sufficiently intelligible to permit them to converse together.
The Indian had a gun with a brass barrel and cock, which he appeared
to value highly."
The party had missed the Multnomah River in their way down,
although this is one of the three largest tributaries
of the Columbia, John Day's River and the Des Chutes being
the other two. A group of islands near the mouth of the
Multnomah hides it from the view of the passing voyager.
The stream is now more generally known as the Willamette,
or Wallamet. The large city of Portland, Oregon, is built
on the river, about twelve miles from its junction with
the Columbia. The Indian tribes along the banks of the Multnomah,
or Willamette, subsisted largely on the wappatoo, an eatable root,
about the size of a hen's egg and closely resembling a potato.
This root is much sought after by the Indians and is eagerly
bought by tribes living in regions where it is not to be found.
The party made great use of the wappatoo after they
had learned how well it served in place of bread.
They bought here all that the Indians could spare and then
made their way down the river to an open prairie where they
camped for dinner and found many signs of elk and deer.
The journal says:--
"When we landed for dinner, a number of Indians from the last
village came down for the purpose, as we supposed, of paying us
a friendly visit, as they had put on their favorite dresses.
In addition to their usual covering they had scarlet and
blue blankets, sailors' jackets and trousers, shirts and hats.
They had all of them either war-axes, spears, and bows and arrows,
or muskets and pistols, with tin powder-flasks. We smoked
with them and endeavored to show them every attention, but we
soon found them very assuming and disagreeable companions.
While we were eating, they stole the pipe with which they
were smoking, and the greatcoat of one of the men.
We immediately searched them all, and discovered the coat
stuffed under the root of a tree near where they were sitting;
but the pipe we could not recover. Finding us determined
not to suffer any imposition, and discontented with them,
they showed their displeasure in the only way which they dared,
by returning in an ill-humor to their village.
"We then proceeded and soon met two canoes, with twelve men
of the same Skilloot nation, who were on their way from below.
The larger of the canoes was ornamented with the figure of a bear
in the bow and a man in the stern, both nearly as large as life,
both made of painted wood and very neatly fixed to the boat.
In the same canoe were two Indians, finely dressed and with round hats.
This circumstance induced us to give the name of Image-canoe
to the large island, the lower end of which we now passed at
the distance of nine miles from its head."
Here they had their first full view of Mt. St. Helen's, sometimes
called Mt. Ranier. The peak is in Washington and is 9,750 feet high.
It has a sugar-loaf, or conical, shape and is usually covered with snow.
The narrative of the expedition continues as follows:--
"The Skilloots that we passed to-day speak a language somewhat
different from that of the Echeloots or Chilluckittequaws
near the long narrows. Their dress, however, is similar,
except that the Skilloots possess more articles procured from
the white traders; and there is this farther difference between them,
that the Skilloots, both males and females, have the head flattened.
Their principal food is fish, wappatoo roots, and some elk and deer,
in killing which with arrows they seem to be very expert; for during
the short time we remained at the village, three deer were brought in.
We also observed there a tame blaireau, [badger]."
The journal, November 5, says:--
"Our choice of a camp had been very unfortunate; for on a sand-island
opposite us were immense numbers of geese, swan, ducks, and other
wild fowl, which during the whole night serenaded us with a
confusion of noises which completely prevented our sleeping.
During the latter part of the night it rained, and we therefore
willingly left camp at an early hour. We passed at three miles
a small prairie, where the river is only three-quarters of a mile
in width, and soon after two houses on the left, half a mile
distant from each other; from one of which three men came in a
canoe merely to look at us, and having done so returned home.
At eight miles we came to the lower point of an island,
separated from the right side by a narrow channel, on which,
a short distance above the end of the island, is situated
a large village. It is built more compactly than the generality
of the Indian villages, and the front has fourteen houses,
which are ranged for a quarter of a mile along the channel.
As soon as we were discovered seven canoes came out to see us,
and after some traffic, during which they seemed well disposed
and orderly, accompanied us a short distance below."
The explorers now met Indians of a different nation from those whom
they had seen before. The journal says:--
"These people seem to be of a different nation from those we
have just passed; they are low in stature, ill shaped, and all
have their heads flattened. They call themselves Wahkiacum,
and their language differs from that of the tribes above,
with whom they trade for wappatoo-roots. The houses are built
in a different style, being raised entirely above ground,
with the caves about five feet high and the door at the corner.
Near the end, opposite this door, is a single fireplace,
round which are the beds, raised four feet from the floor of earth;
over the fire are hung the fresh fish, which, when dried,
are stowed away with the wappatoo-roots under the beds.
The dress of the men is like that of the people above, but the women
are clad in a peculiar manner, the robe not reaching lower than
the hip, and the body being covered in cold weather by a sort
of corset of fur, curiously plaited and reaching from the arms
to the hip; added to this is a sort of petticoat, or rather
tissue of white cedar bark, bruised or broken into small strands,
and woven into a girdle by several cords of the same material.
Being tied round the middle, these strands hang down as low
as the knee in front, and to the mid-leg behind; they are of
sufficient thickness to answer the purpose of concealment whilst
the female stands in an erect position, but in any other attitude
form but a very ineffectual defence. Sometimes the tissue
is strings of silk-grass, twisted and knotted at the end.
After remaining with them about an hour, we proceeded down the
channel with an Indian dressed in a sailor's jacket for our pilot,
and on reaching the main channel were visited by some Indians
who have a temporary residence on a marshy island in the middle
of the river, where is a great abundance of water-fowl."
The tribe of Indians known as the Wahkiacums has entirely disappeared;
but the name survives as that of one of the counties of Washington
bordering on the Columbia. Wahkiacum is the county lying next west
of Cowlitz. When the explorers passed down the river under the piloting
of their Indian friend wearing a sailor's jacket, they were in a thick fog.
This cleared away and a sight greeted their joyful vision.
Their story says:--
"At a distance of twenty miles from our camp, we halted at a
village of Wahkiacums, consisting of seven ill-looking houses,
built in the same form with those above, and situated at the foot
of the high hills on the right, behind two small marshy islands.
We merely stopped to purchase some food and two beaver skins,
and then proceeded. Opposite to these islands the hills
on the left retire, and the river widens into a kind of bay,
crowded with low islands, subject to be overflowed occasionally
by the tide. We had not gone far from this village when,
the fog suddenly clearing away, we were at last presented
with the glorious sight of the ocean--that ocean, the object
of all our labors, the reward of all our anxieties.
This animating sight exhilarated the spirits of all the party,
who were still more delighted on hearing the distant roar
of the breakers. We went on with great cheerfulness along
the high, mountainous country which bordered the right bank:
the shore, however, was so bold and rocky, that we could not,
until at a distance of fourteen miles from the last village,
find any spot fit for an encampment. Having made during the day
thirty-four miles, we now spread our mats on the ground, and passed
the night in the rain. Here we were joined by our small canoe,
which had been separated from us during the fog this morning.
Two Indians from the last village also accompanied us
to the camp; but, having detected them in stealing a knife,
they were sent off."
It is not very easy for us, who have lived comfortably at home,
or who have travelled only in luxurious railway-cars and
handsomely equipped steamers, to realize the joy and rapture
with which these far-wandering explorers hailed the sight
of the sea,--the sea to which they had so long been journeying,
through deserts, mountain-passes, and tangled wildernesses.
In his diary Captain Clark thus sets down some indication of his
joy on that memorable day, November 8, 1805: "Great joy in camp.
We are in view of the Ocean, this great Pacific Ocean which we
have been so long anxious to see, and the roaring or noise
made by the waves breaking on the rocky shores (as I suppose)
may be heard distinctly." Later, same day, he says, "Ocean in view!
O! the joy!" Fortunately, the hardships to be undergone on
the shores of the ocean were then unknown and undreamed of;
the travellers were thankful to see the sea, the goal of all
their hopes, the end of their long pilgrimage across the continent.
That night they camped near the mouth of the river in what is now known
as Gray's Bay, on the north side of the river, in the southwest corner
of Wahkiacum County. Before they could reach their camping-place, the water
was so rough that some of the men had an unusual experience,--seasickness.
They passed a disagreeable night on a narrow, rocky bench of land.
Next day they say:
"Fortunately for us, the tide did not rise as high as our camp
during the night; but being accompanied by high winds from
the south, the canoes, which we could not place beyond its reach,
were filled with water, and were saved with much difficulty.
Our position was very uncomfortable, but as it was impossible
to move from it, we waited for a change of weather.
It rained, however, during the whole day, and at two o'clock
in the afternoon the flood tide set in, accompanied by a high
wind from the south, which, about four o'clock, shifted to
the southwest and blew almost a gale directly from the sea.
The immense waves now broke over the place where we were camped;
the large trees, some of them five or six feet thick,
which had lodged at the point, were drifted over our camp,
and the utmost vigilance of every man could scarcely save our
canoes from being crushed to pieces. We remained in the water,
and drenched with rain, during the rest of the day, our only food
being some dried fish and some rain-water which we caught.
Yet, though wet and cold, and some of them sick from using salt water,
the men were cheerful, and full of anxiety to see more of the ocean.
The rain continued all night."
This was the beginning of troubles. Next day, the wind having lulled,
the party set forth again, only to be beaten back and compelled to take
to the shore again. This was their experience for several days.
For example, under date of the eleventh the journal says:--
"The wind was still high from the southwest, and drove the waves
against the shore with great fury; the rain too fell in torrents,
and not only drenched us to the skin, but loosened the stones
on the hillsides, which then came rolling down upon us.
In this comfortless situation we remained all day, wet, cold,
with nothing but dried fish to satisfy our hunger; the canoes
in one place at the mercy of the waves, the baggage in another,
and all the men scattered on floating logs, or sheltering
themselves in the crevices of the rocks and hillsides.
A hunter was despatched in hopes of finding some fresh meat;
but the hills were so steep, and so covered with undergrowth
and fallen timber, that he could not penetrate them, and he was
forced to return."
And this is the record for the next day:--
"About three o'clock a tremendous gale of wind arose accompanied
with lightning, thunder, and hail: at six it lightened up for a
short time, but a violent rain soon began, and lasted through the day.
During the storm, one of our boats, secured by being sunk with great
quantities of stone, got loose, but, drifting against a rock,
was recovered without having received much injury. Our situation
now became much more dangerous, for the waves were driven with fury
against the rocks and trees, which till now had afforded us refuge:
we therefore took advantage of the low tide, and moved about half a mile
round a point to a small brook, which we had not observed before on
account of the thick bushes and driftwood which concealed its mouth.
Here we were more safe, but still cold and wet; our clothes and bedding
rotten as well as wet, our baggage at a distance, and the canoes,
our only means of escape from this place, at the mercy of the waves.
Still, we continued to enjoy good health, and even had the luxury of feasting
on some salmon and three salmon trout which we caught in the brook.
Three of the men attempted to go round a point in our small Indian canoe,
but the high waves rendered her quite unmanageable, these boats requiring
the seamanship of the natives to make them live in so rough a sea."
It should be borne in mind that the canoes of the explorers were poor
dug-outs, unfit to navigate the turbulent waters of the bay, and the men
were not so expert in that sort of seamanship as were the Indians whom they,
with envy, saw breasting the waves and making short voyages in the midst
of the storms. It continued to rain without any intermission, and the waves
dashed up among the floating logs of the camp in a very distracting manner.
The party now had nothing but dried fish to eat, and it was with great
difficulty that a fire could be built. On the fifteenth of the month,
Captain Lewis having found a better camping-place near a sandy beach, they
started to move their luggage thither; but before they could get under way,
a high wind from the southwest sprung up and they were forced to remain.
But the sun came out and they were enabled to dry their stuff, much of which
had been spoiled by the rain which had prevailed for the past ten days.
Their fish also was no longer fit to eat, and they were indeed in poor case.
Captain Lewis was out on a prospecting trip, and the party set out and found
a beach through which a pleasant brook flowed to the river, making a very good
camping-place. At the mouth of this stream was an ancient Chinook village,
which, says the journal, "has at present no inhabitants but fleas."
The adventurers were compelled to steer wide of all old Indian villages,
they were so infested with fleas. At times, so great was the pest,
the men were forced to take off all their clothing and soak themselves
and their garments in the river before they could be rid of the insects.
The site of their new camp was at the southeast end of Baker's Bay,
sometimes called Haley's Bay, a mile above a very high point of rocks.
On arriving at this place, the voyagers met with an unpleasant experience
of which the journal gives this account:--
"Here we met Shannon, who had been sent back to meet us
by Captain Lewis. The day Shannon left us in the canoe,
he and Willard proceeded till they met a party of twenty Indians,
who, having never heard of us, did not know where they [our
men] came from; they, however, behaved with so much civility,
and seemed so anxious that the men should go with them toward the sea,
that their suspicions were excited, and they declined going on.
The Indians, however, would not leave them; the men being confirmed
in their suspicions, and fearful that if they went into the woods
to sleep they would be cut to pieces in the night, thought it best
to pass the night in the midst of the Indians. They therefore
made a fire, and after talking with them to a late hour, laid down
with their rifles under their heads. As they awoke that morning
they found that the Indians had stolen and concealed their guns.
Having demanded them in vain, Shannon seized a club, and was about
assaulting one of the Indians, whom he suspected as a thief, when another
Indian began to load a fowling-piece with the intention of shooting him.
He therefore stopped, and explained by signs that if they did not
give up the guns a large party would come down the river before
the sun rose to such a height, and put every one of them to death.
Fortunately, Captain Lewis and his party appeared at this time.
The terrified Indians immediately brought the guns, and five of them
came on with Shannon. To these men we declared that if ever any one
of their nation stole anything from us, he should be instantly shot.
They reside to the north of this place, and speak a language
different from that of the people higher up the river.
"It was now apparent that the sea was at all times too
rough for us to proceed further down the bay by water.
We therefore landed, and having chosen the best spot we could select,
made our camp of boards from the old [Chinook] village.
We were now situated comfortably, and being visited by four
Wahkiacums with wappatoo-roots, were enabled to make an agreeable
addition to our food."
On the seventeenth Captain Lewis with a small party of his men
coasted the bay as far out as Cape Disappointment and some distance
to the north along the seacoast. Game was now plenty, and the camp
was supplied with ducks, geese, and venison. Bad weather again set in.
The journal under date of November 22 says:--
"It rained during the whole night, and about daylight a tremendous gale of
wind rose from the S.S.E., and continued through the day with great violence.
The sea ran so high that the water came into our camp, which the rain prevents
us from leaving. We purchased from the old squaw, for armbands and rings,
a few wappatoo-roots, on which we subsisted. They are nearly equal in
flavor to the Irish potato, and afford a very good substitute for bread.
The bad weather drove several Indians to our camp, but they were still
under the terrors of the threat which we made on first seeing them,
and behaved with the greatest decency.
"The rain continued through the night, November 23, and the morning
was calm and cloudy. The hunters were sent out, and killed three deer,
four brant, and three ducks. Towards evening seven Clatsops came over
in a canoe, with two skins of the sea-otter. To this article they attached
an extravagant value; and their demands for it were so high, that we were
fearful it would too much reduce our small stock of merchandise, on which we
had to depend for subsistence on our return, to venture on purchasing it.
To ascertain, however, their ideas as to the value of different objects,
we offered for one of these skins a watch, a handkerchief, an American dollar,
and a bunch of red beads; but neither the curious mechanism of the watch,
nor even the red beads, could tempt the owner: he refused the offer,
but asked for tiacomoshack, or chief beads, the most common sort of coarse
blue-colored beads, the article beyond all price in their estimation.
Of these blue beads we had but few, and therefore reserved them for
more necessitous circumstances."
The officers of the expedition had hoped and expected to find
here some of the trading ships that were occasionally sent along
the coast to barter with the natives; but none were to be found.
They were soon to prepare for winter-quarters, and they still
hoped that a trader might appear in the spring before they
set out on their homeward journey across the continent.
Very much they needed trinkets to deal with the natives
in exchange for, the needful articles of food on the route.
But (we may as well say here) no such relief ever appeared.
It is strange that President Jefferson, in the midst
of his very minute orders and preparations for the benefit
of the explorers, did not think of sending a relief ship
to meet the party at the mouth of the Columbia. They would
have been saved a world of care, worry, and discomfort.
But at that time the European nations who held possessions
on the Pacific coast were very suspicious of the Americans,
and possibly President Jefferson did not like to risk
rousing their animosity.
The rain that now deluged the unhappy campers was so incessant that they
might well have thought that people should be web-footed to live in
such a watery region. In these later days, Oregon is sometimes known
as "The Web-foot State." Captain Clark, in his diary, November 28,
makes this entry: "O! how disagreeable is our situation dureing this
dreadfull weather!" The gallant captain's spelling was sometimes queer.
Under that date he adds:--
"We remained during the day in a situation the most cheerless
and uncomfortable. On this little neck of land we are exposed,
with a miserable covering which does not deserve the name
of a shelter, to the violence of the winds; all our bedding
and stores, as well as our bodies, are completely wet;
our clothes are rotting with constant exposure, and we
have no food except the dried fish brought from the falls,
to which we are again reduced. The hunters all returned hungry
and drenched with rain, having seen neither deer nor elk,
and the swan and brant were too shy to be approached.
At noon the wind shifted to the northwest, and blew with such
tremendous fury that many trees were blown down near us.
This gale lasted with short intervals during the whole night."
Of course, in the midst of such violent storms, it was impossible
to get game, and the men were obliged to resort once more to a diet
of dried fish, This food caused much sickness in the camp, and it became
imperatively necessary that efforts should again be made to find game.
On the second of December, to their great joy an elk was killed,
and next day they had a feast. The journal says;
"The wind was from the east and the morning fair; but, as if one whole
day of fine weather were not permitted, toward night it began to rain.
Even this transient glimpse of sunshine revived the spirits
of the party, who were still more pleased when the elk killed
yesterday was brought into camp. This was the first elk we had
killed on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, and condemned as we
have been to the dried fish, it formed a most nourishing food.
After eating the marrow of the shank-bones, the squaw chopped them fine,
and by boiling extracted a pint of grease, superior to the tallow
itself of the animal. A canoe of eight Indians, who were carrying
down wappatoo-roots to trade with the Clatsops, stopped at our camp;
we bought a few roots for small fish-hooks, and they then left us.
Accustomed as we were to the sight, we could not but view
with admiration the wonderful dexterity with which they guide
their canoes over the most boisterous seas; for though the waves
were so high that before they had gone half a mile the canoe
was several times out of sight, they proceeded with the greatest
calmness and security. Two of the hunters who set out yesterday
had lost their way, and did not return till this evening.
They had seen in their ramble great signs of elk and had killed six,
which they had butchered and left at a great distance.
A party was sent in the morning."
On the third of December Captain Clark carved on the trunk of a great pine
tree this inscription:--
"WM. CLARK DECEMBER 3D 1805 BY LAND FROM THE
U. STATES IN 1804 & 5."
A few days later, Captain Lewis took with him a small party and set
out to find a suitable spot on which to build their winter camp.
He did not return as soon as he was expected, and considerable
uneasiness was felt in camp on that account. But he came in safely.
He brought good news; they had discovered a river on the south side
of the Columbia, not far from their present encampment, where there
were an abundance of elk and a favorable place for a winter camp.
Bad weather detained them until the seventh of December, when a
favorable change enabled them to proceed. They made their way slowly
and very cautiously down-stream, the tide being against them.
The narrative proceeds:--
"We at length turned a point, and found ourselves in a deep bay:
here we landed for breakfast, and were joined by the party sent out
three days ago to look for the six elk, killed by the Lewis party.
They had lost their way for a day and a half, and when they
at last reached the place, found the elk so much spoiled
that they brought away nothing but the skins of four of them.
After breakfast we coasted round the bay, which is about four
miles across, and receives, besides several small creeks, two rivers,
called by the Indians, the one Kilhowanakel, the other Netul. We named
it Meriwether's Bay, from the Christian name of Captain Lewis,
who was, no doubt, the first white man who had surveyed it.
The wind was high from the northeast, and in the middle
of the day it rained for two hours, and then cleared off.
On reaching the south side of the bay we ascended the Netul
three miles, to the first point of high land on its western bank,
and formed our camp in a thick grove of lofty pines, about two
hundred yards from the water, and thirty feet above the level
of the high tides."
Camping by the Pacific
Next in importance to the building of a winter camp was the fixing
of a place where salt could be made. Salt is absolutely
necessary for the comfort of man, and the supply brought out from
the United States by the explorers was now nearly all gone.
They were provided with kettles in which sea-water could be boiled
down and salt be made. It would be needful to go to work at once,
for the process of salt-making by boiling in ordinary kettles is
slow and tedious; not only must enough for present uses be found,
but a supply to last the party home again was necessary.
Accordingly, on the eighth of December the journal has this entry
to show what was to be done:--
"In order, therefore, to find a place for making salt, and to examine
the country further, Captain Clark set out with five men, and pursuing
a course S. 60'0 W., over a dividing ridge through thick pine timber,
much of which bad fallen, passed the beads of two small brooks.
In the neighborhood of these the land was swampy and overflowed,
and they waded knee-deep till they came to an open ridgy prairie,
covered with the plant known on our frontier by the name of sacacommis
[bearberry]. Here is a creek about sixty yards wide and running toward
Point Adams; they passed it on a small raft. At this place they
discovered a large herd of elk, and after pursuing them for three miles
over bad swamps and small ponds, killed one of them. The agility
with which the elk crossed the swamps and bogs seems almost incredible;
as we followed their track the ground for a whole acre would shake at
our tread and sometimes we sunk to our hips without finding any bottom.
Over the surface of these bogs is a species of moss, among which are
great numbers of cranberries; and occasionally there rise from the swamp
small steep knobs of earth, thickly covered with pine and laurel.
On one of these we halted at night, but it was scarcely large enough
to suffer us to lie clear of the water, and had very little dry wood.
We succeeded, however, in collecting enough to make a fire; and having
stretched the elk-skin to keep off the rain, which still continued,
slept till morning."
Next day the party were met by three Indians who had been fishing
for salmon, of which they had a goodly supply, and were now on their way
home to their village on the seacoast. They, invited Captain Clark
and his men to accompany them; and the white men accepted the invitation.
These were Clatsops. Their village consisted of twelve families living in
houses of split pine boards, the lower half of the house being underground.
By a small ladder in the middle of the house-front, the visitors
reached the floor, which was about four feet below the surface.
Two fires were burning in the middle of the room upon the earthen floor.
The beds were ranged around the room next to the wall, with spaces
beneath them for bags, baskets, and household articles.
Captain Clark was received with much attention, clean mats were spread
for him, and a repast of fish, roots, and berries was set before him.
He noticed that the Clatsops were well dressed and clean, and that they
frequently washed their faces and hands, a ceremony, he remarked, that is
by no means frequent among other Indians. A high wind now prevailed,
and as the evening was stormy, Captain Clark resolved to stay all night
with his hospitable Clatsops. The narrative proceeds:--
"The men of the village now collected and began to gamble.
The most common game was one in which one of the company was banker,
and played against all the rest. He had a piece of bone,
about the size of a large bean, and having agreed with any individual
as to the value of the stake, would pass the bone from one hand
to the other with great dexterity, singing at the same time to divert
the attention of his adversary; then holding it in his hands,
his antagonist was challenged to guess in which of them the bone was,
and lost or won as he pointed to the right or wrong hand.
To this game of hazard they abandoned themselves with great ardor;
sometimes everything they possess is sacrificed to it; and this evening
several of the Indians lost all the beads which they had with them.
This lasted for three hours; when, Captain Clark appearing disposed
to sleep, the man who had been most attentive, and whose name was Cuskalah,
spread two new mats near the fire, ordered his wife to retire to her
own bed, and the rest of the company dispersed at the same time.
Captain Clark then lay down, but the violence with which the fleas
attacked him did not leave his rest unbroken."
Next morning, Captain Clark walked along the seashore,
and he observed that the Indians were walking up and down,
examining the shore and the margin of a creek that emptied here.
The narrative says:--
"He was at a loss to understand their object till one of
them came to him, and explained that they were in search
of any fish which might have been thrown on shore and left
by the tide, adding in English, `sturgeon is very good.'
There is, indeed, every reason to believe that these Clatsops
depend for their subsistence, during the winter, chiefly on
the fish thus casually thrown on the coast. After amusing himself
for some time on the beach, he returned towards the village,
and shot on his way two brant. As he came near the village, one of
the Indians asked him to shoot a duck about thirty steps distant:
he did so, and, having accidentally shot off its head,
the bird was brought to the village, when all the Indians came
round in astonishment. They examined the duck, the musket,
and the very small bullets, which were a hundred to the pound,
and then exclaimed, Clouch musque, waket, commatax musquet:
Good musket; do not understand this kind of musket.
They now placed before him their best roots, fish, and syrup,
after which he attempted to purchase a sea-otter skin
with some red beads which he happened to have about him;
but they declined trading, as they valued none except blue
or white beads. He therefore bought nothing but a little
berry-bread and a few roots, in exchange for fish-hooks,
and then set out to return by the same route he had come.
He was accompanied by Cuskalah and his brother as far as the
third creek, and then proceeded to the camp through a heavy rain.
The whole party had been occupied during his absence in cutting
down trees to make huts, and in hunting."
This was the occupation of all hands for several days,
notwithstanding the discomfort of the continual downpour.
Many of the men were ill from the effects of sleeping and
living so constantly in water. Under date of December 12,
the journal has this entry:--
"We continued to work in the rain at our houses. In the evening there
arrived two canoes of Clatsops, among whom was a principal chief,
called Comowol. We gave him a medal and treated his companions with
great attention; after which we began to bargain for a small sea-otter skin,
some wappatoo-roots, and another species of root called shanataque.
We readily perceived that they were close dealers, stickled much for trifles,
and never closed the bargain until they thought they had the advantage.
The wappatoo is dear, as they themselves are obliged to give a high price
for it to the Indians above. Blue beads are the articles most in request;
the white occupy the next place in their estimation; but they do not value
much those of any other color. We succeeded at last in purchasing their
whole cargo for a few fish-hooks and a small sack of Indian tobacco,
which we had received from the Shoshonees."
The winter camp was made up of seven huts, and, although it was
not so carefully fortified as was the fort in the Mandan country
(during the previous winter), it was so arranged that
intruders could be kept out when necessary. For the roofs
of these shelters they were provided with "shakes" split
out from a species of pine which they called "balsam pine,"
and which gave them boards, or puncheons, or shakes, ten feet long
and two feet wide, and not more than an inch and a half thick.
By the sixteenth of December their meat-house was finished,
and their meat, so much of which had been spoiled for lack
of proper care, was cut up in small pieces and hung under cover.
They had been told by the Indians that very little snow
ever fell in that region, and the weather, although very,
very wet, was mild and usually free from frost.
They did have severe hailstorms and a few flurries of snow
in December but the rain was a continual cause of discomfort.
Of the trading habits of the Clatsops the journal has this to say:--
"Three Indians came in a canoe with mats, roots, and the berries
of the sacacommis. These people proceed with a dexterity
and finesse in their bargains which, if they have not learned
it from their foreign visitors, may show how nearly allied
is the cunning of savages to the little arts of traffic.
They begin by asking double or treble the value of what they
have to sell, and lower their demand in proportion to the greater
or less degree of ardor or knowledge of the purchaser, who, with all
his management, is not able to procure the article for less
than its real value, which the Indians perfectly understand.
Our chief medium of trade consists of blue and white beads, files,--
with which they sharpen their tools,--fish-hooks, and tobacco;
but of all these articles blue beads and tobacco are
the most esteemed."
But, although their surroundings were not of a sort to make one very jolly,
when Christmas came they observed the day as well as they could.
Here is what the journal says of the holiday:--
"We were awaked at daylight by a discharge of firearms,
which was followed by a song from the men, as a compliment
to us on the return of Christmas, which we have always
been accustomed to observe as a day of rejoicing.
After breakfast we divided our remaining stock of tobacco,
which amounted to twelve carrots [hands], into two parts;
one of which we distributed among such of the party as make
use of it, making a present of a handkerchief to the others.
The remainder of the day was passed in good spirits,
though there was nothing in our situation to excite much gayety.
The rain confined us to the house, and our only luxuries
in honor of the season were some poor elk, so much spoiled
that we ate it through sheer necessity, a few roots, and some
spoiled pounded fish.
"The next day brought a continuation of rain, accompanied with thunder,
and a high wind from the southeast. We were therefore obliged to still
remain in our huts, and endeavored to dry our wet articles before the fire.
The fleas, which annoyed us near the portage of the Great Falls,
have taken such possession of our clothes that we are obliged to
have a regular search every day through our blankets as a necessary
preliminary to sleeping at night. These animals, indeed, are so numerous
that they are almost a calamity to the Indians of this country.
When they have once obtained the mastery of any house it is impossible
to expel them, and the Indians have frequently different houses,
to which they resort occasionally when the fleas have rendered their
permanent residence intolerable; yet, in spite of these precautions,
every Indian is constantly attended by multitudes of them,
and no one comes into our house without leaving behind him swarms
of these tormenting insects."
Although the condition of the exploring party was low,
the men did not require very much to put them in good spirits.
The important and happy event of finishing their fort and
the noting of good weather are thus set forth in the journal
under date of December 30:--
"Toward evening the hunters brought in four elk [which Drewyer had
killed], and after a long course of abstinence and miserable diet,
we had a most sumptuous supper of elk's tongues and marrow.
Besides this agreeable repast, the state of the weather was
quite exhilarating. It had rained during the night, but in the morning,
though the high wind continued, we enjoyed the fairest and most
pleasant weather since our arrival; the sun having shone at intervals,
and there being only three showers in the course of the day.
By sunset we had completed the fortification, and now announced
to the Indians that every day at that hour the gates would be closed,
and they must leave the fort and not enter it till sunrise.
The Wahkiacums who remained with us, and who were very forward
in their deportment, complied very reluctantly with this order;
but, being excluded from our houses, formed a camp near us.
. . . . . . . . .
"January 1, 1806. We were awaked at an early hour by the
discharge of a volley of small arms, to salute the new year.
This was the only mode of commemorating the day which our
situation permitted; for, though we had reason to be gayer than we
were at Christmas, our only dainties were boiled elk and wappatoo,
enlivened by draughts of pure water. We were visited by a few Clatsops,
who came by water, bringing roots and berries for sale.
Among this nation we observed a man about twenty-five years old,
of a much lighter complexion than the Indians generally: his face was
even freckled, and his hair long, and of a colour inclining to red.
He was in habits and manners perfectly Indian; but, though he did
not speak a word of English, he seemed to understand more than
the others of his party; and, as we could obtain no account
of his origin, we concluded that one of his parents, at least,
must have been white."
A novel addition to their bill of fare was fresh blubber, or fat,
from a stranded whale. Under date of January 3 the journal says:--
"At eleven o'clock we were visited by our neighbor, the Tia or chief,
Comowool, who is also called Coone, and six Clatsops. Besides roots
and berries, they brought for sale three dogs, and some fresh blubber.
Having been so long accustomed to live on the flesh of dogs, the greater
part of us have acquired a fondness for it, and our original aversion
for it is overcome, by reflecting that while we subsisted on that food
we were fatter, stronger, and in general enjoyed better health than at
any period since leaving the buffalo country, eastward of the mountains.
The blubber, which is esteemed by the Indians an excellent food,
has been obtained, they tell us, from their neighbors, the Killamucks,
a nation who live on the seacoast to the southeast, near one of whose
villages a whale had recently been thrown and foundered."
Five men had been sent out to form a camp on the seashore and go
into the manufacture of salt as expeditiously as possible.
On the fifth of January, two of them came into the fort
bringing a gallon of salt, which was decided to be "white, fine
and very good," and a very agreeable addition to their food,
which had been eaten perfectly fresh for some weeks past.
Captain Clark, however, said it was a "mere matter of indifference"
to him whether he had salt or not, but he hankered for bread.
Captain Lewis, on the other hand, said the lack of salt was
a great inconvenience; "the want of bread I consider trivial,"
was his dictum. It was estimated that the salt-makers could turn
out three or four quarts a day, and there was good prospect of an
abundant supply for present needs and for the homeward journey.
An expedition to the seashore was now planned, and the journal
goes on to tell how they set out:--
"The appearance of the whale seemed to be a matter of importance to all
the neighboring Indians, and as we might be able to procure some of it
for ourselves, or at least purchase blubber from the Indians, a small parcel
of merchandise was prepared, and a party of the men held in readiness to set
out in the morning. As soon as this resolution was known, Chaboneau and
his wife requested that they might be permitted to accompany us.
The poor woman stated very earnestly that she had travelled a great way
with us to see the great water, yet she had never been down to the coast,
and now that this monstrous fish was also to be seen, it seemed hard
that she should be permitted to see neither the ocean nor the whale.
So reasonable a request could not be denied; they were therefore suffered
to accompany Captain Clark, who, January 6th, after an early breakfast,
set out with twelve men in two canoes."
After a long and tedious trip, the camp of the saltmakers was reached,
and Captain Clark and his men went on to the remains of the whale,
only the skeleton being left by the rapacious and hungry Indians. The whale
had been stranded between two shore villages tenanted by the Killamucks,
as Captain Clark called them. They are now known as the Tillamook Indians,
and their name is preserved in Tillamook County, Oregon. The white
men found it difficult to secure much of the blubber, or the oil.
Although the Indians had large quantities of both, they sold it
with much reluctance. In Clark's private diary is found this entry:
"Small as this stock [of oil and lubber] is I prize it highly;
and thank Providence for directing the whale to us; and think him
more kind to us than he was to Jonah, having sent this monster
to be swallowed by us instead of swallowing us as Jonah's did."
While here, the party had a startling experience, as the journal says:--
"Whilst smoking with the Indians, Captain Clark was surprised,
about ten o'clock, by a loud, shrill outcry from the opposite village,
on hearing which all the Indians immediately started up to cross
the creek, and the guide informed him that someone had been killed.
On examination one of the men [M'Neal] was discovered to be absent,
and a guard [Sergeant Pryor and four men] despatched, who met him
crossing the creek in great haste. An Indian belonging to another band,
who happened to be with the Killamucks that evening, had treated
him with much kindness, and walked arm in arm with him to a tent
where our man found a Chinnook squaw, who was an old acquaintance.
From the conversation and manner of the stranger, this woman
discovered that his object was to murder the white man for the sake
of the few articles on his person; when he rose and pressed our man
to go to another tent where they would find something better to eat,
she held M'Neal by the blanket; not knowing her object, he freed
himself from her, and was going on with his pretended friend,
when she ran out and gave the shriek which brought the men
of the village over, and the stranger ran off before M'Neal knew
what had occasioned the alarm."
The "mighty hunter" of the Lewis and Clark expedition was Drewyer,
whose name has frequently been mentioned in these pages.
Under date of January 12, the journal has this just tribute
to the man:--
"Our meat is now becoming scarce; we therefore determined to jerk it,
and issue it in small quantities, instead of dividing it among
the four messes, and leaving to each the care of its own provisions;
a plan by which much is lost, in consequence of the improvidence of the men.
Two hunters had been despatched in the morning, and one of them, Drewyer,
had before evening killed seven elk. We should scarcely be able
to subsist, were it not for the exertions of this most excellent hunter.
The game is scarce, and nothing is now to be seen except elk, which for
almost all the men are very difficult to be procured; but Drewyer,
who is the offspring of a Canadian Frenchman and an Indian woman,
has passed his life in the woods, and unites, in a wonderful degree,
the dexterous aim of the frontier huntsman with the intuitive sagacity
of the Indian, in pursuing the faintest tracks through the forest.
All our men, however, have indeed become so expert with the rifle
that we are never under apprehensions as to food; since, whenever there
is game of any kind, we are almost certain of procuring it."
The narrative of the explorers gives this account of the Chinooks:--
"The men are low in stature, rather ugly, and ill made; their legs being small
and crooked, their feet large, and their heads, like those of the women,
flattened in a most disgusting manner. These deformities are in part
concealed by robes made of sea-otter, deer, elk, beaver or fox skins.
They also employ in their dress robes of the skin of a cat peculiar
to this country, and of another animal of the same size, which is light
and durable, and sold at a high price by the Indians who bring it from above.
In addition to these are worn blankets, wrappers of red, blue, or spotted
cloth, and some old sailors' clothes, which are very highly prized.
The greater part of the men have guns, with powder and ball.
"The women have in general handsome faces, but are low and disproportioned,
with small feet and large legs, occasioned, probably, by strands of beads,
or various strings, drawn so tight above the ankles as to prevent
the circulation of the blood. Their dress, like that of the Wahkiacums,
consists of a short robe and a tissue of cedar bark. Their hair hangs
loosely down the shoulders and back; and their ears, neck, and wrists
are ornamented with blue beads. Another decoration, which is very
highly prized, consists of figures made by puncturing the arms or legs;
and on the arms of one of the squaws we observed the name of J. Bowman,
executed in the same way. In language, habits, and in almost every
other particular, they resemble the Clatsops, Cathlamahs, and, indeed,
all the people near the mouth of the Columbia, though they appeared
to be inferior to their neighbors in honesty as well as spirit.
No ill treatment or indignity on our part seemed to excite any feeling
except fear; nor, although better provided than their neighbors with arms,
have they enterprise enough either to use them advantageously against
the animals of the forest, or offensively against the tribes near them,
who owe their safety more to the timidity than the forbearance
of the Chinooks. We had heard instances of pilfering while we
were among them, and therefore gave a general order excluding them
from our encampment, so that whenever an Indian wished to visit us,
he began by calling out `No Chinook.' It is not improbable that this
first impression may have left a prejudice against them, since, when we
were among the Clatsops and other tribes at the mouth of the Columbia,
they had less opportunity of stealing, if they were so disposed."
The weeks remaining before the party set out on their return were passed
without notable incident. The journal is chiefly occupied with comments
on the weather, which was variable, and some account of the manners
and customs of the Indian tribes along the Columbia River. At that time,
so few traders had penetrated the wilds of the Lower Columbia that
the Indians were not supplied with firearms to any great extent.
Their main reliance was the bow and arrow. A few shotguns were seen
among them, but no rifles, and great was the admiration and wonder with which
the Indians saw the white men slay birds and animals at a long distance.
Pitfalls for elk were constructed by the side of fallen trees over which
the animals might leap. Concerning the manufactures of the Clatsops,
they reported as follows:--
"Their hats are made of cedar-bark and bear-grass, interwoven
together in the form of a European hat, with a small brim of about
two inches, and a high crown widening upward. They are light,
ornamented with various colors and figures, and being nearly
water-proof, are much more durable than either chip or straw hats.
These hats form a small article of traffic with the whites,
and their manufacture is one of the best exertions of Indian industry.
They are, however, very dexterous in making a variety of domestic utensils,
among which are bowls, spoons, scewers [skewers], spits, and baskets.
The bowl or trough is of different shapes--round, semicircular,
in the form of a canoe, or cubic, and generally dug out of a
single piece of wood; the larger vessels have holes in the sides
by way of handles, and all are executed with great neatness.
In these vessels they boil their food, by throwing hot stones into
the water, and extract oil from different animals in the same way.
Spoons are not very abundant, nor is there anything remarkable
in their shape, except that they are large and the bowl broad.
Meat is roasted on one end of a sharp skewer, placed erect before
the fire, with the other end fixed in the ground.
"But the most curious workmanship is that of the basket.
It is formed of cedar-bark and bear-grass, so closely interwoven
that it is water-tight, without the aid of either gum or resin.
The form is generally conic, or rather the segment [frustum]
of a cone, of which the smaller end is the bottom of the basket;
and being made of all sizes, from that of the smallest cup
to the capacity of five or six gallons, they answer the double
purpose of a covering for the head or to contain water.
Some of them are highly ornamented with strands of bear-grass,
woven into figures of various colors, which require great labor;
yet they are made very expeditiously and sold for a trifle.
It is for the construction of these baskets that the bear-grass
forms an article of considerable traffic. It grows only
near the snowy region of the high mountains; the blade,
which is two feet long and about three-eighths of an inch wide,
is smooth, strong, and pliant; the young blades particularly,
from their not being exposed to the sun and air, have an appearance
of great neatness, and are generally preferred. Other bags
and baskets, not waterproof, are made of cedar-bark, silk-grass,
rushes, flags, and common coarse sedge, for the use of families.
In these manufactures, as in the ordinary work of the house,
the instrument most in use is a knife, or rather a dagger.
The handle of it is small, and has a strong loop of twine
for the thumb, to prevent its being wrested from the band.
On each side is a blade, double-edged and pointed; the longer
from nine to ten inches, the shorter from four to five.
This knife is carried habitually in the hand, sometimes exposed,
but mostly, when in company with strangers, is put under the robe."
Naturally, all of the Columbia River Indians were found
to be expert in the building and handling of canoes.
Here their greatest skill was employed. And, it may be added,
the Indians of the North Pacific coast to-day are equally
adept and skilful. The canoes of the present race of red
men do not essentially differ from those of the tribes
described by Lewis and Clark, and who are now extinct.
The Indians then living above tide-water built canoes of smaller
size than those employed by the nations farther down the river.
The canoes of the Tillamooks and other tribes living on the seacoast
were upwards of fifty feet long, and would carry eight or ten
thousand pounds' weight, or twenty-five or thirty persons.
These were constructed from the trunk of a single tree, usually
white cedar. The bow and stern rose much higher than the gunwale,
and were adorned by grotesque figures excellently well carved
and fitted to pedestals cut in the solid wood of the canoe.
The same method of adornment may be seen among the aborigines
of Alaska and other regions of the North Pacific, to-day. The
figures are made of small pieces of wood neatly fitted together
by inlaying and mortising, without any spike of any kind.
When one reflects that the Indians seen by Lewis and Clark
constructed their large canoes with very poor tools, it is impossible
to withhold one's admiration of their industry and patience.
The journal says:--
"Our admiration of their skill in these curious constructions was
increased by observing the very inadequate implements which they use.
These Indians possess very few axes, and the only tool they employ,
from felling the tree to the delicate workmanship of the images, is a chisel
made of an old file, about an inch or an inch and a half in width.
Even of this, too, they have not learned the proper management;
for the chisel is sometimes fixed in a large block of wood, and, being held
in the right hand, the block is pushed with the left, without the aid
of a mallet. But under all these disadvantages, their canoes,
which one would suppose to be the work of years, are made in a few weeks.
A canoe, however, is very highly prized, being in traffic an article
of the greatest value except a wife, and of equal value with her;
so that a lover generally gives a canoe to the father in exchange
for his daughter. . . .
"The harmony of their private life is secured by their ignorance
of spirituous liquors, the earliest and most dreadful present
which civilization has given to the other natives of the continent.
Although they have had so much intercourse with whites, they do
not appear to possess any knowledge of those dangerous luxuries;
at least they have never inquired after them, which they probably
would have done if once liquors bad been introduced among them.
Indeed, we have not observed any liquor of intoxicating quality among
these or any Indians west of the Rocky Mountains, the universal
beverage being pure water. They, however, sometimes almost intoxicate
themselves by smoking tobacco, of which they are excessively fond,
and the pleasures of which they prolong as much as possible, by retaining
vast quantities at a time, till after circulating through the lungs
and stomach it issues in volumes from the mouth and nostrils."
A long period of quiet prevailed in camp after the first of February,
before the final preparations for departure were made.
Parties were sent out every day to hunt, and the campers were
able to command a few days' supply of provision in advance.
The flesh of the deer was now very lean and poor,
but that of the elk was growing better and better.
It was estimated by one of the party that they killed,
between December 1, 1805, and March 20, 1806, elk to
the number of one hundred and thirty-one, and twenty deer.
Some of this meat they smoked for its better preservation,
but most of it was eaten fresh. No record was kept of the amount
of fish consumed by the party; but they were obliged at times
to make fish their sole article of diet. Late in February
they were visited by Comowool, the principal Clatsop chief,
who brought them a sturgeon and quantities of a small fish which
had just begun to make its appearance in the Columbia. This was
known as the anchovy, but oftener as the candle-fish;
it is so fat that it may be burned like a torch, or candle.
The journal speaks of Comowool as "by far the most friendly
and decent savage we have seen in this neighborhood."
With Faces turned Homeward
The officers of the expedition had decided to begin their homeward
march on the first of April; but a natural impatience induced them
to start a little earlier, and, as a matter of record, it may be
said that they evacuated Fort Clatsop on the 23d of March, 1806.
An examination of their stock of ammunition showed that they
had on hand a supply of powder amply sufficient for their needs
when travelling the three thousand miles of wilderness in which
their sole reliance for food must be the game to be killed.
The powder was kept in leaden canisters, and these, when empty,
were used for making balls for muskets and rifles. Three bushels
of salt were collected for their use on the homeward journey.
What they needed now most of all was an assortment of small wares
and trinkets with which to trade with the Indians among whom they
must spend so many months before reaching civilization again.
They had ample letters of credit from the Government at Washington,
and if they had met with white traders on the seacoast,
they could have bought anything that money would buy.
They had spent nearly all their stock in coming across the continent.
This is Captain Lewis's summary of the goods on hand just before
leaving Fort Clatsop:--
"All the small merchandise we possess might be tied up
in a couple of handkerchiefs. The rest of our stock in trade
consists of six blue robes, one scarlet ditto, five robes
which we made out of our large United States flag, a few old
clothes trimmed with ribbons, and one artillerist's uniform coat
and hat, which probably Captain Clark will never wear again.
We have to depend entirely upon this meagre outfit for the purchase
of such horses and provisions as it will be in our power to obtain--
a scant dependence, indeed, for such a journey as is before us."
One of their last acts was to draw up a full list of the members
of the party, and, making several copies of it, to leave these
among the friendly Indians with instructions to give a paper
to the first white men who should arrive in the country.
On the back of the paper was traced the track by which the
explorers had come and that by which they expected to return.
This is a copy of one of these important documents:--
"The object of this list is, that through the medium of some civilized
person who may see the same, it may be made known to the informed world,
that the party consisting of the persons whose names are hereunto annexed,
and who were sent out by the government of the U'States in May,
1804, to explore the interior of the Continent of North America,
did penetrate the same by way of the Missouri and Columbia Rivers,
to the discharge of the latter into the Pacific Ocean, where they
arrived on the 14th of November, 1805, and from whence they departed
the 23d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States
by the same rout they had come out."
Curiously enough, one of these papers did finally reach the
United States. During the summer of 1806, the brig "Lydia," Captain Hill,
entered the Columbia for the purpose of trading with the natives.
From one of these Captain Hill secured the paper, which he took
to Canton, China, in January, 1807. Thence it was sent to a gentleman
in Philadelphia, having travelled nearly all the way round the world.
Fort Clatsop, as they called the rude collection of huts in which they
had burrowed all winter, with its rude furniture and shelters, was formally
given to Comowool, the Clatsop chief who had been so kind to the party.
Doubtless the crafty savage had had his eye on this establishment,
knowing that it was to be abandoned in the spring.
The voyagers left Fort Clatsop about one o'clock in the day, and,
after making sixteen miles up the river, camped for the night.
Next day, they reached an Indian village where they purchased "some
wappatoo and a dog for the invalids." They still had several men
on the sick list in consequence of the hard fare of the winter.
The weather was cold and wet, and wood for fuel was difficult to obtain.
In a few days they found themselves among their old friends,
the Skilloots, who had lately been at war with the Chinooks. There was
no direct intercourse between the two nations as yet, but the Chinooks
traded with the Clatsops and Wahkiacums, and these in turn traded
with the Skilloots, and in this way the two hostile tribes exchanged
the articles which they had for those which they desired.
The journal has this to say about the game of an island on which
the explorers tarried for a day or two, in order to dry their goods
and mend their canoes:--
"This island, which has received from the Indians the appropriate
name of Elalah [Elallah], or Deer Island, is surrounded on the
water-side by an abundant growth of cottonwood, ash, and willow,
while the interior consists chiefly of prairies interspersed
with ponds. These afford refuge to great numbers of geese,
ducks, large swan, sandhill cranes, a few canvas-backed ducks,
and particularly the duckinmallard, the most abundant of all.
There are also great numbers of snakes resembling our
garter-snakes in appearance, and like them not poisonous.
Our hunters brought in three deer, a goose, some ducks, an eagle,
and a tiger-cat. Such is the extreme voracity of the vultures,
that they had devoured in the space of a few hours four
of the deer killed this morning; and one of our men declared
that they had besides dragged a large buck about thirty yards,
skinned it, and broken the backbone."
The vulture here referred to is better known as the California condor,
a great bird of prey which is now so nearly extinct that few specimens are
ever seen, and the eggs command a great price from those who make collections
of such objects. A condor killed by one of the hunters of the Lewis and Clark
expedition measured nine feet and six inches from tip to tip of its wings,
three feet and ten inches from the point of the bill to the end of the tail,
and six inches and a half from the back of the head to the tip of the beak.
Very few of the condors of the Andes are much larger than this, though one
measuring eleven feet from tip to tip has been reported.
While camped at Quicksand, or Sandy River, the party
learned that food supplies up the Columbia were scarce.
The journal says that the Indians met here were descending
the river in search of food. It adds:--
"They told us, that they lived at the Great Rapids; but that
the scarcity of provisions there had induced them to come down,
in the hopes of finding subsistence in the more fertile valley.
All the people living at the Rapids, as well as the nations
above them, were in much distress for want of food, having consumed
their winter store of dried fish, and not expecting the return
of the salmon before the next full moon, which would be on the
second of May: this information was not a little embarrassing.
From the Falls to the Chopunnish nation, the plains afforded
neither deer, elk, nor antelope for our subsistence.
The horses were very poor at this season, and the dogs must
be in the same condition, if their food, the dried fish,
had failed. Still, it was obviously inexpedient for us to wait
for the return of the salmon, since in that case we might not reach
the Missouri before the ice would prevent our navigating it.
We might, besides, hazard the loss of our horses, as the Chopunnish,
with whom we had left them, would cross the mountains as early
as possible, or about the beginning of May, and take our horses
with them, or suffer them to disperse, in either of which cases
the passage of the mountains will be almost impracticable.
We therefore, after much deliberation, decided to remain where we
were till we could collect meat enough to last us till we
should reach the Chopunnish nation, and to obtain canoes from
the natives as we ascended, either in exchange for our pirogues,
or by purchasing them with skins and merchandise. These canoes,
again, we might exchange for horses with the natives of the plains,
till we should obtain enough to travel altogether by land.
On reaching the southeast branch of the Columbia, four or five men
could be sent on to the Chopunnish to have our horses in readiness;
and thus we should have a stock of horses sufficient both to transport
our baggage and supply us with food, as we now perceived that they
would form our only certain dependance for subsistence."
On the third of April this entry is made:--
"A considerable number of Indians crowded about us to-day,
many of whom came from the upper part of the river.
These poor wretches confirm the reports of scarcity among the
nations above; which, indeed, their appearance sufficiently proved,
for they seemed almost starved, and greedily picked the bones
and refuse meat thrown away by us.
"In the evening Captain Clark returned from an excursion. On setting
out yesterday at half-past eleven o'clock, he directed his course along
the south side of the [Columbia] river, where, at the distance of eight miles,
he passed a village of the Nechacohee tribe, belonging to the Eloot nation.
The village itself is small, and being situated behind Diamond Island,
was concealed from our view as we passed both times along the northern shore.
He continued till three o'clock, when he landed at the single house already
mentioned as the only remains of a village of twenty-four straw huts.
Along the shore were great numbers of small canoes for gathering wappatoo,
which were left by the Shahalas, who visit the place annually.
The present inhabitants of the house are part of the Neerchokioo tribe of
the same [Shahala] nation. On entering one of the apartments of the house,
Captain Clark offered several articles to the Indians in exchange
for wappatoo; but they appeared sullen and ill-humored, and refused to give
him any. He therefore sat down by the fire opposite the men, and taking
a port-fire match from his pocket, threw a small piece of it into the flame;
at the same time he took his pocket-compass, and by means of a magnet,
which happened to be in his inkhorn, made the needle turn round very briskly.
The match now took fire and burned violently, on which the Indians,
terrified at this strange exhibition, immediately brought a quantity
of wappatoo and laid it at his feet, begging him to put out the bad fire,
while an old woman continued to speak with great vehemence, as if praying
and imploring protection. Having received the roots, Captain Clark put up
the compass, and as the match went out of itself tranquillity was restored,
though the women and children still took refuge in their beds and behind
the men. He now paid them for what he had used, and after lighting his pipe
and smoking with them, continued down the river."
The excursion from which Captain Clark had returned, as noted in this extract,
was up the Multnomah River. As we have already seen, the explorers missed
that stream when they came down the Columbia; and they had now passed
it again unnoticed, owing to the number of straggling islands that hide
its junction with the Columbia. Convinced that a considerable river must
drain the region to the south, Captain Clark went back alone and penetrating
the intricate channels among the islands, found the mouth of the Multnomah,
now better known as the Willamette. He was surprised to find that the depth
of water in the river was so great that large vessels might enter it.
He would have been much more surprised if he had been told that a large city,
the largest in Oregon, would some day be built on the site of the Indian huts
which he saw. Here Captain Clark found a house occupied by several families
of the Neechecolee nation. Their mansion was two hundred and twenty-six feet
long and was divided into apartments thirty feet square.
The most important point in this region of the Columbia was named
Wappatoo Island by the explorers. This is a large extent of country
lying between the Willamette and an arm of the Columbia which they called
Wappatoo Inlet, but which is now known as Willamette Slough. It is twenty
miles long and from five to ten miles wide. Here is an interesting
description of the manner of gathering the roots of the wappatoo,
of which we have heard so much in this region of country:--
"The chief wealth of this island consists of the numerous ponds in
the interior, abounding with the common arrowhead (sagittaria sagittifolia)
to the root of which is attached a bulb growing beneath it in the mud.
This bulb, to which the Indians give the name of wappatoo, is
the great article of food, and almost the staple article of commerce on
the Columbia. It is never out of season; so that at all times of the year
the valley is frequented by the neighboring Indians who come to gather it.
It is collected chiefly by the women, who employ for the purpose canoes from
ten to fourteen feet in length, about two feet wide and nine inches deep,
and tapering from the middle, where they are about twenty inches wide.
They are sufficient to contain a single person and several bushels
of roots, yet so very light that a woman can carry them with ease.
She takes one of these canoes into a pond where the water is as high
as the breast, and by means of her toes separates from the root this bulb,
which on being freed from the mud rises immediately to the surface
of the water, and is thrown into the canoe. In this manner these patient
females remain in the water for several hours, even in the depth of winter.
This plant is found through the whole extent of the valley in which we
now are, but does not grow on the Columbia farther eastward."
In the Chinook jargon "Wappatoo" stands for potato.
The natives of this inland region, the explorers found,
were larger and better-shaped than those of the sea-coast,
but they were nearly all afflicted with sore eyes.
The loss of one eye was common, and not infrequently total
blindness was observed in men of mature years, while blindness
was almost universal among the old people. The white men made
good use of the eye-water which was among their supplies;
it was gratefully received by the natives and won them friends
among the people they met. On the fifth of April the journal
has this entry:--
"In the course of his chase yesterday, one of our men [Collins],
who had killed a bear, found the den of another with three cubs in it.
He returned to-day in hopes of finding her, but brought only the cubs,
without being able to see the dam; and on this occasion Drewyer,
our most experienced huntsman, assured us that he had never known
a single instance where a female bear, which had once been disturbed
by a hunter and obliged to leave her young, returned to them again.
The young bears were sold for wappatoo to some of the many Indians
who visited us in parties during the day and behaved very well."
And on the ninth is this entry:--
"The wind having moderated, we reloaded the canoes and set out
by seven o'clock. We stopped to take up the two hunters who left
us yesterday, but were unsuccessful in the chase, and then proceeded
to the Wahclellah village, situated on the north side of the river,
about a mile below Beacon Rock. During the whole of the route
from camp we passed along under high, steep, and rocky sides
of the mountains, which now close on each side of the river,
forming stupendous precipices, covered with fir and white cedar.
Down these heights frequently descend the most beautiful cascades,
one of which, a large creek, throws itself over a perpendicular rock
three hundred feet above the water, while other smaller streams
precipitate themselves from a still greater elevation, and evaporating
in a mist, collect again and form a second cascade before they reach
the bottom of the rocks. We stopped to breakfast at this village.
We here found the tomahawk which had been stolen from us on
the fourth of last November. They assured us they had bought it
of the Indians below; but as the latter had already informed us
that the Wahclellahs had such an article, which they had stolen,
we made no difficulty about retaking our property."
The Columbia along the region through which the expedition
was now passing is a very wild and picturesque stream.
The banks are high and rocky, and some of the precipices to
which the journal refers are of a vast perpendicular height.
On the Oregon side of the river are five cascades such as those
which the journal mentions. The most famous and beautiful
of these is known as Multnomah Falls. This cataract has a total
fall of more than six hundred feet, divided into two sections.
The other cascades are the Bridal Veil, the Horsetail,
the Latourelle, and the Oneonta, and all are within a few miles
of each other.
On the ninth of April the voyagers reached the point at which they were
to leave tidewater, fifty-six miles above the mouth of the Multnomah,
or Willamette. They were now at the entrance of the great rapids
which are known as the Cascades of the Columbia, and which occupy
a space on the river about equal to four miles and a half.
They were still navigating the stream with their canoes, camping sometimes
on the north side and sometimes on the south side of the river.
This time they camped on the north side, and during the night lost one
of their boats, which got loose and drifted down to the next village
of the Wahclellahs, some of whom brought it back to the white men's
camp and were rewarded for their honesty by a present of two knives.
It was found necessary to make a portage here, but a long and severe
rainstorm set in, and the tents and the skins used for protecting
the baggage were soaked. The journal goes on with the narrative thus:--
We determined to take the canoes first over the portage,
in hopes that by the afternoon the rain would cease,
and we might carry our baggage across without injury.
This was immediately begun by almost the whole party, who in
the course of the day dragged four of the canoes to the head
of the rapids, with great difficulty and labor. A guard,
consisting of one sick man and three who had been lamed by accidents,
remained with Captain Lewis [and a cook] to guard the baggage.
This precaution was absolutely necessary to protect it from
the Wahclellahs, whom we discovered to be great thieves,
notwithstanding their apparent honesty in restoring our boat;
indeed, so arrogant and intrusive have they become that nothing
but our numbers, we are convinced, saves us from attack.
They crowded about us while we were taking up the boats,
and one of them had the insolence to throw stones down the bank
at two of our men.
"We now found it necessary to depart from our mild and pacific
course of conduct. On returning to the head of the portage,
many of them met our men and seemed very ill-disposed. Shields
had stopped to purchase a dog, and being separated from the rest
of the party, two Indians pushed him out of the road, and attempted
to take the dog from him. He had no weapon but a long knife,
with which he immediately attacked them both, hoping to put
them to death before they had time to draw their arrows;
but as soon as they saw his design they fled into the woods.
Soon afterward we were told by an Indian who spoke Clatsop,
which we had ourselves learned during the winter, that the Wahclellahs
had carried off Captain Lewis' dog to their village below.
Three men well armed were instantly despatched in pursuit of them,
with orders to fire if there was the slightest resistance or hesitation.
At the distance of two miles they came within sight of the thieves,
who, finding themselves pursued, left the dog and made off.
We now ordered all the Indians out of our camp, and explained
to them that whoever stole any of our baggage, or insulted our men,
should be instantly shot; a resolution which we were determined
to enforce, as it was now our only means of safety.
"We were visited during the day by a chief of the Clahclellahs,
who seemed mortified at the behavior of the Indians,
and told us that the persons at the head of their outrages
were two very bad men who belonged to the Wahclellah tribe,
but that the nation did not by any means wish to displease us.
This chief seemed very well-disposed, and we had every reason to believe
was much respected by the neighboring Indians. We therefore gave
him a small medal and showed him all the attention in our power,
with which he appeared very much gratified."
The portage of these rapids was very difficult and tiresome.
The total distance of the first stage was twenty-eight hundred yards
along a narrow way rough with rocks and now slippery with rain.
One of the canoes was lost here by being driven out into the strong current,
where the force of the water was so great that it could not be held
by the men; the frail skiff drifted down the rapids and disappeared.
They now had two canoes and two periogues left, and the loads were divided
among these craft. This increased the difficulties of navigation,
and Captain Lewis crossed over to the south side of the river in search
of canoes to be purchased from the Indians, who lived in a village
on that side of the stream. The narrative continues:
"The village now consisted of eleven houses, crowded with inhabitants,
and about sixty fighting men. They were very well disposed, and we found no
difficulty in procuring two small canoes, in exchange for two robes and four
elk-skins. He also purchased with deer-skins three dogs,--an animal which has
now become a favorite food, for it is found to be a strong, healthy diet,
preferable to lean deer or elk, and much superior to horseflesh in any state.
With these he proceeded along the south side of the river, and joined us
in the evening."
Above the rapids the party encountered two tribes of Indians from
whom they endeavored to buy horses, for they were now approaching
a point when they must leave the river and travel altogether by land.
One of these tribes was known as the Weocksockwillacurns,
and the other was the Chilluckittequaws. These jaw-breaking
names are commended to those who think that the Indian names
of northern Maine are difficult to handle. Trees were now
growing scarcer, and the wide lowlands spread out before
the explorers stretched to the base of the Bitter Root Mountains
without trees, but covered with luxuriant grass and herbage.
After being confined so long to the thick forests and mountains
of the seacoast, the party found this prospect very exhilarating,
notwithstanding the absence of forests and thickets.
The climate, too, was much more agreeable than that to which they
had lately been accustomed, being dry and pure.
The Last Stage of the Columbia
On the thirteenth of April the party reached the series of falls
and rapids which they called the Long Narrows. At the point
reached the river is confined, for a space of about fourteen miles,
to narrow channels and rocky falls. The Long Narrows
are now known as the Dalles. The word "dalles" is French,
and signifies flagstones, such as are used for sidewalks.
Many of the rocks in these narrows are nearly flat on top,
and even the precipitous banks look like walls of rock.
At the upper end of the rapids, or dalles, is Celilo City,
and at the lower end is Dalles City, sometimes known as
"The Dalles." Both of these places are in Oregon; the total fall
of the water from Celilo to the Dalles is over eighty feet.
Navigation of these rapids is impossible. As the explorers had
no further use for their pirogues, they broke them up for fuel.
The merchandise was laboriously carried around on the river bank.
They were able to buy four horses from the Skilloots for which
they paid well in goods. It was now nearly time for the salmon
to begin to run, and under date of April 19 the journal
has this entry:--
"The whole village was filled with rejoicing to-day at having caught
a single salmon, which was considered as the harbinger of vast
quantities in four or five days. In order to hasten their arrival
the Indians, according to custom, dressed the fish and cut it into
small pieces, one of which was given to each child in the village.
In the good humor excited by this occurrence they parted,
though reluctantly, with four other horses, for which we gave
them two kettles, reserving only a single small one for a mess
of eight men. Unluckily, however, we lost one of the horses
by the negligence of the person to whose charge he was committed.
The rest were, therefore, hobbled and tied; but as the nations here
do not understand gelding, all the horses but one were stallions;
this being the season when they are most vicious, we had great difficulty
in managing them, and were obliged to keep watch over them all night.
. . . . . . . . . .
As it was obviously our interest to preserve the goodwill of
these people, we passed over several small thefts which they committed,
but this morning we learnt that six tomahawks and a knife had been
stolen during the night. We addressed ourselves to the chief,
who seemed angry with his people, and made a harangue to them;
but we did not recover the articles, and soon afterward two of our
spoons were missing. We therefore ordered them all from our camp,
threatening to beat severely any one detected in purloining.
This harshness irritated them so much that they left us in an
ill-humor, and we therefore kept on our guard against any insult.
Besides this knavery, the faithlessness of the people
is intolerable; frequently, after receiving goods in exchange
for a horse, they return in a few hours and insist on
revoking the bargain or receiving some additional value.
We discovered, too, that the horse which was missing yesterday
had been gambled away by the fellow from whom we had purchased him,
to a man of a different nation, who had carried him off.
We succeeded in buying two more horses, two dogs, and some chappelell,
and also exchanged a couple of elk-skins for a gun belonging
to the chief . . . One of the canoes, for which the Indians would
give us very little, was cut up for fuel; two others, together with
some elk-skins and pieces of old iron, we bartered for beads,
and the remaining two small ones were despatched early next morning,
with all the baggage which could not be carried on horseback.
We had intended setting out at the same time, but one of our horses
broke loose during the night, and we were under the necessity
of sending several men in search of him. In the mean time,
the Indians, who were always on the alert, stole a tomahawk,
which we could not recover, though several of them were searched;
and another fellow was detected in carrying off a piece of iron,
and kicked out of camp; upon which Captain Lewis, addressing them,
told them he was not afraid to fight them, for, if he chose,
he could easily put them all to death, and burn their village,
but that he did not wish to treat them ill if they kept from stealing;
and that, although, if he could discover who had the tomahawks,
he would take away their horses, yet he would rather lose
the property altogether than take the horse of an innocent man.
The chiefs were present at this harangue, hung their heads,
and made no reply.
"At ten o'clock the men returned with the horse, and soon after an Indian,
who had promised to go with us as far as the Chopunnish, came with two horses,
one of which he politely offered to assist in carrying our baggage.
We therefore loaded nine horses, and, giving the tenth to Bratton,
who was still too sick to walk, at about ten o'clock left the village
of these disagreeable people."
At an Indian village which they reached soon after leaving that of the
disagreeable Skilloots, they found the fellow who had gambled away the horse
that he had sold. Being faced with punishment, he agreed to replace
the animal he had stolen with another, and a very good horse was brought
to satisfy the white men, who were now determined to pursue a rigid course
with the thievish Indians among whom they found themselves. These people,
the Eneeshurs, were stingy, inhospitable, and overbearing in their ways.
Nothing but the formidable numbers of the white men saved them from insult,
pillage, and even murder. While they were here, one of the horses
belonging to the party broke loose and ran towards the Indian village.
A buffalo robe attached to him fell off and was gathered in by one of
the Eneeshurs. Captain Lewis, whose patience was now exhausted, set out,
determined to burn the village unless the Indians restored the robe.
Fortunately, however, one of his men found the missing article hidden
in a hut, and so any act of violent reprisal was not necessary.
So scarce had now become fuel, the party were obliged to buy
what little wood they required for their single cooking-fire.
They could not afford a fire to keep them warm, and,
as the nights were cold and they lay without any shelter,
they were most uncomfortable, although the days were warm.
They were now travelling along the Columbia River, using their
horses for a part of their luggage, and towing the canoes
with the remainder of the stuff. On the twenty-third of April
they arrived at the mouth of Rock Creek, on the Columbia,
a considerable stream which they missed as they passed this point
on their way down, October 21. Here they met a company of Indians
called the Wahhowpum, with whom they traded pewter buttons,
strips of tin and twisted wire for roots, dogs, and fuel.
These people were waiting for the arrival of the salmon.
The journal says:--
"After arranging the camp we assembled all the warriors, and having
smoked with them, the violins were produced, and some of the men danced.
This civility was returned by the Indians in a style of dancing,
such as we had not yet seen. The spectators formed a circle
round the dancers, who, with their robes drawn tightly round
the shoulders, and divided into parties of five or six men,
perform by crossing in a line from one side of the circle to the other.
All the parties, performers as well as spectators, sing, and after
proceeding in this way for some time, the spectators join,
and the whole concludes by a promiscuous dance and song.
Having finished, the natives retired at our request, after promising
to barter horses with us in the morning."
They bought three horses of these Indians and hired
three more from a Chopunnish who was to accompany them.
The journal adds:--
"The natives also had promised to take our canoes in exchange for horses;
but when they found that we were resolved on travelling by land they refused
giving us anything, in hopes that we would be forced to leave them.
Disgusted at this conduct, we determined rather to cut them to pieces
than suffer these people to enjoy them, and actually began to split them,
on which they gave us several strands of beads for each canoe.
We had now a sufficient number of horses to carry our baggage,
and therefore proceeded wholly by land."
Next day the party camped near a tribe of Indians known as
the Pishquitpah. These people had never seen white men before, and they
flocked in great numbers around the strangers, but were very civil
and hospitable, although their curiosity was rather embarrassing.
These people were famous hunters, and both men and women were
excellent riders. They were now travelling on the south side
of the river, in Oregon, and, after leaving the Pishquitpahs,
they encountered the "Wollawollahs," as they called them.
These Indians are now known as the Walla Walla tribe,
and their name is given to a river, a town, and a fort of the
United States. In several of the Indian dialects walla means
"running water," and when the word is repeated, it diminishes the size
of the object; so that Walla Walla means "little running water."
Near here the explorers passed the mouth of a river which they
called the Youmalolam; it is a curious example of the difficulty
of rendering Indian names into English. The stream is now known
as the Umatilla. Here they found some old acquaintances of whom
the journal has this account:--
"Soon after we were joined by seven Wollawollahs, among whom we recognized a
chief by the name of Yellept, who had visited us on the nineteenth of October,
when we gave him a medal with the promise of a larger one on our return.
He appeared very much pleased at seeing us again, and invited us to remain
at his village three or four days, during which he would supply us
with the only food they had, and furnish us with horses for our journey.
After the cold, inhospitable treatment we have lately received, this kind
offer was peculiarly acceptable; and after a hasty meal we accompanied him
to his village, six miles above, situated on the edge of the low country,
about twelve miles below the mouth of Lewis' River.
"Immediately on our arrival Yellept, who proved to be a man of
much influence, not only in his own but in the neighboring nations,
collected the inhabitants, and having made a harangue, the purport
of which was to induce the nations to treat us hospitably,
he set them an example by bringing himself an armful of wood,
and a platter containing three roasted mullets. They immediately
assented to one part, at least, of the recommendation,
by furnishing us with an abundance of the only sort of fuel
they employ, the stems of shrubs growing in the plains.
We then purchased four dogs, on which we supped heartily,
having been on short allowance for two days past. When we were
disposed to sleep, the Indians retired immediately on our request,
and indeed, uniformly conducted themselves with great propriety.
These people live on roots, which are very abundant in the plains,
and catch a few salmon-trout; but at present they seem to subsist
chiefly on a species of mullet, weighing from one to three pounds.
They informed us that opposite the village there was a route
which led to the mouth of the Kooskooskee, on the south side
of Lewis' River; that the road itself was good, and passed
over a level country well supplied with water and grass;
and that we should meet with plenty of deer and antelope.
We knew that a road in that direction would shorten the distance
at least eighty miles; and as the report of our guide was confirmed
by Yellept and other Indians, we did not hesitate to adopt
this route: they added, however, that there were no houses,
nor permanent Indian residences on the road and that it
would therefore be prudent not to trust wholly to our guns,
but to lay in a stock of provisions.
"Taking their advice, therefore, we next day purchased ten dogs.
While the trade for these was being conducted by our men,
Yellept brought a fine white horse, and presented him
to Captain Clark, expressing at the same time a wish to
have a kettle; but, on being informed that we had already
disposed of the last kettle we could spare, he said he would
be content with any present we chose to make him in return.
Captain Clark thereupon gave him his sword, for which the chief
had before expressed a desire, adding one hundred balls,
some powder, and other small articles, with which he appeared
perfectly satisfied. We were now anxious to depart, and requested
Yellept to lend us canoes for the purpose of crossing the river;
but he would not listen to any proposal of the kind.
He wished us to remain for two or three days; but, at all events,
would not consent to our going to-day, for he had already sent
to invite his neighbors, the Chimnapoos, to come down this
evening and join his people in a dance for our amusement.
We urged in vain that, by setting out sooner, we would
the earlier return with the articles they desired;
for a day, he observed, would make but little difference.
We at length mentioned that, as there was no wind it was
now the best time to cross the river, and we would merely
take the horses over and return to sleep at their village.
To this he assented; we then crossed with our horses, and having
hobbled them, returned to their camp.
"Fortunately, there was among these Wollwaollahs a prisoner belonging
to a tribe of Shoshonee or Snake Indians, residing to the south of
the Multnomah and visiting occasionally the heads of Wollawollah Creek.
Our Shoshonee woman, Sacajawea, though she belonged to a tribe near
the Missouri, spoke the same language as this prisoner; by their means
we were able to explain ourselves to the Indians, and answer all their
inquiries with respect to ourselves and the object of our journey.
Our conversation inspired them with much confidence, and they soon
brought several sick persons, for whom they requested our assistance.
We splintered [splinted] the broken arm of one, gave some relief
to another, whose knee was contracted by rheumatism, and administered
what we thought beneficial for ulcers and eruptions of the skin on
various parts of the body which are very common disorders among them.
But our most valuable medicine was eye-water, which we distributed,
and which, indeed, they required very much.
"A little before sunset the Chimnapoos, amounting to one hundred men
and a few women, came to the village, and, joining the Wollawollahs,
who were about the same number of men, formed themselves in a circle
round our camp, and waited very patiently till our men were
disposed to dance, which they did for about an hour, to the music | <urn:uuid:5d4e3762-f648-413e-9035-68b2f4f3982e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/First-Across-the-Continent-by-Noah-Brooks4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00464-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979042 | 27,535 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The University of Queensland and James Cook University want to survey 3,500 people as part of a project looking at the potential health impacts of resource development and agriculture in Queensland.
PhD student Angela Werner will survey families from central and southern Queensland and look at hospital admissions.
The survey participants will be drawn from Emerald to assess the coal mining impact, Chinchilla for the coal seam gas industry's impact and Charleville for the impact agriculture has had on health.
Some of the researchers are from the University of Queensland's Sustainable Minerals Institute which is funded in part by the mining and gas industry.
Principal supervisor Associate Professor Sue Vink says the information will help inform public health research.
"What we hope to do is generate an evidence base, so a data set, that can be used to inform policy and also help the government provide infrastructure such as hospitals and do that proactively rather than reactively."
Gasfields community support group co-ordinator Debbie Orr who has has long campaigned for more research into the health impacts of gas and mining welcomes the research.
"I think they need to be looking at residents who are living in the gasfield areas."
"It's no good surveying the Chinchilla town or the Tara town because these gas site areas are 30 kilometres out of the town itself."
"So they need to be making sure they are looking at the impacted areas and looking to see changes in people presenting at doctors' surgeries." | <urn:uuid:8b7c064a-a3c6-4704-a4b7-646d296f5697> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-04/resources-health-study/4997958?pfm=sm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00464-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954918 | 299 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Jeremy Hobson: In Washington today, there will be a vote on whether to speed up the process of unionizing businesses. The vote at the National Labor Relations Board is so controversial, however, that a Republican member has threatened to resign
so the board won't be able to vote on the measure.
Marketplace's Nancy Marshall-Genzer reports.
Nancy Marshall-Genzer: The National Labor Relations Board may seem obscure to you, but it's public enemy number one for the Chamber of Commerce. You notice that when you walk into the Chamber's ornate lobby near the White House.
I was there recently, early for an interview. I looked around for something to read. I found a Chamber publication headlined: "National Labor Relations Board: Small Agency Poses Big Threat." Later, the Chamber's labor expert, Michael Eastman, told me the board is doing too much, too fast.
Michael Eastman: I think this is the most active period we've seen, with the most number of controversial decisions in a short time.
Consider the issue of speeding up votes on unionizing. The Chamber says employers need more time to persuade workers not to join unions. But the NLRB vote could set aside disputes over which workers can vote in union elections, eliminating delays. Eastman says this is the most activist board in 20 years.
Wilma Liebman: That's silly.
That's Wilma Liebman, a Democrat and former chair of the NLRB. She compares the board to a comatose patient.
Liebman: The patient woke up in the hospital bed and started to wiggle its toes. What's happened is, the board has come to life.
Cornell Labor Economist Harry Katz says the board needed to snap out of its coma, because today's workplace has changed since the labor law the NLRB enforces was passed. Now rank-and-file employees do more sophisticated work. So, Katz says, sometimes employers say they're managers, and can't vote in union elections.
Harry Katz: The law was designed in the 1930s when we had a more typical sharp separation between the production worker on the shop floor and the manager.
Now the question becomes whether bringing the law up to date is activism or keeping up with the times.
In Washington, I'm Nancy Marshall-Genzer for Marketplace. | <urn:uuid:9bcd93ac-5c84-433f-8f5b-8bdc50a54c81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.marketplace.org/2011/11/30/business/nlrb-considers-speeding-union-elections | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961257 | 484 | 1.828125 | 2 |
There isn't yet "true" CPU hotplug support for Linux 3.8, but developers are getting closer. Ingo Molnar sent in this morning the x86 generic pull request for 3.8. While the Linux kernel has had CPU hotplugging support, up to this point you haven't been able to hotplug the first (boot) processor.
With this pull for the Linux 3.8 kernel, it will become possible to online/offline the boot processor just like any other x86 CPUs. This feature right now will be supported first by Intel CPUs. For 3.8, this feature is behind a configuration option that is disabled by default.
This tree enables CPU#0 (the boot processor) to be onlined/offlined on x86, just like any other CPU. Enabled on Intel CPUs for now.
Allowing this required the identification and fixing of latent CPU#0 assumptions (such as CPU#0 initializations, etc.) in the x86 architecture code, plus the identification of barriers to BSP-offlining, such as active PIC interrupts which can only be serviced on the BSP.
It's behind a default-off option, and there's a debug option that allows the automatic testing of this feature.
The motivation of this feature is to allow and prepare for true CPU-hotplug hardware support: recent changes to MCE support enable us to detect a deteriorating but not yet hard-failing L1/L2 cache on a CPU that could be soft-unplugged - or a failing L3 cache on a multi-socket system.
Note that true hardware hot-plug is not yet fully enabled by this, because that requires a special platform wakeup sequence to be sent to the freshly powered up CPU#0. Future patches for this are planned, once such a platform exists. Chicken and egg | <urn:uuid:e54589e4-f094-4566-876a-c0dd2999c1b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTI0ODc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00335-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906096 | 382 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Researchers at the Universities of Leeds and Chicago have uncovered an important mechanism behind the generation of astrophysical magnetic fields such as that of the Sun.
Scientists have known since the 18th Century that the Sun regularly oscillates between periods of high and low solar activity in an 11-year cycle, but have been unable to fully explain how this cycle is generated.
In the 'Information Age', it has become increasingly important to be able to understand the Sun's magnetic activity, as it is the changes in its magnetic field that are responsible for 'space weather' phenomena, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections. When this weather heads in the direction of Earth it can damage satellites, endanger astronauts on the International Space Station and cause power grid outages on the ground.
The research, published in the journal Nature, explains how the cyclical nature of these large-scale magnetic fields emerges, providing a solution to the mathematical equations governing fluids and electromagnetism for a large astrophysical body.
The mechanism, known as a dynamo, builds on a solution to a reduced set of equations first proposed in the 1950s which could explain the regular oscillation but which appeared to break down when applied to objects with high electrical conductivity. The mechanism takes into account the 'shear' effect of mass movement of the ionised gas, known as plasma, which makes up the Sun. More importantly it does so in the extreme parameter regime that is relevant to astrophysical bodies.
"Previously, dynamos for large, highly conducting bodies such as the Sun would be overwhelmed by small-scale fluctuations in the magnetic field. Here, we have demonstrated a new mechanism involving a shear flow, which served to damp these small-scale variations, revealing the dominant large-scale pattern", said Professor Steve Tobias, from the University of Leeds' School of Mathematics, a co-author of the research.
What is more, this mechanism could be used to describe other large, spinning astronomical bodies with large-scale magnetic fields such as galaxies.
The dynamo was developed through simulations using the high-performance computing facilities located at the University of Leeds.
"The fact that it took 50 years and huge supercomputers shows how complicated the dynamo process really is." said Prof Fausto Cattaneo, from the University of Chicago's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
The presence of spots on the Sun has been known since antiquity, and further analysed after the invention of the telescope by Galileo in the 16th Century. However, their cyclic nature, with periods of high activity (lots of sunspots) and low activity (few sunspots) following each other, was not identified until the 18th Century. At the start of the 20th Century it was then recognised that these sunspots were the result of the Sun's magnetic field. Since then much effort has been devoted to understanding what processes lead to the formation of sunspots and the origin of their cyclic behaviour. | <urn:uuid:7055f05b-7701-4fc0-a81f-f47291ad12c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tgdaily.com/space-features/71833-understanding-our-suns-magnetic-field | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96464 | 607 | 3.953125 | 4 |
How to choose led strip light power supply?
5 easy steps to finding your correct power supply
LED power supply is an essential part for LED strip light working. A power supply is a device that provides power to electronic equipment. The choice of power supply depends on your LED strip light.
When you are choosing correct power supply, there are some factors you need to consider. This article will help you to choose the right power supply for your LED strip lights.
Before choosing a power supply, it is necessary to understand the knowledge about the LED power supply. Next, we will provide you with the basic knowledge of different types of LED power supplies for your reference.
Alternating current power supply VS direct current power supply
What is AC power supply?
Alternating current is also known as high-voltage electricity, which is provided by the generator of the power plant and output from the outlets to home or industry use.
The direction of AC current movement will change over time, sometimes from positive to negative, sometimes from negative to positive, forming a wavy curve, so it can be transported over long distances.
Different countries have different AC voltages. The Americas generally use 110V and Europe uses 220V.
Alternating current is not suitable for precision electronic equipment, because large changes in current will damage its internal parts.
An AC to DC power supply is composed of a transformer, a rectifier, and a filter. In order to reduce the line loss, the electricity from the power plant must first be boosted to tens of thousands of volts, and then lowered when it reaches the destination.
A transformer is needed to reduce the voltage. The rectifier converts the alternating current whose direction and magnitude are constantly changing into unidirectional pulsating electricity whose direction and magnitude are changing. Then through the filter circuit and the voltage stabilizing circuit, the pulsating electricity is changed into a constant-size direct current.
The filter is a frequency selection device that can pass specific frequency components in the signal while greatly attenuating other frequency components.
High-voltage led light strips are powered by AC power supply.
What is DC power supply?
The DC power supply uses low voltage, mainly for power supply, such as storage batteries. The DC power supply voltage is stable and reliable, and it is used in mobile phones, computers and other electronic equipment.
The direction of direct current flows in a straight line from the positive pole to the negative pole, so it is also called a linear power supply and is suitable for short-distance transportation. Direct current converts other forms of energy into electrical energy.
What is the difference between the AC and DC power supply?
The most obvious difference between AC and DC is the level of voltage, AC uses high voltage, and DC uses low voltage. This is also the point that you should focus on when choosing an LED power supply for your led light strip.
High voltage led strips to choose AC power supply, and low voltage led strip lights like 12V led strip light to choose DC power supply. Choosing the corresponding product is the most important.
Constant Current VS Constant Voltage
Most led power supplies are constant voltage power supplies. It is more efficient and lasting. And most led strip lights are constant voltage too. These types of LED power supplies convert AC voltage to a lower DC voltage, and the voltage will always remain the same.
But constant voltage led strips have voltage drop. And this is the reason why there are constant current led strip lights.
The following is the voltage drop phenomenon of the LED lighting strip.
High-power and high-brightness led strip lights, such as the constant current led strip lights, it means that there is no voltage drop in the light strip, so that the light strip maintains the same brightness and color no matter how long it is.
However, if the constant current does not have a current limiting device, it is easy to cause excessive current to cause heating or damage to the light strip, which will reduce the life of the light strip.
Constant voltage led strip lights and constant current led strip lights should both choose the constant voltage power supply.
How to choose the best led power supply for your led strip light?
Step 1. Led lighting power supply or led light adapter? Small or large led lighting drivers?
The difference between choosing an LED power supply or an LED power adapter lies in the power of your LED strip lights. The power of the LED power adapter is lower than LED switching power supply.
An LED strip light is 5 meters/16.4 feet in roll. One or two strip LED lights are available for a power adapter. However, multiple LED strip lights should choose an LED power supply. And if you want a simple wiring and installation, the power adapter is an excellent choice.
If you need to install more LED light strips with longer running time, it is best to choose a switching power supply, because in general, the power output of a switching power supply is relatively large. And it can provide sufficient power for multiple or long-running LED strip lights.
If you want a beautiful layout and hide the power supply, choose the mini power supply.
When you need a light strip temporarily and you are afraid that it will not be easy to carry, choose a lithium battery. It is convenient.
Distribution box CCTV power supply is the control center that commands the reasonable distribution of electrical energy in various components in the power supply line, suitable for schools, hospitals, factories, workshops, homes, etc.
Step 2. Choose the correct voltage, wattage, and current.
Wattage size and whether the current and voltage are stable will directly affect the performance and service life of the power supply.
LED strip lights have a working output voltage of 5V, 12V, and 24V. If your strip light is 5V, you need to choose 5V power supply. 12V strip lights choose 12V power supply, and 24V strip lights choose 24V power supply.
Calculator the wattage of your LED strip lights with the rule 80%. This means the total power of your LED strip lights is 80% of the power supply. The advantage of this is to increase the service life of the power supply. If your LED strip light is 100W, you need a 125W power supply. Remember the rule 80% when you choose power supply.
If the current is not adjusted, there will be more and more current consumption. And the current consumption too high will cause the internal heat of the power supply to be too high, so as to damage the power supply and cause malfunctions.
*Calculating the power you need for your LED strip lighting step by step: How to calculate power for led strip lights?
Step 3. A dimmable power supply or non-dimmable power supply?
If your strip light is triac dimmerable, you should choose triac dimmable power supply. The dimming led light strip is generally controlled by touching the wall panel function button to control the brightness of the light strip, but there is also a remote control to adjust the light.
There are many types of led strip light dimmers, 0/1-10V dimmer, triac dimmer, DALI dimming system, and DMX512 system.
0/1-10V dimming application is simple and the dimming effect is good.
DALI dimming system has strong anti-interference ability, can feedback faults, and single light control makes the control more flexible.
The powerful control function of DMX512 brings rich lighting effects to architectural lighting, night lighting, studios and variety stages. And DMX512 requires special wiring layout and certain programming ability in order to set basic colors and scenes.
Choose the corresponding dimming power supply for your dimming light strip.
Step 4. Do you need waterproof or rainproof power supply?
Your installation place influences whether you choose waterproof or rainproof power supply. If you want to install LED strip lights outdoor or in a wet environment, you need pay attention to the waterproof problem, and it is best to choose waterproof or rainproof power supply. But if your power supply is installed in indoor or a dry environment, you can choose non-waterproof power supply.
Step 5. Your led strip light is what type? RGB or RGBW?
If your LED strip is RGB or RGBW color changing lights, the light strip must equip an corresponding RGB or RGBW LED light controller, in this case, the LED power supply should provide power to the LED controller and the color changing LED strip lights.
Put an RGB LED light strip wiring diagram to help you understand better.
However, single color LED strip lights can directly connect to the LED power supply when you don't plan to install an LED dimmer. And you can connect multiple LED light strips in one power source like the following wiring diagram. You only need to make sure the power of the LED driver can run the multiple single color LED strip lights.
The quality of products on the market varies. In this case, in order to choose a good product, what you need to do is to look for UL listed power supply. Improper use of the power supply or other reasons may cause problems such as overheating, short circuit, etc. For safety reasons, please ensure that the power supply you purchase has these protection functions. Choose the right power supply for your project according to the above steps. A right power supply not only can the LED strip lights be used well, but also decrease the risk of use and improve using safety.
More LED strip knowledge is in our LED strip lights guide. | <urn:uuid:ca0cff0e-1fda-4ec6-b1cb-dc8585d7e020> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.superlightingled.com/How_to_choose_led_strip_light_power_supply.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.912829 | 1,980 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- "Whoever has two hands can hold a gaderffi."
- ―Tusken proverb
The gaderffii, or gaffi stick, was the traditional melee weapon of the Tusken Raiders of Tatooine. It was a pole weapon with a spike or blade on one end and some kind of bludgeoning instrument on the other.
- "It looks like Sand people did this, all right. Look, there are gaffi sticks, bantha tracks. It's just...I've never heard of them hitting anything this big before."
- ―Luke Skywalker
Crafted out of whatever salvage was at hand, they were very effective in close combat. Nearly every Tusken was proficient in the use of these weapons and more Tuskens chose the gaffi over the Tusken Cycler.
The weapon was of the staff variety, on average about 120 centimeters long, with a weapon-head on each end. The first resembled an archaic flanged mace, with each of the four or more flanges sharpened like an axe-edge. Upon the tip was a spearpoint. The opposite end of the gaffi stick usually was bent into an L shape, with a large and heavy club head tipped by a hook or second spearpoint (which itself was often tipped with sand bat venom) which would inflict maximum pain to an enemy. The dual weapon-heads gave a gaderffii wielder a wide and versatile range of attack options. The axe-mace could chop and hack, the spearpoint could thrust and stab, the club could bludgeon and crush, and the hook could rip and trip an opponent. In a more mundane fashion, the gaffi stick could also be used in many day-to-day survival chores, such as hunting or even digging.
Though the gaderffii were made out of whatever materials the Sand People could find, desired materials included hard metals such as iron and steel. The best gaffi sticks were Chieftain's gaderffii, often seen in hands of veteran warriors or chieftains as a rank symbol. They were made out of the rare durasteel plating found on derelict starships or vehicles that had been "slagged" upon Tatooine's surface. Such weapons were highly valued, being exceedingly durable.
Sand People prized their gaderffii, which were largely custom-built and thus identifiable as belonging to particular raiders, and would not part with them willingly. Thus, when bounty hunters were sent to eliminate hostile raiders, they were told to return with their gaffi sticks as proof of the kill.
During Revan's search for a Star Map on Tatooine the Czerka Corporation requested that he collect as many gaffi sticks as possible from the Sand People that were attacking Czerka's miners and sandcrawlers.
This weapon was the traditional weapon of the Tusken Raiders of Tatooine.
Ewok Handlers also carried these lethal weapons.
Behind the scenesEdit
The original gaffi sticks props were made from wooden Fijian war clubs called "totokia," which were used to punch a hole in the skull of an enemy. | <urn:uuid:1670a250-8258-4dc3-9744-fca12278de71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Gaderffii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00321-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97808 | 662 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Thursday May 19, the day after South Africa’s recent local government elections and News24 has had their biggest day in history. Online the site was up by 100% while on mobile the increase in traffic was a phenomenal 150%.
We chatted to Jannie Momberg, news editor of News24, to see what it takes to keep an online newsroom on top of its game.
Your coverage of the local government election results has given News24 their biggest day so far. Why do you think the response has been so strong?
People have a vested interest in what goes on around them, and what will affect their daily lives. And the more informed they are, the more likely people are to speak up.
You had some really interactive and innovative ways of reporting the results. What was your strategy when it came to covering this event?
Our focus for this year’s local government election was focused in three areas. General news, results and social media. The interactive election results map was probably the most talked about feature of our coverage, but the general news and social media areas both played important roles informing our audience.
When big news stories are unfolding, timing and speed is crucial. Is this a key difference between an online newsroom and a print newsroom?
Yes. The first thing to remember is that print newsrooms work towards specific deadlines dictated by the printing presses. In the online sphere there are no deadlines. When dealing with breaking news stories, we are able to update as quickly as possible and on an ongoing basis. The way you source information, at what speed and how you publish content are all informed by the medium we work in.
When an important story breaks how long does it take for the news to hit News24?
Big news stories reach us almost immediately. As most “online only” news teams, we have very few staff out in the field, or on the ground so to speak. But information reaches us very quickly. We use a variety of sources like news wires, social media, user-feedback and TV.
What are the key/crucial logistics & tools involved in keeping an online newsroom current and able to publish quickly?
Editorially you only need a decent Internet connection and a CMS or content management system to publish to the various digital platforms. Our technical teams do a tremendous amount of work to ensure the design, development and operational requirements are in place at all times. When big news happens – like the election results – the pressure is not only on our editorial team, but also on our operations team. They have to ensure the content the editorial teams publish is available to our audience. In other words, they have to keep the website functioning when user demand is at its peak.
How does this amazing response to the election results compare to the recent big international stories like Osama’s death and the earthquake in Japan?
It is similar, but users are always more interested and engaged in local stories.
What is your strategy for retaining these users?
Obviously one always tries to attract new and varied users, and using social media is a very effective way to do so. Having said that, we will keep doing our best to get the news out as quickly and accurately as possible. It is a formula that keeps bringing users back.
What have your learnings been around this important milestone?
Digital platforms allow for information to be presented in a unique way that also involves our audience. The whole news experience is interactive, ongoing and almost represents a continuous flow of information. To stay ahead in this game is challenging, but also rewarding. | <urn:uuid:5ddc8832-368e-47c5-84e8-a09f2ae8ebd3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://themediaonline.co.za/2011/05/what-it-takes-to-stay-ahead-in-an-online-newsroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967683 | 734 | 1.570313 | 2 |
VICE PREMIER DARLAN'S BROADCAST TO THE FRENCH PEOPLE
Vichy, France, May 23, 1941
[New York Times, May 24, 1941.]
You have already heard our Chief, Marshal Petain, tell you that it was with his approval that I went at the invitation of Chancellor Hitler and that conversations between the Chief of the German Reich and myself had been approved by him and by the Government.
The Marshal, having given me the undoubted honor of designating me as his second in his heavy task, I have come to bring you details which you have been impatiently awaiting.
The Chancellor did not ask me to hand over our fleet to him. Every one knows-and the English better than any one-that I will never hand it over.
The Chancellor did not ask me for any colonial territory. He did not ask me to declare war on England.
Why has he acted so?
Germany began the war alone and judges herself able to end it alone against no matter what coalition.
At no moment in the conversations was there any question of France abandoning in any way her sovereignty.
France freely is choosing the road she is taking. On her depends her present and her future. She will have the peace which she makes herself. She will have the place in the organization of Europe which she will have made for herself.
Remember-some seem to have forgotten-that France has suffered the gravest defeat in her history, that three-fifths of her continental territory has been occupied, that we have a million and a half prisoners.
This defeat was due to our past errors. From 1919 to 1939 our governments and our legislative assemblies stored up errors and let themselves be led to defend interests which were not our own to the detriment of our own.
Domestically, they permitted sabotage of morale of the nation; they legalized laziness and disorder.
Abroad they carried out an incoherent policy; they made us the protectors of small European powers without having been capable of forging the indispensable arms for carrying out that mission.
They decided to give aid to every one, which made necessary a powerful offensive army. Our governments and our assemblies, however, only gave the country a defensive army.
Not having known how to prepare for war, either morally or materially, our governments nevertheless declared it. We lost it because of the mistakes and weakness of those who led us into it.
And it is as a result of the indescribable débâcle of which many of you have horrible memories, it is as a result of the defection of our former allies, it is as a result of the default of the government which declared it was ready to continue the fight without having the means, but which in reality only thought of flight, that the Marshal was called to take the destiny of the country in his hands and ask an honorable armistice.
In June, 1940, the victor could have refused us an armistice, beaten us and wiped France off the map of the world. They did not do it. In May, 1941, the victor has agreed to negotiate with the French Government.
Since the Montoire interview, during which the principle of collaboration was decided, France has shown by acts her desire to continue that policy.
These are acts which determined Chancellor Hitler to grant us ameliorations of the consequences of defeat and of the conditions of the armistice which you just learned.
Listen well to my words.
On the result of the negotiations in course directly depends the future of France. It is necessary for her to choose between life and death. The Marshal and the Government have chosen life.
Your duty is clearly traced: follow the Marshal, aid him with all your force, as I am doing in his work of national restoration.
Like him and like me, in your thoughts and in your acts, be inspired only by the interests of France. | <urn:uuid:fdfe0b26-b972-4ed0-a716-f05d426bf639> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410523a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00211-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984251 | 806 | 1.859375 | 2 |
This icebreaker will help group members understand what it takes to lead a group. It will also give kids a chance to get to know each other better by seeing how each person takes charge. Everyone in the group takes a turn leading the group through, and participating in, a simple drill step. Instruct each person about what their leadership task is and determine when their task has been accomplished so you can move to the next person in the circle. Read one of the following instructions to the first leader. Repeat the process for each leader.
After the crowd breaker, use the following questions to help kids explore the nature of leadership. Ask: What was frustrating about this activity. How easy is it to lead others? Read 1 Corinthians 9:19-23. How important is it for a leader to adapt to the needs of the group?
Who me, embarrassed?
This is a fun ‘who is it?’ game. Pass out sheets of paper and have everyone write down one embarrassing thing that has happened to them. Crumple it up and then collect them in a bowl or paper plate. Then go around in a circle one-by-one and have each person take a crumpled paper and read the embarrassing situation aloud. They can then try to guess who the person is.
A game of two extremes! Instruct people to move to a point in the room where they stand on a particular issue. For example - move to the left hand side of the room if you like chocolate, the right hand side if you like strawberry.
The Toaster Game
Everyone sits in a circle. In the middle of the circle is a toaster.
Put a piece of bread in the toaster and pop it down. Once the toast is down, go round the circle and people have to quickly say one thing about themselves. When the toast pops up, the person talking has to eat the toast with whatever topping you (the leader) decides. Start off with simple ingredients such as jam, butter, etc. and slowly add more unusual ones (like potato, ice cream, mashed banana). Works best if you have the toaster on a short cycle!
Sit down if...
Get everyone to stand up, then read through the following list. The last person standing is the winner!
Print out a questionnaire and hand out one to each person. They only have a short amount of time to fill it out. Use questions that would lead everybody to talk to each other, and get to know one another.
The Animal Game
Each person begins by selecting an animal, and a noise/action associated with that animal.
Elephant: Hold nose and make a trunk with arms, and make elephant noise!
Once everyone has their animal (you may need to help some of the more shy group members come up with theirs), sit everyone in a circle. Pick one animal (suggest the Lion) to be the most "senior" or king of all the animals. The positions get more 'junior' as you go around the circle in a clockwise direction. The aim being to get to the Lion's seat.
The game starts with the Lion making his noise/action, then the noise/action of another animal. It then becomes that animal's turn to make their noise then that of another animal and so on. The turn ends when someone makes the wrong noise/action or doesn't respond within 3-5 seconds. That person moves to the most junior of the positions and everyone moves up one seat.
The more outrageous the animal noises/actions, the better this game works. It becomes a great game when some of the shyer group members come out of their shells!
Prepare beforehand slips on which are written the names of famous people. As each guest enters, pin a slip on his back without letting him know what it says. The guests observe each other’s slips and then converse with one another as though they were talking with the person named on the slip. Each person tries to guess who they are supposed too be. The remarks should not be so leading as to give away the identity too soon.
Have the names of familiar songs written out in duplicate. Give one slip to the one half of the group, and the duplicate to the rest. At the signal of the leader all start singing or whistling their song. They then try to find their partner who is whistling or singing the same song. This will create a lot of noise and fun. When the partners are found, they cease singing.
Odd or Even
Each person is given a dozen or so peanuts. The object is to get as many nuts from the others as possible. Will goes up to Sue with a number of nuts concealed in his hand and says, “Odd or Even?” Sue guesses, “Odd.” Since there are seven peanuts in Will’s hand, she collects the seven nuts from him. If the guess had been wrong Sue would have had to turn seven peanuts over to Will. A time limit is set and whoever has the most peanuts at the end wins a prize. When your peanuts are all gone, you’re out!
Type out Bible verses, print them and cut them in half. As the young people enter give each one a piece of paper. Each person has to find the person who has the other half of their verse. | <urn:uuid:b08464fc-e1b7-447b-b96f-314957945e60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.justbychrist.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962919 | 1,101 | 3.375 | 3 |
- Research note
- Open Access
Altered gut microbiota composition with antibiotic treatment impairs functional recovery after traumatic peripheral nerve crush injury in mice: effects of probiotics with butyrate producing bacteria
BMC Research Notes volume 15, Article number: 80 (2022)
Antibiotics (ABX) are widely used for life-threatening infections and also for routine surgical operations. Compelling evidence suggests that ABX-induced alterations of gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, are linked with diverse disease states including neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. To combat the consequences of dysbiosis, probiotics (PBX) are widely used. ABX-induced dysbiosis is reported to impair neurological function after spinal cord injury. Traumatic peripheral nerve injury (TPNI) results in profound neurologic impairment and permanent disability. It is unknown whether ABX treatment-induced dysbiosis has any impact on TPNI-induced functional recovery, and if so, what role medical-grade PBX could have on TPNI recovery.
In this study, ABX-induced dysbiosis and PBX-induced microbiota enrichment models were used to explore the potential role of gut microbiome in TPNI. Stool analysis with 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing confirmed ABX-induced dysbiosis and revealed that ABX-induced changes could be partially restored by PBX administration with an abundance of butyrate producing bacteria. Pre-injury ABX significantly impaired, but pre-injury PBX significantly improved post-TPNI functional recovery. Importantly, post-injury PBX protected against pre-injury ABX-induced functional impairment. These findings demonstrate that reestablishment of gut microbiota composition with butyrate producing PBX during ABX-induced dysbiosis could be a useful adjuvant therapy for TPNI.
The gut microbiota play an important role in normal host physiology and health [1,2,3]. Alteration of the host resident intestinal microbiome, termed dysbiosis, has been implicated in many disease states including gastrointestinal, metabolic, autoimmune, inflammatory, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. To combat the consequences of dysbiosis, nutritional interventions, consisting of probiotics (PBX), are widely used [9,10,11,12,13]. PBX create a healthy gut environment by downregulating pathogenic bacteria in favor of other more beneficial bacterial populations.
Multiple factors including age, genetics, environmental stress, infection, diet, and antibiotics (ABX) can contribute to dysbiosis [11, 14]. Antibiotics are widely used in medicine and surgery [15,16,17]. Although ABX are essential for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections and have significantly improved treatment outcomes, as many as 5–30% of people who receive ABX suffer from adverse effects [17,18,19,20]. Besides common side effects, several studies have shown that ABX treatment results in short- or long-term changes in the intestinal microorganisms (microbiota) in both humans and animals [21,22,23,24,25,26].
Gut bacteria produce a wide range of biologically active molecules, such as metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), proteins and enzymes. SCFAs such as, acetic, propionic and butyric acids, are some of the most important gut microbial products, and they are involved in a range of regulatory activities beneficial to the host [1, 8, 27, 28]. For example, butyrate has both intestinal and systemic anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-oxidant effects [27,28,29,30]. ABX pretreatment has been shown to cause dysbiosis in mice with significant effects in normal health and disease conditions [31,32,33]. A deficiency of gut microbiota in mice affects the distribution and maturation of microglia and impairs the innate immune responses in the brain . Dysbiosis caused by ABX has been shown to impair corneal nerve regeneration in mice by affecting macrophage distribution . ABX-induced dysbiosis is also reported to impair the recovery of neurological function in mice after traumatic spinal cord injury, whereas medical-grade PBX treatment improves recovery . Traumatic peripheral nerve injury (TPNI) causes profound neurologic impairment and permanent disability , and inflammatory responses occurring after TPNI play a critical role in nerve regeneration and functional recovery [36, 37]. Although ABX are routinely used in traumatic neuromuscular injuries, it is unknown whether ABX-induced dysbiosis has similar impacts on TPNI-induced functional recovery as reported in spinal cord injury. While the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs extend beyond the gut [8, 27, 28], nothing is known regarding the role of medical-grade PBX containing butyrate-producing bacteria in TPNI recovery where inflammation plays a critical role in TPNI repair and functional recovery.
It is not ethical and possible to do experimental nerve injury study in humans. Therefore, in this study, using both loss-of-function (ABX-induced dysbiosis) and gain-of-function (PBX-induced microbiota enrichment) microbiome models, we characterized the gut microbiome in mouse stools and explored the potential role of the gut microbiome composition in the functional recovery of TPNI.
Materials and methods
The experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Pennsylvania State College of Medicine and the experiments were performed according to the guidelines of IACUC. A total of 44 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA) weighing 20–25 g were used for the study. Animals were housed and routinely monitored at the animal facility according to IACUC guidelines.
Antibiotic cocktail and probiotics treatments, experimental groups, stool sample collection and analyses
The terms “ABX” and “ABX cocktail” are interchangeably used in this manuscript to denote the effects of antibiotics. An ABX cocktail consisting of 2 g/L streptomycin, 0.17 g/L gentamicin, 0.125 mg/L ciprofloxacin, and 1 g/L bacitracin was prepared in drinking water , and VSL#3 (Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals) was suspended in sterile saline (5 billion bacteria in 400 µL saline) . The experimental groups, stool sample collection, stool 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing DNA extraction and analysis , bioinformatics analysis [39,40,41,42,43], overall community composition analysis , alpha diversity analysis [45,46,47], beta diversity analysis [48, 49], and biomarker analysis are described in details in Additional file 1: Methods and materials and Additional file 2: Fig. S1.
Mouse model of severe sciatic nerve crush injury and functional analysis
An established severe sciatic nerve crush injury model was utilized [51, 52] and functional analysis was performed before and after different treatments [51, 53, 54] as described in Additional file 1.
All results are presented as means ± SEM. Functional data were analyzed by a mixed model 2-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons with Tukey’s correction using the GraphPad PRISM 8 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Significant differences for microbiome alpha diversity between the groups were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis tests through QIIME2. Likewise, beta diversity differences were assessed using PERMANOVA tests through QIIME2. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests within R were used to test for significant differences among the most abundant phyla. A P value of < 0.05 was considered a statistically significant value.
Effects of ABX and PBX on gut microbiota composition
Figure 1 shows the relevant abundance of the most prevalent genera within all groups after fecal 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis. Compared to other groups, only one of six 10-day ABX samples yielded enough sequences to be included in analysis, and it had a very distinct compositional profile, being dominated by Staphyloccocus. Among the other groups, additional differences are evident, such as the increased abundance of Streptococcus in the 10-day-ABX-PBX group. These differences clearly demonstrate the impact of various treatment protocols on gut bacterial communities.
Additional file 3: Table S1 shows the top six characteristic bacteria at the phylum level of each group before and after treatments using 16S rRNA sequencing. The gut microbiota was absent in most fecal samples after ABX treatment and only one fecal sample in 10-day-ABX group yielded enough sequences to be characterized. At the phylum level, the ABX treatment resulted in a significant increase in Firmicutes and a sharp decline in Bacteroidetes compared with the Pre-ABX group. Furthermore, ABX treatment also led to an increase in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. While bacterial taxa in PBX group samples remained stable compared to Pre-PBX group, PBX treatment blunted the effect of ABX in ABX-PBX group with an increase in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria strains and a decrease in Bacteroidetes strain compared to Pre-ABX-PBX group.
Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity analyses of gut microbiota
Bacterial richness within each fecal sample was determined using three different alpha diversity methods: Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and Pielou’s evenness. The observed alpha-diversity values in 10-day-ABX-PBX group were significantly lower compared with other groups as shown in Fig. 2 as Fig. 2A (**P < 0.01), Fig. 2B (**P < 0.01), and Fig. 2C (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01), respectively.
Beta diversity of the fecal samples was calculated using the weighted UniFrac distances (Fig. 2D). The principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) demonstrated that Pre-PBX and 10-day-PBX samples (dots) cluster closely together on the plot and were not significantly different. In contrast, the 10-day-ABX-PBX samples clustered differently and away from all groups.
Microbiota biomarkers and taxonomic plots analyses
The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) test and cladogram plot from LEfSe analysis were used to identify the taxa that had significantly different abundances within the same treatment group or different treatment groups. As shown in Additional file 4: Fig. S2, a significant abundance of Akkermansia (Additional file 4: Fig. S2B) in 10-day-PBX samples compared to Pre-PBX samples (P < 0.05), a significant abundance of Bifidobacteriales (Additional file 4: Fig. S2D) in 10-day-ABX-PBX samples compared to Pre-ABX-PBX samples (P < 0.05), and a greater abundance of Lactobacillales (Additional file 4: Fig. S2F) in 10-day-ABX-PBX samples compared to 10-day-PBX samples (P = 0.051) were observed.
Effect of ABX and PBX-treatments on the functional recovery after TPNI
Sciatic function index (SFI) is the primary functional outcome measure after TPNI. We observed that that pre-injury ABX treatment significantly impaired SFI recovery after crush injury compared the vehicle group (Fig. 3A). To determine whether SFI recovery is dependent on dysbiosis timing, a post-injury ABX group was tested. Similar to the Pre-ABX group, the Post-ABX group also demonstrated significantly impaired functional recovery compared to vehicle (Fig. 3B). In contrast, mice receiving daily PBX (VSL#3) demonstrated significantly improved SFI recovery (Fig. 3C). To further investigate whether or not PBX could rescue the post-injury functional deficits observed following pre-injury ABX administration, a pre-injury ABX plus post-injury PBX group was investigated. Figure 3D shows that PBX prevented any substantial functional deficits in the treatment group when compared to vehicle group.
The main findings of this study in loss-of-function (ABX treatment) and gain-of-function (PBX treatment) models of gut microbiota are: ABX impair the functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury, and PBX improve or rescue post-injury functional recovery in the absence or presence of ABX, respectively. These findings, coupled with the observation of ABX-induced drastic depletion of the gut microbiota community with lower diversity and PBX-induced restoration of gut microbiota community with an increased abundance of butyrate producing bacteria after ABX-induced depletion of host microbiota, suggest an important role of the gut microbiome modulation in the functional recovery of TPNI.
ABX are often used in many clinical scenarios, including infection prevention for trauma and surgical patients [55,56,57]. ABX act not only at their intended sites, but also in other distant tissues. PBX are defined as live microorganisms conferring a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts , and VSL#3 is a medical grade probiotic mixture that contains 8 different strains of “good” bacteria within the orders Lactobacillales or Bifidobacteriales [9, 59, 60]. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing identified significant compositional changes that occur in the gut microbiome secondary to ABX or PBX administration and these findings are consistent with previously published findings in mice with ABX or PBX . A markedly separated distribution (beta diversity) of microbiota confirmed that the various treatments created unique bacterial communities within each group as evidenced by the distinct clustering patterns visualized on the PCoA plot. While 10-day-ABX mice failed to retain enough microbiome for analysis, 10-day-ABX-PBX mice were able to reestablish a modest amount of the intestinal microbiome. The taxa enriched in the 10-day-ABX-PBX group fell within the orders Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteriales. Taken together, these findings confirm the gut microbiota reestablishing effect of VSL#3 against ABX-induced dysbiosis.
Importantly, the accelerated and rescued functional recovery with VSL#3 after TPNI provides direct evidence for a functional link between the gut microbiome and TPNI recovery. VSL#3 is reported to prevent the host from stable pathologic colonization in different experimental models [9, 59, 60]. In a mouse model of spinal cord injury, VSL#3 conferred neuroprotection with improved locomotor recovery . Supplementation with VSL#3 is also reported to rescue hippocampal neurogenesis and brain function in ABX-treated mice . Recently, ABX-induced dysbiosis was shown to impair corneal nerve regeneration in mice, an effect that was largely reversed by VSL#3 treatment . We found an increased abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria Ruminococcaceae in the 10-day-PBX group and Bifidobacterium in the 10-day-ABX-PBX group. In addition, Akkermansia was significantly abundant in 10-day-PBX group, and it is reported to produce butyrate, propionate and acetate . Since the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs extend beyond the gut and macrophages are critical for the inflammatory response after TPNI, it is thus possible that anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of SCFAs-producing gut microbiota after VSL# 3 treatment could be involved in our proof-of-concept study.
In conclusion, our study provides direct evidence for an important role of the gut microbiome in the functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury. We demonstrate that ABX-induced dysbiosis impairs TPNI-induced functional recovery, pre-injury PBX treatment promotes functional recovery, and most interestingly, PBX can effectively “rescue” ABX-treated mice from the functional consequences of ABX-induced dysbiosis.
Our study has some limitations: First, we performed analysis on fecal microbiota abundance, diversity and biomarkers, but not on the enriched microbial-derived metabolites or neurochemicals. Second, we did not investigate the time-dependent molecular and cellular changes in the injured nerve with or without ABX, PBX, and ABX plus PBX treatments. Third, it is unknown if ABX or PBX treatments would have any effect on nerve myelination and conduction velocity.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed for this study are stored at secured institutional server and will be available from the corresponding author.
Amplicon sequence variants
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Linear discriminant analysis effect size
Sciatic function index
Short-chain fatty acids
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury
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The authors are thankful to the animal care facility technicians and institutional veterinarians at Pennsylvania State College of Medicine.
This work was supported by grants from the NIH (K08 AR060164-01A) and DOD (W81XWH-16-1-0725).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Our manuscript does not contain any human data. The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Pennsylvania State College of Medicine and the experiments were performed according to the guidelines of IACUC. The Committee’s composition and responsibilities regarding animal research are mandated by the Animal Welfare Act (Public Law 99-198).
Consent for publication
The senior author (John C. Elfar) has recently been party to the formation of Peripheral Therapeutics, Inc. and serves as an advisory board member.
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Materials and methods: detailed experimental protocol of the study, including animals, ABX and PBX administrations, stool sample collection, stool 16S rRNA analysis, bioinformatics analysis, overall community composition analysis, alpha diversity analysis, beta diversity analysis, and biomarker analysis.
Experimental groups and time lines. Vehicle for ABX group received autoclaved drinking water supplemented with maple syrup daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7); Pre-injury ABX group received the antibiotic cocktail in drinking water daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7); Post-injury ABX group received the antibiotic cocktail in drinking water daily immediately after nerve injury (Day 0); Vehicle for PBX group received 400 µL sterile saline via oral gavage daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7); Pre-injury PBX group received probiotics suspension via oral gavage daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7); Vehicle for ABX and PBX group received autoclaved drinking water supplemented with maple syrup daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7) plus 400 µL sterile saline via oral gavage daily immediately after nerve injury (Day 0); and sequential ABX + PBX group received the antibiotic cocktail in drinking water daily beginning 7 days before nerve injury (Day − 7) plus probiotics suspension via oral gavage immediately after nerve injury (Day 0). All groups received a similar crush injury and each treatment regimen was continued daily until the end of protocol at day 21. Functional analysis as sciatic function index (SFI) and fecal sampling were performed at indicated days.
The top characterized taxa at the phylum level of each group before (Pre-) treatment and at 10-day of the study.
Taxonomic differences of fecal microbiota between different groups of mice. A Cladogram using LEfSe method showing the phylogenetic relationships among the enriched taxa within Pre-PBX (light blue) and 10-day-PBX groups (blue). B The relative abundance of Akkermansia was significantly higher in 10-day-PBX group. *P < 0.05, n = 6/group. C Cladogram using LEfSe method showing the phylogenetic relationships among the enriched taxa within Pre-ABX-PBX (pink) and 10-day-ABX-PBX (red) groups. D The relative abundance of Bifidobacteriales was significantly higher in 10-day-ABX-PBX group. *P < 0.05, n = 5–6/group. E Cladogram using LEfSe method showing the phylogenetic relationships among the enriched taxa within 10-day-PBX (blue) and 10-day-ABX-PBX (red) groups. F The relative abundance of Lactobacillales was markedly higher in 10-day-ABX-PBX group. P = 0.051, n = 5–6/group.
About this article
Cite this article
Rodenhouse, A., Talukder, M.A.H., Lee, J.I. et al. Altered gut microbiota composition with antibiotic treatment impairs functional recovery after traumatic peripheral nerve crush injury in mice: effects of probiotics with butyrate producing bacteria. BMC Res Notes 15, 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-05967-8
- 16S rRNA analysis
- Gut microbiota
- Peripheral nerve injury
- Functional recovery | <urn:uuid:41cffb41-2773-410b-ba3f-95a4f164ce71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-022-05967-8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.836895 | 9,056 | 1.914063 | 2 |
THE APOSTLE PAUL – PART 2
Scriptures are cited from the King James (Authorized) Version, unless stated otherwise.
“He is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel.”
Acts 9: 15
We will continue our study of the Apostle Paul by briefly considering the books of the Bible that he wrote:
Luke: Paul was the writer of this gospel, with Luke acting as his amanuensis. It was addressed to Gentiles and focuses on Jesus’ humanity. This gospel gives an account of John the Baptist’s birth and the most detailed account of Jesus’ birth. Jesus’ genealogy through His mother Mary is presented.
Romans: This is one of Paul’s most influential epistles. It was written to the church at Rome, which consisted of both Jews and Gentiles. Paul sought to free both Jews and Gentiles from the former yoke of Judaism. The doctrine of justification by faith is particularly stressed by Paul.
1 Corinthians: This first epistle to the Corinthians was mainly to correct sectarianism among those at Corinth, and to answer the erroneous teachings of some, that there would be no resurrection of the dead. Paul reproves the Corinthian church for not judging one of their members who was guilty of incest.
2 Corinthians: In this second epistle, Paul defends his apostleship and teachings against false teachers who had shaken the faith of the brethren at Corinth. He commends the church for their Christian growth, and emphasizes the importance of mutual helpfulness of one another along the lines of comfort.
Galatians: Paul wrote this epistle to the Galatians, most of whom were Gentiles, to counteract the influence of the Judaizing teachers among the brethren who endeavored to subvert faith in Christ, by claiming that in addition to faith in Christ they also needed to keep the Law of Moses.
Ephesians: This is one of Paul’s most beautiful epistles. Paul, recognizing the challenge that Christians in the first century faced by living in a heathen world, emphasizes that God’s Plan of salvation is by His grace and Christ’s redemptive sacrifice. It is full of deep spiritual instruction for growth in Christian character.
Philippians: This is one of Paul’s most loving epistles. Paul wrote this epistle in acknowledgment of a substantial gift from the church at Philippi, and took the opportunity to tell them of his own condition, the progress of the Lord’s work, etc., and to encourage them to steadfastness unto the end.
Colossians: This epistle to the Colossians consists of two parts: (1) a denunciation against false teachings; and (2) exhortations to proper Christian living.
1 Thessalonians: This first epistle to the Thessalonians is very fatherly, gentle and loving. The believers addressed were merely “babes in Christ” less than a year old, yet Paul recognized their rapid development, evidenced by their love for one another, and for all the brethren in Macedonia.
2 Thessalonians: The Thessalonian brethren drew a wrong conclusion from Paul’s first epistle to them, supposing that he taught that the Lord’s Second Advent would come in their day. Certain teachers also began to proclaim that the Lord’s Second Advent had commenced. Paul wrote this second epistle to correct this error.
1 Timothy: Paul’s first epistle to Timothy gives instructions regarding proper conduct in the Church, proper order and structure, and practical advice. He warns Timothy relative to false teachers.
2 Timothy: This second epistle to Timothy is Paul’s final epistle, written shortly before his execution. He wished to prepare Timothy for the added responsibility that he would assume as a general minister following Paul’s death. Paul wrote special warnings, commendations and prophecies respecting the Church’s future.
Titus: Paul wrote this epistle to Titus, who was a general overseer of the Church, instructing him in respect to six classes in the Church at Crete – (1) the elderly men, (2) the aged women, (3) the younger women, (4) the younger men, (5) servants and (6) Titus himself.
Philemon: This is Paul’s only epistle of a private and personal nature. Onesimus, a slave of
Philemon, had robbed Philemon and escaped to Rome. Onesimus came in contact with Paul and became a Christian. Paul requested that Philemon forgive and receive Philemon as a brother.
Hebrews: This is perhaps Paul’s greatest epistle. He addresses Jewish Christians in particular, showing them that the new dispensation was an advance step in God’s plan, and that everything in the new dispensation has an analogy to the things of the old one, but on a higher plane.
Return to People of the Bible | <urn:uuid:87afffc7-c3a1-456f-a295-d89f21578ef2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://bibletruthexaminer.com/the-apostle-paul-part-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.971539 | 1,060 | 2.03125 | 2 |
You can easily find planters made from recycled plastic, but you can take the recycling concept one step further by reusing materials from your own household, turning them into patio containers, seed starters and raised beds. With potential planters ranging from yogurt containers to old rowboats, fans of both recycling and gardening can grow anything from single herbs to small trees.
While peat pots and plastic seedling systems are plentiful at nurseries, common household items also make suitable seedling pots. Use egg cartons filled with a seed-starting medium to plant seeds. As seedlings grow, move them to cleaned plastic yogurt, margarine and cottage cheese containers (see References 1). If you need to repot extra-large seedlings, such as tomato plants or young trees, cut a milk carton, milk jug or soda bottle in half and use the lower part to hold plants. Save old roasting pans or baking sheets to recycle as watering trays on which to set your seedling pots.
Small and Medium Planters
Many of the same containers useful for holding seedlings also make effective planters for small houseplants and shallow-rooted patio herbs and flowers. Paint coffee canisters, large tin cans and plastic containers with eco-friendly paint to make them more decorative. Keep an eye out for items suitable for a children's garden or whimsical outdoor spaces. Old work boots, leaky watering cans, pots and pans, colanders, beach pails, hollow garden statuary, baskets and apple barrels can all find new life as planters. Gardeners can also establish shallow-rooted herbs, flowers and lettuce in logs and stumps by drilling holes in the wood and filling them with potting soil. (See References 5.)
Large Planters and Raised Beds
Car and truck tires may be repurposed as raised beds, as can recycled scrap wood. Other possibilities for large planters include old wheelbarrows and rowboats, washtubs, bathtubs, metal or plastic garbage cans, and wooden whiskey barrels. Line bottomless items like tires or nailed-together scrap wood with damp newspaper to suppress weeds, then fill them with a mixture of topsoil and compost or potting soil. (See References 5.)
Container Gardening Tips
Drill or poke holes in wood, metal or plastic containers to allow water to drain from the bottom of the planters. If you use colanders, wicker baskets or wire baskets, line them with sphagnum moss so the soil doesn't escape from the planter. When working with old metal containers, line the planters with garden-grade plastic to prevent rust from contaminating the soil. Exercise caution when building planters from scrap lumber, because treated wood sometimes contains chemical preservatives that can stunt plant growth or be absorbed by edible plants. (See References 4.)
Other Reuse Opportunities
Recycling comes into play not only for the planters themselves but for the soil and nutrients used to grow the plants. Compost works well as a planting medium and a fertilizer. "Rodale's Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening" recommends mixing compost from your own compost pile with store-bought perlite and ground pine bark when filling containers. During the growing season, lay compost over the surface of the soil to feed plants, or soak bags of compost in water to create a disease-fighting fertilizer "tea" to spray on plants. Use grass clippings or shredded leaves to mulch your planters (see References 4). Further conserve resources by watering your gardens with discarded dishwater or rainwater captured in large barrels (see References 2). For the ultimate in garden recycling, save seeds from your best-performing annual vegetables and flowers for future use rather than buying new seeds at the garden center.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Spring Seedlings; April 2010
- FAO: What Does Our Garden Need?
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; What You Can Do -- At Home and in the Garden; December 2010
- "Rodale's Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening"; Fern Marshall Bradley et al.; 2009
- "Container Gardening"; Stephanie Donaldson; Hermes House Anness Publishing Ltd.; 2006
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:8feaed1b-5b50-410e-973c-4bf220560969> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://budgeting.thenest.com/recycling-planters-gardens-31308.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912436 | 871 | 3.171875 | 3 |
- How to Use the Primordial Sounds of the Chakras for Healing
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- Become Energized by Tapping into a Source of Long-Lasting Vitality!
- Pratyahara and Mastering the Senses
- Eightfold Examination in Ayurveda
- Darshan Project Video Series: Part 2 – General Approaches
- What the Hell Should We Eat Anyway?
- How to Ask Holistic Health Practitioners the “Right” Questions
- 8 Promises and Benefits of Hatha Yoga
- Empowering the Minds of Our Young Adults
What Causes Constipation? (Energy Feed #13)
Pooping: it’s one of the body’s most important indicators of health.
Not pooping (or not pooping regularly or satisfyingly): it’s one of the body’s most important indicators of un-health.
Constipation is a common problem these days. Ayurvedically speaking, that’s often because there is such a great vata imbalance in our modern culture.
What is Vata?
Vata is wind in space. And wind whipping around in space is cold and drying. It fills up all the spaces in the body, creating cold, dry, rough conditions when there isn’t a healthy balance of warmth and lubrication to offset it.
This vata also happens to be born in the colon, so your bowel movements are a key signal to whether or not vata has gone out of whack in your system. If your colon has become cold, dry and rough inside, you’ll know it, because your stool likewise comes out hard, small, painful…or not at all.
Find out more about your constipation in this short “Energy Feed” below.
Also stay tuned, because in the next “Energy Feeds” episode, you’ll find out how to relieve that constipation. Click here to be notified when that episode is available. | <urn:uuid:f92c3f32-78bd-43b6-a1ac-a589b86c9d17> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everydayayurveda.org/causes-constipation-energy-feed-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894498 | 430 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Charles F.A. Stein (great-grand uncle)
b. December, 16, 1881
d. March 15, 1913
Saturday I received an interesting message over on the Find-A-Grave website. A fellow researcher noticed I was adding cemetery information for the Stein family in Baltimore, Maryland. The email asked if I was related to this line, and if so how.
I was immediately intrigued as this family has lead to many dead ends and brick walls. I replied that John Stein, buried in Oak Lawn Cemetery, was my 2nd great-grandfather.
Through out the day I would check the website to see if there was a response to my message. Finally the next day I received the following:
"Their son, Charles F.A.Stein married my grandmother, Helena Schrieber. When he died, she later married Charles Gears. Charles Stein & Helena had 2 children, John Herman & Elizabeth (who died in a diphtheria epidemic). Charles Gears and Helena had 2 children, Rosalie, and Charles Jr. Both Herman and Charles (never married, no offspring) are deceased, but Herman has descendants. Rosalie said that the Steins would not associate with Helena after she married Charles Gears. My cousins have asked me to investigate their family. They would be Herman's grandchildren and great grand children."
My initial response reading the message was that of excitement. This researcher added several key pieces to the Stein family puzzle.
*My great-grand uncle, Charles F.A. Stein (son of my 2nd great-grand parents John and Mary Stein) was married to Helena Schrieber
*Charles F.A. Stein and Helena's children John Herman & Elizabeth died young in an epidemic
*After Charles F.A. Stein died Helena remarried to a gentleman named Charles Gears
*Helena & Charles Gears had two children
Adding this data into my Ancestry tree started tons of shaking leaves! Connections were made and additional information was discovered. Once again I was reminded what a wonderful resource this particular website has been over the years.
But that is not the end of the story!
What intrigued me the most about the email was the fact the Stein family no longer associated with Helena once she remarried. This seemed to be an odd reaction as her husband, Charles F.A.Stein, passed away years before she met Charles Gears.
Why would the Stein's be so upset about this relationship to the point of breaking communication? In fact many of the immediate family members were deceased well before Helena entered this second marriage.
I sent a message to this new connection to ask if they knew what could have caused the rift. As of yet there has not been a reply.
Being a curious genealogy cat I started doing a little digging. Researching the local newspaper archives the following article came to light.
Baltimore Sun Newspaper - 01/28/1908
Could the divorce of Charles B. Gears and his first wife cause this family drama? Did the Stein family (German Lutherans) not condone the dissolution of marriages?
Next up will be research into the practices and attitudes of the German Lutheran church during the 1900s. I will be sending this information to my new genealogy friend. Maybe this article will raise a few memories and eventually find closure for the family.
Do we love old family drama? My entire weekend was filled with trying to hunt down details of the Stein/Gears split. Having names and dates to fill in the family tree is always a wonderful treat. Finding those traces of character and attitudes make our ancestors come alive.
Do you love old family drama? | <urn:uuid:6fc8fbdd-87c9-45c5-8e28-d39de685d0c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://deb-adventuresingenealogy.blogspot.com/2012/10/do-we-love-old-family-drama.html?showComment=1349211729928 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725470.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00075-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973734 | 751 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Get Out of the Training Business, my last column for Chief Learning Officer, called for the abolition of corporate training departments. Help me write the next installment.
Some instructors and instructional designers now see me as a job threat. They needn’t worry. Enlightened eLearning requires more people, not fewer.
Ten years ago, venture capital firms issued lengthy reports explaining why eLearning would take the world by storm. Their underlying economic argument was cost-cutting: less travel, fewer facilities, and no more salary expense for instructors. It was a classic industrial-age proposition: replace humans with machines. That first round of eLearning largely failed for precisely this reason: you can’t remove the humans from learning. You can, however, change their roles.
Companies should embrace network-supported informal learning because it works better, not because it reduces direct costs. People learn more efficiently at the time of need, in the context of work, from people in the know, and through virtual conversation. The organization receives improved performance on the job, continuous improvement, and increased innovation.
When my colleagues and I advocate cutting back on workshops and classes, we don’t suggest firing the instructors. Rather, we recommend redeploying them as connectors, wiki gardeners, internal publicists, news anchors, and performance consultants.
In their forthcoming book, Digital Habitats: Stewarding Technology for Communities, Etienne Wenger, Nancy White, and John Smith describe the role of the community technology steward. Technology stewards are people with enough experience of the workings of a community to understand its technology needs, and enough experience with technology to take leadership in addressing those needs.
A steward’s initial task is to assess the vision of the community along such dimensions as conversations, projects, content, access to expertise, relationships, and meetings. The steward then selects the simplest technology to advance the community as both the technology and the organization mature. The steward continuously assesses the needs of the community and how well they are being met. Like all living things, communities eventually die; the steward assures that community artifacts are preserved.
Digitial Habitats also assigns these duties to the steward:
- bringing new members up to speed with the community’s technology
- identifying and spreading good technology practices
- supporting community experimentation
- assuring continuity across technology disruptions
- “keeping the lights on” (including back-ups, permissions, vendor payments, and domain registrations)
These tasks won’t happen by themselves. Furthermore, people throughout the organization will need to share the burden of helping everyone learn. Distributing learning throughout the social fabric of an organization will also require storytellers, mentors, bloggers, community elders, schedulers, and editors.
What other roles are required when you shift from instructor-led training to networked learning? Give me your thoughts and pointers. | <urn:uuid:0d918087-7a7f-4ffd-ad55-51e570cf1700> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.informl.com/2009/03/14/new-roles-for-former-trainers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00001-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936485 | 593 | 1.867188 | 2 |
RobotVisionCAD or in short RvCAD is a computer aided design for Image Processing and Computer Vision. RvCAD's GUI presents users with a view where users drag and drop Image Processor Elements, and visually connecting them to form Image Processing Pipeline. RvCAD is a tool used by scientists, engineers, mathematicians to explore Machine Vision and Image Processing algorithms.
- Drag and Drop UI, visually design Machine Vision Pipeline
- RvCAD runs on Win32 and most posix system, etc, linux, BSD and Mac OS X
- Pipeline architecture scales to MultiCore, and SMP CPU.
- Supports real-time live video processing from VideoForWindow, DirectShow(WDM), Video4Linux on linux and Video Digitizer on Mac OS X, compatible capture device.
- Support reading and writing the following image files: avi, mpeg, bmp, jpeg, png, pcx, xpm, and tiff.
- Customizable through loadable module. You can add your own custom libraries to RvCAD. Code Generators create the templates for your custom library elements. You insert your own C/C++ code into the specified locations. Compile, and add the result to your library. | <urn:uuid:ae60d409-6339-423f-af23-c7c7b1e1d95a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.softoware.net/graphic-design-software/download-robotvisioncad-for-mac.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00458-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.770637 | 264 | 3.078125 | 3 |
By Hermione Lee
Knopf; 893 pages; $39.95
Hermione Lee's biography of Virginia Woolf is a revelation. Not that Lee offers any startling new gossip. On the contrary: The facts that she juggles have sat in the public domain for years, and the story has been worn to threads by frequent telling. Woolf was born Virginia Stephen in 1882, the freakishly talented, spectacularly cheekboned youngest daughter of Leslie Stephen, a successful but depressive London intellectual, and Julia Duckworth, a stoic beauty who brought to the marriage children of her own. Virginia's early years were drenched in book chat, but otherwise not so different from other crowded, stifling Victorian youths: The children had a swarm of spinster aunts, curious animal-inspired nicknames like "Ape" and "Marmot," and not a moment of privacy.
Then disaster struck, struck, and struck again. First, Virginia's mysterious and saintly mother broke under the strain of Victorian women's work--nursing invalids, running a staff of servants--though the immediate cause of death was rheumatic fever. Then, her father in his grief selfishly leaned on Virginia's half-sister, Stella, for support and, after a period of exhausted servitude, she died too. Virginia spent her teens getting over a nervous breakdown (the recovery was delayed by her half-brother, George, who chased her around the house and fondled her). When her father followed Julia and Stella to the grave, Virginia and her sister, Vanessa, and their brothers, Thoby and Adrian, left their posh family home for the decrepit neighborhood of Bloomsbury. They invited Thoby's smart, ambitious Cambridge cronies Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, and John Maynard Keynes over for unchaperoned partying. Soon they began to talk about and experiment with sex, straight and otherwise (except, perhaps, Virginia, whose libido at this stage was, according to Lee, dribbled away on childish crushes on maternal women). Most of all, Virginia wrote, supporting herself with a brutal workload of reviews, dreaming of delicate but radical new ways to tell a story.
This is Woolf's back story, as it were, the preface to her bohemian celebrity during the 1920s. Even in the bare-bones narration, it's fertile. Almost too fertile, in fact--as open to selective interpretation as a Rorschach test. Depending on whom you consult, following her apprenticeship in suffering Woolf became the woman who wrote To The Lighthouse and The Waves, a stream-of-consciousness pioneer and a cool, ethereal priestess of high modernism. Or the rage-filled victim of abuse and feminist crusader of A Room of One's Own. Or, to her detractors, a frivolous gossip. Luckily for us, Lee isn't especially invested in any of these eye-catching slants. She accepts that all these versions of Woolf are more or less fair. And she believes that Woolf's writing reflects a lifetime spent contemplating her strange tangle of traits.
For lack of a better word, this is the most lifelike biography I've ever read. Lee counts on our basic familiarity with Woolf's story, and this frees her up to tease it into all kinds of subtle themes in much the same way you or I might retrospectively organize our lives under such motley headings as "Life Under Reagan" or "The Period When I Was Especially Close to Jim." A visceral early chapter on the houses of Woolf's childhood tells us what sensory data the little girl would have absorbed: the constant smell of cigars, the pale yellow shade covering the window that overlooked the sea. Later chapters calmly walk us through some of the more hotly debated Woolfian themes, matching each exactly to its place in Woolf's life. Female friendships supplied critical nurturing, Lee says, and the famous affair with Vita Sackville-West was a thrill, but Woolf never saw herself as a strict "Sapphist." As for her husband, Leonard, he earned Virginia's complete loyalty by stoically caring for her during her breakdowns, but he comes across as stiff, humorless, and inclined to unconsciously pull male rank.
Maybe it's the unusual non-mustiness of Lee's approach, but I was struck by the number of current concerns that Woolf's life anticipates. Living at the mercy of her quixotic brain chemistry, she took notes on her moods, observing when her head felt "cool and quiet" or "sizzling." She was precociously attuned to the interplay of mind and body, far more so than her peers. One also wonders whether, if Woolf were alive today, she would join the hordes of writers abandoning fiction for the memoir. Probably not: Her ambition, love of make-believe, and need to experiment would have driven her back to the novel. Yet she felt the impulse to tell her story directly. Lee guesses that it was because Woolf predicted in advance the ridicule of her male friends (and literary competitors) that she kept herself from doing so. Here is her despairing diary entry after she visited a memoir club and read a chapter aloud: "I couldn't help figuring a kind of uncomfortable boredom on the part of the males; to whose genial cheerful sense my revelations were at once mawkish and distasteful. What ever possessed me to lay bare my soul!"
L ee demonstrates brilliantly the centrality of this issue of male censorship, real and perceived, to Woolf's writing. Growing up in her father's shadow, Woolf felt perfectly comfortable writing like a smug Victorian patriarch. But she understood that a tone of cool authoritativeness left no room for her childhood catastrophes, her anger at getting a girl's paltry education, her palpable delight in reading. To discuss such experiences she needed a less omniscient voice, a new style--one that in its fragmentation would become a hallmark of modernism. But she was afraid to go too far, to alienate all the "genial cheerful" men whose standards she continued to internalize. As a result, Woolf constantly seesaws in her writing between revealing and concealing. To be perfectly honest, I think the tension hurt her fiction. I've always admired her novels, but found the experience of reading them frustratingly indirect, circular, dissociative. Now I begin to understand why.
On the other hand, Woolf's back-and-forth led to insights that escaped the male modernists. Lee argues that Woolf's essays are badly undervalued today, and she's right. "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown," the defense of modernism she delivered before a puzzled Cambridge audience in 1924, seems, in retrospect, wiser and more realistic than just about everything else on the subject. In that essay Woolf explained that she and Joyce and Eliot and the rest had no choice but to abandon baggy old Victorianism. Why? Because, as she famously proposed, "on or about December, 1910, human character changed," and it was the writer's duty to explain this change to readers. Note the humble attention to human character and readers, not just to high art and artists. Woolf stood up for her peers, but she also understood if people found her overweeningly concerned with style, or found Eliot obscure, or Joyce obscene, "a pimply undergraduate." She knew that modernism was a work in progress, not a new system to be defended to the death.
In Lee's hands, Woolf's feminism becomes more radical and more flexible than one might think. She was no dogmatist. She even thought "feminist" was a "dead and corrupt word" now that women had the right to earn a living. But later in life she argued that it was not enough for women to get rooms of their own in which to become towering, dominant writers like men. She challenged the ugly human desire to be towering and dominant. She went, as always, to the question of human character, wondering if there might be a moral advantage in the centuries women had spent as anonymous people of no status. She played with the notion of a Society of Outsiders "without office, meetings, leaders, or any hierarchy, without so much as a form to be filled up, or a secretary to be paid."
Woolf's supple "outsiderism" might seem to have worn pretty well. But in the partisan 1930s, it was dismissed as dotty and vague. She sank into depression. It didn't help that fiction writing was becoming harder, and that war was approaching. Given that Woolf's mind was beginning to cloud over again, Lee thinks that her decision to kill herself by walking into the Ouse, one day in the 1940s, was, in its way, a brave one. But it cast a shadow over her life. It made her story too readily available to people who wanted to see her as a victim, or a crusader, or a martyr to art. What Lee's biography reveals is much more interesting. Woolf devoted herself to literature and believed in the rights of women, but both these passions were part of a humbler--and therefore grander--pursuit. Getting down to "the essential thing" is how she put it when talking about literature. "Freedom from unreal loyalties" is the striking phrase in her late feminist essay Three Guineas. In either case, the goal was to see life a little more clearly. | <urn:uuid:bafba383-694a-4051-b5a2-a96f32098305> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/1997/06/a_modern_woman.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973645 | 1,972 | 2 | 2 |
Bedug actually comes from India and China. According to legend Cheng Ho from China, as when Admiral Cheng Hoo come to Semarang, they were welcomed by the King of Java at that time. Then, when Cheng Ho was about to leave, and was about to give gifts, the king of Semarang said that he only wanted to listen to the drum sounds from the mosque. Since then, the drum then become part of the mosque, as in China, Korea and Japan, which positioned the drum in the temples as a religious ritual communication tool
In Indonesia, a regular drum is sounded for notification of times of prayer or worship. Drum made from a log or large palm trees along approximately one meter or more. The center of the rod-shaped tubes perforated so big. End of the rod is larger in size covered with animal skin that serves as a membrane or membrane drum. When played, the drum heavy noise, pitched a typical, low, but can be heard up to a considerable distance.
Labels: Info Menarik | <urn:uuid:bec1e912-e4c5-4932-9c06-e2686e090e78> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://jawarakampung.blogspot.com/2011/07/bedug.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00529-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977879 | 212 | 2.765625 | 3 |
LenderBot is a proof-of-concept micro-insurance platform that uses the bitcoin blockchain for insuring all sorts of things. Most notably, products and services in the sharing economy, such as AirBnB stays and Uber rides.
Professional services firm Deloitte, Blockchain technology startup Stratumn, and next-generation insurance platform LemonWay have come together to demonstrate the potential of several new applications and services that use the blockchain, all aimed at the insurance market.
Micro-insurance could be added to purchases, rentals, and service contracts through a variety of methods, such as while texting, using a smartphone app, or during a shopping cart checkout process. All of these could allow for simple options to be agreed upon by multiple parties, with the output recorded on the bitcoin blockchain for immutability and easy access.
– Deloitte (translated)
While businesses could offer such policies with their product or service, individuals could offer them to each other while lending something, like their lawnmower to a neighbor.
Simply replacing the retail store-offered “service plan” on high-dollar items such as electronics could be a great use case for LenderBot insurance. However, the large and growing sharing economy is in particular need of better insurance options that are flexible to meet their non-standard format.
The need for sharing economy insurance is growing fast. In a recent announcement John M. Huff, president of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), warned consumers against insurance risks in the sharing economy.
“Sharing a home, car or even personal items with a complete stranger reflects a new level of trust between buyers and sellers,” Huff warns.
– John M. Huff, National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) President
Meanwhile, the size of the sharing economy is set to explode. PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) recently released new research into the European sharing economy. PwC economist, Rob Vaughan, stated that “Our view is that growth in the sharing economy is only just beginning. By 2025, we estimate that many areas of the sharing economy will rival the size of their traditional counterparts.”
How large could it get? Estimates from PwC put the eventual size of the sharing economy at or somewhere above twenty times what it is today, if you include all the various business types they have identified.
Risk awareness, and traditionally complex insurance products, have both contributed to an under-insured economy.
In a separate PwC report, the CEO of DriveNow at BMW, Richard Steinberg, explained how insurers will face challenges educating people of the risks they are taking on when peer-renting. “There are major issues around people who don’t understand the risks they’re taking on. So this is a real area for attention by the insurers,” he said.
DriveNow is a joint venture between BMW and European car rental company, Sixt, that provides carsharing services in several European cities.
– Richard Steinberg, DriveNow CEO
Before the recent partnership was made, Stratumn examined the use of Bitcoins Blockchain in Micro-insurance. Founded in 2015, Stratum is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) startup that offers a way for businesses to focus on building blockchain applications quickly and easily.
While the Paris-based start-up is new to the insurance arena, it had received US$600,000 in April to complete a blockchain development platform already before the LenderBot partnership came along.
The company described micro-insurance enrollment as a four-step process: The ‘policy’ is initially proposed, or offered, to the buyer. It’s then reviewed by the buyer and agreed upon. The contract is then signed and notarized on the bitcoin blockchain, sending all parties a copy.
Finally, a digital token is issued, such as a counterparty coin or one that Stratumn designs for the job, which is sent to one or both parties as an asset that can be held, traded, or redeemed.
“Steps in the process are cryptographically linked together, notarized to the Blockchain, and visible to all parties involved,” states the LenderBot announcement from Stratumn. “The blockchain, independent of central authorities, guarantees a stability and immutability of information which to this day had never been attained.”
Adding Deloitte’s global expertise and LemonWay’s experience in offering small insurance products, the process could be streamlined even further. In one example described in Stratumn’s announcement, Facebook was used as a third party identity provider.
– Richard Caetano, Stratumn CEO
“This transfer of confidence is reinforced by the use of cryptography and timestamped data in the blockchain,” Caetano explained. “This guarantees data protection and traceability of every step in the subscription of the insurance contract.”
A LenderBot would be created and made available on Facebook for use through its Messenger chat app, and all contracts from that LenderBot would rely on Facebook’s profiles for identification. The lender and borrower would then be able to agree on the terms of a plan and digitally sign the agreement directly by interacting with the bot, which acts as a third party.
Currently, there is no mention if and when LenderBot will be available for public use. “Innovation cycles around blockchain technology for players in the financial industry is currently around 24 months,” offered Caetano, “from the initial prototype to applications being put into production.” | <urn:uuid:2cefef2a-9573-45b6-bce6-c329562fd821> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.btcplanet.net/lenderbot-by-deloitte-and-stratumn-to-bring-insurance-to-the-sharing-economy-using-bitcoins-blockchain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953678 | 1,166 | 1.945313 | 2 |
- West Bengal Board HS Result 2017
- West Bengal Board HS Admit Card 2017
- West Bengal 12th Result 2016 – Toppers List, Merit List, Marksheets
- Click Here to Download 12th class Merit list 2015
- Merit List of wb 12th Class HS Result 2015
- West Bengal Board 12th HS Supplementary Result 2017
- West Bengal Board HS Toppers list Merit list 2017
West Bengal 12th HS Toppers list and Merit list 2017 Pass Percentage, WB HS Toppers 2017, WB HS 12th Merit list 2017, WB 12th Merit list 2017, West Bengal Board Higher Secondary 12th class Merit and Topper’s List 2017, WB Board 12th class Higher Secondary Toppers’ and Merit list 2017, Here we are providing Complete List of West Bengal Result 2017 Toppers with Photos and Mark sheets. Check WBCHSE 12th Class Merit List 2017. WBCHSE class 12 results,Dear Friends wbresults.nic.in & wbchse.nic.in , WB class 12th (XII) exam results declared, check merit list and complete list of Merit Students. We also Try For Providing West Bengal School wise 12th Examination Results Merit lists 2017. wbchse 12th Toppers 2017 Merit List Region wise Pass Percentage. you can also find West Bengal HS 12th toppers 2017 merit list state wise toppers list. Now you can scroll Down Below and Check West Bengal 12th Result 2017 Toppers List, Merit List, Marksheets.
West Bengal Board HS Result 2017
Students appearing for West Bengal Board 12th Exam this year can check West Bengal Board 12th Result 2017, West Bengal Class 12th examination will be conducted in the month of March 2017, West Bengal Board Board of School Education is the board of education named as West Bengal Board which is responsible to conduct the 10th & 12th examination for all those students who are studying in the various schools under this board. The higher authority of the UP Board organizes these examinations every year and per year thousands of students gives the same examinations. The main aim of this board is to examine the performance of the students and also other activities.
West Bengal Board HS Admit Card 2017
Every students need to download the admit card for the exam, so students can take their admit card from their school or official website. The admit card consist the students roll number which is important identity of participated students in the exam. Each student consist their individual identity. So candidates must carry the admit card for the exam, without admit card candidates will not able for the exam. If students want to get more information related to West Bengal Board admit card then read whole page carefully.
West Bengal 12th Result 2016 – Toppers List, Merit List, Marksheets
West Bengal Board HS Result is Declared on 16-05-2016, After Declaration of West Bengal Board HS Result We Provide WB Board HS Toppers list, Merit list and Marksheets. Keep visit to our site to get more updates.
Hi Friends Please find Complete list of West Bengal 12th Toppers With There Marksheets from Below. We also try to provide State wise Toppers List of WB Result 2016. you can also check School Wise Result. Now you can check Merit List of West Bengal 12th Class Result 2016 from Below.
Merit List of wb 12th Class HS Result 2015
This year the pass percentage of students is 82.38 per cent, Billashib Basu Mullick secured top rank with 99.2 per cent marks, Manirul Mondal came second with 98.2 per cent marks. Mrinmoy Roy secured the third position with 97.8 per cent marks.
West Bengal Board 12th HS Supplementary Result 2017
West Bengal Board conducts board examinations every year. West Bengal Board conducts board examinations twice in the year. West Bengal Board officials conduct the examination for both 10th & 12th Class. West Bengal Board main examination every year held in the month of March. Supplementary examinations are conducted in the month of September/October every year. In 2016, approximately lakh students appeared for this examination.
Still this date West Bengal Board has not released any official date when they are going to declare the West Bengal Board Class 10th Result 2017. Applicants who are studying under this West Bengal Board are suggested to bookmark this page because here we will update the exact date of release of West Bengal Class 10th Result 2017 whenever the officials will release the result on its official website
West Bengal Board HS Toppers list Merit list 2017
The West Bengal Board High School exams were successfully conducted in the month of March an now results are eagerly awaited by the students who have appeared for the exam as well as by the teachers and school authorities whose students have appeared for the West Bengal Board Madhyamik exams 2017.
The reason why results are eagerly awaited by students is because they want to know whether their hard work has paid off or not and if they have managed to top in the exams and the reason behind teachers and school authorities waiting for the result is that they want to know if the West Bengal Board Madhyamik state topper 2017 is from their school or not and if all the students of their school have managed to pass in the exams or not.
- CBSE 10th Result 2016–Toppers List, Merit List, Marksheet
- Calcutta University Result 2016 BA, B.Com, B.Sc
- West Bengal Board HS 12th Class Result 2016 wbresults.nic.in
- West Bengal Board 10th and 12th Class Exam Time Table 2016
- West Bengal Board Admit Card 2016 10th and 12th class
- West Bengal Board Madhyamik Pariksha(SE) Result 2016 | <urn:uuid:30a9d38c-031f-4700-a001-5255260736d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://knowledgeking.in/west-bengal-12th-hs-toppers-list-and-merit-list/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942118 | 1,194 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Søren Kierkegaard's 200th birthday has been virtually marked with a Google doodle today.
The Danish philosopher - who died in November 1855 aged 42 - is widely considered as the first existentialist philosopher, with many of his works focusing on how life should be lived as a "single individual".
Consequently, his work often highlighted the importance of personal choice and commitment and of 'truth as subjectivity'.
The Google doodle depicts six characters - five of whom are holding outsized quills - spelling out the search engine giant's name. Two figures each have an arm outstretched, bent at the elbow, and have their heads held up as if contemplating something other than their task.
One of the characters also seems to be addressing the sixth figure, standing slightly away, who does not hold a quill.
Kierkegaard, who was raised as a Lutheran, gained considerable fame for his work in the 1930s and has had an enduring influence on subsequent generations of philosophers and writers.
Just some of the artists was have been inspired and influenced by Kierkegaard's notions of angst, despair and the importance of the individual include Albert Camus, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, W.H Auden, Don DeLillo, Franz Kafka, J.D Salinger and Malcolm Muggeridge.
Click through the gallery below to see more examples of recent Google doodles. | <urn:uuid:575a0b1e-a2dc-4993-833e-7665cfc0773d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/soren-kierkegaard-google-doodle-marks-1870650 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00170-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971518 | 296 | 2.828125 | 3 |
February 10, 2017
Contact: Amy Kober, 503-708-1145
Washington, DC – The failure of a dam in northern Nevada yesterday and the appearance of a 30-foot deep hole in the spillway of the nation’s tallest dam – Oroville Dam in California – highlight the crumbling of our nation’s water infrastructure and the danger posed by aging dams.
The earthen Twentyone Mile Dam on Thousand Springs Creek in Elko County, Nevada burst following heavy rains. On the Feather River in California, erosion created a hole in the concrete spillway of the 770-foot tall Oroville Dam. Nobody was injured in the Nevada dam failure and officials say the hole in Oroville Dam’s spillway does not endanger the integrity of the dam or safety of downstream communities.
According to the Association of State Dam Safety Officials, America’s dams are degrading faster than they are being repaired, the number of high hazard dams has increased over time, and the cost to rehabilitate dams continues to rise.
By 2020, seventy percent of dams in the United States will be more than 50 years old. Aging dams can pose a serious safety threat for individuals and entire communities.
Bob Irvin, President of American Rivers, made the following statement:
“Outdated dams can threaten communities. When they fail, they can destroy lives and property. Thankfully nobody was injured in Elko County, but this event raises the alarm about the danger that aging dams pose to many communities.”
“It is critical we make the right investments to ensure our rivers are healthy and our nation’s water infrastructure is safe. More frequent and intense storms and floods are straining aging dams and other infrastructure.”
“Where appropriate, communities are using dam removal as a solution to address the problem of dangerous, outdated dams,” he said.
American Rivers said that states can strengthen their dam safety programs by:
- Making it the responsibility of dam owners to inspect and maintain their dams;
- Requiring more frequent, detailed inspections of hazardous dams;
- Increasing penalties for unsafe dams and violations; and,
- Requiring dam owners to ensure that funds are available to repair or remove dams in the event they can’t or won’t meet safety standards.
ABOUT AMERICAN RIVERS
American Rivers protects wild rivers, restores damaged rivers and conserves clean water for people and nature. Since 1973, American Rivers has protected and restored more than 150,000 miles of rivers through advocacy efforts, on-the-ground projects and an annual America’s Most Endangered Rivers® campaign. Headquartered in Washington, DC, American Rivers has offices across the country and more than 250,000 members, supporters and volunteers. | <urn:uuid:ce51461d-1148-46c6-8b4e-3b09ae27fc51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/dam-failures-highlight-problems-aging-dams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.93841 | 568 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Full Moon Climb planned for August
The August Full Moon Climb at the Cape St. George Lighthouse on St. George Island will be held on Thursday, August 18, 2016. The Sunset/Full Moon Climb will take place from 8 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. and will include light hors d'oeuvres and a sparkling cider toast to the full moon. Cost is $15.00 for the general public and $10 for members of the St. George Lighthouse Association.
The sun will set at 8:17 p.m. and the “Sturgeon” moon will rise at 8:35 p.m. on August 18. The August full moon is called the Sturgeon moon because sturgeon, large fish common to the Great Lakes and other large bodies of water, are most readily caught in August. Full Moon names are attributable to native American tribes, most notably the Algonquin, who named the moons to mark the changing seasons.
After sunset, people are invited to climb to the top of the lighthouse for a breathtaking view of the full moon, as space and time permit. Cost is $10 for the general public and $5 for SGLA members.
The Cape St. George Light is located in St. George Lighthouse Park at the center of St. George Island, where Island Drive (the road off the bridge) ends at Gulf Beach Drive. Parking is available in lots at either side of the park.
Because space is limited, reservations are recommended. For reservations or more information, please contact the Lighthouse Gift Shop at 927-7745. | <urn:uuid:7dacca23-40b2-40f1-a5f4-5fe62a15ec35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/chronicle/2016/08/07/full-moon-climb-planned-august/88370536/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.942062 | 334 | 1.507813 | 2 |
by Terry Duffy
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District, announced recently it has begun the process towards formation of a Restoration Advisory Board for the Lake Ontario Ordnance Works site in Lewiston.
According to a Corps advisory issued by Lt. Col. Stephen Bales, Corps of Engineers Buffalo District commander, it is now seeking community input "on the establishment of an official Department of Defense Restoration Advisory Board for the Corps of Engineers project being performed under the Defense Environmental Restoration Program for Formerly Used Sites" at the former LOOW property, portions of which remain under U.S. government oversight.
It states that "At the DERP-FUDS former LOOW site, where an official DOD RAB is not operating, the Corps is required to reassess possible community interest in forming a DOD RAB every 24 months." The announcement goes on to specify the composition requirements of the group and its working relationship with the Corps under "DOD regulation, 32 Code of Federal Regulations (May 2006) and DERP-FUDS policy." And it invites community response by letter to the Corps Buffalo District, DERP-FUDS Team by May 4.
Detailed information on the request can be found at www.lrb.usae.army.mil/derpfuds/loow.
Niagara County residents familiar with the LOOW site both past and present likely find this advisory confusing. That's because a local RAB group already claims to be operating under the auspices and protocols of the DOD regulations. Yet in the eyes of the Corps it is not officially recognized.
An announcement issued this week by the local LOOW RAB states the following:
"In 1999 the Army Corps of Engineers established a Restoration Advisory Board for community input regarding its investigations and cleanup activities at the former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works site, located in the towns of Lewiston and Porter. But in 2008, the Corps decided it had dissolved the RAB back in 2002, without notice to the public. The RAB, all local municipalities, and community groups disagreed that the Corps had dissolved the RAB in 2002. The New York State Attorney General found that the Corps had failed to dissolve the RAB and comply with regulation.
"The original 1999 RAB has continued to meet since the organizational dispute, which coincided with scientific disputes with the Corps. The RAB continues to this day to provide the community and Corps with information and analysis on activities at the LOOW. However, through public notice last week, the Army Corps is seeking to replace and reorganize the current RAB. The Corps notice about forming a new RAB neglects to acknowledge that there is an existing RAB.
"The LOOW RAB stakeholders include the towns of Lewiston and Porter, the villages of Lewiston and Youngstown, and the Lewiston-Porter Central School District in addition to local tribes, groups, community members and agencies. RAB stakeholders have held the following position since 2008:
"1) There is an existing RAB which we recognize and support.
"2) We do not support steps to form a new RAB to replace the existing RAB.
"3) We support the 2007 RAB request for a facilitator to resolve open issues between the RAB and the Corps.
"4) We support the continued access to information, dialogue and input with project technical staff for Corps activities at the LOOW."
"RAB Chair William Choboy said, 'a new RAB would sharply curtail the level of public participation and community influence afforded the current RAB by the Corps in 1999, and as expanded in 2002.' RAB Vice Chair Alfonso Marra Bax noted, 'The current RAB protects procedural rights of stakeholders that cannot be grandfathered or delegated to a new RAB or the non-regulated CAC.'
"Official information regarding the RAB can be found on the RAB website at http://loowrab.com/ ..."
The RAB statement concludes: "The mission of the LOOW RAB is to promote the satisfactory remediation of the entire LOOW site and to help inform and involve the public. The RAB is a stakeholder group comprising municipalities, agencies, tribes, academics, property owners and members of the public. The RAB complements but does not replace other forms of communication regarding U.S. Army Corps of Engineers environmental investigations and remediation activities at the LOOW site."
It's a stalemate over official recognition that has existed for years between the two groups. When asked, the Corps maintains repeatedly its stance that the local RAB is not an official entity and cites DOD regulations. It has maintained what could best be described as an "acknowledgment relationship" with the group, recognizing their expertise and intent with respect to the LOOW site, but to this day this goes no further.
When contacted yesterday, Bruce I. Sanders, public affairs officer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District, commented, "There is no official Department of Defense Restoration Advisory Board for the former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works site. At sites where a DOD RAB has not been established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Corps district commander is required to evaluate community interest in forming a DOD RAB every 24 months. USACE Buffalo District is currently seeking input from stakeholders regarding the establishment of an official DOD RAB to complement the public involvement program for the LOOW Formerly Used Defense Site. USACE seeks to promote openness and transparency and ensure that we offer and provide the community the opportunities for public participation authorized by the DOD." | <urn:uuid:95fab550-3b6c-4c44-bcae-1a2805054268> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2012/04/07/106047/corps-loow-rab-stalemate-continues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948401 | 1,150 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Here are some ideas, even if not very original :
- a boxing game, like Boxing
on Atari 2600, or even better, in pseudo 3D like Punch-Out!!
on NES ;
- a naval combat game between two nineteenth century sailing ships, like the ones in Broadsides
and Sid Meier's Pirates!
- a remake of Tron Deadly Discs
on Intellivision or Atari 2600, which had a fantastic yet simple gameplay ;
- a remake of Shark! Shark!
on Intellivision, another game with a fantastic gameplay. The player controled a small fish which had to
eat smaller fishes in order to grow and ascend the ocean food chain ;
- a burglary simulation, with a big part inspired by the Skyrim lock picking mini game ;
- a computer security system hacking simulation, inspired by the Mass Effect mini game.
If you are still looking for ideas, you may have a look at the fantastic Hipopotam's digitalised collection of handheld electronic games
on the excellent site www.pica-pic.com
( Flash needed ). | <urn:uuid:fe9fe00b-1754-489a-826d-03dc3f6eb88d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.java-gaming.org/index.php?topic=25193.0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00477-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883534 | 226 | 1.507813 | 2 |
WASHINGTON, DC, August 16, 2004—The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) and the National Trust for Historic Preservation have announced that the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania will receive the 2004 Landmark Award during the ASLA Annual Meeting, October 29-November 2, in Salt Lake City.
After the Morris Arboretum was bequeathed to the University of Pennsylvania in 1932 by Lydia and John Morris, the gardens and garden features deteriorated and the Morris mansion was demolished. In 1978, the arboretum commissioned Andropogon Associates, Ltd., to design a master plan for revitalizing the institution. This was the beginning of an ongoing, 26-year relationship between the arboretum and the landscape architects, who have guided the site design and implementation of the master plan. The rediscovery of the gardens and the recognition of natural areas as essential components of the original estate led to three key concepts that have shaped the arboretum: to open up historical vistas; to reintegrate the park and garden landscapes with the natural areas; and to link the symbolic and natural landscapes together—a concept that led to using the natural areas as plant exhibits.
This year marked a new partnership in selecting the Landmark Award recipient, as ASLA welcomed the National Trust for Historic Preservation, a private, non-profit membership organization dedicated to protecting the irreplaceable. Recipient of the National Humanities Medal, the Trust provides leadership, education and advocacy to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize communities. Its Washington, DC, headquarters staff, six regional offices, and 25 historic sites work with the Trust's 200,000 members and thousands of local community groups in all 50 states. For more information, visit the National Trust's web site at www.nationaltrust.org.
The ASLA Awards Program is administered by the ASLA Library and Education Advocacy Fund, a non-profit 501(c) 3 organization established by ASLA in 2001. The ASLA Fund is dedicated to expanding the body of knowledge of the landscape architecture profession, to promoting the value of landscape architecture, and to increasing public understanding of environmental and land use issues and principles.
Founded in 1899, ASLA is the national professional association for landscape architects representing more than 14,200 members. Landscape architecture is a comprehensive discipline of land analysis, planning, design, management, preservation, and rehabilitation. ASLA promotes the landscape architecture profession and advances the practice through advocacy, education, communication, and fellowship. Learn more about landscape architecture online at
# # # | <urn:uuid:5d0ad6f2-4838-4ada-8f94-49fdf36aa750> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://asla.org/newsreleasedetails.aspx?id=9188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00551-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925483 | 526 | 2.0625 | 2 |
An incident is an occurrence that often leads to loss of, disruption to, any organizations:
Incident management is important to identify, analyze as well as correct hazards preventing any future occurrences from happening. These incidents can cost a company money and time while it disrupts:
- Business operations
- information security
- IT systems
- Vital business functions
One can quickly see that anything that can help prevent major incidents is a Godsend for any company having these problems.
Also check– Software de mantenimiento
Incident management software
This is where incident management software comes into play. This is typically a good tool for tracking incidents – for example, technology outages. These software packages contain tools that provide for prioritizing features such as determining what incidents are most likely to occur again and steps to take to avoid this.
Packages on the market
There are several good software packages for the management of incidents currently on the market; with many being developed for various types of companies. These are easy to use incident management systems that have many outstanding features.
Software developers like iScout try to help organizations to do their best in responding rapidly to incidents and then completely dissecting the incident to see what can be done to keep it from happening again.
These software packages offer:
- iPhone and Android apps
- Control panel
- Asset inspections
All these listed items have the goal of helping a company learn from the incident and ensure all training and applications are used to prevent this same incident from occurring again. Some also offer add-ons and other tools, such as:
When shopping for this type of software be certain that the package has the items that your company will need for their types of incidents. Checkout GIT Analysis here. | <urn:uuid:164e9205-f3ca-40ac-8d3f-888a102ee984> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ithemesky.com/what-is-incident-management-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.950988 | 378 | 1.953125 | 2 |
This template is within the scope of WikiProject Ethnic groups, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of articles relating to ethnic groups, nationalities, and other cultural identities on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.
Hi there as no such terms as Bangladeshi Indian. So I converted into Bangladeshis in Indian.- Jayanta Nath(Talk|Contrb) 07:54, 4 July 2013 (UTC)
If you feel that the name of the article needs a change then change it in the article itself. The article is still called "Bangladeshi Indian" so it should stay the way it is here. Once you change the title there, you can then change it here. Also "Bangladeshis in Indian" is an inappropriate title. I suggest titles like "Bangladeshi community in India", "Bangladeshis in India" or "Bangladeshi migration to India".DaTraveller (talk) 08:08, 4 July 2013 (UTC) | <urn:uuid:a35a5ab1-59fe-49d5-b814-3ba5aa268832> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_India | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953214 | 223 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The "composite firework" type specification is defined at the European level and the test criteria for this firework type are standardised across Europe. The BAM identification number is no longer a mandatory part of the labelling of tested fireworks.
Millions of fireworks will be ignited again on this New Year’s Eve to welcome the New Year. The noise of fireworks is supposed to ward off evil spirits – a custom that had many followers in the Middle Ages. At that time it was rattling pots, today it’s rockets, bangers or composite fireworks containing black powder and glimmer effects. And they must be tested for safety before they are sold for New Year's Eve throughout all of Europe. The EU Directive “Placing of pyrotechnic articles on the market” has been regulating the uniform testing and labelling of fireworks since 2009.
Verified fireworks can be recognised by the registration number and the CE mark in connection with the verifier’s identification number. The BAM identification number that used to be a mandatory specification in the past year and was thus part of the label is no longer required. The manufacturers can decide whether or not to print the BAM identification number.
Fireworks that meet all criteria receive a registration number. In Europe, fireworks will be checked by notified bodies. These are neutral, independent and competent organisations designated by the EU Commission. Thus, notified bodies in Poland, Spain and Hungary are also allowed to perform tests for the German market. Currently there are 16 notified bodies in Europe.
Of a total of 611 products that entered the German market and were notified to BAM in 2014, 173 were tested by BAM itself. The first four digits of the registration number indicate the notified body that performed the test and approval. 0589 stands for BAM and 0163 for LOM, a Spanish notified body. 0589 – F2 – 1234 is an example of a registration number issued by BAM. F2 stands for Category 2 fireworks that can legally be used by 18-year olds and over. 1234 is a sequential number.
But in addition to the many legally available rockets, batteries and firecrackers, there are an unknown number of illegal firework articles. These pyrotechnic products can cause serious injuries. BAM explicitly warns about injury from lighting these often dangerous fireworks. And at a press conference on Wednesday, using a dummy hand, BAM showed just how quickly you can lose a finger if you ignite non-approved firecrackers.
Heidrun Fink is chief analyst at BAM: "If you ignite a certified banger while holding it in your hand, you may suffer minor burns. Illegal firecrackers often not only contain black powder, but are filled with a much more powerful blitz banger composition, therefore, one can suffer serious injuries and may lose some fingers."
"Injuries have always occurred in connection with composite fireworks over the past few years. This year, the firework type is defined in the EU legislation and its test criteria have been standardised. An important step towards greater safety for this increasingly popular type of firework," says Dr. Christian Lohrer, pyrotechnics expert at BAM.
When buying fireworks, one should look for the registration number and the CE mark in connection with the verifier’s number and a German user manual. In case of uncertainty, one can check the number printed on the firework at www.bam.de where all pyrotechnic articles approved in Germany are listed.
Fireworks are divided into two categories. Firecrackers having the symbol F2 (or the old designation P II, valid up to 2017) may only be ignited by 18-year olds and over before New Year’s Eve. F1 category fireworks may be ignited by 12-year olds and over throughout the whole year.
Dr. Ulrike Rockland
Phone: +49 30 8104-1003
Dr. Ulrike Rockland | idw - Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
3-D-printed structures shrink when heated
26.10.2016 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
From ancient fossils to future cars
21.10.2016 | University of California - Riverside
Ultrafast lasers have introduced new possibilities in engraving ultrafine structures, and scientists are now also investigating how to use them to etch microstructures into thin glass. There are possible applications in analytics (lab on a chip) and especially in electronics and the consumer sector, where great interest has been shown.
This new method was born of a surprising phenomenon: irradiating glass in a particular way with an ultrafast laser has the effect of making the glass up to a...
Terahertz excitation of selected crystal vibrations leads to an effective magnetic field that drives coherent spin motion
Controlling functional properties by light is one of the grand goals in modern condensed matter physics and materials science. A new study now demonstrates how...
Researchers from the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at the University of Waterloo led the development of a new extensible wiring technique capable of controlling superconducting quantum bits, representing a significant step towards to the realization of a scalable quantum computer.
"The quantum socket is a wiring method that uses three-dimensional wires based on spring-loaded pins to address individual qubits," said Jeremy Béjanin, a PhD...
In a paper in Scientific Reports, a research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute describes a novel light-activated phenomenon that could become the basis for applications as diverse as microscopic robotic grippers and more efficient solar cells.
A research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has developed a revolutionary, light-activated semiconductor nanocomposite material that can be used...
By forcefully embedding two silicon atoms in a diamond matrix, Sandia researchers have demonstrated for the first time on a single chip all the components needed to create a quantum bridge to link quantum computers together.
"People have already built small quantum computers," says Sandia researcher Ryan Camacho. "Maybe the first useful one won't be a single giant quantum computer...
14.10.2016 | Event News
14.10.2016 | Event News
12.10.2016 | Event News
26.10.2016 | Materials Sciences
26.10.2016 | Health and Medicine
26.10.2016 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:175b9b06-b2ec-4030-b8b8-abddd1206215> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/report/materials-science/how-can-one-recognise-a-legal-firework-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00518-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91479 | 1,317 | 2.265625 | 2 |
"If we don’t change our course, we’ll end up where we’re headed," says an ancient Chinese proverb.
From the deepest waters of the Gulf of Mexico to the prairies of North Dakota, and many places in between, the production of oil and gas in the United States has greatly increased over recent years through the industry’s ability to access heretofore inaccessible and unaffordable "unconventional oil." Using new technology and financed by the rising prices of oil since the mid-2000s, national oil production has risen over the past four years from 4.95 million barrels a day (mb/d) to 5.7. The Energy Department projects 7 mb/d by 2020, while other experts claim production could eventually be 10 million, which would put the United States in the league with Saudi Arabia.
With this increased production, a growing number of people (especially from the oil industry, Wall Street, and the Republican Party) have loudly proclaimed the end of peak oil, dismissing it as a myth that has now been dispelled. We’re not running out of oil, they insist.
But peak oil is not about the end of oil. Geologically speaking, that will never happen. Rather, peak oil is about the end of the cheap, abundant, easy to extract oil, the "sweet" crude that has been the bedrock of our industrial civilization, and the basis of the economic growth we’ve come to take for granted. This older oil still accounts for 75 percent of our daily consumption, but has been disappearing at the rate of 3-4 mb/d each year, and will be largely gone in 20 years.
Peak oil is also about the increasing worldwide demand that is outstripping production. According to the latest report from the International Energy Agency, global oil demand is forecast to climb to 89.9 mb/d in 2012, a gain of 0.8 mb/d (or 0.9 percent) on 2011. Oil production has flat lined at around 85 mb/d since 2005; producers cannot increase production because new fields cannot keep pace with declining production from old fields, registering an aggregate decline rate about 5 per cent per year. When supply cannot meet demand, oil prices rise, along with everything else in our consumer-oriented society that is dependent upon oil (like our food).
Hence, energy companies have increasingly turned to unconventional sources, those previously identified reservoirs that were long considered inaccessible and prohibitively expensive, such as deep offshore and Arctic oil, shale oil, and tar sands.
Despite their apparent promise of a bright future, however, this shift to unconventional fossil fuels has a very dark side. For one thing, their extraction and processing is extremely expensive. The Energy Returned on Energy Investment (EROEI) for the Bakken shale in North Dakota, for example is 4:1, which means it takes one barrel of energy to produce four barrels of shale oil, and that is before refining the oil to finished products. The tar sands net energy in Alberta is 3:1. These compare with the halcyon days of cheap oil - the 1930s and 1940s - where the EROEI produced 100:1 net-energy. In order to recoup their considerable investment, energy companies will have to charge triple digit sums for a barrel of oil. Historically, the U.S. goes into a recession when we spend more than 4.6 percent of our GDP on oil, around $60 a barrel. Charles Hall, at the State University of New York, has calculated that it is not possible to run our complex civilization on a net-energy below about a 6:1ratio.
Additionally, this bonanza is short term. The 24 billion barrels, for example, estimated to be trapped in U.S. shale formations is only about 9 months’ worth of global consumption. Fracking wells typically don’t keep producing for very long. While some have been able to yield as much as 1,000 barrels a day, the rate then falls off to 65 percent the first year, 35 percent the second, and 15 percent the third.
Then there is the environmental damage, like the BP Gulf disaster in 2010. The drilling technique for tar sands and shale oil -- "fracking" -- uses great amounts of highly pressurized water, sand and toxic chemicals to force oil and gas from the rock formations in which they are embedded. This has resulted in serious air pollution, wastewater problems, and concerns about the safety of water supplies, with growing evidence that toxic fracking water is leaking into underground aquifers. Earthquakes are also occurring in fracking areas where they’ve not happened before.
But the ultimate irony to this so-called "end of peak oil" scenario is the climate card that unavoidably comes into play. For in addition to the expensive wells and environmental damage, there is also the fact that this new technology must burn great amounts of energy -- and, hence, release millions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere -- in order to extract yet additional fossil fuels to be burned. Unconventional oil and gas -- the touted liberators from peak oil -- require far more energy than drilling for conventional fuels.
The U.S. Energy Information Agency calculates that, barring serious changes, global emissions of carbon dioxide will rise 43 percent between 2008 and 2035, an increase that would eliminate any hope of avoiding the apocalyptic consequences of global warming.
Rather than devoting resources, and the time we have left, to creating a sane transition to a post petroleum world, this oil rush to unconventional sources only exacerbates our addiction to oil, and compounds our delusion that technology can somehow trump nature, as well as the challenges that are essentially political, social, economic, and (especially!) spiritual, blindly hurtling us yet closer and faster to the edge of the cliff. | <urn:uuid:88a501c4-c031-4c45-9593-47605abdfd48> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.reformer.com/ci_20930567/is-peak-oil-dead | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00251-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953937 | 1,203 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Most of the time that people spend online is devoted to emails and social media sites. Advertising on Social Media has been effective in the past given that people used to look for new information on these sites. Something was exciting about products and services that were advertised on sites such as Facebook.
Is there any mileage to be gained from advertising on Social Media? This is a topic that has brewed a lot of controversy within marketing circles. There are those who believe when it is done properly, it is still effective.
“Targeting on social media is easier than targeting on the search engines”
What are the benefits that can be gained from advertising on social media?
Social media allows for the use of highly targeted advertisements. Social media attracts people in particular groupings that can easily be targeted. If a company wants to sell a product or service that appeals to teenagers, placing advertisements on social media sites, groups and pages that attract teenagers is certainly advantageous.
There is a broad range of targeting categories that a company can exploit on social media and here are some of them.
- Topic/Interest targeting – advertisements are displayed to people who share particular interests or topics
- Geographic targeting – ads are shown to people who come from a particular geographical region – this is best for local businesses looking to get more customers from within the locales.
- Gender targeting – this allows for proper targeting of ads that matter to each gender. Ads for boxers should be shown to men, while cosmetics ads should be shown to women.
- Work-related targeting – adverts that appeal to people by their jobs and careers. This not only targets those who belong to a particular career only. Ads can be placed depending on the job title or position too. Products that would appeal better to CEOs will probably not appeal to the guy in the mail room.
- Targeting the past of individuals – this can target users who went to a certain school, or belong to particular alumni.
- Targeting according to educational level – this targeting specifically goes for people who reached university, master’s degree, PhD, etc.
“Social media attracts people in particular groupings that can easily be targeted”
There are several other ways in which social media can be used to target ads. This shows that smart marketing can be used to improve the ROI that a business can get from advertising on social media.
Why don’t people advice for social media advertising?
The Click-through-rate (CTR) has never been very good on social media. Most of the time people spend on social media if used on talking to friends, or reading through the latest posts. Very little time is spent on checking out the ads.
However, social media has now leveraged in-content das, and the CTR is slowly increasing. Ads that are related to the content that people are reading is placed in the post, encouraging people to click on the ads. A reader going through a post about the Premier League will be more inclined to click on adverts marketing products and services related to the leverage or the game of soccer as a whole.
In-content ads are not disruptive, and they can be designed in a manner that makes them appealing to readers. The use of images, videos and other attractive media has increased the CTR on these adverts.
Is there a case for social media advertising?
Yes! There is a case for this type of advertising. It should just be done in the right way. Advertising on the Internet has come a long way, and marketers have to analyse data in the creation of ads. When targeting specific groups of people. Data analysis will show how social media ads should be created.
In-content ads can increase the CTR, and that is why ads have to be designed in a manner that will draw the audience and not distract them. There is still a lot to be gained from placing adverts on social media sites.
Targeting on social media is easier than targeting on the search engines. Social media data can be used to target an audience, which is very difficult to do on the search engines. | <urn:uuid:06183ae7-b6eb-46b3-958c-a09be70e3c99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indianaffiliateprograms.com/social-media-advertising-still-relevant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.958027 | 837 | 2.203125 | 2 |
A recent New York Times op-ed http://www.nytimes.com * noted “EARLIER this month, the New York State Legislature passed a bill granting nurse practitioners the right to provide primary care without physician oversight. New York joins 16 other states and the District of Columbia in awarding such autonomy. (Most states still require nurse practitioners to work with physicians under a written practice agreement.) The bill’s authors contend that mandatory collaboration with a physician “no longer serves a clinical purpose” and reduces much-needed access to primary care.
“Support for such measures has been widespread. Four years ago the Institute of Medicine called for dropping regulations that prevented nurses from practicing “to the full extent of their education and training.” Last year the president of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners argued that the current diversity of health professionals rendered “hierarchical, physician-centric structures unnecessary.”
“Primary care, though often routine, is also about finding the extraordinary in what may appear to be routine. As a doctor recently wrote on Sermo, a physician online community, “It’s the ability to differentiate those pale shades of gray in patient care that counts.” To do so consistently, I believe, requires a doctor’s expertise.”
“So if we want more primary-care providers, let’s have them be doctors. And to attract more of the best and brightest in our medical schools, let’s find a way to increase their pay. There is an essential place for nurse practitioners in medicine, but it is as part of a physician-led team.”
* to read the full NYTs op-ed “Nurses Are Not Doctors” by Sandeep Jauharapril highlight and open hyperlink http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/30/opinion/nurses-are-not-doctors.html?_r=0 | <urn:uuid:1cc0f4e7-4d4e-401f-a6b3-e8bef4810978> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/25505227/article---Nurse-practitioners-are-worthy-professionals-and-are-absolutely-essential-to-patient-care--But-they-are-not-doctors- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943677 | 411 | 1.742188 | 2 |
MetroHealth’s podiatrists diagnose and treat conditions of the foot, ankle and related structures of the leg. They have completed four years of study at a podiatric medical school and three years of hospital residency. Our team is committed to improving podiatric medicine, actively training new podiatrists and assisting with research studies.
Conditions We Treat
Our podiatrists treat a wide range of foot problems, including:
- Achilles tendon pain
- Corns and callouses
- Diabetic wounds and infections
- Heel pain
- Heel spurs
- Plantar fasciitis
- Sports injuries
- Thick toenails
- Conservative Care
Simple treatments like trimming and padding corns and callouses, fitting custom orthotics or filing nails so they don't rub on shoes can provide immense relief.
- Other Treatment Options
We provide treatments such as routine wound care, therapy, and surgical interventions.
People with diabetes often need specialized foot care. In general, we see people with diabetes once a year for foot checkups.
- Poor Circulation
Our podiatrists often work with specialists from the Heart & Vascular Center to care for patients with poor circulation.
For patients with complex injuries that extend beyond the foot and ankle, we partner with the Orthopedics Team. We also work closely with physical therapists to serve patients who could benefit from therapy.
Call 216-778-2457 to make an appointment. | <urn:uuid:35ef61fb-cb4c-4829-bd91-764e6fc58dfb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.metrohealth.org/podiatry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.897536 | 330 | 1.976563 | 2 |
This weekend I worked with a group junior staff at a certain organization. Part of what we did was workshop what could be done to make their organization more eco-effective or even–a word I like better–“regenerative.”
The group elected four representatives to approach senior staff with ideas. I sensed frustration in them and sent them the note below.
Maybe someone else who is trying to create change within their organization might find it helpful, too, so I’m posting parts of it here.
Remember that the best way to cause lasting change is to inspire it rather than to force it. People rebel against force and will make a point of returning to their own ways as a deliberate and understandable act of opposition.
Self-determination is a high human need. Not just for us but for those whose minds we seek to change. So, to facilitate lasting change, self-determination must be left in tact. To do that means to inspire instead of force.
The master works by allowing the people to think it was their own idea!
When Isabella, my little girl, gets frustrated, she sometimes gives up. Later, I can encourage her to try again, when her frustration has subsided and her curiosity has returned. It would be wrong (and counterproductive) of me to be mad at her for taking a break. Frustration and rest is part of the cyclical process of moving forward.
Don’t be mad at coworkers if you perceive them as giving up. Be loving parents and encourage them with love to try some more! You may say that’s all very well for treatment of Isabella but we have moved on from the playground sandbox. Not correct! Believe me when I tell you that the dynamics of the playground sandbox are never left behind.
So when I am present and loving and Isabella resists that something that is good for her, I take a step back and ask myself how I can a lovingly make her think that it is a good idea for herself.
For example, we were camping last week and, at twilight, the bats came out. Bella said, I don’t like bats, Dad. Well, I don’t like it when Bella says she doesn’t like any sort of animal so, when I lose my seat, my automatic response is to argue with her and try to simply force her to like bats (how silly of me!).
But this time I was graced not to let my own issues get in the way and I simply said that the bats were there to eat the mosquitoes. Well, it turns out that Bella likes mosquitoes less than bats. She said, “I like bats, Dad!”
Don’t be mad at your co-workers for not liking your bats. Instead, show them how your bats eat their mosquitoes.
Be careful not to confuse helping the world with fighting a power dynamic that you don’t like. Rebellion may have it’s place but it must be used meticulously and only where you are sure it will achieve your ends. In this case, it will probably be love and understanding that is your key.
Of course, it’s your relationship–not mine–so you know better than me what’s best. Please consider this just a supportive email from a man who never quite knows when to shut his mouth and who wishes his tummy weren’t quite so big. | <urn:uuid:04281841-f3bb-4bb1-8126-abcc29204afa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://colinbeavan.com/thoughts-on-creating-positive-change-within-your-organization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.973484 | 707 | 1.875 | 2 |
I read through a scholarly work regarding Islam's concept of “covenant” recently.
I was searching to find if the Quran, or its interpreters since Muhammad, ever taught or introduced a covenant in the fashion as it's understood in the Bible (Old and New Testaments / Covenants).
Spiritual covenants throughout the ages have been established, completed, expanded upon, etc., with each subsequent covenant growing and further entrenching God's relationship and commitment to mankind and what was expected in return.
All covenants, having been revealed to a particular lineage of men and their descendants, have included either specific people or all of humanity (Noah's covenant contrasting Abraham's covenant).
What I found is that Islam's traditional perspective and interpretation of God establishing a covenant with mankind began with Adam and is very unique in its perception.
Adam and his yet-to-be-born progeny was, in the spirit (physically unborn / before creation), called to confirm their acknowledgement of God and their submission / obedience to Him.
The Islamic concept of a long train of prophets imparting a message to mankind is not understood as building upon a legacy as established through a particular family group (as expressed in the Bible).
Instead, the prophets were reminders assisting the wayward, calling them to return to this initial conversation with Adam (and his progeny).
Very much like the accounts of the prophets prior to Israel's expulsion from the land, warning of dire consequences for years of trespass.
The covenant concept in Islam is simple with few precepts, referring primarily to Adam's covenant, then to whichever secondary covenant was 'revealed' through whichever prophet at any point in time... reminding people of the primary covenant with Adam.
This difference in perspective helps both Muslims and non-Muslims understand traditional Islamic concepts of how Muslims view themselves and those outside their culture / religion.
The understanding is distinct.
I didn't find any distinguishing between what is considered the several covenants (growing and evolving) from Noah to Christ, for example, or the mentioning of covenant fulfillment Christ taught, nor the covenant Christ established.
What is repeated is the public ritual of prayer, of almsgiving, and other religious tenets.
I think this reality speaks to a concept that has been built from oral traditions over the ages peoples not having what the Hebrews had; namely the law, the prophetic legacy, the detailed writings of the testimonies, temple worship, etc..
What is found is something that seems to be on its own as far as interpretations of God's relationship with mankind goes.
What is understood from the Abrahamic tradition according to Judaism is defined by the vast written account.
There seems to be a void regarding specific covenant requirements and details in Islam regarding what came before it, although Islam claims to complete, correct and codify all form of religious traditions that preceded it.
This conclusion isn't surprising.
God spoke personally with and to specific people whose testimonies were kept among the lineage known as Hebrews, and none other.
The texts of the New Covenant were initially only found with those encircled in the Way, with imitations and forgeries being obvious to the learned... besides the teachings being initiated orally and placed on the hearts in a most simplistic manner and law: Love God above all and love others, even so-called enemies.
For more about the concept of covenant found throughout ancient times and its factual application in today's secular societies, read this thorough historical encyclopedic entry. | <urn:uuid:cda8dc1e-b564-4094-b165-e1e0c211500d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smartpeoplesmartliving.blogspot.com/2016/11/islams-covenant-perspective.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965291 | 715 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Recently my husband took me to a traditional afternoon tea at Cornwell Park in Central Auckland. It’s always fun setting aside the jeans for something a little dressier and enjoying the occasion. Our afternoon tea inspired my TT this week.
Thirteen Things About Afternoon Tea
1. We had our afternoon tea at the Cornwall Park Restaurant. They’ve been selling refreshments and cups of tea since 1908.
2. Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford is said to have invented afternoon tea. At the time most people ate two meals during the day—breakfast and dinner, which was taken late in the evening (around 8 pm). The Duchess started to have light refreshments and a pot of tea in the afternoon. She invited friends to join her and took the habit with her when she returned to London. Other women liked the habit so much, they started to follow suit. Afternoon tea was born.
3. A traditional afternoon tea consists of scones (usually still warm from the oven) served with jam and cream, a selection of sandwiches (usually egg, ham, salmon, cucumber) and finished with a selection of delicious cakes. This is all washed down with lots of cups of tea.
4. Tea was first drunk in China and it’s said that Catherine of Braganza, the consort of Charles II first introduced tea to England.
5. The British government placed taxes on tea, which meant smugglers played a big part in bringing tea into the country. They found that churches were excellent places to hide their smuggled goods.
6. I chose Lapsang Souchong tea, which has a very smoky taste, while Mr. Munro chose Nepal Masala Chai tea with cinnamon, ginger and cloves.
7. No one knows where scones originated, but they’ve always been associated with England, Scotland and Ireland. It’s thought that they most likely came from Scotland.
8. Our scones came served with whipped cream and raspberry jam. Personally, I prefer them with clotted cream. Yum!
9. Clotted cream is thick cream, which is obtained by heating milk slowly and allowing it to cool. The cream content rises to the top in coagulated lumps. It’s decadent and delicious and not exactly good for you
10. John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich is associated with the sandwich. He loved to gamble and didn’t want to leave his game. He ordered his valet to bring him meat placed between two slices of bread. Other men called for meals the same as Sandwich.
11. We had egg, salmon and ham sandwiches, but most British afternoon teas have cucumber sandwiches. Here’s a link to two versions of a cucumber sandwich that look delicious.
12. Cakes. Yummy cakes in small bite sized pieces. We had chocolate cake, lemon meringue pie, sticky date, lemon friands, a flourless nut cake. Chocolate eclairs are also a good addition. Just saying!
13. My favorite place to have afternoon tea is the Ritz in Picadilly, London. It takes place in the Palm Court, and there’s a dress code. No jeans allowed. This is something that must be booked ahead of time—weeks ahead—but it’s well worth it with relaxing piano music and very attentive waiters. Here’s the menu for the Ritz afternoon tea. I highly recommend this experience if you’re ever in London.
Are you a fan of afternoon tea? Do you have a favorite afternoon tea spot? | <urn:uuid:bd068928-6fd0-4fe3-9dab-97da3ac59854> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.shelleymunro.com/blog/2012/06/07/the-one-about-afternoon-tea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968102 | 751 | 1.671875 | 2 |
(a) There shall be in each district a District Governor, appointed by the Governor of American Samoa after the latter receives and considers the recommendations of the respective local district councils as to who should be appointed for their districts.
(b) To be eligible for appointment as a district governor, a person must be:
(1) a national of the United States; and
(2) a leading matai of the district for which he is to be appointed, who has maintained his monotaga and who is a bona fide resident of that district.
(c) The term of office of District Governors shall be 4 years, commencing on 1 January. Two months before the end of each term, the Governor of American Samoa shall circulate a notice among the villages of each district calling for nominations for the position of District Governor. Copies of such notice shall be delivered to the District Governors and the county chiefs of each district, and it shall be the duty of the District Governor to call and convene a district meeting for the purpose of discussing nominations, the welfare and good order of the people in his district, shall preside at the meetings of the district council, and shall communicate with the Governor and the Secretary of Samoan Affairs upon all matters pertaining to his duties.History: 1962, PL 7-28; 1971, PL 12-19 § 1. | <urn:uuid:20bbd89c-6517-4de6-b85e-394f3bbf8a97> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10230&catid=201&Itemid=172 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00437-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962004 | 276 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Birthplace: The Garden of Eden
Best known as: The world's first woman, according to the Bible
According to the Bible, Eve was the Earth's first woman and the mate of Adam
in the Garden of Eden. In Genesis 2:21, God takes a rib from Adam and uses it to create Eve. Eve is tempted by Satan
(in the form of a serpent), who encourages her to disobey God by eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge. She does so and then gives the fruit to Adam. When God discovers they have disobeyed him, he expels them from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:23). In Christian tradition, Eve is honored as the first woman and the mother of humankind, but also condemned for convincing Adam to eat from the tree of knowledge and thereby ruining paradise.
Eve and Adam had three children: Cain, Abel and Seth; Cain later slew Abel in a fit of jealousy… The fruit of the Tree of Knowledge often is depicted as an apple, but that is not explicitly stated in the Bible… In cartoons and other drawings, Adam and Eve are usually shown wearing fig leaves; Genesis 3:7 states that Adam and Eve “sewed fig leaves together and made loincloths for themselves”… In Hebrew myth, Eve was preceded by Lilith, an earlier wife of Adam. Lilith argued with Adam, disappeared, and was replaced by Eve.
Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4f5d4648-eb65-401e-8c1a-ff6e5337ec9b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.factmonster.com/biography/var/eve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00327-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968134 | 305 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This is contempt, sir, sontempt in act 3 is veral or dramatic irony?
Answers 1Add Yours
This is dramatic irony. Verbal irony is when a person says the opposite of what he/she means. Hathorne really believes this is heresy. Dramatic irony is when the audience/readers know something that the characters don't. We know the girls are faking their "fits" and when Francis tries to point this out, none of the authorities believes him--they believe the girls are truly under the influence of witches. | <urn:uuid:70e992ae-d2d3-4d8a-ae35-1473a89d58d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/the-crucible/q-and-a/crucible-quiz-189 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941371 | 114 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the US, with about 150,000 new cases and 56,000 deaths occurring annually. With that in mind, the Center for Colon Cancer Research (CCCR) was established with funding from the National Institutes of Health Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) grant with the expressed purpose of providing new investigators with the guidance, financial support and front-line research technologies they need to make the break through discoveries that will lead to improved methods for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer. CCCR is the first of its kind in South Carolina and is a driving force leading the development of innovative and groundbreaking research in colorectal cancer. By providing state-of-the-art technology, senior faculty mentors, and an infrastructure that offers multiple opportunities for academic and professional growth, it is the aim of CCCR to foster the progression of young scientists into independent investigators supported by peer-reviewed grants.
The Center for Colon Cancer Research was founded in 2002, with funding from an $11 million National Institutes of Health Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) grant. This grant was renewed in 2007 following a competitive process, and an additional $10.7 million was awarded through 2012. Very recently, the CCCR was successful once again, and will receive $5.4 million for the period 2013-2018.
CCCR research projects are supported by several core facilities, including:
In addition to fostering basic research, the CCCR has developed a robust outreach program aimed at promoting knowledge of colorectal cancer, and the importance of preventive screening. Awareness, education, and screening programs throughout South Carolina have been funded by agencies such as the BlueCross BlueShield Foundation of South Carolina, the South Carolina Legislature, the American Cancer Society, the Duke Endowment, and the South Carolina Cancer Alliance. Partnerships with the South Carolina Gastroenterology Association, CVS Caremark, and BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina have been instrumental in promoting screening in medically underserved communities across the State. As a consequence, South Carolina has rapidly become a national leader in statewide advocacy efforts aimed at increasing screening rates and reduce the morbidity of colorectal cancer.
ALL COLON CANCER SURVIVORS AND CHAMPIONS | <urn:uuid:e49470ab-baca-4f68-a460-48a34b31f405> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cccr.sc.edu/about-us/mission-statement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954431 | 473 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Assignment SummaryFor this assignment, you will complete a worksheet to analyze statistics related to the economiesof three nations and explain the role of government in the circular flow of income.Background InformationThe circular flow of income is the exchange of money between firms and households. Firms payincome to households as wages to workers. In turn, workers use that money to buy goods andservices. This provides revenue to firms to produce more goods and services and pay moreworkers, and the cycle continues. Injections into the economy and withdrawals from it can affectthis flow of money. In a mixed-market economy, government plays a role as well. The governmentcollects money from households in the form of taxes. It spends this money on a variety ofprograms and projects, including defense spending, healthcare costs, and infrastructure.Governments also make trade deals to control the flow of goods and funds between countries,which affects nations’ incomes.For this project, you will study tables with statistics related to the incomes of three nations. Then,you will write short paragraphs to explain these statistics and analyze national income. | <urn:uuid:ecbbcd82-0811-4c4b-8579-d41e3d69b1d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/146877931/Project-Circular-Flow-of-Income-Activity-student-guide-1docx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.95322 | 223 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Bangalore has become one of the most go-head cities in South Asia, a hard-driving, satellite-uplinked, Intel-inside-everything, beer drinking regional capital. But it is also a city where the past and present mingle and contrast with an intensity shared by few other places in India. So it seemed an ideal place for an Englishman to take a look at what has happened in the 50 years since Britain gave India its independence.
Simon Winchester, who served as a foreign correspondent in India back in the 1970s, notes that Englishmen like to say that they came to an India in which the people had little except poverty and anarchy, and when they left, it had a legislature, a national railway, courts, bureaucracies, roads and telephones, as well as the unifying influence of the English language. But he found that Indians have many reservations about that legacy, and many blame Britain for a number of things including the effect of pervasive English on Indian culture, and the troubles of the railway system. One great legacy, the court system, Winchester found, has degenerated into near chaos with Dickensian delays in justice and widespread bribery. The most remarkable legacy and perhaps the most valuable given the threats to order and outbursts of violence on the subcontinent is the Indian Army, one of the largest in the world. Unlike the armies of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Burma, Winchester notes, the Indian Army is virtually nonpolitical.
Winchester ends his story with an extraordinary scene, the military review called Beating Retreat. "Lining the tops of the sandstone walls, in perfectly delineated silhouettes, stand the desert cameleers of India's Border Security Force. The camels are caparisoned, the soldiers' rifles are held at full salute, and they stand silent and rock-still ... against the gold of the evening," while massed bands play the Mahatma Gandhi's best-loved (English) hymn: "Change and decay in all around I see; Oh Thou who Changest Not, Abide with Me." | <urn:uuid:0eb4a7e3-5269-49ba-97df-c505639b5286> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/an-englishman-looks-at-india-fifty-years-after-british-rule-50600736/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00133-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962872 | 432 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Saussure and His Interpreters
2nd Revised edition
By (author) Roy Harris
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Saussure and His Interpreters by Roy Harris
Book DescriptionReviews of the First Edition 'In a very readable study, Roy Harris examines the mis/representation of Saussurean ideas by certain linguists and by French thinkers of a Structuralist and post-structuralist persuasion. This is therefore essentially a study in intellectual history dealing with the thorny question of "influence" of one thinker's ideas on another ! Harris has done us a favour by bringing his critical eye to bear on a range of (mis)interpreters of the Cours who had hitherto largely been considered in isolation.' - Modern Language Review This book is the first major reassessment of the reception of Saussure's ideas in the academic world of the twentieth century. It is well known that Saussure's work profoundly influenced developments in such diverse fields as linguistics, anthropology, psychology and literary studies. But what exactly were Saussure's views taken to be by his interpreters? How well were Saussure's ideas understood by those who took them up? Or how badly misunderstood? And why? The answers to these questions address central issues in the history of Western culture. Each chapter focuses on one particular interpreter of Saussure's work, but many others are mentioned in context for purposes of comparison, and attention is drawn to connections and disparities between their interpretations. Those whose interpretations are examined in detail include Bloomfield, Hjelmslev, Jakobson, Levi-Strauss, Chomsky, Barthes and Derrida. In an important supplement to the new edition, account is taken of recently found notes in Saussure's hand. The discovery re-opens the whole question of the extent to which the Cours de linguistique generale, posthumously published in 1916, accurately reflects the stage that Saussure's thinking about language and communication had reached by the time of his death. It suggests a new interpretation of Saussure that differs significantly from any of those previously advanced. Features: *The only comprehensive survey of this field *Up-to-date coverage of recent developments in Saussurean studies *Analysis by one of today's leading authorities on Saussure.
Buy Saussure and His Interpreters book by Roy Harris from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780748617838
(234mm x 156mm x 23mm)
Imprint: Edinburgh University Press
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Publish Date: 2-Oct-2003
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Roy Harris
Signs of Writing, Paperback (February 2014)
Roy Harris re-examines basic questions about writing that have long been obscured by the traditional assumption that writing is merely a visual substitute for speech. By treating writing as an independent mode of communication, he shows how musical, mathematical and other forms of writing obey the same principles as verbal writing.
Course in General Linguistics, Paperback (October 2013)
Translation of Cours de linguistique generale.
Rationality and the Literate Mind, Paperback (May 2013)» View all books by Roy Harris
Roy Harris challenges the received mainstream opinion that reason is an intrinsic property of the human mind, and argues that the whole Western conception of rational thought, from Classical Greece down to modern symbolic logic, is a by-product of the way literacy developed in European cultures.
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Author Biography - Roy Harris
Roy Harris is Emeritus Professor of General Linguistics in the University of Oxford. His prize-winning translation of Saussure's Cours de Linguistique Generale appeared in 1983. He is also the author of many publications on the work of Saussure.
Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
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© 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687 | <urn:uuid:d804a403-1271-48fc-876a-8e544fa5a98d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.boomerangbooks.com.au/Saussure-and-His-Interpreters/Roy-Harris/book_9780748617838.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926213 | 1,008 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Racial discrimination at work remains a fact of life in Britain for many members of ethnic minorities, despite the domestic legislation. According to the Commission for Racial Equality, there were 926 applications to the industrial tribunal in respect of alleged employment-related discrimination in 1990-91. Of these, 308 cases were heard, the rest were settled or withdrawn: 47 were successful.
The commission points out that very few people actually take legal action over racial discrimination.
While noting that other European countries can impose sanctions for discrimination, the commission expressed concern over the strength of any future EC legislation, which would have primacy over domestic laws. 'There is a real danger that one day a process of harmonisation of laws might lead not to an improvement in protection from racial discrimination across Europe, but to a reduction, as it were, to the lowest common denominator,' it said in its second review of the 1976 Race Relations Act.
It favours the introduction of compulsory ethnic monitoring. Rodney Waldeck, head of one of the commission's employment divisions, said: 'There are many advantages for employers . . . By looking at employment problems through the prism of race, other problems often will come to light which can then be remedied.'
Under the Race Relations Act, it is unlawful to discriminate on the basis of colour, race, nationality or ethnic background. The legislation covers direct and indirect discrimination, and there are exemptions for employment connected with specific ethnic groups.
Claims may be submitted by any employee, regardless of length of service, to the industrial tribunal - usually within three months of the alleged discrimination. The tribunal can make awards of up to pounds 11,000, although compensation is usually much less. Legal aid is not available.
Evidence is often difficult to produce, so the commission advises those bringing claims to make detailed notes of conversations, keep copies of letters and documents, and to keep in touch with possible witnesses.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:fb75c8f2-8969-4ca8-8741-de6f8374e4d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/racial-monitoring-urged-as-policy-1462774.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00346-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962822 | 389 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Why do so many start-ups fail? Entrepreneur and educator, Steve Blank, has developed a method called, the Lean Start-up, that sets the traditional launch of a business on its head. At Cogswell College we’re a big proponent of Mr. Blank’s method.
One of the key tactics he suggests is that start-up founders should actually ask their potential customers whether the proposed product or service is something they actually want. Seems logical but many start-up founders launch their companies based on their vision and not solid market research.
A second mistake that many entrepreneurs make is to create elaborate business plans and assume that the business plan tells them everything they need to know. Blank suggests that entrepreneurs get into more of an iteration and pivot mode.
This comprehensive write-up in the Harvard Business Review about Steve Blank’s method is a must-read for every entrepreneur. | <urn:uuid:71e2eb6e-6749-486a-b3be-ebf05f157703> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.cogswell.edu/tag/lean-start-up/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00521-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957939 | 185 | 2.078125 | 2 |
You matter. I’m writing this inspired by a client of mine who believed she did not matter and it depressed her.
One of my favourite films ever is due to have it’s annual outing on our TV screens as the festive season draws closer; It’s a wonderful life. Here is the moment where the central character George Bailey says he wishes he had never been born….
He believed he did not matter. He believed that the world would have been better off without him, and so his guardian angel Clarence, shows him what the world would be like had he never been born. You know this I’m sure, it is a lovely film and offers up a message that we all matter.
We all have challenges in life, however, remember the key to happiness is how we handle these challenges. An APA psychological bulletin paper (https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-1316803.pdf ) that I refer to often suggests that happiness makes you successful rather than success makes you happy. There is usually a message that is given and a lesson to learn from the majority of life’s experiences. The joy is what you will do with the lesson you learn when it arrives and how this gives you a sense of meaning and a sense that you matter.
Your beliefs, your attitude and how you see things are what matter. Never quit and say it’s not possible. Have hope. Believe better days are ahead. Believe in yourself and trust your decisions. You have a choice on how you feel. You can help yourself to feel that you matter. That’s a central point today….
Before we can convince anyone else that we matter, we must first convince ourselves. You are called upon to acknowledge and put to use the person that you are, your strengths, resources and abilities. Empower yourself and realise the importance of contributing to the world by living. Mattering is a process, not an event. It has no expiration date; it’s a new way of life. Knowing that we matter is essential to our existence. Here are some thoughts to inspire you when you think your own life doesn’t matter.
1. You are Enough!
“You are amazing person with unique talents. Have faith in your abilities.” ― Lailah Akita.
Do you know what it takes to make a difference in this world?
You don’t have to be rich or famous. No special knowledge or skills are needed. Whether you are young or old or in-between, you matter.
2. You Have Influence.
“God didn’t create you to think, act, and walk like an inferior person; instead, He created you to constantly see yourself in all circumstances as being special as everyone else.” ― Edmond Mbiaka.
To acknowledge that you can change the world is overwhelming. Yet all of us have the ability to begin changing the world by contributing to it in some way. The potential you have to influence knows no bounds, though you only need to influence in some small way to recognise how much you matter.
3. You Are a Genius.
“Love people with all sincere attention, but don’t overdo it as if you are not special. Don’t lose yourself in the process of loving other people. Remember, you are special too!” ― Israelmore Ayivor.
Author Seth Godin defines genius as the act of solving a problem in a way no one has solved it before. You don’t have to win a Nobel Prize or earn a Master’s degree to be a genius. You just have to use your insight and initiative to find original solutions that matter.
Likewise though, remember not to compare yourself to others and instead recognise all that is so special about you and being you. For more on this, read this article Stop Comparing Yourself to Others.
4. You Have a Contribution to Make.
“We cannot all do great things, but we can do small things with great love”– Mother Teresa of Calcutta.
Your mere presence can bring a smile to someone’s face. Your poetry can lift someone out of a slump. Your passion can lead you to create something magnificent.
The size of the contribution is not what matters most. What counts is how much of your heart you put into it. Have the intent to do good and you matter.
5. You Have a Gift to Give, That Others Need.
“Happiness never decreases by being shared.” – Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha).
Happiness and love are two of the greatest gifts you can give to the world.
Too often, we indulge our own gratifications and forget there are people in this world that we can make feel loved, or appreciated, or even noticed. These are gifts anyone can give. When you give them, you matter.
6. You Are the Change.
It is in the small encounters with others that we recognise that we matter, that our presence is important. A shared smile, an unexpected kindness, leaving each encounter with something positive.
It is in these small moments we find an opportunity to make the choice to matter. In doing so, we make the world a better place. Be present around others – pay them with your attention.
7. Your Actions Define Your Impact.
“How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before beginning to improve the world.” – Anne Frank.
Action is the world’s greatest currency. There is no better day than today to start to make a difference to the world. You don’t need to wait until you have the time; you don’t have to wait until you make more money; you don’t have to wait one second to let someone know they matter.
Start with these two words, and you will learn how much that little effort counts today.
8. You Matter.
“Strange, isn’t it? Each man’s life touches so many other lives. When he isn’t around he leaves an awful hole, doesn’t he?” – Clarence, the Guardian angel (in the film It’s a Wonderful life).
To matter often means to be of consequence or importance to others.
It means you are significant, relevant, worthy of note and of crucial value. The world may not always affirm this. Your friends and family may not adequately communicate the importance of your presence in their lives.
But that doesn’t mean that what you do and who you are doesn’t have a profound impact on the world. It does. The world would be a very different place – a lesser place – without you.
“If you’re struggling today, remember that life is worth living and believe that the best is yet to come. Remember that you are loved, you matter, and never forget that there is always hope.” ― Germany Kent.
Remember, you are an asset unto yourself and your 1st priority should often be yourself; take care of yourself, find time for yourself when possible and do things that not only bring you peace and make you happy, but help you rediscover yourself in every journey you take. Always remember that wherever you are coming from and whatever you have to deal with on a regular basis, you matter.
If you firmly believe you do not matter, you are being a bit like George Bailey, you are running the risk of (albeit metaphorically) throwing it all away, so I’ll leave with with those immortal words from Clarence the guardian angel;
“You see George, you’ve really had a wonderful life. Don’t you see what a mistake it would be to just throw it away?”
Have some of these themes here resonated with you? Then have a read of these pages:
1. Do you need help or support to stop comparing yourself or in another particular area of your life?
Coaching with Adam Eason Or Hypnotherapy with Adam Eason
2. Would you like a satisfying and meaningful career as a hypnotherapist helping others? Are you a hypnotherapist looking for stimulating and career enhancing continued professional development and advanced studies?
Adam Eason’s Anglo European training college.
3. Are you a hypnotherapist who is looking to fulfil your ambitions or advance your career?
Hypnotherapist Mentoring with Adam Eason.
Likewise, if you’d like to learn more about self-hypnosis, understand the evidence based principles of it from a scientific perspective and learn how to apply it to many areas of your life while having fun and in a safe environment and have the opportunity to test everything you learn, then come and join me for my one day seminar which does all that and more, have a read here: The Science of Self-Hypnosis Seminar. Alternatively, go grab a copy of my Science of self-hypnosis book, it’ll help you to recognise that you matter! | <urn:uuid:b443cbde-f984-4c37-9c27-ebdf369a8a55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adam-eason.com/how-to-know-that-you-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.95017 | 1,903 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Menarche refers to a girl’s first menstrual cycle. It usually begins at the age of 11, but can occur any time between the ages of 11-13. A gynecologist should be consulted if menarche does not occur till the age of 16. In the United States, the average age for the first menstrual cycle to occur is 12.5 years.
Menarche signifies growing up of a girl and is also considered to be a sign of fertility. It entails several changes in the female anatomy, such as the girl may start developing breasts, underarm, and pubic hair. Her hips also begin to widen. Intrinsically, it suggests the thickening of the endometrium, induced by osterogen. In several countries around the world, menarche holds a special significance and is celebrated with rituals and feasts for the girl. It is a sign of her womanhood.
Before the first menstrual cycle occurs, the body may go through several symptoms. Abdominal cramps or pain in the legs is a very common symptom; there may also be a feeling of bloatiness. It is also likely that the girl will experience mood swings such as anxiety or depression before the periods occur for the first time.
Once the periods start, there will be a flow of blood from the vagina. It may be brown initially, but will turn to red before it stops completely. Periods may take 4-5 days long to last, in some cases; it may even take 7 days. Girls are advised to make use of sanitary pads or tampons during this time. They can also take medicines to soothe the cramps. Menstrual cycle, however, do not disturb the normal routine of life. One can exercise, swim, and play normally during periods. Though menarche does not mean ovulation in the body, it may lead to pregnancy in case of an intercourse. | <urn:uuid:bf9be3de-9ac5-4d38-8d03-8776cbb354a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://pregnancy101.org/menarche-first-menstrual-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00301-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960123 | 393 | 3.453125 | 3 |
I'm reading through Learn OpenGL to refresh the basic concepts as I haven't touched in quite some time.
Specifically I still think I cannot quite understand the meaning of VAO and VBO, the book mainly proceeds through examples it doesn't really give rigorous definitions.
About the VBO:
With the vertex data defined we’d like to send it as input to the first process of the graphics pipeline: the vertex shader. This is done by creating memory on the GPU where we store the vertex data, configure how OpenGL should interpret the memory and specify how to send the data to the graphics card. The vertex shader then processes as much vertices as we tell it to from its memory. We manage this memory via so called vertex buffer objects (VBO) that can store a large number of vertices in the GPU’s memory. The advantage of using those buffer objects is that we can send large batches of data all at once to the graphics card, and keep it there if there’s enough memory left, without having to send data one vertex at a time. Sending data to the graphics card from the CPU is relatively slow, so wherever we can we try to send as much data as possible at once. Once the data is in the graphics card’s memory the vertex shader has almost instant access to the vertices making it extremely fast
So my understanding of VBO they're essentially Buffer objects (bunch of bytes to be sent to the GPU) with the difference that VBO are specifically dedicated to Vertex Data. Is this correct?
About the VAO:
Here instead I don't really understand.
A vertex array object (also known as VAO) can be bound just like a vertex buffer object and any subsequent vertex attribute calls from that point on will be stored inside the VAO.
What does it mean any subsequent vertex attribute calls from that point on will be stored inside the VAO, I don't understand the "call be stored" bit, does it mean somewhere in the opengl context created we store like some data related to the vertex attribute calls (like the pair input output of the call? the output of the call? something related to the call?).
This has the advantage that when configuring vertex attribute pointers you only have to make those calls once and whenever we want to draw the object, we can just bind the corresponding VAO. This makes switching between different vertex data and attribute configurations as easy as binding a different VAO. All the state we just set is stored inside the VAO.
I don't understand the advantage here. I understand the "call made once", because they're stored in the VAO (whatever the "stored part means"). The switching part does maybe mean I can create multiple VAO each one capturing different Vertex Attributes calls and I can just bind each one of these when I need without calling again the vertex attribute?
For reference I've also found this question which I thought had an interesting answer. | <urn:uuid:f7093e26-ca4e-413b-a514-9cd14d1ecb4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/10332/understanding-vao-and-vbo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.949228 | 609 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them.”
The season of Halloween has once more seized America.
Once upon a time, Halloween was no bigger holiday than, say President’s Day. A night or two to trick-or-treat, kids dressing up in any old thing that was handy, eating handout candy for a few days: that was about the extent of it.
“Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen God.”
—3 John 1:11
But somewhere over the last 50 years, Halloween took a disturbing turn down a dark, dreary and predictable road. Zombie walks, at least one ‘haunted house‘ in every town with a population over a couple thousand and a season of Halloween which now stretches through the entire month of October–and threatens to extend further.
Numerous ‘haunted houses’ are advertising they will be open until November 13 (or later) because Friday the 13th is only two weeks after Halloween. Some have already opened when October 1 rolls around.
That means the faux festivities run from September and continue into the middle of November.
Halloween’s season threatens Christmas as the most bloated season of the calendar.
However, neither compares to the practically year-long drone of pro sports, particularly the football season.
Darkness, death and fear are the hallmarks of the holiday. Witches, black cats and graves are the normal decorations. Many people spend more time planning their costumes for Halloween than they do their weddings.
At least the apostate churches reveal their true purpose: many open their buildings to the public for various celebrations. They see nothing wrong with celebrating the day with pagan and occult rituals usually reserved for their own congregations the rest of the year.
And to anyone who has misgivings, there’s no end to the number of people who laugh and claim “It’s all just good, clean fun!”
There is no more perfect holiday for America OR for the times in which we live.
Appropriately enough, violent crime (homicide, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault) spikes on Halloween.
What better day for a robbery? Everyone else is wearing a mask too.
The evil imitated by so many as “fun” is played out for real–and at times, the laughing Halloween partiers are the surprise victims.
Life imitates art imitates life.
But it’s all just part of the mystique of the annual Halloween madness.
As stated, Halloween is the perfect holiday for the times in which we live: the Bible declares that sorceries are one of the ‘Big Four’ sins of the end times.
What holiday more celebrates sorcery and darkness than October 31?
Every Halloween, hundreds of thousands of Americans pay to be scared by the ‘professionals’ at the ‘haunted houses.’
They could save their cash.
What’s coming in the end times will be a more effective scare than even the priciest haunted house.
And it won’t cost them a dime.
“Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord’s table, and of the table of devils.”
—1 Corinthians 10:21
Are you ready to trade the dismal darkness of Halloween for the light of Jesus Christ?
“But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost:”
—2 Corinthians 4:3
“Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain. For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:
And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve: After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles. And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time. ”
–1 Corinthians 15:1-8
“For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.”
- Halloween 2014 Quotes: Halloween is Satanic and Demonic
- Do You Know if You are Going to Heaven? Be Sure!
- Fear: What does the Bible Say about Conquering Fear?
- Demons and the Unexplained: Demonic Mysteries
- EXORCISM: 10 Observations on Casting Out Demons
- Peace: Find the Peace that Passeth all Understanding
- This Day in the Secret History: October 31 – Halloween
- MAN OF SIN: The Man of Sin is Coming
- End Times Encouragement and Comfort: John 16:33
by Jeremiah Jameson
–with Mondo Frazier
image: Heaveypong, FreeDigitalPhotos.net
© Jeremiah J. Jameson and End Times Prophecy Report, 2012-15. © Mondo Frazier and End Times Prophecy Report, DBKP 2007-2015. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Jeremiah J. Jameson and End Times Prophecy Report with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
Link Disclaimer: inclusion of links to other blogs/websites is not necessarily an endorsement of all content posted in those blogs/websites. | <urn:uuid:b39731ff-880e-4fa5-aa4d-f7931b8c5141> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://endtimesprophecyreport.com/2015/10/07/halloween-imitation-evil-plus-the-real-thing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.939459 | 1,327 | 1.664063 | 2 |
History has been a grand odyssey where man has invented miraculous things. The birth of technology has had humble beginning, but it has made us into the modern civilization that we are now. We pay tribute to the achievements of man by listing down the four greatest inventions in our history. Each one of these technologies pushed humanity forward and brought about a new era in its wake.
Our greatest technologies had small beginnings, and it all began with the invention of the wheel. You may not think much of a wheel, but consider this. A wheel was a technology so simple that it was invented in 3500 B.C., but it was so undeniably elegant that we still use it today. Many of the ancient technologies have become obsolete; smoke signals, papyrus even the floppy disk which was only invented 40 years ago. But the wheel, which was invented 5000 years go is still relevant to this day.
When it was first implemented, it brought about an agricultural revolution. Suddenly, tilling the soil and transporting crops became much less labor intensive, and it allowed people to become farmers and make a huge amount of food the increased our population.
Industrial revolution was an era of huge prosperity. It mainly started with England that began to grow it’s industries at a rapid pace through the uses of machinery. And powering all their machine was steam.
Everything from factories, trains and even some houses where now using steam power. Its invention also caused a chain reaction, as many engineers came up with clever ways to use steam power for various uses. There are even records of some inventors who thought of using steam power to create robotic people who could replace workers in factories.
There is a sense of foreboding terror that sits with the atomic bomb. The invention of this devastating weapon chilled the world as it was the first time we realized that we had the power the truly annihilate the Earth.
However, the invention of the atomic bomb may have brought about more good than harm. For starters, it allowed physicists to confirm major theories in particle physics which lead to a deeper understand of quantum physics. Many new inventions soon followed such as electronics and radio therapy, which allowed the treatment of cancer.
In a more complicated manner, atomic bombs also changed world diplomacy forever. When countries wielded the power of the nuclear bomb, they began to open up channels of dialogue in fear of the other country using nuclear weapons. Many terms such as ‘nuclear deterrent’ came into play and soon we had to start cooperating with each or face nuclear apocalypse. The atomic era has shaped the world into the globalized system we live in today.
And finally, the invention that has been single handedly responsible for the revolution you and I are living in at this very moment. The internet has broken barriers and made the world into a smaller place. With it, there is no information out of reach or no interaction impossible. The web is a global network that has brought humanity one step closer to cultural atonement.
Author Bio: The writer of this article is Ana Camacho. She has been a writer on the vast topics of technology since the beginning of Midnightessays.com. Since the first time she worked for us, we have seen nothing but a sincere passion and enthusiasm of her craft. Melody is in love with technology and she loves even more to share it with other people. | <urn:uuid:7ff1d04d-a44a-49bc-b939-85b83c6e7ccd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pschunt.com/2016/06/the-four-revolutionary-technological-inventions-in-our-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976873 | 679 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Having a dog is not really very easy. You will need to give them the right foods, take them out and care for them daily. Learning everything about training a dog can take some time. Reading this article can help you become a great dog owner.
It costs a lot of money to own a dog. Each dog needs quality food, medical care and general supplies. It can cost you around $1000 each year. One huge expense you might encounter is emergency vet care, so you may want to think about getting health insurance for your pet.
Never allow your dog to ride in a car unsecured. Sitting on your lap or in the front seat is dangerous both to him and your ability to drive. Always place him in an appropriately sized pet carrier or invest in a pet seat belt that will keep him snug and safe in the middle of the back seat.
Take care to keep your dog cool while traveling during the summer by car. Even with your air-conditioning on, the dog may become over-heated in his pet carrier. A simple and low-cost countermeasure is freezing a few gallon jugs of water and placing them near him where he can curl up and cool off.
Never let the dog go off your land without its leash, regardless of its good behavior. A wild animal may get his attention and cause him to run off, or he may have a bad situation with others and their dogs. You’re responsible for their actions and safety.
Never give your dog milk! It’s not necessary for his body and he doesn’t have the proper enzymes to digest it anyway. Feeding your dog cow’s milk can lead to chronic diarrhea and leave him with an upset stomach, among other health problems. Stick with plain old water for a healthy and hydrated dog.
Don’t be upset if your dog does not want to get dressed up. It’s becoming more popular to dress your dog in dog clothes, but some dogs just don’t like the feeling of having clothes on. If your dog does not relax after the clothing is on, you should remove the clothing to avoid your dog trying to remove it by itself.
When you get a new dog, schedule a visit with a vet. When you bring them home, schedule a vet appointment. In addition to giving your dog a check up, the vet will schedule vaccinations. Also see about getting your dog fixed because there are tons of animals in shelters and adding to that problem isn’t good.
No matter what kind of dog you may have, hang up a few “Beware of Dog” signs on your property. They are known deterrents to would-be burglars and can help protect you and your family. Just the sign alone indicates probable failure of any robbery attempt and a single bark will have them running away!
If your dog is prone to getting burs in his coat, keep a can of Crisco in your kitchen cupboard. Next time you notice a bur, put gloves on to protect yourself and work the Crisco around until you can pry the bur out. Give him a nice shampoo to get the shortening out later.
When you are walking your dog in the wintertime, there may be rock salt or chemical ice melters that come in contact with his feet. Once you get back in the house, wash his paws and dry them gently. This will prevent these items from causing any type of infections.
Just like people, dogs need their exercise too. Playing a game of fetch or Frisbee is a great way to get your dog to burn some calories, while having fun at the same time. Dogs should also be walked everyday. Some dogs require more exercise than others, which is why it is so important to understand your dogs needs.
This expert advice has now been committed to your memory so you can use it every day for your dog. When it comes to mastering dog ownership, you have the foundation you need to make it happen. Put these tips into practice, and you and your dog will be better off. | <urn:uuid:0ef84009-cf38-4b73-91a1-83c4f233865e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.adventuredogblog.com/great-ideas-to-help-any-dog-owner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.975706 | 838 | 2.078125 | 2 |
For anyone bereft since Breaking Bad came to an end, this is a second installment in The Persecution of Heretics Murder Mystery series. Episode one can be seen here.
The harassment of healthcare staff has been a backburner in British news recently. There have been a series of pieces in the Daily Mail, usually to the forefront of everything in healthcare, and the BMJ. A House of Commons committee was convened to explore the issue and produced a report – here.
But what does harassment in healthcare look like?
Slightly over a year ago, some of us here in North Wales saw gob-smacking (Irish for jaw-dropping) harassment at close quarters – bullying of a kind that none of us had never imagined seeing in our careers. After the event, disguising the identities of those involved, and adding some references, I wrote up a piece for a distinguished academic journal figuring that this was something that needed to be put on the map. The journal wouldn’t engage.
Here’s what was sent to them.
Just as a job contract protects an employee, so also a mechanism for the Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) sounds like good thing. Interventions to achieve just this within healthcare began to take a statutory albeit vague shape in the late 1990s with the Protection of Children Act (1999), the Standards of Care Act in 2000 and the Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults Act in 2006.
But just as Zero Hours Contracts now sound more like a modern form of slavery than a good thing, so POVA reveals itself to have the potential to become an instrument of employment terror rather than something to protect the vulnerable.
Anyone working in healthcare comes across adults who by virtue of physical or mental infirmities and social situation are vulnerable – a woman who might be mentally handicapped being possibly beaten and locked away in an annex, for instance. A POVA team comprised of up to 10 professionals from varied backgrounds may be assembled to make the call as to what to do. This is not a recipe for agreement and effective intervention. And when something is done and the woman pleads to be let back to her “home”, what then?
This is what POVA was. Here is what it could morph into.
In an average sized mental health unit, there could be a significant incident a day where someone claims to have been abused or bullied by a member of staff. There are no criteria to distinguish between real or imagined abuses. There are no criteria to distinguish between properly vulnerable patients and psychopaths, or even management plants.
Alerted to a possible abuse of a patient that might involve a member of staff, managers of a service have a duty to act quickly – long before a team is assembled.
What do you do as a manager of the service in which a complaint arises? You have to ignore almost all complaints or life would be unmanageable. And you know your friends are not capable of abuse. But you have an option to claim you have to do something in the case of any incident that offers you an opportunity to achieve a strategic goal.
You could remove from duty the person who has been the object of the vulnerable person’s complaint, or a charge nurse for the ward that day, or the matron in general charge of the ward or the manager in charge of the unit in which the ward is, or any of the tiers of managers responsible for running the service of which this is one unit, all as part of a “securing the scene of the crime” operation.
In practice you pick the person who has been most awkward. The person who may be frustrating your plans because they have voiced concerns about patient safety after drastic reductions in staff-patient ratios or procedures that are increasing risk by putting continuity of data ahead of continuity of care.
As a manager you pretty well have to march someone out of their job on the spot with no questions to answer. You invoke POVA and Hey Presto their Union will do nothing except advise the person to do nothing while any investigation runs its course. POVA is complex. No one understands any more about it than the 99% of the readers of this article who will never have heard the term before.
You replace the removed person with one of your people – on a temporary basis of course. It’s likely you are operating in an organization that has a large number of people in acting positions, filled on the basis of expressions of interest rather than open advertisement. These will all move as told but may not be able to revert to their original positions as readily should the unlikely time ever come when this is required.
It’s all too easy for abuse like this to happen within a mental health setting and this may be why it seems to have developed there. But there is no reason for such a convenient management tool to remain there. If vulnerability has no operational definition then all patients are vulnerable.
An increasing proportion of the population has some condition like ADHD or autistic spectrum disorder or is on some medication that puts them at risk in some way and they too can be regarded as vulnerable if need be.
They may be “traumatized” by an interview with a journalist or by the subsequent representation of their story. As a senior manager you don’t have to send the journalist on gardening leave – you can send their immediate superior who is responsible for them.
If this sounds as unbelievable as Zero Hours Contracts once sounded, it is time to start adjusting.
This disguised account was based on real life events in the Hergest Unit where Anne Ward and Shyam Kishto, the managers in charge of Aneurin and Cynan wards were summarily dismissed on the First of July last year within minutes of each other. Supposedly two unrelated POVA events had happened on the wards that they were responsible for, and they could not be let darken the door of the Unit until these were investigated.
For anyone who has seen the old movie J’Accuse – it was just like the moment where Dreyfus was stripped of his medals, his epaulettes and the top of his hat was punched through.
Everyone knew for months this was coming. Anne and Shyam had been outspoken on issues of patient safety. It was only a matter of how management were going to do it. No one guessed POVA.
In response to what happened thirty five nursing staff blew whistles in support of Dreyfus One and Dreyfus Two. The Health Board didn’t listen. Their medical and nursing colleagues took the issue to Welsh Government and contacted David Sissling, then the CEO of NHS Wales (now left), who intervened and had them reinstated some months later.
It turned out that there were no incidents and there was no investigation. Ward and Kishto lodged a Grievance complaint which they won in full. All the papers from this are available.
The only outcome from the Grievance appears to have been that the manager with the greatest visibility in the process – and perhaps the most dispensable – was asked to apologize. He did so. The suspicion is that managers these days have training in how to respond to statements like “Your behavior is ******* appalling” with pat words like “thank- you for this constructive feedback”. Apologies are meaningless.
For the last year Ward and Kishto have had to work at close quarters with management staff that have done this to them. This might be endurable if management behavior had changed – but there is no sign of this – just the opposite in fact.
The Hergest Unit is one of three District General Hospital mental health inpatient units managed by the Mental Health CPG (Clinical Programme Group) within Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (BCUHB). The mental health CPG is run by Drs Giles Harborne, Marie Savage, Alberto Salmoiraghi, and senior nursing staff including Simon Pyke and Adrian Jones. This management team are answerable to the board of Betsi.
The Grievance taken out by Ward and Kishto found comprehensively against management within the CPG. But the Betsi Board have done nothing. CPG management continue to do ever more egregious things; getting me referred to the GMC is the latest.
For those of you who like your murder mysteries red in tooth and claw, the Ward-Kishto incident gives a feel for how “thuggish” local management can get. There might not seem to be any reason to look beyond local management and a revenge motivation to explain the abuses that have been happening since, particularly, as it would seem, local management can do pretty well anything without sanction from above. But:
So what is going on? Watch this space.
“If they stop telling lies about me, I will stop telling the truth about them”. David Lange
“Cricket is the English idea of fair play – eleven against one”. Beachcomber | <urn:uuid:50d5c1c1-3fd9-4e90-a318-a0e126d62745> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://davidhealy.org/persecution-of-vulnerable-adults-pova/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.971511 | 1,854 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The appellation of Origin Status
The appellation of Origin Control (French: Appellation d'origine controlee) is the system whereby the WTO grants certification to certain agricultural products such as wines from Bordeaux and Chablis, Champagne sparkling wines from Champagne region, Cognac etc, based on the concept of ‘terroir’ or traditional regional unique qualities.
Among Honkaku Shochu and Awamori varieties, Iki Shochu, Kuma Shochu, Satsuma Shochu and Ryukyu Awamori have been granted Appellation of Origin Status by the WTO.
This Mugi Shochu is produced on the Iki-no-Shima Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture
This Kome Shochu is produced around Hitoyoshi in Kumamoto Prefecture and the surrounding Kuma Area.
This Imo Shochu is produced in Kagoshima Prefecture.
Fermented with Black Koji and distilled using Okinawa's original method, Awamori is produced in Okinawa Prefecture. | <urn:uuid:325989f8-8a04-4246-b1a1-538efe3eae4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.honkakushochu-awamori.jp/english/understanding-shochu/the-appellation/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00161-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846109 | 221 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Procedures for restoration of aesthetics of the face are being simplified. Today, most people are aware of aesthetic or cosmetic surgery and most cities like Mumbai have facilities for various surgical and non- surgical aesthetic procedures. Most of the common aesthetic procedures in India are focused on facial contour restoration. Non invasive aesthetic procedures for facial contours rejuvenation like Botox, Cosmoplast already are known in India, but people still are unaware about recontouring with Autologous fat transfer.
Facial contours take a hit because of time and ageing. As a person ages, the facial contours lose their definition and the overall facial silhouette because of the loss of facial fat. Today, various facial recontouring procedures are available which can help in recontouring of the facial features. Facial recontouring is also known as facial sculpting. Facial recontouring is an elective procedure which means that most patients choose to get recontouring done for aesthetic reasons. The focus of a facial recontouring procedure is the restoration of the facial contours so that the overall better aesthetic results are achieved for the face.
As the face loses it contours, the fold and the jowls become very evident on the facial skin. The lack of proper contours makes the person look very tired and old. This lack of youthful definition in the facial contours can be corrected to a very large extent with the help of facial recontouring techniques. Facial recontouring and contour rejuvenation can be achieved by autologous fat transfer.
Autologous fat transfer with the help of injections is becoming a very popular choice for facial recontouring and contours restoration. Facial recontouring with the help of autologous fat transfer is the perfect choice for people who do not want to undergo facial surgery for recontouring of facial features. Autologous fat transfer can be performed on the cheeks, chin, lip and also the under- eye area. Autologous fat transfer involves the fat from the patient’s own body. In an Autologous fat transfer, fat is taken from the areas of the body which can have the excess fat. The fat is generally taken from thighs, buttocks, abdomen etc. Since the transfer of the fat is autologous which means from patient’s own body, the body accepts the treatment very well.
How is facial recontouring and aesthetic contour rejuvenation carried out using Autologous fat transfer?
Facial recontouring using Autologous fat transfer involves three steps. The first step in an Autologous fat transfer is extraction of fat which will be used in the transfer. After the extraction of the fat is done, the fat is then separated from all the blood and other fluids. This is done so that fat can be prepared for the transfer for facial recontouring. The third step in autologous fat transfer is the actual fat transfer which is done with the help of injections.
Who can opt for recontouring with Autologous fat transfer?
Generally, Autologous fat transfer is carried in people who are above 30 years of age and want more definition in their facial contours. Autologous fat transfer is great for gives great aesthetic results in contour restoration of naso- labial folds, frown lines, hollow of the cheekbones, under eye hollows etc. Autologous fat transfer is also great for recontouring treatment of deep acne scars and recontouring of the lips which have lost volume due to ageing.
In some cases, for a more comprehensive aesthetic result for facial recontouring, an Autologous fat transfer may have to be used in conjunction with some other procedures like Botox. The exact plan for aesthetic facial recontouring of a patient can only be decided by the facial plastic surgeon.
Facial recontouring treatment in India:-
India now boasts of undertaking one of the highest numbers aesthetic procedures as compared to any other country. Patients in India not only include the citizens of India but also foreigners who come for best quality aesthetic recontouring procedures at really affordable prices. Loss of facial contours is a common problem and facial recontouring using autologous fat transfer is one of the most popular aesthetic procedures in India. The pioneer in the field of aesthetic surgery in India is Dr. Debraj Shome who is based in Mumbai. He has co- founded a chain of cosmetic clinics in Mumbai which are known as The Esthetic Clinics. The Esthetic Clinics in Mumbai have completely modified the way aesthetic surgery has been perceived in India so far. Dr. Shome who is a facial plastic surgeon is the man behind numerous successful aesthetic surgeries in Mumbai. Dr. Shome recommends Autologous fat transfer for facial recontouring to many people for not only its aesthetic outcome but also the fact that it is one of the safest aesthetic procedures. The Esthetic Clinics in Mumbai now are the go- to destination for patients from all over India who want different types of aesthetic surgeries for either restoration of facial contours or any other aesthetic reason. Results from autologous fat transfer last for a very long time. Unlike fillers, no foreign material is used in an autologous fat transfer. A patient does not suffer form any allergic reaction after an autologous fat transfer.
Loss of facial contours has a distinct negative impact on facial aesthetics of a person. Not only a person can look fatigued, but the problem with facial contours only gets worse with time. As more people now want to explore options for various types of aesthetic surgeries in India, Dr. Debraj Shome has ensured that The Esthetic Clinics in Mumbai are well endowed with all types of latest options for various aesthetic procedures including autologous fat transfer. Dr. Shome has decoded and simplified aesthetic surgery for people in Mumbai. All the branches of The Esthetic Clinics in Mumbai operate under his strict supervision therefore all his patients are very confident about the aesthetic outcomes of recontouring treatment by autologous fat transfer. Now, you know that if you want the best treatment for your face using autologous fat transfer, you will have to come to The Esthetic Clinics in Mumbai. | <urn:uuid:81d5dc8c-3940-4a97-ab94-51db0a46a9a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.debrajshome.com/autologous-fat-injections-to-contour-the-face.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.944305 | 1,269 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Guardian is known as a Directional Infrared Countermeasure (DIRCM) and relies on two distinct systems to defend against missile attacks. The first system includes ultraviolet sensors that detect an incoming missile. The second includes the transmitter that directs a beam of infrared energy at the missile’s seeker. Both systems are enclosed within a single compact pod, which mounts to the underside of a jet’s fuselage.
Here’s how the systems work together:
- When a MANPADS missile is fired, it produces all forms of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum. Sensors in Guardian’s missile-warning system detect the ultraviolet wavelengths and send a signal to the transmitter. Future versions of the Guardian solution could include sensors that detect two bands of infrared energy, making it easier to sense missiles at significantly greater ranges.
- Once it receives a signal from the missile-warning system, the pointer/tracker assembly tracks the missile as it approaches.
- A high-intensity gas arc lamp then fires a beam of infrared energy at the missile’s seeker.
- For the seeker, it's like having an extremely bright light shined in its “eyes.” But Guardian doesn’t simply blind the missile. Its laser beam has a special waveform that actually gets into the missile seeker’s guidance loop and causes an error signal to build, making the missile’s guidance system think it's off course.
- The guidance system responds by adjusting the missile’s flight path.
- The missile eventually becomes so off course it no longer poses a threat.
- The entire process occurs in two to five seconds and requires no action on the part of the aircraft crew. Once the aircraft reaches approximately 18,000 feet — the range of most MANPADS — the Guardian system shuts down until it is time to land.
The technology used in the Guardian system has a proven track record in military applications. According to Northrop Grumman, NEMESIS has successfully completed more than 4,000 hours of flight testing, more than 200,000 jamming effectiveness tests, and more than 100 successful missile, live-fire engagements, including combat.
So the real question is not whether Guardian is effective, but whether the commercial airline industry can afford to implement the solution. According to a 2005 study conducted by RAND Corporation, it would cost an estimated $11 billion to install anti-missile systems on America’s 6,800 commercial airliners. Operating the systems after installation would cost up to $2.2 billion annually. Because of these figures and because resources available for Homeland Security are limited, RAND recommended that the United States look to other strategies that might be more cost-effective. But some experts weigh the cost of protecting airlines against the cost of a successful attack. For every aircraft downed, there would be $1 billion in direct costs, and indirect costs would be much more significant.
All of this is under consideration by the Department of Homeland Security. In January 2007, the department entered the third phase of its three-year feasibility study. In this phase, FedEx will fly 11 MD-10s with Northrop Grumman’s Guardian system for 18 months to test whether the equipment is cost-effective and reliable for commercial aircraft operations. A second team is studying another laser-based DIRCM system known as Jeteye. Jeteye, developed by BAE Systems, will be mounted on American Airlines’ Boeing 767s flown by carrier ABX Air. If one system is found to be more cost-effective and reliable, it could win the department’s approval. The addition of the Guardian system will not change the way the plan is flown. In fact, the system engages itself upon takeoff. If it is deployed to stop a missile, it will do so on its own; there is no need for the pilots to do anything. Once the plane hits 18,000 feet (out of range of most shoulder-fired missiles), the Guardian system will disengage until it is time to land the aircraft. | <urn:uuid:2e9584e3-5930-47a6-bf02-d1291b2bb0d9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://science.howstuffworks.com/guardian2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00271-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943785 | 832 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The One Planet, One Ocean collides with a whale in the Great South
The One Planet, One Ocean has proven its robustness in the waters of the Great South.
Sailors participating in the Vendée Globe have not won for scares in recent days.
The last one featured the One Planet One Ocean by Catalan navigator Didac Costa who was hit by a whale 650 miles southwest of the Cape of Good Hope without having to regret personal or material damage.
Costa was sailing at a speed of 10 knots when he suddenly felt the impact. He quickly stopped the boat and it was possible to analyze if the structure of the boat and the keel had suffered damage: “I verified that there was only a scratch on the keel, in the next few hours I will continue inspecting, but I do not think it is anything serious,” he told through their networks.
YOU COULD SEE HIS HEAD AND PART OF THE BODY, ABOUT 7 OR 8 METERS
At that time Didac was inside the cabin, when the boat suddenly stopped after hearing a loud crash, he quickly came out on deck and saw the cetacean emerge from the stern and move away. “Didac immediately went outside and spotted the whale, still nearby, puffing on the fin / stern of the boat. You could see his head and part of the body, about 7 or 8 meters, “he explains on his Facebook page https://fb.watch/2eozsfV_Vf/ | <urn:uuid:4035a349-255c-4a91-ab91-376c8d559055> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nautica.news/the-one-planet-one-ocean-collides-with-a-whale-in-the-great-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.972508 | 310 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Largetooth Sawfish are a threatened species. Historically overfishing and loss of habitat have contributed to the decline of the species. In September 2012 Rita Pirak discovered nine small sawfish stranded in an isolated floodplain waterhole. Rita knew the sawfish were uncommon because she had been helping Charles Darwin University scientist Peter Kyne with his field work, monitoring the movements of sawfish in the Northern Territory’s largest perennial river, the Daly river. This short video documents the rescue.
Thomas Schroeder explains how remote sensing is used to monitor the Van Diemen Gulf.
How well do we know the aquatic plants and animals of northern rivers, wetlands and estuaries?
Some species of fish that look the same are actually different species and new species are still being discovered. Scientist Mark Kennard explains that the Daly River has a high biodiversity value with an array of different fish species. Understanding these different aquatic plants and animals is important in order to effectively manage for long-term resilience.
What is under the surface of tropical floodplains in Kakadu National Park? Tiffanie Nelson explains.
Marine turtle and dugong are priority species for the Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation’s Uunguu Rangers as well as federal conservation management plans. A new way to monitor these populations has been developed by the project team using a boat-based methodology. The team consists of the Ranger group, the North Australian Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance Ltd (NAILSMA) and CSIRO.
Any decisions about water allocation need to be transparent, and take into the account the needs of other users. In this short video Professor Stuart Bunn and Professor Poh Ling-Tan describe their research findings in relation to people’s attitudes about water planning in northern Australia.
In this short video Professor Natalie Stoeckl and Joe Morrison explain why Indigenous people may actually be worse off as a result of conventional development in northern Australia.
River experts believe that a two-tiered approach to monitoring river health in the wet-dry tropics is required. In this short video Professor Michael Douglas talks about some of the challenges of monitoring river health across such a vast and sparsely populated landscape.
Showing 97-95 of 95 results, page 9 of 8. | <urn:uuid:65005f83-adae-4cae-a2f9-02b4580fd798> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nesplandscapes.edu.au/resources/videos/?sf_paged=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.927104 | 464 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Dearfield, Colorado is Subject of PBS Documentary Airing Thursday
O.T. Jackson, one of Colorado's most important African Americans, is the focus of a Rocky Mountain PBS documentary that will premiere on Thursday (January 23).
Airing at 8 p.m. MST, Remnants of a Dream: The Story of Dearfield, Colorado follows Jackson's efforts to create an African-American community in the Centennial State.
These efforts, which began in 1910, led to the development of Dearfield, Colorado in 1917.
It was one of the most successful African-American towns in the country at the time, and it is still the only town in Colorado to have been incorporated by a black community.
The settlement was largely used for farming, becoming a part of the global economy in WWI because of its crop exports.
By 1921, the town had expanded to 20,000 total farm acres, and had churches and a gas station. It is currently a ghost town, located 30 miles east of Greeley in Weld County.
According to a press release from the film's creator, Charles Nuckolls, remnants of the settlement from that time period are "under threat of demolition by housing developers."
Preservationists, archaeologists, and advocates are hoping to convince developers to preserve the ruins.
Aside from establishing Dearfield, Jackson was also a known Colorado pioneer.
Serving as a caterer, restaurateur, and farmer in the state for over 40 years, he worked to pave the way for African-American rights in Colorado, even creating voter registration drives for the community.
This two-hour documentary is a piece of Colorado history you don't want to miss. | <urn:uuid:ccf8b6f7-4af3-4610-bbcc-3e7b870bb9e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://95rockfm.com/dearfield-colorado-is-subject-of-pbs-documentary-airing-thursday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.973104 | 347 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Chicano Poetics: Heterotexts and Hybridities
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
BeschreibungChicano Poetics: Heterotexts and Hybridities examines the crossing of literary and social forces that forms the context for being Chicano. Heterotextual poetics reveals how a poetry of the cross can influence identity, in readings ranging from the poetry of gender and race by Sor Juana Iné s de la Cruz to that of the fragmentary, postmodern subject of Juan Felipe Herrara. Heterotextuality is the medium in which xicanismo is articulated and comes to be a hybrid subject of textual difference.
InhaltsverzeichnisIntroduction; Canto Primero; Mestizaje/Difrasismo; Part I. Sex and Color: Respuesta a Frida; Heterotextual Reproduction; Tricks of Gender Xing; Part II. Nation and States: Net Laguna; An Other Tongue; Beasts and Jagged Strokes of Color; Part III. Space and Time: Small Sea of Europe; Blood Points; Late Epic, Post Postmodern.
Pressestimmen"...heavy emphasis on literary criticism makes this book most appropriate (and recommended) for graduates and above." R. Ocasio, Choice "In Chicano Poetics Alfred Arteaga combines his poetic and scholarly talents to understand better the personal and social aspects of Chicana/o identity formation." "The dynamic subject formation Arteaga highlights here contributes to the ongoing critical dialogue about Chicana/o identity, while his notion of heterotextual crossings contributes a new dimension to the conversation." Ralph E. Rodriguez, American Literature "Arteaga's Chicano Poetics, itself, an excellent example of the post postmodern, is...worthy of the effort..." Lis Leal, Revista de Estudios Hispanicos "Alfredo Arteaga's Chicano Poetics: Heterotexts and Hybridities presents an interesting development of social construction theory...Arteaga's mastery of poetic language and a diversity of Mexican and Chicano texts from various periods makes Chicano Poetics invigorating and challenging reading." Adriana Estill, Latin American Research Review "Thoughtful, incisive, self-reflective... Arteaga's work makes clear how the qualities that the term 'Chicano' as subjectivity evokes are inflected by the corporeal presence of the Chicano body..." Rafael Perez-Torres, Contemporary Literature
Untertitel: 'Cambridge Studies in American'. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PR
Erscheinungsdatum: August 2004
Seitenanzahl: 208 Seiten | <urn:uuid:281af6f7-4993-4d6a-9801-d808cd10fc2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://m.hugendubel.de/de/taschenbuch/alfred_arteaga_arteaga_alfred-chicano_poetics_heterotexts_and_hybridities-4033781-produkt-details.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00182-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.707045 | 582 | 2.5625 | 3 |
‘Can Solar Energy Help Me Live Better, and Combat the Continuous Increase in Utility Costs?’
This is a question that lives in my thoughts as I strive to be a better steward within my home, and within (and for) our natural environment.
At times this is very frustrating for me, as I would like a simple solution!
Reality for me, however, says that this is going to be an ongoing conversation with myself. With that in mind I’d like to share some great resources to explore when considering solar installation on an existing home.
Here are some resources to get you started on understanding assessments, solar energy, and financial incentives that may be available to you, as well as options for addressing long-term utility costs, plus ideas to help you move step closer to living more gently with our environmental.
Interested in learning how I’m adapting my energy consumption to lower my costs and leave a smaller footprint on the environment?
Let’s have a conversation about living in a HEALTHY HOME that
supports your comfort and HEALTHY LIFESTYLE! | <urn:uuid:4ddc3d37-cc56-45ce-bded-d4e6c6b061ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://lindasanford.com/blog/working-toward-a-healthier-home-consider-solar-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.954368 | 230 | 1.71875 | 2 |
“Appreciate yourself and open up to the source of your life.” -Grand Master Nan Lu
What does it mean to truly appreciate yourself and all that surrounds you? To be grateful for not only the “things” that make life easier and more palatable, but for the invisible messages that you absorb every moment? Are you aware of all this goodness in your life? Allowing ourselves space to grow, learn and be ourselves is the true message of appreciation.
When you look at a Spring or Summer garden, what do you see? Do you only see flowers or do you notice the birds, the honeybees and the pattern of the sunlight on the nearby grass? As you observe, do you see how Nature’s breath moves the petals and allows the spirit of the flowers to shine?
When you are moved to tears by a beautiful experience, what do you feel? Are you humbled or motivated to do more, to be better? Do you truly absorb every aspect of the experience and allow it to infuse your inner being?
When you look up at a dark, night sky filled with twinkling stars, what fills you? Do you feel instantly calm? Are you aware of your breath, your slowly sinking shoulders, your closing eyes? Nature has this amazing calming effect on us, if only we maintain the connection.
Appreciate these beautiful, everyday moments in your life. See the beauty in the garden. Feel the joy and grace in a humbling experience. Allow the calm to wash over you. These moments are reflections of ourselves. Seeing beauty around us allows us to find and appreciate the goodness we hold within. | <urn:uuid:d3931c7d-d663-45d4-8e05-6ca0a2b06366> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tcmworld.org/learning-to-appreciate-yourself/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.911155 | 340 | 1.78125 | 2 |
In Augustine, writer-director Alice Winocour takes us to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in 19th-century France, where Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot used hypnosis to induce and study attacks of hysteria in his female patients. Winocour's take on this true story carries the superficial trappings of a period drama (the costumes, the dimly lit aristocratic mansions), but its perspective is entirely contemporary, offering a damning criticism of the abusive treatment that occurred in the hospital and, in the relationship between Charcot (Vincent Lindon) and his star patient, Augustine (Soko), a nuanced portrayal of power relations.
From the opening scene, Winocour sets a tense, physical tone. Augustine, at this point a kitchen maid for an aristocratic family, begins to feel ill while serving dinner. Her hands start to shake, and as we expect her to drop a plate or spill the wine, she collapses into a brutal seizure, taking the entire tablecloth down with her. Using quick close-ups and precise editing, Winocour viscerally captures the anguished moment, and the attacks become no easier to watch later when, in the hospital, Charcot begins triggering them repeatedly for the sake of science in front of a crowd of his peers. Rather, as the seizures become part of Charcot's spectacles, complete sometimes with standing ovations, the pain only receives an added dimension of exploitation. Throughout Augustine, Winocour powerfully portrays the sexual politics of the time as a torment of the body as much as of the mind. Charcot sees altruism in his work and at one point explains to a dinner guest that in the 17th century women were burned at the stake for displaying symptoms that he now treats medically. But shortly after, Winocour cuts to Charcot's wife removing her corset, and a shot of her burning red torso exhaling with relief is all that's needed to remind us that the history of feminism is filled with men who patted themselves on the back for behaving better than their grandfathers while ignoring the abuses that existed in their own time.
That's not to say that Winocour vilifies Charcot completely. She also presents him as a man who privately questions his treatment of Augustine. The heart of the film explores how their doctor-patient relationship turns into an increasingly perilous conflict of equals. For Charcot, Augustine represents a potential breakthrough case that could earn him funding and acknowledgement from the official medical academy. But increasingly she also becomes a source of paternal feeling and sexual attraction. Lindon's performance finely traces Charcot's path from authoritative doctor to emotional wreck, though Soko outshines him as she portrays Augustine's transformation from submissive patient to a confident actor in Charcot's experiments, one able to fake, and thus derail, a performance at her will.
Their contrasting trajectories, and particularly Augustine's rise, run the risk of transposing a contemporary feminist vision onto a 19th-century setting, but Winocour never entirely loses sight of the historical period she's portraying. Even as Augustine realizes Charcot's self-serving motivations and discovers her power over him, a slight frailty and fear always remains. Because while she can justifiably claim a moral high ground in her power struggle with Charcot and, with time, does attempt to grab control of her own future, it's also clear that Augustine's the one who will continue to face true peril regardless, while the only consequences Charcot has to fear are self-pity and professional humiliation. | <urn:uuid:5b8bdfc2-19a3-4cc7-b9fe-00b636b9c3a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/augustine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961682 | 726 | 1.5 | 2 |
Genome sequencing projects have ciphered millions of protein sequence, which require knowledge of their structure and function to improve the understanding of their biological role. Although experimental methods can provide detailed information for a small fraction of these proteins, computational modeling is needed for the majority of protein molecules which are experimentally uncharacterized. The I-TASSER server is an on-line workbench for high-resolution modeling of protein structure and function. Given a protein sequence, a typical output from the I-TASSER server includes secondary structure prediction, predicted solvent accessibility of each residue, homologous template proteins detected by threading and structure alignments, up to five full-length tertiary structural models, and structure-based functional annotations for enzyme classification, Gene Ontology terms and protein-ligand binding sites. All the predictions are tagged with a confidence score which tells how accurate the predictions are without knowing the experimental data. To facilitate the special requests of end users, the server provides channels to accept user-specified inter-residue distance and contact maps to interactively change the I-TASSER modeling; it also allows users to specify any proteins as template, or to exclude any template proteins during the structure assembly simulations. The structural information could be collected by the users based on experimental evidences or biological insights with the purpose of improving the quality of I-TASSER predictions. The server was evaluated as the best programs for protein structure and function predictions in the recent community-wide CASP experiments. There are currently >20,000 registered scientists from over 100 countries who are using the on-line I-TASSER server.
21 Related JoVE Articles!
Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System
Institutions: University of Georgia, University of Georgia.
Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in an oxygenated rolling bottle culture system. Mouse embryos at E10.5 were carefully isolated from the uterus with intact yolk sac and in a process involving precise surgical maneuver the embryos were gently exteriorized from the yolk sac while maintaining the vascular continuity of the embryo with the yolk sac. Compared to embryos prepared with intact yolk sac or with the yolk sac removed, these embryos exhibited superior survival rate and developmental progression when cultured under similar conditions. We show that these mouse embryos, when cultured in a defined medium in an atmosphere of 95% O2
/ 5% CO2
in a rolling bottle culture apparatus at 37 °C for 16-40 hr, exhibit morphological growth and development comparable to the embryos developing in utero
. We believe this method will be useful for investigators needing to utilize whole embryo culture to study signaling interactions important in embryonic organogenesis.
Developmental Biology, Issue 85, mouse embryo, mid-gestation, serum-free, defined media, roller culture, organogenesis, development
Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
Institutions: Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8
; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10
. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers & also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e.
enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 & CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 & CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) & Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE & dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14
Stem Cell Biology, Issue 69, Medicine, Developmental Biology, Cellular Biology, Bioengineering, Dental pulp tissue, Human third molar, Human dental pulp stem cells, hDPSC, Odontoblasts, Outgrown stem cells, MSC, differentiation
Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Institutions: Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University.
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro
, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro
differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.
Neuroscience, Issue 87, Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), Pluripotent Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), Neural Crest, Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), pluripotent stem cells, neural crest cells, in vitro differentiation, disease modeling, differentiation protocol, human embryonic stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells
Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different lineages. A single cell transcriptome assay can be a new approach for dissecting individual variation. We have developed the single cell qRT-PCR method, and confirmed that this method works well in several gene expression profiles. In single cell level, each human embryonic stem cell, sorted by OCT4::EGFP positive cells, has high expression in OCT4
, but a different level of NANOG
expression. Our single cell gene expression assay should be useful to interrogate population heterogeneities.
Molecular Biology, Issue 87, Single cell, heterogeneity, Amplification, qRT-PCR, Reverse transcriptase, human Embryonic Stem cell, FACS
Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics
Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as knockout mutants, wild accessions and advanced breeding populations, there is a rising burden for gene functional annotation. In this protocol, annotation of plant gene function using combined co-expression gene analysis, metabolomics and informatics is provided (Figure 1
). This approach is based on the theory of using target genes of known function to allow the identification of non-annotated genes likely to be involved in a certain metabolic process, with the identification of target compounds via metabolomics. Strategies are put forward for applying this information on populations generated by both forward and reverse genetics approaches in spite of none of these are effortless. By corollary this approach can also be used as an approach to characterise unknown peaks representing new or specific secondary metabolites in the limited tissues, plant species or stress treatment, which is currently the important trial to understanding plant metabolism.
Plant Biology, Issue 64, Genetics, Bioinformatics, Metabolomics, Plant metabolism, Transcriptome analysis, Functional annotation, Computational biology, Plant biology, Theoretical biology, Spectroscopy and structural analysis
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors
Institutions: School of Medicine, University of California, Davis.
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (>80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV
1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.
Neurobiology, Issue 39, pluripotent stem cell, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, differentiation, myelin, neuroscience, brain
Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment
Institutions: Philipps-Universität Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg.
During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster,
male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin—the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster
offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo
in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.
Developmental Biology, Issue 91,
Ex vivo culture, testis, male germ-line cells, Drosophila, imaging, pharmacological assay
Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons
Institutions: Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz.
Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and enable new strategies for in vitro
modeling or repairing the diseased brain. Identifying brain-resident non-neuronal cell types amenable to direct conversion into iNs might allow for launching such an approach in situ
within the damaged brain tissue. Here we describe a protocol developed in the attempt of identifying cells derived from the adult human brain that fulfill this premise. This protocol involves: (1) the culturing of human cells from the cerebral cortex obtained from adult human brain biopsies; (2) the in vitro
expansion (approximately requiring 2-4 weeks) and characterization of the culture by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; (3) the enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using anti-PDGF receptor-β and anti-CD146 antibodies; (4) the retrovirus-mediated transduction with the neurogenic transcription factors sox2 and ascl1; (5) and finally the characterization of the resultant pericyte-derived induced neurons (PdiNs) by immunocytochemistry (14 days to 8 weeks following retroviral transduction). At this stage, iNs can be probed for their electrical properties by patch-clamp recording. This protocol provides a highly reproducible procedure for the in vitro
lineage conversion of brain-resident pericytes into functional human iNs.
Neuroscience, Issue 87, Pericytes, lineage-reprogramming, induced neurons, cerebral cortex
Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
Institutions: The University of Chicago Medical Center, The University of Chicago Medical Center.
Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro
using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro
preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers.
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo
counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure
neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic
SD immune signaling.
Neuroscience, Issue 52, innate immunity, hormesis, microglia, T-cells, hippocampus, slice culture, gene expression, laser dissection microscopy, real-time qPCR, interferon-gamma
Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport
Institutions: VECT-HORUS SAS, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259.
The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro
model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm·cm2
on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 ± 0.11 x 10-3
cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro
BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.
Medicine, Issue 88, rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC), mouse, spinal cord, tight junction (TJ), receptor-mediated transport (RMT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDLR, transferrin, TfR, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER),
A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions
Institutions: National Research Council, National Research Council, University of Manchester.
Current neurophysiological research has the aim to develop methodologies to investigate the signal route from neuron to neuron, namely in the transitions from spikes to Local Field Potentials (LFPs) and from LFPs to spikes.
LFPs have a complex dependence on spike activity and their relation is still poorly understood1
. The elucidation of these signal relations would be helpful both for clinical diagnostics (e.g.
stimulation paradigms for Deep Brain Stimulation) and for a deeper comprehension of neural coding strategies in normal and pathological conditions (e.g.
epilepsy, Parkinson disease, chronic pain). To this aim, one has to solve technical issues related to stimulation devices, stimulation paradigms and computational analyses. Therefore, a custom-made stimulation device was developed in order to deliver stimuli well regulated in space and time that does not incur in mechanical resonance. Subsequently, as an exemplification, a set of reliable LFP-spike relationships was extracted.
The performance of the device was investigated by extracellular recordings, jointly spikes and LFP responses to the applied stimuli, from the rat Primary Somatosensory cortex. Then, by means of a multi-objective optimization strategy, a predictive model for spike occurrence based on LFPs was estimated.
The application of this paradigm shows that the device is adequately suited to deliver high frequency tactile stimulation, outperforming common piezoelectric actuators. As a proof of the efficacy of the device, the following results were presented: 1) the timing and reliability of LFP responses well match the spike responses, 2) LFPs are sensitive to the stimulation history and capture not only the average response but also the trial-to-trial fluctuations in the spike activity and, finally, 3) by using the LFP signal it is possible to estimate a range of predictive models that capture different aspects of the spike activity.
Neuroscience, Issue 85, LFP, spike, tactile stimulus, Multiobjective function, Neuron, somatosensory cortex
Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates
Institutions: Cytori Therapeutics Inc, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.
Cellular Biology, Issue 79, Adipose Tissue, Stem Cells, Humans, Cell Biology, biology (general), enzymatic digestion, collagenase, cell isolation, Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF), Adipose-derived Stem Cells, ASCs, lipoaspirate, liposuction
High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
Institutions: Medical College of Wisconsin, Stanford University School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Hong Kong University, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin.
There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle “in a dish” for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.
Cellular Biology, Issue 91, human induced pluripotent stem cell, flow cytometry, directed differentiation, cardiomyocyte, IRX4, TNNI3, TNNT2, MCL2v, MLC2a
Characterization of Complex Systems Using the Design of Experiments Approach: Transient Protein Expression in Tobacco as a Case Study
Institutions: RWTH Aachen University, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft.
Plants provide multiple benefits for the production of biopharmaceuticals including low costs, scalability, and safety. Transient expression offers the additional advantage of short development and production times, but expression levels can vary significantly between batches thus giving rise to regulatory concerns in the context of good manufacturing practice. We used a design of experiments (DoE) approach to determine the impact of major factors such as regulatory elements in the expression construct, plant growth and development parameters, and the incubation conditions during expression, on the variability of expression between batches. We tested plants expressing a model anti-HIV monoclonal antibody (2G12) and a fluorescent marker protein (DsRed). We discuss the rationale for selecting certain properties of the model and identify its potential limitations. The general approach can easily be transferred to other problems because the principles of the model are broadly applicable: knowledge-based parameter selection, complexity reduction by splitting the initial problem into smaller modules, software-guided setup of optimal experiment combinations and step-wise design augmentation. Therefore, the methodology is not only useful for characterizing protein expression in plants but also for the investigation of other complex systems lacking a mechanistic description. The predictive equations describing the interconnectivity between parameters can be used to establish mechanistic models for other complex systems.
Bioengineering, Issue 83, design of experiments (DoE), transient protein expression, plant-derived biopharmaceuticals, promoter, 5'UTR, fluorescent reporter protein, model building, incubation conditions, monoclonal antibody
Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
Institutions: Princeton University.
The aim of de novo
protein design is to find the amino acid sequences that will fold into a desired 3-dimensional structure with improvements in specific properties, such as binding affinity, agonist or antagonist behavior, or stability, relative to the native sequence. Protein design lies at the center of current advances drug design and discovery. Not only does protein design provide predictions for potentially useful drug targets, but it also enhances our understanding of the protein folding process and protein-protein interactions. Experimental methods such as directed evolution have shown success in protein design. However, such methods are restricted by the limited sequence space that can be searched tractably. In contrast, computational design strategies allow for the screening of a much larger set of sequences covering a wide variety of properties and functionality. We have developed a range of computational de novo
protein design methods capable of tackling several important areas of protein design. These include the design of monomeric proteins for increased stability and complexes for increased binding affinity.
To disseminate these methods for broader use we present Protein WISDOM (http://www.proteinwisdom.org), a tool that provides automated methods for a variety of protein design problems. Structural templates are submitted to initialize the design process. The first stage of design is an optimization sequence selection stage that aims at improving stability through minimization of potential energy in the sequence space. Selected sequences are then run through a fold specificity stage and a binding affinity stage. A rank-ordered list of the sequences for each step of the process, along with relevant designed structures, provides the user with a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the design. Here we provide the details of each design method, as well as several notable experimental successes attained through the use of the methods.
Genetics, Issue 77, Molecular Biology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computational Biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Protein, Protein Binding, Computational Biology, Drug Design, optimization (mathematics), Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, De novo protein and peptide design, Drug design, In silico sequence selection, Optimization, Fold specificity, Binding affinity, sequencing
Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis
Institutions: The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient's hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro
. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro
and in vivo
Genetics, Issue 93, EML Cells, Self-renewal, Differentiation, Hematopoietic precursor cell, RNA-Sequencing, Data analysis
Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Nazarbayev University, University of California at Los Angeles, Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Queen's Medical Research Institute and University of Edinburgh, University of California at Los Angeles, University of Pittsburgh.
Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization of MSCs
have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.
Cellular Biology, Issue 90, Blood Vessel; Pericyte; Adventitial Cell; Myogenic Endothelial Cell; Multipotent Precursor
Interview: Glycolipid Antigen Presentation by CD1d and the Therapeutic Potential of NKT cell Activation
Institutions: La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology.
Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are critical determinants of the immune response to cancer, regulation of autioimmune disease, clearance of infectious agents, and the development of artheriosclerotic plaques. In this interview, Mitch Kronenberg discusses his laboratory's efforts to understand the mechanism through which NKT cells are activated by glycolipid antigens. Central to these studies is CD1d - the antigen presenting molecule that presents glycolipids to NKT cells. The advent of CD1d tetramer technology, a technique developed by the Kronenberg lab, is critical for the sorting and identification of subsets of specific glycolipid-reactive T cells. Mitch explains how glycolipid agonists are being used as therapeutic agents to activate NKT cells in cancer patients and how CD1d tetramers can be used to assess the state of the NKT cell population in vivo following glycolipid agonist therapy. Current status of ongoing clinical trials using these agonists are discussed as well as Mitch's prediction for areas in the field of immunology that will have emerging importance in the near future.
Immunology, Issue 10, Natural Killer T cells, NKT cells, CD1 Tetramers, antigen presentation, glycolipid antigens, CD1d, Mucosal Immunity, Translational Research
Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction
Institutions: AntiCancer, Inc..
There are many cell types in the hair follicle, including hair matrix cells which form the hair shaft and stem cells which can initiate the hair shaft during early anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle, as well as pluripotent stem cells that play a role in hair follicle growth but have the potential to differentiate to non-follicle cells such as neurons. These properties of the hair follicle are discussed. The various cell types of the hair follicle are potential targets for gene therapy. Gene delivery system for the hair follicle using viral vectors or liposomes for gene targeting to the various cell types in the hair follicle and the results obtained are also discussed.
Cellular Biology, Issue 13, Springer Protocols, hair follicles, liposomes, adenovirus, genes, stem cells
Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images
Institutions: Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth University Reanimation Engineering Science (VCURES) Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth University.
In this paper we present an automated system based mainly on the computed tomography (CT) images consisting of two main components: the midline shift estimation and intracranial pressure (ICP) pre-screening system. To estimate the midline shift, first an estimation of the ideal midline is performed based on the symmetry of the skull and anatomical features in the brain CT scan. Then, segmentation of the ventricles from the CT scan is performed and used as a guide for the identification of the actual midline through shape matching. These processes mimic the measuring process by physicians and have shown promising results in the evaluation. In the second component, more features are extracted related to ICP, such as the texture information, blood amount from CT scans and other recorded features, such as age, injury severity score to estimate the ICP are also incorporated. Machine learning techniques including feature selection and classification, such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), are employed to build the prediction model using RapidMiner. The evaluation of the prediction shows potential usefulness of the model. The estimated ideal midline shift and predicted ICP levels may be used as a fast pre-screening step for physicians to make decisions, so as to recommend for or against invasive ICP monitoring.
Medicine, Issue 74, Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology, Neurobiology, Biophysics, Physiology, Anatomy, Brain CT Image Processing, CT, Midline Shift, Intracranial Pressure Pre-screening, Gaussian Mixture Model, Shape Matching, Machine Learning, traumatic brain injury, TBI, imaging, clinical techniques
Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells
Institutions: MGH - Massachusetts General Hospital.
Cellular Biology, Issue 1, ES, embryonic stem cells, tissue culture | <urn:uuid:76053d8d-481f-48f6-8c18-40b56f5a795e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jove.com/visualize/abstract/24705458/label-free-morphology-based-prediction-multiple-differentiation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898961 | 8,594 | 1.960938 | 2 |
- Object: 667 x 70 mm
- Purchased 1982
T03356 TONDO: WE MUST ALWAYS TURN SOUTH 1981
Sant Ambrogia di Verona marble, circular, 26 7/8 × 26 1/4 × 2 7/8 (66.5 × 66.5 × 7) with brass fittings
Purchased from the artist through the Whitechapel Art Gallery (Grant-in-Aid) 1982
Exh: Stephen Cox, Studio Artre, Milan, October 1981 (no catalogue); British Sculpture in the Twentieth Century, Part 2: Symbol and Imagination 1951–1980, Whitechapel Art Gallery, November 1981–January 1982 (146 as one of ‘Three Tondos’)
This is the first of a series of carvings which Cox intends to make out of all the different types of stone described by Vasari in the technical introduction to his Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters and Sculptors. It was made from ‘Verona Red’ marble and was carved in the workshops of the brothers Bazzica in San Ambrogio di Valpolicella near Verona.
One of the stones described by Vasari is called breccia and is composed of numerous fragments of stone, usually marble, embedded in calcareous cement. It can be of various different colours and takes a beautiful polish; it was widely used in the Italian Renaissance for the framing of doorways and for chimney pieces. After specially praising the ‘oriental’ varieties from Greece and Egypt, Vasari added: ‘Of this stone, the kind which is found in the hills of Verona is very much softer than the oriental; and in that place is quarried a sort which is reddish, and inclines towards a vetch colour’.
Cox had taken with him on his ‘Grand Tour’ of Italy Adrian Stokes's collected works and was particularly interested in his The Quattro Cento. In the introduction to the section on ‘Florence and Verona’ in this book Stokes describes in detail the composition and characteristics of this stone and adds: ‘Verona marble is the stone preferred by me for Quattro Cento effect of stoneblossom. Nature of the stone dictates that any conception of emergent and pictorial effect will be treated large, fruitfully.’ The book ends: ‘I have written, not only for unfortunate Northerners who love the South, but also for those who love the North passionately, so that they might know the essence that is foreign and dangerous to their art. Or do we all need light in place of lightning... must we always turn South?’ Cox's title is an adaptation of this final phrase.
In his earlier work Cox had been concerned with reference to the perspective of the architecture in which the piece was installed, by incising lines in the surface of the work. On this occasion the ellipse can be read both ‘as receding plane and an emblematic shape.’ This shape is ‘both geometric and organic and the marble hard yet evoking the sensuality of flesh.’ The lines radiating from the oval suggest ‘flames, hair or lion's mane.’ Stokes himself describes a similar shape: ‘A nimbus will be a disk, a solid wheel ... tendrils will twirl as thick as your thumb, not sharp but slabbed in relief. Given the Quattro Cento constriction to make manifest, effect will be truly sculptural.’
The Tate Gallery 1980-82: Illustrated Catalogue of Acquisitions, London 1984
- emotions, concepts and ideas(15,729)
- literature and fiction(3,157) | <urn:uuid:50240015-3a16-49c5-a7e7-53dfc84dbd66> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/cox-tondo-we-must-always-turn-south-t03356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00497-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94382 | 792 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Still struggling with verbs? You’re not alone. Even though they’re the co-anchor of pretty much every sentence you’ve ever used, it isn’t all that unusual for people to still be confused about them. In fact, if we only recorded statistics for them, I’ll bet most grammar software end up having to fix a whole slew of verb errors – they’re that common.
Here’s some quick advice for handling action words that end in “e”. Hopefully, they’ll help clear up some specific confusion for you.
1. Silent “e”
With a silent “e”, you can simply drop the last letter, adding an “-ing” for the present continuous and an “-ed” for the past tense.
Example: create – creating – created
2. One syllable verbs ending in “-ye”, “-oe” or “-nge”
With words that fall in one of these three situations, you typically add “-ing” after the “e” for the present continuous. For the past tense, you can drop the “e” and add in an “-ed” as with the silent “e”.
Example: binge – bingeing – binged
3. Base forms that end in “ie” or “ee”
For words in this base form, simply add a “d” to the end for the past tense and you’re done.
Example: disagree – disagreed | <urn:uuid:f6963489-b70b-463d-9a0f-633761c5daf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.writeenglish.org/improve-english-writing/modifying-verbs-ending-in-e/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00332-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914691 | 348 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The problem is to find out an expression for axial deformation 8, as a function of P, L, A, E
Normal stress = σ = p /A
Normal strain = e = δ /L
Hook’s Law : Hook’s law states that the stress is proportional to strain.
σ = E .e where E is a constant called modulus of elasticity.
(2.1) => P /A = E x δ / L
δ = PL / AE
Equation (2.2) is applied when P, A, E are constants throughout the bar. The weight
of the bar is neglected.
2.3.1 Varying P (Case-1)
When a bar is suspended freely and has got its weight itself, we can consider a case Of varying P, The total weight acts only in its C.G, but other than C.G it is different in every point. Let us take a differential length dy. For this differential length dy, we can assume that P, A, E does not vary. Therefore, we can apply the formula δ = PL / AE for the differential length dy of the bar.
Y=spec fic weight
Dδ = (Yy A) dy / AE
= YL2 / 2E
= WL / 2 AE
δ= WL / 2 AE
2.3.2 Varying A (Case-2)
BC = b2 – b1 / 2
ED = y – b1 / 2
AC = L
From similar triangles AED and ABC, we have
BC / ED = AC / AD
(b2 – b1)2 / 2 (y-b1) = L / x
y = (b2 – b1) / L x + b1
Applying the formula δ = PL / AE in the elemental area, we have
Dδ = p dx / (yt) E
2.3.3 Varying P and A (Case-3)
Volume of ABCD solid = 1/2 (x + b1) ty
Weight of the ABCD solid = 1/2 ( x + b1) yt x y
From similar triangles AEE’ and ADD’, x = b1 + (b2 –b1) /L .Y | <urn:uuid:ef94ce49-1d70-4124-9d04-cec78f4aec9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mechanical-engineering-assignment.com/axial-deformation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00169-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881151 | 504 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Our children are being underserved
It is true that children are our future, and unfortunately the children of our community are being underserved. Here are the facts.
Working parents are nothing new but the impact of lacking childcare has become more pronounced. For more than 60 percent of children under age five in Louisiana, both parents, or their single parent, work. A 2017 survey of working parents in Louisiana found that 16 percent of respondents indicated that they had quit a job due to child care issues. Two out of five working parents missed a day of work over the previous three months; one out of five went from full to part-time, and more than one out of 10 turned down a promotion because of child care issues.
I’m a proud father of five children and a business owner who has seen firsthand the stress that inadequate or irregular access to childcare can place on working families, businesses and the local economy. Our community must make it possible for all parents to provide sufficient early childhood care for their developing children.
This February 11-15 is Early Ed Week in Louisiana, a week-long series of events across the state highlighting the importance of improving access to affordable, high quality early care and education for all Louisiana’s parents. I’m joining with the Louisiana Policy Institute for Children, Louisiana Association of United Ways, and United Way of Northwest Louisiana to speak up in support of increased, stable funding and a reliable funding mechanism to help Louisiana’s working families afford early care and education for their children.
Currently, the cost of early care and education in Louisiana is on par with the cost of a college tuition. Many of our young working families simply cannot afford to pay these expenses out-of-pocket, any more than they can afford to stay at home. This dilemma means that many small children are left with grandparents or subpar daycare options that don’t adequately prepare kids to be successful when they get to kindergarten.
Louisiana’s economy needs Louisiana workers, and our working families need access to high quality early care and education. If we are to level the playing field with children so that any boy or girl, regardless of income, can have a chance at success, we have to look at creating the best possible environment for early childhood development for Louisiana’s young children.
Matt Snyder is the owner of PinPoint Local Marketing LLP and PinPoint Events LLC. | <urn:uuid:fa1c2d06-0708-4c52-98fe-939a3334b7ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/opinion/columnists/2019/02/09/our-children-being-underserved/2813038002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.965089 | 489 | 1.75 | 2 |
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Few and short were the prayers we said,
And we spoke not a word of sorrow;
We thought—as we hollow'd his narrow bed,
How the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his head, And we far away on the billow!
Lightly they'll talk of the spirit that's gone,
But nothing he'll reck, if they let him sleep on
But half of our heavy task was done,
When the clock toll'd the hour for retiring, And we heard by the distant and random gun, That the foe was suddenly firing.
Slowly and sadly we laid him down,
From the field of his fame fresh and gory! We carved not a line, we raised not a stone, But we left him-alone with his glory!
THE YEW-TREE SEAT.
Who he was
That piled these stones, and with the mossy sod
A favour'd being, knowing no desire
The stone-chat, or the glancing sand-piper:
Till his eye stream'd with tears. In this deep vale
If thou be one whose heart the holy forms
Of young imagination have kept pure,
Howe'er disguised in its own majesty,
Which he has never used—that thought, with him,
Is ever on himself, doth look on one,
Instructed that true knowledge leads to love,
THE EMOTIONS OF SUBLIMITY AND BEAUTY.
THE emotions of sublimity and beauty are uniformly ascribed, both in popular and in philosophical language, to the imagination. The nature of any person's taste, is, in common life, generally determined by the nature or character of his imagination; and the expression of any deficiency in this power of mind, is considered as synonymous with the expression of a similar deficiency in point of taste.
When any object, either of sublimity or beauty is presented to the mind, every man is conscious of a train of thought being immediately awakened in his imagination, analogous to the character or expression of the original object. The simple perception of the object, we frequently find, is insufficient to excite these emotions, unless it is accompanied with this operation of mind,—unless, according to common expression, our imagination is seized, and our fancy busied in the pursuit of all those trains of thought which are allied to this character or expression.
Thus, when we feel either the beauty or sublimity of natural scenery-the gay lustre of a morning in spring, or the mild radiance of a summer evening-the savage majesty of a wintry storm, or the wild magnificence of a tempestuous ocean,—we are conscious of a variety of images in our minds, very different from those which the objects themselves can present to the eye. Trains of pleasing or of solemn thought arise spontaneously within our minds; our hearts swell with emotions, of which the objects before us seem to afford no adequate cause; and we are never so much satiated with delight, as when, in recalling our attention, we are unable to trace either the progress or the connexion of those thoughts, which have passed with so much rapidity through our imagination.
The effects of the different arts of taste is similar. The landscapes of Claude Lorraine, the music of Handel, the poetry of Milton, excite feeble emotions in our minds when our attention is confined to the qualities they present to our senses, or when it is to such qualities of their composition that we turn our regard. It is then only we feel the sublimity or beauty of their productions, when our imaginations are kindled by their power, when we lose ourselves amid the number of images that pass before our minds, and when we waken at last from this play of fancy, as from the charm of a romantic dream.
THE FIELD OF WATERLOO.
STOP!-for thy tread is on an empire's dust!
And is this all the world has gain'd by thee, Thou first and last of fields! king-making Victory?
There was a sound of revelry by night,
Soft eyes look'd love to eyes which spake again,
But hush! hark! a deep sound strikes like a rising knell!
Did ye not hear it?—No; 'twas but the wind,
On with the dance! let joy be unconfined;
No sleep till morn, when youth and pleasure meet To chase the glowing hours with flying feetBut hark!—that heavy sound breaks in once more, As if the clouds its echo would repeat; And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before! Arm! Arm! it is!-it is!-the cannon's opening roar!
Within a window'd niche of that high hall
Sate Brunswick's fated chieftain; he did hear
Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro, | <urn:uuid:09f0e442-d6cc-48bc-8baf-3dbb15a4fffa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.ro/books?id=ugQNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76&vq=%22Corruption+wins+not+more+than+honesty.+Still+in+thy+right+hand+carry+gentle+peace,+To+silence+envious+tongues.+Be+just,%22&dq=editions:ISBN0852442904&lr=&hl=ro&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954559 | 1,037 | 2.203125 | 2 |
|Numéro de publication||US5101445 A|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 07/324,490|
|Date de publication||31 mars 1992|
|Date de dépôt||16 mars 1989|
|Date de priorité||16 mars 1989|
|État de paiement des frais||Payé|
|Autre référence de publication||DE69027640D1, DE69027640T2, EP0419616A1, EP0419616B1, WO1990010915A1|
|Numéro de publication||07324490, 324490, US 5101445 A, US 5101445A, US-A-5101445, US5101445 A, US5101445A|
|Inventeurs||Roger W. Call, Benjamin V. Cox, Jr.|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||Unisys Corporation|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (3), Référencé par (9), Classifications (7), Événements juridiques (6)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for filtering digital data signals; and more particularly, it relates to methods and apparatus for filtering images of the type which are made up of an array of such signals.
In the prior art, visual images have been converted into an array of digital data signals called pixels. Also in the prior art, these arrays of pixels have been filtered in various ways in order to enhance the image. However, an image usually includes huge numbers of pixels, and conventional image filtering processes require scores of multiplications and additions to be performed for each pixel. Consequently, conventional image filtering processes require a great deal of processing time and are very complicated.
An attempt to filter images in a simpler and quicker fashion is disclosed in a U.S. patent application Ser. No. 157,199 by Chabries and Christiansen which is entitled "Method of Forming Visual Images in Radar by Utilizing Preconvolved Quantized Vectors" filed Feb. 17, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,60. In that application, a method of filtering images by convolution is described in which conventional fast Fourier transform operations and convolution operations are eliminated. Instead, those operations, which are very time consuming, are replaced by a repetitive sequence of shifting and adding; and that enables the Chabries-Christiansen filtering to be performed relatively quickly.
However, a major limitation of the Chabries-Christiansen method is that it is limited to the convolutional type of filtering. This is evident from the fact that the convolution operation is linear, and so the principle of superposition applies. Superposition is what is occurring in the repetitive shift and add sequence. Thus, the Chabries-Christiansen method simply will not work for filtering which is nonlinear. Such nonlinear filtering occurs in many ways such as, for example, whenever one of the operations that is to be performed on the pixels involves a squaring or a square root.
Also, another limitation of the Chabries-Christiansen filter is that its multiple shift and add operations require a certain amount of circuitry to be carried out, and that adds to the filter cost. Further, performing multiple shift and add operations inherently takes a certain amount of time, which limits the maximum speed of the filter.
Accordingly, a primary object of the invention is to provide another method and apparatus for filtering digital data which completely eliminates all of the above limitations.
In accordance with the present invention, an image of the type that is comprised of an array of pixels, is filtered by the steps of: (a) reading a respective group of pixels from the array for each individual pixel that is in the array, with each pixel group overlapping other pixel groups and consisting of pixels that are contiguous with the individual pixel; (b) quantizing each of the respective groups of pixels; (c) retrieving from a memory, a single pixel for each quantized group of pixels, with the single pixel being the result of a pre-performed transformation on the quantized group of pixels; and (d) concatenating the retrieved pixels to form the filtered image.
Various features and advantages of the invention are described herein in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates the steps by which an image is filtered in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates one specific example of the FIG. 1 filtering process in which edges in an image are enhanced;
FIG. 3 shows an actual image which was filtered by the FIG. 2 edge enhancement process;
FIG. 4 illustrates one general class of filtering that can be achieved with the FIG. 1 process;
FIG. 5 illustrates a second general class of filtering that can be achieved with the FIG. 1 process;
FIG. 6 illustrates a third general class of filtering that can be achieved with the FIG. 1 process;
FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic circuit which sequentially forms the groups of pixels that are operated on in the FIG. 1 process; and
FIG. 8 illustrates another circuit which sequentially forms the groups of pixels that are operated on in the FIG. 1 process.
Turning now to FIG. 1, it illustrates the steps by which an image is filtered in accordance with the present invention. In FIG. 1, the original unfiltered image is indicated by reference numeral 10. This image is comprised of a plurality of pixels which are arranged as an array of rows and columns. Each pixel in the image 10 is represented in FIG. 1 by one square of the array. This array can have any number of pixels per row and any number of pixels per column.
As one step of the FIG. 1 filtering process, respective groups of nine pixels are read from the image 10 for each particular pixel that is in that image. Each group of nine pixels includes the particular pixel itself plus the eight other pixels which surround it. For example, in FIG. 1, one particular pixel is labeled P1; and its corresponding group of pixels is labeled G1. All of the pixels of group Gl are indicated in FIG. 1 with dots. Similarly, another particular pixel in the image 10 is labeled P2; and its corresponding group of pixels is labeled G2. All of the pixels of group G2 are indicated with hatch lines.
From the above, it is evident that the respective pixel groups overlap each other. That is, each pixel is included in several different groups. In general, pixel group G1 consists of all of the pixels that need to be operated on in order to produce the filtered output of a single pixel at the position of pixel P1. Similarly, pixel group G2 consists of all of the pixels that need to produce the filtered output of a single pixel at the position of pixel P2. What those operations are, and when they occur, is explained in further detail in conjunction with FIGS. 2-6.
As another step in the FIG. 1 filtering process, each of the pixel groups G1, G2. etc. is quantized and encoded. This step is performed in FIG. 1 by a quantization encoder 20. During this step, each of the pixel groups G1, G2, etc., is compared to several "standard" pixel groups 21 in order to identify the one standard group of pixels which most closely matches the actual group of pixels. In FIG. 1, the identification of the standard group of pixels which most closely matches the actual pixel group G1 is indicated as I1; and the identification of the standard group of pixels which most closely matches the actual pixel group G2 is indicated as I2.
As a further step in the FIG. 1 filtering process, each of the pixel group identifiers from the quantization-encoder 20 is used to retrieve a single pixel from a memory 30. In FIG. 1, reference numerals 31a, 31b, . . . represent respective pixels in the memory 30. Pixel 31a in memory 30 is the result which is obtained by performing predetermined operations on one of the standard groups of pixels; pixel 31b in memory 30 is the result which is obtained by performing the same operations on another standard group of pixels; etc.
To complete the FIG. 1 filtering process, all of the pixels that are retrieved from memory 30 by the pixel group identifiers I1, I2, . . . , are simply concatenated together in the same order as the pixels in the original image 10. In FIG. 1, these concatenated pixels form an array of pixels 40 which is the filtered image. Pixel 40-1 was retrieved from memory 30 by the identifier I1; pixel 40-2 was retrieved from memory 30 by the identifier I2; etc.
By utilizing the above-described process, the original image 10 can be filtered in many different ways. And, for each different type of image filtering, all that changes are the pixel values that are stored in the memory 30. For example, FIG. 2 shows how the FIG. 1 filtering process can be used to enhance edges in the image 10. In FIG. 2, symbol Prc represents one particular pixel P at a row r and a column c in image 10, and symbols Po through P8 represent the pixels in the corresponding pixel group Grc. Pixels Po -P8 respectively are at the row-column pairs of (r-1,c-1), (r-1,c), (r-1,c+1), (r,c-1), (r,c), (r,c+1), (r+1,c-1), (r+1,c), and (r+1,c+1).
All of the pixels in group Grc need to be operated on in order to edge enhance the single pixel Prc, and equations 51, 52 and 53 in FIG. 2 state how these operations should occur. But, since the pixel group Grc in the image 10 is quantized by the FIG. 1 process before the operations of equations 51-53 occur, these operations can be performed "off line" on the standard pixel groups, rather than on the pixel group from the original image 10.
Thus, the FIG. 1 filtering process can be performed very quickly since it completely eliminates any of the operations of equations 51-53 on pixel groups from the image 10 itself. Instead, the standard pixel groups are pre-processed and the resulting filtered pixels are stored in memory 30. Thereafter, the filtered pixels that are read from memory 30 by the identifiers I1, I2, etc. are simply concatenated together.
An example of how the filtering process of FIGS. 1 and 2 affects an image is illustrated in FIG. 3. There, reference numeral 54 indicates an image of a plane, which corresponds to the image 10 of FIG. 1. After the image 54 has been filtered by the steps of FIGS. 1 and 2, the result is an edge enhanced image as indicated by reference numeral 55.
This particular filtering process of FIG. 2 is only one example of a more generalized filtering process which is shown in FIG. 4. There, reference numeral 60 indicates a 3×3 matrix of constants; reference numeral 61 indicates another 3×3 matrix of constants; and reference numerals 62-64 indicate a set of equations which state how the matrices 60 and 61 should operate on each standard pixel group in order to obtain the pre-filtered pixels in memory 30. This filtering becomes identical to the FIG. 2 filtering when the entries in the matrices 60 and 61 and the parameters of the equations 62-64 are set as indicated by the FIG. 4 example #1.
On the other hand, when the entries in the matrices 60 and 61 and the parameters of equations 62-64 are set as indicated by the FIG. 4 example #2, then the FIG. 1 process differentiates the image 10. Such differential filtering has the effect of highlighting any parts of the image which change quickly from light to dark, or vice versa.
Further, when the entries in the matrices 60 and 61 and the parameters of equations 62-64 are set as shown in the FIG. 4 example #3, then the FIG. 1 process filters the image 10 such that speckles or bright spots are removed from it. Such speckles can be introduced into the image by noise when the image is transmitted, for example.
Another version of the FIG. 1 filtering process is shown in FIG. 5. There, the pixels of each standard pixel group are pre-transformed as indicated by one matrix 70 and one equation 71. This transformation has the effect of passing the image 10 through a convolution filter. One example of a lowpass convolution filter, which will smooth or soften the image, and is achieved by setting the entries in the matrix 70 and the parameters of equation 71 as indicated by the FIG. 5 example #1. Conversely, highpass convolution filtering is achieved by setting the entries in the matrix 70 and the parameters of equation 71 as indicated in the FIG. 5 example #2.
Still another version to the FIG. 1 filtering process is shown in FIG. 6. There, the standard pixel groups are pre-transformed via two matrices 80 and 81 and four equations 82-85. This results in the image 10 being passed through a homomorphic filter. One particular way in which the entries in the matrices 80 and 81 and the parameters of the equations 82-85 can be set is indicated by the FIG. 6 example #1; and the effect of that filtering on the image 10 is that it accentuates features of the image which lie in shadows.
Next, turning to FIG. 7, it shows an electronic circuit which operates to carry out the FIG. 1 process. This circuit has an input terminal 90 which receives a signal i(t) that represents the image in an analog form, just like the signal which is sent to the screen of a TV set. Signal i(t) varies with time such that its magnitude is proportional to one row of the image as it appears on the TV screen from left to right; then its magnitude is proportional to the next row of the image as it appears on the TV screen from left to right; etc. This analog signal is converted to a sequence of digital pixels by a sample-and-hold circuit 91, and the resulting pixels are sequentially sent to a shifter circuit 92.
Circuit 92 contains four serial-parallel shift registers 92a, 92b, 92c, and 92d. Register 92a has a serial input on its right which receives pixels from the sample-and-hold circuit 91. Those pixels are serially shifted to the left; and when register 92a holds a complete row of pixels, that row is transferred in parallel to register 92b. At the same time, the contents of register 92b are transferred in parallel to register 92c, and the contents of register 92c are transferred in parallel to register 92d.
Registers 92a-92d also shift serially from right to left in synchronization with register 92a. Further, registers 92b and 92c shift in a circular fashion such that the pixels in their leftmost stage are returned to the rightmost stage with each shift. As a result, the nine pixels of each pixel group Grc in the image 10 are sequentially transferred to the three leftmost stages of registers 92b, 92c, and 92d. From those stages, the pixel groups Grc are sequentially sent to the quantization-encoder 20 via a set of conductors 92e. Output signals I1, I2, etc. from the quantization-encoder 20 are then used to address the memory 30 as previously described.
Another alternative embodiment to the shifter circuit 92, which uses less hardware, is shown in FIG. 8. This embodiment consists of just a single serial shift register 100 which has only (N/2+3) stage, where N is the number of stages in shift register 92. Also, each stage of register 100 is simpler than a stage of register 100 since register 100 only shifts in a serial fashion. Output lines 100a from register 100 come from its first three stages, its last three stages, and its middle three stages. By so arranging the output lines, all of the pixels of the pixel groups Grc sequentially appear on them, just as the pixel groups did in the FIG. 7 embodiment.
Several preferred image filtering processes, as well as circuitry for carrying out those processes, have now been described in detail. In addition, however, many changes and modifications can be made to these details without departing from the nature and spirit of the invention.
For example, the size of the pixel groups Grc can be changed. And, in general, the fidelity of the FIG. 1 filtering will increase as the size of the pixel groups increases. Preferably, each of the pixel groups Grc is an mxn matrix where m and n are respective integers between two and twenty. Also, as the size of the pixel groups Grc is changed, the other matrices H and G of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 must change in the same fashion.
As another modification, the FIG. 1 process can be used to filter arrays of data other than pixels. For example, each square in the array of FIG. 1 from which the groups Grc are formed can be a data point which gives a seismic echo at that location; or it can be a data point which gives an X-ray transmission at that location. In such a case, all of the steps of FIG. 1 and FIGS. 4-6 remain the same.
As still another modification, the FIG. 1 process can be employed on arrays of data which are other than two-dimensional. For example, a third dimension can be added to the array of FIG. 1 from which the groups Grc are formed, with the third dimension being the color of each pixel. Alternatively, the array of FIG. 1 from which the groups Grc are formed can have just one dimension. This would occur, for example, if the data points in the array were periodic samples of a single time varying voltage signal, such as a radio signal or a speech signal.
As still a further modification, the FIG. 1 process can be carried out with many previously disclosed physical implementations of the individual components which that process uses. For example, one suitable implementation of the quantization-encoder 20 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,354 which is assigned to the present assignee. Similarly, the memory 30 can be any conventional read-write semiconductor memory.
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the above detailed examples but is defined by the appended claims.
|Brevet cité||Date de dépôt||Date de publication||Déposant||Titre|
|US4288779 *||5 juil. 1979||8 sept. 1981||Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology||Method and apparatus for character reading|
|US4703513 *||31 déc. 1985||27 oct. 1987||The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration||Neighborhood comparison operator|
|US4720871 *||13 juin 1986||19 janv. 1988||Hughes Aircraft Company||Digital image convolution processor method and apparatus|
|Brevet citant||Date de dépôt||Date de publication||Déposant||Titre|
|US5206916 *||22 nov. 1991||27 avr. 1993||Hughes Aircraft Company||Modular cellular automation for line association and identification|
|US5220616 *||27 févr. 1992||15 juin 1993||Northern Telecom Limited||Image processing|
|US5438636 *||17 août 1993||1 août 1995||United Parcel Service Of America, Inc.||Apparatus for simultaneously convolving multiple digital binary images using a single convolver with a binary mask to determine pixel densities|
|US5671296 *||12 déc. 1996||23 sept. 1997||Unisys Corporation||Method of electronically processing a quantized image|
|US5710839 *||20 avr. 1994||20 janv. 1998||Eastman Kodak Company||Method and apparatus for obscuring features of an image|
|US5933540 *||11 mai 1995||3 août 1999||General Electric Company||Filter system and method for efficiently suppressing noise and improving edge definition in a digitized image|
|US6330610 *||4 déc. 1997||11 déc. 2001||Eric E. Docter||Multi-stage data filtering system employing multiple filtering criteria|
|US6477281 *||3 juil. 1997||5 nov. 2002||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image processing system having multiple processors for performing parallel image data processing|
|WO1999045366A1||5 mars 1999||10 sept. 1999||Universal Healthwatch, Inc.||Optical imaging system for diagnostics|
|Classification aux États-Unis||382/263, 382/264|
|Classification internationale||G06T1/20, G06T5/20, H04N1/40|
|16 mars 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: UNISYS CORPORATION, A DE CORP., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CALL, ROGER W.;COX, BENJAMIN V. JR.;REEL/FRAME:005055/0128
Effective date: 19890303
|24 août 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|30 août 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|28 août 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|12 oct. 2009||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS, AS COLLATERA
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (PRIORITY LIEN);ASSIGNOR:UNISYS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023355/0001
Effective date: 20090731
|13 oct. 2009||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS, AS COLLATERA
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (JUNIOR LIEN);ASSIGNOR:UNISYS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023364/0098
Effective date: 20090731 | <urn:uuid:44494be2-8a00-407e-9fa5-bc342d49b9ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.fr/patents/US5101445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880622 | 4,852 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Or how to organize the implementation, the action and the understanding of how to make a circle garden…
by Krishna Mckenzie, Solitude Farm – Auroville
HOW TO MAKE IT?
- DIG A TRENCH
A single garden requires circular space of 3 metres diameter including pathways and trenches. Water is absolutely essential for this garden. Wastewater from the communities can be used for this purpose.
- COLLECT MULCH
Mulching around the plants and trenches along and with the circle will also reduce irrigation needs.
- FILL TRENCH WITH MULCH
Green, dry or wet is fine.
- ADD COMPOST AND LEVEL BED
- START PLANTING
For now plant only fruit tree, it is the heat season… What you can plant right now is the Ramphal (during may) in the middle of your circle garden. Around the circle, there is a banana, drumstick, papaya tree, turkey berry ans some spinaches and tapioca… As long as you water and mulch them.
- Pending July for planting the seeds…
WHAT IS A CIRCLE GARDEN?
A circle garden is based on the concept of Permaculture, integrating a variety of plants of different physiologies and time durations.
The circle garden has a central fruit tree such as Bullock’s heart, Custard Apple, Soursop, Citrus, Jackfruit etc., and other local plants such as Drumstick, Banana, Papaya, Chaya, Wild Chili, Curry leaf, Sweet leaf, Turkey Berry, Aloe Vera, Lemongrass, Sweet Potato, Tapioca, Spinaches, Gourds, Pumpkins, Ladies finger, Clitoria ternatea etc. growing around the fruit tree. All these plants grow easily, use less water, have high nutritional and medicinal values and taste great.
A circle garden is a great way to initiate a community garden project and pick up the skills and attitudes required to explore our relationship with where our food comes from.
This garden requires limited time and resources, can be managed easily by a single person and can be created right outside your house, in community spaces, along fences, around parking plots, in schools, around PTDC, Solar Kitchen, Auroville library, Visitor Center etc. The possibilities are limitless!
Many communities have already reached out and have started to create their gardens. The best time to start these gardens is NOW!
We are happy to provide plants, seeds, contacts for composts, biomass, ideas and energy to start in Auroville communities. We will also follow up on the progress of the gardens and offer continuing support. | <urn:uuid:d15b4f0f-838b-4792-86ed-f0508815553c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deepadaptation.auroville.org/circle-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.906165 | 563 | 3 | 3 |
LaunchAbility is a job-placement service for underserved and overlooked adults with cognitive disabilities. The non-profit organization places men and women with Autism, Down Syndrome, stroke, or significant learning disabilities who not only desire to join the workforce, but, with guidance and training, are more than able to do so. Training and placement services give careers, confidence, and independence to clients who would otherwise be solely dependent on their families or social services.
Placing adults with diverse abilities who want gainful employment is life altering not only for them, but also for the companies that hire them.
LaunchAbility’s literature states, “Our clients may have challenges in certain functions, but every one of them can do something well. Our job is to unearth that hidden—or not so hidden—ability and align it with an employer to create a perfect symbiotic work relationship. In the end, we are all about eliminating the dis from disability, disrespect and disadvantage.”
Services range from career development/coaching, resume/interview preparation, job identification, and on-the-job coaching for clients to disability etiquette training and consulting for employers.
“LaunchAbility creates life-changing opportunities for its clients to gain confidence and independence,” says Jeff Zlotky, a Dallas-based attorney who serves on its Community Advisory Board.
For more information on hiring, finding employment, or volunteering visit Launchability.org. | <urn:uuid:096f7775-a950-4741-a7d0-3f5efad35077> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://goodlifefamilymag.com/2016/03/10/launchability-focuses-on-ability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.945612 | 294 | 1.953125 | 2 |
We connect the community, our schools, and our service providers to create a cross-sector effort to support local families. Through a collaboration of resources, ideas, and data sharing with local partners, we can create a more complete educational pipeline that ensures students are supported from cradle to career.watch our video to learn more!
Zone 126 is committed to measuring our collective impact on the children and families in our community.
We work with a third-party evaluator to implement a robust, mixed-methods, longitudinal evaluation that is designed to measure impact on target child outcomes that include: Kindergarten readiness, academic achievement, positive youth development, social-emotional growth, and college and career readiness. Furthermore, our evaluation approach enables us to identify community needs, provide services to families, gauge partner program and school quality, and identify ways in which we could improve our ongoing work within the Zone.
Our Focus Areas
Thrive By Five
Pre-Natal to Pre-K
The Thrive by Five focus area concentrates on pre-natal, post-natal and school readiness.READ MORE
Kindergarten to 8th Grade
The Student’s Achieve focus area concentrates on students who are in Kindergarten through 8th grade to ensure that they meet 3rd grade ELA and math proficiency and 8th grade ELA and math, which are clear indicators of high school graduation rates. Services within the focus area include social and emotional wellness, literacy arts, elementary to middle school transition, middle school to high school transition, and more.READ MORE
Young Adults Succeed
9th to 12th Grade/College & Career
The Young Adults Succeed focus area concentrates on students in 9th through 12th grade along with post-secondary education. Services in this focus area include SAT Preparation, College & Career Readiness activities, and more.READ MORE
Family & Community Engagement
The Family & Community Engagement focus area concentrates on supporting the children/youth holistically by integrating supports for the whole family and community to ensure everyone succeeds.READ MORE
Meet our School Implementation Partners
Zone 126 teams up with local partners in order to connect our schools and community with the resources they need to thrive. Here are the organizations we work with to make this happen
PS 171Q- Peter G. Van Alst
Principal: Laura Kavourias
Address: Address: 14-14 29th Ave
Long Island City, NY 11102
IS 126Q- Albert Shanker
School for Visual & Performing Arts
Principal: Alexander Angeuira
Address: Address: 31-51 21st St
Long Island City, NY 11106
Long Island City High School
Principal: Vivian P. Selenikas
Address: Address: 14-30 Broadway
Long Island City, NY 11106
Impact in the Zone
When we take collective responsibility for our students and families, we give them the chance to thrive. See our progress, read our success stories, and learn how you can get involved.See The Numbers
See what we can do together.
Zone 126 is able to do what we do through the generosity of our community and supporters. When Zone 126 is thriving, so are our students. And when our students thrive, so do our families, our businesses, and our communities. We’re all in this together. | <urn:uuid:7092ee53-7edc-4fe4-a22d-684f8cd1ecaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://zone126.org/our-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.914768 | 710 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Felled trees can now replace concrete and steel in high-rise buildings, saving their weight in carbon emissions. Engineers and environmentalists are both rightfully excited by the new innovation in building high-rises. Unfortunately, a recent competition south of the border shows that governments are as likely to offer red tape as they are to roll out the red carpet.
In 2015, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) awarded a combined $3 million to two winners in its Tall Wood Building Prize Competition. The goal was to get the winners past the design stage – and municipal building codes – to build America’s first “plyscrapers,” which are high-rise buildings made of cross-laminated timber. Also known as mass timber, these modular sheets are glued or pinned together in layers. They’re stronger than concrete and resist earthquakes and even fire, charring instead of burning like typical lumber.
The USDA saw potential not just for the sale of American softwood lumber but for the environment. The agency estimates every four storeys of a mass timber building saves the same amount of carbon emissions as 500 cars create a year.
Typically, tall buildings are made of concrete, a material that requires almost its weight in carbon emissions to produce. By contrast, trees take in carbon to grow. A plyscraper will store the carbon as long as it stands, and after demolition the wood can be recycled and burned for fuel. Thus, the building will act as massive carbon sinks for as long as they stand.
Sadly, only one of the winning proposals will be built: the 12-storey Framework apartment building in Portland, Ore. Although the building won’t be finished until 2018, the structure has already been welcomed by the mayor as “a true technological and entrepreneurial achievement.”
The other winner, who proposed to build a 10-storey condo in Manhattan, has scrapped the project. New York City wouldn’t allow a wood building higher than six storeys.
Consequently, Portland will have America’s only plyscraper for years to come because national building codes aren’t expected to allow this design to be used until at least 2021.
Will Canadian cites do better?
Vancouver has, largely because it boasts the engineering firm most responsible for the plyscraper movement. Michael Green wrote the seminal book The Case for Tall Wood Buildings in 2012 and did a popular Ted Talk on the subject in 2013. His home city boasts two of the tallest wood structures in the world: the 18-storey Brock Commons residence at the University of British Columbia and the 19-storey Terrace House.
As it was with the first skyscrapers built in the late 1800s, Green expects higher plyscrapers to be built in the years to come. Green is working on the 35-storey Baobab project in Paris and developers have proposed an 80-storey building for London.
Engineering principles, market forces and environmental arguments all favour the plyscraper movement. The government, not the sky, is the limit.
If New York City with all its skyscrapers won’t allow any to be constructed of wood, it’s entirely reasonable to think that neither will Toronto, Montreal or Calgary. What a loss that would be.
This is one instance where the government need not spend more money on a green solution. It just needs to get out of the way.
Lee Harding is a research associate with the think-tank Frontier Centre for Public Policy. | <urn:uuid:2e1a9114-bc54-45d8-94f1-dd8e145e459f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://troymedia.com/environment/environment-friendly-plyscrapers-blocked-by-red-tape/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.958762 | 726 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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