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How to Update Intel Drivers in Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a popular and completely free Linux-based operating system that is used in some smaller businesses as an alternative to costly Microsoft Windows installations. Ubuntu, in spite of being a relatively rare operating system, generally provides quite good driver support, including for Intel products. As in any operating system, you will need to update or reinstall drivers in the first instance when a certain item of hardware stops working. While Ubuntu automatically checks for driver updates by default, you can also do so manually.
Click on the "Applications" icon under the Unity Launcher.
Enter "Update" into the text box and click "Update Manager" when it appears in the search results.
Click on "Check." Ubuntu will scan your computer and provide a list of any available driver updates for your installed hardware. This will include any driver updates for Intel devices installed on the machine, if they are available.
Click on "Install Updates" and enter the administrator password when prompted. Click "Authenticate" to allow the drivers to download and install. You may be prompted to restart your computer afterwards.
Based mostly in Norwich, UK, Charles Jackson has been writing articles professionally for the Web since 2007. He has completed college-level English language and English literature studies. Jackson maintains a travel blog and regularly writes for the travel market. | <urn:uuid:542b2bb3-036a-482b-a076-b537ac55d3bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smallbusiness.chron.com/update-intel-drivers-ubuntu-42258.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.909412 | 297 | 1.742188 | 2 |
In a Nutshell: Job.com
is a mainstay of the online employment search industry but is taking a bold new approach to recruitment in the United States. Its innovative system now leverages sophisticated AI to match candidates with employment opportunities and uses blockchain technology to automate the hiring process. And, when candidates find a new job through its platform, Job.com rewards them with a signing bonus equal to 5% of their annual salary, helping them pay down debt and build savings.
In 2004, Arran Stewart bombed his first job interview. As he continued to hone his skills and improve his interviewing prowess in hopes of landing an ideal job, Stewart managed to work himself into considerable debt. At one point, he was on welfare and in a debt recovery program.
Ironically, that journey led him to a successful career in the industry that had frustrated him at the outset: recruitment and employment. Through it all, he remembers the struggle of finding worthwhile employment and reclaiming his financial independence.
Arran Stewart, Co-Founder and CVO of Job.com, is looking to decentralize the recruitment industry by using blockchain technology.
Now, as Co-Founder and Chief Visionary Officer (CVO) at Job.com
, Stewart hopes to help others who are struggling through difficult financial situations find gainful employment.
Job.com takes an innovative approach to the online job search as the platform uses sophisticated AI to connect job seekers to ideal positions. And blockchain technology helps automate the hiring process by formalizing routine interactions with prospective employers. But perhaps most attractive of all, Job.com pays a signing bonus
to candidates hired through its platform.
Read the full article at Badcredit.org | <urn:uuid:7f003afa-5579-485d-960b-8d73b8352904> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://boeing.job.com/news/job-com-is-disrupting-the-employment-search-process-through-ai-blockchain-technology-and-a-5-salary-signing-reward/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.961608 | 345 | 1.882813 | 2 |
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Climbing Issues with Young People
Rock climbing is one of those scary skill sports where a youth’s athletic ability and personality make a big difference in the initial sessions. You should be prepared for a wider range of instructional needs than is normal in a scout environment. A few boys may be moderately acrophobic; some strong kids with limited balance skills will be frustrated, while a few lightweight, wiry kids will fearlessly blaze up nasty climbs.
As an instructor, you need to be prepared for this range, and work out in your own mind and with your fellow youth and adult leaders how you are going to manage this. Who is going to handle "coaching" the scared, stuck climber(s)? Handle the ones who have trouble even getting started? Who is going to manage the other kids, or the accomplished kids? Everyone will follow your lead in terms of being patient with and encouraging each other, so be thoughtful in advance of how you are going to handle difficulties.
Sometimes it’s difficult to decide when to push a kid, and when to lower him or suggest that he "bail." A good rule of thumb is the notion of "training ‘til failure." If a kid is stuck on a move through 3 good attempts with no success, it does no good for him to continue to thrash; indeed, it works against developing good technique and mental fitness. Suggest (but don’t force) that he quit and rest for awhile and then come back to the climb. This helps the kid to save face ("I could have kept going, but Mr. G. suggested I take a break before I tackle it again, and that was a good idea."). An alternative, depending on circumstances, is to have him take a break on a nearby ledge while you coach the needed technique, then let him try again. This allows you to judge his emotional state, and suggest a longer break or encourage a final effort as appropriate. | <urn:uuid:c4ada0a4-e984-4c7d-8cee-ddeabd94d3ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://troop8.org/info/climbing-issues-young-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959413 | 440 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is play therapy?
Play therapy is a form of treatment that helps children and families to express their emotions, improve their communication, and solve problems. Play therapy capitalizes on children’s natural ability to express their feelings and resolve conflicts through play. Play therapists use various media, including storytelling, puppet play, drama, music, dance, sand play, painting and drawing, and board games. Play therapy is most appropriate for children ages 4-12 years of age, or with families with children that age.
What happens during play therapy?
At times children and families explore the playroom freely, engaging in spontaneous play. At other points they may involve themselves in specific activities, such as drawing family scenes, using puppets to act out events in the family, creating a scene in a sand tray, telling stories, or playing specially designed therapeutic board games. Children and families also use the opportunity to talk about their feelings, their relationships, and difficulties in their lives.
How is play therapy for individual children and family play therapy different?
Individual child therapy may include family sessions and family therapy may include sessions with individual children, but the main distinction between the two lies in the focus and purpose of treatment. Individual play therapy focuses on healing and strengthening individual children. Through the play as well as the special therapeutic relationship, the therapist helps children to accept their emotions, develop trust and confidence, and improve their behavior. The therapist usually meets separately with parents to give them insight into their child, update them on the child’s progress towards treatment goals, and provide guidance and support. When children and families do meet together, either to talk or to play, sessions usually focus on helping parents to understand and more effectively parent their child.
Family therapy focuses on the enrichment of family relationships and the healing of the family as a whole. Family therapists help family members to deepen their emotional bonds, communicate more effectively, and create more harmonious living environments. Towards these ends, therapists practice play therapy in a variety of formats. They might hold play sessions with siblings, engage in play with an individual parent and child, or play games with the entire family together. They may also engage in individual play with children, with the purpose of illuminating their concerns in order to communicate them to other family members.
How does play therapy effect change?
Play is a natural medium for children and families to express feelings, solve problems, and build skills. Children’s play can uncover their internal conflicts, bring to light negative communication patterns in families, and help children and families to discover new problem-solving techniques and strategies.
What types of problems does play therapy address?
Play therapy can ameliorate the effects of trauma and loss, reduce anxiety and depression, improve children’s behavior, and help children manage social and academic difficulties. Family play therapy can be particularly effective at strengthening family relationships.
Are there different play therapy approaches?
Yes. Therapists usually vary their approach depending on what may most benefit children and families. Play therapists can take a non-directive approach, limiting their interventions to reflecting on clients’ actions and verbalizations. They may also interpret the underlying feelings and conflicts that the play illuminates. At times therapists may actively participate in the play. They may also direct children or families to play specific games that assist them in resolving particular issues. Therapists may also combine the play with “talk time”.
How long does play therapy last?
Twelve sessions seems to be the minimum number of sessions for effecting significant and lasting improvement. Sometimes, children and families can make progress in a shorter time frame if they have already worked with the therapist previously.
How often do children and families attend play therapy sessions?
It is usually best when children and families attend play therapy a minimum of one time per week, at least for the first several sessions. More intense treatment can be helpful for difficult problems. After clients make significant gains, sometimes they can continue to make progress attending sessions one time every two weeks or less.
How effective is play therapy?
Play therapy is one of the most empirically validated forms of therapy for children and families. Some studies indicate that play therapy can exert positive effects for several years after the end of treatment. | <urn:uuid:f96bc161-be63-47ea-ab22-ab11e41f2c24> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.childandfamilymentalhealth.com/play-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.962298 | 867 | 3.546875 | 4 |
During the Apollo program of the 1960s and ’70s, NASA sent nine missions to the Moon. Six of them landed astronauts safely on the surface, the only times humans have visited another world.
July 20, 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the first humans landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969 as part of NASA’s Apollo 11 lunar mission.
Union Club member, Henri van Bentum was featured in Canadian Art Magazine in July 1969. In many ways, his comments are still timely today: | <urn:uuid:9d160c3c-ea5b-4fcd-8ff7-64c8b05e440c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://blog.unionclub.com/2019/07/50-years-ago-the-apollo-moon-landing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.968821 | 106 | 2.875 | 3 |
A great software development team is not something just created by chance. The thing is, it’s typically not enough to lock a group of people in a room and give them a task to complete on or before a specific deadline.
A successful team is not primarily about professionalism; it’s also about how each of the members interacts with each other. Only software development teams that are truly efficient can manage to finish the workload faster and be more productive in the process. Also, it’s nice to be part of a team that, well, doesn't mess up a lot.
According to research, most projects fail primarily due to a lack of confidence in its success. A large number of respondents admit that their projects are often doomed right from the start, which goes to show how little faith team members generally have in what they are doing.
But why is that happening and can you do something to change that?
To function more effectively, a team should know every aspect of the project, their own duties, and responsibilities, and believe in their capacity. So here’s how to optimize your team dynamic for a successful software development project.
1. Define your team’s goal.
First and foremost, the goals of your team should be articulated clearly to avoid confusion. Not having a proper list of objectives might make your team members busy spinning their wheels without producing significant results towards one goal.
With a clearer plan, it’s easier to achieve milestones in the project - so setting goals should be one of your priorities. For instance, you may be developing software for a medical device. If the output is a matter of life and death for patients, then you need to allocate additional resources. This ensures the system is documented thoroughly, and the implementation is tested properly before one line of code is written.
2. Share experiences and knowledge.
When it comes to getting your project up and running, sharing experiences and knowledge across all team members is critical. By actively joining showcases, product demonstrations, and established communities of practice, the knowledge of your organization increases much faster than if every team tries to learn everything by itself.
Another benefit of sharing experiences is forming relationships among teams that gives room for more effective collaboration.
3. Practice good communication and collaboration.
Without proper communication and collaboration, attaining high performance within the software development team and the delivery process will be quite challenging. In an agile model, teams should be able to show close collaboration and commitment to stakeholders during the process of iteration planning. They should also be open to feedback during review meetings.
Some excellent ways to help teams collaborate effectively include messaging systems, video conferencing, access to high-end infrastructure, and other modern tools for communication.
Related Content: How to Effectively Communicate with Your Software Developer
4. Generate an energizing and positive work culture.
Individuals that fail to open with each other and their stakeholders leads to reduced trust within the team. Team members who trust others are more open-minded when it comes to receiving suggestions and feedback. They are generally more cheerful, often encouraging others to express their ideas.
These important attributes can be easily spread among team members through certain activities like discussions without a specific agenda, celebrating small victories, and continuous motivation from leadership.
5. Set individual expectations for team members.
Having a one-on-one conversation with members of your team is important. After determining their roles, discuss with them the priorities and expected contribution from them in order to achieve the team’s collective goal.
Frequent conversations are effective ways to offer people feedback and help effectively manage time. This gives your developers an opportunity to improve their overall performance.
When people feel overwhelmed, stressed, or pushed in too many directions, that kind of tension will show through and affect the entire team. Another thing to remember is to let the developers figure out how to get to their individual goals.
Instead of providing direct orders, ask questions that lead to the answers. This teaches the developer to figure out possible solutions to specific problems and make the entire team more efficient.
6. Make the troubleshooting process faster.
Developers tend to fall into different categories when it comes to troubleshooting problems in a software development project. There are people who rely on Stackoverflow or Google and do the copy-paste method without completely understanding how the solution works. Others rely on trial-and-error, spending hours upon hours of work just to arrive at a single solution.
Most senior developers are not like that. While they are proficient at researching and looking for answers via Google, they don’t just copy and paste lines of code. Instead, they read and analyze source code to understand how the problem can be solved, and come up with their own solutions.
Teams can benefit from this method. Pairing senior developers with junior programmers can help speed up the troubleshooting process in a software development project. It also allows new developers to learn the best practices when troubleshooting on their own.
7. Maintain a proper schedule.
Software development is a team sport that requires the participation of project managers, clients, partners, designers, and so many other collaborators. Developers who follow a fixed schedule become far more productive than those who don’t.
Encourage your team members to arrive on time every day. People who are late to work not only reduce their own efficiency but also the productivity of those who are depending on them. Additionally, tardiness reduces collaboration window with managers and clients–so it should be avoided by members of a software development team.
Think of building a software development team as creating your own baseball team. Each member needs to know their specific role, where they should be on the field, and the goal everyone must strive for. Having excellent professionals is not enough; they need to complement each other like pieces of a puzzle.
Knowing how to appreciate great teamwork is also essential. Celebrate not only the big milestones but the small achievements on the way to reaching your ultimate goal.
Better yet, create a software development team that will want to collaborate with each other even after the project is over. This serves as a sign that you did a great job in optimizing your team’s dynamic during the development process. | <urn:uuid:90f1bdbc-36ee-455e-8f06-82378d67a11b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.bydrec.com/optimizing-the-team-dynamic-for-efficient-software-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949549 | 1,280 | 1.984375 | 2 |
'No cheques written' 7 months after release of $63M plan to end homelessness in Regina
Terin Kennedy says 'hidden homelessness' means there could be as many as 3,000 homeless people in Regina
Terin Kennedy says no money has been allocated for the implementation of a $63-million, five-year plan to end homelessness in Regina, more than seven months after it was announced.
The plan — Everyone is Home: A Five-Year Plan to End Chronic and Episodic Homelessness in Regina — was written by advocates and researchers and released in June 2019.
"There's a lot of people on board but as of yet, no cheques have been written," Kennedy, executive director of End Homelessness Regina, said Tuesday.
"The money is in the system already. It's just re-aligning those funds with what's asked for in the plan."
The plan was designed to provide long-term housing arrangements to homeless people while also connecting them with social and health supports.
There hasn't been much progress since the plan was announced and a request for proposals put out, Kennedy added.
There were 286 people counted in the 2018 homeless count, but that count didn't add homeless people who might have been couch surfing on the day of.
Kennedy said the number of hidden homelessness in Regina could mean there are as many as 3,000 homeless people in the city.
Tuesday was also the date of an annual homeless vigil, intended to honour those who have lost their lives while homeless, in Regina's City Square Plaza.
Kennedy said she would like preventative measures in place when addressing homelessness, which means tackling the root causes of homelessness like injury, poverty or addiction.
Brain injuries, mental health issues and cognitive disabilities are some issues which go hand-in-hand with chronic homelessness, according to Kendra Giles, the innovative programs housing manager at the Phoenix Residential Society in Regina.
Her organization has seen more than 1,000 people walk through the doors and identify themselves as homeless since 2016, Giles said. About 250 of them received housing during that time and the wait list continues to grow.
"The lack of places to refer them to is still an ongoing issue," Giles said.
Regina attaining functional zero homelessness involves getting someone immediately rehoused if they once again become homeless, according to Dustin Browne of Street Culture Project.
Street Culture Project is a non-profit which helps youth with aid like housing assisting or support through other programs like mentorship.
"The transition of aging out [of social services care] is often an introduction into homeless for a lot of people and we see that as a number one barrier and producer of homelessness," Browne said.
Browne said there is no stable housing without mental health and addictions supports available to the person.
Saskatoon counted 475 homeless people in the city in 2018, while a Prince Albert count found 47.
With files from Sam Maciag and CBC Radio's Blue Sky | <urn:uuid:e7b4680d-d8a9-43ed-b2ef-ca2632f12076> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina-homelessness-plan-follow-up-terin-kennedy-1.5451861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.979804 | 610 | 1.75 | 2 |
Having a baby is an expensive endeavor — but the cost of giving birth in the U.S. varies wildly. The cost of hospital childbirth is more than three times more expensive in New Jersey than it is in Nebraska, for example.
CBS News looked at the cost of vaginal birth, with no complications, before health insurance. Hospital Pricing Specialists collected raw price-tag data from nearly 4,500 hospitals across the country. The overall price tag is made up of room and board charges, operating room and pharmacy expenses, lab work and hospital fees.
Here's what we learned.
It costs $15,162, on average, to give birth in an Alabama hospital.
Here, Kristen McArthur poses for a portrait with Paul Sparkman at the 2019 March for Reproductive Freedom in Birmingham, Alabama.
Giving birth in a hospital in Alaska will cost, on average, $18,748. That's around 24% higher than the national average sticker price.
The average price of giving birth in Arizona is $19,093.
Olympian Michael Phelps poses with his wife, Nicole Johnson, and son Maverick at the Phoenix Open in Scottsdale, Arizona. Maverick, the couple's third son, was born in September 2019.
The average price of giving birth in an Arkansas hospital is $15,005 — right around the national average.
In June 2019, actors Kristen Bell and Dax Shepard traveled to Arkansas to surprise expectant mothers with a $500 Walmart gift card and a cart full of essentials from their Hello Bello baby product line.
It costs an average of $26,380 to give birth in a California hospital. That's 75% higher than the national average.
California's sky-high room and board charges are part of the high cost. It's one of only two states to charge more than $10,000 for room and board alone.
Families in Colorado pay an average of $15,627 to give birth in local hospitals.
Here, a nurse escorts a pregnant woman to an exam room at Inner City Health Center in Denver.
The average hospital bill for giving birth in Connecticut is $17,072.
In the nation's capital, the average price of hospital birth is $21,243. That's 41% higher than the national average.
It costs an average of $11,391 to give birth in a Delaware hospital.
The average price of giving birth in a Florida hospital is $22,015.
Christian Vazquez, catcher for the Boston Red Sox, holds his newborn son Diego at his Weston, Florida, home in December 2019.
The average hospital bill for giving birth in Georgia is $14,776.
Here, a Georgia woman laughs during an ultrasound appointment in Savannah.
In the Aloha State, hospitals charge growing families an average of $12,139.
Here, a U.S. Marine corporal hugs his eight-months-pregnant wife after returning to Hawaii from a deployment in Afghanistan.
It costs an average of $10,897 to deliver a baby in an Idaho hospital. That's 24% below the national average.
The average hospital bill for giving birth in Illinois is $16,241.
A nurse in Evanston shows a new mom the best way to hold her newborn daughter.
It costs an average of $17,168 to deliver a baby in an Indiana hospital.
On average, hospitals in Iowa charge $10,487 for vaginal births.
In January 2020, days before the Iowa Caucus, then-presidential-candidate Pete Buttigieg greeted a baby in Webster City.
In this Midwestern state, the average sticker price for hospital birth is $21,034.
Here, a couple in Lawrence, Kansas, takes a selfie with a sonogram photo.
Giving birth in a hospital in Kentucky will cost, on average, $12,443. That's around 17% lower than the national average.
Looking to give birth in a Louisiana hospital? The average price is $16,272.
It costs an average of $9,623 to give birth in hospitals in Maine, just 64% of the national average.
Here, a childbirth and lactation specialist does a prenatal consult with an expectant mother in Portland.
Hospitals in Maryland charge an average of $8,934 for labor and delivery care.
A nurse in Baltimore examines a baby as the mother looks on.
The average sticker price of giving birth in Massachusetts hospitals is $14,063.
Here, a Boston police officer visits a mother and her newborn.
It costs an average of $12,711 to give birth in Michigan hospitals.
The average hospital bill for births in Minnesota is $14,559.
A family in St. Paul celebrates Christmas Day in the hospital with their newest addition.
In Mississippi, the average cost of a hospital birth is $12,413.
It costs $15,544, on average, to give birth in a Missouri hospital.
The average hospital bill for growing Montana families is $11,938.
At $8,805, Nebraska has the lowest average price for hospital births.
It costs an average of $21,239 to give birth in a Nevada hospital. That's 41% higher than the national average.
Two women celebrate at a joint baby shower for active-duty servicewomen and women with deployed partners at Nellis Air Force Base.
In New Hampshire, the average price for labor and delivery care is $11,491.
A New Hampshire newborn sits beside Hulk, one of the world's largest-known pitbulls, in 2016.
New Jersey has the highest average price for hospital births: $29,048. That's almost twice the national average.
Like California, New Jersey's room and board prices are much higher than in other states — more than triple the national average.
It costs $17,961 to give birth in New Mexico hospitals, on average.
In New York, hospitals charge growing families an average of $15,619.
Geri Andre-Major of Mount Vernon checks on her infant son during the coronavirus lockdown. Andre-Major's maternity pay was cut off in March when she was furloughed from her pre-school teaching job.
It costs an average of $12,910 to give birth in a North Carolina hospital.
Soccer star Hope Solo gave birth to twins near her home in North Carolina in April 2020.
The average price of hospital birth in North Dakota is $9,255, almost 40% below the national average.
It costs an average of $15,149 to give birth in an Ohio hospital.
The average price of hospital births in Oklahoma is $12,662.
It costs $15,121, on average, to give birth in Oregon hospitals.
Here, a Portland mother holds her newborn baby.
The average price of hospital births in Pennsylvania is $19,764.
One of Penn State's youngest fans wears protective headphones during a pregame pep rally in University Park.
It costs $16,626, on average, to give birth in a Rhode Island hospital.
In South Carolina, hospitals charge growing families an average of $17,684.
The price of hospital births in South Dakota is $11,799, around 22% below the national average.
It costs an average of $13,261 to give birth in Tennessee hospitals.
Country star Maren Morris continued to perform throughout her pregnancy in 2019. She gave birth to a son in Nashville in March 2020.
The average price of a hospital birth in Texas is $17,738.
Here, pregnant nurse Samantha Salinas takes a walk with her husband, Tim, and their daughter, Macie, near their home in San Antonio.
It costs an average of $11,602 to give birth in Utah hospitals.
In December 2019, Utah mom Jenny Collins gave birth to a baby boy in a hospital in American Fork.
Hospitals in Vermont charge growing families an average of $10,377.
Here, an infant wears a "Babies for Bernie" shirt at a rally for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders.
On average, it costs $14,504 to give birth in Virginia hospitals.
On average, Washington hospitals charge growing families $18,077.
It costs an average of $11,442 to give birth in a West Virginia hospital.
A baby in a star-spangled dress sits on top of a car during the Independence Day parade in Ripley.
In Wisconsin, hospital births cost $11,220.
Emoni Keller of Milwaukee shared her experience giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with WDJT, a local CBS affiliate. Her daughter was born on March 23, 2020.
It costs an average of $12,243 to give birth in a Wyoming hospital. | <urn:uuid:3bed1a63-ce02-4020-b09a-025053f9602a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/cost-giving-birth-in-united-states/51/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.94036 | 1,987 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Regions / Latin America & Caribbean
It's time for the United States to finally deal with its dysfunctional health care and to find inspiration in South America.
Rapprochement with Bolivia would signal to Latin America's many skeptics that the Obama administration intends to forge a more constructive U.S. policy in the region.
50 years of Cuba's Revolution, 50 years of failed U.S. policy.
This portrayal of revolutionary passion helps us see Ernesto "Che" Guevara as more than a logo.
David Bacon's book 'Illegal People' illustrates how U.S. employers deal with undocumented workers as part of a strategy for competition and profits in the age of globalization.
The Obama administration should take advantage of promising new trends in Latin America to seek more effective and more humane drug control policies both at home and abroad.
More than 200 scholars are urging the new president to respect Latin Americas new progressive leadership.
The United States could learn a few lessons from Uruguay about how to get out of a financial crisis.
The region's newfound independence may blunt the impact of global economic turmoil.
Unless the Bush administration acts fast, a vast wave of rafters may greet the next U.S. president soon after he takes office. | <urn:uuid:5f955ba9-7466-49c4-8c70-6cd6b22e0455> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://fpif.org/regions/latin-america-caribbean/page/47/?key=48352205 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926127 | 256 | 2.203125 | 2 |
This article was published at StepFeed on October 4, 2017.
Waters left Pink Floyd in 1985 to pursue a solo career. It was a thorny path to choose. Twenty years later, in June of 2006, he was booked to perform in Tel Aviv’s Hayarkon Park.
As word spread, he was approached by Palestinian civil society activists who told him about a new protest movement that they had recently launched. A movement that reached out to foreign artists asking them to protest the occupation by joining BDS (Boycott Divestment and Sanctions). After engaging in a dialogue with the leaders of BDS, Waters was persuaded to cancel the Hayarkon Park show and moved it to Neve Shalom (Peace Village) where he played in front of some 60,000 Israelis.
Towards the end of that concert, he told the crowd, “You are the generation of young Israelis who must make peace with your neighbors.” The crowd fell silent; this was not in the script.
That was the beginning of his support for BDS. It was cemented by Israel’s bombardment and invasion of Lebanon which happened one month after his Neve Shalom concert. Since then, his support has only continued to grow. He has become one of the movement’s most vocal and outspoken devotees – a commitment which has cost him many endorsements and media appearances, but one that has also set him apart as a courageous political artist, activist, and humanist.
Waters, who is currently on tour in the U.S. promoting his latest album Is This the Life We Really Want? spoke to StepFeed via Skype from his Philadelphia hotel room. He told us his views on Palestine, Thom Yorke, BDS, and Lebanon, his tour, Trump, world politics, and love.
During the hour-long conversation we had with him, only a few minutes were spent talking about his latest album. That was when he spoke about the inspiration behind two of the songs on the album “Wait for Her,” which is based on a poem by late Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish, and the song “The Last Refugee,” whose video ends on a scene that could have been pulled out from coverage of the current refugee crisis, particularly the tragic death of three-year-old Syrian refugee Alan Kurdi, whose body was discovered on the shores of Turkey in 2015.
You became a supporter of BDS shortly after your 2006 Israeli concert. How did all that happen?
I was contracted to do a gig in Hayarkon Park, Tel Aviv in 2006 and since that news became public I started to get e-mails from, not just the Middle East, but from people around the world.
BDS had just been started by civil society in Palestine in 2005, so I can maybe forgive myself for how ignorant I was at that time … Anyway, after working through many emails, I eventually started to correspond with [BDS founder] Omar Barghouti, who’s since become a close friend of mine.
Omar explained a lot to me, a lot about the political situation. [I decided I would make] a compromise and cancelled the show in Tel Aviv, [moving it instead] to an agricultural community called Neve Shalom (Wahat al-Salam) – it’s a community where people of different religions and ethnicities promote coexistence if you like – and we did the biggest gig there ever was in Israel – 60000 people showed up.
Towards the end of the concert, I made a short speech, telling everyone that they should work towards peace with the Palestinians. From a noisily ecstatic crowd, I was suddenly faced with absolute silence and I could see people looking at me, all very puzzled, trying to make sense of what I was saying. And in that moment I realized just how endemic the problem was and how brainwashed this generation was – most not all…
So I went back the next year to find out more. I traveled extensively, I didn’t go to Gaza, but I visited a lot of the West Bank and had meetings with some of the elders in the camps, in Jenin for instance. I was traveling under the protection of UNRWA, but even so, our party was treated with belligerence and disdain by the occupying Israeli soldiers at all the checkpoints. It was both a surreal and devastating experience. I remember thinking at the time if they treat foreign visitors with this casual brutality imagine how it must be for the occupied people whose home this is. I decided to give BDS, this non-violent tool of protest, all the support that I could.
A month after your trip to Palestine, Israel attacked Lebanon. Did that solidify your support for BDS?
Yeah, I had traveled in Lebanon when I was a teenager … Every time Israel bombs and attacks Lebanon, it’s like a dagger in my heart; any of these acts of aggression solidify my conviction that BDS is the right choice, using non-violence to support the endeavor that was started in Paris in 1948 – the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – and the idea of the treaty of Rome, that international law is something that actually exists, and to which all civilized countries should subscribe. So we protest when Israel operates outside the rules, laws and moral codes of the international community.
You were in Lebanon in the 60s, and even wrote a song called ‘Leaving Beirut’. Tell us more about that time.
I’ll tell you one story. I was a kid, 18 years old, a friend and I were living and sleeping on the beach. We used to pretend to be clients at the Phoenicia Hotel so that we could use the bathrooms. Anyway, one day I was swimming in the sea and my little pile of belongings – you know jeans and passport and stuff – was lying on the beach and some kid came along the beach and stole my shoes and I saw him steal them.
So, I’m shouting and waving and getting out of the surf as fast as I can and he’s disappeared into the crowd… So now I’ve lost my only shoes and I’m pissed off! I was really angry.
Anyway, I managed to find a cop – in those days there were cops all over Beirut whose only job was to help tourists in trouble, so I said ‘Hey! I’m a tourist in trouble, some kid’s stolen my shoes,’ and so we go together and start looking in the crowd – hopeless – it was like looking for a needle in a haystack.
But by some miracle, suddenly, about 50 yards away there’s this kid. ‘There he is,’ I said. To cut a long story short, the cop sees the kid, the kid sees the cop – they obviously recognize each other. The kid thinks about running away, [but] thinks better of it and reluctantly comes over; he’s wearing my shoes.
The cop jabbers at him, [and] the kid eventually takes the shoes off and places them on the neutral ground between us … I’m thinking that’s a really great result! And then the cop jabbers to the kid again and gestures with his fingers [for the kid to leave], and the kid disappears into the crowd again, and I go, ‘What!? What are you doing, why are you letting him go?’ And this cop looks at me, pityingly, straight in the eye and he speaks to me in English for the very first time and he says, ‘He is poor’ (in an Arabic accent).
I still feel overwhelmed by the emotion that caused in me; that cop became very special in my life, because there I was this callous, stupid, little schmuck from England demanding retribution, ‘Lock him up, he’s a criminal!’ Now of course I realise what a blessing it is, if when we’re young and dumb as shit, like I was, we’re lucky enough to meet that cop, and if he’s that humane, in that moment, if we’re prepared to accept the opportunity, we get to start to learn about love.
That happened to me in Beirut.
Was it a life changing moment for you?
Absolutely … I was also taken in by an Arab family while hitchhiking just north of Beirut and [that inspired the] song ‘Leaving Beirut.’
That was life-changing as well, to be the object of that kind of Middle Eastern hospitality… For us [sometimes] it’s far easier to be persuaded that other cultures, other people are all foreign and dangerous, and of course, that’s simply not the case.
So, arguably, your travels helped you make up your mind. Should other artists not be afforded that right when it comes to BDS and Israel, say, Thom Yorke and Radiohead?
Thom Yorke, he has made his choice. In my view, he’s made the wrong choice. I think he will regret going and doing that gig in Tel Aviv, probably for the rest of his life.
The issue is not complex, which is the lie that the AIPAC, ADL and other supporters [of] the Israeli state try to persuade us, that it’s a very complex issue, that Israel is just defending itself…
But, isn’t dialogue more effective than boycott?
That’s the point, BDS seeks to encourage dialogue – a discussion about what is really happening in Israel/Palestine. Isn’t it interesting that Thom Yorke refused to take part in the conversation? Ken Loach and Omar Barghouti and I, and everybody in BDS and everybody from Boycott from Within in Israel, and pro-BDS Israeli Radiohead fans all tried to engage Thom Yorke and Radiohead in a conversation. They wouldn’t speak to any of us.
Thom’s response was to give us all the finger. … he gave the finger to protesters in Glasgow in Scotland who were holding Palestinian flags and he said, ‘Some fucking people’ over and over again… That’s dialogue, Thom? It’s pretty disappointing… Had he come out and had a conversation, at least it might have illuminated the issue. Giving the finger just muddies the water.
BDS wants a conversation, we want to discuss the urgency of the situation. It’s the other side that avoids the conversation. We do not get a conversation from Thom Yorke or AIPAC or ADL or ZOA … all we get is a lot of finger pointing and name calling. That’s because they can’t defend their support for the occupation or in Radiohead’s case their crossing of the picket line to perform there, letting themselves be used as part of the government’s ongoing “Brand Israel” marketing efforts, which they proudly proclaim when trying to get musicians, athletes, and actors to come to Israel.
In recent weeks, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Washington has accused you of antisemitism, even calling you ‘a man who sows division’ – what is your response to that?
Yes, I saw the video clip they made. Obviously, whoever made it is – I don’t know how to say this without sounding patronizing, but I will just say it – they’re just very dumb. Like most of the smear campaigners, they don’t have any facts so they just make stuff up … also they sound as if they’ve never been anywhere near Palestine, they don’t seem to know anything about the situation.
They make the mistake of conflating Zionism with Judaism and, in consequence, they have a blind attachment to the state of Israel … so you cannot have a conversation with them; they’re not interested. They’re interested in maintaining the status quo and they’re interested in “Greater Israel;” they’re interested in keeping the Golan Heights and the whole of historical Palestine as one state for them where they rule and where you have to be of the Jewish faith to have equal rights – and that’s what they want.
And so BDS is a non-violent movement trying to make clear that this is an absolutely antiquated form of imperial colonialism … that there is a more modern way of looking at things, which is that all human beings are equal: a Jewish child and an Arab child are equally precious and important. All children for that matter, Chinese children, Australian children, it doesn’t matter! We should all have the same basic rights under the law.
How much have your words cost you? Why aren’t other artists as vocal as you are?
In this country [U.S.] many artists are scared, I mean I’ve been threatened a lot – not physically, I’m not scared of anything physical – but they have tried to destroy my career, they’ve tried to silence me in any way that they can. That only hardens my resolve.
As Michael Bennett, the NFL footballer says in his letter to the world, quoting John Carlos, famous for his 1968 Olympic games protest, “There is no partial commitment to justice, either you’re in or you’re out. Well I’m in,” Bennet said – and I’m in, too.
The fact is, both my mother and my father were deeply committed humanists. My father was a religious man, he was a Christian, my mother was an atheist, but they were both humanists – and I’m lucky enough to have inherited some of their conviction. So, I have no choice really but to try and look at the facts of social and political situations, make up my own mind about what I think about them and act accordingly.
When anybody stands up for rights anywhere in the world they run the risk that the knives will come out and they will be attacked by the authorities, by the government, by the powers that be whoever they are, and by the police – who are often an armed extension of those powers.
Here in the United States, it’s unnerving that almost every municipal police force is now heavily equipped with military-style anti-riot gear. Many police departments send their people to study the way the Israelis police the occupied Palestinian territories, preparing I suppose to control U.S. citizens if they become too uppity or rebellious.
Is the United States starting to look more like a police state?
Yes, it is, it’s not [just] the militarization of local police, it is the attempts to create new draconian laws. For instance, there is a bill that has been introduced to Congress (S720) called the Israel Anti-Boycott Act. It aims to criminalize BDS. In draft form, it contains penalties for people like me of up to $1,000,000 fine and twenty years in prison.
There has been a big furor I’m happy to say. One of the sponsors of the bill is a junior senator from New York, Kirsten Gillibrand, whom I know slightly – I saw her name on it and I was staggered. I’m happy to say that, to her credit, after she read the bill, sheremoved her name as a sponsor – at least in its current form – because it contradicts the first amendment… That was a step in the right direction.
Other good news is that movements like Jewish Voice for Peace are standing up against this undemocratic legislation, and their numbers are growing, Jewish people in the United States of America are beginning to [say], ‘Hold on! This doesn’t have anything to do with Judaism or The Torah or the religion we believe in… Judaism is a humane religion and what is being done to the Palestinian people cannot be done in the name of our religious beliefs.’ People should not conflate Zionism with Judaism; one is a colonial movement, the other is a religion. In the same way that my criticism of the policies of this current, or past Israeli governments, shouldn’t be confused or conflated with any criticism of Judaism or Jewish people.
Your concerts are politically charged, particularly with criticism at the United States’ current president, Trump. Is he, as your previous album says, amusing us to death?
Ha-ha! Probably. Though, of course, it’s not funny. In a recent TV interview, I imagined a situation where we could be doing an interview and suddenly experience an electromagnetic pulse and all the lights go out, and we realize, ‘Oh my God! This is it, we’re all dead. These morons have killed us all.’
I mean what Trump’s been saying about North Korea, threatening to wipe them out, is so inflammatory and weird, even many senior Republican senators are turning on him because it’s just too dangerous. The fact that the human race still allows nuclear weapons to exist, threatening the existence of every living thing on this planet is quite extraordinary …
Recently the experts in this field put the doomsday clock at two and half minutes to midnight – which is the closest it’s been since the end of the second world war, well maybe not, maybe 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis was closer – American foreign policy is just incredibly dangerous.
So, do you believe that Trump is a threat to humanity, a threat to life as we know it?
I believe that the stranglehold that big business, which Trump represents, has on the lives of every human being on the planet is counterproductive to the possibility that we might discover and nurture within ourselves the capacity to love and help one another in times of trouble, to welcome refugees from other countries, for instance.
There are hundreds of thousands of refugees now, and in the future, there may well be millions. And particularly, for instance, with people not taking climate change seriously – global warming is a fact, and human behavior is contributing to it. It may well be too late now, but this administration is dismantling every federal agency in the United States including the EPA – the Environmental Protection Agency – they’re dismantling it brick by brick because they don’t believe in climate change.
Hard to believe but, you know, this is a primitive country … someone told me the other day that there are many people in Texas who believe the Earth is flat! I know it sounds funny … and it is, sort of, but it’s not really because ignorance is not bliss, it’s deadly dangerous!
Your tour is called ‘Us and Them.’ Who’s ‘us’ and who’s ‘them’?
Well, there is no ‘Us’ and ‘Them,’ that’s the point, we’re all Us. The walls of nationalism and exceptionalism and religion that divide us are walls built by rich people to keep themselves rich. They’re not there to protect the Israelis from Palestinians or to protect the Americans from the Mexicans or the Chinese. They’re there to protect Donald Trump’s cash from you and me. They are an exercise in control, they are diversions.
I was recently in LA where there is now a new demographic, ‘the employed homeless’. Imagine working a hundred hours a week at Walmart or McDonalds or wherever for minimum wage and not being able to afford to rent a place to live with your family. You are rightly pissed off and complain, and the man says, ‘Don’t blame me it’s all those people over there, they’re the reason you can’t afford to live, let’s go and bomb them!’ And you’re supposed to forget that you can’t afford a room, food, a bed for your kids. You forget. It’s because they’re spending all of your money, trillions a year, to go and kill brown people in other countries.
But why? Why are we doing that? Maybe because it makes a ton of money? They claim self-defense, and yet there is no existential threat, of any kind, to the United States from anywhere in the world.
So, wars are all about making money?
Of course! Eisenhower, in his famous military industrial complex speech, when he left office in 1961, warned us of it. Well, we did not heed his warning, so the military industrial complex in the United States runs pretty well unchecked.
But there are voices being raised against this. The wise men have known, ever since I was born at the end of the second world war, well at least since the bombs were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, that this is the greatest threat to human life. Well, this and now climate change too, but nuclear war is an ever-present threat and people just sort of pretend that it’s not there, that the danger doesn’t really exist and I hope that they are right, for everybody’s sake, because we’re all brothers and sisters.
You know the most malign influences on all our lives are nationalism, exceptionalism, isolationism, the idea that we may be better in some ways than others … It seems likely on the evidence of everything paleontological that homo sapiens is only about 200,000 years old and that we all came from Africa and that we look slightly different these days because of the influence of weather and climate and where we’ve developed, so we’re all brothers and sisters, we all share the same DNA.
Speaking of war, one of the songs on your latest album, “The Last Refugee” tells the story of displaced people. Its video also bears reference to the tragic death of Alan Kurdi. What message are you trying to send with both the song and the video?
The lady who’s in the video is displaced, yet she clearly has a history, and she clearly has a culture and she clearly has feelings, and she appears again in another song on the album, which is called “Wait for Her” largely based on a poem by Mahmoud Darwish. So, yes, she is an interesting character. The fact that she dances and attaches to her emotions, and her capacity for love and her memory and pain and her passions, embodies, for me, our capacity to love one another – and it’s maybe part of my way of expressing how much faith I have in human beings.
On your connection to Mahmoud Darwish’s words, tell us about “Wait for Her.” Why did you decide to interpret that poem into an English ballad, and what special meaning does it hold for you?
Well, that’s sort of private. You see it has something to do with love and it has something to do with how feeling the power of emotions that one can feel in a love affair, in a love for a woman or a man, I don’t care … Romantic love, and physical love and passionate love can bring out in one, maybe encourage the potential that we have for a broader expression of the love that we all have within us.
I’ve read a lot of Darwish, obviously only in translation as I, unfortunately, don’t read Arabic. Even in translation, his words are deeply moving, about love and women and life and land and his country.
Are you currently living a love story?
Yeah, I am, but that’s as far as I’ll go.
You said in one of your recent interviews that you wanted to talk more about love.
Yeah, I do, and the transcendental nature of love. That’s why my story about the cop in Beirut is so important because if we’re lucky we get that cop in our lives when we are young and we start to learn about life and love.
Any message you’d like to voice to people around the world?
We have to keep trying to resist the temptation to reject our humanity with every ounce of love that we have in us. What a waste of a life just to grab whatever we can and run back to the cave. Restiamo umani.
Anything particular message for Arab youth?
Education, education, education, and I’m not talking about bowing down to religious texts, I’m talking about history … history is not for fools, it’s probably the most important tool that we have.
I applaud parents who try to give their children an education, not an indoctrinated education, we don’t need no indoctrination is what I’m singing in my song [Another brick in the wall] – it’s sarcasm guys, I didn’t mean ‘we don’t need no education’, we need education more than we’ve ever needed anything. After we become educated then maybe we can start redressing some of the terrible social disparities and divisions that set us at each other’s throats and instead start to draw from our joint humanity and our capacity to nurture one another.
You know, Nadine, I don’t know enough about the Arab world, I need educating too. People who don’t live in the Arab world see it from a very narrow perspective, we only get shown oil and religious conflict. We didn’t care much about the Arab world until after the first world war, except I guess in the 15th century the Crusaders didn’t have anything better to do than ride across Europe and fight over Jerusalem. Back in those days, in the ignorance of the dark ages, it’s understandable that they didn’t know any better, but now we should know better. We’ve developed the study of psychology and psychiatry and physiology, and philosophy, we’ve made advances in medicine. Now we can better understand the way human beings inter-react. Now we also understand that we are capable of empathy, and empathy can inform our politics, this is what we should be teaching our children.
In the Arab world, historically the cradle of civilization … You, like us in the new world, have more than your fair share of ‘Tyrants and Kings’. Yours accommodate ours with oil, and real estate for their military bases, ours provide yours with weapons to subjugate their peoples, and the beaches are clogged with the victims.
Do I have a message for Arab youth? Yes, if you are lucky enough to be free from hunger and war at the moment, use those rare freedoms to nurture your capacity for compassion and empathy towards all those who do not share them. | <urn:uuid:3a506ee4-d8a2-4919-b984-7541dbfdc566> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newsroomnomad.com/2017/10/04/talked-roger-waters-bds-trump-israel-lebanon-palestine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.969534 | 5,612 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Morocco (i/məˈrɒkoʊ/; Arabic:المغربal-Maġrib; Berber: ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱl'Meġrib; French:Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior and large portions of desert. It is one of only three countries (with Spain and France) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. The Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah (Arabic:المملكة المغربية, meaning "The Western Kingdom") and Al-Maghrib (Arabic:المغرب, meaning "The West") are commonly used as alternate names.
Morocco has a population of over 33.8million and an area of 446,550km2 (172,410sqmi). Its political capital is Rabat, although the largest city is Casablanca; other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Its distinct culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, and European influences.
The Morocco Pavilion, designed to look like a Moroccan city with a realistic Minaret, features the only pavilion in which the country's government aided in the design. Guests to the pavilion gain insight on the lifestyle and culture of the Moroccan people through the Gallery of Arts and History. The Fes House shows guests the typical Moroccan house. Inside the pavilion, North African plants including citrus trees, date palms, and olive trees, and fountains can be seen. The courtyard plays hosts to entertainment, including a belly dancing show in the evening. Restaurant Marrakesh, along with the Tangierine Cafe, serve Moroccan fare, including roast lamb in Tajine, Couscous, and Harira soup. Six shops adorn the pavilion, selling patrons everything from rugs to leather goods, and traditional Moroccan clothing.
AUSTIN, Texas & EL SEGUNDO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug 3, 2022-- ... The global sensor network—with locations in the USA, France, Spain, Morocco, Greece, Australia, Namibia and Chile—precisely observes tens of thousands of objects from satellites to debris and provides around-the-clock optical tracking, regardless of the presence of daylight ... PUB.
“Israel and Morocco have many shared characteristics that we should use to help strengthen the ties between the countries and their citizens,” Frej said ... Sa’ar thanked Bourita for supporting Israel joining the African Union as an observer, and they discussed the progress toward Morocco opening a full embassy in Israel.
Morocco is jailing journalists after flawed trials for non-political crimes, particularly sexual ones, in order to silence them, part of a range of "techniques of repression", Human Rights Watch said on Thursday ... Morocco accepts their observations but "refuses the bad faith exploitation of the reports for political purposes".
FleeingMorocco... The next day, he left Morocco ... Through many years of monitoring trials in Morocco, including of state critics facing various charges, Human Rights Watch has observed that defense teams were allowed to make copies of case files and share them with their clients, whether they were incarcerated or prosecuted under provisional release. | <urn:uuid:7c4b8455-cc57-416a-a0c5-2c75d8ef2b15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wn.com/Morocco_observer?from=moroccoobserver.com | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.930409 | 771 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Both ways will work - one better than the other. The plates spread the heat to the general floor area by contact. The tube alone spreads the heat by relying on convection air to move the heat to the rest of the floor. The output of tubing without the flat plate is generally lower, sometimes half that of the tubing with the flat plate.
Adding the flat plate makes the job a more definite success. If your heating needs are small with a lot of floor area, installing the tubing without the flat plate may be enough, but why take a chance? You might have to add some baseboard later to make up for inadequate heat from the floor. | <urn:uuid:652e9dae-2722-4101-9c73-6ce5a81fc5a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.renovateyourworld.com/wwwboard/messages/underfloor_heat_32565.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00516-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952114 | 132 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Some say Keating, some say Finlay. Despite discrepancy over where, many agree that it happened and its among the students' favorite tales...
Late one night in the 1970's a security guard sat down to take a break in one of the comfortable basement chairs. Despite being alone, the man heard a door slam. His curiosity and suspicion gave way to all out fear when the chairs started moving and slamming themselves into the walls. The guard went running from the building (some say leaving his shoes behind) and never returned to the campus.
In the first floor entryway students frequently feel as though they are being watched, and there are distinct cold spots even on the warmest of days
Many students also report feeling a cold hand grab their shoulder in the hall even when there is no one around.
"That's not funny. You know I'm afraid of little girl ghosts!" - Joey Tribbiani (Friends Episode 10.14)
Famed fictional character Joey is not the only one scared of little girl ghosts. The one known to lurk behind shower curtains in Martyr's Court bathrooms has been terrifying students for years.
Don't try to look beneath the curtain before entering, that won't save you. Students never see her feet beneath the curtain but when they pull it back they see a little blonde girl staring straight ahead. This seems to be among the most frequently reported ghostly events.
Additionally, students sometimes hear children's laughter in the walls.
Before the Gabelli School of Business moved in in 2012, Hughes Hall used to be a dorm of some notoriety. It was one of the filming locations for The Exorcist (1973) and, like Martyr's, seems to have a ghost child of its own. Students have reported seeing a small boy aimlessly wandering the halls.
Additionally, locked doors have been known to fly open, seemingly of their own accord.
There are many rumors, stories and speculations surrounding Fordham University and the Ghosts that seem to linger. It might have something to do with the fact that scenes from the Exorcist were filmed here or that the campus is well over a century old and built on (or near) land that once contained a hospital. Whatever the reason, Rose Hill is repeatedly considered to be one of the most haunted campuses in the North East, if not the whole US.
Read through the stories... but beware... you may have trouble showering in Martyrs, focusing on class in Keating or sleeping in Finlay afterwards.
Over the years The Ram newspaper has investigated the hauntings at Fordham. Here are the stories.
For the full stories and articles that have been written about Fordham Hauntings from both students and outsiders alike, click the links below.
Haunted New York (Columbia Spectator)
13 Haunted Campuses (Huffington Post)
Universities with Haunted Dorms (US News)
Haven't got your ghosty fill? Student led Ghost Tours are often offered at the Rose Hill campus around Halloween... keep your eye out for announcements and sign-ups
With the hauntings around Collins even the faculty are spooked. They and students alike have reported seeing a man walking around the balconies. This same ghostly figure is often blamed for things being rearranged or moved backstage before performances.
The Queens Court haunting is my personal favorite. It is even featured in Elizabeth Tucker's book, Haunted Halls: ghostlore of American college campuses (RH - BF1478 .T83 2007)
In the summer of 2003, before any of the students had moved in, when making their rounds the RAs would repeatedly find the mattresses in one room propped up,rather than lying flat no matter how many times they fixed them. One night around 2:30AM one of the RAs heard a knock at his door. Standing there was an elderly Jesuit who said,
"Someone must have been praying pretty loudly if they got me up at this hour. Sorry about that, it normally stays at the other end of the hall, but it must have gotten out. Don't worry, I took care of it."
For the rest of the summer the mattresses stayed in their proper places. The RA later tried to seek out the Jesuit but when he described the elderly man who visited him in the night, he was told that the only Jesuit bearing that description had died 10 years earlier.
Though one of the newer dorms on campus (built in 2000) O'Hare has a ghost of its own.
One of the construction workers had a heart attack while working on the roof and fell tragically to his death. Students have reported the sound of hammering in the walls as if the spirit of the man is still trying to finish the job.
Finlay, before becoming a dorm, was the location of Fordham's Medical School. In the lofted rooms students could observe dissections of cadavers and the basement served as the holding place for the lifeless bodies.
More than once students have woken up in the middle of the night, feeling as though someone is grabbing at their throat making it difficult for them to breathe or feel a tugging on their toe as if they were a cadaver being tagged.
They also sometimes see what looks like students peering down on them from the loft | <urn:uuid:dc43a6f4-1969-4de3-a647-3720a79e37ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fordham.libguides.com/c.php?g=279582&p=1863714 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.97598 | 1,087 | 1.65625 | 2 |
When it comes to your shirts they can get a bit boring, especially if they are simple shirts for work or school. With things like cheap embroidery designs, an embroidery design shop, or embroidery designs for embroidery machines you can spice up your shirts and make them something truly special. Personalized embroidery patterns are great for adding your initials to a shirt, adding your logos for work or a business, or even adding fun little designs that are just meant to add detail.
A custom t shirt is a great way to feel great about what you are wearing and also to add that extra bit of flair and personality to the shirt. If you own a business or you just want to make your shirts stand out, embroidery is a wonderful option that does not cost a ton of money and that won’t affect the overall structure and integrity of the shirt. The right embroidery can make any shirt more fun. Finding the right company to embroider and screen print your shirts is essential and can make a huge difference on the finished product.
From monogram shirts to sports team custom shirts, screen printing has become a huge part of the business world here in the United States. We don’t think about it much, but almost everybody has at least one screen printed article of clothing, most typically and most likely to be a t shirt of some sort. Screen printing has a wide variety of different applications and can be used by many different people, from t shirt companies to those who are looking fund raise for a charitable organization of some sort and are interested in creating t shirts to back up their cause and advertise it. From monogram shirts to family reunion shirts, the applications of screen printing are truly endless.
And screen printing has a longer history here in the United States than many people realize, dating back more than fifty years ago. In fact, history backs this up, showing that screen printing and screen printing techniques were used to create promotional items for the movie of The Wizard of Oz back in the year of 1939. This is considered to be one of the first promotional uses of a screen printing machine ever, not just in the United States. Of course, in the years that have intervened since, now more than fifty of them, screen printing technologies have advanced considerably and are now commonplace and easy to reproduce. Screen printing services are particularly common for group events and teams, as it is easy to screen print the same shirt with the same thing, allowing for a greater sense of unity – and even some advertisement, if it is so desired. Screen printing has now reached a tremendous level of success here in the United States, now valued to be more than nine billion dollars.
Aside from screen printing, embroidery is another way in which sports and other articles of clothing can be embellished upon. Like screen printing, embroidery (which is often considered to be a form of art) has a long history here in the United States and in many other corners of this earth as well. Embroidery even has a much longer history than that of screen printing and has been traced back to the year of around thirty thousand BC. It has remained a cherished art form ever since, but has many practical purposes as well. Embroidered t shirts and the like, such as monogram shirts, are very popular nowadays, and getting an embroidered monogram shirt is not hard to do, at least not here in the United States but most likely not in other parts of the world as well. But while some monogram shirts and other embroidery projects are likely to still be hand embroidered (particularly when embroidery is done primarily as a hobby and not as a profession or even necessarily with the intent to sell anything), industry and production methods have advanced quite a bit since that year of thirty thousand BC, when the practice of and the art of embroidery first came into being.
Back in the year of 1870, still more than one hundred years ago and very nearly one hundred and fifty years ago, the first hand powered embroidery looms came into being. In the years that have passed since, more efficient methods of embroidery have been developed and it can now be mass produced on any number of products. From monogram shirts to decorative blouses, embroidery plays an important role in the production of clothing all around the world, not just here in the United States.
From monogram shirts to screen printed t shirts, screen printing and embroidery have both been what you could call revolutionary in the production of clothes all throughout the world. They provide an easy way to add a little flair to clothing, or even to include important information such as charity donation information or advertising information. In fact, screen printed shirts as marketing tools have become very common throughout sports leagues, even children’s ones. On top of this all, screen printed and embroidered clothing is likely to be cheap, making them affordable to all. | <urn:uuid:5300215f-43ef-462a-8116-0b05d82ff1e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clevelandinternships.net/2018/09/how-to-spice-up-your-t-shirts-with-screen-printing-and-embroidery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962555 | 1,006 | 1.507813 | 2 |
IIT-JEE is one of the most vital exam for B.Tech/B.E or B.Arch/ B. Planning aspirants now known as JEE Main and JEE Advanced. These are relatively new and so a lot of aspirants might be in chaos for these preparation. The exams will have questions from familiar topics covering Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. Below are some tips by Fast Forward, best IIT-JEE Coaching in Noida
, which may help JEE aspirants aiming for a good rank in the IIT-JEE exam.
- Follow NCERT Text Book : One question that students have is about books they must study from, for JEE preparation. It is important to study from NCERT to understand theory and clear basics. After studying a topic, solve MCQs on them from books that have MCQs. For mathematics you can go for Arihant Skills in mathematics, A Das Gupta; for Physics you can refer HC Verma, and Irodov; for Chemistry use Paula Bruice, Solomons, JD Lee, Bruce Mahan, Vogel, Peter Sykes, Olympiad papers.
- Take tests : Mock Tests will help you get in tune with the examination and prepare you for the big day. You can also keep track of your performance and areas where you need improvement by taking tests on a regular basis.
- Keep taking breaks : It is important to not stress yourself out and prepare with a cool mind. For this you need to punctuate your preparation with regular intervals of break. You can read fiction, watch documentaries or movies, listen to music, take a walk or indulge in any other recreational activity.
- Daily and Weekly Study Planner : Make a daily and weekly schedule for your preparation. Following a study schedule will help you in improving your performance. Through careful planning you can not only cover all the topics asked in exam but also will be left with ample time for revision.
- Try solving a tough book after doing a basic one. Make a study plan and adhere to it to boost confidence. Discuss roadblocks of topics with teachers and mentors. If you are doing self study, then study from JEE Main 2022 syllabus alongside school studies.
- Speed and accuracy are important for JEE Main 2022 preparation. To build speed, solve questions in time limit. To build accuracy check answers and eliminate mistakes, build reading and comprehension speed, be careful in selecting answers. Have your own paper solving plan. You may want to first attempt one liner questions, and then go for calculations; or other way round.
Subscribe to Fast Forward JEE e-magazines to secure good rank in JEE Main | <urn:uuid:690e62a0-b1f2-4680-bc4e-823b21590dcc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://efastforward.in/jee-main-preparation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.925379 | 549 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Usul was a Fremen word meaning "the strength of the base of the pillar".
It was the name given to Paul Atreides when he was given sanctuary with Sietch Tabr by its naib, Stilgar. Openly Paul was to be referred to as Muad'Dib. However, Usul was the private name used within the Sietch. It was to be the name his beloved Chani would use for him, and the last word she cried before she died giving birth to their children.
Stilgar gave Paul this name after witnessing him defeat one of their finest warriors, Jamis. It would appear that Stilgar saw a certain strength in the boy.
Like various other Fremen words, the term "Usul" comes from Arabic, meaning "fundamental principle(s)". | <urn:uuid:dc00532b-042c-42d5-8747-bd42d010748c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dune.wikia.com/wiki/Usul | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00230-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988396 | 172 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Celestial Navigation - formulas and software
the science of navigating by the celestial bodies (stars, Sun, planets and Moon) - software and formulas to calculate the estimated altitude and azimuth of a star
....after having collected all the data : estimated latitude and longitude, declination / local hour angle of the observed celestial bodies (stars, sun, moon and planets ) and sextant reading (altitude) ... we must calculate at least four data. We’ll use these to plot lines of position (LOP) on a nautical chart, plotting work sheet, or a simple graph paper to determine the position of the ship.
The data we need are : true altitude, LHA/declination, computed (estimated) altitude and azimuth
We can use this simple excel file to verify (or avoid) the manual calculations !
The file consists of four worksheet.
To prevent damages in cells containing formulae the worksheets are protected and cells are locked, we may use the unlocked cells only (green background).
When we open Excel, Excel automatically selects “Corrections to a sextant obser. “. for us. (The name of the worksheet appears on its sheet tab at the bottom of our document window.)
On January 17th 2016 a Deck Officer takes and records the following sight :
- Sun ( lower limb ) - sextant altitude 29° 53,5’ at 12h 23m 45s U.T.
- DR position : Latitude 38°34,2’ North – Longitude 005°32,7’ East
- Height of eye above the sea level : 2,5 meters
- Sextant is affected by errors. Corrections: +0,5’ instrument error (eccentricity) and -1,4’ index error
First of all we convert the sextant altitude to observed altitude using “Corrections to a sextant obser. “ worksheet :
From the Nautical Almanac – January 17th 2016 :
at 12.00 U.T. :
- GHA 357° 31,2 v correction : -0,2’
- Declination 20° 47,5’ S d correction : 0,5’
We calculate LHA and declination using “LHA – declination “ worksheet :
We solve the formulae of celestial navigation calculating computed (estimated) Altitude and Azimuth using “Altitude - Azimuth“ worksheet :
Difference of altitude = true altitude – computed altitude: 30° 04,5’ – 30° 02,6’ = + 1,9’
Now we can draw the graph:
The last worksheet is named “ meridian altitude “. It allows to obtain the latitude after having insertered the meridian altitude and declination.
We have a true altitude at meridian passage of 58° 43,6’ and a declination of 23° 04,9’; N the latitude is 54° 23,3’ North.
|celestial navigation - nautical astronomy formulas|
|formula altitude||sine altitude = (sine latitude * sine declination) + (cos latitude * cos decl * cos polar angle)|
|formula azimuth||cotg azimuth = ( cotg ( 90-decllination) * cos latitude * cosec polar angle ) - (sine latitude * cotg polar angle )|
© 2006-2016 nauticalalmanac | <urn:uuid:c7217645-bdb9-42a1-9527-d341c9ea1b8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nauticalalmanac.it/en/navigation-astronomy/celestial-navigation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.727591 | 755 | 3.203125 | 3 |
If Only She Could Speak: A Lee-Enfield No. 1 Mark I*** Rifle
By David Tong
I recently happened upon this quite early Lee-Enfield rifle at a local gun shop and snapped her up. As the title of the article suggests, this is a Mark I, which differs from the vast majority of No. 1 rifles.
The earliest Enfield rifles were the Lee-Metfords, loaded with black powder cartridges, which went into British service in the late 1880s. These lacked stripper clip or “charger” guides and soldiers of the Empire found in their combat with the Dutch Boers in South Africa that rapid reloading was nearly impossible.
The change to Cordite smokeless powder necessitated a change in the style of rifling and new barrels and sights were fitted, along with the elimination of the sheet metal action cover. The original Mark I barrel had an appropriate twist for the older Mark VII 215 grain, round nose bullet.
More importantly, the engineers at Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield Lock, fitted the earliest form of charger guide, to allow stripper clip replenishing of the 10-round magazine. This took the form of a half-guide fitted to the left outside of the receiver’s bolt raceway and a peculiar sliding guide fitted to the usual removable bolt head on the action’s right side.
When the bolt is drawn back, a milled projection on the rear of the split bridge rear receiver pushes the bolt head charger guide forward, aligning it with the fixed guide on the left receiver, thus allowing for insertion of the 5-round stripper clip. One of the interesting things about this rifle system is that the detachable magazine is supposed to be left in place and replenished with strippers and only one spare magazine was issued per soldier, in case the original became lost or damaged in combat. This first attempt at providing charger reloading capability was overly complex and the later Mark III rifles had the usual U-shaped charger guide fitted over the action, featured by the vast majority of No. 1 rifles.
The Mark I***’s three asterisks are the result of what are probably WWI or post WWI “FTR,” or “forward through repair” modifications to bring the older rifle to close to Mark III standard issue. The original windage adjustable rear sight was eliminated, along with the upper wooden handguard with its integral protective ears. Other casualties of the upgrade included the elimination of the “volley sights,” which massed infantry would have used to provide rapid “plunging fire” onto enemy troop concentrations, and were normally fitted to the left side forestock and the left wrist buttstock socket’s thumb safety.
However, the rifle now in my collection still wears the original Mark I sliding charger guide, its first variation striker and cocking piece, a second variation bottom metal that accepts the stop clip equipped third variation magazine for the .303 Mark VIII 174 grain spitzer ammunition and the original serial number. The latter confirms its 1905 manufacture by Enfield Arsenal.
The late Professor Charles Stratton of the University of Idaho has written a number of small paperback volumes on the Lee-Enfield rifle system, which are available through North Cape Publications of Tustin, CA. They offer a concise and easily read description of proof marks, development modifications and approximate dates of manufacture from the various countries and arsenals that supplied arms for the Empire on which the sun never set. I found Volume 1 of the series invaluable information for this article.
Copyright 2010 by David Tong and/or chuckhawks.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:73ad726f-da96-4495-8e82-58015d9ea0cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chuckhawks.com/lee-enfield_Mk1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945975 | 749 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Judd Apatow's Family Values
May 27, 2007 9:10 PM Subscribe
Judd Apatow's Family Values A look inside the comedic mind that brought us "Freaks and Geeks", "Undeclared", and "The 40 Year Old Virgin". Apatow’s childhood hero was Steve Martin. On a summer trip to L.A., Apatow persuaded his grandparents to drive by Martin’s home until Apatow spied his hero in the driveway. Martin wouldn’t give him an autograph, so Apatow wrote him an angry letter saying it was his patronage of Martin’s projects that allowed him to live the high life. A few weeks later, Martin sent Apatow a copy of his book “Cruel Shoes” with an apology: “I’m sorry. I didn’t realize I was speaking to the Judd Apatow.” Also: Judd and Seth Rogen at play.
This thread has been archived and is closed to new comments | <urn:uuid:4a96d9cb-46de-482e-a321-0ec6853e37e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.metafilter.com/61560/Judd-Apatows-Family-Values | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00271-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973167 | 218 | 1.546875 | 2 |
|Ranthambore | Periyar Wildlife | Sariska Park | Bandipur Park | Kanha Park| Bird Sanctuary | Corbett Park | Bandhavgarh | Rajaji Park|
Wildlife in India
In all latest concluded surveys India has been ranked as one of the most preferred tourist hot spots across the world and hence, it comes as no surprise that related departments, central and state governments and renowned travel companies are leaving no stone unturned to attract foreign travellers as well as Indian tourists to explore different beautiful places of the country.
During your wildlife tour in India, you would be able to explore various aspects of the rich wildlife in India. Wildlife of India is diverse which you can explore with ease during wildlife travels in India.
The famous national park in north India is Corbett There are many Bollywood films are based on the Corbett national parks.
Keeping in sync with the changing tastes of the travel enthusiasts; tourism industry is leaving no stone unturned to fascinate the mobile freaks through offering
Kaziranga National Park is situated in the bank of river Brahmaputra in Assam. This park covers the area of 430 Sq. kms and was established in the year 1974.
Tired of same shopping malls and coffee houses at heavy urbanized areas, the adventure lovers looking out for a vacation spot this season
The ever increasing popularity of India seems to have emerged as the biggest threat to all other hot tourists destinations of the world;
Summary- Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary is one of the most exciting and sought after bird sanctuary of India. | <urn:uuid:14b7db75-c8fe-49a5-a3e8-cc92d3b0462e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wildlifetigerindia.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00014-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952892 | 324 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Benefits Associated with Online WHMIS Training
WHMIS training is majorly for ensuring that there is an improvement of safety in the working environs for employees and employers. Hazardous materials are usually very dangerous. In any working environ wrong handling of hazardous material can do so much harm. They are supposed to be handled with extreme caution. With WHMIS training workers are enlightened on the hazardous materials that they are capable of being to be exposed to while working. Thanks to the introduction of technology-enabled learning WHMIS training can be given online. Below are a number of reasons why one should take an online WHMIS training.
First and foremost, online WHMIS training allows for enhanced tracking and personalized experience. WHMIS online training makes it possible for employers to create a training experience that is more personalized for their employees. In outdated training, all workers have to sit for a similar training. The materials that are usually provided in such cases are not all important to their tasks and positions. In online WHMIS training each material provided are usually of the essence. This aids in engaging employees. To add to that, it renders reporting and tracking to be easier via online training.
The other reason is that online WHMIS training offers convenience. Online WHMIS training gives more convenience as well as ease for employees. Reason being its training can be taken at the time that they deem to be convenient. This implies that they do not have to leave their task for the sake of in-class sessions. Employees are in a position of taking their training in their comfort zone. To add to that this also means that cost that is associated with travel and downtime will be reduced.
Online WHMIS training is beneficial in that it comes with much flexibility. Not each person has the potential of learning quickly. This is the reason why online WHMIS training offers many advantages since they can train at a pace that convenient for them. Being rushed with the aim of course completion on time is something that they do not have to go through. Also grasping the learning materials will not be difficult.
To end with, online WHMIS training saves on time and money. One of the things that are of great concern in any training is time budget. There are numerous companies that have difficulties in training cost and time used for training. Normally these kinds of training and meeting sessions have an impact on the bottom line. Reason being employees are forced to leave activities that generate revenue to take part in training. | <urn:uuid:dad9b70d-a971-4476-98ce-1854eaa97866> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://chocolovec.com/2019/01/14/a-simple-plan-options/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.974818 | 506 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Washers are used to spread the load of a bolt or screw over a larger area or to help prevent loosening under vibration.
General use flat washer
Also known as A-2 stainless, 18-8 is the most common grade of stainless steel for general use.
Also known as A-4 stainless, 316 is a highly corrosion resistant grade of stainless steel. Ideal in salt water and chlorine environments.
A low carbon steel for general use. Zinc plated for moderate corrosion resistance.
Zinc plated for moderate corrosion resistance. A tempered medium carbon steel. Class 10.9 is stronger than class 8.8. It is commonly found in high strength automotive applications. Class 10.9 is similar to grade 8.
A low carbon steel for general use. Chrome plated and polished for a mirror like finish.
A general purpose nylon often used in fasteners for corrosion resistance.
Washers with oversized outside diameters.
Split lock washers place tension against a nut after tightening, to help prevent loosening.
A split lock washer designed to fit under the head of a socket cap screw.
A high strength heat treated alloy steel. Zinc plated for moderate corrosion resistance.
A high strength heat treated alloy steel. A chemically produced coating that leaves the steel surface with a matte black finish and offers mild corrosion resistance.
A lock washer system that uses wedge locking technology to prevent loosening under severe vibration and dynamic load.
A low carbon steel for general use. Delta Protekt® is a zinc flake coating providing high corrosion protection.
Uses external teeth to help prevent loosening.
Uses internal teeth to help prevent loosening. | <urn:uuid:0c546fea-8a2b-4c52-817e-7033a0b30997> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.boltdepot.com/Metric_washers.aspx?nv=l | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.882323 | 352 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Originally Posted by Little Fuzzy
I would love to have a rooster. I have a pair of hawks living close by. they cleaned out my poor little doves. I'm worried especially about my one Silkie. Are those type of roosters real noisy?
No louder than most. The get quieter with age.
Silkies are sitting ducks for hawks. They never see them coming.
If one likes birds of prey, which I do, they should get a bunch of silkies so they can feed the hawks.
Originally Posted by whitneywpanetta
Thats good info. I raised both roosters from chicks, handling them often, and both ended up semi-aggressive (well the RIR was aggressive, aggressive). The silkie is at least small and although he does charge at us every now and then he typically doesn't follow through. He just doesn't like it when we get too close to his favorite hen. I enjoy having a rooster so I am going to check out the Mediterraneans. I hear stories about roosters who are very tame/good with people, but I am not convinced they actually exist.
He may have learned that behavior from the RIR.
I don't manage my birds like BYC/pet people do. I don't handle them except at night to check condition and parasites. Otherwise, they go about their business and I go about mine. I don't move fast around them nor walk directly toward them unless absolutely necessary. IMO, it's the roosters that are human friendly that become the human aggressive because they aren't afraid of you.
I like my birds to be wary of all things and that's the way they stay alive in a hawk/mink filled wood.
I'd sooner be a small bird in a hawk-filled wood than a caged chicken on a factory farm.- Simon Barnes in How to be a Bad Birdwatcher
Edited by ChickenCanoe - 2/8/16 at 9:53am | <urn:uuid:21bb9388-eb6f-4097-8c26-1f01957942e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.backyardchickens.com/t/1080536/we-lost-linda-today-updated-i-found-her-alive/10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00545-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973593 | 419 | 1.59375 | 2 |
The ammendment says " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercize thereof…"
This is what it says, but it has been deliberately misunderstood and misapplied to deny Americans exactly that; the right to freedom of religion.
One of the big things that has been denied to Christians under the misuse of this ammendment is parents getting to use their tax dollars to send their children to a private Christian school. How exactly would this be unconstitutional? How would this “establish a religion”?
Worth noting that it’s not just CoE schools that are publicly funded here.
I was sent to a Catholic school (on paper I was CoE), where attendance of mass was mandatory as was religious education in Catholic dogma, regardless of what religious beliefs the student held. It wasn’t a private school, fully (or 90%) publicly funded, with the requirement that they also have non-Catholic students.
I’m not sure those decrying the supposed freedom of religion violations would be so happy to see Islamic schools also receiving tax dollars.
I think it would be constitutional to allow local tax dollars to go to the private christian or muslim or scientology school through voucher. It also think it would constitutional to eliminate all tax dollars for private schools as well.
It’s all about not favoring one religion over another, and I think this is better left to the local community to decide, not lawyers in Washington California or Texas.
Because there are no tax breaks for private (non-Christian) schools compared to private (Christian) schools.
Private Christian schools (K-12) are treated exactly the same as private non-Christian (K-12) schools.
In addition the tax exemption for post secondary education are the same whether attending a public school (college/university) as they are for attending a private non-Christian school (college/university) as they are for attending a private Christian school (college/university).
You would have a case if private tuition in a accredited non-Christian school was deductible but tuition in a accredited Christian school was not deductible.
Thats not how paying taxes works. We don’t get a say in how it’s spent other than a vote. Just like I cant opt out of supporting the military-industrial complex by filling out where I want my money spent | <urn:uuid:e5954a23-2bc0-486c-884b-538840ef7abd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://community.hannity.com/t/what-exactly-is-establishing-a-religion/221917 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.973498 | 515 | 1.742188 | 2 |
2 Corinthians 5: Walking by Faith…
Paul speaks about how if the world as we know it was dissolved, we can be assured that; “…we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.” (2 Corinthians 5:1) Here Paul speaks about our Eternal home; it gives us insight into our divine nature, as sons and daughter of the highest God. Paul comforts the Corinthians in his letter to them, telling them to have confidence; “…we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord: (For we walk by faith, not by sight:)” (2 Corinthians 5:6-7) As God’s offspring, we can have confidence knowing that one day we will return to live with Him. While we are on the earth, however, we are absent from Him. Because of this absence, we must prove our worth and walk in this world without the knowledge of our pre-earth life with God. If we labor diligently; “…we may be accepted of him.” (2 Corinthians 5:9)
Paul reminds the Corinthians that; “…we all must appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad.” (2 Corinthians 5:10) Essentially, Paul is teaching the Corinthians that we are in fact responsible for our actions here on Earth, and we WILL be judged for them. Jesus Christ died for us, and thus opened the door to our Salvation. However, it is our choice to accept the grace of Jesus Christ. This means that we need to do good works, so that we may be judged for those good works!
If we do good, and follow Jesus Christ, we will become; “…a new creature: old things are passed away; behold all things are become new.” (2 Corinthians 5:17)
1 Corinthians 3: Temple of God
Paul speaks to the Corinthians and explains that he could not speak the full word to them because he fed them with “…milk, and not with meat…” (1 Corinthians 3:2) Why did Paul say this? It is simple as a baby can only handle milk without choking or dying… so it is with those who are babies spiritually. The Gospel of Jesus Christ is not learned to its fullest overnight, it takes time and patience to fully understand and appreciate the plan that God has for us in this life. Just with any learning, we must first start off with the basics, in this case milk. The once we are accustomed to the milk we can get to harder foods (deeper knowledge and understanding) until we can handle the chewy stuff, the meat (the deepest doctrine).
Paul goes on to say that WE WILL be JUDGED for our WORKS; “…the fire shall try every man’s work of what sort it is…” (1 Corinthians 3:13) He goes on to say that if your works are good you will “…receive a reward.” (1 Corinthians 3:14) and if you do badly you will “…suffer a loss…” (1 Corinthians 3:15) Therefore we should work diligently to do good in this life.
Paul ends by not only reminding us that we know NOTHING in the eyes of God; “…the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God.” (1 Corinthians 3:19) But Paul also reminds us that our body is a Temple; “Know ye knot that ye are the Temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy…” (1 Corinthians 3:16-17)
Chapter 21: Judged by Works
Vision when Zedekiah was king he was given advice to submit to Nebuchadnezzar’s forces and live, rather than fight against them and die. Those who stay in the city shall die, but those who go out and submit to the Chaldeans shall live.
God instructs us that He will “…punish you according to the fruit of your doings…” (Jeremiah 21:14) or in other words, we will be judged for our works!
Chapter 22: Pastors will be confounded
The king of Judah must execute judgment and righteousness and protect the needy. If he does not, his house shall become desolation. All nations shall marvel at the desolation. Shallum (Jehoahaz) the son of Josiah will die a captive. Coniah (Jeconiah) the son of Jehoiakim will be given to them that seek his life, and his seed will be forever excluded from the throne.
“Woe unto him…. That useth his neighbour’s service without wages, and giveth him not for his work.” (Jeremiah 22:13)
This shows us that we must not steal and must also not expect anything for free. This reminds me a lot of people who think that they deserve a handout instead of a hand-up. We should never mistreat our neighbor.
In the last days hate will be preached and false teachers will arise, of these Pastors God said; “The wind shall eat up all thy pastors… surely then shalt thou be ashamed and confounded for all thy wickedness.” (Jeremiah 22:22) | <urn:uuid:ea003c7b-93a6-4e72-b559-78ca62b92afc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zachscripturestudy.com/tag/judged-by-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.961146 | 1,181 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912)
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, Bt., OM, FRS, PC (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912), known as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and 1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. By applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.
Total matches: 2 | <urn:uuid:558410a7-cdf0-4d66-bf2e-468b3a4fcf0d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://librivox.org/author/4134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.962022 | 148 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Hello everybody, welcome to our recipe site, if you’re looking for Chicken Shawarma recipe, look no further! We provide you only the perfect Chicken Shawarma recipe here. We also have wide variety of recipes to try.
Before you jump to Chicken Shawarma recipe, you may want to read this short interesting healthy tips about Use Food to Improve Your Mood.
Most of us have been trained to believe that comfort foods are terrible and are to be avoided. However, if your comfort food is candy or junk food this holds true. Other times, though, comfort foods can be completely healthy and it’s good for you to consume them. There are some foods that basically can improve your moods when you consume them. If you feel a little bit down and you’re in need of a happiness pick me up, try a few of these.
Grains can be wonderful for fighting a bad mood. Quinoa, barley, millet, etc are great at helping you be happier. These foods can help you feel full for longer too, which is a mood improver. It’s not hard to feel depressed when you are starving! The reason these grains are so great for your mood is that they are easy for your body to digest and process. They are simpler to digest than other foods which helps kick up your blood sugar levels and that, in turn, improves your mood.
See, you don’t need to consume all that junk food when you are wanting to feel better! Test out these tips instead!
We hope you got benefit from reading it, now let’s go back to chicken shawarma recipe. You can have chicken shawarma using 17 ingredients and 5 steps. Here is how you achieve that.
The ingredients needed to make Chicken Shawarma:
- Use of Pita bread store bought.
- Get of Chicken.
- Prepare of ginger garlic paste.
- Use of garam masala powder.
- Get of tandoori masala.
- Use of Juice of 1 lemon.
- Prepare of Salt.
- Use of red chilli powder.
- Use of yoghurt.
- Prepare of black pepper powder.
- Provide of small capsicum.
- Provide of cucumber.
- Prepare of carrot.
- Get of Salt and pepper.
- Get of vinegar.
- You need of mayonnaise.
- Take of mustard paste.
Instructions to make Chicken Shawarma:
- ️Marinate chicken with garam masala, yoghurt, lemon, black pepper, red chilli powder,tandoori masala and salt..
- Cook in 2tbsp oil until chicken is tender. ️.
- For sauce: mix in mayonnaise, ketchup, yoghurt, mustard paste, salt and pepper..
- For vegetable: cut all the vegetables in Julienne cut and dip in vinegar..
- Assembling: spread chicken on pita bread, vegetables and sauce,fold the pita and serve..
Simple delicious Grilled Chicken Shawarma – bursting with Middle Eastern Flavor! Grill it or bake it and try serving it with super refreshing Israeli Salad. Chicken Shawarma is a popular gourmet sandwich that you can get at Middle Eastern restaurants. Marinated chicken chunks are mounted on a large rotating skewer and then roasted slowly to. Make this oven-roasted Chicken Shawarma easily and quickly at home with my easy and authentic marinade This homemade Chicken Shawarma is made in the oven and is so wonderfully flavorful!
If you find this Chicken Shawarma recipe helpful please share it to your close friends or family, thank you and good luck.
Originally posted 2021-07-23 21:03:58. | <urn:uuid:cbf83b99-9752-4eec-b363-9c71d095899c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gettyrecipes.com/704-recipe-delicious-chicken-shawarma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.89921 | 780 | 1.5 | 2 |
An advisory board is an informal group. This is not a board of directors. It is a group of mentors. The group has no financial interest in your firm. This is a group of outside advisors who share their knowledge to help you be more competitive, think strategically and offer specific advice in key skill areas.
The benefits of an advisory board include: setting aside time to think strategically, obtain feedback and insights from outside the company, and gather information and expertise from peers who have knowledge in different areas than your own. In general, a three to five person board will likely meet your needs. | <urn:uuid:15f36bce-2134-4329-bf6e-e1de469311a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://sandiego.score.org/resource/advisory-board-how-form | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00147-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974995 | 119 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The history of the earth and natural science was studied since times unknown, but the need for a geological map was felt when we wanted to predict the possible locations of the most valuable metals and minerals to be found on the earth’s crust. A German mining engineer named Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) wrote a book named “De re Metallica” in the year 1556, and he dedicated a chapter in the book to the valuable rocks found on the earth’s crust. He correlated the description with various hand-drawn figures with directions and thicknesses of various formations in the drawing.
The idea of a real map was born in the 18th century British Kingdom by the naturalist Martin Lister. His idea was to represent the distribution of different soil types of the British landscape on a topographic map. “The Soil might either be colored, by a variety of Lines or Etchings; but the great care must be, very exactly to note upon the Map, where such and such Soils are bounded…Now if it were noted, how far these extended, and the limits of each Soil appeared on a Map, something more might be comprehended from the whole, and from every part, then I can possibly foresee, which would make such labor very well worth the pains.” However, he could not release a map based on his idea.
The next important step was taken in Italy by a military engineer named Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili. He traveled to a part of Europe to create topographic maps for military use. He also observed and incorporated the landscapes, types of rocks, and other details with those maps. In the year 1726, he published his first map of the mining districts in Hungary.
With time the geological maps were evolved through the hands of Jean-Étienne Guettard who was famous for his detailed mineralogical and volcanological maps. An anonymous cartographer of the German island Heligoland drew the first geological map and he added the boundaries between four different rock types Kreide (chalk), Muschelkalkstein (limestone), Bunter Sandstein (sandstone), and Kohle (coal beds). The map depicts the boundaries of the various geological formations even below the sea. As the author, also the intended use of this map is unknown. Geologist David. R. Oldroyd speculates that the map maybe could be used as an aid to navigation, as sailors could determine their position by evaluating the rocks and sediments dredged from the seafloor.
In the year 1816, William ‘Strata’ Smith published a map as “A delineation of the strata of England and Wales, with a part of Scotland; exhibiting collieries and mines the marshes and fenlands originally overflowed by the sea, and the varieties of soil according to the variations in the substrata, illustrated by the most descriptive names”. The map identified different rock types, but Smith classified the rocks according to their age and the way they were deposited in layers. William Smith was a surveyor and an engineer by profession His works were never acknowledged during his time. They were only acknowledged after his demise and he was given the title “The Father of English Geology”. The Geological Society says of 400 copies that were possibly produced, only 150 remain today.
Happy Geologist Day to all my fellow geologists. | <urn:uuid:97ed6f86-99ae-47c8-9340-c34da1907a89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zindagikijohar.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.978934 | 703 | 4.3125 | 4 |
By Dan Hamilton
It is time to write about inflation. From fall of 2008 until about a month ago I was more concerned about deflation than inflation. In my post last fall, I characterized the United States economy as being in a “Good-delation Equilibrium,” one that eased pressure on households and the Fed in a weak-demand economic environment. I believe that the environment is changing.
BLS data show that February year-on-year growth of the Core CPI has reached 1.1 percent, up from the recent low of 0.6 set October 2010. All items CPI growth has reached 2.1 percent. While energy was the largest driver, most of the other CPI categories also contributed to the rise.
What are the indicators for March? March import prices were up, oil prices were up, and the next employment cost index report, due out April 29, will likely show some gains. Any wage and salary gains will help this job-weak recovery, but will also contribute a bit to inflation.
What does this mean? Despite ongoing fundamental economic weakness, we have likely moved past an episode where Deflation was a valid concern.
As an aside, it also has an implication for our real interest rate forecast. Many nominal interest rates, especially longer Treasuries, are rising. Thus far, we have about a 100 basis point rise in the (nominal) ten-year Treasury in the last six months. We had a similar rise in the All items inflation rate in that same time whereas the Core inflation rate increase was about half that. In the case of the All items deflator of the Treasury yield, the implied real rate has not changed, but with the Core deflator, the implied real rate rose by about 50 basis points. Either way, we have yet another fundmantal indicator, real interest rates, that is not improving.
While I no longer characterize the situation as a “Good-deflation Equilibrium” we have not moved very far from that equilibrium at this point. However, we may be in the process of moving to an equilibrium with higher inflation than the February level. There are reasons to believe that the current course of debt-financed expansionary fiscal policy will lead to higher future inflation. This course of fiscal policy will likely be maintained through 2012. It is likely we will get to a point in 2011 or 2012 where the Fed will consider raising the Federal Funds Target rate.
(Click chart to expand) | <urn:uuid:40e7c031-6371-46b2-b410-c9c55c768f63> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://seekingalpha.com/article/263371-the-inflation-environment-is-changing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00294-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970344 | 505 | 1.703125 | 2 |
The findings of a study done on 1,053 healthcare professionals working at the university’s Hafsa Sultan Hospital were released on Wednesday by Manisa Celal Bayar University (MCBÜ). The results revealed that those who received three doses of China’s Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine achieved the level of protective antibodies.
According to the written statement from the university, MCBÜ’s Scientific Research Projects Unit investigated the 6th-month follow-up results of the two-dose Sinovac SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine – also known as CoronaVac – administered in Turkey and the efficacy results after a 3rd dose.
It stated that 1,053 health workers volunteered to participate in the study and the frequency of getting sick and the antibody levels created by the vaccine were investigated in the study group after the vaccination.
“In those with only two doses of CoronaVac, the levels of antibody protection decreased to 56% after the third month following the second vaccine. This data has proven that applying a 3rd dose of the vaccine is a sound decision,” the statement read.
The study also showed a difference in efficacy between continuing with a third dose of CoronaVac or switching to BioNTech for the final dose, although both provided protection.
“Regardless of the preference of the third-dose vaccine, all individuals receiving three doses of vaccine achieved protective antibody levels. The BioNTech vaccine applied as the third dose of vaccination showed significant superiority in protection (both in terms of antibody levels and disease status) compared to the third dose of CoronaVac vaccine.”
It also touched upon the subject of a further fourth booster shot.
“Those who received the third dose of BioNTech had antibody levels above the maximum measurable titer in 95% of the participants. As such, it can be considered that it is still early to apply the 4th dose of BioNTech vaccine after two doses of CoronaVac and one additional dose of BioNTech.”
“The question of when the possible 2nd dose of BioNTech vaccine (4th dose in total) should be administered, can be answered when the results are obtained at the 3rd and 6th months after the 3rd dose administration.”
The statement also noted: “None of the 44 employees who got sick in the period after the 3rd vaccine were hospitalized, and they had the disease on an outpatient basis.” | <urn:uuid:d814f9e6-b661-4fe0-ad66-97f2d3c53457> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://covid19turkey.com/sinovacs-3-dose-efficacy-has-been-revealed-by-a-turkish-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.960645 | 515 | 2.046875 | 2 |
GENETICS (BIO 325) Fall 2009 Quiz 2 for discussion session Name_________________________________________Date________Unique#______ Write unique # you registered 51220 F 8-9a 51225 F 9-10a 51230 W 11-12p 51235 W 12-1p 1. What is the type of inheritance of the eye color (white mutant and red wild type) inheritance of Drosophila? a. autosomal dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-linked dominant d. X-linked recessive 2. ① affected individuals usually have unaffected parents ② the pattern of inheritance is often horizontal with several generations of unaffected individuals, but the several siblings in one generation are affected ③ the trait is found equally in both males and females, ① ② and ③ describe, a. autosomal dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-linked dominant d. X-linked recessive (3-4) In petunia, R/R is Red, R/r is pink, r/r is white. Red pure line was crossed with white pure line. Then the resulting F1 has pink flower color phenotype. 3. What is the phenotypic ratio when R/r is testcrossed with r/r?
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access the rest of the document. | <urn:uuid:2f7c34a2-b1c7-4a4f-99f4-64426c787443> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/5893099/GENETICS-quiz2-key/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857359 | 285 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Testing the internal coil winding of the fuel injectors on your 1.5L Toyota Tercel can be done with a multimeter. So, if the fuel injector is fried and has stopped injecting fuel, this resistance test will help you pin-point the problem.
In this tutorial I'll show you how to this fuel injector resistance test and I'll also explain a simple diagnostic strategy to help you pin-point the problem causing a 'dead' cylinder.
Contents of this tutorial at a quick glance:
- Symptoms Of A Bad Fuel Injector.
- Checking The Injector's Internal Resistance.
- How To Find The Bad Or Clogged Fuel Injector.
- Fuel Injector Wiring Diagram.
Symptoms Of A Bad Fuel Injector
You'll see one of several of the following symptoms:
- Rough idle.
- Misfire when accelerating the vehicle down the road.
- One or more of the following trouble codes:
- P0300 Random Misfire.
- P0301 Cylinder #1 Misfire.
- P0302 Cylinder #2 Misfire.
- P0303 Cylinder #3 Misfire.
- P0304 Cylinder #4 Misfire.
When a fuel injector stops injecting fuel, it'll cause its cylinder to go 'dead'.
Checking The Injector's Internal Resistance
We're gonna' test the internal resistance of the fuel injector with a multimeter in Ohms mode.
These are the test steps:
Disconnect the fuel injectors from their harness connectors.
Set your multimeter to Ohms (Ω) mode and:
Measure the resistance of the fuel injector across its two male spade terminals with the multimeter test leads (see the illustration in the image viewer).
Write down the resistance value that your multimeter records for the specific fuel injector you're testing. The illustration above will help you identify the cylinder # the fuel injector belongs to.
Repeat steps 1 through 3 on the remaining fuel injectors.
NOTE: The 1.5L Toyota resistance specification is: 13.4 to 14.2 Ohms.
Let's find out what your specific multimeter test results mean:
CASE 1: The fuel injector resistance of all 4 was within specification (or similar). This confirms that the fuel injectors are OK. Specifically, that none are shorted or open internally.
Here's why: If any one of the fuel injectors were shorted or open internally, the fuel injector would have registered a radically different resistance value on your multimeter. Since the resistance values for a 4 were uniform... this test result tells you that they are not defective.
CASE 2: One of the fuel injectors registered a completely different resistance value. This indicates that the fuel injector is BAD. Replace the fuel injector. | <urn:uuid:26a7f335-0b80-4183-96ba-06c9dac488a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://troubleshootmyvehicle.com/toyota/1.5L/fuel-injector-tests-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85321 | 608 | 1.984375 | 2 |
See also: öcs
- Initialism of Office of Contract Settlement.
- (Amiga, hardware) Initialism of Amiga Original Chipset (a Commodore Amiga chipset)
- (chemistry) Initialism of carbonyl sulfide (a chemical compound with the formula OCS)
- (communication, Microsoft, software) Initialism of Microsoft Office Communications Server (a software product)
- (geology) Initialism of Outer Continental Shelf.
- (Internet) Initialism of Open Collaboration Services (an open and vendor-independent API to access online services)
- (Internet) Initialism of Online Charging System (a system allowing providers of communication services to charge customers based on service usage)
- (Internet) Initialism of Origin Content Server (another name for a Web server)
- (linguistics) Initialism of Old Church Slavonic.
- (military) Initialism of Officer Candidate School.
- (software) Initialism of Open Computer and Software (an application which inventories IT assets) | <urn:uuid:b9e7c500-2454-4f4e-a2d6-7934ed5e275c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/OCS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00008-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.794818 | 218 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Two students in a physics laboratory each have a concave mirror with the same radius of curvature, 40 cm. Each student places an object in front of their mirror. The image in both mirrors is three times the size of the object. However, when the students compare notes, they find that the object distances are not the same. Is this possible? If so, what are the object distances?
Answer to relevant QuestionsIf you hold a 900-cm2 square plane mirror 45 cm from your eyes and can just see the full length of an 8.5-m flagpole behind you, how far are you from the pole? When an object is placed at 2.0 m in front of a diverging lens, a virtual image is formed at 30 cm in front of the lens. What are the focal length of the lens and the lateral magnification of the image? Using the thin lens equation and the magnification factor, show that for a spherical diverging lens, the image of a real object is always virtual, upright, and reduced. To correct myopia (nearsightedness), concave lenses are prescribed. If a student can read her physics book only when she holds it no farther than 18 cm away, what focal length of lens should be prescribed so she can read ...An optometrist prescribes glasses with a power of – 4.0 D for a nearsighted student. What is the focal length of the glass lenses?
Post your question | <urn:uuid:099bf62d-ed0e-47b8-b251-3d0d734620b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.solutioninn.com/two-students-in-a-physics-laboratory-each-have-a-concave | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00574-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921129 | 296 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Paris (Oct. 15)
Raymond Poincare, distinguished French statesman, war-time president of France and friend and supporter of Jewish causes, died here early this morning. M. Poincare, who was seventy-four years old, had been in ill health ever since he retired as premier in July, 1929, when he underwent two serious operations.
The death of the French statesman deprives world Jewry of another friend in high places. Early last week the bullet of an assassin killed Foreign Minister Louis Barthou at Marseilles.
In the 90’s of the last century, M. Poincare, then an influential French politician, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and frequently included in the cabinets of the period, after some hesitation, made up his mind that the then Captain Alfred Dreyfus was completely innocent of the crime of which he was accused. M. Poincare took his place in the ranks of the Dreyfusards and defended the Jewish officer in a series ### brilliant speeches in the French parliament
SUPPORTER OF ZIONISM
“The Lion of Lorraine” as he was called, was an ardent supporter of the Zionist ideal. He was honorary president of the French Palestine Association, and took a great interest in the development of the Holy Land.
Soon after the armistice ended the World War, President Poincare came to Alsace, which has been restored to France. He was received triumphantly by the Jews of Strasbourg in the Great Synagogue of the town.
In 1923, while he was premier, M. Poincare intervened energetically on behalf of the Polish Jews, when a numerus clausus law severely restricting the number of Jewish students in Polish institutions was about to be passed. As a result of the intervention, the Polish government abandoned its intention of introducing restrictions.
EDUCATED BY JESUITS
M. Poincare was born in the little town of Bar-le-Duc in 1860. He was educated by the Jesuit Fathers and was a brilliant student at the University of Nancy. After his graduation he served in the French army and distinguished himself as a captain in the Alpine Chasseurs, the famous “Blue Devils.”
Later he studied law and was admitted to the bar in Paris. Despite his lucrative profits, he went into politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1887. He remained in the political arena for the next forty years, serving as deputy, minister in various cabinets, president of the Republic from 1913 to 1920, and as premier for several terms after he retired from the presidency. | <urn:uuid:28c03f53-fea1-4ebc-8d15-509c14b35e46> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jta.org/1934/10/16/archive/poincare-dies-was-known-as-friend-of-jews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00138-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986246 | 546 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Australian researchers have shed light on a major obstacle to the widespread uptake of next-generation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells – light-induced phase segregation. This is a troublesome issue, whereby illumination, such as sunlight, disrupts the delicately arranged composition of elements within mixed-halide perovskites. Of course, an allergy to sunlight is not a great feature for a solar material.
Thankfully, members of the Australian Research Council’s Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science have discovered that by actually increasing the intensity of light illuminating the hybrid perovskite material seems to settle its elements and maximise efficiency. Mixed-halide perovskites are a hybrid organic-inorganic single crystal that can provide a cheap and flexible way of increasing solar efficiency, if that is, they can be smoothed for commercial use.
Indeed, a solution seems to be on the cards, as the introduction of high-intensity life works to undo the disruption caused by lower-intensity light. It seems that mixed-halide perovskites are a nervous wreck backstage, but when pushed in front of the intense glare of the spotlight, they recover themselves and their bandgap.
Like the scientists behind the microwave, Viagra, and vulcanized rubber, Chris Hall of the University of Melbourne, and Wenxin Mao of Monash University, made their discovery while studying something else.
“It was one of those unusual discoveries that you sometimes hear about in science,” said Hall. “We were performing a measurement, looking for something else, and then we came across this process that at the time seemed quite strange. However, we quickly realized it was an important observation.”
Having clocked the potential of this observation, the two researchers brought in Stefano Bernardi from the University of Sydney to lead the computational modeling work for this new and surprising solution to light-induced phase segregation.
“What we found is that as you increase the excitation intensity, the local strains in the ionic lattice, which were the original cause of segregation, start to merge together,” explained Stefano. “When this happens, the local deformations that drove segregation disappear.”
This is to say that on a regular day of sunshine, the light’s intensity is so low that it causes local deformities, but when exposed to a solar concentrator, the excitation is increased to such a level that the segregation vanishes in a glare.
Unlike some other famous discoveries, these researchers are not unsure about the significance of their findings. A solution to light-induced phase segregation means that mixed-halide perovskites can now retain their optimal composition when exposed to light, allowing them to be useful in solar cells.
It is, in some sense, a lesson in the utility of daring. Whereas many people had previously thought to solve the problem of light-induced disorder by suppressing light, a rational enough hypothesis, but sometimes it is better to walk through the fire rather than away from it.
“What we’ve shown is that you can actually use the material in the state that you want to use it, for a solar cell – all you need to do is focus more light onto it. We’ve done the fundamental work and the next step is to put it into a device.” That device could be concentrator and tandem solar cells, or even in high-power light-emissive devices and optical memory applications.
The scientists recently published their findings in Nature Materials.
This content is protected by copyright and may not be reused. If you want to cooperate with us and would like to reuse some of our content, please contact: email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:ffbc7bb1-fa92-46d1-90fa-ff40a9b5659e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/10/22/australian-scientists-shed-light-on-perovskite-problem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.955152 | 776 | 3.078125 | 3 |
I had my honors kids do a series of constructions in class with compass and a straight edge. To help them overcome the temptation to "cheat", I gave them popsicle sticks as straight edges. Most kids figured out right away how to do an isosceles triangle (all on their own), and about half of the class figured out on their own how to make a kite. (I figured it was a small hop from being able to do isosceles triangles.) Some kids fumbled their way to an equilateral triangle while trying to get the isosceles one. Then, everyone struggled with constructing a pair of parallel lines, so after they struggled for a while, I let them open up to a part of the textbook that describes the "rhombus method" for constructing parallel lines. Except, the way that the book describes does not allow them to construct 5 equally spaced parallel lines as I had requested. So, either the kids had to fiddle and figure out on their own a modified "rhombus method" (which a handful of kids did manage to do), or they had to get a hint from me.
All in all, the kids liked the activity so much that I decided to turn it into a project. So, the next day I gave them a list of specs, and they brought me clean final drafts with explanations for justifying why the sides are indeed congruent.
I tried to scan in the best piece of student work, but the scanner doesn't pick up on the arc marks all too well. For a kite, he started with two intersecting circles of different radii, and connected the circles' centers to the points of intersection in their arcs. He constructed equilateral triangle using two intersecting circles of the same radius, and his parallel lines are formed from a network of congruent circles.
Neat, eh? Lots of math with no numbers.
We'll be seeing construction again, very soon... | <urn:uuid:e701d16f-b7d9-4b30-abcb-1489ea1f9486> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://untilnextstop.blogspot.com/2010/11/constructions-with-compass-and-straight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00435-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971006 | 402 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Contemporary Argentine Writers has published a new short story from Liliana Heker. She is an Argentine writer that I am quite unfamiliar.
The contest, said the woman from the bank, would be open only to local bank employees and their families; he would certainly discover, she assured him, some shoo-ins among them. Remus’ mind lingered on the word “shoo-in.” When he was a boy, his parents bought him shoes that were too big for him, and he had to use inserts until his feet grew into them, sorry? I was saying that you will find Professor Lusarreta of invaluable assistance, said the woman. Ah, yes, he said, and thought melancholically of how old and worn his shoes got by the time they did fit him. It will be most inspiring for the writers at the bank, said the woman. Remus figured that in the world of the living, there couldn’t be more than fifteen short story writers worth reading; it was improbable that the banking sector of a seaside town—family included—would harbor even one of them, but given the state of depression he found himself in lately, the woman’s offer didn’t seem all that bad: roundtrip deluxe bus service, his honorarium and a three-day hotel stay. The idea of looking out to sea for hours, getting drunk off the pendular roar of the breakers until his soul dissolved and the tribulations of heartbreak and failure were reduced to what they really were—a drop in the universe—made a few days of reading bad writing seem worthwhile, and so he said yes, he’d accept. | <urn:uuid:e24d20e9-9536-4060-99aa-aa74fb19d2a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bythefirelight.com/tag/liliana-heker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.989684 | 349 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Company should have been warned of pipeline trouble, regulator says
BISMARCK – A federal regulator says preliminary test results showing a problem with the oil pipeline that leaked more than 20,000 barrels of Bakken crude should have been available to the company before the leak was discovered.
“It is completely unacceptable that a company would have a release of this size and not know it. It’s just unconscionable. And the question is, how did that possibly occur?” said Linda Daugherty, deputy associate administrator for the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
Daugherty updated the North Dakota Public Service Commission on Wednesday on the federal investigation into the spill being cleaned up on 7.3 acres in a farm field near Tioga.
She said investigators are “pretty confident” they know what caused the hole in the pipeline, but she couldn’t disclose it publicly because of the ongoing investigation and because lab reports aren’t finished. A state investigator has said the hole may have been caused by exterior corrosion.
“We’re trying now to focus on when this release actually occurred and why the company did not detect it much, much sooner,” Daugherty said.
Tesoro contracted with the oilfield services company Baker Hughes to test the integrity of the pipeline on Sept. 10-11 using an inline tool commonly known as a “smart pig,” PHMSA officials said. Daugherty said most companies will require that the vendor running the test review the initial results as soon as they’re ready and notify the company if there are any areas of immediate concern.
“So those results usually come in within just a week or two,” she said, adding the final results could take months.
In the case of the Tioga spill, Daugherty said the farmer reported smelling something in the field on Sept. 25 – two weeks after the smart pig test – before noticing the oil spill while harvesting wheat on Sept. 29 and reporting it. Tesoro then reached out to the vendor to ask about the test results, “and yes, they did see something in the vicinity of the release,” she said.
Tesoro Logistics spokeswoman Elizabeth Watters said Wednesday that the company was waiting for the results of the analysis of the smart pig inspection when the leak was reported, and that it received the final results on Oct. 14. She said she didn’t immediately have information about the contract with Baker Hughes, and Baker Hughes did not respond to request for comment Wednesday.
Lynn Helms, director of the state Department of Mineral Resources, has said Tesoro used the pipeline while waiting for the results because it also conducted a pressure test that was successful.
The 20-year-old pipeline was moving Bakken crude north to a rail facility at Columbus near the Canadian border when the leak occurred.
The pipeline formerly ran south to the Tesoro refinery in Mandan. Its direction of flow was reversed from south to north on Aug. 13, which Daugherty said may have affected the performance of the pipeline’s monitoring equipment. PHMSA is investigating whether there was adequate monitoring to detect a leak.
Daugherty said the pipeline operated at less than full capacity, making it difficult to calculate how long it had been leaking and the amount of oil released. PHMSA believes it was running at 350 pounds of pressure -- less than a third of the maximum flow -- at the point of failure, she said.
“So there is no consistent flow rate or flow pressure that you could use to calculate the volume out, or at least we don’t have that in hand yet,” she said.
In light of the Tioga spill, commissioners on Wednesday discussed whether the PSC should play a role in monitoring oil pipelines within the state. It already has jurisdiction over the siting of intrastate oil pipelines of more than a mile in length, and it’s had jurisdiction over the intrastate transmission and distribution of natural gas since the early 1970s.
The commission has authority under state law to create an oversight program for oil and other hazardous liquids as it does for natural gas, said Patrick Fahn, director of the PSC’s compliance division. The PSC would have to sign a certification document with the federal government agreeing to meet certain standards for the program and have enough people to run it, Fahn said. Federal funds currently pay for 70 percent to 75 percent of the state’s natural gas oversight program, he said.
PSC Chairman Brian Kalk said the purpose isn’t to impose new regulations, but he suggested a state oversight program – perhaps sharing jurisdiction with the federal agency – could allow for more frequent oil pipeline inspections.
Commissioners plan to hold a work session to further discuss the idea, including the potential cost.
“If it’s reasonably comparable, there may be a lot of value in us having control of the system to make sure that we can give the level of confidence to the people of North Dakota that I think they have in us to be regulators,” Commissioner Randy Christmann said.
Mike Nowatzki, Forum News Service | <urn:uuid:91647890-a902-4423-a33b-7acb9e239df8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.perhamfocus.com/content/company-should-have-been-warned-pipeline-trouble-regulator-says | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965359 | 1,077 | 1.71875 | 2 |
coffee (and a lot of it) is associated with a reduced risk of developing
multiple sclerosis (MS), a new study finds.
with people who said they never drank coffee, people who reported drinking
large amounts of java were nearly a third less likely to develop MS, according
to the study.
observed a significant association between high consumption of coffee and
decreased risk of developing MS," the researchers, led by Anna Hedström, a
doctoral student in environmental medicine at the Karolinska Institute in
Sweden wrote in the meta-analysis study, published March 3 in the Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
the study, the researchers looked at the results of two large case-control
studies, which included 2,779 people with MS and 3,960 people without MS. The
researchers found that those individuals who reported the highest levels of
coffee consumption (more than 4 cups [900 mL] a day) had a 29 percent lower
risk of MS than those who reported drinking no coffee. However, the researchers
cautioned more studies are still needed. | <urn:uuid:a82ea9aa-ea1f-46c4-83da-fdbeb72b4a41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.edmancenter.com/newsdesk_info.php/newsdesk_id/113/language/en/pname/Drinking-coffee-associated-with-reduced-risk-of-MS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967218 | 239 | 2.921875 | 3 |
It’s that time of year: the time to enjoy hot cocoa by the fire, build a snowman with the kids…and square away the loose ends of your business. Doesn’t that sound fun? Well, if you define “fun” as being prepared for 2011 then, yes, it will be fun.
Here are four end-of-year tasks that will help you start 2011 off right:
1. Revisit that classic holiday tale: your 2010 financial documents.
Let the ghost of business past guide you through a review of your 2010 cash flow statement, income statement, and balance sheet. If you don’t have the time to prepare these documents, consider hiring someone to prepare them for you. Here are the lessons you’ll learn…
A) …from your cash flow statement: whether your business’s net cash flow went up or down, and where the money went
B).…from your income statement: get a snapshot of the year with this simple formula: Revenue minus Expenses = Profit (or Loss)
C)…from your balance sheet: a summary of your business’s assets, liabilities, and equity. | <urn:uuid:42bc1368-c863-4234-8a31-229714e039c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.webs.com/blog/tag/enterpreneur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00229-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900562 | 245 | 1.523438 | 2 |
This weekend’s rain notwithstanding, there’s more at stake in California’s continuing water crisis than just dried-up lawns and fallow cantaloupe fields.
The hard — but inevitable — choices that prolonged drought will impose on our elected leaders could easily trigger a fresh jobs crisis in a state still struggling to fully regain its economic feet after years of double-digit unemployment. That second crisis could force us to reconsider a range of carefully worked out policies, including some of those that govern energy production.
Thus far, most of the alarm triggered by this year’s record low rainfall and snowpack has centered on the obvious impact water shortages will have on our agricultural sector — and with good reason: California’s farming and livestock industries account for $45 billion in economic activity. More than half of all the fruits and vegetables Americans consume each year are grown in this state; tree crops like almonds and pistachios are now major sources of foreign export income. California produces more milk and dairy products than any other state. We’re America’s biggest wine producer, and only Texas raises more beef and cotton than we do.
Though agricultural mechanization grows apace — its development fueled by overly restrictive federal immigration policies — farming still is the largest employer by far in the state’s most economically depressed areas, the Central, Coachella and Imperial valleys. Moreover, for every 100 jobs directly generated by agriculture, 92 other positions are created in ancillary and service occupations. The Great Recession has lingered on in California’s farming regions, however, and in Fresno — by far the nation’s most productive agricultural county — unemployment stubbornly remains around 38 percent.
If, as now seems all but certain, the county’s farmers have to use all of this year’s surface water allotment just to keep their thirsty nut trees and grape vines alive, most will have to forgo planting row crops, like tomatoes and cantaloupes. That step, according to the local Farm Bureau, may idle as much as 25 percent of Fresno’s fields and push the county’s unemployment rate to 50 percent. Replicate that across the west Central, Coachella and Imperial valleys and the misery index — already high in those economically lagging regions — rockets off the charts.
While the impact of water cutbacks on urban employment may not be so obviously direct, it nonetheless is real. In large part, that’s because water and energy are entwined in California. This state already has America’s ninth-highest energy costs, and 15 percent of our electricity is generated by hydroelectric dams. Hydro is not only our cleanest source of electrical power, but also our cheapest. Idaho, for example, has the lowest energy costs in the nation because more than 94 percent of its electricity is generated by hydro.
Coal-fired power plants once were a major source of electricity for Southern California, though air pollution issues dictated that they be sited in Utah and Arizona. In recent years, growing environmental reservations about all coal usage has led Los Angeles, for example, to move away from any use of the out-of-state generating facilities. As a result, California — where retail power costs now average 13.79 cents per kilowatt-hour — generates just 1 percent of its electricity with coal. State law, in fact, now prohibits any California utility from entering into long-term contracts with a coal-fired generating facility, no matter where it’s located. Apart from the drought-imperiled 15 percent that comes from hydro, the state gets 44 percent of its power from natural gas-fired generating plants, 18 percent from nuclear, an impressive 35 percent from renewable sources like solar and 2 percent from other generating methods, like wood and biomass.
Natural gas is the third cheapest fuel that can be used to generate power, though it is three times more expensive than hydro. Still, it’s worth recalling that the United States is the Saudi Arabia of natural gas and coal resources. We possess more of both than any other nation in the world, and California current exploits just 2 percent of the natural gas beneath its own soil.
Last year, in fact, the federal Energy Information Agency issued a report saying that the Monterey Shale formation, which roughly extends through the Central Valley and coast from just south of San Francisco to northern Los Angeles County, contains at least 15.5 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered with current drilling technologies and an equal or greater volume of natural gas. That’s more than either the Bakken fields of North Dakota and Montana or the Eagle Ford field in Texas, the largest domestic oil strikes since the opening of Alaska’s North Slope.
How much is 15.5 billion barrels of oil? Well, that’s about as much as Alaska has produced in the last quarter century or petroleum titan Saudi Arabia pumps in a decade. How much might it be worth to the California economy? Research done at the University of Wyoming has found that Sacramento stands to gain $15 billion in new tax revenues from every billion barrels of oil produced in the state. Similar studies done at the Milken and American Enterprise institutes projected an additional ancillary benefit to the broad California economy of as much as $80 billion. That’s a lot of money to pump into a state that already has the nation’s fourth highest unemployment rate and stands to lose more jobs as a result of the drought.
To get at the Monterey Shale oil and gas, though, California needs to clear up the regulatory haze that currently prevents the use of most modern fracking technologies in this state. There are seismically sensitive areas with vulnerable groundwater supplies where we shouldn’t frack, but much of the Monterey Shale could be safely developed, if the state simply would make a sensible and clear decision about how and where this state-of-the-art technology can be employed.
Similarly, California ought to reconsider carefully — indeed, gingerly — the role so-called “clean coal” technologies might be allowed to play in our power generation. In the newest clean coal processes, the carbon dioxide and particulate emissions from coal are captured and liquefied inside the plant. The residual liquid is then removed and pumped into exhausted geological formations, like old gas fields.
Natural gas and coal are cheap and plentiful and both are sources of jobs, as well as power. New technologies hold the promise that both can be exploited without unacceptable environmental trade-offs. If the current water crisis pushes us to rethink the role of both in our economy, then California may even have found a bright side to drought.
Tim Rutten is a columnist for the Los Angeles News Group. email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:2ba00be9-d76f-45df-9674-1b7cde74de73> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dailynews.com/opinion/20140228/droughts-effects-could-cause-state-to-rethink-energy-production-policies-tim-rutten | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00228-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943883 | 1,397 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Permanent Air Monitoring System Must Be in Place by August
Things are moving – not quite at lightening speed – but definitely forward, in the aftermath of the Aliso Canyon gas leak.
On April 26 the California Senate Energy Committee voted eight-to-one to pass Senator Henry Stern’s Aliso Canyon Closure bill. The bill sets a firm 2027 timeline for the complete shutdown of the storage facility, and makes it an asset of last resort until then. The bill now moves to Appropriations.
As part of the 2021 settlement, funding from the South Coast AQMD and Aliso Canyon Fund was put aside to establish a permanent air monitoring system for the adjacent communities.
Washington-based Argos Scientific was awarded the RFP and is in the process of setting up such systems. Argos started high-tech monitoring with oil refineries, and clients today include Phillips 66, Shell, Valero and more.
Founder and CEO Don Gamiles told Valley News Group that immediately after the leak, his team came in and set up a high-tech system for free that could measure methane in real time.
He said that after the well was capped, all other entities (Gas Co., Department of Health, AQMD) went away.
“This is the biggest environmental event in our time. I heard about the blowout on the news so we installed a system in Porter Ranch and set up a website for the community,” he explained. “I knew how traumatized residents were. So we kept our system running.”
Five years later, Argos has teamed with the Atmospheric Science Department at UCLA, “the best in show for making this technology” Gamiles said, to get a permanent monitoring system installed.
The monitoring equipment itself is a light source shot out through a telescope-like spotlight. At the other end is a mirror that sends the beam back on path.
“Just like a garage door, if something breaks the beam it stops,” explained Gamiles. “Same principle. If a gas crosses the beam we measure the wavelengths of light. Each gas absorbs different wavelengths of light. By measuring we can tell which gas is breaking the light.”
With this system the community will have the ability to have an app on their phone that will tell them what the air quality is at any given time. If there’s another event like the blow out, they will be notified immediately. If someone has a health or odor complaint they can register it on the app in real time. People can see what area the complaint was registered but it can’t be tracked back to one individual.
With odor complaints Argos can take the information directly to the AQMD.
Per the settlement, the permanent system needs to be in place by August 2022. Argos is working with the fire department and local schools to scout locations.
The technology exists. What is next is getting permission for locations to actually set up the system. Gamiles gave a presentation to residents a few weeks ago. “We want the community buy-in. We need their input – but we also need to reassure them that the technology is safe. There are no health consequences to the beams. They are just light – just like the sun.”
Gamiles said, “This is the most sophisticated monitoring system in the world. Once the system is up and running the community will know within five minutes if there’s a breach.” | <urn:uuid:894b2239-17af-4600-9745-dd84648066c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://valleynewsgroup.com/theres-light-at-the-end-of-the-aliso-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.960969 | 715 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The Null Device
The anti-AIDS Virus
Two researchers at Berkeley have created a virus which fights AIDS
. This virus is a modified version of HIV with the harmful parts replaced by a mechanism that inhibits HIV's ability to kill immune cells. The anti-AIDS virus is sexually transmissible, much as HIV is, which means that now it is hypothetically possible to screw a sick person healthy. (They may have to get rid of this if they ever market it, as not to lose revenue; otherwise they could sell multi-user site-licenses to sexually promiscuous patients, or put a celibacy clause in their licenses and prosecute violators under copyright laws.)
There are no comments yet on "The anti-AIDS Virus" | <urn:uuid:0f03f878-a207-4382-ac88-03f6d1fc19af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://dev.null.org/blog/item/200405141445_antiaids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.966824 | 151 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Portrait of Sir Walter Clarke Buchanan, ca1916
Reference Number: 1/1-013597-G
Portrait of Sir Walter Clarke Buchanan. Photographed by Stanley Polkinghorne Andrew about 1916
S P Andrew Ltd :Portrait negatives, Reference Number PAColl-3739 (541 digitised items)
Extent: 1 b&w original negative(s)Glass negative. Single negative
Historical Notes: Sir Walter Clarke Buchanan was a farmer, a businessman, a politician, and a philanthopist. In 1871 he and an elder brother puchased the Tupurupuru station in the Wairarapa. Here he became a stock breeder, an advocate for refrigeration and a director on companies designed to effect this. His gift of 10,000 pounds to Victoria University for a chair in agriculture began a process which ended in the founding of Massey Agricultural College. He was a Member of Parliament for the Wairarapa from 1881 to 1914.
Conditions governing access to original: Not restricted
Other copies available: File print available in Pictorial Reference Service920. Buchanan, Sir Walter(PFP-010240)
Usage: You can search, browse, print and download items from this website for research and personal study. You are welcome to reproduce the above image(s) on your blog or another website, but please maintain the integrity of the image (i.e. don't crop, recolour or overprint it), reproduce the image's caption information and link back to here (http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=24465). If you would like to use the above image(s) in a different way (e.g. in a print publication), or use the transcription or translation, permission must be obtained. More information about copyright and usage can be found on the Copyright and Usage page of the NLNZ web site. | <urn:uuid:92ba5c44-ac3b-47de-a872-5dc1e2d68267> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=24465&l=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00227-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868088 | 397 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Al Jadid, P.O. Box 805, Cypress, CA 90630, Tel: 310 227-6777;E-mail email@example.com
West, Mideast Dichotomy in Veil Debate
By Simeone Stevens
Edited by Jennifer Heath
University of California Press, 2008
Whether worn as a headscarf or a neqab that covers the whole body, the Islamic veil has sparked controversy and interest among Westerners both prior to and since the terrorist attacks on September 11. It was also debated among Arab and Muslim reformists and intellectuals as far back as the beginning of the last century. Recently the veil debate has been rekindled by controversial legislation passed in France and Turkey. Partly to promote assimilation, France passed a law in 2004 making it illegal to wear religious symbols, including the hijab, in public buildings such as schools. In secular Turkey, where the president’s wife dons the hijab, Parliament has found a solution that eases restrictions that were imposed on veil-wearing after Ataturk’s time.
Historically a symbol of a woman’s faith, the retiring of the hijab has been associated with the process of Westernization. For some, the garment has transcended its traditional religious symbolism, becoming a metaphor for Middle Eastern gender politics and even repression, since it is ultimately men who decide if, when, and where it will be worn.
"The Veil," edited by Jennifer Heath, is a collection of essays by 25 authors of varied background and approach – some basing their work on personal experience, while others adhere to academic disciplines. Some scholars see the veil as a symbol of oppression and cultural regression, but not Mohja Kahf, whose essay begins, "It is like a second skin to me. It is supple as a living membrane and moves and flows with me. There is beauty and dignity in its fall and sweep. It is my crown and my mantle, my vestments of grace. Its pleasures are known to me, if not to you." The book also draws attention to the wide range of veils in existence, lest one think that the much-photographed abaya and burqa were the only alternatives. The authors remind us that Orthodox Jews wear head scarves, Catholic nuns use habits, and that there are even veils worn by men. The compilation additionally explores the complexities of integrating the veil into the Western world.
There is a strong current of defiance running throughout the book concerning what it terms "Western imperialism" and its political use of the veil. Writing of post-9/11 Afghanistan, Dinah Zeiger asserts, "The removal of the veil from the women in Afghanistan constitutes a necessary step in the American nationalist agenda to remake the Middle East in the Western capitalist mold."
Another contributor, Aisha Lee Fox, points out that women in Muslim countries have historically been locked in vicious cycles of mandatory veiling and unveiling, depending on the political climate of the time. In "Concealing and Revealing Female Hair," Ashraf Zahedi writes, "In July 1980, the Islamic regime began implementing 'compulsory' veiling as part of the regime's agenda to institutionalize and exploit the female identity espoused by the authenticity movement. It promoted wearing the veil as 'moral cleansing.'" Zahedi reminds us that over 40 years earlier, in 1936, "The Shah legally abolished the veil… He employed physical force, ordering soldiers to remove women’s veils, sometimes tearing them off in public."
The book appears to cater to a Western audience that has genuine interest in studying and understanding the veil. But the real source of discontent lies in the Middle East, not at a lecture hall somewhere in the United States. Sometimes the book takes on an apologetic tone, attempting to defend the hijab by, in turn, vilifying the West or the Arab nations for having sought Westernization.
Some of the book’s more academic contributions tend towards jargonism, at the peril of losing the layman. For the most part however, “The Veil” achieves its goal of opening the discussion to a wider audience, introducing a plurality of perspectives and opinions, and serving as a reminder that this is a world in which there are as many answers as there are individuals. Heath closes with, “This book operates on myriad levels. In addition to sociopolitical discussions on the veil, it brings to light multiple perspectives, many highly personal. For that is where the veil begins. And that is where it should end. It belongs only to the wearer.”
Naturally, the Middle Eastern perspective of the veil differs to some extent from that which predominates in the West. According to Mohammad Ali Atassi, author of several studies on the hijab, the debate on the veil in the Middle East is more rooted in indigenous social, economic and political factors than it is in the West.
A Syrian whose articles appeared in An Nahar Cultural Supplement, Atassi attributes the increased number of women wearing the hijab to internal Syrian politics, particularly since the early 1970’s. The regime’s policies amounted to overwhelming opposition of the veil. One example involves Rifaat al-Assad, former vice-president and brother of the late president Hafez al-Assad, who in 1981 resorted to violence as a means of compelling women to unveil when in public. As a result, the veil became a political symbol among Islamists and secularists alike.
Although the government later lifted the ban on the veil, the regime had, in the meantime, lost some of its power and legitimacy. In order to protect itself, the Assad regime has gone out of its way in the last three decades to tolerate Islamist groups that preach fundamentalist versions of Islam – which include, among others things, encouraging young women to veil.
In the case of Turkey as well, the trend of wearing -- and the trend of removing -- the veil tended to be more politically than religiously motivated. Yet, while the founder of modern Turkey, Kamal Mustafa Ataturk, strongly opposed the hijab, he never forced Turkish women to remove it, as did the military generals who succeeded him in the 70's and 80's. According to Attassi, the hijab was in any event worn less frequently at that time, as a product of progressivism and modernization. The actual statistics regarding the wearing of the hijab in Turkey may surprise some: "Turkish veiled women make up 60 percent, the majority of which wear the traditional hijab cover, while only 15 percent of these women wear the Islamic hijab," wrote Atassi.
The French and the Turkish legislations have ignited debates in both the Christian West and Muslim East. Most significant, however, is the reaction of traditional Muslim scholars and intellectuals who condemned France for executing a form of colonialism. Pointing out the hypocrisy of such outcry, Atassi writes, "The best example is the Iranian and the Saudi reaction. Though different, the Wahabi Kingdom and the Islamic Republic agree to condemn France’s decision in banning the hijab in their schools, and they are perhaps correct in their positions. But they did not pay attention to the fact that they themselves are following the same policy but in reverse, meaning any woman not wearing the hijab cannot set foot in universities or the public sphere,” wrote Atassi.
In Atassi’s eyes, Arab and Muslim reactions to the Turkish decision demonstrate a lack of understanding of the concept of individual freedom. Because of this fundamental confusion, they missed the real meaning of the decision taken by the Turkish Development and Justice Party to ease restrictions on wearing the veil. Atassi views such decisions as an affirmation of women's religious and individual rights, which include both the right to wear and not to wear the hijab. The celebration by both traditional Arab and Muslim intellectuals reflects monolithic thinking, illustrating a one-sided understanding of individual freedom.
Although some segments of "The Veil" may be presented in terms of an East versus West, the garment is exploited as a major political tool in the Middle East. Citing “God’s will” as a means of encouraging or discouraging veil wearing creates leverage for the party involved. It is no secret that religion has often been used for such ends, and that the interpretation of religious texts usually comes from those who are in power. As Atassi put it, God has given man the freedom to believe and not to believe, and since this is the case, shouldn’t it be up to the woman to decide whether to wear or not to wear the veil, thus "the freedom of choice in dress should be the same as it is in belief.”
This review appears in Al Jadid, Vol. 15, no. 60 (2009) | <urn:uuid:1f652a9c-0a19-4b87-81ac-9997a1d0dfe6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://aljadid.com/content/west-mideast-dichotomy-veil-debate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00426-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960536 | 1,790 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Scheduling Your Time
Your time is valuable, so you should treat it that way. Your schedule can get busy and sometimes it can seem like there are not enough hours in the day. But when that happens, we just need to take a step back, and manage our time effectively. When we schedule our time and resources in a way that benefits us and aides in becoming better organized, there’s nothing we can’t accomplish, because, “The Sky’s The Limit”.
Have a Master Calendar
It can seem like a good idea to have several calendars for every area of life, but when you use more than one at a time, it’s easy to get them confused. With multiple calendars, you can run the risk of double booking events or miss important appointments. Instead, get one calendar and put it somewhere you can see it every day, such as in your technology, on the refrigerator or hanging by the front door. Write all of your personal, school, and work reminders on it, including deadline dates, appointments, events, tests, and reminders. When you use one calendar for everything you do, you are not only able to manage your time better, but you can get rid of the paper reminders you have posted everywhere.
Cozi is one example of a free “app” that can be used by individual or families to coordinate daily events and things to-do. Complete with an automatic “sync” function to Apple© products, Cozi© is a real-time calendar, to-do-list, shopping list, and journal.
When scheduling our time, deadlines provide a sense of structure and balance for us. While every person responds to deadlines differently, they are a key tool to better time management. By setting deadlines, you are putting a concrete need in your schedule, and it helps prevent it from being forgotten or lost in the near future. They give us a sense of accountability when it comes to things we either want or need to get done. So whether you write them on a calendar or program them into a mobile device, the next time you plan to do something, set yourself a deadline first and stick to it. You’ll find that when you take the time to schedule them, you are more likely to make time for other things.
Tips when setting deadlines:
Keep your deadlines in arm’s reach – write them down where you will see them
Set periodic reminders – give yourself reminders that a deadline approaches
Pad your actual deadline a little – give yourself some extra wiggle room
Remove or Limit the Time Wasters
A time waster is something that can distract you or take away from the task at hand. They can occur at home, school, or at work. Removing or even limiting some of these wasters can improve your concentration and help you stay focused on what you want or need to do. They can include personal time wasters, such as excessive; checking messages, texting, social media, searching the web, or watching videos, or can even be as simple as wasting extra time to go look for that extra pencil. Practice cutting or limiting one thing that distracts you the most. Give yourself a set time that you will not let these things distract you or take away from your current responsibilities. You’ll be amazed how taking these small steps will improve your time management.
Some common time wasters and distractions:
• Excessively checking email/text/phone messages
• Social media
• Boredom or daydreams
• Extra time spent away from your work area
• Extra time spent looking for things
• Taking on extra projects
Coping with Things Outside of Your Control
There are many things in life that we cannot control, such as an illness, rude or mean people, and especially the weather. But we learn to cope with them every day and adapt ourselves to them. You can control how you react to certain circumstances and setbacks. When we are faced with something we realize we cannot change or control, the key to dealing with it is to, first, accept it. Once you have accepted that you cannot change the fact that it rained on your beach day or that someone almost rear ended you in traffic, we can learn to cope with them by remembering what we can control. You can control what alternative plan you have for beach day and you can control how you choose to respond to the rude driver. Focusing on what you can control rather than what you can’t will help you feel more empowered and less likely to let other obstacles overcome you.
Excerpt taken from the “Organization Skills for High School, College, and Career Readiness” course offered at the Support for Students Growth Center in Boca Raton, Florida. | <urn:uuid:95bf61a2-c34f-4ed2-a38d-dfd6984c77a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.supportforstudentsgrowthcenter.com/scheduling-your-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.948283 | 988 | 2.109375 | 2 |
With more snow predicted for our area, it’s important for us all to be mindful of slippery walkways and the potential strain involved in clearing driveways and sidewalks.
When the flakes stop falling and the winds subside, we should all take a step back before picking up a shovel or fueling up the snow blower. The stories of individuals having shoveling-provoked heart attacks are all too real, so we want to share some facts and common-sense advice that can decrease the risk of this wintertime threat.
The American Heart Association (AHA) tells us that cold temperatures and physical exertion increase the heart’s workload. That’s because the cold constricts blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart, exercise makes the heart beat faster, and blood pressure is increased. When the heart is working harder, plaque can dislodge from an artery and cause a heart attack—particularly for anyone who has an existing heart-related condition or is not accustomed to being physically active.
A key piece of advice is to talk with your doctor about whether your heart is healthy enough to shovel snow, push a snow blower, or even take on the challenges of walking through deep snow and slush. Listening to your body is important, too. Take breaks when you are tired, and evaluate how you feel. If you experience any physical symptoms you’ve never felt before, seek medical attention. And, of course, if you think you may be having a heart attack, call 911 immediately.
Eating a large meal also makes the heart work harder, so avoid eating a lot shortly before or after shoveling. Avoid alcohol, as well, which can mask symptoms an individual might experience. Using a smaller shovel for lighter loads, and pushing rather than lifting snow are recommended, as well. When in doubt, seek out help clearing your property of snow.
Finally, use this time to re-assess how the wintry weather is affecting your day-to-day life. Is it making it harder for you or a loved one to get around? Are you relying more on others to help with chores or to buy groceries? Do you avoid driving or heading outside altogether? Perhaps, you are beginning to experience the isolation that can come with being a bit shut-in during winter. If so, it may be time to consider ways to increase your independence and social interactions while decreasing worry.
If Village at Proprietors Green can be of help in this regard click the Schedule a Tour button below (or at the top of the page) to get in touch. We would be pleased to answer your questions about independent living, assisted living and memory care, or to offer you a personalized tour. And, leave the shoveling to us! | <urn:uuid:1143a128-f431-4578-9961-57158e8e727b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.proprietorsgreen.com/take-snow-removal-precautions-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.937674 | 566 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The first COMPLUS Concept from Polykemi and Rondo Plast focuses on a newly developed PP-based material for complex interior automotive applications.
The newly developed and virgin raw material based compound POLYfill PP EP317R UV has both high scratch resistance and UV stability, together with excellent mechanical properties and unlimited colouration possibilities. These features makes the material an optimum choice for interior automotive applications.
The material also has three new siblings right from the start, all with similar characteristics and properties that are adapted to the requirement profiles of different parts in an assembled product.
– The idea came up during a conversation with one of our end customers, being one of the world’s largest vehicle manufacturers. They were looking for materials with similar properties, both based on virgin plastic raw material and on high-quality recycled plastic raw material. In some cases, the requirements profile only allows plastic compounds based on virgin plastic raw material, but in other cases, material based on high-quality recycled plastic raw material is the best solution, explains development manager Anette Munch Elmér.
The materials from the COMPLUS Concept can be used for different parts in a door panel.
Door panels as an example of a suitable application
The newly developed materials are presented in the new material concept that Polykemi and Rondo Plast have informed about recently.
The COMPLUS Concept offers choices between several different materials, both based on virgin plastic raw material and on high-quality recycled plastic raw material.
The materials have similar properties but are adapted for different injection molded parts within the same construction.
An example within the automotive industry is door panels, which are often complex assemblies consisting of several parts, all with their individual specific requirement profiles. In this application, all four material alternatives within the COMPLUS PP Concept can be used.
The main components of a door panel, the carrier and the side pocket, are usually parts with a grained surface, produced in many different colors.
These parts can often be exposed to both harsh handling and tough sunlight.
According to Polykemi, the optimum material choice is the POLYfill PP EP317R UV with its high scratch resistance and good UV stability.
For the same parts, you can also choose a REZYcom material based on high-quality recycled raw materials, with all the environmental benefits it provides, available in dark grey or black colours.
A door panels armrest and door insert are parts often covered with foil, fabric or leather. Here, a third material alternative is available, since the demands for colourations, scratch resistance and UV stability are lower.
If the requirement profile is marginally decreased, there is a fourth material alternative, also based on high-quality recycled raw materials.
The four new scratch-resistant materials have similar properties which makes them exchangeable with each other in a mould.
Flexibility even late in the project process
The concept of COMPLUS PP means that you can choose the right material for the right parts. But even if you have made a correct material choice, the conditions can still change during the course of a project. Then there is the unique opportunity to choose another of the four materials late in the process, since the characteristics and properties are so similar, without having to modify or change the moulds – a fact that saves both time and money.
– The material change can be done without jeopardizing either mechanical properties or quality, the materials are quite simply exchangeable. This is the concept we have now developed, explains Anette Munch Elmér.
The increasing environmental challenges of the future
Polykemi is also working on an initiative related to materials and sustainability, that will be presented shortly.
– We see a future where flexibility in material choices and, above all, everything surrounding sustainability is ever increasing. The use of recycled materials has historically been initiated mainly for financial reasons, but with today’s strong environmental focus, the materials’ CO2 footprint is the most important feature, says Mattias Persson, Sales manager at Polykemi.
– Therefore, we are quite proud to be able to present a precise system for calculating and reporting the CO2 footprints for our materials, in the near future. Calculations will be available for both materials based on virgin plastic raw materials as well as high-quality recycled raw materials, Mattias Persson concludes. | <urn:uuid:75b4add5-18a7-409f-8f9e-bb33f1e9a073> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.polykemi.com/news/new-scratch-resistant-pp-materials-in-the-new-complus-concept/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.939141 | 890 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Errol Morris, in Five Takes
His films have won an Oscar and freed a man from life in prison, and now he’s made the most provocative movie yet about the Iraq war. A guided tour through the singular mind and occasionally madcap methods of Cambridge’s cinematic savant.
Take 2: Errol the Obsessive
When Morris locks in on a subject, he feels a compulsion to read every relevant book and compile every even vaguely related document, whether or not it leads to a film. For example, while working on his planned examination of war photography, he became consumed by the question of whether Roger Fenton posed his iconic stills from the Crimean War, then wound up writing thousands of words about Fenton in his blog for the New York Times, as if he couldn’t let one fascinating scrap go to waste.
Morris: I had read a number of monographs on Fenton. I interviewed a number of Fenton scholars at the Metropolitan Museum, at the Getty, an expert who’s a professor of the history of film at UC Santa Barbara, the ex-curator of photography at London’s Victoria and Albert Museum. Let’s just put it this way: I interviewed five different experts on Fenton, and I got really different answers. So, I went to the Crimea. I arranged to direct a commercial that would bring me to Istanbul, and I flew with my cameraman and my first assistant cameraman. We spent four days poking around, and I found where the photographs had been taken.
John Bailey (cinematographer on A Brief History of Time): There’s the story, the surface of what happened, and then there’s the way that Errol looks at the outlines and contours, a real attempt to get beneath the superficial reality. Errol is interested in flaying the surface and getting to the muscle tissue underneath…. He’s almost a forensic pathologist of personality.
Alice Kelikian (film studies chair
at Brandeis University and Morris’s close friend): It’s that kind of obsession to detail that pervades all his work. To see which [Abu Ghraib] photo came out when was an intense research effort. To produce these timelines and to learn who took which photograph at which angle, he had to see the technical details on every photograph.
Ed Lachman (cinematographer on Gates of Heaven during a shoot in one of the featured pet cemeteries): Errol said, “I’ve got a great idea. I want the point of view of the dogs going into the grave.” So I said all right, and we shot the point of view of the dogs being shoveled into the grave from these dumpsters. And then Errol said, “Now get in the grave, and you’ll see the point of view of dirt coming into the grave.” And I said, “Errol, you get in the grave with a camera, and see the point of view of the dog. I’m not getting in the grave with a dead dog!” And so we had a parting of ways.
Paul Barnes (editor on The Thin Blue Line): Right from the get-go, I knew he was a character and that he may be difficult because he was so crazed about the project. He kept saying, “My head is impacted with this material! I have to get it out of my head!”
John Kusiak (composer on First Person, Morris’s 2000–2002 TV series): An editor or a producer will say, “Hey, it seems done to me,” and then you’ll find that next week Errol’s taken it apart and started it all over again, but with a different tack. No matter how much pressure he’s under to finish, he won’t say it’s done until he thinks it’s right.
Andy Grieve (editor on SOP): Errol does a lot of editing, and he knows how to work the machines, so sometimes he’ll sit next to you and rip the mouse out of your hand. At first, I was like, “What the hell!” But then I came to realize he drives the ship, in a lot of ways.
Scott Davis (gaffer on SOP): I think Errol has fun. He isn’t walking around with a scowl on his face, concentrating all the time…. When you see a cut of the film and you think, “Well, that’s brilliant—how did he know that would be the right thing at that place?” If it’s an Errol Morris project, it’s an Errol Morris project, from beginning to end. | <urn:uuid:946898fe-f196-457f-aea8-cf818dc1294d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2008/04/errol-morris-in-five-takes/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961043 | 1,015 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Eric Herschthal writing in ‘The Jewish Week’ (February 15, 2011) had claimed that Gene Sharp’s 90-page manual ‘From Dictatorships to Democracy’ had “the Jewish influence on Egypt’s glorious revolution’. In order to clear the ‘fog’ – he immediately informed his readers that Gene Sharp (born 1928) is NOT Jewish but son of a (Zionist) Protestant minister. However, he did admit that Gene Sharp’s ‘The Albert Einsten Institute’ was “funded for two decades by Peter Ackerman, who was Jewish”. Philip Shishkin paid glowing tributes to Gene Sharp in Jewish-owned ‘The Wall Street Journal’ (September 13, 2008) for providing “a list of 198 methods of nonviolent action, like the staging of mock elections to poke fun at problems like vote-rigging, using funerals to make political statements and adopting symbolic colors, a la Orange Revolution in the Ukraine. Less conventional tactics include skywriting political messages and “protest disturbings.”
Eric Herschthal gave credit to Gene Sharp for helping Color Revolutions from Ukraine to Burma and from Iran to Egypt. For two decades, Gene Sharp’s writings have been translated by NATO and CIA into over 20 foreign languages which have been used to overthrow unwanted regimes without provoking international outrage. In 2007, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez accused Sharp for stirring unrest in Venezuela. In February 2008 – Tehran showed a video on foreign intelligence agencies (CIA, Mossad, MI6) involved in stirring up violence in Iran which highlighted Gene Sharp’s dirty fingers.
Dr. Peter Ackerman is an American Zionist banker and director of powerful Jewish think tank CFR. He is also founding chair of the International Center on Non-Violent Conflicts’. His profile is posted on the Jewish Newsweek magazine.
During the first week of anti-Mubarak protests – Washington got Gene Sharp’s ‘color revolution’ manual translated into Arabic. CIA and the State Department distributed the contents of the manual to the protesters via Facebook and Twitter. It provided the protesters precise instructions regarding the itinerary of the marches.
The manual laid down the objectives that the United States intended to impose on the movement: the toppling of Mubarak and civilian governance. In particular, it aimed to bar any slogans against imperialism or Zionism or those calling for the liberation of Palestine.
Theirry Myssan, the welknown French political analyst in his 2005 article entitled ‘Soft and Undercover Coups d’Etat‘ wrote:
Unknown to the public, Gene Sharp formulated a theory on non violence as a political weapon. Also he first helped NATO and then CIA train the leaders of the soft coups of the last 15 years. Gene Sharp tried to form a dissident group within PLO so that Palestinian nationalists would stop terrorism (he made the necessary arrangements with Colonel Reuven Gal, director of the Psychological Action division of the Israeli armed forces, to train them secretly in the American Embassy in Tel Aviv).
When CIA realized how useful could the Albert Einstein Institution be, it brought Colonel Robert Helvey into play. An expert in clandestine actions and former dean of the Embassies’s Military Attachés Training School, “Bob” took Gene Sharp to Burma to educate the opposition on the non violent strategy for criticizing the cruelest military junta of the world without questioning the system. By doing this, Helvey could identify the “good” and the “bad” opponents in a critical moment for Washington: the true opposition, led by Mrs. Suu Kyi, was labeled as a threat to the pro-American regimen.
In September 2002, Gene Sharp went to The Hague to train the members of the Iraqi National Council who were preparing themselves to return to Iraq, along with the American army.
When the CIA-organized-coup against Venezuela failed in April 2002, the State Department counted again on the Albert Einstein Institution which advised the owners of enterprises during the organization of the revocatory referendum against President Hugo Chávez. Gene Sharp and his team led the leaders of Súmate during the demonstrations of August 2004. As done before, the only thing they had to do was questioning the electoral results and demanding the resignation of the president. They managed to get the bourgeoisie out in the street but Chavez’s popular government was to strong. All in all, international observers had no other choice but to recognize Hugo Chávez’s victory.
Gene Sharp’s first book on Gandhi’s methods began with a preface signed by the Zionist Jewish nuclear scientist, Albert Einstein, though the book was written in 1960, five years after Einstein’s death. Therefore, Albert Einstein did not write anything for Sharp’s work. All that Sharp did was reproducing an article on non violence written by the scientist. | <urn:uuid:f718223d-56ff-4f32-b863-2ffd97ba2d38> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rehmat1.com/2011/03/27/the-jewish-influence-on-me-revolutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00008-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946797 | 1,022 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The U.S. gained 2.5 million jobs in May and the unemployment rate declined to 13.3 per cent, an indication that loosened regulatory controls helped push the economy forward, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports.
In May, employment in the food and beverage industry increased by 1.4 million, which accounted for about half of U.S. employment. The sector lost 6.1 million jobs in April and March. Almost all states have required the dining rooms to open, which ensures that many companies have called back furloughed workers. For example, Chili’s has reopened more than 600 of its company-run dining rooms and brought back 40 per cent of the 30,000 workers it furloughed. “Restaurant workers continue to make up the largest share of America’s jobless yet,” said the Independent Restaurant Coalition in a statement. “Congress needs to pass a relief package specifically designed to protect our industry.”
The drop in unemployment has come as a surprise to economic forecasters, QSR reported. White House economic adviser Kevin Hassett told CNN last month that May’s unemployment rate could be more than 20% and even higher in June. According to Dow Jones, analysts predicted 8.3 million jobs to be cut and the unemployment rate to be about 19.5 per cent. | <urn:uuid:534b626a-b580-47ae-a6db-fed6cae933ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.gastromasa.com/unemployment-declines-in-the-restaurant-industry-in-may/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.954979 | 284 | 2.125 | 2 |
The outline manuscript left by the late Jimmy Dyce has been edited, expanded and completed for publication by Robert Sykes and Martin Rickard. The monograph now presents in detail the Dyce system for classifying and naming fern cultivars, and provides descriptive text and abundant illustrations of the three British species of shield fern (Polystichum aculeatum, P. lonchitis & P. setiferum) and their numerous varieties. It is now the definitive reference for the confident identification and accurate naming of the cultivars in this horticulturally important group of ferns.
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Water Quality Products invited Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VI, technical director of the WQA, to comment on the calcium and magnesium issue and discuss its possible impact on the water treatment industry.
WQP: Please give us a brief overview of the calcium and magnesium issue.
Joseph F. Harrison: There were studies going back to the 1960s that looked at the epidemiology statistics of populations on hard water and populations on soft water, and compared their cardiovascular disease rates. According to the studies, there seemed to be an association that people on soft water supplies had a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. When you broke those studies apart and looked at individual areas, however, the relationship didn’t hold up. This issue came up again in 2003, when the World Health Organization (WHO) had nutrition experts explore what nutrients in drinking water can be significant to health.
The three-day symposium, which took place in April 2006, allowed experts to provide input on the topic. At the symposium, experts explained the physiology and importance of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the body.
There is no question that the typical western diet is deficient somewhat in Mg and Ca. People are eating less whole grain and more processed foods, and drinking caffeinated beverages, which act as a diuretic, taking Mg out of the body. Further, the epidemiology statistics, in a general sense, do indicate a possible hypothesis for a relationship between cardiovascular disease and drinking soft water.
WQP: What is the WQA’s position on the issue?
Harrison: First, WQA doesn’t see the data as supporting a cause and effect relationship between health and Ca and/or Mg in drinking water. The only studies that indicate anything in that direction are epidemiology studies; they are not cause and effect studies.
Second, even if there was a cause and effect, the amount of Ca and Mg in drinking water is not enough to show this result. The amount you get from drinking water simply doesn’t support the magnitude of the effect that seems to be indicated.
The experts, however, may say they feel that Ca and Mg should not be removed when treating drinking water, or if they are removed, they should be put back in. Our industry could bypass hard water for people to drink to the kitchen sink, for example, for a water softening system, or augment an amount of re-hardening on the back end of RO systems.
But, our position goes beyond that. If the absence of these two minerals in treated water would cause a recommendation to add them back in, then the absence of these same minerals in naturally soft water should also entail the same recommendation.
In the U.S., the lack of Ca and Mg in municipal water supplies is common along both coasts. Anywhere from the Mid-Atlantic states of Georgia and the Carolinas to Nova Scotia, or from San Francisco to Anchorage, Alaska, you can find practically zero Mg and Ca, for example, in many city water supplies, such as Boston, New York, Seattle, Tacoma and Vancouver, etc. There should not be an uneven playing field. Consumers who drink softened or RO treated water should be no more concerned about any lack of Ca and/or Mg in their water than those in cities and towns with naturally soft water.
WQP: Did municipalities that could be affected by the outcome of this issue take part in the symposium?
Harrison: The International Life Sciences Institute, which organized the venue for this symposium, sent out a symposium evaluation asking if there were any weaknesses. My comment was that the municipal water utilities that would be potentially affected were not represented, at least not from the U.S. and Canada. There were a few from Europe, but they were not on the program very strongly.
Some representatives from major utility operations in Europe came up to me during the three days alarmed that there was not more public water system involvement, and that the impact to public water systems was not brought out at the symposium. So no, the public water systems haven’t been sufficiently involved, and they are not, in my opinion, up to speed on what’s happening.
In Canada also, many water supplies have no Mg and little or no Ca content. Health Canada doesn’t see it as an issue and is probably not going to recommend that anybody be concerned about the lack of Ca and/or Mg in Canadian drinking water supplies.
In the U.S., the Safe Drinking Water Act prevents the U.S. EPA from establishing any minimum numbers; the Safe Drinking Water Act allows only the establishment of maximum contaminant levels. Therefore, I don’t think, in the U.S. or Canada, we’ll see governments picking up on any kind of advice about health effects of Ca and/or Mg or the lack thereof in drinking water.
In Europe, however, it’s a different situation. There, governments, utilities and the people take cue more from the WHO. I also think there are some European countries where the authorities may want to restrict home water treatment equipment. So, any expert opinion against the removal of Ca and Mg could bolster restrictions on home water treatment, or make it harder to remove restrictions that may be put on household RO systems and ion exchange water softeners.
WQP: Would that eventually have an effect on the U.S. water treatment market?
Harrison: If it affects consumers’ perceptions, it may. But, I don’t foresee there ever being a requirement that city utilities add Ca and Mg to drinking water.
The utilities and the EPA will try to assure consumers that tap water is fine just the way it is; but nonetheless, I think there may be entrepreneurs that pick up on advice from “experts” organized by the WHO and put that information out where consumers could listen to it and become alarmed.
If consumers think that water without Ca and Mg is related to heart disease or that it is not as healthy as it should be, then it could do two things. First, it could open potential markets for home Ca and Mg supplementation devices and bottled water companies to help “fix” the drinking water of concerned consumers. Second, it would create negative consumer perception to be overcome when we sell people on the advantages of RO-treated and ion exchange-softened water.
WQP: What is the bottled water industry position on the issue?
Harrison: IBWA pretty much remained neutral, I believe. The bottled water industry has members on both sides of the issue. Some bottled waters are mineralized, and bottlers add Ca and Mg to the water. These members consider this an advantage. Other members market purified water, which is essentially H2O with at least no Ca and Mg. The IBWA has to satisfy both. The only representative that spoke during the symposium was Coca-Cola. Their Dasani water has some Ca added to it.
The bottlers that add Ca or Mg to water now do it for the purpose of taste. If it should be decided to add Ca or Mg to supplement mineral nutrition, to make the water healthier or to alleviate cardiovascular disease, it becomes a dietary supplement, which has to go through an FDA approval. I don’t think many would want to get into that. Drinking water has not been in the business of dietary or health supplements. | <urn:uuid:6a9ad238-a916-491c-bc96-2779d635a5d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wqpmag.com/print/13563 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00439-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964168 | 1,554 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Idaho Lottery players do good for their community every time they play. Since beginning in 1989, the Idaho Lottery has returned $1.034 billion to benefit Idaho public schools and buildings and Idaho-owned businesses have earned nearly $270.9 million from selling lottery tickets to players.
Dividends for Public Schools and Buildings
The Idaho Lottery was created specifically to benefit Idaho public schools and buildings. Since inception through June 30, 2020, the Lottery has returned $449.9 million to the Department of Education for Idaho’s 114 school districts use to maintain and improve student occupied facilities. Funds are distributed based on average daily attendance. An additional $134.1 million has benefitted the Department of Education’s Bond Levy Equalization Fund to help districts meet their bond obligations. Finally, $449.9 million has gone to Idaho’s Permanent Building Fund to support State-owned facilities, such as our public university and college campuses, state park facilities, and other public buildings.
The Idaho Lottery has done even-more-good through our school-based, community outreach efforts.
Scratch for Schools
For nearly two decades, the Scratch for Schools program has returned over $1.4 million for individual classroom needs—including playground equipment, audio book learning tools, and technology. This program invites every public school in Idaho to participate in a five-minute fundraising event where principals, teachers, staff, and parents scratch for classroom cash.
Classroom Wish List
Classroom Wish List allows schools to propose small projects and VIP Club members help fund it through their play. Classroom Wish List has funded over 34 projects like a classroom kitchen, a 3D printer, and a water filtration system.
Bucks for Books
Bucks for Books provides books and resources to improve early education literacy in public schools through the play of our VIP Club members. This program helped thirty-one schools in need by providing 8,000 books. | <urn:uuid:d4bcae9d-c748-492a-9bad-e71bae75d915> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.idaholottery.com/pages/play-wise-do-good | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.96489 | 417 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Aquinas presents his most complete exposition of the transcendentals inDe veritate 1, 1, that deals with the question What is truth?. The thesis of this paper is that the question of truth is essential for the understanding of his doctrine of the transcendentals.The first part of the paper (sections 1–4) analyzes Thomas''s conception of truth. Two approaches to truth can be found in his work. The first approach, based on Aristotle''s claim that truth is not in things but in the (...) mind, leads to the idea that the proper place of truth is in the intellect. The second approach is ontological: Thomas also acknowledges that there is truth in every being. The famous definition of truth as adequation of thing and intellect enables him to integrate the two approaches. Truth is a relation between two terms, both of which can be called true because both are essential for the conformity between thing and intellect. (shrink)
This essay examines Aquinas’s analysis of the human desire to know, which plays a central role in his thought. (I.) This analysis confronts him with the Aristotelian tradition: thus, the desire for knowledge is a “natural” desire. (II.) It also confronts him with the Augustinian tradition, which deplores a non-virtuous desire in human beings that is called “curiosity.” (III.) Aquinas connects the natural desire with the Neoplatonic circle motif: principle and end are identical. The final end of the desire to (...) know is the knowledge of God. (IV.) Aquinas also connects the end of the natural desire to know with Christian eschatology, teaching that man’s ultimate end is the visio Dei. This end, however, is “supernatural.” (V.) Duns Scotus severely criticizes central aspects of Aquinas’s account. (VI.) As a rejoinder to Scotus’s objections, we finally consider Aquinas’s view on the proper object of the human intellect. (shrink)
Nach wie vor wird das Verhältnis des späten Mittelalters zur anbrechenden Neuzeit kontrovers diskutiert. Manche sehen im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert eine Periode des Verfalls, andere betonen die prägende und innovative Rolle dieser Epoche für die Neuzeit. Der 31. Band der Miscellanea Mediaevalia wirft einen interdisziplinären Blick auf diese Zeitspanne und wendet sich dabei auch kritisch klassischen Einschätzungen zu. Die über dreißig Beiträge behandeln die Philosophie des Spätmittelalters, spätmittelalterliche Wissenschaftsinstitutionen, die Architektur, die Wirtschafts- und Rechtsgeschichte, die Spiritualität im Spätmittelalter, aber (...) auch so prominente Figuren wie Jean Gerson und Nikolaus von Kues. (shrink)
Suarez's Disputationes metaphysicae, first published in 1597, is the first systematic treatise on metaphysics in the West, and it summarizes the metaphysical thought of medieval Scholasticism. Gracia and Davis present an English translation of Disputations X and XI which together provide us with a comprehensive analysis of good and evil. The text is not easy to understand for a modern reader. To facilitate its being understood, the translators have added a substantial introduction.
The focus of this article is on an ambivalent conception in medieval thought, namely the term ‘transcendens’, which on the one hand signifies a reality beyond created beings, i.e. God, and on the other hand signifies something common to all beings. Armandus de Bellovisu, in his Declaratio difficilium terminorum, has thematized exactly this difference between transcendence that follows from ‘nobility of being’ and that which follows from ‘commonness of predication’ . The medieval term ‘transcendens’, because of its ambiguity, thus includes (...) two fundamental concepts, which represent divergent philosophical tendencies concerning the specification of First Philosophy: the one understands it as «Philosophy of Transcendence», the other as «Transcendental Philosophy». The history of metaphysics is characterized by the tension between these two tendencies, but as we shall see, it also shows that they are intimately connected. (shrink)
The series MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA was founded by Paul Wilpert in 1962 and since then has presented research from the Thomas Institute of the University of Cologne. The cornerstone of the series is provided by the proceedings of the biennial Cologne Medieval Studies Conferences, which were established over 50 years ago by Josef Koch, the founding director of the Institute. The interdisciplinary nature of these conferences is reflected in the proceedings. The MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA gather together papers from all disciplines represented in (...) Medieval Studies - medieval history, philosophy, theology, together with art and literature, all contribute to an overall perspective of the Middle Ages. (shrink) | <urn:uuid:2106179e-5aa9-43fb-a7c4-1b217da92957> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://api.philpapers.org/s/Jan%20A.%20Aertsen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.822626 | 1,141 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Based on the recorded conversations between ‘Superstar’ Brigid Polk and Warhol, ‘Pork’ was the first of two plays conceived by the pop artist. It opened in 1971 and, following a brief period in New York, travelled to London where it was an outrageous success. Stemming from his days as a commercial artist in the 1950s, Warhol had always excelled at promoting himself. This poster is an example of his clever marketing technique. Warhol’s name was itself a brand and by incorporating it into the title, alongside a prominent image of himself, he successfully draws on his own celebrity as a marketing tool. | <urn:uuid:1b4a3598-49f8-4ee6-b375-5668c9a32424> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/all-works/andy-warhol/16307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00106-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989734 | 134 | 1.632813 | 2 |
- A recent study by Conde, Tomasevic et al. (2019) puts a spotlight on the subtleties of experimental design and analysis of studies involving TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs), specifically focusing on the challenge of disentangling genuine cortical responses to TMS from those resulting from concomitant sensory activation. This is a relevant topic that the TMS–EEG community has previously identified and addressed with different strategies [3–6]. Based on the similarity of the evoked EEG responses they obtained in real TMS at different sites and in sham conditions (auditory and somatosensory scalp stimulation), the authors of inferred that TEPs can be significantly contaminated by the effects of concurrent, non-transcranial stimulation.
- Corticospinal excitability depends on the current brain state. The recent development of real-time EEG-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation (EEG-TMS) allows studying this relationship in a causal fashion. Specifically, it has been shown that corticospinal excitability is higher during the scalp surface negative EEG peak compared to the positive peak of μ-oscillations in sensorimotor cortex, as indexed by larger motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for fixed stimulation intensity.
- Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique with potential for cost-effective therapeutic neuromodulation. Although positive therapeutic effects were found by stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), few studies have investigated physiological effects of DLPFC-tDCS.
- Rapidly changing excitability states in an oscillating neuronal network can explain response variability to external stimulation, but if repetitive stimulation of always the same high- or low-excitability state results in long-term plasticity of opposite direction has never been explored in vivo.
- Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the human primary motor cortex (M1) induces long-term depression (LTD)-like plastic changes in corticospinal excitability, but several studies have reported high inter-subject variability of this effect. Most studies use a tonic voluntary contraction of the target muscle before cTBS to set stimulation intensity; however, it is unclear how this might affect response variability. | <urn:uuid:6fe067ef-e7ce-4761-bd20-1a423f36f788> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/content/mmc_library?startPage=&rel=nofollow&ContribAuthorRaw=Ziemann%2C%20Ulf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.913426 | 487 | 2.078125 | 2 |
What do I mean by that? I stumbled upon something while studying for the Bible study class I co-teach. And it opened my eyes to how God chooses to bring reconciliation between a rebellious people and a Holy God. There were twelve tribes born of the patriarch Jacob/Israel. But God chose to use the one with the most sordid past to bring His perfect Son to earth. Let’s do some background reading on this chosen tribe.
JUDAH was the fourth of the twelve sons born to Jacob by a woman he was tricked into marrying. Leah named him Judah as a thank offering or praise to Yahweh for giving her a fourth son. Judah in Hebrew means to praise with uplifted or outstretched hands or Yadah. Genesis 29:35. Judah was the one who foiled the murder plan when the plot was hatched to kill Joseph. Genesis 37:26-27. He had no idea that suggesting they sell him was their future deliverance from starvation. Judah’s life, it seemed, took a downward spiral after that incident. See Genesis 38. His life and the decisions he made were so dysfunctional. He married a Canaanite woman forbidden by Yahweh for the Jews. Had two sons that were so evil that God killed them both. Had intercourse with his daughter in law and produced twin boys.
He offered up his life for Benjamin’s during the famine when Joseph requested that they bring him back before the other brothers would be released. Genesis 43. Of all the brothers except for Joseph, he stood out as a leader when hard decisions needed to be made. When Jacob was blessing his twelve sons, this was what he said about Judah.
“Then Jacob called together all his sons and said, “Gather around me, and I will tell you what will happen to each of you in the days to come. “Judah, your brothers will praise you. You will grasp your enemies by the neck. All your relatives will bow before you. Judah, my son, is a young lion that has finished eating its prey. Like a lion he crouches and lies down; like a lioness—who dares to rouse him? The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from his descendants, until the coming of the One to whom it belongs, the One whom all nations will honor. He ties his foal to a grapevine, the colt of his donkey to a choice vine. He washes his clothes in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes. His eyes are darker than wine, and his teeth are whiter than milk.”
Genesis 49:1, 8-12 NLT
Jacob prophesied that through Judah the Messiah would come. Imperfect Judah, how could that be? Why not Joseph, his brother? In Joshua 15:1-12 Judah received the southern border as an inheritance for their families. Theirs was the largest clan. When the kingdoms split the southern part was referred to as Judah and the northern as Israel. When we read that the king of Israel went to fight against Jerusalem/ Judah, it’s actually speaking of clans at war with each other. There was a king of Judah and a king of Israel. When the nations split after Solomon’s death Judah remained loyal to David. 1 Kings 12:20 Do you notice a pattern? God leaves nothing to chance. Everything is strategic. Jacob’s words to Judah and God’s words to David. See 2 Samuel 7.
Judah, imperfect Judah with an imperfect king, David, remained a faithful tribe before Yahweh. Whenever there was a battle to be fought Judah was called to the forefront. See Judges 12:1-5; Judges 20:18; remember what Judah means. This is how we should approach every difficult situation. Send praise ahead. Praise is the path to victory, complaining is the path to defeat. Jacob’s prophecy over Judah came full circle in the announcement and ultimate birth of Jesus the One whose robe would be dipped in blood. Who is the true Lion of the tribe of Judah. Genesis 49
One of the things you will notice in Jacob’s prophecy is that he mentions that the scepter will not depart from Judah, and he refers to Judah as a lion. The scepter meant power, authority, and rulership. In essence, Jacob predicted that there would be a King who would come from Judah who would rule and never give up His throne. We know that King to be Jesus, also known as the Lion of the tribe of Judah. What Jacob said here about the tribe of Judah is confirmed later in a prophecy that God gave to David. Because David was from the tribe of Judah, these two prophecies aligned.
Your house and your kingdom will endure forever before Me; your throne will be established forever." – 2 Samuel 7:16
One day Jesus would come through this line of Judah to redeem mankind, and one day He will come again, and all the world will know that He is Lord of all. He will take His rightful place as Ruler and King forever and ever. If I could sum up the facts about the tribe of Judah, I will go back to something I mentioned earlier. Like all of us, Judah, the person, was a flawed man, yet his lineage brought the perfect Savior. In the future, whenever you think of Judah or the tribe of Judah, remember that Judah is another representation of God's perfect plan being accomplished through imperfect people.
Think about your own life. Think of where the Lord has brought you from. It doesn’t matter how perfect you may think you are, your life was marred by sin. The life of Judah teaches us that God can accomplish more with flawed people than those who have no need for a physician. Jesus said He came for imperfect people. Those of us who are sick and know it. The fact that He uses us to bring His message of hope and grace is humbling. That He chose to tabernacle with us, giving us His Holy Spirit, is mind blowing. Why Judah? Why not Joseph? Because as honorable as Joseph was, there are more Judah’s who blow it than not. He chose to use imperfect Judah to bring us His perfect Son. Showing us that no one is irredeemable. Read Matthew’s lineup to Jesus’ birth in Matthew 1. Misfits, least likely to have been chosen—but God. No wonder Jesus was more readily accepted by the outcasts of society.
Jesus said it’s easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for the rich, speaking of affluence and notoriety, to enter the kingdom of heaven. A perfect God allowed His perfect Son to be born through an imperfect lineage to redeem imperfect people. What a wonderful God! What a beautiful Savior! Judah with all his imperfections, whose name means praise, received honor among his brothers. Because God sees promotion differently. It’s never about us, it’s always been about what He can do through us. His perfect love still seeks the Jacob’s, Judah’s, David’s, Rahab’s, Mary’s, Zacchaeus’, Saul’s and you and me. I pray you’ll take the time to read the highlighted scriptures. You’ll be encouraged and blessed because you have been chosen.
Written by permission of the Holy Spirit
December 14, 2021 | <urn:uuid:e220cf21-ee5a-437b-9e9b-8d5e7561e4dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.godlyparentpower.com/post/12-14-21-imperfect-made-perfect | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.974544 | 1,560 | 1.742188 | 2 |
There were 134 overdose deaths due to illicit drug overdoses in July, as the latest data from the BC Coroners Service show how volatile the opioid crisis can be.
The deaths mark a 12-per-cent increase over the same month last year, and a 25-per-cent uptick from June. It equates to four deaths per day.
The highest numbers of deaths – about 35 – were recorded in July’s income assistance week.
Since 2009, 40 per cent more people have died on what many call Welfare Wednesday and the days that follow, B.C. Centre for Substance Use research scientist Lindsey Richardson told Black Press Media.
“What we know is that when people have more money, they spend more, and that’s for everyone,” she said.
Richardson, who’s also an associate sociology professor at UBC, has been conducting a study on what would happen if the province were to split the one income assistant cheque into two every month, or not making the payments one universal day province-wide.
“One of the things unique to substance use is that while there is an individual effect everyone has when they get paid, there’s also a social effect. Substance use often has social cues that prompt people to use more than they otherwise would.”
Factors being taken into account are people’s reliance on the monthly cheque to pay rent, pay back their drug dealers and other bills.
The experiment, which involves about 100 people, is in its third year. Data won’t be conclusive until early next year.
Downward trend brings slim hope
July’s overdose death toll followed a four-month downward trend. Each month saw a slight relief compared to the same month in 2017.
Richardson said British Columbians is trying to hang on to any bit of good news.
“If we have a good month or two, it’s encouraging. But I think we can’t lose the forest for the trees here,” she said. “Rates might be decreasing month over month, but the rates overall are higher than they are for 2017.”
The three cities to see the most deaths were Vancouver, with 231 so far this year, Surrey with 125, and Victoria with 56.
“In terms of people thinking it’s just a problem on the Downtown Eastside, the coroner’s data is province-wide,” she added.
“People might be tired about hearing about it, and they might not want another news story about how awful the situation is. We’re really talking about people’s lives right now.” | <urn:uuid:4ca6eeb6-253e-4ffc-8918-8a1282335af6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.abbynews.com/news/more-than-130-people-in-b-c-died-of-illicit-drug-overdoses-in-july/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.96562 | 562 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Structuralism & Semiotics Henderson Dudes to know: Ferdinand deSaussure Claude Levi-Strauss Roland Barthes Jacques Lacan Michel Foucault Northrop Frye** Context As a literary theory, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, adopted from theories other areas such as sociology, psychoanalysis, anthropology, etc. **All interrelated!** Reactionary criticism, attempts to place literature into a system and assign value judgments to works. Principles of Structuralism Meaning occurs through difference and SIGNS’ relationship to each other. Ex: woman vs. lady Much of our imaginative world is structured in binary sets (opposites) which assign structure and meaning to signs. Ex: cruel vs. humane Principles of Structuralism Forms the basis of SEMIOTICS, the study of signs. Sign = union of SIGNIFIER and SIGNIFIED. Ex: c-a-t, fuzzy critter that goes “meow” CODES provide signs with context cultural context, literary context, etc. Principles of Structuralism Emphasizes that humans create meaning. Structuralism, then, allows us to examine our relationships with literature, art, society, etc. Our sense of self -- our consciousness -- exists in relation to outside collective influences. We are NOT self-contained! Principles of Structuralism Reality is conventional; our perceptions of the world around us are bound up in conventions, codes, signs, etc. The “social construction of reality”. Structuralism’s ultimate argument is this… There is a connection between our concept of reality, the self, society, consciousness, and unconsciousness. They are all connected to each other and are bound by the same laws, signs, and conventions. When reading a “text”: Look for… Parallels in plot Echoes in structure Reflections/repetitions in character/motive Contrasts in situation/circumstance Patterns in language/imagery Barthes’ five “codes” Barthes identifies five codes which he says provide the underlying narrative structures for all literature. When reading, attempt to place a work in the system of codes. The codes are: 1. 2. Proairetic - provides indications of actions; “reality”. Ex: The ship sailed at noon. Hermeneutic - poses questions or enigmas that provide narrative suspense and involve the reader. Ex: if the narration indicates a knock on the door, the reader asks herself, “Who is it?” Codes continued 3. Cultural - contains references beyond the text which are considered common knowledge (allusions, metonymy). Ex: if a character is described as driving a hybrid car, there are certain cultural assumptions attached to that character. Codes continued 4. Semic - linked to a theme on the character level, when a series of signs and ideas surround an individual. 5. Symbolic - linked to theme on a larger level. Consists of contrasts and pairings related to the most basic binary polarities - man/woman, good/evil, lost/recovered, etc. ** Frye’s fictional modes MYTH - the hero is superior in kind to other men and the environment of other men; generally a story about a god ROMANCE - the hero is superior in degree to other men; ordinary laws of nature are suspended; often has supernatural powers Fictional modes continued HIGH MIMETIC - superior to men, but not to the environment; hero is a leader. (Often found in epic and tragedy.) LOW MIMETIC - Jane Austen’s bread and butter. Everyday hero; appeals to our common sense of humanity. Romantic comedies. Fictional modes continued IRONIC - hero is inferior to other men or his environment. Ben Stiller’s lifeline. Includes satire. Apply these modes to tragedies and comedies. Thus, you can have a high mimetic tragedy (Macbeth) or a low mimetic comedy (Pride & Prejudice). Archetypes Definition: a symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one’s literary experience as a whole (individually and collectively) Apocalyptic vs. Demonic Apocalyptic: archetypes that reflect ultimate human desire (roughly equated with our sense of heaven) Demonic: archetypes that reflect everything that society rejects; a total inversion of the apocalyptic (roughly equated with our sense of hell) Archetypal forms Divine world = society of gods Human world = society of men Animal world = domesticated flocks Vegetable world = garden Mineral world = cities, construction Apocalyptic imagery: divine • • • • • One God All ultimate unity Idealized world Magic Emphasis on heavenly bodies ** Mythical AND analogical Apocalyptic imagery: human One man Christ (though he operates in a divine context as well) 3 types of fulfillment: individual, social, and sexual Philosopher-kings Sexual symbolism - two bodies become one Chaste people, like Sir Galahad Apocalyptic imagery: animal One flock King as shepherd Birds (esp. doves) Horses and hounds (romance) Unicorn (emblem of virgins) Ass Apocalyptic imagery: veggie One Tree (of Life) Fruit and leaves on a tree = bread and wine (communion) Flowers (esp. flowers) Enchanted forests of Shakespeare’s comedies, Robin Hood, etc. Apocalyptic imagery: mineral One Building, Temple, or Stone City = “house of many mansions” Geometrical and architectural images Stairways, ladders, even Rapunzel’s hair Demonic imagery: divine Perversions of apocalyptic imagery are called MODULATIONS. Vast, menacing powers of nature Fate Sense of human remoteness and futility Demonic imagery: human Ego runs rampant Perversion of the 3 areas of fulfillment in apocalyptic imagery Loyalty to a tyrant diminishes the individual Sacrificial victim, scapegoat Mob violence blends the first 2 Demonic imagery: animal Monsters, beasts of prey Wolf, traditional enemy of sheep Tiger Vulture Serpent Dragon (soooo contextual) Demonic imagery: veggie Sinister forest Heath (recall Macbeth) Waste land Scaffold (as a modulation of the tree of life) Demonic imagery: mineral Waste land (again) Cities of sin and destruction (Babel, Reno, etc.) Images of perverted work (instruments of torture or war) Sinister spirals (maelstrom) Archetypes and Cycles Images fall into cyclical movements. 1. Divine = death/rebirth 2. Fire-world = heavenly bodies 3. Human = dreaming/waking 4. Animal = life/death 5. Veggie = natural cycles (seasons) 6. Mineral = golden ages, etc. 7. Water cycles Cycles and Genres 4 Mythoi: generic plots These 4 mythoi can be seen as aspects of a single unifying myth, which corresponds this way… Agon - conflict Pathos - catastrophe Sparagmos - anarchy Anagnorisis - recognition/triumph Mythos of Spring: Comedy Young man wants young woman. Resisted by some opposition. Twist enables the hero to have his will. Appearance/adoption of a new society or social order. Often paternal figures provide opposition. Mythos of Summer: Romance Quest/adventure Perilous journey, crucial struggle, exaltation of the hero. (Notice how the 3-part structure parallels that of comedy.) Archetype: dragon-killing, leviathan Can be applied to Exodus Connected to fertility rites Mythos of Autumn: Tragedy Tragedy actually moves cyclically Hero is on top of the wheel of fortune; when he declines, his subordinates do his living for him. In some tragedies (Adam), the hero creates new life after the fall. Sense of natural law and justice Binary structure instead of tertiary Mythos of Winter: Irony/Satire Remember that irony is “realistic”; we are supposed to look down on characters and events from a higher position. Satire is militant irony: wit founded on a sense of the absurd, and an object of attack Wheeee! You’re done! | <urn:uuid:c5c5c222-653c-4baf-bdd2-f87b9060c6a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideshowes.com/doc/265028/structuralism-and-semiotics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863811 | 1,690 | 3.375 | 3 |
What fees do banks charge for a mortgage?
Applying for a mortgage is a huge deal. If you have made it to this step in the home buying process, congratulations! Keep in mind, though, that banks and lenders do include fees and additional charges for a mortgage. Always speak to your banking officer or mortgage lender to discuss the exact amounts as they vary from lender to lender.
The first bank fee you are likely to notice is the initial mortgage application fee. Applicants pay this fee upfront, it is not included in the mortgage and the amount is usually between $50-200. When you apply for a mortgage and secure one, it is important to register it with the government of Australia. There are bank fees for registering a mortgage and the title of a home, which typically range from $200 to 700.
Mortgages, like other loans and credit facilities, also charge an annual fee to the account based on a small percentage (0.05%-0.075%) of the entire mortgage. The average annual fee on a mortgage is $300. You can expect this charge near or on the anniversary where you signed the mortgage.
Applicants should also consider that many mortgages also add monthly service fees for repayments on a loan. Lastly, once a mortgage is complete and the terms are finished, the user must pay discharge fees to own the house and get the official title.
Mortgage Fees Conclusion
Mortgage fees are common, even with non-bank lenders! Mortgage House is a non-bank lender and a leader in non-bank loans. Our specialists can assist you with all of your mortgage fee questions. | <urn:uuid:69ffa376-25e8-40b5-8148-6017e02eb329> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mortgagehouse.com.au/news-resources/what-fees-do-banks-charge-for-a-mortgage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.965589 | 334 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Lourdata (or Lurdata) – a cute, cosy town is located on the road winding along the west coast of Kefalonia. This road leads from Skala, sheltered at the southern end of the island, to Fiscardo, situated in its north. The locals claim that the name of the town comes from the English word "lord" and means the place, where the lords used to live. When the island was under the rule of the British, Lourdata became a favourite holiday place of British aristocracy, lords. The village twined by greenery is still very charming in our days. The Lourdas bay (or Lurdas) will impress you with its warm and friendly milky-blue waters and a long beach coastline strewn with small whitish pebbles.
The original taverns will offer traditional cuisine of unique taste as well as a popular Italian pizza and spaghetti. In the evenings, you are sure to enjoy Greek music and dances arranged by hospitable hosts of the restaurants.
At the foot of the majestic Mount Enos (Ainos), cosy Lourdata houses are loose scattered on a rather steep cliff towering over the sea. As to the town, it is very well located being only 14 km from the airport and 16 km from the capital of Kefalonia - Argostoli. It is equally easy to get to the famous Myrtos beach, Poros and Sami, where you can take a ferry to nearby Ithaca. Quite close to Lourdata, there is Pessada village with a secluded, incredibly nice beach. From Pessada, a small ferry runs regularly to the picturesque island of Zakynthos (Zante).
The neighbourhood of Lourdata is a great place for hiking. You can go along the beach northwards to the nearest villages. You will not be able to resist the temptation of taking a swim in the bays that you will pass, admire the ruins of ancient buildings, and sunbathe on a wild beach along the way. Be careful, although, as the road may take you several hours. Beside that, be sure to remember that the "comeback to civilization" can only be possible if you either reverse to the starting point or reach the next town, because the break towering like an amphitheatre over the seashore almost does not provide you with any chance to get to the top.
To the south of the Lourdata, there is the Sissia monastery. Not far from the new monastery, there lie the ruins of the old one destroyed by an earthquake. A gravel road leads on, down to the sea. Following it, you will get to a wild beach with scenic coastline and boulders.
Above Lourdata, on top of the Mount Enos, there is a nature reserve, where you can see wild horses. The panorama opening from above is fascinating – the coastline rugged with coves and bays has a clear silhouette against the bright blue sea, black pines contrast with the soft, almost white rock, and eagles soaring beneath your feet add unreality to what is happening!
We are sure that Lourdata will not leave you indifferent - its friendliness and the warmth of our hearts will allow you to fully enjoy the happy staying in this glorious, blessed place! | <urn:uuid:674189b8-0f84-40ff-a7c6-49d4ebef8b71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eagles-nest.gr/en/content/9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00033-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956729 | 686 | 1.570313 | 2 |
"How do you do, Mrs. Freeman?" said Bridget. "I'm afraid I'm a little late; I overslept myself, and then I could not find the right belt for this dress—it ought to be pale blue to match the ribbons, ought it not? But as I could not lay my hand on it, I have put on this silver girdle instead. Look at it, is it not pretty? It is real solid silver, I assure you; Uncle Jack brought it me from Syria, and the workmanship is supposed to be very curious. It's a trifle heavy, of course, but it keeps my dress nice and tight, don't you think so?"
"No, Bridget, you are to stay here; your dinner will be brought to you." Bridget flushed crimson.
Mrs. Freeman sighed as she said these words."And isn't she nice to-day?"
rummy satta aap
Miss Delicia hurried on, intent on some housewifely mission, and Olive entering the house went down a long stone passage which led to the sixth form schoolroom."I won't eat any dinner in this horrid room," she said; "I think I have been treated shamefully. If my dinner is sent to me I won't eat it.""Oh, she's telling a story," whispered Olive under her breath. She settled herself contentedly to listen.
"Oh, let me look; do let me look!" cried Ruth, while Olive and Janet both pressed eagerly forward.
She had to own to herself that Bridget had proved a very irritating companion. She would take her part, of course; but she felt quite certain at the same time that she was going to be a trial to her. As she stood by her window now, however, a little picture of the scene which the Irish girl had described so vividly presented itself with great distinctness before Dorothy's eyes.
Violet frowned all over her fair, small face, but Olive Moore, a sixth-form girl, was too powerful an individual to be lightly disregarded. She shrugged her shoulders therefore, and walked sulkily away. | <urn:uuid:1afed989-bdcf-48e5-b2d0-7a7238020a91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kcslabo.com/author/EWg9Pcgg6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.985663 | 444 | 1.5 | 2 |
Red Cloud’s farewell address to his people on July 4, 1903.
I was born a Lakota and I shall die a Lakota. Before the white man came to our country, the Lakotas were a free people. They made their own laws and governed themselves as it seemed good to them. The priests and ministers tell us that we lived wickedly when we lived before the white man came among us. Whose fault was this? We lived right as we were taught it was right. Shall we be punished for this? I am not sure that what these people tell me is true.
Red Cloud was among the top Lakota leaders in the late 1800s, commanding his people against rival tribes & the US government. He also successfully made the transition from leading his people in war to guiding and lobbying for them in peace. He died six years after making the above speech. | <urn:uuid:6f7c59d4-c0dc-45ea-bdd5-2def1a2428b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kottke.org/07/12/red-clouds-farewell-address-to-his-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.996384 | 181 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Telefonica expects to save €90m through new energy efficiency measures
Multinational broadband and telecommunications provider Telefonica has announced its global Energy and Climate Change objectives for 2020, which will aim to introduce several energy efficiency and renewable energy projects that will save the company around €90m.
Telefonica are aiming to source 50% of electricity in its operations from clean sources by 2020 and 100% by 2030. These objectives have been aligned with Telefonica’s commitment to limit the rise of temperature to 2C as part of the Paris Agreement targets.
The company is also looking to cut its energy consumption per traffic unit by half and decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 5% across its operations in the next four years.
Telefonica’s president José María Álvarez-Pallete said: "These objectives respond perfectly to Telefónica’s growth strategy and network deployment: to do more with less and have the most efficient and clean Network in the sector in terms of energy and carbon. Moreover, we want this because it is good for our profit results, for our clients, their families, and for future generations.
“We are aware of our responsibility to reduce our own carbon footprint as well as the role that we can play with Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data solutions to improve the management of transport, energy, water, waste etc. in other sectors. In the last few years we have advanced on both fronts and now we are taking another step, with new targets for 2020."
To help bolster these commitments, Telefonica will be supported by a Global Energy Management Policy to help enhance its Energy Efficiency Programme to address emissions in its networks and offices.
Through these actions, the multinational company hopes to maintain its leading role in indexes such as CDP disclosures and continue to promote transparency and sustainability performance of its climate actions.
This announcement coincides with Telefonica joining the newly established “SMARTer2030 Action Coalition", a group presented at COP22 by the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) in Marrakesh. The coalition will help Telefonica in its commitment to Paris Agreement targets by reducing emissions through focusing on building and transport emissions.
GeSI has previously urged countries to accelerate the uptake of digital technology, claiming that smart solutions and the IoT would be "indispensable" to achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
There have been movements from several companies to reduce emissions through utilising IoT. For example, Mobile operator Vodafone has formed a partnership with Philips Lighting which combines an IoT network with an integrated LED street light management system, which could see cities across the world slash energy use by 70%. | <urn:uuid:7f75c8b8-86ad-49c5-8086-05415ee7fe15> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.edie.net/news/6/Telefonica-predicts-90m-euro-savings-from-its-new-sustainability-targets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00083-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949948 | 554 | 1.960938 | 2 |
This course is an introduction to the history and theory of city planning since the nineteenth century. Students will read, discuss, and evaluate a wide body of scholarly literature and primary sources related to the emergence, development and transformation of urban design and planning practices in relation to fluctuating economic, political, and social contexts. Key topics covered include the changing goals of city planning, the techniques used to intervene in the urban environment, and the evolution of political and institutional contexts in which city planning takes place.
Access to Course Syllabus
(Please ensure that you login to the eDimension portal before clicking the link) | <urn:uuid:5d8f3760-1762-4e51-8852-1250a090228b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hass.sutd.edu.sg/education/undergraduate-subjects/elective/02-130-slums-squatters-smart-cities-history-theory-urban-planning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.897045 | 130 | 3.078125 | 3 |
From rescue to research: medieval ship finds in St Peter Port, Guernsey
Adams, Jonathan and Black, Jennifer (2004) From rescue to research: medieval ship finds in St Peter Port, Guernsey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, (2), 230-252. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2004.00021.x).
Full text not available from this repository.
Shipping traffic is scouring away seabed sediment in St Peter Port harbour, Guernsey. Since 1985 nine sections of well-preserved medieval ship structure have been revealed, representing at least five separate vessels. Although they seem broadly contemporary, it is not yet possible to say whether any or all were lost at the same time. With their rescue under way, research has addressed their provenance, their roles, and their relationship to Guernsey and the wider medieval world. This paper discusses ships that are of international significance today not least because they were of similar importance in their own time.
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2004.00021.x|
|Keywords:||guernsey, medieval, shipwreck, rescue, saintonge, gascony wine trade.|
|Subjects:||C Auxiliary Sciences of History > CC Archaeology
V Naval Science > V Naval Science (General)
|Divisions :||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Humanities > Archaeology
|Accepted Date and Publication Date:||
|Date Deposited:||09 May 2006|
|Last Modified:||31 Mar 2016 11:53|
|RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:7e420372-932c-4a23-88e2-924b1f89ca28> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/28770/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00055-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.81863 | 391 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Popular Indian Restaurants
Indian food is popular all over the world. Combined with plenty of spices and authentic food items, Indian food is celebrated everywhere. But what happened to us Indians?
Since the last few decades, we have started indulging ourselves in junk fast food items. Mostly these food items belong to foreign soil and a few of them are Pizzas, burgers, tacos, etc. They are high in cholesterol and contain too much fat which causes obesity among humans. They also provide too many health complications as well.
We are not opposing our readers to stop having these food items, we are just advising to stay away from these junk foods as much as possible.
Our country is as colorful as a rainbow and so is the food that comes with it. From north to south India, the variety in cuisine is much different and everything you taste will give you much peacefulness and will entice your taste buds.
Time to time, we go outside of our houses to eat food in restaurants. Rather than having these foreign junk food items from KFC, PizzaHut, Dominos, etc. we can go to Indian restaurants to taste the authentic Indian food.
Here are some popular Indian restaurants that provide tasty and delicious food at a reasonable price.
The restaurant chain Rajdhani was founded in 1985 at Crawford Market Mumbai. Rajdhani is a reflection of Indian culture and strives to keep the traditional feel alive with the concept of “Atithi Devo Bhava”. The restaurant is famous for its vegetarian dishes and mind-blowing Thalis. Rajdhani serves its trademark thalis in Indian cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Nagpur, Baroda, Jaipur, Pune, Chennai, and foreign cities like Dubai.
Saravana Bhavan is the largest south-Indian restaurant chain in the world and it was founded in 1981 in Chennai. Started with a capital of INR 5000, the restaurant has grown fast in popularity across the world. Dosa varieties and idlis are some of the famous dishes available in the restaurant. The restaurant has more than 40 locations in India and 87 cities outside India.
The famous barbeque restaurant in our country is the Barbeque nation. It was founded in 2006 and now it serves in 138 outlets in India and 7 outlets outside India. Known for its delicious vegetarian and non-vegetarian grill and tandoori items, it is famous among Indians for party and celebrations. Buffet lunches are famous in this restaurant that serves both veg and non-veg items respectively.
The largest chai retailer in our country right now is the Chai point. Currently, they have around 100 service hubs located in eight cities such as Bangalore, Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, and Chennai. They serve freshly brewed chai along with snack items like samosa, vada pav, noodles, banana cakes, etc. Even though this is not a restaurant chain, it is a fun place to enjoy with your friends and also fill your stomach with tasty breakfast and snack items.
There is no other place where you can sit, relax and enjoy with your friends like a local Dhaba where dishes are available at a considerably cheap price. Dhabas are usually located on the highway roads in India and they offer North Indian dishes that are tasty and affordable. Dhabas offer both vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines.
Founded in 1948, Ratna Cafe is one of the famous south Indian restaurant chains in the country. It was established by the Gupta family who actually hailed from Mathura, UP. The most famous dish ‘Idly-Sambhar’ is the specialty of this restaurant. Even now people get amazed by the fact that a Mathura born person has popularized the traditional ‘Idly-Sambhar’ food item which belongs to South India.
As the name suggests, this restaurant chain is famous for its South Indian dishes. It was founded in 1997 and operates in 72 outlets across India, New Zealand, Oman, and UAE. The restaurant is very famous for its Dosa varieties such as Spring Roll Dosa, American Chopsuey Dosa, and Paper Roast Dosa. They have more than 25 Dosa varieties to serve their customers.
One of the oldest Indian brands Bikanerwala was founded 115 years ago and they started just by serving sweets and namkeens (snack items). Then Bikano Chat cafes were opened to serve food items like quick-service restaurants with minimal table space. Later on, Bikanerwala restaurants were established which serves North and south Indian dishes at an affordable price.
Paradise Food Court:
Founded in 1953 as a small canteen serving Hyderabadi dishes in Secunderabad, Paradise soon became famous for its tastiest Hyderabadi biryani. That is how the restaurant chain got its famous name ‘Paradise Biryani’. Paradise also serves Kebabs, Chinese cuisine, and Tandoori cuisine. It serves in various locations across Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Gurugram, Guntur, Vijayawada and Vishakapatnam.
Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant:
With over 60 years of experience in the food industry, Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant is famous for its mouth-watering biryanis. The restaurant chain primarily operates in Tamilnadu but it operates over 62 outlets in India, seven of which are overseas. Also, the restaurant has a trademark for the word ‘Thalappakatti ‘ (meaning Turban in Tamil) to be used only with their restaurant name.
Established in 2001, Punjabi Grill is known for its mouth-watering Punjabi dishes such as Paneer Kurkara and Butter Chicken. They have a very prominent and tasty tadka that is added to their food items which makes it more tastier. Punjabi Grill has set up multiple branches in prominent cities of the country. Punjab Grill has expanded its radius globally with the recent set up of branches in Bangkok, Singapore along with Washington DC, USA.
That is all my friends.
Treat yourself with authentic Indian food by going to these Indian restaurants with your family and friends And we are sure you will be having a good time and delicious food as well.
Stay Safe and Take care. | <urn:uuid:b12ab724-ff13-422e-8f59-b55e9ce75306> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://samajdarindia.in/indian-restaurants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961387 | 1,395 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Speed cameras have been used around the world for decades, reducing speeding everywhere they’re installed. This van is a mobile speed camera enforcement “device” used in Nottingham, England. Photo by Lee Haywood.
The adoption of a speed camera system in Chicago is multi-faceted: it goes beyond encouraging people to speed less (which would increase the safety of all people in the streets), but touches on other issues like surveillance and how contracts and bidding are conducted. It has also induced people to think about other ways the city can achieve the same safety goals (fewer crashes, injuries and fatalities).
This post is part 2 of 3 about the hearing in council chambers on Wednesday, April 11, 2012, I will synthesize the concerns the aldermen discussed, their frustrations with how the automated speed camera enforcement system would work, and disappointment in being unable to receive (for weeks) the information they requested. I apologize profusely if there’s inaccurate information (like, are there really 85 schools with basketball programs?); I may have written that information down incorrectly as it’s hard to understand everyone if they don’t speak properly into the microphone.
Read part 1, part 3, or read all of our coverage on speed cameras. In this hearing, aldermen on the Pedestrian and Traffic Safety committee aired their questions alongside aldermen not on the committee – I’ve noted which aldermen are not on the committee.
Transportation commissioner’s testimony
First thing in the meeting, transportation commissioner Gabe Klein gave his testimony (the following is paraphrased except where quoted):
The children of Chicago are the least able to protect themselves. “The transportation network doesn’t place the right priority”. We know speed is determinant of serious injury or fatality. “The faster a car moves the more damage it causes when it hits something”. The fatality rate has an exponential relationship with speed. From 2005-2010, 3,000 people were seriously injured or killed in Chicago. 800 were children. “Let’s be honest, they’re not often accidents. We only ask that drivers follow existing traffic laws”. 32% of children walk to school.
CDOT has a four-pronged approach to transportation safety:
- Education – how to traverse urban environment safely
- Encouragement – walk/bike to school safely, but also to improve health wellness
- Engineering/re-engineering – infrastructure investments, ped refuges, bump outs, LPI
- Enforcement – without enforcement, the other three are not as effective.
60% reduction in pedestrian fatalities within 1/4 mile of red light cameras.
Mr. Klein then summarized how an automated speed camera enforcement system would work (SCE). Again this is paraphrased:
The first violation will in fact be a warning. There will be ample signage on the streets. There will also be a 90-day education campaign (ahead of the program). On a weekly basis, the CDOT website will be up to date on the locations of installed speed cameras (mobile or fixed) and the speed limit at that location. CDOT will also provide quarterly reports: speeding data, tickets issued, fines collected. It’s not intended to be punitive.
If you drive 6-10 MPH over the speed limit, you would get a $35 fine (reduced from $50 in this revised ordinance). If 11 MPH over, the fine is $100. These are civil and administration penalties and do not affect your driver’s license status [except if you don’t pay them, then you could be subject to suspension].
We will create an advisory group, to include members of communities, and this committee’s chair and vice chair. The advisory group would review crash stats and other data and weigh in on the most effective locations for SCE to reduce speeding and crashes.
We are focusing enforcement times on when children are most active.
I appreciate Mr. Klein’s comments about the lack of the transportation network to safely transport its users when he said, “The transportation network doesn’t place the right priority”. And I appreciated his comments again when he said that they are trying to change the culture. I have met Mr. Klein many times and I have spoken to him personally, for a period longer than any Chicagoan would likely be able to do (as has John). He is very sincere in wanting to make a culture of transportation safety in Chicago and there is evidence of this in the strategies that his department has implemented since his arrival less than one year ago (although we haven’t liked all of them), as well as in the strategies he wants to implement.
Mr. Klein bluntly pointed out that “we have a culture that says speeding is okay”. Typically, in this city and this country, we call for safety improvements after a tragedy, but never before, even though we have the knowledge and capability of preventing most traffic deaths (crashes are the number one cause of death of minors in the United States).
Unfortunately, Mr. Klein is just one member of his department and there’s a lot of institutionalized knowledge and resistance that will take time to reeducate and defeat, respectively, while implementing an organizational culture that values safety and facilitates sustainable transportation modes more efficiently than in the past. (It could take longer than the time Mr. Klein might work there – if he stays longer than 2 years, that would be longer than each of the prior 4 commissioners).
There was much hullabaloo about the revenues in the hearing. Mr. Klein stressed that the Department of Transportation (CDOT) would not be receiving any revenues whatsoever. Rose Kelly, of the Law Department, confirmed this multiple times (in response to different wordings of the same question from several aldermen). The revenues would be placed into a distinct account from which expenditures would have to be authorized by city council. In other words, if this is a “money grab”, as many online, in the newspapers, and testifying at the hearing accuse the mayor of, it would be at the city council’s authorization. There was a problem in that a representative from the Budget Office was not present. Said committee chair Margaret Laurino (39th Ward), “‘I was expecting somebody from budget to be here – they’re not here” (via Beachwood Reporter).
Now on with the reporting! Everything below is paraphrased from my own notes taken during the three hour meeting, unless in quotes. GK means Gabe Klein. Scott Kubly is the transportation department’s managing deputy. The concerns are organized by category, in bold text. Categories in part 2 are Operations, location selection, and revenues, and Enforcement, times, and notice.
Operations, location selection, and revenues
Alderman Rey Colón, 35th Ward
RC: Did you talk about the net proceeds of the fines are collected from SCE and how they are going to be used?
GK: First, CDOT is focused on safety (mainly because CDOT can’t use that money). The goal is for SCE to be self-sustaining (cover its own costs). Ideally, in a perfect world, you’d have no excess revenue. The mayor has been very clear that if there’s revenue, it gets spent on public safety initiatives, police protection, and construction/maintenance of infrastructure, “particularly around schools and parks”.
RC: So you don’t have revenue projections?
RC: How will the camera determine when there are children present?
[This would determine what the applicable speed limit when a driver passes through a school zone. If children are present then the applicable speed limit for enforcement is 20 MPH; if no children are present then the applicable speed limit is 30 MPH.]
GK: Currently we have a two-stage review process for RLCs. For SCE, we’d have a third stage.
RC: So if it’s determine that there’s no child present, then they’d have to be going 36 MPH?
GK: That’s correct.
RC: How will advisory group interact with the Wards?
GK: Utilizing data, we will come up with some recommended areas where CSZs should include cameras. Having the input from community is crucial because we don’t know the community as well as you do.
RC: What is the industry trend? Are we going to see stop sign cameras? Is this the wave of future, using cameras instead of police to enforce?
GK: I don’t have the answer, but I know that technology is a major part of police enforcement. But the police force is mostly fixated on stopping violence crimes. This isn’t just for pedestrian safety, it will also benefit drivers, cyclists, buses. We have a major problem with distraction and under the influence in Chicago. We’re trying to make a cultural change around schools and parks. I think this will make a cultural change around the city. It may make people fearful of driving drunk, speed, or drive carelessly on the road.
Alderman Richard Mell, 33rd Ward
RM: Did you say that the SCE will also be RLC at the same time?
GK: No. The technology is advancing so quickly and there are cameras that can do both.
Alderman Tom Tunney, 44th Ward – not on the committee
TT: Will the alderman be able to veto a camera installation?
GK: No. But let me explain why. The reality is that we have a lot of schools and parks that cross ward boundaries. And the transportation system is a system, sometimes you’re looking at 3 different wards. So you may have one alderman says yes, and one says no.
Alderman: I did a count of my Ward and I found 36 parks and schools. I’d like to know how many my neighboring wards have. A lot of my schools and parks are on a lot of my arterials.
GK: Arterials are a problem for children, especially wide ones. We’re going to look at this in a context-sensitive way. What’s appropriate for the different hierarchy of streets. We will show you that we are recommending a camera at this location because of X, Y, Z. It will be based on science, but the advisory council will weigh in as well. We’ll also prioritize where places of schools and parks overlap.
Alderman Roderick Sawyer, 6th Ward
RS: There would be no points issued against you in your driving record. Would you be eligible for booting?
RS: Is there possibility of driver’s license suspension?
GK: There is if you have 5 or more automated violations, basically the same as any other ticket. [This question was asked again, and I don’t think it was sufficiently clarified. This falls under the purview of the Illinois Secretary of State, and I believe that if you don’t pay or contest it, you’ve have additional problems.]
Alderman Howard Brookins, 21st Ward
HB: How do you intend to use the money?
GK: The money isn’t coming to us. The budget office will hold it in a separate account.
HB: Don’t you have evidence that there’s money coming in (in other places)?
GK: I don’t know how much RLCs bring in, because that’s not what we’re focused on. We don’t get revenue numbers, we only look at the number of crashes.
HB: Where does RLC money go?
GK: I believe it goes into the general fund. Rahm wants SCE revenues separated.
HB: Can the revenue be used on any infrastructure? (like a bridge downtown)
GK: My understanding is that they should be used in CSZs.
Rose Kelly (from the Law Department): The state statute sets several expenditure categories:
- public safety initiatives to ensure safe passage
- infrastructure investments, yes and not associated with children’s safety zones
- after school programs
Rose Kelly: The funds are subject to your appropriation.
Alderman Mary O’Connor, 40th Ward – not on the committee
MO: Take me through the time frame, from passage to implementation, and tell me what things CDOT has to do in order for us to begin to see cameras on the street.
GK: Timeline thus far:
- Building the safety zone toolbox (“sounds wonky”).
- Building and finishing an RFP, on the street within 6 weeks of ordinance passing. The RFP would be open for 6 weeks.
- We hope to be testing equipment by early fall. We’d be testing equipment: SK:
- Scott Kubly: basic treatments in place at the start of school year 2012. (curb extensions, LPI, crosswalks)
- Issuing tickets at the beginning of 2013.
Alderman Brendan Reilly, 42nd Ward – not on the committee
BR: What are admin costs of adjudicating? What about ticket revenue? We should talk to the budget office. A child must be present. What is the definition of present?
GK: There’s 1974 an opinion from the Illinois Attorney General, that a child must be present on the street or outside the school. Basically the child has to be in the picture frame.
BR: Has CDOT determined how many and which companies could bid on the RFP?
GK: We don’t know, but we estimate 5 companies, possibly 8-10.
BR: how are we defining a location?
Scott Kubly: We think a single point with cameras pointing in both directions. 191 RLC intersections with 384 cameras. Most intersections have two.
R: [This is the day I would like from CDOT:] Total number of crashes in school areas vs. park areas in 2010. Children’s versus adults, ped crashes only. Pedestrian crashes in schools, parks, citywide, ward by ward, in 2010.
Alderman John Pope, 10th Ward – not on the committee
JP: When will the advisory council be in writing? Where’s that codified?
GK: Let me circle the wagons and get that to you.
Enforcement, times, and notice
Alderman Jason Ervin, 28th Ward
JE: The school zone speed limit of 20 is 7 AM – 4 PM [when children are present]. But speed limit is 30 MPH from 4 PM – 7 PM. Children are generally not in the vicinity from 4-7. Why don’t the hours between state law on SCE and school zone speed limit match? Couldn’t the hours be more aligned when kids are out and about present?
GK: 5:30 – 8:30 AM, 40k going to school each day (based on CTA student permits). [I missed the times for the after school period] 27.5 after school on CTA. There are 85 schools with basketball programs. There are games with spectators. In addition to sports, there are 20 driver’s ed facilities from 4-6 PM. There are over 18k students that attend those classes. 40% of schools have after school classes.
JE: What about in the middle of the day?
GK: State law about school zones require a child to be present for the school zone speed limit to be in effect. Schools let out at different times. There are also private schools.
Alderman Marty Quinn, 13th Ward
MQ: How do you intend to inform the public to avoid establishing traps?
GK: For one thing, we’ll have an advanced website that shows the location, and have an opt-in SMS communication program. Just because they’re mobile, doesn’t mean they will be moved constantly. They will sit there for 60-90 days. [The state statute explains that there must be a sign posted ahead of the speed camera at all times and installed 30 days prior to the activation of that speed camera.]
MQ: Only 40% of residents [not sure if he meant citywide or 13th ward] have computers. I hope there would be additional notification to the alderman so they can assist in letting their constituents know about the program. Can you talk about the specific details of an overlap of a school-park campus? Which time rule will be in place?
GK: There’d be a plethora of time [or distance] notifying driver. Let’s say there’s a contiguous zone, we’d look at the pathway of children. There we’d have the school part active.
Alderman John Arena, 45th Ward – not on the committee
JA: We have an enforcement system in place. We do we need this one?
GK: Police superintendent McCarthy wants to do more routine traffic stops. Maybe the drunk driver wouldn’t have driven the wrong way because they know there’s enforcement everywhere. “We have a culture that says speeding is okay”. Right now, people don’t feel that way [that enforcement is everywhere].
JA: We’re not giving drivers the right signals. You haven’t done these things [pointing to infrastructure improvements on the screen, like “your speed is” signs] and now you want to jump to speed cameras. We don’t give people the feedback. We could probably get the same effect (as speed cameras) with the “your speed is” signs.
GK: People know there’s no enforcement. We want to create an environment where people think there’s SCE everywhere. Also, 50% of red light camera citations are for people who don’t live in Chicago.
Read part 3 of 3 of the speed camera hearing. | <urn:uuid:1b62703a-4f57-47c5-b5a9-b958b23db476> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gridchicago.com/2012/speed-cameras-aldermen-express-their-concerns-at-hearing-part-2-of-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955203 | 3,810 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The Zodiac serial killer terrorized the San Francisco Bay area from December 1968 to October 1969 when the violent killings suddenly stopped. But the fear continued into another decade as the killer mailed a series of threatening letters and cards to several newspapers and police agencies. Considering the information in these letters and cards as diary entries, a unique profile of the killer soon emerged. The search was now on for a teacher well versed in astronomy not astrology and when found he would have an elaborate collection…he did.
About Marianne Koerfer
See more books from this Author
Published February 3, 2013
by Infinity Publishing.
Biographies & Memoirs, Political & Social Sciences. | <urn:uuid:5fda0246-d351-4bc9-aca3-294965214912> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://idreambooks.com/Zodiac-Cracked-The-Manifestation-of-a-Ki-by-Marianne-Koerfer/reviews/141329 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00292-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935062 | 138 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The calculation of 54 cm to inches is simple if you know 1 cm = 0.3937 inches. Following this method, you can easily calculate 54 cm to inches.
The easiest calculation of 54 cm is 21.25 inches. If you follow our easiest guide, you will be able to calculate every single cm to inches like 54 to inches.
What is 54 cm to inches?
54 cm is equal to 21.25 inches.
This value is approximate, but it will give you an idea of what 54 cm looks like in inches.
This conversion can be used for any object that is measured in centimetres and you would like to know the inch measurement. For example, a ruler that is 54 cm long will be around 21.25 inches long when using the imperial system. If you are ever unsure about how to convert between these two measurements, there is no need to worry! Our guide makes it simple and easy-to-follow so that you can do the conversion yourself without any trouble at all.
What is Inch
Inch is a unit of length in imperial and United States customary systems. There are 36 inches in a yard and 12 inches in a foot. One inch is divided into fractions, eighths, quarters (of an inch), thirds, sixths and twelfths. A ruler with marks for inches is usually called as a ruler or linear measure while the one having other units like feet/yards etc are known as a two-dimensional measure.
How to convert 54 cm to inches
54 cm is equal to 21.25 inches according to the simplest way of calculation using cm as a unit for length and inch as another unit.
For example, if you want to convert 54 cm into inches then multiply it by 0.3937 or divide it by 100 to get the result in a decimal form which will be 0.020833333. | <urn:uuid:42816e9c-ab9f-4c00-b18f-ec67f72095c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestevew.com/54-cm-to-inches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.938992 | 385 | 2.359375 | 2 |
WASHINGTON – As progressive and centrist Democrats edged closer to a deal this week on a roughly $1 trillion infrastructure bill, Congress is poised to pass a bill with big implications for the Northwest, letting the cash-strapped Bonneville Power Administration borrow an extra $10 billion to shore up an agency that provides more than a quarter of the region’s electricity.
The provision authored by Sen. Maria Cantwell, D-Wash., is part of the infrastructure package that passed the Senate with bipartisan support in August. Proponents say the move is necessary to let BPA modernize its aging infrastructure – including 31 hydroelectric dams and 15,000 miles of transmission lines across the region – but critics say the money will prop up an unsustainable status quo for the agency that is also charged with leading fish recovery efforts.
That effort to restore the salmon and steelhead runs that thrived before the dams arrived has cost BPA more than $17 billion over four decades, the most expensive ecological recovery project in the nation’s history. Along with rising maintenance costs and falling prices of competing energy sources like wind and solar power, those expenses have left the federal energy giant deep in debt.
BPA spokesman Doug Johnson said the funds would give the agency “flexibility and future funding certainty to meet our near-term and future capital funding levels,” but added that “it doesn’t change our focus on our long-term financial goals.”
Language Cantwell added to the bill through an amendment more than doubles BPA’s credit limit from its current $7.7 billion to $17.7 billion, while requiring the agency to submit a financial plan by the end of September 2022 that maps out how it intends to dig itself out of debt. In addition to maxing out its current federal borrowing limit, other loans bring BPA’s current total debt to $14.5 billion, Johnson said.
Scott Simms, executive director of the Public Power Council, a Portland-based trade association that represents about 100 public utilities that buy electricity from BPA, said the funds will let the agency make important improvements without costing taxpayers, since BPA is required to pay back the loan with interest.
“We in Northwest public power are extremely grateful for Senator Cantwell’s leadership and understanding of the need for BPA’s enhanced borrowing authority to meet the region’s energy demands of the future,” said Simms, whose organization represents Inland Power and Light, Kootenai Electric and several other utilities in the Inland Northwest.
When she introduced her amendment July 14, Cantwell told the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee that while BPA is essential to the Northwest, its lack of transmission capacity has caused problems like the rolling blackouts that hit Spokane in June.
“This provision will greatly boost the reliability and resiliency of the Northwest grid and help us meet the net-zero goals moving forward without making taxpayers pay,” she told the panel. “So I think it’s a pretty good deal.”
While Cantwell framed the credit boost as a no-brainer and the committee approved it by a voice vote, indicating no real opposition, environmental groups say the move will perpetuate a system that has left salmon and steelhead runs dangerously close to extinction, especially on the Snake River and its tributaries.
“I think it shows that lawmakers are trapped in the past, just like the Bonneville Power Administration is,” Justin Hayes, executive director of the Idaho Conservation League, said of the credit limit increase.
BPA says it intends to use the funds to do just the opposite – updating infrastructure built as early as the 1930s – but Hayes said Congress should have attached conditions to the legislation beyond the requirement to submit a new financial road map.
“If that were true, why are they giving them a blank check instead of explicit marching orders?” Hayes said. “It keeps the BPA and the hydro system operating in a way that harms fish, violates treaties and … blocks the development of diversified renewables distributed across the Northwest by other entities.”
Chris Wood, president and CEO of the nonprofit Trout Unlimited, said that while BPA biologists have done important work to restore fish habitat, those efforts alone are not sufficient to save Snake River salmon from extinction.
“The BPA fish and wildlife program has done a tremendous amount of good, in terms of coming up with creative ways of managing water, of doing fish habitat restoration,” he said. “But I don’t know anyone who could claim that their record on salmon recovery has been a success.”
Like Hayes, Wood said he favors a more comprehensive plan – along the lines of the framework Rep. Mike Simpson, R-Idaho, released in February – that involves breaching the four Lower Snake River dams to restore the river’s natural flow between Lewiston and the Tri-Cities. Simpson’s proposal called for increasing BPA’s borrowing authority from $7.7 billion to $15 billion as part of a broader plan to replace the benefits of those dams for irrigation, transportation and hydropower.
Breaching the Lower Snake dams, Wood said, is a “golden key” that would unlock the full benefits of all the habitat restoration BPA has done.
“The genius of what Congressman Simpson is trying to do is that it’s sort of forcing everybody to the table by addressing the issue comprehensively,” he said. “When you try to piecemeal this, eventually you’re going to … take away the incentive for people to come to the table.”
Bill Arthur, who leads the Sierra Club’s Snake River Salmon Campaign and spoke with Cantwell’s staff while they were crafting the BPA amendment, said his organization is “not opposed to an increase in borrowing authority per se,” because the extra money can be used for investments they support like transmission upgrades and grid modernization.
But the Sierra Club opposed the legislation, Arthur said, because of what it saw as a rushed process that left out language to make BPA more accountable to tribes and conservation groups. The legislation requires the agency to “engage … with customers with respect to a draft of the updated financial plan” without mentioning tribes or other stakeholders.
“From our point of view, the language is premature and badly skewed to just one set of interests – BPA utility customers – at the expense of other stakeholders: the tribes and fish and wildlife,” Arthur said.
Tribal leaders shared that concern. After Cantwell’s successful amendment to raise BPA’s borrowing authority, Yakama Nation Tribal Council Chairman Delano Saluskin sent a letter to all four Washington and Oregon senators on July 29 proposing revisions requiring BPA to consult with tribes when spending the new funds and drafting the financial plan.
While current law already requires BPA to consult with tribes, Cantwell filed another amendment when the infrastructure bill reached the full Senate floor that would have more explicitly directed the agency to engage with tribes and other stakeholders. That amendment also would have required BPA to ensure any modernization work wouldn’t impact fish, water quality or compensation payments owed to the Spokane and Colville Tribes.
Several other Northwest tribes threw their support behind the amendment in an Aug. 7 letter led by the Yakama Nation, including the Spokane Tribe, Colville Confederated Tribes, Coeur d’Alene Tribe, Kootenai Tribe in Idaho, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in Montana and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation.
While that amendment also had the support of the Public Power Council and environmental groups, Republican objections ground the amendment process to a halt before the Senate could consider it.
Despite those objections, House Democrats from the Northwest have been silent on the BPA provision ahead of a vote on the infrastructure bill. The Spokesman-Review asked every House lawmaker from Washington and Idaho, plus three Oregon representatives whose districts border the Columbia River, whether they supported the provision increasing BPA’s borrowing authority.
Of the Democrats, only Rep. Rick Larsen of Everett confirmed through a spokesman that he supported the measure, along with a general statement explaining his support for the infrastructure bill as a whole “because it puts Washingtonians back to work, ensures critical local projects stay on track and builds a greener national transportation network.”
Despite the fact that BPA’s territory covers all of Washington, Idaho and Oregon – plus parts of five other states – most of the House lawmakers didn’t respond to questions about the borrowing authority boost, including Washington Reps. Suzan DelBene, D-Medina, Dan Newhouse, R-Sunnyside, Derek Kilmer, D-Gig Harbor, Pramila Jayapal, D-Seattle, Kim Schrier, D-Sammamish, Adam Smith, D-Bellevue, and Marilyn Strickland, D-Tacoma; Simpson and fellow Idaho GOP Rep. Russ Fulcher; Oregon Democratic Reps. Suzanne Bonamici and Earl Blumenauer, and Oregon GOP Rep. Cliff Bentz.
Two Republicans, Reps. Cathy McMorris Rodgers of Spokane and Jaime Herrera Beutler of Battle Ground, said they support the increase to BPA’s credit limit while opposing the infrastructure bill as a whole.
“One thing is clear, ratepayers in the Pacific Northwest are overpaying,” McMorris Rodgers spokesman Kyle VonEnde said in a statement. “While Cathy supports measures that will correct the long-standing imbalance, such as increasing BPA’s borrowing authority, she believes the approach must be holistic and advance the goal of achieving a fair treaty.”
Both McMorris Rodgers and Herrera Beutler blamed rising BPA energy prices on the Columbia River Treaty, which requires BPA to pay Canada for the water it uses to generate power, and the billions the agency has been required to spend on fish recovery efforts.
“I support giving BPA the tools that allow it to continue operating the carbon-free hydropower system that is the beating heart of our region’s employers and residences, while also moving us toward a more fair Columbia River Treaty that could remedy the pressures that have led to imbalanced finances,” Herrera Beutler said in a statement, explaining that she would have supported the infrastructure bill if Democrats hadn’t linked it to a separate spending bill they plan to pass without Republican votes.
Ultimately, Arthur said, the ability to take on additional debt could make BPA even more central to ongoing efforts to restore salmon runs.
“The silver lining is the BPA can no longer plead poverty,” he said. “They now have money that could actually be used to help defray the costs” of eventually removing the Lower Snake dams.
Congress previously increased the cap on what BPA could borrow from the federal government to $4.45 billion in 2003 and to the current $7.7 billion limit in 2009. A provision in the infrastructure bill prevents BPA from borrowing more than $6 billion by fiscal year 2028, a crucial year for the agency when many of its current contracts with utilities are set to expire.
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Gene expression profiling in chicken heterophils with Salmonella enteritidis stimulation using a chicken 44 K Agilent microarray
- Hsin-I Chiang†1,
- Christina L Swaggerty2,
- Michael H Kogut2Email author,
- Scot E Dowd3,
- Xianyao Li1,
- Igal Y Pevzner4 and
- Huaijun Zhou1Email author
© Chiang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
Received: 17 April 2008
Accepted: 06 November 2008
Published: 06 November 2008
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common food-borne pathogens that cause human salmonellosis and usually results from the consumption of contaminated poultry products. The mechanism of SE resistance in chickens remains largely unknown. Previously, heterophils isolated from broilers with different genetic backgrounds (SE-resistant [line A] and -susceptible [line B]) have been shown to be important in defending against SE infections. To dissect the interplay between heterophils and SE infection, we utilized large-scale gene expression profiling.
The results showed more differentially expressed genes were found between different lines than between infection (SE-treated) and non-infection (control) samples within line. However, the numbers of expressed immune-related genes between these two comparisons were dramatically different. More genes related to immune function were down-regulated in line B than line A. The analysis of the immune-related genes indicated that SE infection induced a stronger, up-regulated gene expression of line heterophils A than line B, and these genes include several components in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and genes involved in T-helper cell activation.
We found: (1) A divergent expression pattern of immune-related genes between lines of different genetic backgrounds. The higher expression of immune-related genes might be more beneficial to enhance host immunity in the resistant line; (2) a similar TLR regulatory network might exist in both lines, where a possible MyD88-independent pathway may participate in the regulation of host innate immunity; (3) the genes exclusively differentially expressed in line A or line B with SE infection provided strong candidates for further investigating SE resistance and susceptibility. These findings have laid the foundation for future studies of TLR pathway regulation and cellular modulation of SE infection in chickens.
Salmonellosis in humans often results from consuming foods contaminated with Salmonella. The reported incidences of human infections by Salmonella have dramatically increased since 1980, and at present are approximately 1,400,000 cases every year in the United States, which indirectly caused a significant economical loss due to medical costs and loss of productivity (Economic Research Service, http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/Foodborneillness/). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common Salmonella serotypes in many countries including the US, and is the main source of human salmonellosis through the consumption of contaminated poultry or shell eggs . SE is a zoonotic pathogen and persists in the chicken cecum or ovaries without triggering clinical signs in the host. Salmonellosis in young chickens may cause high mortality as a result of severe diarrhea and dehydration, and include a greater risk of evolving into a carrier state [2–4].
Salmonella organisms can reach distal ileum and cecum in infected birds as the first place through oral route . The outcome of an encounter with Salmonella is dependent on multiple factors including genetic background [6, 7]. Although several studies have focused on the pathogenesis of SE in infected young chickens, the mechanism of SE resistance in healthy-carrier chickens remains unknown. Heterophils, the avian counterpart of mammalian neutrophils, are the most abundant leukocytes in the peripheral blood and are essential for initiating and modulating innate immunity . Reducing the number of circulating heterophils significantly increases the susceptibility of young chickens to organ invasion by SE indicating a key role for peripheral blood heterophils in controlling SE infections in poultry . It has also been reported that a large influx of heterophils is observed in the intestines of SE-infected chickens, indicating an increase in heterophils to the infection site contributes to defending against microbial infection [9, 10]. Both studies of in vivo and in vitro SE-infected heterophils from different chicken lines also revealed that the up-regulated mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 (also known as CXCLi2), IL-18, and anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-β4 (TGF-β4) might be responsible for determining overall immune competence [11, 12]. We have extensively characterized the innate immune response of two parental broiler lines (designated lines A and B). To date, we have shown increased in vitro heterophil function . corresponds with an increased in vivo resistance to organ invasion by SE . In addition, we have shown increased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in heterophils isolated from the more resistant line compared to the susceptible line [11, 12, 14]. Collectively, the data indicate differences in heterophil function and innate responsiveness are under genetic control.
Heterophils play an important role in providing increased resistance against SE infections in poultry. The objective of the present study was to examine SE resistance by dissecting the interplay between heterophils and SE. Large-scale expression profiling technology including microarrays has been successfully used to achieve this goal [7, 15–18]. Microarray technology provides a more comprehensive, unbiased knowledge of all gene networks including members of gene families, ligands, receptors, and transcription factors . Additionally, microarray analysis allows for the discovery of new genes and/or pathways previously not known to be involved in a specific host-pathogen interaction. In the present study, a chicken genome Agilent microarray was used to profile differential gene expression in heterophils from two genetically distinct parental broiler lines (SE-susceptible [line B] and -resistant [line A]) following in vitro stimulation with SE. The objectives of this study were to discover genes or gene networks associated with SE resistance and to examine the genetic effects on defending against SE infections in chicken heterophils.
Identification of differentially expressed genes
Gene ontology analysis
Quantitative real-time PCR
Validation of the microarray data was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This allowed us to: (1) confirm the microarray results across different comparisons, and (2) validate selected immune-related genes associated with Salmonella infection of heterophils. Eight significantly expressed genes were randomly selected for qRT-PCR confirmation (see Additional file 5). The samples used in qRT-PCR were not the same as in the microarray study but were obtained according to the same experimental design. The results showed that most of the genes selected for qRT-PCR (13 incidences of differential expression) analysis were consistent with the results obtained from the microarray (14 incidences of differential expression) (see Additional file 6). For the four inconsistencies, the fold-changes from three were very close to the microarray results.
List of immune genes with differential expression (P < 0.001) between infection (I) and non-infection (N) treatment
Antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1)
Interleukin 6 (IL6)
Interleukin 12B (IL12B)
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)
PREDICTED: bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein
Glioma Amplified Sequence 41
Chemokine (C-C) ligand 4 (CCL4)
Interleukin 8 (IL8)
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2)
CXC chemokine K60 (K60)
Similar to NUMB protein (NUMB)
Nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated
Similar to immunoglobulin-like receptor B4
Interleukin-1receptor-associated kinase 2 (IRAK2)
Beta-defensin 5 (GAL9)
Similar to Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon subunit (IKBKE/IKK-ε)
TIR domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF/TICAM1)
TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7)
List of immune genes with differential expression (P < 0.001) between chicken lineages A and B
Similar to NUMB protein (NUMB)
TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1)
Immunoglobulin-like receptor Ig1-37
Lunatic fringe homolog (LFNG)
B-G V-region-like B-G antigen (B-G)
CC Chemokine (CCL1L2)
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (CASP6)
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)
CD4 antigen (CD4)
Utilization of the array
All microarray results from this study were deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database . The accession numbers are: Platform, GPL4993; Series, GSE9416; Samples, GSM239322, GSM239330, GSM239336, GSM239337, GSM239347, GSM239349-GSM239352, GSM239354-GSM23935456, GSM239358, GSM239370, GSM239372 and GSM23935473.
Evaluation of host responses to bacterial infections in vitro using microarray technology has become one of the major research areas in the study of functional genomics. This technology allows us to characterize the comprehensive host response(s) to complex pathogen stimuli under different experimental conditions. There has been a rapid increase in studies reporting the host response to Salmonella in chickens [2, 23]. While most of the recent studies focus on profiling gene expression in immunologically-related tissues [15, 16, 18, 24], the present study is the first to examine the response of a chicken innate immune leukocyte, the heterophil, to SE using microarray technology. Based on earlier findings, one hour post infection was selected as the point at which the peak cytokine mRNA expression levels were observed with in vitro SE stimulation in the two lines . More time points following SE exposure to heterophils would provide interesting information regarding the kinetics of the host-pathogen interaction.
The FDR is used to control false positives in a declared significant gene in microarray studies. There are several factors affecting FDR: (1) the proportion of truly differentially expressed genes; (2) the distribution of true differences; (3) measurement variance; and (4) sample size . Of these factors, the proportion of truly differentially expressed genes has the most significant effect on FDR . The proportion of truly differentially expressed genes depends on the biological questions being addressed. Obviously, truly differentially expressed genes from the comparison between infection vs. non-infection and the comparison between line A and line B in the present study would be different. Therefore, using the same FDR for these two comparisons might miss many false negative genes if the proportion of truly differentially expressed genes in that comparison was small. In that case, using same cut-off of P-value is more appropriate than FDR although it is not optimal.
The microarray experimental design used in this study provided direct comparisons to identify differentially expressed genes due to SE infection (infection or non-infection) or genetic differences (line A or B). More differentially expressed genes were detected in the comparisons between the lines compared to that observed between SE infected and non-infected cells. These data indicate there may be an intrinsic genetic difference between line A and B chickens. Line A chickens have a stronger immune response against in vivo bacteria challenge than line B chickens , however, no further study has been conducted. In addition, fewer differentially expressed genes in the comparison between infected and non-infected cells within line may also be due to the limited variance contributed by host response associated with SE infection at one time point (1 h post infection). The direction of gene regulation revealed that line A (AI/AN) had less down-regulated genes, but more up-regulated genes compared to line B (BI/BN). Interestingly, similar patterns were observed on the expressional direction of immune-related genes (Table 1). Given that line A chickens are more resistant to SE than line B, it is possible that the enhanced SE-resistance is associated with a different host response in terms of both a higher number of up-regulated immune-related genes accompanied by fewer down-regulated genes.
GO terms enrichment analysis
The analysis of enriched GO terms allowed us to discover significant categories that could be overlooked when evaluating individual genes. The enriched GO terms could aid in interpreting the dominant functions controlled by differentially expressed genes. Although the higher number of identified GO terms might be positively correlated to more differentially expressed genes identified, the regulation direction of genes showed a remarkable difference as most enriched GO terms were composed of down-regulated genes in all comparisons.
No specific functional term (biological process) was significantly enriched with SE infection in the comparison of AI/AN, while several functional terms associated with defense systems were found from down-regulated genes in the BI/BN comparison. The annotations of these terms suggest that line B may be more vulnerable to SE infections due to the suppressed functions on prevention or recovery from damages caused by infection. The results of the functional analysis further supported the results of expressional direction of immune-related genes, in which down-regulated genes (functional terms) with SE infection might be associated with the immuno-inefficiency observed in line B.
The comparison between different lines showed that most enriched functions had higher expression in line B than line A on both infected and non-infected cells. This suggested that these functions are not immune-related, and therefore the higher expression in line B might not benefit the host defense system. Although only three functions showed higher expression in line A, one of these functions named 'response to stress' might benefit line A by remaining normal under exposure to infections. Several functional terms related to metabolism (e.g. cellular metabolism, primary metabolism, and protein metabolism) were down-regulated in line A with SE infection. Although heterophils are well known as primary phagocytes in immune system, there might be a complicated interaction between the immune system and metabolism . It is possible that the highly expressed functions in line B may serve as an advantage over other performances in different desired traits. More studies are needed in order to understand the effects of the line differences on other parameters.
Analysis of immune-related genes
One of the key objectives of this study was to identify novel candidate genes associated with Salmonella resistance in chickens. The genetic variance contributing to the immune function only consist of a part of the whole genetic variance which is the overall genetic difference between line A and B. There were more differentially expressed genes in the comparisons between the two lines (538 and 588 genes in AN/BN and AI/BI, respectively) than observed in the comparisons between the infected and non-infected cells (152 and 173 genes in AI/BI and AN/BN, respectively). However, more immune-related genes were found in the comparisons between the infection and non-infection pairings (12 and 17 genes in AI/BI and AN/BN, respectively) than between the two lines (7 and 8 genes in AI/BI and AN/BN, respectively).
Numerous genes associated with immune function were found in both AI/AN and BI/BN pairing with a slightly higher fold-change in gene expression in AI/AN than BI/BN. These genes included the cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and the chemokines IL-8 (CXCLi2), CCL4 and K60 (also known as CXCLi1). Cytokines and chemokines are essential for an effective innate immune response . These data confirm and support earlier studies showing the higher expression of these signaling molecules in resistant line A are more important for their role in recruiting heterophils to the site of SE infection and pathogen clearance , and initiating the signaling cascades that promote a pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine response .
The effect of the MHC on determining immunity to Salmonella is described in the chicken [29, 30]. There is a polymorphism (Lys148→Met148) in the MHC I α2 domain that is associated with bacterial load in the spleen following an SE challenge . Interestingly, several genes involved in MHC II system were differentially expressed in the present study. These genes included CD80, MHC II β chain (accession no. U02881), c-KIT (v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene, accession no. D13225), B-G and CD4. CD80, MHC II β chain (P = 0.005) and c-KIT (P = 0.036) were up-regulated in the comparisons of AI/AN, and the expression of B-G and CD4 were higher in line A than line B on both infected and non-infected cells. Functionally, the CD80 antigen is a surface molecule that co-regulates with another surface molecule, CD86, to provide a co-stimulating signal for T- helper cell activation [32, 33]. On the other hand, c-KIT is a stem cell factor receptor that is co-expressed with MHC II to sustain T-helper cell development . Heterophils have never been shown to have a role in antigen presentation and subsequent development of an acquired immune response; however, these data are indicative that heterophils may actually have such a role and future experiments will be conducted to assess this possibility.
Defensins are small peptides composed of cysteine-rich cationic molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses . One of the families, namely β-defensins, is widely accepted as an important component for the hosts' immune system. It has been suggested that avian β-defensins play a significant role in the avian innate defense system since heterophils lack an oxidative killing mechanisms . To date, 14 β-defensin genes, known as gallinacin (GAL) 1, 1A, 2–13, are described in chickens [37–39]. In the present study, SE infection suppressed the gene expression of β-defensin 5 (GAL 9) on line B heterophils, while no significant effect was observed on line A heterophils. GAL 9 has stronger antimicrobial activity against Salmonella serovars than GAL 4 and 7 . It is possible that repression of GAL 9 is related to the impaired SE-resistance in the susceptible line and lends itself as a potential candidate gene for selecting poultry with increased resistance against SE.
The TLR signaling pathway plays a critical role for elevating host immune responses by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Several genes associated with the TLR pathway have been reported to respond to Salmonella infection [12, 41–44]. In the present study, two novel candidate adaptors, IKK-ε (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon subunit) and TRIF (TIR domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta), were found repressed exclusively in BI/BN. IKK-ε (also know as IKK epsilon or IKK-i) is an IKK homologue but not in components of IKK complex [45, 46]. Although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, it suggests that IKK-ε plays a role in the activation of IRF3 and NF-kB by involving TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) [47–50]. TRIF is an adaptor of the MyD88-independent pathway that leads to interferon (IFN)-β production, and the downstream cascade of TRIF is directly regulated by the adaptors IKK-ε and TBK1 . Interestingly, the co-repression of TRIF and IKK-ε in line B observed in the current study suggests an important role for MyD88-independent pathway in host defense. A few genes involved in the TLR pathway were not significant since a stringent cut-off P-value established, even though the P-values of these genes approached 0.001. While controlling false discovery rate is one of major objectives for microarray analysis, false negative might be an issue. In reality, it is possible that the lack of TLR-related expressed genes may in fact be one of the findings lost using stringent FDR criteria. These specific genes include receptors (TLR4, TLR15) and adaptors (MD-2 like, MKK3, NFkB-1) with P-values smaller than 0.05, and fold-changes larger than 1.5 in the comparisons between the infected and non-infected cells. Collectively, these findings support our assumption that the TLR pathway is, but probably not the only one, involved in altering host defense system to SE infection through a response of releasing signaling molecules differently as seen in cytokines and chemokines.
Most immune-related genes showed stronger expression in line A heterophils than in line B heterophils regardless of the SE infection. It is unclear if these genes are responsible for the stronger induction of immune response in the resistant line. Numb is an inhibitor of the notch signaling pathway that maintains normal cell-to-cell communication, cell fate specification and tissue regeneration [52, 53]. In the current study, the expression of numb was suppressed with SE infection in line B, while there was a significant up-regulation in the AI/BI. Given that line B showed down-regulation in the function of cell communication with SE infection, it is possible that the suppressed numb in line B indirectly retards the host immune network through impaired cell communication.
In summary, the results from this study demonstrate that higher expression of immune-related genes is more beneficial to enhance the host response against SE infection. The immune deficiency in the susceptible line is likely due to suppressed functions in recovering from cellular changes induced by SE infection. The genes exclusively differentially expressed in the AI/AN or BI/BN in the study has provided strong candidates for further investigation of disease resistance and susceptibility to SE infection in chickens, respectively. The identified immune-related genes also suggested a similar TLR regulatory network might exist in both lines, where a possible MyD88-independent pathway may participate in the regulation of host innate immunity in line B. Finally, the MHC II system might be important to initiate T-helper cell activation for the host defense.
To our knowledge, this is the first report to profile global gene expression in chicken heterophils with in vitro Salmonella infection. It is also expected that candidate genes discovered from this study along with the increasing information will add more genes to the chicken immune gene database. Although an in vivo study might be desirable to add additional insights regarding the interplay between heterophils and SE, the findings in this study have made an indispensable contribution to characterize the role of heterophils in the host immune system, and laid a solid foundation to further study the role of host genetics and resistance against Salmonella.
The two distinct parental meat-type broiler lines used in this study were obtained from a commercial company. To maintain confidentiality, the lines were designated A and B. At the day of hatch, chickens were placed in floor pens (8 feet) containing wood shavings, provided supplemental heat, water, and a balanced, un-medicated corn and soybean meal based chick starter diet ad libitum. The feed was calculated to contain 23% protein and 3200 kcal of metabolized energy/kg of diet, and all other nutrient rations met or exceeded the standards established by the National Research Council (1994). Animal experiments were conducted according to regulations established by the United States Department of Agriculture animal care and use committee (#2007003) and overseen by Dr. J. A. Byrd, attending veterinarian.
A poultry isolate of SE (#97-11771) was obtained from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Ames, IA) and approved by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). SE was cultured in tryptic soy broth (Difco Laboratories, Becton Dickinson Co., Sparks, MD) overnight at 41°C. Stock SE (1 × 109 colony forming units [cfu]/ml) was prepared as previously described .
Heterophils were isolated from a pooled collection of peripheral blood from 6-day-old chickens (n = 100 for each line). Blood was collected on four separate occasions on age-matched, straight-run chickens. Following blood collection, heterophils were isolated as previously described . Briefly, blood from chickens was collected in vacutainer tubes containing disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (BD vacutainer, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and mixed thoroughly. The blood and EDTA for each line was pooled and diluted 1:1 with RPMI 1640 media containing 1% methylcellulose and centrifuged at 40 g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was transferred to a new conical tube and diluted with Ca2+- and Mg2+-free Hanks balanced salt solution (1:1), layered onto discontinuous Histopaque® gradients (specific gravity 1.077 over 1.119) and centrifuged at 190 g for one h at 4°C. The histopaque layers were collected, washed with RPMI 1640 (1:1) and pelleted at 485 g for 15 min at 4°C. The cells were then re-suspended in fresh RPMI 1640, counted on a hemacytometer, and diluted to 1 × 107/ml in RPMI. All tissue culture reagents and chemicals obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, unless noted otherwise.
Total RNA Isolation
Heterophils (1 × 107) were treated with 300 μl RPMI or SE, for 1 h at 39°C on a rotary shaker at the ratio of multiplicity of infection = 20. Treated heterophils were pelleted, washed with RPMI (485 × g for 15 min at 4°C), the supernatant discarded, the cells re-suspended in lysis buffer (Qiagen RNeasy mini RNA extraction kit, Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA), and frozen. The lysed cells were transferred to QIAshredder homogenizer columns and centrifuged for 2 min at ≥ 8000 × g. Total RNA was extracted from the homogenized lysate according to the manufacturer's instructions, eluted with 50 μl RNase-free water and stored at -80°C.
Microarray experiment design
A dual color, balanced design was used to provide four different comparisons: AI/AN, BI/BN, AN/BN and AI/BI. Four biological replicates were conducted in each comparison and the dye balance was used throughout in order to prevent the dye-bias during the sample labeling.
Labeling and hybridization
The integrity of total RNA samples was confirmed using Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 Lab-on-chip system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Five hundred nanograms (ng) of total RNA were reverse-transcribed to cDNA during which a T7 sequence was introduced into cDNA. T7 RNA polymerase-driven RNA synthesis was used for the preparation and labeling of RNA with Cy3 (or Cy5) dye. The fluorescent cRNA probes were purified using Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA), and an equal amount (825 ng) of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cRNA probes were hybridized on a 44 K chicken Agilent array (GEO accession: GSE9416). The hybridized slides were washed using a commercial kit package (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and then scanned using Genepix 4100A scanner (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA) with the tolerance of saturation setting of 0.005%.
Microarray data collection and analysis
For each channel, the median of the signal intensity and local background values were used. A Locally Weighted Linear Regression (LOWESS) normalization was applied to remove signal intensity-dependent dye bias for each array using R program. The normalized data was analyzed using commercial SAS 9.1.3 program (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC) with mixed model analysis. The mixed model used to identify significantly differentially expressed genes was:
Yijklm = μ + Ti + Lj + Dk + Sl + T*Lij + eijklm
Where Yijklm represents each normalized signal intensity; μ is an overall mean value; Ti is the main effect of treatment (SE infection) i; Lj is the main effect of chicken line j; Dk is the main effect of dye k; Sl is the random effect of slide l; T*Lij is the interaction between treatment and line; and eijklm is a stochastic error (assumed to be normally distributed with mean 0 and variance σ2). An approximate F test on least-square means was used to estimate the significance of difference for each gene in each comparison where P < 0.001 was considered to be statistically different. The false discovery rate (Q value) was calculated for each P-value using R program according to the Storey and Tibshirani method .
Quantitative real-time PCR
Total RNA (300 ng) from each sample (AI, AN, BI and BN) was used for cDNA synthesis with random hexamer primer of a Thermoscript RT-PCR system kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's manual. The cDNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR using ABI prism 7900HT system (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA) with SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA). The specific oligonucleotide primers were designed by PRIMER3 program . The conditions of qRT-PCR amplification were: 1 cycle at 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s and 59°C for 1 min. The chicken β-actin gene was used as the internal control. Dissociation curves were performed at the end of amplification for validating data quality. Each individual sample was run in triplicate and the average critical threshold cycle (Ct) was used for calculating relative quantification by fold-change and statistical significance.
An unreleased version of the High Throughput Gene Ontology Functional Annotation Toolkit (HTGOFAT, http://www.researchandtesting.com/Bioinformatics.html) was utilized to assign updated Gene Ontology numbers , Enzyme Commission numbers, mappings to Kyoto Encylopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathways and updated definitions. Statistics related to over representation of functional categories were performed using a Fisher Exact statistic methodology similar to that described by Al-Shahrour et al . In brief, differentially expressed genes (P < 0.001) were selected and separated based on regulation directions (up or down) in each comparison. Data mining to PubMed IDs was performed using a beta version module within HTGOFAT that searched PubMed abstracts using upon experimental conditions or terms (e.g. chicken and Salmonella) that co-occur with gene names and symbols that are represented within a given dataset. Additionally, differentially regulated genes were mapped to Protein Information Resource (PIR) keywords and COG functional annotations through the use of primary mappings with HTGOFAT and subsequent mapping and clustering using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) .
The authors wish to thank Pete Kaiser for providing chicken cytokine and chemokine gene sequences; Fiona McCarthy and Shane burgess for annotating part of genes in the array.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:2452a176-4386-416d-b74b-b3a2a4b95128> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-9-526 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858365 | 11,752 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Perceptions of the July 2003 You Drink & Drive. You Lose.
Crackdown: Telephone Surveys Show the Media Campaign Reaches Target
Marv Levy, Richard Compton,
and Stephen Dienstfrey
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Research
& Technology is evaluating the July 2003 impaired driving You
Drink and Drive. You Lose. crackdown (campaign). This Research
Note reports the results of surveys conducted to measure public perceptions
of the crackdown.
In 2002, more than 17,000 people lost their lives in alcohol-related
crashes. Past research has shown that high visibility enforcement campaigns
(combining highly visible enforcement with publicity about the enforcement
campaign) can yield substantial reductions in alcohol-related crashes
(Lacey et. al., 1986; Lacey et al., 1999; Wells et al., 1991).
Beginning on June 20th, continuing through the July 4th holiday period,
and ending on July 13th 2003, NHTSA sponsored an impaired driving crackdown
under the banner – You Drink and Drive. You Lose. A key
feature of the crackdown was the use of paid advertising to support
and promote drivers’ awareness of the enforcement campaign.
National and State telephone surveys were conducted before and after
the crackdown to measure driver awareness, perceptions of enforcement
activity, and self-reported drinking and driving behavior change. This
Research Note analyzes public perceptions of the crackdown to measure
the effectiveness of the media component (both earned and paid media).
The crackdown involved unprecedented use of paid advertising, totaling
some $25M nationwide. Additional information about the level of enforcement
activity and the effect of the crackdown on alcohol-related crashes
will be reported later.
Many of the States participating in the national crack-down made extensive
use of earned media by conducting press conferences, issuing press releases,
inviting reporters to sobriety checkpoints, providing weekly information
on the results of the enforcement activity, using brochures and posters,
and other means to garner news coverage of the crackdown, etc. Market
research showed that 309 stories about the crackdown aired on TV (on
140 stations) and that there was fairly extensive radio coverage (with
some 9,000 mentions of the crackdown nationwide).
For 2003, Congress appropriated eleven million dollars to conduct a
paid advertising campaign targeting drinking and driving. NHTSA spent
$500,000 producing an advertisement about the enforcement crack-down
on impaired driving, and $5.5 million to purchase air time on national
TV. An additional $5 million was spent purchasing air time in thirteen
Strategic Evaluation States (SES), chosen primarily because of their
high alcohol-related fatality numbers or crash rates. Fifteen other
States spent approximately $13 million of State funds or federally appropriated
funds for paid media to advertise the impaired driving crackdown, with
the preponderance of funding spent in 9 of the States.
National and State Media Message
Due to their heavy involvement in alcohol-related crashes, the focus
of the paid advertisement was directed at young males, especially those
18-34 years old. The TV ad, both in Spanish and English, showed males
in their 20s and 30s being stopped by law enforcement officers, asked
if they had been drinking, and then asked to step out of their car.
The drivers are shown taking field sobriety tests, being handcuffed,
placed in the back seat of a squad car, and having their mug shot taken.
Superimposed at the end of the clip is the logo – You Drink
and Drive. You Lose.
The paid TV ad was shown nationally, and in addition, in the 13 SES
States with the trailer modified to identify the individual States.
To maximize potential effectiveness, air time was purchased on TV programs
often viewed by males between the ages of 18 and 34 (NASCAR, sporting
events, reality shows, late night TV, etc.). The ad ran from June 20th
to July 13th, primarily Wednesdays through Saturdays.
National, 13 SES State, and 4 Comparison State
Representative surveys were conducted nationally, in the 13 SES States,
and in four comparison States both prior to and just after the impaired
driving crackdown. The SES States were: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia. The Comparison States were: Missouri,
New York, North Carolina and Wisconsin. None of the Comparison States
supplemented the national buy with State-funded paid ads.
For each pre or post crackdown wave, the National Sample targeted 1250
respondents who met two criteria: 1) they reported driving, and 2) they
drank alcohol at least once during the past year. They did not need
to be regular drinkers or have driven after drinking. Similar criteria
were used for screening 500 respondents in each of the 13 SES States
and the 4 Comparison States.
In each of these States, the surveys were conducted in specific counties
or parishes (Louisiana) where the enforcement efforts were planned for
implementation. For both the national and State surveys, all questionnaire
items were identical and conducted randomly using a computer-assisted
telephone interviewing (CATI) system. A total of 9,750 respondents were
surveyed before and after the crackdown.
Levy is a Research Psychologist in the Office of Research &
Technology, Richard Compton is the Director of the Office of Research
& Technology, and Stephen Dienstfrey is with Schulman, Ronca
and Bucuvalas, Inc. | <urn:uuid:7e778676-76bb-4793-af79-80d197b0782a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/RN-public04/RN%20PublicPercep/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938168 | 1,179 | 1.703125 | 2 |
This piece comes to us courtesy of The Hechinger Report's HechingerEd blog.
Expanding school choice is a central piece of Mitt Romney's education platform. But allowing more public dollars to follow low-income and special-needs children to private schools -- one of Romney's main proposals for reforming American education- does not guarantee those schools will open their doors to them.
For example, a private school not far from the convention center -- highlighted on the GOP Convention website as one of Florida's best independent schools -- did not take part in Florida's first voucher program, which was ruled unconstitutional in 2006. And Tampa Preparatory School -- founded in 1974 by a group of Tampa citizens, including Al Austin, chairman of the 2012 Tampa Bay Host Committee for the Republican convention -- does not participate in the state's current school choice programs.
Florida has a voucher program for special-education students and a tax credit scholarship program in which taxpayers are able to receive credits for donations made toward private school scholarships for low-income students.
As it turns out, many of Florida's independent schools, which are a small subset of private schools that aim to be entirely independent from the government, do not take any form of public money on philosophical grounds.
"Vouchers have not impacted us significantly one way or the other," said Barbara Hodges, executive director of the Florida Council of Independent Schools. The group accredits 159 independent schools across the state, including Tampa Prep. "It does not mean that we are supportive or non-supportive [of vouchers]. Part of being independent means that, typically, our schools do not take tax dollars."
Tampa Prep, which serves grades six through 12, stresses student participation and the development of self-confidence. It's open to students of all backgrounds, its website says. The middle school costs $18,375 a year, if paid in two installments in June and December, and the high school costs $19,025. The school supplies its own financial aid to help families unable to cover the full cost of tuition.
Robin Kennedy, the school's Director of Alumni Relations and Communications, said in an email that the school had looked into vouchers, but so far has chosen not to participate.
Other Florida private schools say they would welcome an expanded voucher system. Many parochial schools around the country have struggled in recent years to stay afloat financially.
"[Romney's plan] is definitely something we'd follow with interest," said James Herzog, associate director of education for the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops, which oversees the state's Catholic schools. "We think it would make a big difference to our schools.
Although not all of Florida's Catholic schools chose to take part in the state's current school choice programs, the majority do, Herzog said, and the number grows each year.
"Most of the schools do say it's a way to ... make schools more accessible and affordable," Herzog said. "We just wish there was more available for the middle class."
Also on HuffPost:
More:Republican National Convention 2012 Florida Schools Mitt Romney Education School Voucher Programs Mitt Romney
The Morning Email helps you start your workday with everything you need to know: breaking news, entertainment and a dash of fun. Learn more | <urn:uuid:eb0fbbe2-4496-4ff9-9fa4-339a9851d3e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/30/romney-education-platform_n_1844090.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961002 | 667 | 1.765625 | 2 |
What the heck is 5G mmWave? Is it safe? It is faster? How does it work? You have questions, we have answers – here’s everything you need to know about 5G mmWave…
For the last few years, networks and carriers around the world have been switching over their respective networks to 5G. If you live in a city in the US, UK, or many parts of Europe or Asia, or even a major town, chances are you’ve had 5G running on your phone at some point. By the end of 2024, 5G will be even more widespread and a core component of 5G technology, at least in the US and China, is 5G mmWave.
Not all 5G networks will use 5G mmWave, however, so just because you have a 5G connection does not mean it is a 5G mmWave one. But if you’re in the US, China, or Japan, chances are you’ll be using 5G mmWave at some point inside the next few years, regardless of your location – huge rollouts are currently happening and by the end of 2023, there’s be millions of more 5G mmWave connections available.
What is 5G mmWave?
Because 5G technology is pretty new, many people assume that 5G and 5G mmWave are the same things, that they’re interchangeable. But this is not the case. All mobile data, including 5G and 5G mmWave, work via radio frequencies. With 5G networks, you have low band frequencies and sub-6GHz which are used to send more data at higher speeds with more bandwidth. These bands are one of the reasons why 5G is so much faster than 4G and 3G.
With 5G mmWave, you’re dealing with a specific part of the radio frequency spectrum – 24GHz and 100GHz. At this end of the spectrum, the wavelengths are extremely short compared to low band frequencies and the spectrum itself is essentially vacant – nothing runs on this end of the spectrum. Conversely, at the lower end, you have lots of congestion from things like 4G, TV and radio, and other communication protocols. The upshot of this, therefore, is more bandwidth which, in turn, makes for faster connections and rapid download speeds. Network congestion is the worst thing for speed and overall bandwidth.
The upshot of using these higher frequencies is that 5G mmWave is significantly faster than standard low-band 5G. The downside, thanks to its short wavelength, is that 5G mmWave cannot travel very far. Over short distances- 500m to 1KM – 5G mmWave can deliver more data at faster speeds than traditional forms of 5G. But for more open areas and wider, less populated areas, standard 5G will be the de facto connection for most.
In this respect, you can think of 5G mmWave as the perfect option for densely populated areas. If you have lots of people packed into small areas, you can deliver 5G mmWave to them pretty easily. This will ensure greater bandwidth for all users and faster speeds. Once you get out into less populated areas, things will switch over to standard low-band 5G with less bandwidth and slower speeds. As you can imagine, the applications for this technology are enormous.
For instance, if you’re in a stadium, at the mall, or located in a city center, you’ll be using 5G mmWave. This will enable carriers and networks to deliver the fastest possible 5G connection to the most people with the most bandwidth which effectively solves quite a few current issues with 4G. Out in rural towns, things will run on low-band 5G as these frequencies can cover much larger areas than high-band 5G mmWave.
5G mmWave Myths & Conspiracies
Whenever a new technology appears, you get plenty of excited individuals sharing rather dubious research on Facebook and Instagram. My personal favorite from the last few years was that 5G networks were being used to spread COVID. That’s right: organic, live viruses delivered by radio waves. This is why some 5G towers in the UK were burned down. Or, why your Facebook feed – at one point – might have been full of 5G conspiracy theories.
5G Is Harmful To Humans
Other people claimed 5G would give us cancer, a similar claim was made about mobile phones in the 1980s, 1990s, and the 2000s but, once again, neither of these assertions held much water. In a bid to quell worries amongst the easily misled, The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) issued a statement confirming that 5G bands – including 5G mmWave – were safe for consumers.
When we revised the guidelines, we looked at the adequacy of the ones we published in 1998. We found that the previous ones were conservative in most cases, and they’d still provide adequate protection for current technologies. However, the new guidelines provide better and more detailed exposure guidance in particular for the higher frequency range, above 6GHz, which is of importance to 5G and future technologies using these higher frequencies.
ICNIRP Chairman Dr Eric van Rongen
Was this enough to satisfy people? Of course not. But then again, some people believe the earth is flat. At this stage, the best you can do is either create your own magical reality where the earth is flat and 5G is used to distribute diseases like COVID, or trust that institutions like the ICNIRP aren’t working in league with the Illuminati and do actually care about your well being, and that the science they have been doing for more than three decades ensures that no telecommunications company can do anything that is found to be harmful to human life. As always, the choice is yours alone.
Gigabit LTE is Faster Than 5G
Another thing people think they’re in the know like to talk about is gigabit LTE. The claim goes that since gigabit LTE can, theoretically, match 5G’s speeds, 5G technology like mmWave is largely pointless. In theory, some of these statements are true: gigabit LTE can hit gigabit and higher speeds, which is impressive, but it needs very exacting situations to do this – meaning a lab.
In the real world, gigabit-LTE is contained by the same problems facing standard LTE – bandwidth and congestion on its allotted frequencies. For this reason, many areas that have deployed gigabit LTE aren’t – or will never – get its true, potential speed. The network it runs on is just too congested and this has a massive effect on its bandwidth which, in turn, reduces its speed and efficiency.
Meanwhile, 5G – both standard 5G and the mmWave kind – run on much higher or much lower frequencies, and are thus not subject to the same congestion and bandwidth issues that affect LTE and gigabit LTE. In a like for like situation, a 5G connection is ALWAYS going to be better than a gigabit LTE and/or standard 4G LTE connection simply because it has more bandwidth and improved latencyand, if you want truly blazingly fast speeds, you need lots and lots of bandwidth and low latency.
And with respect to latency, here’s why lower latency connections are better via the Thales Group:
From 200 milliseconds for 4G, we go down to 1 millisecond(1ms) with 5G. Just think about it. A millisecond is 1/1000 of a second. The average reaction time for humans to a visual stimulus is 250 ms or 1/4 of a second. People are capped at around 190-200 ms with proper training. Imagine now that your car could react 250 times faster than you.
The Maximum, Theoretical Speed of 5G
But what makes 5G so intriguing and such a hot topic with tech companies and carriers is that its latent potential, or its upper speeds, are truly astonishing and, once realized, have the potential to, once again, reinvent what we think of as “quick internet”. What’s 5G’s theoretical limit right now? 10Gbps. That is properly fast. How fast? Well, it is around 100 TIMES faster than our current 4G speeds (100Mbps). With this kind of speed, you could download an entire movie in around three seconds.
The implications for this kind of speed are huge, having implications – largely positive – for businesses and consumers alike. The end goal of 5G, therefore, can be thought of as completely unlimited, ultra-fast internet being available everywhere at all times. It will power smart roads, driverless cars, and the metaverse. That’s the goal, the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. And while it will take some time to get there, progress is now well under way.
Indeed, lab speeds of 1TB per second have now been achieved and if that sounds insane, well… that’s because it is. If you had a 1TB per second internet connection on your phone, it’d be 65,000 TIMES faster than current 4G speeds. With a connection like this, you could download over 100 movies in less than three seconds. Again, this was done in a lab setting, it wasn’t a real-world test, so don’t go getting your hopes up for 1TB per second of wireless data anytime soon. Having said that, Ofcom believes we could one day see wireless data speeds on phones in and around 50Gbps.
How Long Before 10Gbps 5G is Available?
Like anything related to technology, 5G is reliant on specifications – both inside your phone and your network/carrier’s towers and infrastructure. In order to deliver speeds upwards of 10Gbps, all the pieces need to be in place: phones need the right modems, networks need the right gear, and the infrastructure has to be in place. All of these things, as you’d expect, take time. But they are happening.
Case in point, Qualcomm’s new Snapdragon X70 5G modem can handle speeds of up to 10Gbps. The X70 is the first modem of its kind to support all 5G bands ranging from 500MHz to 41GHz, so your phone – if you have one that runs the X70 modem – is now fully capable of running 5G and/or mmWave 5G at 10Gbps. The only snag now appears to reside with carriers and networks – they need to get their acts together to deliver the promised speeds of 10Gbps.
How long until this happens? It could be a good few years before 10Gbps speeds on 5G networks are unlocked. But given the speed of deployment and development by carriers and firms like Qualcomm, I’d expect we’ll be well on our way to 10Gbps 5G by 2024/25. I could be completely wrong, of course, but given the speed of 5G’s global rollout and the investment that is going into it, I think that is a fairly good, if not a little conservative estimate of how long it will take to unlock the first upper limit of 5G’s nascent potential.
Richard Goodwin has been working as a tech journalist for over 10 years. He is the publisher and owner of KnowYourMobile. | <urn:uuid:dca257a9-3b36-47a2-84d5-cf5b1dc82268> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://qutrey.com/2022/04/20/what-is-5g-mmwave-facts-myths-conspiracies-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.956424 | 2,379 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Important Nutritional Information On Cat Food
by Jay Moncliff
Cat Food Fact #1 Cats must get their Protein
Protein is crucial for your cat's health, and generally comes from fish, meat or poultry. Advertisers will often say their brand is beef, turkey or mackerel flavoured, but it may not actually contain those products, meaning it may not be rich in protein. Always ensure the food you buy but your cat has a sufficient amount of protein in it, irrespective of the flavour.
Cat Food Fact #2 Cat Food with Taurine
Taurine is an important amino acid for your cat, and you should also check that the food you buy contains this supplement. Cats control their own levels and indicate these with their appetite. If you cat is eating a lot, the food you are buying may not have enough nutrients for a balanced diet. You can watch your cats weight by buying a nutrient rich food as your cat will eat less and you might even save money.
Cat Food Fact #3 Canned or Dry Cat Food?
Cats require a varied diet, including a mixture of canned and dry food. Contrary to opinions that it doesn't matter, buying only one type of food because of convenience or price is a mistake, and can harm your cat's health. When the cat is alone or unattended for a period, carbohydrate rich dry food should be left out for your cat with a supply of fresh water. Tinned food is higher in protein due to the meat content, and contains higher water levels. Both are essential for a balanced diet, and a combination of both dry and canned food will keep essential variety in the diet and prevent the cat from seeking food elsewhere.
Cat Food Fact #4 Avoid fillers in cat food
Protein is essential for your cat as part of a balanced diet. Ensure the food you buy is rich in protein, and not overly full of carbohydrates, common fillers used by manufacturers to build out volume. Always read the label, and check for overly high levels of carbohydrate and other by-products in the cat food.
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realy good information | <urn:uuid:65a0d27b-dd9d-44ba-9ff9-5feac519b55b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://thepurrcompany.com/cat-articles/index.php?id=48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.949651 | 474 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sinus Infection (Sinusitis) Medicines
For people with a sinus infection (sinusitis), many medicines are available to treat the condition. With an acute sinus infection, options range from nonprescription decongestants and NSAIDs to prescription steroid nasal sprays and antibiotics. Although medications used for chronic sinusitis (such as leukotriene modifiers and oral steroids) usually can't cure the condition, they can help relieve symptoms and improve a person's quality of life.
An Overview of Medicines for Sinus InfectionsOne of the treatment choices for sinus infections is medication. The exact medicine recommended will depend on:
- The type of sinus infection (acute versus chronic)
- A person's symptoms
- Other treatments that have been tried
- Other medical conditions a person has.
In this article, we discuss different medicines available for treating acute and chronic sinusitis. You can learn about other treatments for sinus infections by clicking Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) Treatment.
Medications for an Acute Sinus InfectionThe majority of acute sinus infections are caused by a virus. As with other illnesses caused by a virus (such as the common cold), medicines are used to help with symptoms. They do not help speed up the recovery process.
Go to the pharmacy aisle at the local store, and you're bound to get a little dizzy with all the different products available with "sinus" in their name. The reality is that some of these medicines are good for sinus infections; others are not so good.
Over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription decongestant nose drops and sprays are effective in treating nasal congestion caused by a sinus infection. However, they should be used for no longer than two or three days. If you use these medications for longer periods, they can lead to even more congestion and swelling of your nasal passages.
Examples of this type of medicine include oxymetazoline (Afrin®, Sudafed OM™, and a number of other brands) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®).
Decongestants taken by mouth can also help with congestion. This includes over-the-counter medicines such as phenylephrine hydrochloride (Sudafed PE®) and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed®).
People with heart disease, high blood pressure, thyroid disease, glaucoma, an enlarged prostate, or diabetes should not use decongestants unless a doctor says it's okay. If you're taking a drug containing a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (sometimes used to treat depression), never use a decongestant.
Steroid nasal sprays have also been shown to be quite effective in decreasing nasal congestion. These medicines are mostly approved for treating asthma and allergies, but have been shown to help treat sinus infections. A number of them are available with a prescription. Examples include:
- Budesonide nasal spray (Rhinocort Aqua®)
- Fluticasone propionate (Flonase®)
- Mometasone (Nasonex®)
- Flunisolide nasal solution (Nasarel®, Nasalide®)
- Beclomethasone dipropionate (Beconase®, Vancenase®)
- Triamcinolone acetonide (Nasacort®)
- Fluticasone furoate nasal spray (Veramyst®)
- Ciclesonide (Omnaris®).
You might need to use a decongestant for a few days before starting a nasal steroid. This will help to decrease nasal swelling and allow the steroid to reach more areas of the nasal passages. It may take two or three days to see the full effect of nasal steroids.
These medicines have few side effects. Make sure to tell your healthcare provider if you have any bloody discharge while using these sprays.
Guaifenesin (Mucinex®, Robitussin®, and others) may help thin secretions and may promote ease of mucus drainage and clearance.
Other treatments for congestion, including oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) or zinc supplements, have not been shown to help with sinusitis symptoms. They can also cause unwanted side effects. | <urn:uuid:5bd1de67-8402-4b09-8305-4231a3297556> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cold.emedtv.com/sinusitis/sinus-infection-(sinusitis)-medicines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00386-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901883 | 921 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Angry passengers attacked and destroyed offices, before burning them down in protest at the atrocious state of the privatised service.
The trouble started when a train broke down 600 metres from Constitucion station, south of Buenos Aires. After 20 minutes a group of passengers (these trains are packed solid with no air conditioning and little ventilation) walked to the station to demand answers. When they did not get any they began to destroy the information offices.
The train had blocked one of the major lines into the station and hundreds other frustrated passengers in the station joined in. Ticket offices and the railway police offices were set on fire and destroyed. Riot police then used tear gas and rubber bullets on the crowd. 12 police officers and 9 workers were injured in the clashes and 16 arrests were made. Two of the arrests were of minors. All the arrested have been released on bail and charged with criminal damage and resisting the authorities.
There have been a series of confrontations on the Argentinian railways with workers blaming privatisation for the atrocious service. With trains frequently breaking down, fewer carriages on trains, and services subject to frequent cancellations. There has also been a rise in the number of accidents with 410 deaths and over 1000 injuries reported last year.
The Rail companies claim that the massive government subsidies that they receive (US$660,000 per day) are used to keep fares down. The President, Nestor Kirchner, defended the subsidies in the face of criticism, claiming that it was due to Argentina's economic recovery that the trains were so full and that the subsidies were required to ensure that the trains were affordable for ordinary workers. Since privatisation some two thirds of Argentina's rail network has been closed due to unprofitability, in the process destroying many rural towns. The obvious under-investment by the companies and their refusal to listen to passenger protests has lead to these outbursts of violence and also to a growing movement calling for the railways to be taken out of private hands, with many existing passenger groups joining the umbrella group Recuperemos al Tren (recuperate the trains)
Some previous incidents of passenger action:
Constitucion, February 2002. Protesting workers cut the rails and angry passengers set a coach alight.
Constitucion, December 2001: nine wagons were burnt by angry passengers. Windows and doors in the station and offices destroyed.
Haedo, November 2005: 113 arrests after a riot in the station and two police cars were set alight. Unusually shops were also looted and destroyed.
April 2006: commuters stoned a broken down train, injuring a mechanic. | <urn:uuid:1b31c703-793f-4945-b5b2-7f681fc76877> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://libcom.org/article/argentina-railway-station-burnt-passengers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.979145 | 541 | 2.0625 | 2 |
It is important to treat your hearing aid with care. If you do, you will keep it in working order for many years and minimize potential problems during everyday use. Hearing aids may be sturdy, but they cannot withstand improper use. In the following, you will find a few valuable care tips.
Which is which?
It’s important to put the correct aid in the correct ear for your best hearing experience. Remember, the left aid is marked with blue and the right aid is marked with red.
Keep your hearing aids clean
You’ll be wearing your hearing aids every day, so they are going to need to be cleaned weekly. It’s easy:
- Use the cleaning tool we provided to scoop or brush out any wax that may get into the end of the dome.
- You can use a tissue, a damp tissue or alcohol swab to wipe off the dome or the hearing aid itself.
- Clean your hearing aids in the morning, as they will be dryest then.
- Use any hair styling products prior to putting in your hearing aids.
Take your hearing aids out at night.
Open the battery door to break contact and prolong battery life. Leaving the battery door open at night will allow the internal component to dry. Store your hearing aids in a safe place like the enclosed box to ensure they won’t be lost or eaten by pets.
Change your hearing aid batteries.
Depending on your activity level, hearing aid batteries should last between 4 and 6 days. The hearing aids may beep if you are wearing them as the battery dies. Use the magnetic tool provided to help you change the batteries. The battery goes into the door of the hearing aid, flat side up. When changing your hearing aid batteries, hold your hearing aid above a soft surface such as a towel, in case you drop them. If your hearing aids hit the floor or hard surface, it’s a good idea to let your provider check for damage.
Be careful with water
Your hearing aids contain some very sophisticated technology and circuitry in a tiny shell. Moisture can cause serious damage. Although your hearing aids are very water resistant we recommend you remove them when showering or swimming. If they do come in contact with water, dry them immediately with a towel. Never attempt to dry them with a hair dryer or other heated device, since the high heat can damage them.
Avoid contact with hairspray or make-up
The fine particles of hairspray or powder make-up may clog the microphone input and volume control switch. Remove your hearing aids before using body care products.
Schedule Routine Cleanings
While cleaning and taking care of your devices at home can greatly improve the life of your hearing aids, you should still bring them in to be properly cared for by a professional. Think of it like taking your car into the mechanic; they may be able to spot something that is in need of repair that you may have missed. They’re also able to make adjustments to your devices to better suit your needs. You should schedule a device cleaning with your local hearing healthcare professional every 4-6 months or immediately if you suspect there’s something wrong.
The article comes from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact [email protected] to delete it. | <urn:uuid:9a9b885e-577b-4c94-92ca-bea59fbfe09a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hearingaid.cc/medical/100000401/hearing-aid-care-maintenance-getting-the-most-out-of-your-hearing-aids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.941919 | 682 | 2.421875 | 2 |
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This book combines the DEITEL signature live-code approach with a new APPLICATION-DRIVEN™ methodology, in which readers build real-world applications that incorporate C# programming fundamentals. Using a step-by-step tutorial approach, readers learn programming basics. Each successive tutorial builds on the readers’ previously learned concepts and introduces new programming features in this comprehensive introduction to C#. We also include higher-end topics such as database programming, multimedia and graphics and Web applications development.
“I’ve already decided to adopt! Showing the student what an application will do, engages the student and provides superior motivation. A great teaching vehicle!” –Peter van de Goes, Rose State College Business and IT Division
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Coinciding with the 67th anniversary of Raoul Wallenberg’s disappearance and in the framework of his 100th birthday, The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation and Casa Argentina en Israel – Tierra Santa, in conjunction with the Swedish Friends of TAU bestowed the “2012 Raoul Wallenberg Award Scholarships” to two outstanding graduate students of the Tel Aviv University (TAU), Ms. Orna Carmel (Jewish Studies) and Mr. Yehonathan Alsheh (Historical Studies). Ms. Carmel is embarked in the Ph.D. Program in the Department for Jewish Studies, at TAU, her thesis dealing with “The perception in Israel of the Danish life-saving efforts during the Holocaust”, while Mr. Alsheh is conduction his Ph.D. at the TAU School of Historical Studies, focusing on “International Debates and Politics leading to the UN Genocide Convention, 1944-1948”.
Professor Dina Porat –The Alfred P. Slaner Chair in Antisemitism and Racism incumbent, and formerly Head of the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, acted as Master of Ceremonies.
Amongst the speakers were Professor Joseph Klafter, President of TAU, H.E. Ms. Elinor Hammarskjold, Ambassador of Sweden in Israel, Prof. Peter Seideman, President of the Swedish Friends of TAU, Professor Aanan Rein (1988 and 1992) Wallenberg Prize Recipient and Incumbent Member of the Wallenberg Prize Selection Committee , Mr. Max Grunberg, longtime activist in the quest to find out the fate of Raoul Wallenberg and Ms. Naomi Gur, Holocaust survivor, saved by Raoul Wallenberg.
On behalf of the IRWF, Mr. Eli Yossef presented a speech entitled “The Importance of Teaching Wallenberg’s Legacy: When Compassion rises to Passion.”
Mr. Danny Rainer, head of the Jerusalem offices of the IRWF, presented the award to Mr. Alsheh, while Prof. Porat did the same with Ms. Carmel.
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Christianity (from the Ancient Greek: Χριστιανός Christianos and the Latin suffix -itas) is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. It also considers the Hebrew Bible, which is known as the Old Testament, to be canonical. Adherents of the Christian faith are known as Christians.
The mainstream Christian belief is that Jesus is the Son of God, fully divine and fully human and the savior of humanity. Because of this, Christians commonly refer to Jesus as Christ or Messiah. Jesus' ministry, sacrificial death, and subsequent resurrection are often referred to as the Gospel, meaning "Good News" (from the Greek: εὐαγγέλιον euangélion). In short, the Gospel is news of God the Father's eternal victory over evil, and the promise of salvation and eternal life for all people, through divine grace.
Worldwide, the three largest groups of Christianity are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the various denominations of Protestantism. The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox patriarchates split from one another in the East–West Schism of 1054 AD, and Protestantism came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, splitting from the Roman Catholic Church.
Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the mid-1st century. Originating in the Levant region of the Middle East (modern Israel and Palestine), it quickly spread to Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Egypt. It grew in size and influence over a few centuries, and by the end of the 4th century had become the official state church of the Roman Empire, replacing other forms of religion practiced under Roman rule. During the Middle Ages, most of the remainder of Europe was Christianized, with Christians also being a sometimes large religious minority in the Middle East, North Africa, Ethiopia and parts of India. Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world.
Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. The foundation of Christian theology is expressed in the early Christian ecumenical creeds which contain claims predominantly accepted by followers of the Christian faith. These professions state that Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from the dead in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust him for the remission of their sins (salvation). They further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven where he rules and reigns with God the Father. Most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge all humans, living and dead, and grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life, and both the revealer and physical incarnation of God.
As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.2 billion adherents. Christianity represents about a third of the world's population and is the world's largest religion. Christianity is the state religion of several countries. Among all Christians, 37.5% live in the Americas, 25.7% live in Europe, 22.5% live in Africa, 13.1% live in Asia, 1.2% live in Oceania and 0.9% live in the Middle East. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of sub-Saharan African and Western civilization.
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Though there are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible on which Christianity is based, Christians share a set of beliefs that they hold as essential to their faith.
Creeds (from Latin credo meaning "I believe") are concise doctrinal statements or confessions, usually of religious beliefs. They began as baptismal formulae and were later expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith.
Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even while agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal “in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another.”:p.111 Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada and the Churches of Christ.:14-15:123
The Apostles' Creed remains the most popular statement of the articles of Christian faith that are generally acceptable to most Christian denominations that are creedal. It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western Christian tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists. This particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator. Each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was apparently used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome.
Its main points:
- belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Holy Spirit
- the death, descent into hell, resurrection, and ascension of Christ
- the holiness of the Church and the communion of saints
- Christ's second coming, the Day of Judgement and salvation of the faithful.
The Nicene Creed, largely a response to Arianism, was formulated at the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople in 325 and 381 respectively and ratified as the universal creed of Christendom by the First Council of Ephesus in 431.
The Chalcedonian Creed, developed at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, though rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, taught Christ "to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably": one divine and one human, and that both natures are perfect but are nevertheless perfectly united into one person.
The Athanasian Creed, received in the Western Church as having the same status as the Nicene and Chalcedonian, says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance."
Ten Commandments Edit
The Ten Commandments, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and most forms of Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the Sabbath, and prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. According to the synoptic gospels, Christ generalised the law into two underlying principles; The first is Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one; and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength. While the second is You shall love your neighbor as yourself.[Matthew 22:34-40][Mark 12:28-33] These are in fact quotes from Deuteronomy 6:4 and Leviticus 19:18. Barnes' Notes on the New Testament comments on these verses saying: "These comprehend the substance of what Moses in the law, and what the prophets have spoken. What they have said has been to endeavour (sic) to win men to the love of God and each other. Love to God and man comprehends the whole [of] religion; and to produce this has been the design of Moses, the prophets, the Saviour, and the apostles."
Jesus Christ Edit
The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ). The title "Messiah" comes from the Hebrew word מָשִׁיחַ (māšiáħ) meaning anointed one. The Greek translation Χριστός (Christos) is the source of the English word "Christ".
Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus' coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept. The core Christian belief is that through belief in and acceptance of the death and resurrection of Jesus, sinful humans can be reconciled to God and thereby are offered salvation and the promise of eternal life.
While there have been many theological disputes over the nature of Jesus over the earliest centuries of Christian history, Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true God and true man" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin. As fully God, he rose to life again. According to the Bible, "God raised him from the dead", he ascended to heaven, is "seated at the right hand of the Father" and will ultimately return[Acts 1:9–11] to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment and final establishment of the Kingdom of God.
According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary. Little of Jesus' childhood is recorded in the canonical Gospels, however infancy Gospels were popular in antiquity. In comparison, his adulthood, especially the week before his death, is well documented in the Gospels contained within the New Testament. The Biblical accounts of Jesus' ministry include: his baptism, miracles, preaching, teaching, and deeds.
Death and resurrection of Jesus Edit
Christians consider the resurrection of Jesus to be the cornerstone of their faith (see 1 Corinthians 15) and the most important event in human history. Among Christian beliefs, the death and resurrection of Jesus are two core events on which much of Christian doctrine and theology is based. According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, was buried within a tomb, and rose from the dead three days later.[Jn. 19:30–31] [Mk. 16:1] Template:Bibleref2c-nb The New Testament mentions several resurrection appearances of Jesus on different occasions to his twelve apostles and disciples, including "more than five hundred brethren at once",[1Cor 15:6] before Jesus' Ascension to heaven. Jesus' death and resurrection are commemorated by Christians in all worship services, with special emphasis during Holy Week which includes Good Friday and Easter Sunday.
The death and resurrection of Jesus are usually considered the most important events in Christian Theology, partly because they demonstrate that Jesus has power over life and death and therefore has the authority and power to give people eternal life.
Christian churches accept and teach the New Testament account of the resurrection of Jesus with very few exceptions. Some modern scholars use the belief of Jesus' followers in the resurrection as a point of departure for establishing the continuity of the historical Jesus and the proclamation of the early church. Some liberal Christians do not accept a literal bodily resurrection, seeing the story as richly symbolic and spiritually nourishing myth. Arguments over death and resurrection claims occur at many religious debates and interfaith dialogues. Paul the Apostle, an early Christian convert and missionary, wrote, "If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in God is useless."[1Cor 15:14]
Paul of Tarsus, like Jews and Roman pagans of his time, believed that sacrifice can bring about new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life. For Paul the necessary sacrifice was the death of Jesus: Gentiles who are "Christ's" are, like Israel, descendants of Abraham and "heirs according to the promise".[Gal. 3:29] The God who raised Jesus from the dead would also give new life to the "mortal bodies" of Gentile Christians, who had become with Israel the "children of God" and were therefore no longer "in the flesh".[Rom. 8:9,11,16]
Modern Christian churches tend to be much more concerned with how humanity can be saved from a universal condition of sin and death than the question of how both Jews and Gentiles can be in God's family. According to both Catholic and Protestant doctrine, salvation comes by Jesus' substitutionary death and resurrection. The Catholic Church teaches that salvation does not occur without faithfulness on the part of Christians; converts must live in accordance with principles of love and ordinarily must be baptized. Martin Luther taught that baptism was necessary for salvation, but modern Lutherans and other Protestants tend to teach that salvation is a gift that comes to an individual by God's grace, sometimes defined as "unmerited favor", even apart from baptism.
Christians differ in their views on the extent to which individuals' salvation is pre-ordained by God. Reformed theology places distinctive emphasis on grace by teaching that individuals are completely incapable of self-redemption, but that sanctifying grace is irresistible. In contrast Catholics, Orthodox Christians and Arminian Protestants believe that the exercise of free will is necessary to have faith in Jesus.
Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternally co-existing persons; the Father, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Together, these three persons are sometimes called the Godhead, although there is no single term in use in Scripture to denote the unified Godhead. In the words of the Athanasian Creed, an early statement of Christian belief, "the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God". They are distinct from another: the Father has no source, the Son is begotten of the Father, and the Spirit proceeds from the Father. Though distinct, the three persons cannot be divided from one another in being or in operation.
The Trinity is an essential doctrine of mainstream Christianity. "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" represents both the immanence and transcendence of God. God is believed to be infinite and God's presence may be perceived through the actions of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.
According to this doctrine, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God (see Perichoresis). The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being unbegotten; the Son being begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and (in Western Christian theology) from the Son. Regardless of this apparent difference, the three 'persons' are each eternal and omnipotent.
The word trias, from which trinity is derived, is first seen in the works of Theophilus of Antioch. He wrote of "the Trinity of God (the Father), His Word (the Son) and His Wisdom (Holy Spirit)". The term may have been in use before this time. Afterwards it appears in Tertullian. In the following century the word was in general use. It is found in many passages of Origen.
Trinitarianism denotes those Christians who believe in the concept of the Trinity. Almost all Christian denominations and Churches hold Trinitarian beliefs. Although the words "Trinity" and "Triune" do not appear in the Bible, theologians beginning in the 3rd century developed the term and concept to facilitate comprehension of the New Testament teachings of God as Father, God as Jesus the Son, and God as the Holy Spirit. Since that time, Christian theologians have been careful to emphasize that Trinity does not imply three gods, nor that each member of the Trinity is one-third of an infinite God; Trinity is defined as one God in three Persons.
Nontrinitarianism refers to beliefs systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity. They are a small minority of Christians. Various nontrinitarian views, such as adoptionism or modalism, existed in early Christianity, leading to the disputes about Christology. Nontrinitarianism later appeared again in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th century.
Christianity, like other religions, has adherents whose beliefs and biblical interpretations vary. Christianity regards the Biblical canon, the Old Testament and New Testament, as the inspired word of God. The traditional view of inspiration is that God worked through human authors so that, what they produced was what God wished to communicate. The Greek word referring to inspiration in 2 Timothy 3:16 is Theopneustos, which literally means "God-breathed". Some believe that divine inspiration makes our present Bibles "inerrant". Others claim inerrancy for the Bible in its original manuscripts, though none of those are extant. Still others maintain that only a particular translation is inerrant, such as the King James Version. Another view closely related is Biblical infallibility or Limited inerrancy, which affirms that the Bible is free of error as a guide to salvation, but may include errors on matters such as history, geography, or science.
The Books of the Bible, considered to be inspired, among Judaism, and the Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant churches vary, thus each define the canon differently, although there is substantial overlap. These variations are a reflection of the range of traditions and councils that have convened on the subject. Every version of the Bible always includes books of the Tanakh, the canon of the Hebrew Bible. This makes up what Christians regard as the Old Testament. The Catholic and Orthodox canons, in addition to the Tanakh, also include the Deuterocanonical Books, as part of the Old Testament. These Books appear in the Septuagint, but are regarded by Protestants to be apocryphal. However, they are considered to be important historical documents which help to inform the understanding of words, grammar and syntax used in the historical period of their conception. Some versions of the Bible include a separate Apocrypha section between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament, originally written in Koine Greek, contains 27 books which are agreed upon by all churches.
Modern scholarship has raised many issues with the Bible. While the Authorized King James Version is held to by many because of its striking english prose, in fact it was translated from the Erasmus Greek Bible which in turn "was based on a single 12th Century manuscript that is one of the worst manuscripts we have available to us". Much scholarship in the past several hundred years has gone into comparing different manuscripts in order to reconstruct the original text. Another issue is that several books are considered to be forgeries. The injunction that women "be silent and submissive" in 1 Timothy 12 is thought by many to be a forgery by a follower of Paul, a similar phrase in 1 Corinthians 14, which is thought to be by Paul, appears in different places in different manuscripts and is thought to originally be a margin note by a copyist. Other verses in 1 Corinthians contradict this verse such as 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 where women are instructed to wear a covering over their hair "when they pray or prophesies". Clearly when they are not silent! A final issue with the Bible is the selection of which books were included in the New Testament. Other texts have been recovered, such as the Gnostic Gospels of Nag Hammadi. While some of these texts are quite different to what modern Christians are used to, it should be understood that they existed simultaneously in early Christianity with those later selected as canon. The Gospel of Thomas contains much that is familiar with existing Gospels, while it has a gnostic twist so that rather than being completely different there is an element of overlap. The Gospel of John, described as the "gnostic Gospel", is believed to have been a response to the Gospel of Thomas which makes it closer to the original events. And while the Gospel of Thomas verse 113 states: "the Father's kingdom is spread out upon the earth, and people don't see it" the same verse can be found in Luke 17:20-21.
Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox interpretations Edit
In antiquity, two schools of exegesis developed in Alexandria and Antioch. Alexandrine interpretation, exemplified by Origen, tended to read Scripture allegorically, while Antiochene interpretation adhered to the literal sense, holding that other meanings (called theoria) could only be accepted if based on the literal meaning.
The literal sense of understanding scripture is the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture. The spiritual sense is further subdivided into:
- the allegorical sense, which includes typology. An example would be the parting of the Red Sea being understood as a "type" (sign) of baptism.[1Cor 10:2]
- the moral sense, which understands the scripture to contain some ethical teaching.
- the anagogical sense, which applies to eschatology, eternity and the consummation of the world
Regarding exegesis, following the rules of sound interpretation, Catholic theology holds:
- the injunction that all other senses of sacred scripture are based on the literal
- that the historicity of the Gospels must be absolutely and constantly held
- that scripture must be read within the "living Tradition of the whole Church" and
- that "the task of interpretation has been entrusted to the bishops in communion with the successor of Peter, the Bishop of Rome".
Protestant interpretation Edit
- Clarity of Scripture
- Protestant Christians believe that the Bible is a self-sufficient revelation, the final authority on all Christian doctrine, and revealed all truth necessary for salvation. This concept is known as sola scriptura. Protestants characteristically believe that ordinary believers may reach an adequate understanding of Scripture because Scripture itself is clear (or "perspicuous"), because of the help of the Holy Spirit, or both. Martin Luther believed that without God's help Scripture would be "enveloped in darkness". He advocated "one definite and simple understanding of Scripture". John Calvin wrote, "all who...follow the Holy Spirit as their guide, find in the Scripture a clear light." The Second Helvetic Confession, composed by the pastor of the Reformed church in Zurich (successor to Protestant reformer Zwingli) was adopted as a declaration of doctrine by most European Reformed churches.
- Original intended meaning of Scripture
- Protestants stress the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture, the historical-grammatical method. The historical-grammatical method or grammatico-historical method is an effort in Biblical hermeneutics to find the intended original meaning in the text. This original intended meaning of the text is drawn out through examination of the passage in light of the grammatical and syntactical aspects, the historical background, the literary genre as well as theological (canonical) considerations. The historical-grammatical method distinguishes between the one original meaning and the significance of the text. The significance of the text includes the ensuing use of the text or application. The original passage is seen as having only a single meaning or sense. As Milton S. Terry said: "A fundamental principle in grammatico-historical exposition is that the words and sentences can have but one significance in one and the same connection. The moment we neglect this principle we drift out upon a sea of uncertainty and conjecture." Technically speaking, the grammatical-historical method of interpretation is distinct from the determination of the passage's significance in light of that interpretation. Taken together, both define the term (Biblical) hermeneutics.
Some Protestant interpreters make use of typology.
The end of things, whether the end of an individual life, the end of the age, or the end of the world, broadly speaking is Christian eschatology; the study of the destiny of humans as it is revealed in the Bible. The major issues in Christian eschatology are the Tribulation, death and the afterlife, the Rapture, the Second Coming of Jesus, Resurrection of the Dead, Heaven and Hell, Millennialism, the Last Judgment, the end of the world, and the New Heavens and New Earth.
Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of time after a period of severe persecution (the Great Tribulation). All who have died will be resurrected bodily from the dead for the Last Judgment. Jesus will fully establish the Kingdom of God in fulfillment of scriptural prophecies.
Death and afterlifeEdit
Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewarded either with eternal life or eternal damnation. This includes the general judgement at the Resurrection of the dead as well as the belief (held by Roman Catholics, Orthodox and most Protestants) in a judgment particular to the individual soul upon physical death.
In Roman Catholicism, those who die in a state of grace, i.e., without any mortal sin separating them from God, but are still imperfectly purified from the effects of sin, undergo purification through the intermediate state of purgatory to achieve the holiness necessary for entrance into God's presence. Those who have attained this goal are called saints (Latin sanctus, "holy").
Some Christian groups, including Anglicans, Lutherans and Seventh-day Adventists hold to mortalism, the belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal, and is unconscious during the intermediate state between bodily death and resurrection. These Christians also hold to Annihilationism, the belief that subsequent to the final judgement, the wicked will cease to exist rather than suffer everlasting torment. Jehovah's Witnesses hold to a similar view.
Justin Martyr described 2nd century Christian liturgy in his First Apology (c. 150) to Emperor Antoninus Pius, and his description remains relevant to the basic structure of Christian liturgical worship:
And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need.
– Justin Martyr
Thus, as Justin described, Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the Gospels. Often these are arranged on an annual cycle, using a book called a lectionary. Instruction is given based on these readings, called a sermon, or homily. There are a variety of congregational prayers, including thanksgiving, confession, and intercession, which occur throughout the service and take a variety of forms including recited, responsive, silent, or sung. The Lord's Prayer, or Our Father, is regularly prayed. The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part of liturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine. Justin Martyr described the Eucharist:
And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh.
– Justin Martyr
Some Christian denominations practice closed communion. They offer communion to those who are already united in that denomination or sometimes individual church. Catholics restrict participation to their members who are not in a state of mortal sin. Most other churches practice open communion since they view communion as a means to unity, rather than an end, and invite all believing Christians to participate.
Some groups depart from this traditional liturgical structure. A division is often made between "High" church services, characterized by greater solemnity and ritual, and "Low" services, but even within these two categories there is great diversity in forms of worship. Seventh-day Adventists meet on Saturday, while others do not meet on a weekly basis. Charismatic or Pentecostal congregations may spontaneously feel led by the Holy Spirit to action rather than follow a formal order of service, including spontaneous prayer. Quakers sit quietly until moved by the Holy Spirit to speak. Some Evangelical services resemble concerts with rock and pop music, dancing, and use of multimedia. For groups which do not recognize a priesthood distinct from ordinary believers the services are generally led by a minister, preacher, or pastor. Still others may lack any formal leaders, either in principle or by local necessity. Some churches use only a cappella music, either on principle (for example, many Churches of Christ object to the use of instruments in worship) or by tradition (as in Orthodoxy).
Worship can be varied for special events like baptisms or weddings in the service or significant feast days. In the early church, Christians and those yet to complete initiation would separate for the Eucharistic part of the worship. In many churches today, adults and children will separate for all or some of the service to receive age-appropriate teaching. Such children's worship is often called Sunday school or Sabbath school (Sunday schools are often held before rather than during services).
In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite, instituted by Christ, that mediates grace, constituting a sacred mystery. The term is derived from the Latin word sacramentum, which was used to translate the Greek word for mystery. Views concerning both what rites are sacramental, and what it means for an act to be a sacrament vary among Christian denominations and traditions.
The most conventional functional definition of a sacrament is that it is an outward sign, instituted by Christ, that conveys an inward, spiritual grace through Christ. The two most widely accepted sacraments are Baptism and the Eucharist, however, the majority of Christians recognize seven Sacraments or Divine Mysteries: Baptism, Confirmation (Chrismation in the Orthodox tradition), and the Eucharist, Holy Orders, Reconciliation of a Penitent (confession), Anointing of the Sick, and Matrimony. Taken together, these are the Seven Sacraments as recognised by churches in the High church tradition—notably Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Independent Catholic, Old Catholic most Anglicans, and some Lutherans. Most other denominations and traditions typically affirm only Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments, while some Protestant groups, such as the Quakers, reject sacramental theology. Most Protestant Christian denominations who believe these rites do not communicate grace prefer to call them ordinances.
Liturgical calendar Edit
Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Eastern Christians, and traditional Protestant communities frame worship around a liturgical calendar. This includes holy days, such as solemnities which commemorate an event in the life of Jesus or the saints, periods of fasting such as Lent, and other pious events such as memoria or lesser festivals commemorating saints. Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often retain certain celebrations, such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. A few churches make no use of a liturgical calendar.
The cross, which is today one of the most widely recognised symbols in the world, was used as a Christian symbol from the earliest times. Tertullian, in his book De Corona, tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. Although the cross was known to the early Christians, the crucifix did not appear in use until the 5th century.
Among the symbols employed by the primitive Christians, that of the fish seems to have ranked first in importance. From monumental sources such as tombs it is known that the symbolic fish was familiar to Christians from the earliest times. The fish was depicted as a Christian symbol in the first decades of the 2nd century. Its popularity among Christians was due principally, it would seem, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and the claim to worship of believers: Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter, meaning, Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savioufr.
Christians from the very beginning adorned their tombs with paintings of Christ, of the saints, of scenes from the Bible and allegorical groups. The catacombs are the cradle of all Christian art. The first Christians had no prejudice against images, pictures, or statues. The idea that they must have feared the danger of idolatry among their new converts is disproved in the simplest way by the pictures, even statues, that remain from the 1st centuries. Other major Christian symbols include the chi-rho monogram, the dove (symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christ's sacrifice), the vine (symbolising the necessary connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from writings found in the New Testament.
Baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which a person is admitted to membership of the Church. Beliefs on baptism vary among denominations. Differences occur firstly, on whether the act has any spiritual significance, some churches hold to the doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration, which affirms that baptism creates or strengthens a person’s faith, and is intimately linked to salvation, this view is held by Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches as well as Lutherans and Anglicans, while others simply acknowledge it as a purely symbolic act, an external public declaration of the inward change which has taken place in the person. Secondly, there are differences of opinion on the methodology of the act. These methods being: Baptism by Immersion; if immersion is total, Baptism by Submersion; and Baptism by Affusion (pouring) and Baptism by Aspersion (sprinkling). Those who hold the first view may also adhere to the tradition of Infant Baptism.
Jesus' teaching on prayer in the Sermon on the Mount displays a distinct lack of interest in the external aspects of prayer. A concern with the techniques of prayer is condemned as 'pagan', and instead a simple trust in God's fatherly goodness is encouraged.[Mat. 6:5–15] Elsewhere in the New Testament this same freedom of access to God is also emphasized.[Phil. 4:6][Jam. 5:13–19] This confident position should be understood in light of Christian belief in the unique relationship between the believer and Christ through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.
In subsequent Christian traditions, certain physical gestures are emphasized, including medieval gestures such as genuflection or making the sign of the cross. Kneeling, bowing and prostrations (see also poklon) are often practiced in more traditional branches of Christianity. Frequently in Western Christianity the hands are placed palms together and forward as in the feudal commendation ceremony. At other times the older orans posture may be used, with palms up and elbows in.
Intercessory prayer is prayer offered for the benefit of other people. There are many intercessory prayers recorded in the Bible, including prayers of the Apostle Peter on behalf of sick persons[Acts 9:40] and by prophets of the Old Testament in favor of other people.[1Ki 17:19–22] In the New Testament book of James no distinction is made between the intercessory prayer offered by ordinary believers and the prominent Old Testament prophet Elijah.[Jam 5:16–18] The effectiveness of prayer in Christianity derives from the power of God rather than the status of the one praying.
The ancient church, in both Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, developed a tradition of asking for the intercession of (deceased) saints, and this remains the practice of most Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and some Anglican churches. Churches of the Protestant Reformation however rejected prayer to the saints, largely on the basis of the sole mediatorship of Christ. The reformer Huldrych Zwingli admitted that he had offered prayers to the saints until his reading of the Bible convinced him that this was idolatrous.
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "Prayer is the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God." The Book of Common Prayer in the Anglican tradition is a guide which provides a set order for church services, containing set prayers, scripture readings, and hymns or sung Psalms.
Early Church and Christological Councils Edit
Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the Levant of the middle east in the mid-1st century. Its earliest development took place under the leadership of the Twelve Apostles, particularly Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle, followed by the early bishops, whom Christians consider the successors of the Apostles.
According to the scriptures, Christians were from the beginning subject to persecution by some Jewish religious authorities, who disagreed with the apostles' teachings (See Split of early Christianity and Judaism). This involved punishments, including death, for Christians such as Stephen[Acts 7:59] and James, son of Zebedee.[Acts 12:2] Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire, first in the year 64, when Emperor Nero blamed them for the Great Fire of Rome. According to Church tradition, it was under Nero's persecution that early Church leaders Peter and Paul of Tarsus were each martyred in Rome. Further widespread persecutions of the Church occurred under nine subsequent Roman emperors, most intensely under Decius and Diocletian. From the year 150, Christian teachers began to produce theological and apologetic works aimed at defending the faith. These authors are known as the Church Fathers, and study of them is called Patristics. Notable early Fathers include Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen. However, Armenia is considered the first nation to accept Christianity in 301 AD.
State persecution ceased in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued an edict of toleration in 313. On 27 February 380, Emperor Theodosius I enacted a law establishing Nicene Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire. From at least the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.
Constantine was also instrumental in the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which sought to address the Arian heresy and formulated the Nicene Creed, which is still used by the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglican Communion, and many Protestant churches. Nicaea was the first of a series of Ecumenical (worldwide) Councils which formally defined critical elements of the theology of the Church, notably concerning Christology. The Assyrian Church of the East did not accept the third and following Ecumenical Councils, and are still separate today. In 395, the most Christianized regions of the world were Crete, Cyprus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Nile delta, and Numidia (present-day Tunisia and Algeria).
The presence of Christianity in Africa began in the middle of the 1st century in Egypt, and by the end of the 2nd century in the region around Carthage. Mark the Evangelist started the Orthodox Church of Alexandria in about 43 AD. Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity includes Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius and Augustine of Hippo. The later rise of Islam in North Africa reduced the size and numbers of Christian congregations, leaving only the Coptic Church in Egypt, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in the Horn of Africa, and the Nubian Church in the Sudan (Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia).
Early Middle Ages Edit
With the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the west, the papacy became a political player, first visible in Pope Leo's diplomatic dealings with Huns and Vandals. The church also entered into a long period of missionary activity and expansion among the various tribes. Whilst arianists instituted the death penalty for practicing pagans (see Massacre of Verden as example), Catholicism also spread among the Germanic peoples, the Celtic and Slavic peoples, the Hungarians, and the Baltic peoples. Christianity has been an important part of the shaping of Western civilization, at least since the 4th century.
Around 500, St. Benedict set out his Monastic Rule, establishing a system of regulations for the foundation and running of monasteries. Monasticism became a powerful force throughout Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of learning, most famously in Ireland, Scotland and Gaul, contributing to the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century.
In the 7th century Muslims conquered Syria (including Jerusalem), North Africa and Spain. Part of the Muslims' success was due to the exhaustion of the Byzantine empire in its decades long conflict with Persia. Beginning in the 8th century, with the rise of Carolingian leaders, the papacy began to find greater political support in the Frankish Kingdom.
The Middle Ages brought about major changes within the church. Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structure and administration. In the early 8th century, iconoclasm became a divisive issue, when it was sponsored by the Byzantine emperors. The Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (787) finally pronounced in favor of icons. In the early 10th century, Western Christian monasticism was further rejuvenated through the leadership of the great Benedictine monastery of Cluny.
Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
High and Late Middle Ages Edit
In the west, from the 11th century onward, older cathedral schools developed into universities (see University of Oxford, University of Paris, and University of Bologna.) The traditional medieval universities — evolved from Catholic and Protestant church schools — then established specialized academic structures for properly educating greater numbers of students as professionals. Prof. Walter Rüegg, editor of A History of the University in Europe, reports that universities then only trained students to become clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians. Originally teaching only theology, these steadily added subjects including medicine, philosophy and law, becoming the direct ancestors of modern institutions of learning. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (Scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.
Accompanying the rise of the "new towns" throughout Europe, mendicant orders were founded, bringing the consecrated religious life out of the monastery and into the new urban setting. The two principal mendicant movements were the Franciscans and the Dominicans founded by St. Francis and St. Dominic respectively. Both orders made significant contributions to the development of the great universities of Europe. Another new order were the Cistercians, whose large isolated monasteries spearheaded the settlement of former wilderness areas. In this period church building and ecclesiastical architecture reached new heights, culminating in the orders of Romanesque and Gothic architecture and the building of the great European cathedrals.
From 1095 under the pontificate of Urban II, the Crusades were launched. These were a series of military campaigns in the Holy Land and elsewhere, initiated in response to pleas from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I for aid against Turkish expansion. The Crusades ultimately failed to stifle Islamic aggression and even contributed to Christian enmity with the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
Over a period stretching from the 7th to the 13th century, the Christian Church underwent gradual alienation, resulting in a schism dividing it into a so-called Latin or Western Christian branch, the Roman Catholic Church, and an Eastern, largely Greek, branch, the Orthodox Church. These two churches disagree on a number of administrative, liturgical, and doctrinal issues, most notably papal primacy of jurisdiction. The Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) attempted to reunite the churches, but in both cases the Eastern Orthodox refused to implement the decisions and the two principal churches remain in schism to the present day. However, the Roman Catholic Church has achieved union with various smaller eastern churches.
Beginning around 1184, following the crusade against the Cathar heresy, various institutions, broadly referred to as the Inquisition, were established with the aim of suppressing heresy and securing religious and doctrinal unity within Christianity through conversion and prosecution.
Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Edit
The 15th-century Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. Another major schism, the Reformation, resulted in the splintering of the Western Christendom into several Christian denominations. Martin Luther in 1517 protested against the sale of indulgences and soon moved on to deny several key points of Roman Catholic doctrine. Others like Zwingli and Calvin further criticized Roman Catholic teaching and worship. These challenges developed into the movement called Protestantism, which repudiated the primacy of the pope, the role of tradition, the seven sacraments, and other doctrines and practices. The Reformation in England began in 1534, when King Henry VIII had himself declared head of the Church of England. Beginning in 1536, the monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved.
Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a substantial process of reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform. The Council of Trent clarified and reasserted Roman Catholic doctrine. During the following centuries, competition between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states.
Meanwhile, the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 brought about a new wave of missionary activity. Partly from missionary zeal, but under the impetus of colonial expansion by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.
Throughout Europe, the divides caused by the Reformation led to outbreaks of religious violence and the establishment of separate state churches in Europe: Lutheranism in parts of Germany and in Scandinavia and Anglicanism in England in 1534. Ultimately, these differences led to the outbreak of conflicts in which religion played a key factor. The Thirty Years' War, the English Civil War, and the French Wars of Religion are prominent examples. These events intensified the Christian debate on persecution and toleration. Christianity has played a role in shaping of Western civilization.
In the era known as the Great Divergence, when in the West the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific revolution brought about great societal changes, Christianity was confronted with various forms of skepticism and with certain modern political ideologies such as versions of socialism and liberalism. Events ranged from mere anti-clericalism to violent outbursts against Christianity such as the Dechristianisation during the French Revolution, the Spanish Civil War, and general hostility of Marxist movements, especially the Russian Revolution.
Especially pressing in Europe was the formation of nation states after the Napoleonic era. In all European countries, different Christian denominations found themselves in competition, to greater or lesser extents, with each other and with the state. Variables are the relative sizes of the denominations and the religious, political, and ideological orientation of the state. Urs Altermatt of the University of Fribourg, looking specifically at Catholicisms in Europe, identifies four models for the European nations. In traditionally Catholic countries such as Belgium, Spain, and to some extent Austria, religious and national communities are more or less identical. Cultural symbiosis and separation are found in Poland, Ireland, and Switzerland, all countries with competing denominations. Competition is found in Germany, the Netherlands, and again Switzerland, all countries with minority Catholic populations who to a greater or lesser extent did identify with the nation. Finally, separation between religion (again, specifically Catholicism) and the state is found to a great degree in France and Italy, countries where the state actively opposed itself to the authority of the Catholic Church. The combined factors of the formation of nation states and ultramontanism, especially in Germany and the Netherlands but also in England (to a much lesser extent), often forced Catholic churches, organizations, and believers to choose between the national demands of the state and the authority of the Church, specifically the papacy. This conflict came to a head in the First Vatican Council, and in Germany would lead directly to the Kulturkampf, where liberals and Protestants under the leadership of Bismarck managed to severely restrict Catholic expression and organization.
Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came into their own in Europe, particularly in the Czech Republic and Estonia, while religious commitments in America have been generally high in comparison to Europe. The late 20th century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the Third World and southern hemisphere in general, with the western civilization no longer the chief standard bearer of Christianity.
Some Europeans (including diaspora), Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and natives of other continents have revived their respective peoples' historical folk religions. (see Neo-paganism, Native Americans in the United States#Religion) Approximately 7.1 to 10% of Arabs are Christians most prevalent in Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.
With around 2.2 billion adherents, split into 3 main branches of Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33% for the last hundred years, which says that one in three persons on earth are Christians. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America (around 7,600 per day). It is still the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas and Southern Africa. In Asia, it is the dominant religion in Georgia, Armenia, East Timor and the Philippines. However, it is declining in many areas including the Northern and Western United States, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), northern Europe (including Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, and parts of Asia (especially the Middle East, South Korea, Taiwan, The Philippines and Macau). The Christian population is not decreasing in Brazil, the Southern United States and the province of Alberta, Canada, but the percentage is decreasing. In countries such as Australia and New Zealand, the Christian population are declining in both numbers and percentage. Despite the declining numbers, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians, in Europe 76.2% of the population considering themselves Christians, and 86.0% of the Americas and 73.36% in Oceania still practice Christianity.
However, there are many charismatic movements that have become well established over large parts of the world, especially Africa, Latin America and Asia. A leading Saudi Arabian Muslim leader Sheikh Ahmad al Qatanni reported on Aljazeera that every day 16,000 African Muslims convert to Christianity. He claimed that Islam was losing 6 million African Muslims a year to becoming Christians, including Muslims in Algeria, France, Iran, India, Morocco, Russia, and Turkey, and Central Asia. It is also reported that Christianity is popular among people of different backgrounds in India (mostly Hindus), and Malaysia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Japan, and South Korea.
In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades. Some sources view this simply as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions, while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general.
Christianity, in one form or another, is the sole state religion of the following nations: Costa Rica (Roman Catholic), Denmark (Evangelical Lutheran), El Salvador (Roman Catholic), England (Anglican), Finland (Evangelical Lutheran & Orthodox), Georgia (Georgian Orthodox), Greece (Greek Orthodox), Iceland (Evangelical Lutheran), Liechtenstein (Roman Catholic), Malta (Roman Catholic), Monaco (Roman Catholic), and Vatican City (Roman Catholic).
Major denominations within Christianity Edit
The three primary divisions of Christianity are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.:14 There are other Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories. The Nicene Creed is "accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches." There is a diversity of doctrines and practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups are sometimes classified under denominations, though for theological reasons many groups reject this classification system. Another distinction that is sometimes drawn is between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity.
Template:Denominations of Christianity The Catholic Church comprises those particular churches, headed by bishops, in communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality and Church governance. Like the Eastern Orthodox, the Roman Catholic Church through Apostolic succession traces its origins to the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ. Catholics maintain that the "one, holy, catholic and apostolic church" founded by Jesus subsists fully in the Roman Catholic Church, but also acknowledges other Christian churches and communities and works towards reconciliation among all Christians. The Catholic faith is detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
The 2,834 sees are grouped into 23 particular rites, the largest being the Latin Rite, each with distinct traditions regarding the liturgy and the administering the sacraments. With more than 1.1 billion baptized members, the Catholic Church is the largest church representing over half of all Christians and one sixth of the world's population.
Various smaller communities, such as the Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches, include the word Catholic in their title, and share much in common with Roman Catholicism but are no longer in communion with the See of Rome. The Old Catholic Church is in communion with the Anglican Communion.
Eastern Orthodoxy comprises those churches in communion with the Patriarchal Sees of the East, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Like the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church also traces its heritage to the foundation of Christianity through Apostolic succession and has an episcopal structure, though the autonomy of the individual, mostly national churches is emphasized. A number of conflicts with Western Christianity over questions of doctrine and authority culminated in the Great Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single denomination in Christianity, with over 200 million adherents.
The Oriental Orthodox Churches (also called Old Oriental Churches) are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils—Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus—but reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a Miaphysite christology. The Oriental Orthodox communion comprises six groups: Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (India) and Armenian Apostolic churches. These six churches, while being in communion with each other are completely independent hierarchically. These churches are generally not in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches with whom they are in dialogue for erecting a communion.
In the 16th century, Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Calvin inaugurated what has come to be called Protestantism. Luther's primary theological heirs are known as Lutherans. Zwingli and Calvin's heirs are far broader denominationally, and are broadly referred to as the Reformed Tradition. Most Protestant traditions branch out from the Reformed tradition in some way. In addition to the Lutheran and Reformed branches of the Reformation, there is Anglicanism after the English Reformation. The Anabaptist tradition was largely ostracized by the other Protestant parties at the time, but has achieved a measure of affirmation in more recent history. Some but not most Baptists prefer not to be called Protestants, claiming a direct ancestral line going back to the apostles in the 1st century.
The oldest Protestant groups separated from the Catholic Church in the 16th century Protestant Reformation, followed in many cases by further divisions. For example, the Methodist Church grew out of Anglican minister John Wesley's evangelical and revival movement in the Anglican Church. Several Pentecostal and non-denominational Churches, which emphasize the cleansing power of the Holy Spirit, in turn grew out of the Methodist Church. Because Methodists, Pentecostals, and other evangelicals stress "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior", which comes from John Wesley's emphasis of the New Birth, they often refer to themselves as being born-again.
Estimates of the total number of Protestants are very uncertain, partly because of the difficulty in determining which denominations should be placed in these categories, but it seems clear that Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after Catholicism in number of followers (although the Orthodox Church is larger than any single Protestant denomination). Often that number is put at 800 million. Protestantism, along with the Orthodox Church (appx. 200 million) and the Catholic Church (appx. 1.1 billion) form a total of 2.1 billion Christianity followers.
A special grouping are the Anglican churches descended from the Church of England and organised in the Anglican Communion. Some Anglican churches consider themselves both Protestant and Catholic. Some Anglicans consider their church a branch of the "One Holy Catholic Church" alongside of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a concept rejected by the Roman Catholic Church and some Eastern Orthodox.
Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.
Non-Trinitarianism includes all Christian belief systems that reject, wholly or partly, the doctrine of the Trinity, namely, the teaching that God is three distinct yet coeternal and coequal hypostases who are indivisibly united in one essence. In antiquity, sporadically in the Middle Ages, and again following the Reformation until today, differing views existed concerning the Godhead from those of Trinitarians and the related traditional Christology. Though diverse, these views may be generally classified into those that hold Christ to be only divine and not differing from the Father hypostatically; those that hold Christ to be less fully God than the Father; in other forms being completely human and a messenger as the perfect created human.
Esoteric Christianity is a term which refers to an ensemble of spiritual currents which regard Christianity as a mystery religion, and profess the existence and possession of certain esoteric doctrines or practices, hidden from the public but accessible only to a narrow circle of "enlightened", "initiated", or highly educated people. A special characteristic common in these mystical denominations is the belief in reincarnation. Some of the esoteric Christian institutions include the Rosicrucian Fellowship, the Anthroposophical Society and the Martinism.
The Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival that occurred in the U.S. during the early 1800s, saw the development of a number of unrelated churches. They generally saw themselves as restoring the original church of Jesus Christ rather than reforming one of the existing churches. A common belief held by Restorationists was that the other divisions of Christianity had introduced doctrinal defects into Christianity, which was known as the Great Apostasy.
Some of the churches originating during this period are historically connected to early-19th century camp meetings in the Midwest and Upstate New York. American Millennialism and Adventism, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, influenced the Jehovah's Witnesses movement (with 7 million members), and, as a reaction specifically to William Miller, the Seventh-day Adventists. Others, including the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, Churches of Christ, and the Christian churches and churches of Christ, have their roots in the contemporaneous Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, which was centered in Kentucky and Tennessee. Other groups originating in this time period include the Christadelphians and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement with over 14 million members. While the churches originating in the Second Great Awakening have some superficial similarities, their doctrine and practices vary significantly.
Cultural Christian Edit
Cultural Christian is a broad term for people with either ethnic or religious Christian heritage who may not believe in the religious claims of Christianity, but who retain an affinity for the culture, art, music, and so on related to it.
Many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as cultural Christians, due to the predominance of the Christian faith in Western culture, as well as widely celebrated religious holidays such as Easter and Christmas. Another frequent application of the term is to distinguish political groups in areas of mixed religious backgrounds.
Western Culture Edit
Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Europe. Until the Age of Enlightenment, Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science.
Most churches have long expressed ideals of being reconciled with each other, and in the 20th century Christian ecumenism advanced in two ways. One way was greater cooperation between groups, such as the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the World Council of Churches founded in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils like the National Council of Churches in Australia which includes Roman Catholics.
The other way was institutional union with new United and uniting churches. Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches united in 1925 to form the United Church of Canada, and in 1977 to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The Church of South India was formed in 1947 by the union of Anglican, Methodist, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches.
Steps towards reconciliation on a global level were taken in 1965 by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their Great Schism in 1054; the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) working towards full communion between those churches since 1970; and the Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches signing the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in 1999 to address conflicts at the root of the Protestant Reformation. In 2006, the Methodist church adopted the declaration.
Another example of ecumenism is the invention of and growing usage of the Christian Flag, which was designed to represent all of Christendom. The flag has a white field, with a red Latin cross inside a blue canton.
Criticism of Christianity and Christians goes back to the Apostolic age, with the New Testament recording friction between the followers of Jesus and the Pharisees and scribes (e.g. Mark 7:1-23 and Matthew 15:1-20). In the second century Christianity was criticized by the Jews on various grounds, e.g. that the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible could not have been fulfilled by Jesus, given that he did not have a successful life. By the third century criticism of Christianity had mounted, partly as a defense against it, and the 15 volume Adversus Christianos by Porphyry was written as a comprehensive attack on Christianity, in part building on the pre-Christian concepts of Plotinus.
By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah (i.e., Rabbi Moses Maimonides) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus who had a physical body. In the 19th century, Nietzsche began to write a series of attacks on the "unnatural" teachings of Christianity (e.g. avoidance of temptations), and continued anti-Christian attacks to the end of his life. In the 20th century, the philosopher Bertrand Russell expressed his criticism of Christianity in Why I Am Not a Christian, formulating his rejection of Christianity in the setting of logical arguments. Criticism of Christianity continues to date, e.g. Jewish and Muslim theologians criticize the doctrine of the Trinity held by most Christians, stating that this doctrine in effect assumes that there are three Gods, running against the basic tenet of monotheism. New Testament scholar Robert M. Price has outlined the possibility that some Bible stories are based partly on myth in "The Christ Myth Theory and its problems".
See also Edit
- ^ a b c The term "Christian" (Greek Χριστιανός) was first used in reference to Jesus' disciples in the city of Antioch[Acts 11:26] about 44 AD, meaning "followers of Christ". The name was given by the non-Jewish inhabitants of Antioch, probably in derision, to the disciples of Jesus. In the New Testament the names by which the disciples were known among themselves were "brethren", "the faithful", "elect", "saints", "believers". The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek Χριστιανισμός) was by Ignatius of Antioch, around 100 AD. See Elwell/Comfort. Tyndale Bible Dictionary, pp. 266, 828.
- ^ Christianity's status as monotheistic is affirmed in, amongst other sources, the Catholic Encyclopedia (article "Monotheism"); William F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity; H. Richard Niebuhr; About.com, Monotheistic Religion resources; Kirsch, God Against the Gods; Woodhead, An Introduction to Christianity; The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Monotheism; The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, monotheism; New Dictionary of Theology, Paul, pp. 496–99; Meconi. "Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity". p. 111f.
- ^ "Religion: Christianity". bbc.co.uk. 2012-08-13. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ Briggs, Charles A. The fundamental Christian faith: the origin, history and interpretation of the Apostles' and Nicene creeds. C. Scribner's sons, 1913. Books.Google.com
- ^ N. T. Wright, from the Glossary in Wright’s For Everyone series, via article "Gospel definitions": "The idea of 'good news...'" "...it mean the news of YHWH’s long-awaited victory over evil and rescue of his people." http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/trevinwax/2008/09/04/gospel-definitions-nt-wright/
- ^ Epistle to the Romans 6:23: "For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord."
- ^ S. T. Kimbrough, ed (2005). Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-301-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=q-vhwjamOioC&pg=PA23&dq=anagignoskomena#v=onepage&q=anagignoskomena&f=true.
- ^ a b Robinson, Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs and Rituals, p. 229.
- ^ a b Esler. The Early Christian World. p. 157f.
- ^ Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell, by James B. Rives, page 196
- ^ Catholic encyclopedia New Advent
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 301–03.
- ^ Muslim-Christian Relations. Amsterdam University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-90-5356-938-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=g2AtOlJMPTUC&pg=PA52. Retrieved 2007–10–18. "The enthusiasm for evangelization among the Christians was also accompanied by the awareness that the most immediate problem to solve was how to serve the huge number of new converts. Simatupang said, if the number of the Christians were double or triple, then the number of the ministers should also be doubled or tripled and the tole of the laity should be maximized and Christian service to society through schools, universities, hospitals and orphanages, should be increased. In addition, for him the Christian mission should be involved in the struggle for justice amid the process of modernization."
- ^ Fred Kammer (2004-05-01). Doing Faith Justice. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4227-9. http://books.google.com/?id=WmuV6g0yR3sC&pg=PA77&dq=christianity+serve+others+hospitals+orphanages+schools#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2007–10–18. "Theologians, bishops, and preachers urged the Christian community to be as compassionate as their God was, reiterating that creation was for all of humanity. They also accepted and developed the identification of Christ with the poor and the requisite Christian duty to the poor. Religious congregations and individual charismatic leaders promoted the development of a number of helping institutions-hospitals, hospices for pilgrims, orphanages, shelters for unwed mothers-that laid the foundation for the modern "large network of hospitals, orphanages and schools, to serve the poor and society at large.""
- ^ Christian Church Women: Shapers of a Movement. Chalice Press. 1994-03. ISBN 978-0-8272-0463-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=dz_EM2ofIb4C&pg=PA132. Retrieved 2007–10–18. "In the central provinces of India they established schools, orphanages, hospitals, and churches, and spread the gospel message in zenanas."
- ^ Defined to avoid the ambiguous term "orthodox"
- ^ Sheed, Frank. Theology and Sanity. (Ignatius Press: San Francisco, 1993), pp. 276.
- ^ "Christianity". Knowledge Resources. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/christianity. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
- ^ a b McGrath, Christianity: An Introduction, pp. 4–6.
- ^ a b 33.2% of 6.7 billion world population (under the section 'People') "World". CIA world facts. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html.
- ^ a b "The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions". foreignpolicy.com. 2007-03. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
- ^ a b "Major Religions Ranked by Size". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ a b c ANALYSIS December 19, 2011 (2011-12-19). "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Hinnells, The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion, p. 441.
- ^ Zoll, Rachel (December 19, 2011). "Study: Christian population shifts from Europe". Associated Press. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/10003271. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ See Christianity#Demographics for information and references
- ^ Religions in Global Society - Page 146, Peter Beyer - 2006
- ^ a b c Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
- ^ a b c d Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953),Stanford University Press, p.2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo - Graeco - Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
- ^ a b Horst Hutter, University of New York, Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices (2004), p.111:three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato.
- ^ a b Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices (2004), p.22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization.
- ^ Olson, The Mosaic of Christian Belief.
- ^ Avis, Paul (2002) The Christian Church: An Introduction to the Major Traditions, SPCK, London, ISBN 0-281-05246-8 paperback
- ^ White, The History of the Church.
- ^ Cummins, Duane D. (1991). A handbook for Today's Disciples in the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) Revised Edition. St Louis, MO: Chalice Press. ISBN 0-8272-1425-1.
- ^ a b Ron Rhodes, The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations, Harvest House Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0-7369-1289-4
- ^ Pelikan/Hotchkiss, Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition.
- ^ Catholics United for the Faith, "We Believe in One God"
- ^ Encyclopedia of Religion, "Arianism".
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Council of Ephesus".
- ^ Christian History Institute, First Meeting of the Council of Chalcedon.
- ^ Peter Theodore Farrington (February 2006). "The Oriental Orthodox Rejection of Chalcedon" (113).
- ^ Pope Leo I, Letter to Flavian
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Athanasian Creed".
- ^ a b "Our Common Heritage as Christians". The United Methodist Church. http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1806. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ Barnes, Albert. Barnes' New Testament Notes, Entry for Matthew 22:40. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/barnes/ntnotes.iv.xxii.xl.html. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ Metzger/Coogan, Oxford Companion to the Bible, pp. 513, 649.
- ^ Acts 2:24, , , , , , , , , , , Romans 10:9, ;&version=; 1 Cor. 15:15, , ;&version=; 2 Cor. 4:14, Gal 1:1, Eph 1:20, Col 2:12, ;&version=; 1 Thess. 11:10, Heb. 13:20, ;&version=; 1 Pet. 1:3,
- ^ "Nicene Creed—Wikisource". En.wikisource.org. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Hanegraaff. Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity.
- ^ "The Significance of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus for the Christian". Australian Catholic University National. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/research/theology/Walsh.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ "Why is the resurrection of Jesus Christ important?". Got Questions Ministries. http://www.gotquestions.org/resurrection-Christ-important.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ John;&version=3:16; John, , , , , , and
- ^ This is drawn from a number of sources, especially the early Creeds, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, certain theological works, and various Confessions drafted during the Reformation including the Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord.
- ^ Fuller, The Foundations of New Testament Christology, p. 11.
- ^ A Jesus Seminar conclusion: "in the view of the Seminar, he did not rise bodily from the dead; the resurrection is based instead on visionary experiences of Peter, Paul, and Mary."
- ^ Funk. The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?.
- ^ Lorenzen. Resurrection, Discipleship, Justice: Affirming the Resurrection Jesus Christ Today, p. 13.
- ^ Ball/Johnsson (ed.). The Essential Jesus.
- ^ a b Eisenbaum, Pamela (Winter 2004). "A Remedy for Having Been Born of Woman: Jesus, Gentiles, and Genealogy in Romans". Journal of Biblical Literature 123 (4): 671–702. DOI:10.2307/3268465. Retrieved on 2009-04-03.
- ^ Wright, N.T. What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? (Oxford, 1997), p. 121.
- ^ CCC 846; Vatican II, Lumen Gentium 14
- ^ See quotations from Council of Trent on Justification at Justforcatholics.org
- ^ Westminster Confession, Chapter X; Spurgeon, A Defense of Calvinism.
- ^ "Grace and Justification". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100815001751/http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p3s1c3a2.htm.
- ^ Kelly. Early Christian Doctrines. pp. 87–90.
- ^ Alexander. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. p. 514f.
- ^ McGrath. Historical Theology. p. 61.
- ^ Metzger/Coogan. Oxford Companion to the Bible. p. 782.
- ^ Kelly. The Athanasian Creed.
- ^ Oxford, "Encyclopedia Of Christianity, pg1207
- ^ Fowler. World Religions: An Introduction for Students. p. 58.
- ^ Theophilus of Antioch Apologia ad Autolycum II 15
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. p. 50.
- ^ Tertullian De Pudicitia chapter 21
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 53.
- ^ Moltman, Jurgen. The Trinity and the Kingdom: The Doctrine of God. Tr. from German. Fortress Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8006-2825-X
- ^ Harnack, History of Dogma.
- ^ Virkler, Henry A. (2007). Ayayo, Karelynne Gerber. ed. Hermeneutics: Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, USA: Baker Academic. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8010-3138-0.
- ^ "Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100909213651/http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a3.htm. (§105-108)
- ^ Second Helvetic Confession, Of the Holy Scripture Being the True Word of God
- ^ Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, online text
- ^ Metzger/Coogan, Oxford Companion to the Bible. p. 39.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco page 209
- ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Timothy%202:11-12&version=NIV
- ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians%2014:34-35&version=NIV
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco page 183
- ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians%2011:2-16&version=NIV
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John#Gnostic_elements
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas#Intertextuality_with_John.27s_gospel
- ^ http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gosthom.html
- ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+17%3A20-21&version=NIV
- ^ http://www.mmnet.com.au/australian_landscape_photos/writer/Reflections.html
- ^ Kelly. Early Christian Doctrines. pp. 69–78.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture § 115-118.
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, "Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses"
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, §116
- ^ Second Vatican Council, Dei Verbum (V.19).
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture" § 113.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The Interpretation of the Heritage of Faith" § 85.
- ^ Mathison. The Shape of Sola Scriptura.
- ^ a b Foutz, Martin Luther and Scripture.
- ^ John Calvin, Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles 2 Peter 3:14–18
- ^ Second Helvetic Confession, Of Interpreting the Holy Scriptures; and of Fathers, Councils, and Traditions
- ^ Sproul. Knowing Scripture, pp. 45–61; Bahnsen, A Reformed Confession Regarding Hermeneutics (article 6).
- ^ Elwell, Walter A. (1984). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-3413-2.
- ^ Johnson, Elliott (1990). Expository hermeneutics : an introduction. Grand Rapids Mich.: Academie Books. ISBN 978-0-310-34160-4.
- ^ Terry, Milton (1974). Biblical hermeneutics : a treatise on the interpretation of the Old and New Testaments. Grand Rapids Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. p. 205
- ^ Elwell, Walter A. (1984). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-3413-2. p. 565
- ^ e.g., in his commentary on Matthew 1 (§III.3) Matthew Henry interprets the twin sons of Judah, Phares and Zara, as an allegory of the Gentile and Jewish Christians. For a contemporary treatment, see Glenny, Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion.
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologicum, Supplementum Tertiae Partis questions 69 through 99
- ^ Calvin, John. "Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book Three, Ch. 25". www.reformed.org. http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book3/bk3ch25.html. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Particular Judgment".
- ^ Ott, Grundriß der Dogmatik, p. 566.
- ^ David Moser, What the Orthodox believe concerning prayer for the dead.
- ^ Ken Collins, What Happens to Me When I Die?.
- ^ "Audience of 4 August 1999". Vatican.va. 1999-08-04. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "The Communion of Saints".
- ^ "The death that Adam brought into the world is spiritual as well as physical, and only those who gain entrance into the Kingdom of God will exist eternally. However, this division will not occur until Armageddon, when all people will be resurrected and given a chance to gain eternal life. In the meantime, "the dead are conscious of nothing." What is God's Purpose for the Earth?" Official Site of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower, July 15, 2002.
- ^ a b Justin Martyr, First Apology §LXVII
- ^ a b c Cross/Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. p. 1435f.
- ^ Hickman. Handbook of the Christian Year.
- ^ "ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second | Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form, likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer (Octavius of Minucius Felix, chapter XXIX).
- ^ "At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign." (Tertullian, De Corona, chapter 3)
- ^ a b Dilasser. The Symbols of the Church.
- ^ a b Catholic Encyclopedia, "Symbolism of the Fish".
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Veneration of Images.
- ^ "Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1213; "Holy Baptism is the sacrament by which God adopts us as his children and makes us members of Christ's Body, the Church, and inheritors of the kingdom of God" (Book of Common Prayer, 1979, Episcopal ); "Baptism is the sacrament of initiation and incorporation into the body of Christ" (An United Methodist Understanding of Baptism); "As an initiatory rite into membership of the Family of God, baptismal candidates are symbolically purified or washed as their sins have been forgiven and washed away" (William H. Brackney, Believer's Baptism).
- ^ a b Alexander, T. D., & Rosner, B. S, ed (2001). "Prayer". New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.
- ^ "Saints". New Dictionary of Theology. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. 1988.
- ^ Madeleine Gray, The Protestant Reformation, (Sussex Academic Press, 2003), page 140.
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church: Part Four – Christian Prayer". Va. http://www.va/archive/catechism/p4s1.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Gill, N.S.. "Which Nation First Adopted Christianity?". About.com. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ""Armenia is considered the first nation to have adopted Christianity as the state religion in a traditional date of c. A.D. 301.""
- ^ "The World Factbook: Armenia". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ Brunner, Borgna (2006). Time Almanac with Information Please 2007. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p. 685. ISBN 978-1-933405-49-0.
- ^ Theodosian Code XVI.i.2, in: Bettenson. Documents of the Christian Church. p. 31.
- ^ a b Orlandis, A Short History of the Catholic Church (1993), preface.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 37f.
- ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective". PUQ. p.198. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
- ^ Eusebius of Caesarea, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the 4th century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e. 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p28.
- ^ Bethel.edu
- ^ "Allaboutreligion.org". Allaboutreligion.org. http://www.allaboutreligion.org/history-of-christianity-in-africa-faq.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b c d Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 238–42.
- ^ Mullin, 2008, p. 88.
- ^ Mullin, 2008, p. 93-4.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 244–47.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, p. 260.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 278–81.
- ^ Rudy, The Universities of Europe, 1100-1914, p. 40
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 305, 312, 314f..
- ^ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
- ^ Verger 1999
- ^ Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8, pp. 126-7, 282-98
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 303–07, 310f., 384–86.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 305, 310f., 316f.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 321–23, 365f.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 292–300.
- ^ Riley-Smith. The Oxford History of the Crusades.
- ^ The Western Church was called Latin at the time by the Eastern Christians and non Christians due to its conducting of its rituals and affairs in the Latin language
- ^ "The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom". Orthodox Information Centre. http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
- ^ Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 91
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 300, 304–05.
- ^ Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, pp. 310, 383, 385, 391.
- ^ Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. p. 7.
- ^ Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. pp. 39, 55–61.
- ^ Schama. A History of Britain. pp. 306–10.
- ^ Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church, pp. 242–44.
- ^ Simon. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. pp. 109–120.
- ^ A general overview about the English discussion is given in Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558–1689.
- ^ Novak, Michael (1988). Catholic social thought and liberal institutions: Freedom with justice. Transaction. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-88738-763-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=7pb1GDmxA1UC&pg=PA63.
- ^ Mortimer Chambers, The Western Experience (vol. 2) chapter 21.
- ^ Altermatt, Urs (2007). "Katholizismus und Nation: Vier Modelle in europäisch-vergleichender Perspektive". In Urs Altermatt, Franziska Metzger (in German). Religion und Nation: Katholizismen im Europa des 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Kohlhammer. pp. 15–34. ISBN 978-3-17-019977-4.
- ^ Heimann, Mary (1995). Catholic Devotion in Victorian England. Clarendon Press. pp. 165–73. ISBN 0-19-820597-X.
- ^ "Religion may become extinct in nine nations, study says". BBC News. 2011-03-22. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12811197.
- ^ "図録▽世界各国の宗教". .ttcn.ne.jp. http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Christian Communities in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-829388-7.
- ^ "Major Religions Ranked by Size". Adherents. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000, (Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 219–20.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica table of religions, by region. Retrieved November 2007.
- ^ ARIS 2008 Report: Part IA – Belonging. "American Religious Identification Survey 2008". B27.cc.trincoll.edu. http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/p1a_belong.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "New UK opinion poll shows continuing collapse of 'Christendom'". Ekklesia.co.uk. 2006-12-23. http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/news/uk/061223/christendom. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Barrett/Kurian.World Christian Encyclopedia, p. 139 (Britain), 281 (France), 299 (Germany).
- ^ "Christians in the Middle East". BBC News. 2005-12-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4499668.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Katz, Gregory (2006-12-25). "Is Christianity dying in the birthplace of Jesus?". Chron.com. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/world/4425100.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Number of Christians among young Koreans decreases by 5% per year". Omf.org. http://www.omf.org/omf/uk/about_asia/countries/korea/south_korea_profile. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Christianity fading in Taiwan | American Buddhist Net". Americanbuddhist.net. 2007-11-10. http://americanbuddhist.net/christianity-fading-taiwan. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Greenlees, Donald (2007-12-26). "A Gambling-Fueled Boom Adds to a Church’s Bane". Macao: Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/world/asia/26macao.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Trinity College. http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
- ^ "Religions in Canada—Census 2001". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-03-09. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55822&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=56&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Australian 2006 census – Religion". Censusdata.abs.gov.au. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/PopularAreas?&collection=Census&period=2006&&navmapdisplayed=true&textversion=false. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables.
- ^ ANALYSIS December 19, 2011 (2011-12-19). "Europe". Pewforum.org. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ ANALYSIS December 19, 2011 (2011-12-19). "Americas". Pewforum.org. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-americas.aspx. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ David Stoll, "Is Latin America Turning Protestant?" published Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990
- ^ Jeff Hadden (1997). "Pentecostalism". Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060427204250/religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/penta.html. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2006-04-24). "Moved by the Spirit: Pentecostal Power and Politics after 100 Years". http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=109. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ "Pentecostalism". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2007. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-374862.html. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Ed Gitre, Christianity Today Magazine (2000-11-13). "The CT Review: Pie-in-the-Sky Now". http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/november13/36.107.html.
- ^ "Aljazeera". Aljazeera.net. http://www.aljazeera.net/programs/shareea/articles/2000/12/12-12-6.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Six Million African Muslims Convert to Christianity Each Year". Orthodoxytoday.org. http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/AlJazeerahAfrica.php. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Posted at 12:00 AM. "Six million African Muslims leave Islam per year". American Thinker. http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2006/05/six_million_african_muslims_le.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Over a Million Muslim Converts to Christianity – MND". Mensnewsdaily.com. 2006-12-31. http://mensnewsdaily.com/2006/12/31/over-a-million-muslim-converts-to-christianity/. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ khadijabibi (2009-10-30). "In Africa, 6 million muslims convert to Christianity every year". Chowk. http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/74351/51514. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b c d e f Muslims Turn to Christ – ChristianAction
- ^ Gary Lane. "House Churches Growing in Iran". Cbn.com. http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/437006.aspx. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ khadijabibi (2009-10-30). "35,000 Moslems convert into Christianity each year in Turkey". Chowk.com. http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/74358/51514. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ View more articles by Jeni Mitchell. "FREEradicals - Targeting Christians in Central Asia". Icsr.info. http://icsr.info/blog-item.php?id=111. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Despite Government Set-backs, Christianity Is Alive in Central Asia". Opendoorsusa.org. 2011-11-30. http://www.opendoorsusa.org/pray/prayer-updates/2011/December/Christianity-Is-Alive-in-Central-Asia. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Kandhmal: 66 percent Christian population growth in 10 years". Answerbag.com. http://www.answerbag.com/article/Kandhmal:+66+percent+Christian+population+growth+in+10+years/cad07d37-403a-0b7b-48f3-e984412a9262/population-growth-rate. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "160,000 Have Converted Out of Hinduism in Malaysia in 25 Years". Christianaggression.org. 2005-05-16. http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?id=1116227550&type=news. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Religions in Mongolia". Mongolia-attractions.com. http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Religious Demographic Profiles – Pew Forum
- ^ "Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2005 – Vietnam". U.S. Department of State. 2005-06-30. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.html?tbl=RSDCOI&id=437c9cdd2&count=0. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
- ^ "Christianity, non-religious register biggest growth: Census 2010". Newnation.sg. 2011-01-13. http://newnation.sg/2011/01/christianity-non-religious-register-biggest-growth-census-2010/. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians". Webcitation.org. http://www.webcitation.org/60y2wqSF7. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "In Indonesia, the Chinese go to church". Nytimes.com. 2006-04-27. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/27/opinion/27iht-edbrazier.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Christianity 2010: a view from the new Atlas of Global Christianity". Goliath.ecnext.com. 2010-01-01. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-12060445/Christianity-2010-a-vie-from.html. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Christianity on upswing in Japan". Wnd.com. 2006-03-18. http://www.wnd.com/2006/03/35319/. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Landau, Christopher (2009-10-26). "Will South Korea become Christian?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8322072.stm. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Putnam, Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, p. 408.
- ^ McGrath, Christianity: An Introduction, p. xvi.
- ^ Peter Marber, Money Changes Everything: How Global Prosperity Is Reshaping Our Needs, Values and Lifestyles, p. 99.
- ^ "Costa Rica". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139528/Costa-Rica. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Denmark". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157748/Denmark. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ a b "El Salvador". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181798/El-Salvador. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Church and State in Britain: The Church of privilege". Centre for Citizenship. http://www.centreforcitizenship.org/church1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Official Religions of Finland". Finish Tourist Board. http://www.visitfinland.com/w5/index.nsf/(Pages)/Religion. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "State and Church in Finland". Euresis. http://www.euresisnet.eu/Pages/ReligionAndState/FINLAND.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "McCain Praises Georgia For Adopting Christianity As Official State Religion". BeliefNet. http://blog.beliefnet.com/stevenwaldman/2008/08/mccain-praises-georgia-for-ado.html. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Iceland". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Liechtenstein". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24418.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Malta". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360532/Malta. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Monaco". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/388747/Monaco. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Vatican". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623972/Vatican-City. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Cyprus". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/27433.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "Divisions of Christianity". North Virginia College. http://www.nvcc.edu/home/lshulman/Rel232/resource/Xiandivision.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "The LDS Restorationist movement, including Mormon denominations". Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ldswho.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Nicene Creed". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055702. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom (, p. 381.) characterized denominationalism in America as "a virtual ecclesiology" that "first of all repudiates the insistences of the Roman Catholic church, the churches of the 'magisterial' Reformation, and of most sects that they alone are the true Church." For specific citations, on the Roman Catholic Church see the Catechism of the Catholic Church §816; other examples: Donald Nash, Why the Churches of Christ are not a Denomination; Wendell Winkler, Christ's Church is not a Denomination; and David E. Pratt, What does God think about many Christian denominations?
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 1. ISBN 0-19-514183-0.
- ^ Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium.
- ^ Duffy, Saints and Sinners, p. 1.
- ^ Hitchcock, Geography of Religion, p. 281.
- ^ Norman, The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History, p. 11, 14.
- ^ a b Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium, chapter 2, paragraph 15.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 865.
- ^ Marthaler, Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues (1994), preface.
- ^ John Paul II, Pope (1997). "Laetamur Magnopere". Vatican. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080211121910/http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/laetamurmagnopere.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio (2012), p. 1142.
- ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 71
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency, CIA World Factbook (2007).
- ^ a b c Adherents.com, Religions by Adherents
- ^ Zenit.org, "Number of Catholics and Priests Rises", 12 February 2007.
- ^ According to the Bonn Accord of 1931, cited at Old Catholic Church of the Beatitudes.
- ^ Council of Anglican Episcopal Churches in Germany.
- ^ Cross/Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 1199.
- ^ "Oriental Orthodox Churches". Wcc-coe.org. http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/ecumenical/ooc-e.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "An Introduction to the Oriental Orthodox Churches". Pluralism.org. 2005-03-15. http://www.pluralism.org/affiliates/student/allen/Oriental-Orthodox/Home.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ OONS. "Syrian Orthodox Resources – Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration". Sor.cua.edu. http://sor.cua.edu/Ecumenism/20010317oomtg4.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. pp. 251–59.
- ^ Dr. James Milton Carroll. The Trail of Blood. The School of Biblical & Theological Studies (2004).
- ^ "About The Methodist Church". Methodist Central Hall Westminster. http://www.methodist-central-hall.org.uk/history/WhatisMethodism.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Christianity: Pentecostal Churches". Finding Your Way, Inc.. http://www.findingyourwayinc.org/christianity.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Statement of Belief". Cambridge Christ United Methodist Church. http://www.cambridgechristumc.com/statementofbelief.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "The New Birth by John Wesley (Sermon 45)". The United Methodist Church GBGM. http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/45/. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "God's Preparing, Accepting, and Sustaining Grace". The United Methodist Church GBGM. http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/walk.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Total Experience of the Spirit". Warren Wilson College. http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/christianity/index/pentecostal/essay.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Protestantism - Definition of Protestantism". Christianity.about.com. 2012-06-19. http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/qt/Protestantism.htm. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Sykes/Booty/Knight. The Study of Anglicanism, p. 219.
- ^ Gregory Hallam, Orthodoxy and Ecumenism.
- ^ Gregory Mathewes-Green, "Whither the Branch Theory?", Anglican Orthodox Pilgrim Vol. 2, No. 4.
- ^ Confessionalism is a term employed by historians to refer to "the creation of fixed identities and systems of beliefs for separate churches which had previously been more fluid in their self-understanding, and which had not begun by seeking separate identities for themselves—they had wanted to be truly Catholic and reformed." (MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, p. xxiv.)
- ^ "Classification of Protestant Denominations". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
- ^ Do You Believe in a Devil?. Birmingham, UK: CMPA. http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/doyoubelieve.html.
- ^ The dogma of the Trinity at 'Catholic Encyclopedia', ed. Kevin Knight at New Advent website
- ^ John 6:14 Jesus identified as a prophet. The greater Moses.
- ^ On Unitarians, see: UUA.org, Unitarian Views of Jesus; on connection with Socinianism, see: sullivan-county.com, Socinianism: Unitarianism in 16th-17th century Poland and Its Influence (Note that the icon at the top of the page expresses Trinitarian theology with a symbolic hand gesture); on this matter they parallel the ancient Ebionites, see: J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines pp. 139
- ^ Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress
- ^ Besant, Annie (2001). Esoteric Christianity or the Lesser Mysteries. City: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4021-0029-1.
- ^ From the Greek ἐσωτερικός (esôterikos, "inner"). The term esotericism itself was coined in the 17th century. (Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition, Volume 1,Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 894.)
- ^ Wouter J. Hanegraaff, Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, Jean-Pierre Brach, Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, Brill 2005.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esotericism". Webster.com. 2010-08-13. http://www.webster.com/dictionary/esotericism. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esoteric". Webster.com. http://www.webster.com/dictionary/esoteric. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 91f.
- ^ "The Restorationist Movements". Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/chrrest.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "What is Restorationism?". Got Questions Ministries. http://www.gotquestions.org/restorationism.html. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ JW-Media.org Membership 2005
- ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (2004)
- ^ Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)
- ^ "Facts and Statistics". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/. Retrieved 14 June 2012. The Church counts all members who were ever baptized, who have neither been excommunicated nor asked to have their names removed from church records. Independent surveys estimate that about 50% of people on LDS Church rolls do not identify with the religion. See John Dart, Counting Mormons: study says LDS numbers inflated, Christian Century, August 21, 2007.
- ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). p. 108. ISBN 9780813216836.
- ^ a b Koch, Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. ISBN 9780884892984.
- ^ Koch, Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. The Age of Enlightenment: St. Mary's Press. ISBN 9780884892984.
- ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). ISBN 9780813216836.
- ^ a b McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 581–84.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. p. 413f.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 498.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 373.
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, p. 583.
- ^ "Methodist Statement" (PDF). http://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Methodist-Statement-2006-EN.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b "The Christian Flag". Prayer Foundation. http://www.prayerfoundation.org/christian_flag.htm. Retrieved 2007–10–18. "The flag's most conspicuous symbol is the Christian cross, the most universal symbol for Christianity. The red color represents the blood of Christ and brings to mind his crucifixion. Christians believe that Jesus Christ's death and resurrection is the means God uses to save believers from their sins. The cross and blood have been used since earliest Christianity to symbolize salvation through Jesus; in the words of the Apostle Paul, "And having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself;" -Colossians 1:20. The white field draws on symbolism throughout the Bible equating white clothes with purity and forgiveness. People who have been "washed white as snow" in the Bible have been cleansed from their sins (Isaiah 1:18; Psalm 51:2). In conventional vexillology (the study of flags, their history and sybolism), a white flag is linked to surrender, a reference to the Biblical description Jesus' non-violence and surrender to God's will. The symbolism behind the blue canton has been interpreted to represent Heaven, truth, or the Christian ritual of Baptism in water."
- ^ International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 ISBN 0802837824 page 175
- ^ Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135 by James D. G. Dunn 1999 ISBN 0802844987 pages 112-113
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature, Volume 1 by George Thomas Kurian and James Smith 2010 ISBN 081086987X page 527
- ^ Apologetic Discourse and the Scribal Tradition by Wayne Campbell Kannaday 2005 ISBN 9004130853 pages 32-33
- ^ A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations by Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn 2005 ISBN 0521826926 page 168
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche by Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Marie Higgins 1996 ISBN 0521367670 pages 90-93
- ^ Russell on Religion: Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell by Bertrand Russell, Stefan Andersson and Louis Greenspan 1999 ISBN 0415180910 pages 77-87
- ^ Christianity: An Introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1405108991 pp. 125-126.
- ^ " The Christ Myth Theory and its problems ", published 2011 by American Atheist press, Cranford, New Jersey, ISBN 1-57884-017-1
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- Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John; Knight, Jonathan. The Study of Anglicanism. Augsburg Fortress Publishers (1998). ISBN 0-8006-3151-X.
- Talbott, Thomas. Three Pictures of God in Western Theology" (1995).
- Ustorf, Werner. "A missiological postscript", in: McLeod, Hugh; Ustorf, Werner (ed.). The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000. Cambridge University Press (2003).
- White, Howard A. The History of the Church.
- Woodhead, Linda. An Introduction to Christianity.
Further reading Edit
- Gill, Robin (2001). The Cambridge companion to Christian ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77918-9.
- Gunton, Colin E. (1997). The Cambridge companion to Christian doctrine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47695-X.
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (Viking; 2010) 1,161 pages; survey by leading historian
- MacMullen, Ramsay (2006). Voting About God in Early Church Councils. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11596-2.
- Padgett, Alan G.; Sally Bruyneel (2003). Introducing Christianity. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. ISBN 1-57075-395-4.
- Price, Matthew Arlen; Collins, Michael (1999). The story of Christianity. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0467-0.
- Ratzinger, Joseph (2004). Introduction To Christianity (Communio Books). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 1-58617-029-5.
- Tucker, Karen; Wainwright, Geoffrey (2006). The Oxford history of Christian worship. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513886-4.
- Wagner, Richard (2004). Christianity for Dummies. For Dummies. ISBN 0-7645-4482-9.
- Webb, Jeffrey B. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Christianity. Indianapolis, Ind: Alpha Books. ISBN 1-59257-176-X.
- Woodhead, Linda (2004). Christianity: a very short introduction. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280322-0.
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| Definitions from Wiktionary|
| Textbooks from Wikibooks|
| Quotations from Wikiquote|
| Source texts from Wikisource|
| Images and media from Commons|
| News stories from Wikinews|
| Learning resources from Wikiversity|
- "Christianity". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- "BBC—Religion & Ethics—Christianity". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-03. A number of introductory articles on Christianity.
- "CBC Montreal—Religion—Christianity". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.cbc.ca/montreal/features/religion/christianity.html. Retrieved 2008-01-03. An overview of Christianity.
- "Netzarim". - Click at 'History Museum' in the left menu. http://www.netzarim.co.il. Retrieved 2008-10-21. The origin of Christianity
- Adena, L. The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century, Clio History Journal, 2008.
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How to properly care for the lawn so that the grass is green
Lawn grass in the garden is said to be low-maintenance. After all, no one mows the grass or waters the flowers on forest lawns – And they grow great. The grass mixture for an artificial home lawn is assembled from crops that require attention. Lawns must therefore be properly cared for!
How often to water the lawn?
The best way to care for and water the turf in the evening or early in the morning. During the day, especially if the sun is blazing, the water evaporates faster and the plants do not have time to get enough moisture. Moisture penetrates deep into the soil overnight, saturating the roots of the plants.
Water your lawns in drips, not jets, to avoid damaging the stems and eroding the soil around the plantings.
How much to water?
Depends on soil, time of previous watering, weather. Determining an exact watering norm is problematic. Water your lawn generously, but not until puddles appear. To know if there is enough moisture for the grass, check the soil to a depth of 100mm. If it’s dry – Increase watering intensity.
How to water your lawn properly?
Also depends on soil and weather conditions. Water a meadow on sandy soils twice a week in hot weather, twice a week in cool weather – Once every 10 days. Lawns on clay or loam are not water intensive. Water as needed, so the soil has time to dry out.
How much to water?
Be guided by the size of the plot and the availability of equipment. There are several options:
- Watering with your own hands with a garden hose with a spray nozzle. When choosing a hose, pay attention to the number of layers. The more of these, the longer the hose will last. The top layers are designed to protect from the sun, the middle ones are reinforcing, and the inner ones – Do not allow the growth of simple algae. Also, the hose must be lightweight.
- Automatic irrigation with irrigation systems (sprinklers). Sprinklers – because they simulate raindrops, based on the work of sprinklers and sprayers, which disperse the water jet.
- Different sprinklers can be combined into a system and connected to one water source. They are optimal for small lawns. Several sprinklers can be combined into a system and connected to one water source. It is also possible to set a timer for switching on.
- Movable models rotate to irrigate areas one at a time.
- Irrigation systems are often hidden under the ground. Ideal for large areas, more than six acres. Sprinklers in such systems can be aboveground or underground (recessed), which are retracted only during irrigation.
It is not easy to carry out underground sprinkler systems with your own hands. This is usually handled by specialist engineers.
Lawn mowing – It is not just a matter of aesthetics. Mowing grass is essential for vegetative growth. This way they bush better. Their rhizomes proliferate and create a dense turf.
How to mow your lawn properly?
Mow in dry weather. But if the grass is already overgrown, it’s better to mow when it’s cloudy or early in the morning – with abundant dew. The blades of the mower are less likely to blunt.
The grass tilts in the direction in which you mow, so change the direction of the mower with each mowing. The grass cover will be dense and straight. And if you mow on time, then without gaps, which appear due to poor light penetration in the lower parts of the grass.
Grass cuttings are better collected and composted. Mulch makes an excellent organic fertilizer, rich in trace elements and humus. On hot days, you can leave mowing on the mowed area for 2-3 days to keep more moisture in the soil.
How often should I mow the lawn??
Mowing your lawn too often is not necessary. On average it is done once every 1-2 weeks so that the grass has time to grow, get stronger and give energy for the development of the root system.
The first mowing after winter is different than usual. Mow the meadow when the grass grows to 10 cm. Mow on ⅓ stalks so that the grass can recover faster after the cold weather. Set the mower blade at its highest level, at least 8 cm. This treatment will slow down the growth of weeds. After a few mowings «At the top» They will stop growing altogether. At other times, when grass is growing intensively, cut more, but leave at least 40 mm. Stems that are too short have weaker roots and are more likely to dry out the soil. Leave the grass longer – The stems will weaken.
If you don’t know when to mow the grass for the last time, use the weather as a guide. Grass grows at temperatures between 5 °C. Keep an eye on the air temperature to determine the last mowing.
How to mow a lawn??
- Super price
So that mowing the meadow doesn’t turn into a heavy duty, choose «correct» tool.
- or with a gasoline trimmer is more convenient to mow than with a regular lawn trimmer. Trimmer is light and maneuverable, but noisy in operation. No such problem with a scythe, but it requires some skill and blunts quickly.
- Lawn mowers make mowing easier. Unlike trimmers, they are equipped with grass collectors that collect and shred the mowing. You don’t have to rake the grass the old-fashioned way. Pay attention to motor power when choosing a mower. The more powerful, the tougher it is.
- easy to use: no need to fill up with petrol and oil. But you have to worry not to get the wire under the knife, not to burn the engine, would be enough wire for the entire perimeter of the lawn… models are more practical. If your lawnmower has a 2.5 mm thick fishing line, you can even cut raspberries and currants. By purchasing removable attachments, you can easily turn your lawn mower into a cultivator or snow blower.
And minitractors mow large areas that are difficult to care for by hand.
How to remove moss and weeds from your lawn
Moss in the glade appears due to unevenness of the soil, high compaction or increased acidity of the soil, as well as a lack of nutrients and poor soil drainage. It is also promoted by too low mowing and heavy shading.
To remove moss, find and eliminate its causes. Level the soil. If the soil is too acidic, lime it. For nutrient-poor soil – Comprehensive fertilization is necessary. To kill moss in the lawn due to heavy shade, replace the grass with a less fanciful. Plant red fescue or Kentucky bluegrass.
If large areas are infested with moss and the methods described above have proven ineffective – Use chemicals to remove moss or weeds.
Treat the clearing with a chemical solution on a warm, dry morning. After two days, water. Moss will turn black in two weeks after treatment. Rake it up, finish off the gaps with grass.
Destroying weeds is effective in two ways – Weeding or chemical treatment. It is most reliable to destroy weeds by hand, digging them up with the root. This gives good results, but is labor and time consuming. And in a large meadow, it’s almost unrealistic.
When weeds are abundant and the area under grass is large, it is better to use herbicides. Specialists recommend treating the area with herbicides before planting the meadow. When they have dried out the weeds, sow grass.
In a green and flowering meadow, apply selective herbicides that kill a particular type of weed without damaging the lawn crops. Selective herbicides are good because they kill not only the stems but also the root system of weeds. Chemical weed treatments are best done on a warm, windless day when the grass is dry.
Regular mowing and watering are enough to keep your lawn green and free of weeds. They increase the density of the grass carpet and turfgrass, thereby suppressing weeds. Annual weeds will die from frequent mowing.
Lawn fertilization and nutrition
Fertilize your lawn three times a year – In spring, summer and autumn. Timely fertilization strengthens the grass and helps eliminate weeds.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the amount of lawn fertilizer and the order in which it should be applied. If you over fertilize, you can damage your lawn and simply burn the grass.
When choosing what to fertilize your lawn with, consider seasonality. Spring and summer fertilizers contain a lot of nitrogen, which is necessary for active grass growth. Autumn fertilizer has more phosphorus and potassium, which strengthens roots and increases resistance to cold.
How to fertilise your lawn?
After mowing, before watering. It is better to apply fertilizer through a special sieve or with a spreader.
There is a perception that grass clippings – Not a bad fertiliser for lawns either. This is a misconception. Mowing grass is useful as a protective layer for turfgrass in the hot season. Lawn cuttings and grass clippings are not frost-resistant, so cover them with cling film when the weather turns cold.
Aerating and scarifying your lawn
Scarifying – The most effective way to clear your lawn of dry grass, moss, and plant debris. By loosening and combing the soil, you’ll facilitate air and light access to the lower layers of grass and improve fertilizer penetration into the soil.
Scarify lawns as needed, several times a season: in spring after snowmelt, in summer – To remove grass clippings in autumn – For cleaning up fallen leaves.
Scarifying tools – Fan or ordinary garden rake, lawn blower, scarifiers or special attachments on lawnmowers.
After scarifying it is useful to aerate the lawn to allow water, air and fertilizer to the roots. To do this, the soil is pierced to a depth of 10-15 cm. You can prick the soil with a common pitchfork (several times a season), or with a hollow-toothed pitchfork (once every 2-3 years). There are also special aerators: foot aerators, in the form of sandals worn on the shoes with teeth, mechanical and electric.
After aeration, sprinkle coarse sand over the lawn to fill in the holes. Sanding improves soil permeability and renews the soil.
Smoothing and reseeding your lawn
The grass gets old with time and loses its density. If your lawn has sprouted «balding», Have your lawn repaired. To keep your lawn looking well-maintained, resow any gaps in time. It’s best to do it on a cloudy or rainy day. Before leveling or reseeding, sweep the grass with a rake to remove dead plants. To properly sow, cut out gaps, loosen the soil, add fertilizer, and sow the seeds.
If you need to level the landscaped area from knolls, trim the turf in the protruding areas, bend back and smooth out the excess soil. Do the same if tree roots have started to extend into the lawn which can cause damage to the lawnmower. Bend back the cut turf, remove the root and return the green layer to its previous position.
Mulching the lawn
Mulching – is the spreading of a special mulch over the surface of a lawn to correct irregularities in the soil, improve root nutrition and reduce evaporation.
Mulch the clearing with different mixtures, depending on the type of soil. Mixtures often include sand, peat, and fertile soil mixed in different proportions, sometimes with the addition of leaf mulch.
- Mulching prevents the evaporation of moisture from the soil;
- Protects the roots from freezing in the winter cold;
- regulates the acidity level of the soil;
- enriches the soil with useful substances and does not let them wash out or evaporate from the soil;
- Weeds are less likely to germinate through the mulch.
Mulch lawns once a year, usually in early fall, by first mowing and clearing away the felt.
It is just as important to earth the lawn once every five years in spring or autumn. Covering ground with decomposed organic fertilizers will improve grass establishment and make the sward thicker. Spend the organic mixture optimally, at a ratio of 7-10 kg per 1m² soil.
Lawn care calendar
Lawn care in the spring
Spring lawn care begins with the first thaw. The meadow after winter is full of moisture, weakened, and easily damaged. In March, try not to walk on it unnecessarily to avoid potholes or holes from footprints. This is especially dangerous for young lawns.
When the top layer of soil has dried, carry out combing (scarifying) and remove the resulting felt with a fan or regular rake. If you find pockets of grass disease, cut all the plants in the affected area as low as possible with a lawnmower. Dig it up, loosen the soil with a rake, and only 10 days later sow new seeds.
Taking care of your lawn in the summer
The main answer to the question: «How to care for your lawn in summer» – is to water it in time and mow it regularly. The lawn may need a mid-summer fertilizer. If you notice that the grass has started to turn yellow – Fertilise in spring. In July-August the topsoil compacts little by little, so aerate and mulch to improve air exchange.
Lawn care in autumn. Preparing your lawn for the winter
Lawn care in September is not very different from that in August. Mow and water as needed. If after the summer heat there are gaps in the grass carpet – is to replant these areas. Lawn dressing in the fall is carried out in October, using special fall fertilizers. Do not use spring fertilizers, which are very nitrogen-rich – grass does not need them at all after a cold snap.
On a dry day, aerate the lawn to drain rainwater into deeper soil layers. If they are not, your lawn will be covered in a crust of ice when the frost sets in.
The last mowing of the lawn in autumn takes place at the end of October – November. Ideally, grass stems should be 60-80 mm high before wintering. Clean grass regularly of fallen leaves, twigs, and dry stems so they don’t interfere with aeration.
Lawns don’t need to be treated in winter. The important thing is – Do not walk on it until there is a snow cover. On icy lawns, it is advisable to break up the ice crust.
Watch this video review of Honda lawn mowers
Leave your opinion and wishes on “Lawn care that makes your lawn look as good as Buckingham Palace” | <urn:uuid:099cb28c-5a8a-4b07-a2cf-a585d0de21f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whatwherebest.com/lawn-care-that-will-make-your-lawn-look-as-good-as/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.932336 | 3,232 | 2.5 | 2 |
2 May 1869–20 October 1913 (Age 44)
Lübtow, Lauenburg, Pomerania, Prussia, Germany
When August Hermann Heinrich Tillack was born on 2 May 1869, in Lübtow, Lauenburg, Pomerania, Prussia, Germany, his father, Carl Frederick Wilhelm Tillack, was 26 and his mother, Wilhelmine Friedericke Wessling, was 23. He married Ottilie Wilhelmine Albertine Kleidon on 9 May 1889, in Ropeley, Queensland, Australia. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 1 daughter. He died on 20 October 1913, in Hatton Vale, Queensland, Australia, at the age of 44, and was buried in Ropeley, Queensland, Australia.
As a nonprofit, we offer free help to those looking to learn the details of their family story. | <urn:uuid:b3008d4e-b2ce-40b9-bbab-78ebbeaf3725> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/2M7Q-BYY/august-hermann-heinrich-tillack-1869-1913 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.977185 | 186 | 2.03125 | 2 |
President of the Coalition of Gun Control in Canada, Professor Wendy Cukier, who is also Associate Dean of Academics at Ryerson University, has suggested that mothers can be more attentive to their young sons.
“When you have a teenager coming home with expensive clothes and limitless amounts of money, you need to be asking some questions,” she told Sunday Newsday in a recent interview. Cukier was invited by the Women’s Institute For Alternative Development (WINAD) to speak at their regional conference of Women Talking With Women: Crime and Violence in the Caribbean, which took place during the week of the Fifth Summit of the Americas.
“I don’t know how influential mothers are here in Trinidad and Tobago, but in certain communities mothers do have a lot of influence over their kids. Women can also become more attentive to the problem and every one of those young men have a mother and father somewhere. I think there are opportunities to become more vigilant and ask questions earlier,” Cukier said. She also suggested that young women who are in the roles of friends or girlfriends have a choice – they could either reinforce gun carrying behaviour in young men by encouraging the thinking that it is “cool” or macho, or they can resist it.
Cukier said the focus of the conference was to raise awareness of risks associated with guns.
“I think it’s important to make sure that people have an understanding of the broad context of gun violence, she said. “Domestic violence is one important piece of it and we have to be concerned about it, but women can also play a role in making sure that appropriate strategies are put in place to deal with other kinds of gun violence and to say enough is enough.”
She said from past experiences, the results have been encouraging, not just in terms of the approach in dealing with issues related to gun violence, but also the impact that women could have when they organised and decided to effect political change.
Cukier said she was also aware that the police preferred not to get involved in domestic violence issues.
“The police would get calls on domestic violence situations and they’d know the guy. He’d be their buddy from the beer hall and in many cases, especially in small communities, domestic violence was treated as a private matter. That’s changed in Canada. There were similar problems 20 years ago, but it’s changed and if it changed in Canada, there’s no reason why it can’t change here,” she said.
Cukier said in Canada, women’s groups worked in partnership with the police and victims and played an important role in moving the agenda forward on gun control generally, but particularly in the context of domestic violence.
She added that many countries were now building the infrastructure for women to have a place of refuge and the supports that were required were just as important as making sure that the police started to take action against violence. Cukier said it was time to start looking at the root of where guns were coming from into TT.
“Looking at the flow of guns themselves does have an impact because guns don’t cause violence, but they increase the lethality of violence. We have to focus attention on the guns, where are the guns coming from, who needs to be held accountable.
“It shouldn’t be the responsibility of Trinidad or Canada to keep the guns from coming in on their own. Most of the guns are coming from the United States and the United States should be taking more responsibility for controlling the guns within its borders. That’s a huge problem for your country as well as mine,” she said.
Cukier said while a World Bank study had focused on Jamaica, Honduras, Haiti and Colombia as sources for guns, she said that research they had done suggested that those may be trans-shipment points while, in fact, many of them originated in the US. “The reality is that in the US there are almost as many guns as people and there are few effective controls. So, it’s probably true that guns are coming from Latin America, but the US has almost a third of all the guns in the world and it would be astonishing if a good portion of your guns weren’t coming from there.
“But again, if you’re not focusing on tracing the guns, if you’re not focusing on trying to find the guns, if you’re overlooking certain kinds of crime because there are certain inconsistencies, then you wouldn’t be able to answer the question,” she said.
She said there was no doubt that gun violence in this country had increased dramatically in the last 13 years. In 1995 there were 123 murders in TT, 45 of which were committed with guns; in 2005, there were 325 murders with 233 carried out with guns; in 2008, there were 545 murders with 90 percent of them carried out with guns, or about 490.
“If that’s true, and it looks to be that way, your gun murders have increased ten times since 1995 and that’s astonishing. That’s ten times the rate of gun murders in the US and 50 times the gun murder rate in Canada.
“My conclusion would be that while the country’s gotten wealthier, probably the disparity between rich and poor has increased and probably the drug problem has increased as well,” Cukier said.
Cukier said since she has been working on gun control in Canada, murders of women with guns have declined by 66 percent while murders with fists and knives have declined by ten percent. This, she said, suggested that the focus on guns has had a real impact because while it did not stop violence, women were more likely to be killed if there were guns around.
“Nobody is naive enough to think if you banned guns tomorrow violence would disappear. You need a justice system that responds appropriately, support from the police – enforcement and justice that’s fair and equitable.
“There is a saying that what gets measured gets done and if you’re not tracking what’s happening with the guns, not tracking where the guns are coming from, not tracking how many women are being threatened by guns, how many people are being killed by guns, there’s not much that can be done,” she said.
Cukier also noted that the fixation on guns by boys said something about the culture and processes of socialisation, adding that it was more in the culture than the psyche.
“Take Great Britain, they had 20 handgun murders last year. Great Britain has 60 million people. They beat the crap out of each other, but guns don’t play the same role in their culture. I think we are shaped by the export of American culture which does have guns as its centre. How many action movies can you think of where there aren’t guns? Those things are very subtle but, I think they play a big role.
“Young men’s notions of masculinity and what it means to be a man tend to be associated with dominance and aggression and guns,” Cukier said. | <urn:uuid:c073b0ea-c332-40e5-a383-b581c55e7310> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://archives.newsday.co.tt/2009/04/27/women-have-a-role-in-ending-gun-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.987139 | 1,505 | 2.078125 | 2 |
It used to be said that men married for sex and women for money. But marriage is proving an increasingly profitable enterprise for a growing number of American men who earn less than a growing number of better educated spouses – without enduring the social stigma that once afflicted husbands with working wives.
A study of married couples in the US has revealed that the proportion of American wives earning more than their husbands has risen more than five-fold since 1970. With that has come greater control by women of household finances.
The study, by the Pew Research Centre in Washington DC, shows that the shift follows a reversal in patterns of education. Today, a majority of wives are as well, or better, educated than their husbands.
"This is a portrait of gender role reversals in marriage," said one of the report's authors, D'Vera Cohn.
"The larger earner is increasingly likely to be the wife, the better educated partner is likely to be the wife.
"Marriage has been a way for men to raise their economic standing in recent decades when traditionally marriage has been a way for women to increase their economic standing."
In 1970, just 4% of American wives earned more than their husbands. That figure rose to 22% in 2007. Men are still the bigger earners in one in four marriages but with a far smaller proportion of wives not working, the income gap is smaller. Most married men did not have a working wife 40 years ago. Now they do.
Andrew Cherlin, a sociology professor at Johns Hopkins University who specialises in the study of marriage, said the findings showed a fundamental change in marriage over recent decades.
"It shows a shift in the basic marriage bargain. Under the old bargain men earned the money and women took care of the house," he said. "Now the bargain is that they both work and marriage is a pooling of income. The two-earner couples are the winners. Increasingly, they are better off."
From about 1990, it made economic sense for men to get married as the median income for those who got hitched for the first time rose above those who remained single. The median income of married women and men, and unmarried women, is about 60% higher than similar groups in 1970. But unmarried men, who once had the financial benefit of not having to support a family, have fallen behind. Their median income is only up by 16%.
The report said the economic crisis was "reinforcing these gender reversal trends, because it has hurt employment of men more than that of women".
The Pew study, based on US census statistics for married couples aged 30 to 44, shows that the changing financial fortunes of married couples reflects rising levels of education among women. Over the past 40 years, there has been a reversal in the pattern of education within marriage. The number of couples who have equal levels of education has stayed constant at about 53%.
But in 1970, 28% of husbands were better educated than their spouses while 20% of wives had the more advanced education. Now those numbers are reversed.
"Women had more access to education in the 60s and 70s," said Cohn. "The 70s began an era of great change for women in education and working. Marriage changes reflect those changes."
The report added that there was evidence from other research that women's growing economic clout gave them more power within marriage.
A Pew study two years ago found that wives who earned more than their husbands were more likely to have decision making power, especially over major purchases and household finances.
In couples where the wife made more money she was then more than twice as likely to make most decisions on household finances. But the report said there was an important exception to the rule that married people have fared better than unmarried ones.
"Married women without a high school diploma did not make the same gains as more educated women," it said.
"The stagnant incomes of married women without high school diplomas reflect the poor job prospects of less educated men in their pool of marriage partners. These less educated married women now are far less likely than in the past to have a spouse who works: 77% did in 2007, compared with 92% in 1970."
In addition, less educated Americans are less likely to get married. Forty years ago, education levels had little impact on who got married.
That is no longer true, with university graduates significantly more likely to marry – and each other.
"The university-educated people have been marrying each other and separated from the rest of the population. We've seen a shift between the educated and less well off," said Cherlin.
The report also found that the economic downturn was reinforcing the gender reversal trends as men were more likely to become unemployed. "Males accounted for about 75% of the 2008 decline in employment among prime-working-age individuals," the report said.
How are men taking all this? Opinion polls show that there is an expectation among a clear majority of couples that both partners will work, something that was not true in polls as recently as 1988.
"Certainly there are still some men who are insecure about women who earn more than they do," said Cherlin. "But increasingly they are pleased and less pressured than a generation ago. Fifty years ago a man would be embarrassed and ashamed of a woman working. It was a sign he couldn't support his family. No one thinks that any more." | <urn:uuid:2ae3b1ab-2026-462b-83bc-732eb635b9aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/women-earnings-study-pew-centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987168 | 1,102 | 2.09375 | 2 |
One of the most important goals you should have for you and your family is staying healthy this summer. One of the first things you need to remember is to stay hydrated! Instead of loading up on soft drinks, make your hydration water. It’s healthy and no calorie, making it a far better choice for anyone, whether trying to lose weight or not. Not only is cola unhealthy, it doesn’t quench your thirst. It contains two ingredients that makes certain it doesn’t, salt and caffeine. Sugar masks the salt, which makes you thirstier and the caffeine acts as a diuretic, also making you thirstier.
Don’t forget the sunscreen or to do safe sunning.
Getting some sun will help prevent vitamin D deficiency, but getting too much can lead to cancer. There’s a sweet spot that allows you to do safe sunning, followed by sun block, so you don’t get too much sun. If you go out at midday, which is when the sun is at its highest point, just ten to fifteen minutes three times a week may be enough to maintain vitamin D levels. The fairer your skin, the less time you should be unprotected. Midday sun is safer than exposure to the sun later in the afternoon. Unless you’re specifically trying to soak up the rays, wear sunscreen to prevent burning and skin damage.
Get moving before you embark on a super active day.
While you should exercise all year around, summer offers loads of opportunity to have fun doing it. Rather than miss out on summer fun, start getting in shape as soon as possible. You’ll build your stamina, flexibility and strength, which also protects you from injury. Don’t be a weekend warrior and overdo. Get ready for those times when you’re going to be extremely active by getting into shape ahead of time. If it’s hot out, take breaks and don’t forget to hydrate.
Get plenty of rest.
It’s harder to sleep in the summer. The days are longer and often sleeping schedules change because of that. You still need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep to be your healthiest. Getting adequate sleep not only keeps you more alert during the day, it’s heart healthy and can help you lose weight. If you need to make your room darker, blackout shades and curtains help.
- Stay on the beaten path when hiking. If you’re out in the woods or even gardening, watch out for plants like poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac. Learn what they look like so you can avoid them.
- Practice water safety. Keep children supervised and assign swimming partners, even for adults. Don’t forget life vests for everyone when boating.
- Make family get-togethers and barbecues healthier by including healthier food selections. It’s summer and a perfect time for grilled veggies. Grilled chicken is a better option than hot dogs, while grilled portabellas can substitute for burgers.
- Steer clear of alcohol, especially when out in the sun. Alcoholic beverages dehydrate you, so if you choose to drink when you’re out in the hot sun, alternate it with water. | <urn:uuid:a050884c-784f-4e89-bda3-f712ae06d402> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bodysculptorspersonaltraining.com/staying-healthy-this-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.928463 | 680 | 2.25 | 2 |
We are thrilled that you are interested in peer mediation. Here you will find a detailed explanation of peer mediation and links to further information and resources about conflict resolution. Feel free to contact Anya McDavitt, Director of Youth Programs, with any questions at 978-232-0002 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
As parents, you surely encounter numerous conflicts in your own lives. If you’re interested in avoiding court arbitration, you can bring your conflict to mediators by calling NSCMC at 978-232-1212 or email@example.com.
If you want to become a trained mediator or just want to develop your conflict resolution skills, we also offer basic mediation training for adults and parent/child mediation training. To learn more about our training, click here.
If you want to make a donation to NSCMC in order to ensure our peer mediation programs, and all our services, can continue, please click here.
GENERAL INFORMATION & RESOURCES
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY MEDIATION & CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROGRAMS | <urn:uuid:f526f1f6-0fbc-40b5-be36-c3e3885479bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nsmediation.org/youth-initiative/parents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.893628 | 231 | 1.601563 | 2 |
The past decade has been plagued with what seems to be a cluster of large earthquakes, with massive quakes striking Sumatra, Chile, Haiti and Japan since 2004. Some researchers have suggested that this cluster has occurred because the earthquakes may be "communicating" across large distances, possibly triggering each other. But a new analysis by Tom Parsons and Eric Geist of the US Geological Survey concludes that the cluster could just as well be the result of random chance.
Each of the devastating quakes in the 2000s drew huge media coverage and required extensive rebuilding and economic restoration. The intense interest in the earthquakes has led some to wonder if we are living in the middle of an "age of great quakes," similar to a global cluster of quakes in the 1960s. It's important to know whether these clusters occur because big earthquakes trigger others across the world, Parsons and Geist say, in order to predict whether more severely destructive quakes might be on the way.
To determine if the quake clusters in the 1960s and 2000s could be attributed to random chance, the researchers looked at the timing between the world's largest earthquakes--magnitude 8.3 and above--at one-year intervals during the past 100 years. They compared simulated lists of large quakes and the list of real quakes during this time with the between-quake intervals expected from a random process. The intervals between the real-life large quakes are similar to what would be expected from a random process, they found. In other words, the global hazard of large earthquakes is constant in time. Except in the case of local aftershocks, the probability of a new large quake occurring isn't related to past global quakes.
This could be disappointing news for researchers who thought global communication between quakes might offer a way to predict the most severe seismic activity. But there also may be some good news after a decade of destruction. If global great earthquakes are occurring at random, the authors say, then a specific number of quakes that cluster together within a short time is unlikely to be repeated in a similar way over a 100-year span.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:699756e1-a81d-4953-96ce-802914270842> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120802122611.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00221-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96024 | 436 | 3.484375 | 3 |
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. — A mom's fight for change when it comes to shore-based shark fishing, is now a reality.
Jessica Veatch pushed for shore-based shark fishing regulations after her daughter survived an attack.
As a result, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has new rules that include a ban on chumming, requirements for a no-cost educational permit and new equipment requirements.
There are also rules to help sharks, such as immediate release for certain species and cut the line laws.
The FWC also has an online test that informs fisherman to be considerate of swimmers.
"The fishermen should voluntarily make sure they are not fishing with swimmers in the water and not fishing on popular swimming beaches," Veatch said.
Her daughter has been back to the beach, but still not in the water. Veatch said her daughter is ready and hopes to take her to the beach during the summer. | <urn:uuid:f5339003-3877-4f32-9d40-8a1e66002097> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/a-moms-fight-for-new-shore-based-shark-fishing-laws-is-now-a-reality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.977579 | 194 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Implant Supported Dentures
Most people do not spend much time thinking about their teeth, but when you are missing an entire arch of them, you may find yourself dwelling on them more often than not. If you have sustained tooth loss in one or both of your dental arches (your top or bottom row of teeth), then you may have also spent some time thinking about your options for restoring them.
Nearly 40 million American adults are missing all of their teeth, yet so few people seem to realize that they have choices on how they can replace those teeth. While many of our patients are aware of dentures or implants, sometimes they do not even realize they could be good candidates for implant supported dentures until we here at McDonald DDS tell them about them!
Are Implant Supported Dentures a Good Choice for Me?
Most of us are aware of dentures, whether we had a grandparent or even a parent with them. We can all picture the bubblegum-pink resin floating in a clear drinking glass, and the appallingly bad, blocky chicklet-like teeth attached to it. However, despite being so comically poor in appearance, so many people are still reaching for dentures to replace their missing teeth. While dentures do serve a purpose for some patients, they are no comparison to the ease and comfort of an implant supported denture. Implant supported dentures are a permanent treatment option for patients who have lost an entire arch of teeth. They can be used on either your upper or lower arch, or you can use them on both. Unlike traditional dentures, which need to be replaced every five to seven years, implant supported dentures will last you the rest of your life if you take care of them. They will not negatively impact your bite force, and you will be able to chew at 100 percent efficiency. They do not require relining, and you can continue to eat your favorite foods without fear of embarrassing yourself by accidentally dislodging your denture. Implant supported dentures do not slip or click, and unlike traditional dentures, they also do not negatively impair your ability to speak clearly. They look and feel just like your natural, real teeth.
How It Works
Getting implant supported dentures does require surgery, but it is an entirely safe, easy, and straightforward procedure. They are a fantastic option for patients who may not be good candidates for traditional implants due to bone loss, as well, because they require less bone material to be successful. They also require less surgery than traditional implants, as they require just four implants to place them. As a bonus, they can also help prevent gum shrinkage and bone loss, keeping your face looking full and youthful instead of prematurely sagging and aged. To get implant supported dentures, we will first check to make sure you are in good oral health and do not have any contraindications. The procedure will be performed under a combination of local anesthetic and intravenous anesthetic. We will carefully place an incision into the gumline to expose the bone, then place the titanium implant directly into the bone. Over time, your body will accept the titanium implant, and your bone will start to grow over the implant, a process known as osseointegration. That keeps them strong and secure in your mouth.
For people who like having a beautiful, healthy smile, implant supported dentures are a wonderful treatment option. To learn more about them, or to set up an appointment with us here at McDonald DDS, please give us a call at (469) 649-0699 today!
Each time I am in for a visit, I am impressed by the genuine kindness, professionalism, and warmth from the staff. Having staff engaged with the patients makes a huge difference in your experience and I'll be a customer for life because of their approaching! | <urn:uuid:8568e434-f79f-49a9-bcf5-d91b8e8252b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mcdonalddds.com/p/dentist-Plano-Tx-Implant-Supported-Dentures-p42593.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.950547 | 793 | 1.734375 | 2 |
List Of Article
The Values of Immigrant Women
Established in 2003, TASAT was formerly known as the Mandarin Literacy Class for foreign brides in Kaohsiung City. In addition to teaching mandarin in Mandarin Literacy Class, liberating education and empowerment programs were also available.
UK Social Enterprise Report: First Step Trust
First Step Trust (FST) provides work and training opportunities for people excluded from work because of their disadvantages via diversified business models (business services).
Intersection 2021: Plum Corridor's 10-Year Path to Recovery
In 2009, Typhoon Morakot caused a devastating mudslide that buried Xiaolin Village. This is the story of how the survivors rebuilt their lives with almost-wild local plum trees and developed a sustainable business for the community.
iHealth: Door to Door Pharmacy that Delivers Medical Care to your Home
iHealth pharmacy has professional pharmacists personally deliver meds to patients’ homes, which is a boon for chronic patients living in remote and secluded areas around Taiwan.
O'right Shampoo: Greening the Whole Supply Chain
O'right is not only committed to the exclusive use of natural ingredients but also to the greening of the whole supply chain. | <urn:uuid:bf266bbb-423c-4788-93f5-3e3cf2c693c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://se.wda.gov.tw/EN/Article/Article?page=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.934409 | 253 | 1.710938 | 2 |
At first, you might not think too much about the fact that one or both of your hands feels numb when you wake up in the morning. You probably just slept on them wrong, right?
You might not think too much about the discomfort in your hands or stiffness in your fingers, either. After all, you use your hands a lot. It’s only natural for them to feel a little tired or a little sore, right?
You might be right on both counts. Maybe you did sleep wrong on your hands. Maybe your recent activity has led to some soreness and stiffness in your hands.
But you might also be experiencing the gradual onset of symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Road Markers for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve extending from the hand to the wrist becomes compressed. As the condition is worsening, a range of symptoms can give you—and your doctor—an early heads-up. Those symptoms include:
- Noticeable numbness in the hands in the morning caused by sleeping with the wrists bent—which places additional pressure on the compressed median nerve
- Tingling sensations in wrists, hands, and/or forearms which may worsen into periodic shock-like symptoms in the fingers
- An itching sensation in the hands, changes in the temperature of the hands in comparison to the rest of the body, and/or changes in the coloration of the hands
- Stiffness in the fingers and/or an inability to make a fist
- Difficulty with tasks involving small objects—like doing up buttons—due to a decline in pinch strength
- Pain—particularly in the index figure, the middle finger, and/or the thumb
That last symptom—the onset of pain—is likely to get your attention. But if you start to notice any of the above symptoms in any combination, your best move is to see a physician right away.
Get the Right Diagnosis—And the Best Carpal Tunnel Treatment Options
The sooner you see a doctor for a diagnosis, the sooner you can start getting relief. If you are experiencing pain that does not respond to treatment (which may include OTC pain relievers, rest, ice, and/or exercises), your doctor may recommend surgery to decompress the median nerve.
Dr. Williams Has the Expertise and Experience You Need
If you are interested in ultrasound-guided carpal tunnel release to relieve your carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms, Dr. Eric H. Williams can help. Contact us now for an appointment. | <urn:uuid:b45c3f62-2b9f-44d2-b87f-56c0797a6b2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.baltimoreperipheralnervepain.com/blog/identifying-carpal-tunnel-syndrome-early.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.935904 | 527 | 1.953125 | 2 |
THE newly shown episode of US pop-science show Mythbusters is sure to provide plenty of ammo for the anti-bike brigade – apparently proving that bikes are actually more polluting than cars.
It's not quite the full story, of course. Bikes aren't legally forced to meet emissions restrictions as strict as those for cars, so fitting them with expensive, heavy, bulky and power-sapping emissions-reduction kit would be a stupid move for any manufacturer hoping to be competitive. And in future bikes will be forced to meet similar emissions restrictions, at which point their lower fuel consumption and reduced CO2 emissions (the only emissions test they win on in this Mythbusters test) will make them 'greener' than cars.
Perhaps more important, and missed in the testing procedure here, is the fact that bikes spendfar less time stuck in traffic – to complete the same journey as a car, they can be running for a significantly shorter time, further reducing their emissions.
Anyway, if you can't wait for the proper English version of the episode (we get a voice-over that's less cringe-worthy to British ears) a quick YouTube search will come up with the original.
Of course, it might get deleted once Discovery spot it, but why not try above. | <urn:uuid:0a188e44-748b-44da-ac92-0f3bc902653e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.visordown.com/news/videos/the-motorcycle-mythbusters-episode-in-full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00075-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966578 | 261 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Google has gone ahead and released an experimental product that allows users to flip through pages of news as if they were reading a print magazine. The objective of Google Fast Flip is to enable you to quickly glance through the latest news updates. If you find the article interesting you can pause and read. Otherwise you can flip to the next page by simply clicking on the right arrow.
Fast Flip is an interesting concept. Initially google has signed up with three dozen top publishers, including the New York Times, the Atlantic, the Washington Post, Salon, Fast Company, ProPublica and Newsweek. Fast Flip displays partial screen grabs of each news instead of a textual excerpt. This has its own advantages and disadvantages. One one hand this allows the reader to get the gist of the story without reading the full story and may result in lost page-views for the publishers. On the other hand the visual presentation provides news publishers with more opportunities to attract readers. Google Fast Flip is also an unique opportunity for news publishers as this is the first time that Google is going to share revenues with the publishers.
As far as users are concerned, I think it has some potential. It allows you to get a glimpse of the article and gives you a better idea about its content. However, I am not entirely sold on the concept. What do you think about it? Don’t forget to tell us. And check out Telegraph’s article if you want a slightly different take on Fast Flip. | <urn:uuid:e0497f1e-7212-4a9d-89fa-b6e85fbf6369> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://techie-buzz.com/tech-news/google-fast-flip.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00155-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941245 | 297 | 1.640625 | 2 |
For more than 20 years, Qing Hu, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, and his group have been working on sources of terahertz radiation that can be etched onto microchips.
Terahertz spectroscopy, which uses the band of electromagnetic radiation between microwaves and infrared light, is a promising security technology because it can extract the spectroscopic “fingerprints” of a wide range of materials, including chemicals used in explosives. But traditional terahertz spectroscopy requires a radiation source that’s heavy and about the size of a large suitcase, and it takes 15 to 30 minutes to analyze a single sample, rendering it impractical for most applications.
Working with colleagues at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Toronto, Hu’s group describes a novel design that boosts the power output of chip-mounted terahertz lasers by 80 percent in the latest issue of Nature Photonics.
The researchers’ design is a new variation on a device called a quantum cascade laser with distributed feedback. “We started with this because it was the best out there,” says Ali Khalatpour, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and first author on the paper. “It has the optimum performance for terahertz.”
Until now, however, the device has had a major drawback, which is that it naturally emits radiation in two opposed directions. Since most applications of terahertz radiation require directed light, that means that the device squanders half of its energy output. Khalatpour and his colleagues found a way to redirect 80 percent of the light that usually exits the back of the laser, so that it travels in the desired direction.
As the best-performing chip-mounted terahertz source yet reported, the researchers’ device has been selected by NASA to provide terahertz emission for its Galactic/Extragalactic ULDB Spectroscopic Terahertz Observatory (GUSTO) mission. The mission is intended to determine the composition of the interstellar medium, or the matter that fills the space between stars, and it’s using terahertz rays because they’re uniquely well-suited to spectroscopic measurement of oxygen concentrations. Because the mission will deploy instrument-laden balloons to the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the terahertz emitter needs to be lightweight.
As Khalatpour explains, the researchers’ design is not tied to any particular “gain medium,” or combination of materials in the body of the laser. “If we come up with a better gain medium, we can double its output power, too,” Khalatpour says. “We increased power without designing a new active medium, which is pretty hard. Usually, even a 10 percent increase requires a lot of work in every aspect of the design.”
In fact, bidirectional emission, or emission of light in opposed directions, is a common feature of many laser designs. With conventional lasers, however, it’s easily remedied by putting a mirror over one end of the laser.
But the wavelength of terahertz radiation is so long, and the researchers’ new lasers — known as photonic wire lasers — are so small, that much of the electromagnetic wave traveling the laser’s length actually lies outside the laser’s body. A mirror at one end of the laser would reflect back a tiny fraction of the wave’s total energy.
Khalatpour and his colleagues’ solution to this problem exploits a peculiarity of the tiny laser’s design. A quantum cascade laser consists of a long rectangular ridge called a waveguide. In the waveguide, materials are arranged so that the application of an electric field induces an electromagnetic wave along the length of the waveguide.
This wave, however, is what’s called a “standing wave.” If an electromagnetic wave can be thought of as a regular up-and-down squiggle, then the wave reflects back and forth in the waveguide in such a way that the crests and troughs of the reflections perfectly coincide with those of the waves moving in the opposite direction. A standing wave is essentially inert and will not radiate out of the waveguide.
So Hu’s group cut regularly spaced slits into the waveguide, which allow terahertz rays to radiate out. “Imagine that you have a pipe, and you make a hole, and the water gets out,” Khalatpour says. The slits are spaced so that the waves they emit reinforce each other — their crests coincide — only along the axis of the waveguide. At more oblique angles from the waveguide, they cancel each other out.
In the new work, the research team simply put reflectors behind each of the holes in the waveguide, a step that can be seamlessly incorporated into the manufacturing process that produces the waveguide itself.
The reflectors are wider than the waveguide, and they’re spaced so that the radiation they reflect will reinforce the terahertz wave in one direction but cancel it out in the other. Some of the terahertz wave that lies outside the waveguide still makes it around the reflectors, but 80 percent of the energy that would have exited the waveguide in the wrong direction is now redirected the other way.
“They have a particular type of terahertz quantum cascade laser, known as a third-order distributed-feedback laser, and this right now is one of the best ways of generating a high-quality output beam, which you need to be able to use the power that you’re generating, in combination with a single frequency of laser operation, which is also desirable for spectroscopy,” says Ben Williams, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles. “This has been one of the most useful and popular ways to do this for maybe the past five, six years. But one of the problems is that in all the previous structures that either Qing’s group or other groups have done, the energy from the laser is going out in two directions, both the forward direction and the backward direction.”
“It’s very difficult to generate this terahertz power, and then once you do, you’re throwing away half of it, so that’s not very good,” Williams says. “They’ve come up with a very elegant scheme to essentially force much more of the power to go in the forward direction. And it still has a good, high-quality beam, so it really opens the door to much more complicated antenna engineering to enhance the performance of these lasers.”
The new work was funded by NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.
Adapted from multiple articles by the MIT News Office. Edited for context and format by CBRNE Central.
Editor also recommends: | <urn:uuid:8fc08368-4f3b-464f-831b-28dfab136b8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cbrnecentral.com/lightweight-terahertz-laser-could-be-used-for-chemical-explosives-detection/10811/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.941589 | 1,466 | 3.9375 | 4 |
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