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With Palestinian statehood bid looming, Israel offers concession to restart talks(Read article summary)
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu has reportedly agreed to the 1967 borders as a baseline for peace talks in exchange for Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state.
• A daily summary of global reports on security issues.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has reportedly agreed to resume peace talks with the Palestinians using pre-1967 borders as a baseline in exchange for Palestinians agreeing to recognize Israel as a Jewish state.
The Israeli prime minister's acquiescence to a demand he has long rejected – most recently at the White House in May – appears to be an effort to head off a Palestinian statehood bid at the United Nations in September.
The concession is part of a formula being floated in meetings with Israelis, Palestinians, the United States, European Union, and Russia in an attempt to secure a deal that would preclude a Palestinian statehood bid at the UN, the Jerusalem Post reports. As part of the deal, Palestinians would accept that the final goal of talks is two states: one Palestinian and one Jewish. That could be problematic for people on both sides: Some 20 percent of citizens in Israel are Arab, and roughly 20 percent of the 2.5 million people living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem are Jewish.
Mr. Netanyahu reportedly expressed a willingness to resume border talks on this basis in a closed-door meeting of the Knesset's foreign affairs and defense committee yesterday, according to Al Jazeera. The proposal would be contingent, however, on Palestinians dropping their UN bid.
Palestinian Authority officials, who have expressed skepticism about the reported concession because Netanyahu has not announced it publicly nor contacted them directly, rejected the possibility of giving up their UN bid, however. They said any talk about negotiations was "valueless," the Jerusalem Post reports.
[Chief Palestinian negotiator Saab] Erekat said that reports that Netanyahu has accepted the agreement should be viewed as a publicity stunt.
“Why doesn’t Netanyahu declare with his own voice that he accepts the 1967 borders as the basis for a two-state solution?” Erekat asked. “Why doesn’t he announce a cessation of settlement construction?” Erekat accused Netanyahu of playing with words.
“Netanyahu’s office said that he’s prepared to discuss such a formula and not accept it, and there is a big difference between the two,” he said.
Agence France-Presse reports that Netanyahu acknowledged in an Israeli parliament committee meeting Monday that Israel had no ability to block the symbolic vote at the UN. But the concessions could ensure US goodwill and therefore a veto of Palestinian UN membership in the Security Council.
Meanwhile, Fatah official Nabil Shaath said Tuesday that a bid for UN membership would make negotiations with Israel more likely and more successful by putting the two on more equal footing at the negotiating table, Maan News Agency reports. Israeli attempts to head off the UN bid are futile because the Palestinian leadership is committed to the plan, Mr. Shaath said.
Tony Karon charges in Time that, because the proposed deal accepts the 1967 borders as just the starting point for talks rather than endorsing them as formal borders, little has actually changed about Netanyahu's position. There's also no mention of the settlement freeze demanded by the Palestinians, and recognition of Israel as a Jewish state remains a nonstarter for Palestinians.
So the new Israeli position, while tweaked to appear to be more in line with what the Obama Administration has been asking, may not be all that new, after all. Nor is it one that makes it any easier for Abbas to accept, unless he's essentially looking for an off-ramp from a confrontational diplomatic strategy that threatens his ties with Washington -- which may well be the case.
If not, and the UN vote goes ahead, Netanyahu's latest position will simply have been an attempt to shift the blame for intransigence back onto the Palestinians. Netanyahu and Abbas, it should be noted, have never really negotiated with one another; instead, both "negotiate," or jockey for position, with the US and the wider international community. And Netanyahu's new willingness to talk about borders, but only on his terms and if the Palestinians withdraw their UN bid, is simply his latest move in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian battle for international public opinion. | <urn:uuid:1305fbe7-62d0-488f-84a3-74dbaab9c7a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://m.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2011/0803/With-Palestinian-statehood-bid-looming-Israel-offers-concession-to-restart-talks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960135 | 889 | 1.882813 | 2 |
What would you do...If I sang out of....?
How many of us sing-a-long with the radio, our favorite CD, MP3, or iTune? How many of think we know the lyrics to our favorite songs? How many times have you listened to a song and have wondered "did I hear that right?"
Here (or hear) is a small list of some of the most mis-sung lyrics of all time. You can check out, www.kissthisguy.com which boasts over 102,000 misquoted lyrics, and find your favorites.
The Poor, Misquoted...
"The girl with colitis goes by." (Real lyric: "The girl with kaleidoscope eyes," Beatles)
"Olive, the other reindeer." (Real lyric: "All of the other reindeer.")
"The ants are my friends, they're blowing in the wind." (Real lyric: "The answer is blowing in the wind," Bob Dylan.)
"There's a wino down the road." (Real lyric: "And as we wind on down the road," Led Zeppelin.)
"In a glob of Velveeta, honey." (Real lyric: "In-A-Gadda Da Vida," a.k.a., "In the garden of Eden," Iron Butterfly.)
"How's about a date?" (Real lyric: Billy Idol's "Eyes without a face.")
"It means so much to me, like a birthday, or a preview." (Real lyric: Duran Duran's "A birthday, or a pretty view," from "Rio.")
"Hello, hello! I'm in a place called Oregon!" (Real lyric: U2's "Hello, hello! I'm at a place called Vertigo.")
"Even Dallas games, people play." (Real lyric: "In the jealous games people play," Go-Gos "Our Lips Are Sealed.")
"Sure as Kilimanjaro rises up like Memphis, above the Serengeti." (Real lyric: "Rises like Olympus," from Toto's "Africa.")
"Go hippie, go hippie, go." (Real lyric: "Go ahead, be gone with it," from Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack.")
"The sheep don't like it, rockin' the cat box." (Real lyric: "Shareef don't like it, rock the Casbah," The Clash.)
"Pour some shook-up Ramen." (Real lyric: "Pour some sugar on me," Def Leppard.)
"Hold me close, young Tony Danza." (Real lyric: "Hold me closer, tiny dancer," Elton John.)
"Round John Virgin." (Real lyric: "Round yon virgin," from "Silent Night.")
"Baldheaded woman." ("More than a woman," Bee Gees.)
"Here we are now, in containers." (Real lyric: "Here we are now, entertain us," Nirvana.)
"Lucy's in a fight, with Linus." (Real lyric: "Lucy in the sky with diamonds," Beatles.)
"Who you gonna call? Those bastards!" (Real lyric: "Who you gonna call? Ghostbusters!")
"Desperado, you've been outright offensive, for so long now" (Real lyric: "You've been out riding fences," The Eagles.)
"If you change your mind (Jackie Chan), I'm the first in line (Jackie Chan)." (Real lyric: "If you change your mind (take a chance)," from Abba.)
"There's a bathroom on the right," as misheard for CCR's "There's a bad moon on the rise."
Obviously, "...while I kiss this guy" the famous misheard Hendrix lyric, which is really "kiss the sky."
*Do you know the actual lyrics to these often misquoted lines...?*
Dirty Deeds and the Thunder Chief
Addicted To Love
Might as well face it, you're a d**k with a glove.
Scallaboosh, Scallaboosh, will you do the banned tango...
Canadian National Anthem
Oh Canada, we stand on cars and freeze...
Losing My Religion
Let's pee in the corner, Let's pee in the spotlight.
Billy Ray Cyrus
Achy Breaky Heart
Don't break my heart,my eggy bready heart.
Lady Ga Ga
My My My Mom Broke Her Face... My Mom Broke Her Face
**Surprisingly commonly misquoted.**
The algebra has a devil for a sidekick eeeeeeeeee....
Beelzebub has a devil put aside for me...
***One of my favorites I found posted... There's some possible truth to the misquote but I think to number may be kind of on the low side.**
Like a Virgin
Misheard Lyric: Like a virgin touched for the thirty-first time.
Real Lyric: Like a virgin touched for the very first time.
More by this Author
Story of the bluesman, the Devil, and the deal at the crossroads, as retold in Stephen Davis's Hammer of the Gods. In the delta of the Mississippi River, where Robert Johnson was born, they said that if an...
1 All lies and jest, still, a man hears what he wants to hear and disregards the rest. - Simon and Garfunkel, The Boxer 2 All of us get lost in the darkness, dreamers learn to steer by the stars. - Rush, The Pass 3...
The pages are allegedly made from the skins of 160 donkeys, the Codex Gigas, is the world's largest and the most mysterious medieval manuscript. According to the Codex legend, this disturbingly beautiful text sprang... | <urn:uuid:08ea3943-3b87-4148-87c4-b3367ea9cc61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hubpages.com/entertainment/Misquoted-Lyrics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93455 | 1,233 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Graysville in Greene County, Pennsylvania — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
Pioneer David Gray for whom this village is named, tomahawked a homestead of 2174 A. here in 1768 and became owner of Fort Enoch circa 1769; enlarged it and renamed it Fort Gray. About 1820 on this same site his son Francis Washington Gray erected "Old Brick."-Tavern Inn which provided overnight lodging for stock drivers who travelled through on this "Old Drovers Road."
Erected 1974 by Gift of Nora Lee Orndorff, In memory of her father John Barclay Orndorff.
Location. 39° 55.904′ N, 80° 23.275′ W. Marker is in Graysville, Pennsylvania, in Greene County. Marker is on W Roy Furman Highway (Pennsylvania Route 21) 0.1 miles west of Main Street, on the right when traveling east. Click for map. Located in a Wayside Park. Marker is in this post office area: Graysville PA 15337, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 11 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. The Church - "New Brick" (a few steps from this marker); Ryerson's Blockhouse (approx. 2.8 miles away); Site of Old Lindley Fort and Stockade Waynesburg College (approx. 10.7 miles away); West Park (approx. 10.7 miles away); a different marker also named Waynesburg College (approx. 10.8 miles away); Greene County Civil War Memorial (approx. 10.9 miles away); Company K, 110th U.S. Infantry (10th PA) World War Memorial (approx. 10.9 miles away).
Categories. • Notable Places •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This page has been viewed 345 times since then and 59 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on , by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. | <urn:uuid:be6db8e6-42e1-4b9b-aab2-1bfb1f82986c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=56950 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933401 | 457 | 2.296875 | 2 |
From Nazi Laboratories to the
Surface of the Moon -
The Development of Modern
When looking at the advancements made in physics during the Second World War, it is often that we look to how these advancements helped ensure victory, and to how certain events and changes in the war could not have been possible without them. There are however, many cases in which these important developments ultimately failed to change the outcome of the war, and additionally, failed even to be effective in their role. Furthermore, they do not belong only to the Allied powers. These important advancements of the Axis powers, although they may not have achieved their original goals, can be seen to have had far reaching benefits even in our modern age.
One of the advancements that has certainly had a very large impact on the world post-war, is that of strategic missile technology. The Germans ultimately invested heavily into strategic missiles, resulting in the V-1 and V-2 missiles (“Vergeltungswaffen” or “Vengeance Weapons”). While there were some minor developments prior to World War Two, the origins of all modern cruise and ballistic missiles are considered to be found in the V-1 and V-2 respectively. These weapons would establish what would become the future path of missile development, that being dealing with the problems of guidance and propulsion .
V1 - Flying Bomb
Development began in 1936, lead primarily by Wernher von Braun and General Walter Robert Dornberger. The importance of the project varied throughout the early stages of the war but was eventually given the highest priority once the situation became more dire. The first weapon to see use was the V-1, which demonstrated the principles of a cruise missile.
This type of missile is powered throughout its flight by air-breathing jet engines which sustain it along its low altitude, and rather flat trajectory via aerodynamic lift. One explanation of lift is that it arises by the turning of a moving fluid, in this case air. Due to the aerofoil shape of aircraft wings, as air passes over the wing it closely follows the convex surface (The Coanda effect ), directing the air downwards at the end of the wing. The air that travels under the wing is also directed downwards once it re-joins the air from above. Additionally, the air travelling over the wing moves at a greater speed then the air travelling below. Combining these factors, the redirecting of air and a difference in speed results in a presssure difference, with the larger pressure being below the wing. This exerts an upwards force known as lift.
Because the V-1 required airflow for fuel ignition, the engine could not function below speeds of 150 mph requiring a ground catapult to provide an initial acceleration to 200 mph. Once the fuel was ignited it could reach a speed of 400 mph, with a range of over 150 miles. The V-1 had several drawbacks, the primary one being that it had a very primitive method of determining when it would impact the ground. It used a small propeller that, after a predetermined number of rotations, would activate the warhead. A drag device would also activate, directing the weapon downwards. This prevented V-1s from being used as precision weapons but ultimately over 10,000 would be launched before the war’s end, with the majority directed towards England.
V2 - Rocket
The second, and more famous “Vengeance Weapon” to see action is obviously the V-2. The rocket is considered to be the origin of all modern ballistic missiles. In comparison to cruise missiles, ballistic missiles are not driven by engines through the whole flight, instead exhibiting projectile motion after acceleration and following high, arcing trajectories. The V-2 had an operational range of 200 miles and a maximum speed of around 3,500 mph. This immense speed meant it was faster than the speed of sound, so would impact without warning, and it could not be intercepted by aircraft or anti-air fire. The only effective defence against V-2 attacks was to destroy the launch sites, primarily via bombing raids.
Due to the increased weight of the V-2 over the V-1, it could not be launched from an inclined ramp as it would lack the speed to maintain roughly horizontal motion. Therefore, they would be launched vertically, and the pitch (angle of incline) would need to be adjusted so that the correct flight path could be attained. With additional problems such as induced yaw (left or right turning) movement and the tendency of a cylindrical object to rotate, this meant the V-2 and all future rockets would require guidance and control systems. The rocket used an inertial guidance system which consisted of two gyroscopes and a lateral accelerometer. A spinning object, in this case the gyroscope, possesses angular momentum which must be conserved. Thus, the object will resist any change in its axis of rotation, as a change in orientation will result in a change in angular momentum . This is known as gyroscopic motion and it allows an object to maintain its orientation, even when inside a rocket. It allows the direction of the weapon to be known, and therefore adjusted, as the direction of the rocket can be compared to the direction of the gyroscopes. An analogue computer would then move control surfaces to re-orientate the missile.
To cause additional frustration amongst the engineers, the mass of the rocket would decrease in flight as fuel was expended, causing the centre of mass to shift. Changes in velocity and the density of the air also caused the centre of pressure to shift (this is the point through which aerodynamical forces are considered to act). The stability of a rocket is affected by the positions of these two points. If they move past each other, the rocket will become unstable. As a result of these factors, the navigation system would have to vary its level of input to the control surfaces, the difficulty of this ultimately causing accuracy issues like those seen in the V-1.
At the end of the war, approximately 4000 V-2 rockets were fired at Allied targets. Whilst the V-2 did show a higher kill count per launch than the V-1, its inaccuracy and relatively low amount of destruction (more damage could be caused via aerial bombing) meant its effect was mainly psychological. The entire V Weapons project had been a massive sink of resources for the German military. It likely hindered the war effort more than it helped as its total cost was $40 billion (2015), approximately 50% more than the far more successful Manhattan Project. However, despite the project’s failure, the developments made had brought in a new age of military technology. Allied and Soviet forces worked diligently to acquire as much information and German technical staff as they could, to develop their own versions of the weapons. Von Braun and Dornberger both defected to America where Von Braun would work for the rest of his life helping spearhead the American rocket program. The applications of these technologies would also see use beyond warfare, in the space race.
The Cold War and the Space Race
With the armies and nations of Fascism defeated (except for Francoist Spain), two new opposing superpowers had appeared, each with their own ideology and the beginnings of a rocket program. Capitalist America had, during Operation Paperclip, recruited much of the chief German technical staff and secured many V-2 rockets, whilst Communist Russia had the original testing facility of Peenemunde within the lands of the Eastern Bloc. In 1953, Russia tested their own nuclear weapons, ending the American monopoly on atom bombs. This, combined with the large distances required to reach strategic targets, outlined the need to develop long range missiles. The Arms Race of the Cold War had begun.
Initially the Americans were to slow to develop ICBMs, due to overreliance on the air superiority and strategic bombing capacity of the Air Force. However, this all changed when the Soviets launched their first Intermediate-Range-Ballistic-Missile (IRBM) the SS-6 Sapwood (this name was given by NATO, the Russian documents are still classified) in 1957. In response, the Americans would develop the Thor and Jupiter IRBMs, deploying them to England and Turkey respectively. The Russians had been launching from northern latitudes due to the short range of IRBMs (less than 3,500 miles), however problems such as freezing propellant and engine explosions meant the missiles would be relocated to Cuba. This caused the Cuban Missile Crisis, a point at which the Cold War nearly became hot. Nuclear Armageddon was avoided by an agreement between the USA and the USSR to remove each of their IRBMs from Turkey and Cuba respectively. This emphasised the need for Intercontinental-Ballistic-Missiles (ICMBs), weapons that had the range to reach America from Russia and vice versa.
To achieve the long ranges required of ICBMs, several advancements were needed. Missiles would instead have multiple stages, in which a section of the missiles expends its fuel and is detached mid-flight, giving way for additional engines in the next stage. Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of a body is equal to the net force divided by the mass of the body. If the mass is smaller, the thrust from the engines can provide a greater acceleration to the remaining sections. This increases the speed and therefore the range of the rocket as it will travel further horizontally before crashing back into the ground due to gravity. Additionally, ICBMs reach heights above the atmosphere. Here, with greatly reduced air resistance, missiles accelerate to their maximum speeds (up to 17000 mph). This high speed allows for the extreme range (upwards of 5,500 miles) but introduces a new complication. As the final stage(s) of the missile re-enter the atmosphere, the very high speeds result in severe friction with the air, producing enough heat to melt the weapon before it reaches its destination. This is Aerodynamic heating , and it occurs when an object moves through air at high speeds, compressing the air and increasing its temperature. The rocket then conducts heat from the air, ultimately converting an amount of its own kinetic energy into heat. The rate of this conversion is dependent on the speed of the rocket and how viscous the air is. This has forced the use of heat insulating material on the final stages of the missiles so that the warhead can be preserved long enough to reach the target. Guidance technology had evolved as well, with the inertial system from WW2 being improved by the addition of computers to provide accurate live information for automatic mid-flight adjustments. Three orthogonal accelerometers feed values of acceleration to the computer, which are integrated to compute velocites in each of the three spacial dimensions.
There were many other developments that were necessary to create ICBMs that came with their own difficulties (it was rocket science). What they ultimately achieved was the creation of a weapon so devastating that the threat of its use helped keep the Cold War cold. The term MAD (Mutually assured destruction) was coined, because the stockpiles of nuclear missiles was so great, that the USA and USSR could destroy the world 1,000 times over if they used all their warheads. However, if direct conflict was an unthinkable option, how was one nation going to express the superiority of its ideology to the other nation? This line of thinking of course lead to the space race, in which the two superpowers would battle for the conquest of scientific achievements instead of military goals. One of the great benefits of investing heavily into rocket weaponry, is that you also invest in an ability to launch objects into space.
As with the arms race, the Russians took the first steps and launched the world’s first artificial satellite in 1957, named Sputnik 1. This was a huge blow to the Americans, who in response rushed forward the launch of their own satellite which proceeded to explode on live TV shortly after launch. This was an international humiliation. Newspapers called the American Satellite ‘Kaputnik’ and ‘Stayputnik’ and a Russian delegate even offered aid ‘under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations’. This humiliation also saw the creation of NASA and the transfer to it of all military space assets. The Soviets would again take a further lead, launching the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin in the craft Vostok 1. This second humiliation ultimately caused the Americans to dedicate their efforts to something they believed they had a chance of achieving first. This would be the first crewed moon landing.
The first spacecraft that would land men on the moon would be Apollo 11. It was launched using a Saturn V rocket, which is an evolution of the Jupiter series of ballistic missiles. After almost three minutes the first stage detached, and after nine minutes the second stage detached. Apollo 11 entered a near circular orbit of Earth twelve minutes after launch, at an altitude of approximately 116 miles. To maintain a circular orbit a spacecraft must have a particular tangential speed (parallel to surface). This is because an object in orbit is always falling back to Earth due to gravity, but if it moves around the Earth at the correct speed, the distance between the object and the Earth will not decrease. After one and a half orbits thrusters activated, setting Apollo 11 on a trajectory toward the moon. The spacecraft then used the slingshot effect and its engines to decelerate itself into an orbit around the moon. A gravitational slingshot occurs when the gravitational pull from an object bends the route of a travelling spacecraft into a hyperbolic trajectory around the object. This effect is very useful when attempting to save energy as it can alter a spacecraft’s direction and speed without the expenditure of fuel. It has been used several times to explore the rest of the solar system, as in the case of Voyager 1.
The whole journey to the moon took three days, and upwards of six hours were spent on the surface. Lift off from the moon was easier, since there is no atmosphere, and the gravity is one sixth the strength of Earth’s. Therefore, the previously detached stages were not needed on the return trip. After a successful re-entry the command module (final stage) crashed down in the Pacific Ocean. Mankind had taken the first step towards becoming a species that exists beyond its planet of origin.
From Wartime Terror to Scientific Triumph
It can clearly be seen how developments intended for warfare, even ones envisioned by people belonging to an evil regime, can lead to achievements that benefit the entire human race. With the continuation of rocket and space technology into the present day, we now face an exciting prospect. We may have people on Mars in the near future. This could not have been possible at this current time if warfare had not dramatically accelerated the creation of the required technologies. Additionally, looking at the approaching threat of climate change and resource shortages, the largest war in history might even have been necessary to increase the level of research. With the efforts of people like Elon Musk, spacecraft technology now begins to approach economic viability, and there are plans in place to settle colonies on both the Moon and Mars. The once distant concept of asteroid mining is beginning to be seriously considered, and the option to purchase seats on spacecraft is even open to the public. One of the great tragedies of war, is that it is often only in times of war that we see mankind’s greatest ability to achieve. It is often only when the stakes are so high do people reach their potential, both within and without science.
Image links are embedded in the images.
- King, Benjamin and Timothy J. Kutta (1998). Impact: The History of Germany’s V-Weapons in World War II (ISBN 0-306-81292-4)
- Feynman, Richard; Gottlieb, Michael; Leighton, Ralph (2013). Feynman’s Tips on Physics, A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics. Basic Books.
- Tritton, D.J., Physical Fluid Dynamics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 (reprinted 1980), Section 22.7, The Coandă Effect.
- Kurganov, V.A. (3 February 2011), “Adiabatic Wall Temperature” , A-to-Z Guide to Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, and Fluids Engineering, Thermopedia
Struggling? Click the highlighted words for more info, or check the appendix out for more information | <urn:uuid:92327c4a-f4f4-494f-a8cf-36c3d0dff120> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pins.advancecreative.co.uk/2021/01/22/rocketry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.96304 | 3,490 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Here’s a magic trick that does not require any sleight of hand. But it does require a confederate and a certain amount of chutzpah. You can use this trick as a concluding activity in a training session. You can use it with any instructional content.
Here’s what participants see when I conduct the activity: I ask the participants to write a brief action plan to specify how they will apply the newly-learned principles and procedures. Then I ask five random participants to show their action plans to people seated around them. Then each of these participants fold the action plan, place it inside an envelope, and seal the envelope. I collect the envelopes, hold one of them to my forehead and describe images that pop into my mind. These mental images are uncannily associated with the action plan. I tear open the envelope and read the plan so everyone can see the direct connection between the images and the plan. I work through the other envelopes the same way, reporting images associated with the action plan inside the sealed envelope prior to opening the envelope and reading the plan.
Do not announce that you are going to perform a magic trick. Conduct the activity as if it were a typical closer at the end of a training session.
To come up with a brief action plan for applying new principles and procedures.
Any number, preferably more than five.
15 – 30 minutes
- Small pieces of paper
Before the start of the training session, secretly ask a participant to help you in performing a magic trick. Explain to your confederate that you will ask everyone to write a brief action plan at the end of the training session. Figure out exactly what sentence he or she would write. Have your confederate memorize the sentence while you memorize it too.
Example: Recently I conducted a workshop on giving and receiving feedback. Beth, my confederate, and I agreed on this action-plan sentence: I’ll give feedback to my husband about his frequent angry outbursts.
Brief the participant. Follow this important rule of magic: Never tell the audience that you are going to do a magic trick. Position the activity as a closer (which it really is). Explain that you would like everyone to write a brief and modest action plan that can be implemented within a week.
Distribute pieces of paper. Give a piece of paper to each participant. Ask the participants to write a short sentence outlining how they plan to apply their new skills and knowledge to a real-world situation.
Example: At the end of the workshop on feedback, I had participants to write down a sentence about how they plan to give feedback. I asked participants to specify who will receive the feedback and what the feedback will be about.
Pause while participants write their action plans. While everyone is writing individual action plans, your confederate writes the pre-arranged sentence. Keep yourself away from the group so nobody can accuse you later of peeking at action plans.
Ask a few selected participants to share their action plans. Randomly select five participants seated at different parts of the room. Include your confederate in this group. Ask these selected participants to show their action plan secretly to other participants seated near them.
Distribute envelopes. Give an envelope to each of the five selected participants. Ask the participants to fold the piece of paper in half (so that the written side is hidden) and place it in the envelope.
Collect the five sealed envelopes. Keep your confederate’s envelope at the bottom of the pile. Explain what you are going to do using pseudo-scientific terminology.
Example: This is my explanation: “Recent advances in accelerative learning and suggestopedia indicate that when several people concentrate on the same action plan, the chances of it becoming reality is very high. I have recently acquired certain metacognitive schema that enables me to perform stochastic forecasts of future probabilities of the success of action plans. I would like to try an experiment to see if this mathemagenic activity is possible today. Please help me by maintaining an atmosphere of quiet expectation and a focus on the selected action plan. Visualize images associated with the successful implementation of the action plan.”
“Read” the first action plan. Shuffle the five envelopes claiming that you are randomizing their sequence. However, keep your confederate’s envelope at the bottom of the pile. Pick the top envelope, place it on your forehead and describe a series of images associated with the action plan written by your confederate (even though it is not inside the envelope that you are holding up against your forehead).
Example: Here’s what I said: “This must an interesting action plan. I see the writer of this action plan talking to somebody very dear to her. She is making an appropriate statement using the format that we learned in the workshop. The person receiving the feedback appears to be unhappy. No, this person is highly irritated. Actually, he is very angry. His anger is rapidly increasing. He yells, “I don’t have a short temper.” But the feedback provider does not back down. She repeats the same message like she learned in the workshop. The other person is calming down. He is now accepting the truth of the feedback. He agrees that he tends to get angry. No more denial. He seems to have an important insight. He says, “I’ll try not to get angry. Thank you for giving me such clear feedback.” The images are now becoming blurred. Now they have stabilized again. I see a clear image of the two people living happily ever after.”
This is the most important part of the magic trick and it requires you to play the role of a mind-reading psychic. Make up the images as you go along. Make sure that the images are related to the action plan. Use all your story-telling skills.
Confirm the relevance of your mental images. Ask if any participant has written an action plan that is related to the images that you saw. Your confederate will stand up and others around him or her will agree that your psychic images were right on target. Now say something like, “Let’s see exactly what you wrote.” Tear open the envelope and simultaneous do these two things:
- Pretend to read the envelope and repeat the action-plan statement that you and your confederate had memorized.
- Read and memorize the action plan on the piece of paper. Focus on remembering the critical details.
Casually throw the piece of paper on the table. Immediately pick up the next sealed envelope and place it on your forehead.
“Read” the second envelope. Repeat the same play-acting and story-telling activities as before. Report a stream of images associated with the action plan in the card you memorized earlier. At the end of this act, repeat the procedure of asking the participant who wrote the action plan to stand up, tear the envelope open, retrieve the card, repeat the statement you memorized previously, and memorize the new action plan.
Repeat the procedure. Go through one action plan at a time. Follow the same procedure with the last card. Open the envelope and “read” this card, repeating the details that you memorized the information that you memorized from the previous card. Ignore the fact this is the card written by your confederate.
Continue with the closer activity. Return the action-plans to the five selected participants, including your confederate. Give everyone new envelopes and ask them to place their actions plans inside the envelope. Ask everyone to write his or her address on the face of the envelopes.
Ask participants to exchange envelopes. Each participant should exchange his or her envelope with someone else, exchange the new envelope with someone else, and continue doing this until nobody knows who has got which envelope. Ask participants to take the envelope with them, place a stamp, and mail it after a week. Thus every participant will receive an envelope as a gentle reminder of the action plan.
Conclude the activity. Participants may clamor for an explanation of how the mind-reading trick was done. Politely decline to reveal the secret with a humorous response like, “If I tell you the secret, I’ll have to put an amnesia hex on you.” or “They will kick me out of the magician’s guild if I do that”.
A Magical Job Aid
Here’s a checklist to help you practice and rehearse this magic trick. This job aid reminds you of what you should pretend to be doing and what you should be actually doing during each step of this trick.
|Step||What you pretend to do||What you actually do|
|1.||Ask everyone to write an action plan.||Your confederate writes a pre-arranged action plan.|
|2.||Select five random participants.||One of the selected participants is your confederate.|
|3.||Selected participants share their action plans with others.||Selected participants share their action plans with others.|
|4.||Ask participants to fold the action plans and place them in an envelope.||Ask participants to fold action plans and place them in an envelope.|
|5.||Collect and mix the envelopes from the five selected participants.||Keep the envelope from your confederate at the bottom of the pile.|
|6.||Place the top envelope on your forehead and report a series of mental images that are associated with the action plan.||Report a series of mental images associated with your confederate’s action plan. (This is not the action plan inside the envelope.)|
|7.||Open the envelope and read the action plan. This action plan matches the mental images that you reported.||Pretend to read the action plan inside the envelope but repeat your confederate’s pre-arranged action plan. At the same time memorize the action plan in the piece of paper.|
|8.||Casually throw the action plan down and pick up the next envelope. Place the envelope on your forehead.||Casually throw the action plan down and pick up the next envelope. Place the envelope on your forehead.|
|9.||Report mental images associated with the action plan in the second sealed envelope.||Make up mental images associated with the action-plan that you read in the previous step.|
|10.||Repeat the procedure of reading action plans from sealed envelopes and confirming them.||Work with the action plan from the previous envelope. Under the guise of reading the action plan in the current envelope, repeat the previous action plan and memorize the current one.|
|11.||Read the action plan in the final envelope.||Repeat the same procedure. Immediately continue with the other steps of the closure activity.| | <urn:uuid:a09ade3c-cb89-4a8a-867d-321cbc715be3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thiagi.com/games/2016/2/6/a-magical-closer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929923 | 2,274 | 2.171875 | 2 |
In a boost to Indian Armed Force defence system, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on Monday (25th january) successfully test-fired surface-to-air Akash-NG (New Generation) Missile that can intercept high manoeuvring aerial threats.
According to DRDO, the new interceptor complex that can attack the target with an absolute success rate.
The Akash-NG system is a new version of Akash developed for the Army Air Defense force. The most distinctive feature of the Akash is that the missile uses a ramjet jet engine, providing supersonic thrust throughout the missile’s flight distance.
The key advantage of the Akash NG is its brand-new rocket motor. Instead of the old ramjet that powered the legacy Akash missile, the new version has a two-pulse, solid rocket motor. This gives it a longer range of 30 km and the ability to generate a high terminal velocity, outperforming even the fastest and most agile enemy fighter.
“When the second pulse motor is fired, the Akash NG speeds up and no enemy aircraft can get away,” said a DRDO scientist involved in the development of the new missile.
Making the Akash NG even more deadly is its entirely indigenous seeker head, which has been developed by the DRDO laboratory, Research Centre Imarat (RCI). This locks onto the enemy aircraft and continuously guides the Akash NG warhead to its impact point with the target.
The Akash NG detects enemy fighters at ranges out to 80 km. By the time the enemy aircraft is 50 km away, the Akash NG’s computers have calculated the launch trajectory and impact point, and the missile is launched. In just over a minute, the Akash NG missile blazes its way to the impact point 30 km away and strikes the target.
The rocket itself has been re-engineered almost completely and has been brought down from the legacy Akash’s weight of 700 kg to a sleek 350 kg. That allows the Akash NG launchers to carry more than the three missiles that the legacy Akash launcher carried.
The IAF has already inducted seven units of the Akash missile, while the army has inducted two units and has another two on order. Defence ministry sources said the army is likely to incorporate several features of the Akash NG in its current order. | <urn:uuid:f76b59d4-0103-4a55-bd19-77ac04c159cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.defenceview.in/india-new-air-defence-missile-with-100-accuracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.941015 | 491 | 2.234375 | 2 |
With Kris Palmer on wood flute, Nancy Kim on cello, and Steve Lin on guitar, the Black Cedar Trio applies this unique mix to a wide range of repertoire, including Renaissance love songs and dances, Baroque trio sonatas, Appalachian folk songs, and world premieres by living composers. They are particularly interested in promoting new chamber music coming out of Asia, such as the music of Cambodia's Chinary Ung, China's Lei Liang, and Korea's Sook-Ja Oh.|
The San Francisco Examiner writes, "They bring a solid academic foundation to their performances. Black Cedar brought their historically-informed performance talents to the Noontime Concerts recital series at Old St. Mary's Cathedral The overall result was a delightful introduction to early repertoire, presented with historically-informed performances on modern instruments." The South Bay Guitar Society writes, "They perform beautifully together: perfect synchronization of subtle rhythms and phrases."
The Black Cedar Trio's Davis Art Center program presents a beautiful Baroque trio sonata by the German flute master, Johann Joachim Quantz and a trio by Franz Joseph Haydn, both of which feature Palmer's expertise in eighteenth-century performance practice. "Palmer is clearly among the few current performers on any instrument to fully understand the nature of this music," writes the New York Concert Review.
The trio is especially excited to introduce some recent works by Asian composers, including music by Korea's Sook-Ja Oh and "Te Whangnui-a-Tara" by New Zealand's Ross Carey. Carey translates the title from the Maori language as "The Great Harbour" of Tara, the original name for Wellington Harbor. He says the first movement "relates a time before any human presence around this body of water; the hills and valley are alive with the sounds of birds and insects." In the second movement, "energetic motions convey the great Earthquake of the 1400's, which raised the land where Wellington airport now stands." The third movement is "a contemporary portrait; the busy lives of the inhabitants scattered all around the quiet presence of the Great Harbour of Tara."
Guitarist, Steve Lin performs "A Journey Into Desire," a solo work written especially for him by China's Lei Liang. The composer writes, "Lin asked me to compose a piece inspired by Honglou Meng (Dream of the Red Chamber) written by the 18th-century Chinese author Cao XueqinI chose one thread in the story, and used core pitches to represent the protagonist Boyu and his journey down to the human realmBoyu is to discover that the human realm is ultimately an illusory world. His journey into desire becomes a means to transcend desireThe structure of the piece follows a cyclical narrative that builds on infinite variations of the basic material a strategy commonly used in Chinese traditional instrumental music. It is as if the music unfolds endlessly, without a focal point or a climax. It depicts the transitory moods and an overall atmosphere."
Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu's meditative "Toward the Sea" for alto flute and guitar has become a masterpiece of 20th-century chamber music. Written in homage to Hermann Melville's novel, "Moby Dick," Takemitsu draws upon the spiritual dimension of the book, exemplified by his statement that, "meditation and water are wedded togetherThe music is a homage to the sea which creates all things and a sketch for the sea of tonality." This work was commissioned in 1981 by Greenpeace to support their Save the Whales campaign.
The Black Cedar Trio's remaining 2013 appearances are at the Subterranean Arthouse in Berkeley, the Emerald Tablet in San Francisco, Last Fridays @ Pro Arts in Oakland, Second Friday @ Arlington in Kensington, and St. Andrews Episcopal Church in San Bruno. This appearance at the Davis Art Center is their only Central Valley show for the rest of this year.
Davis Art Center (View)
1919 F St.
Davis, CA 95616-1163
|Kid Friendly: Yes!|
|Dog Friendly: Yes!|
|Wheelchair Accessible: Yes!| | <urn:uuid:97f98e02-44fb-4caa-a914-4f445d605cc0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/390276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00529-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937014 | 854 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Aegis (聖盾 Hijiri tate, lit. Holy Shield in the Japanese version, Égide in the French version, Egida in the Italian version, Égida in the Spanish version) is a Skill from Fire Emblem Awakening that halves damage from Bows, Tomes, and Dragonstones. The activation is (Skill)%. Aegis will not activate from Dual Attacks. This was changed in Fates, and it can now activate on any kind of attack with those weapons. It is learned by Paladins at Level 15.
A stronger version, Aegis+, which has a 100 percent activation rate, can be found on certain enemies on Lunatic+ Mode.
Aegis (from the Greek Αιγίς), as stated in the Iliad, is the shield or buckler, or breastplate, of Athena and Zeus, famously bearing Medusa's head, which, according to Homer, was fashioned by Hephaestus. | <urn:uuid:fd0716db-e013-414d-bfba-2a40021d90f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://fireemblem.wikia.com/wiki/Aegis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953315 | 203 | 2.0625 | 2 |
75 Years ago, on 7th December 1941, a devastating surprise attack was launched on Pearl Harbor, the US naval base on Hawaii.
Just before 8am on the Sunday morning, a swarm of 353 Japanese aircraft descended from the sky and unleashed a barrage of bombs and bullets on the US Pacific fleet stationed on Oahu. In the space of just two hours, the Japanese force inflicted cataclysmic damage, obliterating twenty US naval vessels, including eight massive warships, and over three hundred aircraft. More than 2,000 US soldiers and sailors were killed and another 1,000 wounded.
The effectiveness of the attack provides a sobering reminder of the nature of war in the 1940s. Setting sail on 29th November, an entire Japanese fleet including the biggest group of aircraft carriers ever assembled by that point, managed to sneak up on Pearl Harbor completely undetected. With no satellite coverage and RADAR still in its infancy, surprise attacks were much more achievable during the Second World War. The only way to detect fleet movements was with sea and airborne patrols.
In many ways, the attack on Pearl Harbor could have been much worse for the US Navy. Fortunately, none of its fleet of aircraft carriers were in the harbor at the time, all of them either on exercises or stationed elsewhere. As the success of the Japanese attack hinted, aircraft carriers would prove vital in the war in the Pacific. Significantly, the US’ entire contingent had made it through the first engagement unscathed.
The Pearl Harbor attack’s consequences quickly became apparent, and would totally alter the balance of the Second World War. Until December 1941 the USA had avoided direct involvement in the conflict that was tearing through Europe, Asia and Africa, its main contribution being bolstering the British war effort by shipping supplies across the Atlantic. The day after Pearl Harbor was attacked, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan; the declaration was quickly approved with just one dissenting vote. Three days later, Japan’s allies Italy and Germany declared war on the USA, with Congress swiftly reciprocating.
For two years the USA had stayed away from the fighting of the Second World War. In the space of just four days it was at war with all of the Axis powers. America’s vast industrial and population resources thrown behind the Allied side.
So, just how unexpected was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? Conspiracy theorists have claimed that US intelligence knew the attack was coming, but opted to do nothing, allowing the images of the shocking devastation to cover front pages the next day to turn public opinion in the United States firmly in favour of entering the war. There is little concrete evidence to support this argument however, save for an encoded message intercepted by US intelligence that hinted at the Japanese plan. Generally, historians claim that it’s only with hindsight this message pointed to an incoming attack; the US military had simply failed to grasp its significance.
Japan and the USA had been edging towards war for quite some time however, even if the Japanese attack was an unexpectedly sudden escalation of hostilities. Throughout the 1930s the two nations had been embroiled in a conflict over influence in the Pacific region. Japan’s invasion of China in 1937, and in particular the Nanking Massacre, turned US public opinion against Japan, and also brought Japan into conflict with troops from China’s ally, the Soviet Union.
The USA placed a host of tough economic sanctions and trade embargoes on Japan, hoping to halt its expansionism by strangling its supplies. Japan’s resolve remained unbroken however, and it continued to expand through Asia and the Pacific. In July 1941, the tension between the countries reached breaking point. Japanese troops took Indochina, and the US responded by placing an oil embargo on Japan and freezing all Japanese assets.
Japan was in an economic stranglehold, cut off from vital materials. With hindsight, it is perhaps obvious that Japan would respond, but at the time the country’s resilience was hard to predict. Japan decided to invade the British and Dutch colonies in South East Asia to gain access to vital raw materials there, including oil. The attack on Pearl Harbor then, can be seen as the start of an audacious plan, or an act of desperation. The massive attack launched with the hope of disabling the US Pacific fleet; preventing it from responding to Japanese attacks on the British and Dutch territories.
Ultimately, the Pearl Harbor attack failed to achieve its goals. The US was able to recover surprisingly quickly, and Japan could not resist its superior military strength. Within four years Japan would be defeated, its territorial gains in Asia and the Pacific all lost. | <urn:uuid:21793856-1203-4192-a2dd-fe9cb0f4370d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newhistorian.com/pearl-harbor-75-years-since-day-lives-infamy/7669/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971617 | 945 | 3.75 | 4 |
The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) adopted on Friday two resolutions in favor of Palestine, the official Palestinian news agency WAFA reported.
The Council, consisting of 54 members, approved by an overwhelming majority two resolutions on the ‘Economic and social repercussions of the Israeli occupation on the living conditions of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan’, and ‘Situation of and assistance to Palestinian women’.
With large majority UN Ecosoc adopted 2 important resolutions on Palestine. UN resolutions are strong legal tools to preserve the rights of the Palestinian people.
Thanks 🇲🇪 for the support and for keeping your principled positions in harmony with the UN charter @MFA_MNE pic.twitter.com/grsyt4Kiu6
— Rabii Hantouli (@RabiiHantouli) July 22, 2022
The first resolution, introduced by the representative of Pakistan, says the Council would call for the full opening of the border crossings of the Gaza Strip, in line with Security Council resolution 1860 (2009), to ensure humanitarian access as well as a sustained and regular flow of persons and goods.
The resolution also calls for the llifting of all movement restrictions imposed on the Palestinian people, including those arising from ongoing Israeli military operations and the multi-layered closure system, and for other urgent measures to be taken to alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is dire in the Gaza Strip.
— Sarah Wilkinson (@swilkinsonbc) July 20, 2022
Further to the text, it would stress the need to preserve the territorial contiguity, unity and integrity of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to guarantee the freedom of movement of persons and goods throughout it, as well as to and from the outside world.
The Council also approved the resolution titled “Situation of and assistance to Palestinian women” (document E/2022/L.18), by a vote of 40 in favor, to 6 against (Canada, Czech Republic, Israel, Liberia, United Kingdom, United States), with 4 abstentions (Austria, Croatia, Guatemala, Solomon Islands).
(WAFA, PC, Social Media) | <urn:uuid:c0abf0bf-2f1a-4d63-9749-29359a49926f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.palestinechronicle.com/un-economic-and-social-council-adopts-two-resolutions-in-favor-of-palestine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.92326 | 477 | 1.890625 | 2 |
“Open” Primaries and the Illusion of ChoiceBy Susan McWilliams for FRONT PORCH REPUBLIC
Claremont, CA. On Tuesday, the residents of this fair state voted to “open” the California primaries. From now on, every voter in the state will receive the same ballot in a primary election. In each race, voters can choose among all candidates, and the two candidates who garner the most votes – regardless of party affiliation – will appear on the general ballot.
As my calculated use of quotation marks suggests, I’m not sure “open” is the best way to describe this or similar electoral systems. Open to whom, and on what terms?
This is a system which is effectively going to bar third-party candidates from appearing on the general ballot, which often will force Republicans to choose between two Democrats in a general election (and sometimes vice versa), and which prohibits voters from writing in candidates on the general ballot.
And, as a report from the nonpartisan Center for Governmental Studies predicts, it is going to “significantly” increase the cost of running for office in California, since candidates will have to make appeals to a wider swath of voters. That means, of course, that it will be that much more difficult for non-moneyed candidates to have a shot at elected office.
To add to the fun, no candidate will be required to list a party affiliation on the ballot – thereby taking away one important piece of information from voters who make it to the polls.
I’m sure the citizens whose votes passed this measure, Proposition 14, were attracted to the language of “openness” and “choice” that proponents used to sell it. (Major proponents, for the record, included Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and many of California’s biggest corporations and wealthiest individuals, who outspent the opposition by a 20-to-1 margin.)
But this strikes me as further evidence that the language of choice is the hypno-narcotic of contemporary American rhetoric: the disorienting drug that we cannot resist, that lures us in with the promise of a momentary high, that conceals its true nature until too late, that fries our brains.
It’s not news that Americans tend to think of having more choices as having a more fulfilling life, despite the great evidence to the contrary amassed by people like the psychologist Barry Schwartz (whose book The Paradox of Choice is one of the great reads of the last decade).
But more and more, it seems that in this country, where “choice” is a pseudo-sacred concept, Americans do not really see where our choices actually begin and end. Despite all our sanctification of the idea of choosing in the abstract, we don’t understand choices all that well.
Often, as in the case of Proposition 14, we latch ourselves to things because they claim to give us more choices – even when a moment’s reflection would suggest that they might do the opposite. In the case of this law, the vaunted “openness” it promises at the primary level is more than counterbalanced by great restrictions on choosing in the general election.
Marketers have long exploited us by encouraging us to misunderstand our choices in that way; the great fashion retailer George Davies once said that one of the “keys to success in retailing” is “to give the illusion of choice.”
Our choices are so often misrepresented in this culture that we are in effect trained to choose poorly. Having been bombarded by illusions of choice, and illusions about choice, it is not surprising that we often mistake the illusion for the reality. And over time, we pass on those illusions as truth.
I recently heard some hilarious stories from a friend who works at daycare facility in the Midwest where she is instructed not to discipline toddlers when they misbehave, but to talk to them about their “choices.”
This is what that looks like: say little John punches little Matt in the face. The daycare worker who spies this is trained to respond by saying, “Now, John, punching Matt in the face is not a choice right now.”
Of course, as long as you have arms and the ability to use them, punching another person in the face is always a choice. So these kids are being trained to misunderstand choice from the get-go. My friend reports that it is common to hear a child say something like the following: “Ms. So-and-so, Jane is playing with the blocks, but playing with the blocks is not a choice right now!” The sentiment is clear, but the language is muddling.
That muddling is a problem for us grown-ups, too, and a serious one. It’s been a few years since William Saletan showed in his book Bearing Right how the overuse of “choice” in our language eviscerates our ability to talk seriously about public matters, to talk in moral terms, and to talk about justice. It’s a problem that has become embedded in discrete policy issues – take abortion (framed as “choice” versus life) and education (with all those proponents of school “choice”) – but which more generally troubles our ability to talk to each other as citizens.
Americans often talk as if choice is what we are all about. If you search Google for the phrase “choice is what makes America great,” you will find thousands of people reciting that mantra. But that proposition has its grim shadow, in the truth that misunderstanding choice is what makes America weak – or at least weaker than we might truly choose to be. | <urn:uuid:b5ee9369-e046-4d07-9e15-d8c71adcf413> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2010/06/open-primaries-and-the-illusion-of-choice/?wpmp_tp=0&wpmp_switcher=desktop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966969 | 1,193 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Cheshire grower shatters Big E record with 1,295 pound pumpkin
CHESHIRE -- It began in April as just a seed, planted inside Daniel Kruszyna's house with a batch of others just like it.
At the end of the month, it was transferred outside into a mini-greenhouse on his Cheshire property.
By summer's end, it was a monster.
And at 1,295 pounds, it was more than just the champion pumpkin at the Big E's 2013 Pumpkin Contest -- it set a fair record.
"It's the biggest we've ever had," said Donna Woolam, the fair's director of agriculture. "In more than 20 years of records, no person has ever brought a heavier pumpkin to the fair."
Kruszyna's giant gourd broke the previous fair record, 1,284 pounds, set in 2008, according to Woolam.
"It was a good growing year," she said. "Not too dry, not too wet."
Hundreds of fairgoers gathered at the Mallory Complex in West Springfield last week to witness the weighing of the Northeast's champion pumpkins.
A pumpkin enthusiast of 20 years, Kruszyna said "no magic way" exists to grow such a gourd. But the seeds, Atlantic Giant being the preferred strand, are important as anything.
"Most of the growers trade seeds with one another, and there's a family tree on these things," he said. "Some go back 20 years."
Once the pumpkins become large enough, growers will transfer them off the ground and onto another surface. Kruszyna uses plywood.
"It's a challenge to make something grow that fast," Kruszyna said. "I'm out there [tending to the pumpkins] sometimes twice a day. I grew up on a farm [on West Mountain Road] and later got away from it. So this is my way of still being a farmer."
The primary change in technique this year? Kruszyna said he used mostly organic fertilizers; "no Miracle-Gro." He said his champion pumpkin weighed 7 percent heavier than estimated.
Kruszyna's pumpkin remains on display, from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. every day, at the Big E's Farm-A-Rama building.
The two others, Kruszyna said he plans to bring to other fairs, including the Topsfield Fair near Boston next month. With any luck, he said, they'll weigh in favorably, too.
To reach Phil Demers:
or (413) 464-1527.
On Twitter: @BE_PhilD | <urn:uuid:1995892e-9fd0-439c-83ce-944d8ff15243> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/cheshire-grower-shatters-big-e-record-with-1295-pound-pumpkin,396998 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967391 | 559 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Electronic voting is voting using electronic means to either aid or take care of the
chores of .... A direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machine records votes by
means of a ballot display prov...
www.ask.com/youtube?q=How to Use Electronic Voting Machines?&v=96pGwWcvFpg
Apr 12, 2008 ... Learn how to use the touchscreen voting machines in York County.
Sep 28, 2016 ... Some jurisdictions use electronic devices to record votes. ... no election in the
United States has used a mechanical lever voting machine.
These new systems will be in addition to the regular lever voting machines that
have been in use for most of the last century. Ballot marking devices provide ...
Far too many states use unreliable and insecure electronic voting machines, and
many ... The voting equipment now in use are aging; resources are severely ...
Jan 16, 2013 ... The majority of electronic voting machines in use are manufactured by four
companies: Premier Election Solutions (formerly known as Diebold ...
Aug 2, 2016 ... Caption: Caption: A voter uses an electronic voting machine in ... phase out the
use of the punchcard voting systems that had caused millions of ...
How to use Touch Screen voting Machine. Lehigh County Touch Screen Voting
Machine. The voter inserts the voter access card into the machine until it clicks.
Nov 2, 2010 ... Others use what's known as Direct Recording Electronic or DRE (Westside!), AKA
touchscreen voting systems for your HAVA and ADA ...
Aug 9, 2016 ... But five states (Georgia, Delaware, Louisiana, South Carolina and New Jersey)
use electronic voting machines that leave no way to audit ... | <urn:uuid:2e50fa42-c39f-4c70-bc2d-4f6508dfd83a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=How+to+Use+Electronic+Voting+Machines%3F&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00555-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845578 | 357 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You Tube – ME and CFS Treatment – Stomach Acid
Alex: Hi, I’m Alex Howard and I’m with Tanya Page from the nutrition team at the clinic. And today we’re going to be talking about stomach acid and its role in CFS and ME treatment, Fibromyalgia, Lyme disease and that group of illnesses. And I think this is particularly interesting because stomach acid not working the way that it’s meant to actually has a really big impact on symptoms, and on situations, and it’s actually also quite simple to treat.
Alex: So maybe a good starting point would be what stomach acid actually does, what it role is in the body?
Tanya: Well it’s got a massively fundamental role, and that role is to digest the protein for your food without which you can’t grow, repair or rejuvenate, so that’s pretty key. It’s 2nd but really, really important role is also for immunity, because essentially the stomach is the first line of defence of the immune system, so anything that gets in through your nose or through your mouth is going to hit the stomach, so if the stomach acid isn’t strong enough, you’re kind of shafted at that point, so….
Alex: And of course it being the beginning of the whole digestives system, other things we’ve talked about in other blogs that will be available at various points, from Candida and parasites and constipation, all these things can, if it’s not working in the beginning, it’s going to affect everything that’s happening further down.
Tanya: Absolutely. Yeah, so the other really important function of stomach acid in CFS and ME treatment is to actually trigger the pancreatic enzymes to be produced from the pancreas. Those are the things that digest the bits of food that don’t get digested in the stomach, so if you don’t have enough acid leaving the stomach to trigger the hormone that tells the pancreas to produce pancreatic juice with all the digestive enzymes, you have poor pancreatic function, so it’s hugely important on so many levels that if the stomach acid is not right, you get an affect all the way down the gut.
Alex: So what would be some of the more obvious symptoms someone would get from having low stomach acid?
Tanya: Ok, this is an area that’s not very well understood by the medical professional either unfortunately, but essentially if you get bloating, or flatulence or burping after food, that’s generally a sign that your stomach acid is too low. The reason for that is that the protein in your stomach isn’t being broken down quick enough, so the carbohydrates in there start to ferment, and that fermentation produces carbon dioxide, that pushes your stomach acid up your oesophagus and you get that sort of acid-reflux, or you can literally get the burping from the carbon dioxide, or flatulence later in the day, so that’s generally the feeling. And most people understand that, those sorts of symptoms as being high acid and in fact it’s the converse.
Alex: And people often would say antacids and that kind of thing to try and fix it, and it just perpetuates the problem.
Tanya: Indeed, absolutely.
Alex: Ok. So how do we test to find out if someone’s got low stomach acid in CFS and ME treatment?
Tanya: Well that’s the fun bit! We have 3 ways of testing…
Alex: Tanya’s aware of my great pleasure in burping, farting and these kinds of things. [Laughing] It’s my inner child coming out in my work.
Tanya: [Laughing] Yeah, so we have 3 ways of testing in CFS and ME treatment, and the cheapest to the most expensive, and the easiest way really is to use Bicarbonate of Soda, so just your average bicarbonate of soda, and we can do the bicarbonate burp test with that, so essentially you just take a little bit of…
Alex: It’s great fun at doing at parties actually. [Laughing]
Tanya: Indeed. It has to be on an empty stomach; just a little bit in some water to get it down into the stomach, and on an empty stomach essentially. The stomach acid should be pretty strong and the alkaline nature of the bicarb should react with the acid in order to produce carbon dioxide so you’ll either burp or you’ll get bloated, or you’ll have flatulence later.
Alex: Sounds like fun.
Tanya: So that’s the basic testing.
Alex: That’s the cheaper option, yes.
Tanya: So that’s the nice cheap option and we often use that to keep an eye on things. Now what should happen is you have quite a lot of belching, so not the sort of thing you’d want to be doing in public, so…
Alex: Or the kind of thing you might want to do in public, [laughing] if you have a childish side like I do, but anyway.
Tanya: [Laughing] Yes, so most of our patients in CFS and ME treatment don’t have any reaction to bicarb at all and even non-M.E patients often have no reaction to this at all…
Alex: Which means they’ve got low stomach acid?
Tanya: Yes, so it’s a bit of a ‘Heath Robinson’ method, but you know, it’s a good cheap way of finding out you know ‘Ball Park,’ what’s going on. Then we have something called… to get a little bit more accuracy on it, something called the ‘gastro test,’ which is essentially… I won’t be able to really show you because you can’t see it, but essentially it’s a capsule full of string, and you pin the string onto the side of your mouth, swallow the capsule which takes the string down into your stomach, sits in your stomach for about 7 minutes, and the delightful bit is pulling the string back up again and then you just develop the colour on the string; it’s a Ph sensitive piece of string essentially, and you can see specifically what your acid levels are in your stomach, all the way up to the oesophagus, up to the mouth, and that gives us a much clearer idea. There’s a colour chart that you can refer to, so you should be well down on the colour chart and a lot of people are up towards the alkaline or neutral levels which is a bit of a disaster.
Alex: [Laughing raising arms up] So that being how we test for it, what do we do about it?
Tanya: Well, actually it’s fairly simple. What you basically have to do in CFS and ME treatment is artificially put in some hydrochloric acid which you can put in, in tablet, liquid or capsule form, and that’s really just to bolster the basic amount of stomach acid so you can digest your food better. When you do that you can actually absorb the minerals that you need to produce to produce your own acid, so we have kind of a dosing procedure where we increase the dose of stomach acid in order to do this because everyone needs a different dose, and once you start building up that level to an almost normal point, then you just don’t have to supplement anymore, it’s really self-regulating.
Tanya: The only problems we get sometimes, if people have very, very low stomach acid in the CFS and ME treatment, the mucous layer around the stomach that protects the stomach from digesting itself can be a little bit weak because it doesn’t need to be strong because there’s no acid in there, then we have to use other methods to actually soothe and heal the stomach wall before we put the acid in, but it’s basically very straight forward.
Alex: Ok, fantastic. Well thank you for your time. [To Tanya] Hopefully that’s been useful to people watching the video. Again as I say at the end of these videos, if you’re a patient at the clinic receiving CFS and ME treatment, then your practitioner will already be looking at this. If you want more information, an information pack and a 15 minute chat is a great starting point. So thanks for watching, thanks Tanya, and we look forward to speaking with you again soon. | <urn:uuid:fabb48c5-e96c-4ac0-bfd5-4c642c8dbc91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theoptimumhealthclinic.com/2010/09/cfs-and-me-treatment-stomach-acid-transcript/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.935992 | 1,868 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Astronomy is a topic in science. These include using net resources, online simulators, WebQuests, actual-time knowledge bases, online interactive web sites, and lots of extra choices. Immediately, the Data Expertise helps to create and disseminate knowledge and data throughout the group by way of new work programs of knowledge, purposes, providing entry to information all through the corporate and communications networks.
The significance of the Data Know-how is the application of the storage and retrieval of knowledge and its dissemination within the data banks and networks of computers suitable for various methods. Info Society Human conglomerate that, by advantage of technological change, has had its shares of survival and growth based on the creation, storage, distribution and intense use of knowledge assets.
They should have expertise in managing teams or within the conduct of initiatives of implementation of information expertise, knowledge preliminary to entry the database, logical quantitative, for challenges and ease of performance and interpersonal relationships.
Technology has led to the development of recent machines akin to automobiles and motorcycles which permit us to be mobile and journey freely and airplanes which journey at a supersonic velocity. A study carried out of Carnegie Mellon Computer Science PhD college students discovered that even when female and male students were doing equally well grade clever, female college students reported feeling less snug.
From Behaviour Change To Social Change
Space Expertise: This research the exploration of area as that relates its environment, its surroundings, its kind and retrieving living kind availability or else if it may be used for residing beings. A study of gender variations in spatial relations abilities of engineering students in the U.S. and Brazil found that there was a big disparity between the talents of female and male students. Resulting from evolution in nanotechnology, it has change into attainable to develop numerous strategies that may assist folks sooner or later.
Once more, moving female students (and the non-techsavvy student usually) to become problem solvers (versus just understanding the content material piece of the STEM puzzle) will transfer them to use increased order considering skills in STEM.
science and technology studies nyu, science and technology news today, science and technology news philippines
The content requirements presented in this chapter outline what students ought to know, understand, and be capable of do in pure science. With its broad-angle field of view, the new expertise might be used in future surveillance gadgets or for imaging in medical (comparable to endoscopic) procedures. Now with the help of vaccines, medications and correct well being care system life expectancy has improved.
Online Science Training
The advent of technology has revolutionized the well being care business, as the changes have actually improved medicine, science, and life. Regardless that many of the texts will not be science oriented, they enrich individuals’s minds with scientific qualities. According to reports released on Could 23, 2013, researchers at the University of London, England, have carried out the biggest sequencing examine of human ailments up to now.
The developments of … Read More.. | <urn:uuid:1adc238b-5de2-4bd6-bc93-143073422cd7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wescorpenergy.com/tag/phones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.937055 | 612 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Denial of Service Cheat Sheet
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 03/20/2017
This article is focused on providing clear, simple, actionable defense guidance for preventing denial of service in your web applications. Denial of Service attacks are very common due to two factors :
- The significant prevalence of cloud and web services
- Easy to get testing tools to cause denial of service attacks.
Because it's very simple to launch the DOS attack, any web services don't have Anti-DOS defenses mitigation in place will be vulnerable to DOS attacks.
To avoid and mitigate DOS attack, both developers and operations engineering will need to have layered of defenses in place:
a) Service: When the service is built, it's developed with anti-DOS in mind such Input validation, Resource handling, Size or Length validation.
b) Web Host: Every Web server such Apache, NginX or Linux host provides the configuration of connection. Properly configure these network configuration may also help to mitigate the DOS attacks.
c) Infrastructure: Signature-based or behavior detection firewalls, load balance, fail-over, cloud anti-DDoS service
This objective of the article is to provide a list of common techniques for preventing DOS attack regardless of technology and platforms.
Web Services Defenses
Network Infrastructure Defenses
Authors and Primary Editors
Tony Hsu - hsiang_chih[at]yahoo.com | <urn:uuid:a4da8b68-f072-4be0-8b18-5e70b74943dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php?title=Denial_of_Service_Cheat_Sheet&oldid=227650 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.879653 | 309 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As a cyclist, it’s hard to choose which setting provides the best background for a bike trip. Coastal water views? Rugged mountain cliffs? Rolling valleys covered in vineyards? Well, when you go cycling in Portugal, you won’t have to choose – because you will get to experience them all!
This stunningly beautiful country is a cyclist’s dream, with diverse landscapes, endless hours of sunshine, and miles of bike-friendly trails. Whether you’re cruising along the Atlantic or trekking it up the mountains, going cycling in Portugal is guaranteed to be a worthwhile adventure.
Is Portugal good for cycling?
Portugal is an incredibly diverse country with lush valleys, rugged mountain ranges, and wild coastlines, which means your cycling experience will largely depend on where you go.
This is a very bike-friendly country, which means there are plenty of well-connected and well-maintained trails and paths for all skill levels. Drivers tend to be friendly towards cyclists, although you should always take extra precautions if you’re biking through the cities or other areas with high traffic.
Video: Cycling in Portugal Inspiration
What is the Best Time to Go Cycling in Portugal?
Each season offers different experiences and things to see, so there’s really no wrong time to go cycling.
While winter is the coldest time of the year, you can still expect clear skies and mild temperatures, especially in the south. The Algarve is generally much warmer and drier compared to areas in the north, so it’s a great place to start your bike tour if you’re planning a winter getaway.
Depending on the region, summers can be very warm. Central Portugal tends to be hot and humid, while the coast is generally cooler and perfect for bike riding.
Autumn is also a great time to visit Portugal. Not only have the crowds and tourists returned back home from summer break, but the weather is still pleasantly warm. On the other hand, this is the start of the rainy season (especially in the north), and unpredictable weather can put a damper on your trip.
In our opinion, spring is the best time to go to Portugal. With pleasantly warm temperatures, sunny skies, and little to no rainfall, it’s the ideal climate for cycling and exploring this beautiful country.
Weather Lisbon all year around
|Month||Min Temperature °C (°F)||Max Temperature °C (°F)||Rain mm (inch)|
|January||9.0 (48.0)||15.0 (59.0)||110.0 ( 4.3)|
|February||9.0 (48.0)||16.0 (61.0)||80.0 (3.1)|
|March||11.0 (52.0)||19.0 (66.0)||75.0 (3.0)|
|April||12.0 (54.0)||20.0 (68.0)||70.0 (2.8)|
|May||14.0 (58.0)||23.0 (73.0)||60.0 (2.4)|
|June||17.0 (62.0)||26.0 (78.0)||15.0 (0.6)|
|July||18.0 (65.0)||28.0 (82.0)||0.0 (0.0)|
|August||19.0 (66.0)||28.0 (82.0)||5.0 (0.2)|
|September||18.0 (65.0)||26.0 (78.0)||40.0 (1.6)|
|October||15.0 (60.0)||23.0 (73.0)||115.0 (4.5)|
|November||12.0 (54.0)||18.0 (64.0)||135.0 (5.3)|
|December||10.0 (49.0)||15.0 (59.0)||105.0 (4.1)|
Winter cycling in Portugal
Thinking about cycling in winter won’t make all of us really happy. Rainy days, strong winds, low temperatures and icy roads. Stop! What if I tell you that you can have sunny days with a temperature of 17ºC during winter time, sounds great doesn’t it?
The southern part of Portugal is really popular for cyclists from Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ireland and the UK. So if you like to train or go on a bike touring trip the south, like the Algarve, Alentejo or Vicentia Coast is a great option.
The more northern areas like Douro or Porto are maybe by temperature not to bad, but you will face more rainy days and wind.
More into hiking? Check out: Portugal Hiking Guide: 9 greatest hiking trails
Can you take bikes on buses in Portugal?
Check here the most actual Bike Transport information from Comboios De Portugal. If you are riding the Eurovelo in Lisbon, then you can bring your bike into a bike bus (708, 723, 724, 725 and 731). For more information about the transport options on the Eurovelo website click here.
Best places to cycle in portugal
As we mentioned, Portugal is an incredibly diverse country with plenty of different landscapes for you to choose from. Here are just a few of the best areas and regions where you can go bike touring in Portugal.
The Douro Valley may be world-famous for its lush, hillside vineyards, but it’s also one of the best places to go cycling in Portugal. The roads that wind alon the Douro River are generally flat and paved, although the ride can be more difficult if you choose to venture through the steep valleys.
Snaking along the southern coast is Portugal’s premier resort destination. The Algarve boasts beautiful views of the coastline with plenty of sun-soaked beaches where you can stop for a quick dip. You can also head to the outskirts of town for more rugged mountain biking trails if you’re looking for something more challenging.
Although not as famous as the Douro Valley, Alentejo is another excellent wine-growing region. It also has plenty of flat backroads and wide-open trails that are ideal for more laid-back cyclists. You’ll also get the chance to see some medieval towns and small-town villages that you wouldn’t normally see when cycling in Portugal along the coastal areas.
The Atlantic Coast
With over 1,794km (1,115 miles) of coastline, Portugal has some of the most scenic views in all of Europe. Whether you’re cycling past the crashing waves of the small surf towns in the south or cruising on the seaside trails by salty dunes in the north, the coast is guaranteed to be an awe-inspiring adventure for your cycling trip in Portugal.
Do’s and Don’ts
To make your cycling trip to Portugal as fun and safe as possible, there are certain rules that all cyclists should keep in mind.
Do Wear a Helmet
It doesn’t matter if you’re going on a short ride through the city or a long-distance trip through the mountains – it’s crucial that you always wear a helmet when you cycle. And although wearing a helmet isn’t mandated by Portuguese law, risking your safety by not wearing one is just plain stupid.
Do Stay Hydrated
Biking in the sweltering heat of the Portuguese sun can easily leave you dehydrated. You should always carry a water bottle while cycling in Portugal, especially if you’re traveling in a rural area where shops or gas stations aren’t as available.
Do Protect Against the Sun
On average, Portugal sees around 300 days of sunshine a year – which makes it one of the sunniest countries in all of Europe! Don’t forget to pack sunscreen, sunglasses, and even UV reflecting clothing to protect you while bike touring Portugal.
Don’t Wild Camp
Unfortunately, wild camping is strictly prohibited in Portugal. If you’re planning on spending multiple days touring the country, you’ll need to book a hotel, hostel, or registered campground for the night.
Don’t Go Too Hard on the Wine
Portugal is one of the biggest wine regions in Europe. And while it may be tempting as it is to hop back on your bike after a few glasses of port, doing so can put yourself and others in danger. Cycling drunk isn’t a good idea, and you’re better off saving your wine tasting excursions for the evening or days when you’re not riding!Don’t miss:
What to Bring cycling in portugal
Regardless of whether you’re on a short weekend ride or a long-distance journey, it’s important that you’re properly prepared with the right clothes, tools, and cycling gear. In addition to your bike and helmet, there are also a few must-have items that all cyclists should carry with them while traveling.
First of all, you’ll need to bring clothing that you can wear on and off the bike. Packing practical, lightweight clothing is key, especially considering you’ll likely be hauling everything on your back. You’ll also need some repair tools (in case anything were to break) and camping gear (if you’re planning on roughing it for a few nights).
As you can see, packing for a cycling trip takes a bit of planning. To help, we’ve put together an exhaustive list of all things you should bring with you on a cycling trip to Portugal (or any other part of the world, for that matter).
3 Best Bike Touring Routes in Portugal
Although there seems to be an endless number of touring routes you can take during your holidays in Portugal, we wanted to share with you our three favorite trips for cyclists.
GR22 Rota das Aldeias Históricas
This loop is the perfect mix of history, culture, and rugged mountain landscapes. Over the course of the 558km (346 miles) journey, you’ll visit the 12 Historical Villages of Portugal that are dotted along the mountains and cliff sides near the Serra da Estrela Natural Park.
It’s a challenging long-distance ride that’s full of steep inclines and rough terrain. However, it’s a great opportunity to get off-the-beaten-path and to see the breathtaking natural sites around central Portugal.
Click here or on the title of the trail on the right corner of the map, to get more information.
TIP: If you want to get off the bike for a day and like to do something exciting, also check out our post on the 25 most adventurous things to do in Portugal.
Portuguese Coastal Path
Meandering up the coastline from Porto to Santiago de Compostela in Spain is this 265km (164 miles) trail. Most of the journey is along wooden boardwalks that look directly out towards the Atlantic, although once you cross into Spain, you’ll see tons of small villages and charming towns as well.
This entire bike tour in Portugal and Spain should take you around a week to complete. Keep in mind that this route is also popular for pilgrims, hikers, and walkers traveling the Camino de Santiago.
Click here or on the title of the trail on the right corner of the map, to get more information about this trail.
Why choose between a tour in the north or south when you can have both? The EuroVelo 1 spans the entire length of Portugal, starting at the northern Spanish border and traveling south to the tip of Sagres and then east through the Algarve.
At 920km (570 miles), the EuroVelo 1 is an epic bike tour that could take you several weeks to complete. However, you’ll be able to see some of the most iconic places in Portugal, including its two main cities, Porto and Lisbon, while also seeing the ever-changing landscape along the coast.
Portugal is an amazing destination for cyclists, and we hope you enjoy your trip through one of Europe’s most beautiful countries. If you have any tips about cycling through Portugal, please let us know below!
Best Cycling Tours in Portugal
FAQ Cycling in Portugal
Is Lisbon cycling friendly?
Lisbon has 100 km of cycling lanes which makes it really safe and easy to discover the city. There are a lot of places where you can rent a bike.
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Are you ready to discover more about Portugal? Check out more of our Portugal posts for more tips, tricks and inspiration!
We love to hear from you
Thanks for checking out this Post. If you’re planning to spend time on the bike, don’t forget to check out my bike touring page full with articles with gear information, preparation tips and much more. If you have experience with cycling in Portugal and want to share this with me, please feel free to leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:49f07543-d2a8-4578-886c-4700e4656d11> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.alwaysaroundtheworld.com/portugal/cycling-in-portugal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.918642 | 2,801 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The Argonne Forest lies between the battlefields of the Champagne east of Reims and the ground at Verdun. The fighting here in 1914 established the lines around the forested area of the Argonne, where it would remain for much of the rest of the war. Still a forested area, it contains to this day much evidence of the war with trench lines still visible in many places.
This German image dates from the winter of 1915/16 and shows a well constructed trench in the Argonne Forest, where a lone German officer looks out across the snow. The lack of damage and the fact that he has no problem about popping his head above the parapet would indicate this was a reserve trench line, some distance back from the actual battlefield. Much of these reserve lines in the Argonne were finally taken by American troops in the final battles of the autumn of 1918. | <urn:uuid:a254aa44-cfee-48ac-8acc-beb33ef54559> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://greatwarphotos.com/tag/argonne-forest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970103 | 177 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Tips on how to Implement Design Into Your property
https://www.nationalinteriors.ca And Tips That You want to Know When Decorating Your house’s Inside
You must begin by reading and learning extra about inside design if you are planning on making a couple of changes to your private home. Even when intuition and creativity are crucial on this process, you should not ignore what experienced professionals recommend relating to the decoration of your house.
Lovely art is a superb design ingredient. Though you may not be desirous about art, one thing as simple as a painting can have fairly the impact on a room. This may also present you an ideal focal level to decorate around.
Learn This Piece To Learn All About Interior Design to inside design is to ensure your room has a focal point. Whether or not it is a fireplace, piece of furniture or no matter you want, you will need to have one point by which your entire room revolves around in order that whatever item you choose is the highlight of the room.
Find out about Decorating With These Easy Suggestions to liven up an in any other case boring or difficult house is to create a degree of focus in the room. This focal level will grow to be the highlight of the space, and the whole lot else that is in the room will work to help the focal point. Focal points to consider working around include fireplaces, home windows, artworks and stately pieces of furnishings.
If you make decisions about changing the interior decor of your property, get your loved ones involved. Keep in mind that they might want to live with the changes as nicely. Decisions that are made needs to be acceptable to everybody to avoid conflict and unwell feelings. Your private home is the haven for every member of your family, so everyone ought to really feel good in regards to the changes ahead.
Work out what you want the focal level of the room to be. This goes to be one factor that the room is going to center round. It can be a window, a desk, a chunk of artwork – no matter you’d like it to be. Once you understand what your focal level is, you may arrange the room in order that it compliments that focal level.
I could not neglect-me to point out one more website the place you can study far more about this, who knows quickly get to know him, even so each and every fashion the hyperlink, I I adore satisfactory of topic of them and has every thing to be with what I am writing this article, see more in Hardwood flooring.
Choose Easy Methods To enhance Your property’s Interior Design when you are taking a look at repainting a room. You want to decide on colors that go properly together and compliment one another. You don’t want colours that clash and combat for attention. You want your colors to blend collectively and feel pure. http://dict.leo.org/?search=interior+design go with too many bright colours, or you danger overwhelming your senses.
Anybody who is undergoing an interior-design mission can be clever to incorporate mirrors into the room. http://www.exeideas.com/?s=interior+design have two major advantages to any room they are in. First, they provide the looks that the room is larger than it is, and second, they replicate mild making your room look brighter.
Try to develop a theme on every floor of the house. After you develop this theme, attempt to match the colors and furniture to the type of theme that you simply choose. For instance, chances are you’ll wish to instill a tropical theme in the primary floor of your home to extend the vibrancy.
Incorporate art into rooms in your house, whether or not they’re paintings, pictures or posters. This can go together with the theme of the house that you choose and can assist to enhance the overall appearance. If you’re a younger homeowner, you may body classical artwork to add to the elegance of your house.
Paint is one factor that you do not need to purchase cheaply. It should of high quality if you need things to look right. Investing in the flawed high quality paint can cause you to tap into your funds in the future. Purchase paint that may final in your rooms.
It can be troublesome to decorate a basement because you can not probably think about what you might do in such a darkish and gloomy place. If you utilize some brighter colours and fabrics, you can flip your darkish, damp, depressing basement into a spot the place it would be best to spend time with your loved ones.
Make modifications to you space by adding accents. Change out accents and mild fixtures in the room. New curtains or throw pillows can make a world of difference. Straightforward upgrades, reminiscent of these, are inexpensive methods to freshen up your rooms.
Excess lighting is important for all house interior design projects. There are many ways to increase lighting in a residing area. Great options embody windows, mirrors, skylights, candles, and even the standard gentle fixtures. When you determine how to give your property a novel factor you will get folks fascinated with your distinctive style.
As you’ll be able to see, inside design will be fun, attention-grabbing and mean you can create the form of home by which you’ll really feel snug. Keep Hardwood flooring following pointers in mind, do more analysis and have a look at inside design magazines to get a couple of ideas for your own inside design venture. | <urn:uuid:cf970ef5-7fb1-4d39-a401-6367aa7c5915> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tempora.website/tips-on-how-to-implement-design-into-your-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.939211 | 1,150 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The ship Monowai, Milford Sound, Feb 1933
Reference Number: 1/2-018737-F
The ship Monowai, Milford Sound, February 1933. Photographer unidentified.
The ship Monowai, Milford Sound, Reference Number 1/2-018737-F (1 digitised items)
Extent: 1 b&w original negative(s)Horizontal imageSingle negative
Conditions governing access to original: Not restricted
Other copies available: File print available in Turnbull Library Pictures387. Monowai(PFP-017468)
Usage: You can search, browse, print and download items from this website for research and personal study. You are welcome to reproduce the above image(s) on your blog or another website, but please maintain the integrity of the image (i.e. don't crop, recolour or overprint it), reproduce the image's caption information and link back to here (http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=14719). If you would like to use the above image(s) in a different way (e.g. in a print publication), or use the transcription or translation, permission must be obtained. More information about copyright and usage can be found on the Copyright and Usage page of the NLNZ web site. | <urn:uuid:bbf8efb8-d6db-49a3-ade6-06c4dba6b7ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=14719&l=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00020-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.756365 | 278 | 1.890625 | 2 |
As part of our series of posts on software marketing using video, this post will discuss how software demo videos can be very effective.
What is a software demo video?
The answer may seem obvious, but a software demo video doesn’t have to mean just a simple screencast (a monitor recording) of the software with a dull voiceover announcing every feature of the program/app/service in order. Involving a real user of the software in action and in context is a much better way to demonstrate how practical a software solution is. Doing this at a good pace can effectively communicate the fundamental benefits of your product in just a few minutes.
Introductory videos are now found directly within mobile app stores like Google Play, where purchases are just a tap away. When more and more applications are going mobile (sometimes even mobile-only), or working across devices or multiscreen, a more hands-on demo can be a great way to show off the accessibility of the product and more generally show how a software solution fits into a daily workflow. Some apps might aim to integrate other media with speech or image recognition, or even feature augmented reality. A great example of this is the Evernote Smart Notebook by Moleskin.
“Designing With the Evernote Smart Notebook by Moleskin” – Evernote Corp. and Moleskin
Evernote is a cloud-synchronised note-taking and personal organisation app. Evernote recently collaborated with Moleskin to produce a physical notebook that could be integrated with the Evernote app, bridging the gap for those that still prefer to work on pen and paper, in this case, designers and artists. This demo video focuses on the working tools and environment of the target audience to give the product context.
Identifying with the audience’s scenario
The video focuses on appreciating the preference for a physical notebook for thinking visually, identifying that the alternative is “very cumbersome”, and how the problem of getting this data onto a computer in a convenient and accessible format is solved by, for example, auto-tagging with image recognition to share notes, and text-recognition that is indexed and made searchable.
Note that there is a big difference between a product demonstration and a tutorial. We think this video does a great job of combining quick demonstrations of features in a personable way without delving too much into the specific steps of the software. Video drives these possibilities, allowing easy explanations from the voiceover while simultaneously framing the fundamental software features in first person and focusing on familiar tools, all within a simple narrative. This is perfect when targeting an audience that uses visual communication as both their working methodology and their product – the video uses the same form of communication as the audience is familiar with and makes them feel comfortable by framing the context of a studio full of traditional tools.
Focus on results
Just 1m 10s into the video we already arrive at the testimonials result: “Being able to save to Evernote quickly and easily helps me stay organised and ultimately makes my work better.”
This is the USP of the notebook/software combo as there are very few similarly integrated solutions on the market. In well under two minutes the video has targeted the audience, the everyday problem that it solves, demonstrated those solutions in use and has summarised the benefits to the customer in a friendly and personable atmosphere that is more likely to resonate with that audience. If you think a product demo is the best way to sell your product (especially something more hands-on) then definitely think about framing it within a realistic context such as in the example.
Other video styles for software companies
We hope this example has made you think about software demos differently, but every business is different and if you are wondering how video could work for you feel free to get in touch with us. Subscribe to our RSS and follow us on Twitter for more on Video Marketing, Video SEO and latest developments in the online video space. | <urn:uuid:1ad6e3cf-bbd4-47c1-970b-4e3001aaa704> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tanglewood.com/blog/software-demo-videos-software-marketing-examples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.941021 | 821 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Another gorgeous Deep Impact image
Posted By Emily Lakdawalla
06-07-2005 16:51 CDT
The team has just released a really pretty high-resolution view of Tempel 1 just 67 seconds after the impact (click to enlarge to its full resolution):
You can see rays of ejecta spreading out from the impact. If you look at the image closely you can see that the comet nucleus has a really funny shape. Where that hole is, in the center right, the whole surface of the comet is concave, like someone has pressed it in with a giant thumb. It reminds me of an artist's kneaded eraser, gray and smudged and worked into a blunt shape.
In other news, Cassini has just passed through apoapsis (farthest distance from Saturn), so it has ticked over into Revolution 11. During this rev, next week, on July 14, there is going to be a really, really close flyby of Enceladus, only 172 kilometers. I will be going on a much-needed vacation next week but will return just in time to see the closest-ever pictures of any icy moon come down from Cassini! | <urn:uuid:afd55a66-fd01-4308-8419-7232465f61bf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2005/0151.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00293-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943657 | 247 | 1.929688 | 2 |
A couple years ago I observed, “I see great potential value in states choosing to embrace common, high-caliber reading and math standards... That said, seems to me there’s a huge chance that the whole exercise will go south, with many states implementing the Common Core half-heartedly, while screwing with existing reforms and standards. Such an outcome would ultimately do more harm than good.” Last Friday, two columns reminded me why I fear the entire Common Core enterprise is likely to have disquieting results.
In a column that looked to be ripped from the talking points of Common Core enthusiasts, the NYT’s David Brooks offered an object lesson in the vapid triumphalism of Common Core boosters. He denounced those who’ve raised questions about the Common Core as “the circus,” and then pooh-poohed legitimate questions about federal involvement, the design of the standards, whether there are appropriate texts and curricula, and whether the Common Core has helped open the door to ludicrous lesson plans. He ignored questions about linking evaluation and accountability systems to half-baked assessments, whether Common Core-plus-waiver requirements creates a slippery slope for federal control of state assessment, the similarities of some CCSS elementary math to the reviled “new math” of yore, or how we know that the standards are as terrific as advertised. In short, he echoed the Common Core party line in dismissing concerns as proof of extremism or idiocy. It was the kind of bland dismissal that leaves critics convinced that their only option is to pursue repeal.
Personally, of course, I’ve always been much less concerned about whether states keep or reject the Common Core than about what that means for students, schools, and systems. As Mike McShane and I wrote last week, opponents have their work cut out. As with the Affordable Care Act, we argue, critics will only find political and practical success when they have a viable alternative to put forward. This isn’t so much a criticism as an observation that, over the long haul, policy fights are usually won by those offering actual solutions. So I was puzzled by Sandy Stotsky’s reply at Breitbart.com. She acknowledged the need for critics to develop alternatives and flagged her own, useful efforts to do so: drafting alternative and publicly available ELA standards, penning a book in 2012 that helps secondary English teachers develop a literature curriculum, and working with a district in Wisconsin and another in New Hampshire to develop “first-class” ELA standards.
All well and good, and just the kind of thing we encourage. But, Stotsky well knows that her efforts are just one small piece--they don’t encompass math, K-8 ELA curricula, testing, implications for accountability or evaluation, strategies for transitioning schools to new curricula or texts, or much else. This isn’t a knock; it’s just an observation that much more is needed. Which made it surprising to me that Sandy responded not by saying, “Yep, we need more oars in the water here,” but by claiming that we were offering a “baseless complaint.” Seems a bit to me like one hospital touting its on cost control methods and extrapolating from there that we need to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with... well what? (Again, this isn’t to naysay Sandy’s efforts, but repeal and replace requires more than one person’s energetic exertions.)
Sandy’s response was accompanied by a bevy of twitter traffic from the anti-Common Core left. There, commenters generally dismissed the need for alternatives, said schools would figure it out, mentioned IB testing, or some such. None of this is particularly calculated to reassure to legislators (or parents or district leaders) wondering what it looks like if they abandon the Common Core. Critics need to regard a call for solutions as something other than a criticism or a chore.
A big problem with our increasing tendency to make education a question of national activity (in NCLB, Race to the Top, the Common Core, etc.) is that national debates tend to be more abstract, polarized, exaggerated, and message-driven than those that play out in states and communities. The push for the Common Core explicitly framed the issue as a national one. The results are predictable. Last Friday’s back-and-forth made it clear that the respective sides are so dug in and so reluctant to break stride in order to talk about the messy reality of the Common Core, or of repeal, that I increasingly suspect that the Common Core will be more notable for its manifold unintended consequences than for anything it does to reading and math instruction.
The opinions expressed in Rick Hess Straight Up are strictly those of the author(s) and do not reflect the opinions or endorsement of Editorial Projects in Education, or any of its publications. | <urn:uuid:5725cc1d-9dbb-45bf-8553-09af2658c567> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-brooks-stotsky-and-the-common-core/2014/04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.953645 | 1,020 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Goals and habits are two sides of the success coin. Good goals provide a sense of direction, and effective habits provide the mental discipline to achieve those goals--and one without the other often leads to frustration and failure. Fortunately, there are several techniques people can study to improve their goal-setting skills and to form lasting good habits.
Purpose of Goals
A goal serves as a focus. It identifies an ideal end-state for which a person must do something to attain that outcome. Goals are consciously defined targets that help to give a person's life context and meaning, and keep her focused on achieving success. People who live goal-directed lives direct their activity toward achieving something; people who do not have life goals often fall into a routine and "get by" as best as they can.
Many experts recommend setting SMART goals--goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited. For example, "losing weight" is not an effective goal because there is nothing built into it that describes what success looks like. However, "lose 30 pounds in the next six months" is an effective goal because it has a deadline and achievement can be measured. Of course, "lose 300 pounds in the next four days" is not a good goal because it is neither achievable nor realistic.
A habit is a pattern of behavior that becomes a person's default response to a situation. Some habits are positive, such as performing 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day. Others are negative, including smoking cigarettes as a response to stress. When a person is under stress, habitual behaviors assert themselves more strongly than when a person is calm and deliberate, so cultivating good habits and breaking bad ones helps keep a person on track when things get difficult.
Creating new habits or changing negative existing habits involves the deliberate, consistent practice of a new behavior in place of an old one, until the new behavior becomes default. Jill Koenig, an author and goal-setting expert, thinks that commitment determines how long it takes to change behaviors: "How long does it take to break an old habit or form a new habit? It varies. Most experts assert you it takes 21 days. I believe it could take an hour, a week, months or years. The greater your desire and commitment, the faster the change will occur. Practicing the new desired habit consecutively ... increases the speed in which you will see results."
Roadmap for Success
The first step in harmonizing goals and habits is to identify what's important. For some people, success at work or at home is paramount. For others, achieving a major milestone like building a new house or hiking the entire Appalachian Trail is important. Each person has different values, and the key to success is to develop goals that are consistent with his values and then cultivate the habits necessary to attain those goals. Alignment of values, goals and habits provides the motivation to make it through the tough times. Self-help author Leo Babauta says that "the best motivation, then, is a way for you to really want something, to get excited about it, to be passionate about it. Remember that, as there are many other types of motivation (especially negative), but in my experience, this is the kind that works the best."
Good habits and strong goals are essential tools in every entrepreneur's toolbox. Goal-setting helps keep a business growing according to a defined development plan, and good habits reinforce the self-discipline to work hard even when business looks bleak. A business owner with a goal of earning $200,000 in the next six months from new customers, and who has strong follow-through habits, is more likely to achieve better results than a business owner who has few well-defined goals and does the minimum to keep the business operating.
- success image by Dragan Vasiljevic from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:536dbfbf-8b07-49ec-90ef-35f3dc1e0ec4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/habits-goal-setting-2508.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958468 | 791 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Hot flashes. Sleep disturbances. Mood swings. The onset of menopause symptoms (known as perimenopause) can leave you feeling out of balance and overwhelmed. As your reproduction system begins to wind down during middle age, your body experiences a drop in estrogen and progesterone, which can take a toll on your physical and mental wellbeing.
Declining hormone levels can lead to bone density loss and osteoporosis and shifting metabolism can often cause weight gain.
If you are starting to experience signs of menopause, contact us for a consultation so we can help you through this time of change.
It’s also important to pay close attention to your diet during this time, so we’ve rounded up some foods to avoid — as well as ones you’ll want to make sure you’re getting on a daily basis.
Foods to Avoid During Menopause.
Quit caffeine. Although menopausal symptoms may leave you feeling fatigued, that cup of coffee may do more harm than good. In fact, according to researchers at the Mayo Clinic, caffeine intake can worsen vasomotor symptoms during menopause, such as night sweats and hot flashes.
If you need a natural energy boost, opt for a healthy smoothie, increase water intake, get plenty of sleep and be sure to exercise 30-60 minutes at least 4 days a week.
Fight sugary carb cravings. Lowered levels of estrogen and progesterone can increase sugar cravings and send you running for the nearest pasty. However, calorie-loaded carbs and sugars will leave you feeling drained and can cause unwanted weight gain due to slower metabolism during menopause. Try your best to avoid processed, sugary foods.
Ditch the alcohol. Insomnia is a common symptom of menopause, due to decreased levels of estrogen, decreased melatonin production and increased night sweats. Alcohol lowers melatonin production even further, making it hard for your body to regulate your sleep-wake cycle.
The good news? Your risk of cardiovascular disease begins to drop soon after quitting tobacco use! And the risk drops significantly after one year of being tobacco-free.
Increase these Foods to Balance Hormones During Menopause
Eat plenty of fresh produce. Eating a variety of fresh fruits and veggies helps to balance your hormones, boost energy, and keep you feeling your best throughout menopause. Be sure to get lots of dark, leafy greens (such as kale, spinach, mustard greens and collard greens) as well as bananas and other magnesium and calcium rich foods to keep bones strong and healthy as your body goes through this mid-life transition. Avocados are a favorite for providing healthy fats and a health boost!
Sprinkle those seeds! Flax, chia, and pumpkin seeds are rich in magnesium and healthy fats, making them a great addition to fresh salads or smoothies.
Love your legumes. Chickpeas, lentils and other beans are full of protein and also aid in bone health.
Have a helping of healthy fats. Limit your oil intake to healthy, plant-based fats such as avocado and olive oils. Avoid fatty, red meats and opt for leaner meats such as fish or chicken.
Switch out your snacks. When salt and sugar cravings hit, opt for a healthy snack pairing such as apple slices with almond butter, raw veggies with a low-fat dip, or hummus with whole grain toast or crackers. | <urn:uuid:e1e01f3f-4a3e-4b25-a5f8-956f9f5d74d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://exceedhs.com/blog/2019/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.938501 | 712 | 2.171875 | 2 |
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Home / Browse / Pine Bluff (Jefferson County)
Latitude and Longitude:
44.58 square miles (2010 Census)
49,083 (2010 Census)
January 10, 1839
Historical Population as per the U.S. Census:
Like Jefferson County, Pine Bluff is a historical offspring of Arkansas Post (Arkansas County)—the first European foothold in Arkansas, founded in 1686 by the French and built near the mouth of the Arkansas River. The city thrived during the last part of the nineteenth century due to its status as a cotton center and river port. The city was hit hard, however, by flooding, drought, and economic depression in the early twentieth century, although World War II proved to be an economic boon to the city, which opened a munitions arsenal during the war. Despite possessing a rich history and being home to a university, the city was in decline by the beginning of the twenty-first century, facing population loss and crumbling infrastructure.
European Exploration and Settlement
After Spaniard Hernando de Soto had trekked through southeast Arkansas 145 years earlier in 1541, leaving behind death and disease, the French arrived to claim the lower Mississippi River Valley. In 1682, French Canadian René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle boated down the Mississippi with a party of fifty-four and claimed southeast Arkansas and its river. One of his lieutenants, Henri de Tonti, an Italian by birth, erected a group of crude encampments near the mouth of the Arkansas and named it Arkansas Post.
Louisiana Purchase through Early Statehood
In the autumn of 1819, Joseph Bonne, making his way upstream from Arkansas Post, built a crude cabin for his Quapaw wife and family on a “high bluff covered with pine trees” on the river’s south bank. A few years later, James Scull, also from Arkansas Post, arrived and set up an encampment on the north bank across from the future site of Pine Bluff. The encampment soon became a tavern and small inn.
On March 3, 1819, President James Monroe named Robert Crittenden territorial secretary. Crittenden quickly set about exploiting the remaining Quapaw in southeast Arkansas to relinquish their last tracts of land. At Major John Harrington’s lodge, said to be in Jefferson County on the north bank of the Arkansas, the Indians signed away the last of their tribal lands on November 15, 1824.
Steamboat travel soon opened the hamlet to expanding settlement, bringing to the area such men as French-born Napoleonic soldier Antoine Barraque (Pine Bluff’s principal east-west street was named for him) and brothers James T. and John Pullen (main thoroughfares were named for them). On November 2, 1829, Territorial Governor John Pope approved an act to establish Jefferson County, named for President Thomas Jefferson. The first county seat was at Bonne’s cabin. Becoming a fledgling cotton bale production center where steamboats could dock, Pine Bluff became the county seat in August 1832. At their first meeting in October, commissioners recommended that the town be named “Pine Bluff Town.” Pine Bluff incorporated in January 1939, and the court authorized in October 1839 the construction of a brick courthouse that would become the city’s architectural centerpiece.
The town’s first Methodist church was established in 1829; two years later, a Catholic church was founded southeast of town. Both started educating children soon after their services began. Land travel was enhanced by the July 1834 construction of the federally financed Columbia to Little Rock Military Road that ran through Pine Bluff. The city’s first newspaper was the Jeffersonian, established in 1847. In October 1844, the first of several floods of the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers devastated the town’s economy. From the 1850s through the post–Civil War years, settlers from east of the Mississippi poured into the city, along with many German immigrants.
Civil War through the Gilded Age
During the war, the city sent two companies of voluntary militia—the Jefferson Guard, under the leadership of Captain Charles Carlton, and the Southern Guard, commanded by Captain Joseph W. Bocage—to fight for the Confederacy. In late 1863, Colonel Powell Clayton’s Fifth Kansas Battalion was dispatched to Pine Bluff by Little Rock-based Commander Frederick Steele at the behest of citizens who were being terrorized by bands of guerrillas. The Action at Pine Bluff occurred on October 25, 1863, when Confederate General John S. Marmaduke ordered a futile attack against Union forces under Clayton. Union forces protected Pine Bluff until the end of the war, although there were skirmishes at Pine Bluff toward the end of the war on June 17, 1864; July 22, 1864; July 30, 1864; and January 9, 1865, as well as the Affair near Pine Bluff on March 4, 1865.
Historian James Leslie has described Pine Bluff’s entering its “Golden Era” in the 1880s. Because of cotton production and river commerce, the city drew many industries and public institutions to the area. In 1890, it was the state’s third-largest city. It soon had the W. B. Ragland, Samuel Franklin, and M. L. Bell Gas Works, a public school system, and the Buck, Smart & Company Bank. Around 1881, the town’s first railroad, the Little Rock, Mississippi and Texas, (later purchased by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern), connected the city with Little Rock (Pulaski County), and Major C. G. Newman founded the county’s most successful newspaper, The Pine Bluff Commercial. The Cotton Belt Railroad established its lines and main engine maintenance shops in Pine Bluff in 1894, making it the county’s largest industrial employer until the Pine Bluff Arsenal was built in 1942.
Early Twentieth Century through the Modern Era
The Arkansas River was a constant threat to the town, eating away land and, in 1908, lying fewer than 100 yards from the courthouse. In this case, citizens illegally destroyed a levee at Boyd’s Point to protect the downtown, but the Mississippi River Flood of 1927 destroyed tens of thousands of acres of cotton and hundreds of farms and businesses in Pine Bluff. The drought of 1930, followed by the Great Depression, hit the state and the city especially hard, forcing thousands to seek federal subsistence. More than half the population of the town sought some degree of private, church, charitable, and federal assistance during this time.
World War II brought a federal munitions arsenal to the city, the Pine Bluff Arsenal, which employed 10,000 workers drawn from the county during the war years. After the war, the arsenal became a stable employer and a permanent post for the Army’s production of munitions and chemical agents for the Cold War.
Pine Bluff began a decline in the later part of the twentieth century. Pine Bluff’s decaying downtown captured the spotlight after several buildings collapsed along the Main Street corridor, starting in 2014. On February 20, 2014, the former J. C. Penney building, over a century old, partially collapsed and had to be demolished. By March 2015, four buildings (including the former home of the Band Museum at Fifth and Main) had collapsed wholly or partially, and in July 2015, the city closed off part of Main Street out of concern that the Khan Building might also collapse; Main Street between Fourth and Fifth reopened to traffic in October 2016. Many buildings in the downtown area stand empty and in need of repair. One of the most prominent of these derelict buildings is the Hotel Pines on Main Street, which was one of the finest hotels in Arkansas when it opened in 1913.
Education and Industry
The Colored Industrial Institute, one of the first Catholic-supported schools for African-American children in Arkansas, opened in 1899; it was closed by 1913. The Richard Allen Institute was founded in 1886 as one of the earliest Presbyterian schools for African Americans in Arkansas; it operated until 1932. A notable graduate was Pine Bluff native George Edmund Haynes, who was the first African American to earn a PhD from Columbia University. He became a social worker and educator and was the first executive director of the National Urban League.
Congress passed the Morrill Land Grant Act in 1862, creating a school for freed African Americans. Branch Normal College eventually became Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College (AM&N), then the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB). Southeast Arkansas College (SEARK College) opened as Arkansas Vocational-Technical School on September 21, 1959. SEARK College provides comprehensive community college education and services, with an emphasis on technical education and workforce development, for the citizens of Jefferson and surrounding counties.
In 2015, the Pine Bluff School District had one high school, one alternative high school, one junior high, one middle school, four elementary schools, and one Pre-K school.
International Paper Company located its paper production facility just northeast of the city in 1957. The company employed 1,400 at its peak in 1962. Jefferson Hospital, now Jefferson Regional Medical Center, opened in 1960. It is the city’s largest employer, with 1,850 workers. The National Center for Toxicological Research operates about twenty miles north of Pine Bluff and has some 600 on-site workers, 239 of which are federal employees.
Pine Bluff produced two of the state’s richest men during their time: Wiley Jones and Harvey Couch. In the 1880s, Jones owned and operated the first mule-drawn streetcar line in the city, built a fifty-five-acre park with a half mile racetrack with stands, stables, and picnic areas; he also owned several bars and dry goods stores. Couch made his fortune after the turn of the twentieth century in the newly emerging telephone exchange industry that became Southwestern Bell, and he founded Arkansas Power and Light Company (AP&L). Ferd Havis was born a slave in 1846 but became an alderman, state representative, assessor, and county clerk, and was called the “Colored Millionaire” of Pine Bluff.
One of the nation’s first female pilots was Katherine Stinson, a former resident who flew into Pine Bluff in 1913. The first silent motion picture cowboy star, Broncho Billy Anderson (Max Aronson), was raised in Pine Bluff; a friend of his, Freeman Owens, was a cinematographer for movie studios and a research assistant to broadcast pioneer Lee DeForrest when the method of producing sound on film was patented. Peggy Shannon, a film star of the early 1930s, was born in Pine Bluff. Track star Bill Carr is the state’s only Olympic double gold medal winner; he broke a world record in the 400-meter dash and won two gold medals at the 1932 Los Angeles Games. John Sorrells was the executive editor of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain. Wiley Branton, born in Pine Bluff in 1923, was a civil rights leader in Arkansas who helped desegregate the University of Arkansas School of Law and later filed suit against the Little Rock School Board in a case that went to the U.S. Supreme Court. Pine Bluff–born author Peter McGehee became well known in literary circles for his first novel, Boys Like Us, published in 1991. Jimmy McKissic graduated from UAPB and went on to become a world-renowned pianist who performed at Carnegie Hall in New York twenty-eight times. Baseball star Torii Hunter recorded the most home runs by an Arkansan in major league history.
The Arts & Science Center for Southeast Arkansas, founded as the Pine Bluff Jefferson County Arts and Science Center in 1968, was commissioned by the city and preserves the Arkansas Delta’s arts and heritage. The Arkansas Railroad Museum preserves the last steam-powered locomotive built in Arkansas and includes various artifacts of Arkansas’s railroad heritage. The Pine Bluff/Jefferson County Historical Museum opened in 1980 in the restored 1907 Union Pacific train depot. The Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame is housed at the Pine Bluff Convention Center. The Pine Bluff Film Festival operated from 1995 to 2007 in the Community Theatre and the Saenger Theatre; the Community has been renovated, but the Saeger is in disrepair in the twenty-first century. The Governor Mike Huckabee Delta Rivers Nature Center was established in 2001 in Pine Bluff's Regional Park.
For additional information:
Bearden, Russell E. “Pine Bluff’s Golden Era: 1890–1920.” Jefferson County Arts and Science Center Publication (July 2004): 6.
Leslie, James W. Pine Bluff and Jefferson County: A Pictorial History. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company, 1981.
———. Saracen’s County. Little Rock: Rose Publishing Company, 1974.
Russell E. Bearden
White Hall, Arkansas
Last Updated 10/19/2016
About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative | <urn:uuid:95ece891-6e3e-43a9-aa3d-facdde14d8c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=908 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725470.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00075-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960332 | 2,756 | 3.15625 | 3 |
In honor of St. Patrick’s Day, we’re highlighting pieces in our collection that bring us luck all year round. Take a look at 7 Lucky Works of Art in our collection, found from cultures across the globe!
1. Qing Dynasty Bowl
Chinese culture considers peaches very lucky, symbolizing longevity and good fortune. This bowl from the Qing dynasty (about 1700) certainly shows that the peach has stood the test of time!
2. Nigerian Horseshoe
While horseshoes are considered symbols of luck in our eyes, this horseshoe is used as currency in Nigeria.
3. Wedgwood Vase
The BMA is lucky to call itself the home of the largest collection of Wedgwood outside of England. We couldn’t get through this list without sharing a little bit of green – it is St. Patrick’s Day, after all!
4. Hotei Sculpture
Hotei is a Buddhist folk character who supposedly lived in China during the early 10th century. He wandered from town to town, never stopping in one place for long. He loved children and always seemed to have something for them in his large bag of possessions. He is now worshipped in Japan as the God of Good Fortune.
5. Chinese Vase
This vase is adorned with bats, a classical Chinese feng shui symbol for prosperity, and clouds, which symbolize good fortune and happiness.
6. Wedding Food Box
This piece is an elaborate covered wedding food box. On the inside of the box are four food compartments with plates, with characters saying “water, good fortune, east,” and one indecipherable word. Eating foods from these plates on a wedding day leads to a long, happy marriage.
7. Bands of Color in Various Directions
The treasure under this rainbow is our beautiful sculpture garden! Rain or shine, this Sol LeWitt piece is always brightening our day. | <urn:uuid:566ed650-bd9f-4115-9f83-810b1c5b437b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://artsbma.org/7-lucky-works-of-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949357 | 407 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sunday, 8th March, celebrates International Women’s Day as a focal point in the movement for women’s rights to help forge a gender-equal world and celebrate women’s achievements. As part of its commitment to the ongoing support of women in the maritime industry, Red Funnel has signed the Women in Maritime pledge and intends to achieve chartership by June 2020.
The chartership, developed by Maritime UK, creates a framework to challenge companies to make progress on fairness, diversity and inclusion within the sector. Ultimately it aims to address gender equality in maritime roles, something that Red Funnel strongly supports.
At Red Funnel, 8.23% of certificated officers are female, as are 26% of our ships’ crews. The former is more than double the 2019 national average statistic of just 3%. Whilst these numbers are still far from equal, Red Funnel is committed to providing equal opportunities to all its staff, both ashore and afloat, and is proud to have seen the increase in gender equality in all areas of our business in recent years.
Red Funnel has already taken explicit steps towards chartership, including offering more flexible working options for women in maritime roles, providing employees with access to apply for flexible working at any time (not having to wait 26 weeks as per statutory legislation), and offering company enhanced maternity pay after two years’ service.
This month, Red Funnel Group also attained executive board gender equality when it appointed Leanna Lakes as Operations Director, joining CEO and fellow Master Mariner, Fran Collins, and HR Director, Debbie Reed, to make up a 50% female executive board of directors.
Fran Collins, CEO of Red Funnel Ferries, commented: “I’m very proud that Red Funnel has signed the Women in Maritime pledge and continues to surpass industry averages in what is historically a male-dominated industry. As an industry, we still have a long way to go but at Red Funnel we are dedicated to achieving Maritime UK chartership and continuing to take steps to inspire more women to join a fantastic industry that offers such a wide range of career options.” | <urn:uuid:26f7d415-70b9-419d-a6e2-fda7b43e808c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.discoverferries.com/members-news/red-funnel/women-in-maritime-pledge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961995 | 439 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Note: This review contains unavoidable spoilers for Book One in the Princess Academy series, but no spoilers for this second book.
Despite the perhaps misleading reference to princesses in the title, the girls in the “Princess Academy” series, while fictional, still present some of the best role models for young girls you can find in children’s books. These are girls who are determined to made a difference with their lives, and do so!
I loved the first book in this series, Princess Academy (see my review here). You don’t need to read it to enjoy fully this continuation of the story of the heroine Miri, but the two books are so enjoyable and inspirational you might as well read them both!
Miri comes from Mount Eskel, a village known for its mining of linder, a silvery marble-like stone. This fictional substance conveys a kind of extra-sensory perceptiveness to those who work in the quarries, breathe in its dust, and drink the water from streams that run through the linder mountain. “Lowlanders” in the kingdom of Danland look down upon those from up on Mount Eskel; nevertheless, traders from the Lowlands come three times a year to haul the valuable stone down the mountain, and bring food and other provisions in return.
This time, when the traders come, some of the girls from Mount Eskel will be going back with them to Asland, where the King and Queen live. The year before, royal priests had divined that Mount Eskel was the home of the future Princess. So all eligible girls were required to attend a “Princess Academy” to learn about the subjects they might need to know if selected by Prince Steffan. Although Miri was the top student, the Prince picked Miri’s friend Britta to be his bride. Now Britta has invited Miri to come, along with five other Academy girls, to attend her wedding. Also, she told Miri there was an opening for her at the Queen’s Castle, a university in Asland at which Miri could continue the studies she had grown to love. Britta even arranged for Miri’s crush Peder to get an apprenticeship with a stone carver in the capital. They could all go down to Asland together.
There were some dark notes to this bright opportunity, however. Miri would miss her father and her older sister Marda terribly. Additionally, Katar – one of the girls from the Academy who went to Asland to be a delegate to the royal court – wrote Miri that there was some kind of trouble brewing there.
Miri joins the trader wagons for the trip with mixed feelings, but soon she is caught up in the excitement of a big city and in the wonder of the new subjects she is learning. At first history is a disappointment – there are no books about Mount Eskel! But the whole idea of history suggests something new to her: does it have to be a “dead” subject about static names on a page, or can memories come alive and change the world? What she learns in ethics also stymies her: how do you decide between two equally unpleasant choices? Is there any time when ends justify the means, no matter how repugnant? Does the greater good ever outweigh individual values?
These aren’t just academic questions. The threat of revolution is roiling Asland. Too many people go hungry, and the Nobles and the King take too much in tributes. Miri knows about poverty and injustice from her background on Mount Eskel, and wants to side with the “shoeless.” But one of her dearest friends is about to become Princess of the hated establishment! How can she choose between them? How much credence should she give to her head, and how much to her heart?
She even faces choices on the romantic front. Her crush Peder doesn’t pay all that much attention to her, not like Timon, a worldly fellow scholar….
Discussion: Is this book in the category of Middle Grade or Young Adult? It certainly has nothing in it that would be objectionable for younger readers, but neither does it have anything in it that won’t appeal to older readers, including this WAY older reader.
Evaluation: Don’t be put off by the word “princess” in the titles! These books are totally not related to the whole girls-just-want-to-be-princesses trope. On the contrary, Miri and her friends want to make their marks in the world, and they do so with pluck, aplomb, intelligence, and humor. Miri and the other girls are terrific role models, and wonderful characters.
When Shannon Hale is on her game, she is one charming and engaging story teller!
Published by Bloomsbury Books for Young Readers, 2012 | <urn:uuid:57803ef3-b19e-44b2-be71-98edad5d4c9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rhapsodyinbooks.wordpress.com/2013/03/25/review-of-princess-academy-palace-of-stone-by-shannon-hale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00331-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96884 | 1,029 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Anonymous wrote on Jun 14 2011 9:47AM
S.S. Rajamouli is an Indian screenwriter and film director who works in Telugu cinema. He was introduced as a director by K. Raghavendra Rao. Starting from his first venture as a director,Student No. 1, all his movies have had great success at the box office. His movies, Yamadongaand Magadheera have a mythological background, and show the director's versatility apart from his handling of predominantly contemporary subjects, such as Sye. Rajamouli's movies often boast a good story, superior technical values and are overall, proven powerful packages.
Previously, Rajamouli directed tele-serials under the guidance of his guru K. Raghavendra Rao. His first gig was Student No. 1, which he directed under K. Raghavendra Rao's supervision. He often collaborates with Vijayendra Prasad (Writer),who is also Rajamouli's father, M. M. Keeravani (Music director and his Cousin), R Ravinder (Art Director) and Kalyani Malik (Music director).
Rajamouli(Real Name : Koduri Srisaila Sri Rajamouli) was born in Amareswara camp Raichur of Karnataka. However, his native place isKovvur and was born in a Telugu family. He studied up to Class IV at Kovvur and continued his education in Eluru and continued his intermediate in Kovvur Junior College. Moreover his father and brother are in the film industry. So, he joined as an assistant with Editor Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao for some time. Rajamouli is a great Childhood actor. He acted as "Lord krishna" (1985) in a movie produced by his Father and Uncles for which his uncle Shiva Datta ( M.M. keeravani's Father ) is the director.Unfortunately the film was shelved in the final stages. Later, he worked for some days in AVM recording theatre. After that, he joined his father as an assistant with his father S Vijayendra Prasad for about six years. During that time, Rajamouli used to narrate his stories to several directors.
After his home production Ardhangi turned out be a disaster, his family returned from Chennai to Hyderabad.
Rajamouli joined as an assistant with director K. Raghavendra Rao and worked for Santi Nivasam, a teleserial. However, his seniors Vara Mullapudi and Yeleti Chandrasekhar used to get more importance than he did. Consequently, worked harder, which earned him the 'working devil' (Pani Rakshasudu) title from K. Raghavendra Rao.
Rajamouli finally got an opportunity to direct a film under the supervision of K. Raghavendra Rao as Student No. 1 with Jr. NTR, which turned out to be a super hit.
Later on, he got another chance to direct Jr. NTR again for Vijaya Maruthi Combines. That is Simhadri which was a All Time Block Buster Hit, which broke all previous box office records . His third film Sye with Nitin was a musical hit. After the completion of a hat-trick of hits, Rajamouili directed Prabhas for Chatrapathi, which was a blockbuster hit.
Then he chose Raviteja as hero for Vikramarkudu which was also a blockbuster film. During the shooting of the film Rajamouli was injured. After completing five successive hits, Rajamouli brought out a socio-fantasy film with Jr. NTR again- Yamadonga which relaunched NTR's Career. Rajamouli brought out the film on his own banner 'Viswamitra Creations'. With this, he had completed a double hat-trick personally. His next venture was Magadheera which upon its release turned out to be an industry hit broke all Telugu box office records at the time. His latest film titled Maryada Ramanna (2010) is with comedian Sunil as a hero. Maryada Ramanna was a successful film and with this movie he has 8 straight successful movies in a row. He is planning to do a film with Prabhas for the second time, for which further details are awaited. Recently Mahesh Babu has written in his Twitter that he is about to work with Rajamouli. Rajamouli is also planning a small budget quickie named Eegas, which is about the life of a Housefly. | <urn:uuid:e535f272-0210-48ee-bbb7-21f9acf1144b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.gomolo.com/s-s-rajamouli-biography/324342/1321998 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00229-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988366 | 979 | 1.640625 | 2 |
I don't really buy the Great Man theory...
... of history, nor am I a fan-boy of celebrities, current or past. But I AM an admirer of people who are (for lack of a better term) broadly talented and effective.
That is, learning about such people is kind of a sub-hobby of mine. I look up to, read biographies of, and am inspired by people like:
|Galton, ca. 1850|
Francis Galton (who came up with the idea of statistical correlation; first wrote about “nature vs. nurture”, invented the idea of psychometrics; did important work in meteorology and audiology, inventing the Galton whistle and a few other things)
|Alberti, ca. 1440|
Or the classic example of such folks, Leonardo da Vinci (painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, scientist, writer...)
Or consider Leon Battista Alberti (architect, painter, poet, mathematician, horseman, author, artist, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, and archer)
I'd include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (novelist, poet, statesman, theatre director, natural philosopher, mineralogist)
And Alexander von Humboldt (Prussian geographer, naturalist, explorer, romantic philosophy, quantitative botanical geography)
Along with Daniel Bernoulli (math, physics, probability theory, medicine, anatomy, botany)
|A worried looking Goethe, ca. 1828|
I'm curious about the details of people like this--how did they manage to be so wide-ranging AND effective in (apparently) whatever area they wanted to work in?
I'm fascinated by an analysis like that of Maria Popova did of the routines of famous (and famously productive) writers.
|Pallas, ca. 1906|
(BTW, Don't miss her wonderful chart showing all this data collected together in a single infographic. Highly recommended.)
In short, I try to learn from those brilliant folks that have figured this out before me. What did they do that I should emulate? Sure, work hard, get up early in the morning, write like crazy... But then.. what else?
So I'd like your help in putting together a list of people like those above. Who else qualifies? This week we have just a single question:
1. Can you find more people like those above? They must be skilled in multiple arts / sciences / domains-of-expertise AND have left a record so we can tell what they were so good at doing. And just as importantly, HOW can you do a SearchReSearch strategy to identify these folks?
Once you figure out a method to find people with this interestingly vague characteristic, share it with us. I don't think it's all that difficult to do, but we'll learn an important SRS skill.
Who else would you nominate to go onto this list, and why?
Be sure to tell us HOW to found these additional people!
(To be clear, they need NOT be dead, white, and male. These were just handy examples with images that are out of copyright...) | <urn:uuid:25d9be56-a45f-4b72-ae5e-3456eae24db2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fia.umd.edu/search-challenge-9915-can-you-find-more-like-this/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.949889 | 671 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Ive read everywhere that the post T&L cache is "FIFO" but Im not sure how to interpret this. Does it mean that for a list like 4,5,6,7,8 the GPU can only access the element "4", or does it mean that all elements in the cache can be accessed, but if a new element is added(like 9), then the element "4" will be the one pushed out of the cache?
And whats the size of that cache today on an average card(PC) ? 10? 20?
I want to draw lots of NxN grids from triangles. ....using drawElements, triangle strips, static draw. I guess within a grid after every row I should change the direction of the draw(so after a left-to-right row I do a right-to-left row) so I get more cache hits. ....and I would like to know whats the "ideal" N number for this? | <urn:uuid:2aacd720-387d-4799-890e-4fd05a067b63> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.opengl.org/discussion_boards/showthread.php/182878-Post-T-L-cache-questions?p=1255394&viewfull=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00180-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895335 | 202 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Celebrate Love No Matter Your Relationship Status
Love it or loathe it, Valentine’s Day is much more than simply chocolate, roses and dinner plans. The holiday is actually rooted in rich history. Finally, an expert in rituals provides tips on a variety of ways to celebrate Valentine’s Day. So you can find the one that suits you, whether or not you’re in a relationship.
Cupid’s holiday lineage traces back to the ancient Roman fertility festival, Lupercalia, which celebrates early spring, fertility, ancestors and love. Single females would place their names into an urn, while each bachelor would pick a name out of the urn to spend the year with that woman – thus ensuring fertility for the community.
France and England
In the Middle Ages, the ritual of picking a woman’s name out of an urn continued. However, something significant was added. The term, “wears their heart on their sleeve” came from this tradition: a bachelor would draw a heart on his sleeve, committing to take care of the woman whose name he drew for an entire year.
So, where does the name Valentine come in? In the third century, legend has it that the Roman Emperor Claudius II outlawed marriage, fearing that men would not want to go off to war if they were happily married at home. A Christian priest named Valentine didn’t like this idea and married couples in secret. When Claudius discovered Valentine’s practice, he threw Valentine in jail and executed him on February 14; thus Valentine’s Day was born. Before his death, Valentine developed a strong relationship with the jail keeper’s daughter and signed his letters from your Valentine.
With inspiration from the past – and a less harsh government system – we’ve created five modern day rituals to try this Valentine’s Day.
By Barbara Bizoiu
1. Write a love letter
You don’t have to be as eloquent as Lord Bryon or St Valentine, but handwritten love letters are a great way to show your love, and are more romantic than a text or email. By the 17th and 18th centuries, love letters and small gifts were exchanged around Valentine’s Day. Pick up some nice paper and write a hand-written note, accompanied with a small gift if you’d like. Rub with flowers or essential oils for that extra touch.
2. Lock in your love
If you’ve ever been to Paris, you might have seen the love padlocks covering the Pont des Arts Bridge, which has since been taken down recently. However, this ritual – popular in France and other countries – is a sure sign to express your love for the world to see, by writing your names on the padlock and locking it up. Surprise your loved one with a padlock and write your names on it together, locking it to your fence or hook somewhere around your home – or your favorite spot to visit.
3. Have a date with yourself
If you’re unattached this Valentine’s Day, you don’t need to go into full-on depression mode. Take yourself on a date. Whether that be out at a nice restaurant, at home with a nice meal, getting a massage, a bubble bath or a chick flick and wine night, treat yourself on this special day. Loving ourselves is just as important, if not more, than loving others.
4. Draw a love bath
Baths with oils have been around for centuries and were enjoyed by royalty. Pour lavender, rosemary, thyme, and comfrey into warm water and soak. Add bath salts or Epsom salt for an added health benefit and detoxification.
5. Drink a love potion
Yes, it’s a real thing, but you won’t become crazy or choke to death. For healthy, natural aphrodisiac love potion, make this:
- equal amounts of dried plant material (damiana leaf, muira puama bark, jasmine flowers, and rose petals) to fill your jar 1/3 full
- filtered water and food-grade, organic vegetable glycerin, to cover
Quick Tincture Method
- Place enough plant material into any size glass mason jar to fill 1/3 of the way
- Cover the plant material with a 60% vegetable glycerin 40% water mixture, and screw on the lid.
- Using a pot, made with some sort of non-reactive material, make a water bath by placing a small piece of cheesecloth or a piece of scrap cloth on the bottom of the pot, then place the glass jar full of herb and glycerin on top. Fill the pot with 2-3 inches of water. Note : Do not cover the jar with water.
- Slowly and gently bring the water in the pot to a simmer – just below boiling.
- Allow the jar to bathe in this water temperature for 6-8 hours. Be sure to shake the jar periodically throughout the process. And be sure to continuously add more water to the pot as needed.
- Turn off the heat, cover with a cloth, and let it all sit covered, overnight.
- Each day, repeat the gentle warming, shaking and steeping – ideally for 3 days, but if you’re in a super hurry you can make this tincture in one day; however, it only gets better the longer and gently it is prepared.
- Strain off the herb with the help of a strainer and cheesecloth. Now squeeze hard, extracting all of the goodness of the plant!
- Be sure to return the plant material to the Earth.
Bottle and label the tincture. Note : I recommend storing your tincture in these bottles.
For more rituals to help you celebrate, move through daily life and difficult times, enjoy Barbara Biziou’s, The Joy of the Ritual: Spiritual Recipes to Celebrate Milestones, Ease Transitions, and Make Every Day Sacred. | <urn:uuid:a68e9093-d5fa-44dc-84d7-f581c472b28d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rewireme.com/relationships/5-rituals-valentines-day-inspired-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.9377 | 1,265 | 2.328125 | 2 |
If you are a serious Minecraft player and need a reliable server, or you’re looking to grow an online Minecraft community, build a world, and create a home for people all over the world, then this is the article for you.
Throughout this guide, we’re going to make everything as easy as possible to understand as we break down what to look for in the best Minecraft server hosting provider, what terms like bandwidth and RAM mean, why location is important, and so much more.
Minecraft is one of the most beloved and most flexible sandbox games globally. The game first launched out to the world back in 2011 and has exploded over the last decade, currently sitting on around 141 million monthly users worldwide.
While there’s plenty to do in single-player Minecraft with standard survival and creative modes, as well as several story modes that have been released over the years…
There’s no denying that Minecraft is much more fun when you’re playing with other people, be it friends, family, or even strangers from all over the world.
This is where a good Minecraft server host comes into play.
An Introduction to Minecraft Server Hosting
In the online world, servers are necessary for hosting game files and world data so players can log in from anywhere and play together in real-time.
It’s quite a simple technology but essential for online play.
Of course, Minecraft hosting can be customized indefinitely to suit the person or company who is hosting the game, thanks to how easy it is to tweak the core game itself.
If you take a massive server like Hypixel, one of the biggest public Minecraft servers, which currently has around a concurrent player count averaging 100,000 players, there are…
Endless game modes, mini-games, hangout opportunities, and more for players to get involved in.
Then you have modded hosting that takes heavily modified versions of the game that allow multiple people running the same mode packs to play together.
You have public vanilla hosting that anyone can join to meet new people and live in a Minecraft world that’s alive and vibrant, rather unlike the barren singleplayer worlds.
Of course, you then have the opposite end of the spectrum to large public servers when you start looking at private hosting and Minecraft realms. These are small servers that friends would play on together and are relatively inaccessible to other players who don’t have the log-in information and can even be password locked to prevent this from happening.
Within this article, we’re going to explore everything you need to know when it comes to hosting this game, specifically dedicated server hosting. This way, you’ll be able to figure out what kind of host you need, ultimately creating the top multiplayer Minecraft experience that suits what you’re looking for.
What is Minecraft Server Hosting?
To host Minecraft, you need physical hosting somewhere in the world that’s connected to the internet, allowing players to connect via the internet connection.
While you can technically run Minecraft on your own PC, the specifications for this kind of hosting will only have the resources to allow a few people to join and play, and if your connection isn’t great or your hardware isn’t good enough to support the server processes that make the game run, then the player’s experience won’t be great either.
This is why hosting companies exist.
Hosting providers run technology on dedicated, state-of-the-art hardware that’s capable of supporting worlds with literally thousands of players at the same time, all with a smooth connection that doesn’t lag or crash.
Our Reviews for The Top-Rated Minecraft Server Hosting Providers 2022
If you’re looking to cut to the chase and learn which are the best Minecraft server providers available right now, here are our independent top reviews for the companies you need to be looking out for and considering. We’ll explore some of the key points on each provider, as well as a lowdown on what each service provides.
#1 – Hostinger – Best All-Round Experience
For many, Hostinger is the top pick when it comes to server hosting for Minecraft. There are plenty of plans to choose from that allow you to start small and affordably, but ensure you can scale your hosting to more powerful and capable options as and when you need them. What’s more, these hosting packages are specifically built for Minecraft hosting using VPS technology.
After you make an account, you can have everything up and running in literally seconds, and there’s a very capable support team available over the phone or via live chat should you have any questions or encounter any problems.
The interface and dashboard are also incredibly clean and easy to learn, meaning that even if you have no technical skills, you can set up your hosting with ease.
Why Choose Hostinger?
If you’re looking for the greatest all-rounded experience, Hostinger is ideal. The prices are affordable, the service is scalable to whatever size you want, and the entire process has been made easy.
Data Center Location?
The prime server for Minecraft with Hostinger is located in Singapore.
Prices start at $6.95 per month
#2 – Shockbyte – Best Affordable Servers
Shockbyte is an incredibly popular server provider, and at the time of writing, supports over 400,000 game servers. Their reputation among server providers is also one of the highest, averaging 4.5/5 stars across 4,500+ reviews on Trustpilot.
However, by far, the biggest draw to Shockbyte is how affordable the Minecraft packages are. With prices starting at just $2.50 per month for a small, low-end package that’s capable of supporting up to eight people, these packages are ideal for even the lowest budgets.
With a tonne of excellent guarantees, like 100% uptime, security, and a capable support team, Shockbyte is a service provider well worth thinking about.
Data Center Location?
Shockbyte has servers located in North America, along with Europe, and in Southeast Asia in, Singapore and also in (APAC) Australia.
Why Choose Shockbyte?
The sub-domain feature included with every order is just fantastic. IP addresses are how players will find and log onto your server, and having a custom one (like iplayminecraft.com) makes the overall experience so much more fulfilling and streamlined for players.
Prices start at $2.50 per month
#3 – Apex Hosting – Best For Flexibility
The first server I ever made was set up with Apex Hosting, and I still run part of my business with them to this day. The setup with Apex is just phenomenal, and you can literally be up and running in minutes, plus mods and a loaded world. The level of customer support you can get from the Apex team is just outstanding as well, and if you have any problems, they’ll sort it out asap.
Apex has options for both Java and Bedrock versions of the game and offers full FTP and MYSQL access.
This means you get full control over your server, and if you have the means to create your own plugins or what to create a unique server experience like no other, you have access to the game files to do just this. Flexibility is paramount.
Data Center Location?
Apex has a load of hosting locations globally, in USA, and London, in Asia, in Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, and also for the Asia Pacific region, Australia.
Why Choose Apex?
If you have a specific idea for the kind of Minecraft server you want to create, Apex is the provider that will help you make it happen. You can set up Vanilla or Modded servers with the one-click setup, you can also load up plugins (Spigot, Bukkit, and more) directly from the dashboard without having to manually load them, and there is even a tonne of mini-game options you can load in with just a click.
Prices start at $7.49 for the first month ($9.99 after)
How Does a Minecraft Server Work?
A Minecraft server is a computer or piece of specialist hardware that runs hosting software. This software is dedicated to the Minecraft game that enables players to play the game of Minecraft together over the internet.
After a service has been set up by following the instructions of a provider, players can then access the server and start playing.
This can be achieved by entering the dedicated and unique IP address of the server, which could look something like;
That’s the simple premise of a server online, and for the standard everyday players, this is all they will need to know. However, as a hosting owner, there’s more you need to be aware of, mostly when it comes to hosting performance.
When creating your server, you need to be aware of how the hosting works on a technical level so you’re not only able to offer an experience to your players that they’re going to love but also to ensure you’re able to manage your budget while getting access to the features that ensure your hosting is what you want it to be.
For example, if you don’t have the right resources and enough power, say you’re only using a small hosting account, but you have a lot of Minecraft players, then you’re going to experience a lot of lag, and your players won’t want to play anymore. However, if you have powerful hosting and not a lot of players, you’re basically throwing money away.
What are Dedicated Minecraft Server Resources?
When you are looking to buy Minecraft hosting, the first thing that might come to your mind is how much RAM and bandwidth will I need?
Well, this really depends on what type of server you want – public or private.
If it’s a public server where anyone can play then, it’s ideal to get a hosting package with the most RAM and bandwidth you can get, but it’s worth looking into what options are available.
This is not the smartest option for building a business but it is good to know what this offers, they are a goldmine of information.
With a 1GB package, you’ll have enough power for between 5-10 players, but you could technically have unlimited players, they just wouldn’t be able to play on the server together at the same time, which defeats the point of having multiplayer.
What’s more, due to the way Minecraft works, you need to consider how big the world is. If you have a player at world spawn (0,0) and a player at coordinates, 10,000, 10,000, then your Minecraft hosting needs to spend RAM loading in the chunks in that area for both players.
When you have more Minecraft players, all in different areas of the map, possibly warping around to other parts of the map, then you’re going to need even more power.
This might not be so much of a problem on smaller, private servers, but if you’re looking to run professional hosting for lots of players, you’ll need a server that can keep up.
What Resources Do You Need To Run A Minecraft Server?
#1. A high-speed processor with enough RAM
The key ingredient in any successful online multiplayer game is speed. Players are more likely to have a better experience if they don’t have to wait for the server and/or Minecraft gameplay to catch up with their inputs, so it’s important that your hosting service has plenty of RAM and processing power at its disposal – you should look for something like an (1) Intel Xeon or iSeries.
#2. Dedicated IP address
This is a unique number assigned to your server that allows players to connect directly to it without going through a central hosting or lobby. It also ensures that you will have the resources needed for your gameplay and prevents others from using up all the bandwidth or memory.
#3. 24/7 customer support
A good hosting service should have round-the-clock customer support available in case of any problems. Hosting outages or crashes can be frustrating, and it’s always nice to know that you have someone to help you get back up and running as quickly as possible.
One of the greatest things about Minecraft hosting is that it’s possible to scale up as your server grows. This means you can start with a few people and add more players later on without having to pay for new servers or upgrade existing ones.
How to use Minecraft Hosting As a Business
It’s possible to use Minecraft hosting services to start your own business. I set up my first hosting back in 2018 and advertised it on Reddit, making around $500 in the first two months through the sale of accessory crates.
Like any other game, Minecraft is a form of entertainment, and there’s always going to be an audience for this kind of entertainment.
Once you have an idea and the drive to build it, there are options available to you.
The issue is that people want something new enough to be unique with nothing else like it that you can’t get anywhere else, but also novel enough that they understand it and the learning curve isn’t too high.
You need to find a server idea in a market that isn’t saturated but is instead exciting. That doesn’t mean you can’t run a vanilla one. If you have a stellar community where people feel welcomed and enjoy each other’s company, this can be your business selling point.
However, you need to remember that Minecraft themselves updated their terms and conditions to state that server owners can’t make money selling items that put other players at a disadvantage, or in other words, serving a pay-to-win platform.
However, running a server and making money from loot or accessory crates isn’t the only way to run a business. Here are a few ways you can use Minecraft hosting, specifically through marketing efforts.
• Customised, in-game advertisements
Players who love playing on public servers will often see your adverts while they’re online. This is the perfect way to get them interested and keep them engaged with your brand! You could run contests or offer discounts to players who visit your website or store. You may be trying to sell something like books or merch (2).
• Live streaming
Twitch, and YouTube have become extremely popular for live streaming gameplay, including Minecraft.
This is a great way to show off your servers and get people interested in playing on them!
You could also do interviews with the players or developers of your server. If you’re looking to grow your Twitch or YouTube channels, you could run a server for your audience to join and interact with you.
• Server contests
These are a great way to engage with the players on your server and promote it at the same time. A popular example of this is by creating competitive mini-games that have prizes for winners or give away keys to new ranks in exchange for tickets sold. People love interacting and having objectives to work towards, and this is a great way to draw people in.
Can I use Cheap Minecraft Hosting?
There is a tonne of smaller, more affordable Minecraft providers out there, some of them I covered above. Some services are even free, so why would you pay for premium service if free ones are available?
You may also not be able to add your plugin of choice, run modded applications, or get a high level of customer support should you have any questions or experience any problems. Let’s say your hosting crashes, and you can’t get it back up yourself; you need a team on hand to get things sorted quickly. Otherwise, your players are going to leave, especially if it keeps happening.
How to Choose the Best Minecraft Hosting Service
Finally, with all this information fresh in your mind, we’re now left with one last question. How do you choose which Minecraft hosting provider to invest in?
It can be quite difficult to decide which one to use, but there are some key considerations to think about that can help pick the right game server.
#1 Location Of Your Minecraft Hosting
Where does your hosting company have data centers located? Are they located in Asia, because this is going to help your business, massively if you are located there. You’ll want to choose a company that has data centres close to you and your player base, as this will ensure good ping times and reduce the chances of lag. Lag-free servers are a must!
- What kind of features does your Minecraft server hosting providers offer?
- Are they able to accommodate large numbers of players?
- Do they have a control panel you can learn to use?
- Do they have mods installed already?
- Is there a control panel?
- Can you scale easily?
- Do they offer DDoS protection?
- Do you get a dedicated IP?
Make sure you’re comparing services to see what they offer, especially since providers can change what they’re offering at different times, like when they have a sales event or discounts. Basically, you need to think about everything we’ve spoken about above and how this affects you.
How much does your hosting company charge for their services? Are they competitively priced? You should always compare plans and read reviews to ensure you’re getting the top deal and that the server you’re investing in suits your budget. | <urn:uuid:34477098-67e6-41eb-a610-64e9734108cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bizofgames.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.952798 | 3,708 | 1.742188 | 2 |
The Mental Health Act (1983) | Insanity and the Law
Mood | Anxiety | Obsessions and Compulsions | Eating Disorders | Psychoses | Personality Disorders
Stress and Bereavement | Somatoform Disorders | Alcohol and Substance Misuse | Sleep Disorders | Obstetric
Child and Adolescent
It is quite normal for a person to feel sad or elated and, though they may affect the way a person behaves, these emotions are part of the normal human experience. However, it is possible to go far beyond the normal range to a point where the emotion is not felt but instead dominates a person's life, preventing them from functioning and even making them a risk to themselves or others. Around 20% of women and 10% of men will suffer from recurrent depression at some stage in their life, and another 1% of the population will develop bipolar affective disorder. Both are most common in early adult life, though a wide range of people of all ages and from all walks of life are affected. This entry looks broadly at the mood disorders and provides links to other, more detailed entries on h2g2.
(The definitions of diseases mentioned in the entry are based upon the criteria listed in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.)
Depression differs from normal low feelings both through its duration and the effect it has on those suffering from it. A first episode of depression may follow a devastating life event, though it is thought that depression has a genetic component and that those with depression have a shortage of the neurotransmitters whose levels are increased by anti-depressants. The key symptoms seen in depression are a low mood, a lack of pleasure from previously enjoyable pastimes (anhedonia), and a lack of energy (anergia). At least two of these three symptoms must persist for two weeks for a diagnosis of a depressive episode to be made, and at least two of the following symptoms should also be present:
- Reduced concentration and problems maintaining attention.
- Low self-esteem and feelings of low personal worth.
- Ideas of guilt and feelings of unworthiness.
- Hopeless and pessimistic views of their future.
- Thoughts, planning or actions of self-harm or suicide.
- Problems with sleep, such as insomnia or excessive sleeping.
- Changes in appetite, including both loss of appetite and overeating.
The severity of depression can also be determined using these two lists of symptoms. Mild depression is present when a person has four or more symptoms, while moderate depression usually includes at least six. Severe depression is diagnosed when a person suffers from all three key symptoms plus at least four from the second list.
Some cases of depression also include so-called psychomotor symptoms, where the person's manner and movements are altered by the disease. These tend to fall into two classes: retardation and agitation. Psychomotor retardation leads to a slowing of thought and movement, with the person taking a long time to reply to questions and then doing so in a slow, flat voice. The individual may have an expressionless face and may in severe circumstances become mute, unresponsive and virtually motionless – this is known as a depressive stupor. Alternatively, individuals may be affected by psychomotor agitation, making them restless so that they constantly fidget or pace around the room.
Finally, in severe cases, depression can produce psychotic symptoms in keeping with the person's state of mind. They may have hallucinations in which voices accuse them of worthlessness or criticise their actions, or they may hallucinate an awful smell such as that of dead rotting flesh. They may also develop delusions that they are guilty of things they have not done, that they are dead or do not exist, or that their insides are slowly rotting away. Symptoms such as these are more common in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, but can still occur in depression, leading to a diagnosis of 'severe depression with psychotic symptoms'.
A person presenting with the above symptoms for the first time would be diagnosed with a mild, moderate or severe depressive episode. If an individual has a second depressive episode they are diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder provided they have not had any episodes of mania or hypomania, which would point to a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (see below). On the other hand, individuals suffering from a continuous mildly depressed mood rather than episodes of depression may be diagnosed with dysthymia, a long-term condition that rarely becomes severe enough to warrant diagnosis with depression.
As opposed to being the main diagnosis, depression may instead be due to another mental health condition such as anxiety, adjustment disorder, an eating disorder, a personality disorder or a psychotic disorder. It may also present on equal footing with schizophrenia, in which case the complicated diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder is used.
It is particularly important to remember that depression can also arise from diseases outside of the scope of mental health, such as stroke, HIV, cancer and arthritis. A state of depression can also be induced by continually using a psychoactive substance such as alcohol.
A mention should also be made of the entry on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which deals with a condition that is different from depression but which causes depressive symptoms on a seasonal basis due to lack of daylight.
While a single episode of depression will peter out within six months to a year, more than 60% of individuals will go on to have further episodes. While depression is often very treatable, it is an important risk factor for suicide with depressed individuals being 20 times more likely to commit suicide.
Coping With Low Mood
h2g2 has a range of helpful entries that deal with depression:
- Medication for Depression
- Overcoming Depression
- Teenage Depression
- Depression and College Students
- Depression Survival - a Personal Account
Unlike depression, the severity of elated mood is not based on the number of symptoms present, but their severity. There are thus three levels: hypomania, mania and mania with psychotic symptoms. While the basic symptoms involved are the same and both have a certain impact on a person's life, hypomania is less severe than mania. The crucial difference is that a person experiencing hypomania can still just about cope with normal activities, whereas if they were to progress to a state of mania they would be completely incapable of normal function. The loss of contact with reality that occurs during mania is not to be understated. Those who develop psychotic symptoms as part of severe mania may even fail to eat, drink and wash properly, making it a thoroughly debilitating experience.
The basic symptoms of hypomania and mania are:
- Feelings of euphoria, irritability or fluctuating mood.
- Sleeping less, but not becoming fatigued.
- Increased energy leading to risk-taking and overactivity.
- Disinhibition, including promiscuity.
- Raised self-esteem or a sense of self-importance.
- Difficulty concentrating on a particular thing.
- Accelerated thinking and fast speech.
- Reduced insight and ability to judge risks.
The psychotic symptoms affecting those with severe mania include:
- Circumstantial speech, which takes a while to get to the point.
- Tangential speech, which heads off on tangents and never gets to the point.
- Flights of ideas, where loosely-linked thoughts rush through the mind.
- Delusions of grandeur or persecution.
- Altered perceptions making sounds louder and colours brighter.
While a hypomanic episode can be diagnosed after just a few days, symptoms must last for at least a week and interfere completely with normal activities for a manic episode to be diagnosed. It is not uncommon for a mixture of depressive and manic symptoms to be present at the same time, thus leading to a diagnosis of mixed affective episode. These terms are all used for an individual's first episode of disturbed mood – once a second episode occurs then the label of bipolar affective disorder can be applied. Note that it is not necessary to have had both mania and depression to be diagnosed with so-called 'manic depression', though those who have only experienced depressive episodes will fall into the category of recurrent depressive disorder instead. It is also worth noting that thryoid disease may cause and, more rarely, be caused by bipolar affective disorder.
In cases where all the other diagnoses have been excluded, there is another diagnosis that requires consideration. Cyclothymia, a condition that produces numerous episodes of elation and depression, none of which are severe enough to be considered as hypomania or mild depression. Though it is often described as being a mild variant of bipolar disorder, the mood swings caused by cyclothymia are rapid and may be harder to diagnose than those of bipolar disorder. Treatment may be ineffective due to the rapid changes in mood, though the individual may not require any treatment other than relaxation and regular exercise, and may even find the mood swings useful in terms of the creative advantage they bring.
'Manic' symptoms may also be caused by depression – 'agitated depression' can present with irritability, and psychomotor agitation (see above) can be hard to distinguish from mania. Mania may also present on equal footing with schizophrenia, in which case the complicated diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder is used. Finally, it is important to remember that some medical conditions can cause symptoms of mania by interfering with the normal working of the brain, and that a range of psychoactive substances can produce an elated mood.
Unfortunately, around 90% of individuals experiencing a first manic episode will have further episodes, with an average of one every two to three years. Around 10% of those with bipolar affective disorder have more than four episodes of depression or mania per year and have a poor prognosis, being referred to as rapid cycling. Though there is much that can be done to help individuals with bipolar affective disorder, around 10% will eventually commit suicide.
Coping with Elated Mood
For more information about 'manic depression' and how to deal with it, see the entry on Bipolar Disorder. | <urn:uuid:5895001c-1c66-4d72-9753-13ad55feb63d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://h2g2.com/approved_entry/A46284096 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955595 | 2,080 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Should you write every day?
No matter what stage of your writing journey you’re in, you’ve probably pondered this question before.
There are valid arguments on both sides of the fence.
Those who say you shouldn’t write every day point out that doing so can lead to burnout or could even be a waste of time since you may end up jotting down junk just to fill your daily quota. And some say you should only write when you feel inspired.
But as early American author Jack London once said: “You can’t wait for inspiration. You have to go after it with a club.”
The women of the See Jane Write community know I’m Team Write Every Day. But this doesn’t mean I think you should work on your blog or book project every day or work on freelance articles or pitches every day. That will lead to burnout. It’s always a good idea to take a break from your work in progress from time to time so you can rest and recharge and approach it with fresh eyes.
But writing something every day can do wonders for your writing life.
Why You Should Write Every Day
Writing every day forces you to ditch your excuses. When I ask the women that I work with why they aren’t working on their writing goals, the answer is almost always the same: I just don’t have time.
I get it. You’re busy. But we’re all busy. Your busy schedule doesn’t make you special. Sorry. And the truth is, we make time to do the things we really want to do. When you start writing every day you realize that doing so is easier than you think. You don’t have to block off 3 hours of uninterrupted writing every day. Simply writing in your journal every morning before you start your day or every night before bed is enough to start building a daily writing habit. And this journaling habit can eventually grow into working on a blog, a book, or an essay that you will share with the world.
Writing every day helps you clear out the mental clutter. One great way to start your daily writing practice is through morning pages, a practice detailed in The Artist’s Way by Julia Cameron. The premise is simple: start each day with three pages of freewriting. Cameron says these pages aren’t meant to be edited or shared with anyone. She says she doesn’t even consider the pages “writing” because that puts on too much pressure for the words to be thought-provoking or clever. The goal is just to clear out the mental clutter so that you can get to the good stuff and create the work you’re meant to create.
Writing every day makes you an idea machine. In addition to freewriting, another way you can get words on the page daily is by writing down 10 ideas a day. Every writer should keep a running list of ideas. In the foreword to the book Become an Idea Machine, James Altucher says this is one of the best ways to boost your creativity because by brainstorming ideas daily you’re exercising your creative muscles. Now, not all of your ideas will be great. Some will be trash. But others will be treasures.
There’s a lesson here too.
When you write every day, you learn how to let yourself write crap. And you must write crap to get to the good stuff.
Octavia Butler said it best: “You don’t start out writing good stuff. You start out writing crap and thinking it’s good stuff, and then gradually you get better at it. That’s why I say one of the most valuable traits is persistence.”
And how do you develop persistence? Through habit!
Butler said, “First forget inspiration. Habit is more dependable. Habit will sustain you whether you’re inspired or not. Habit will help you finish and polish your stories. Inspiration won’t. Habit is persistence in practice.”
Journal Prompts to Jumpstart Your Daily Writing Habit
The start of a new year is a great time to start developing a daily writing habit. Some folks say it takes 21 days to start building a habit, so here are 21 journal prompts to help you write every day for the next 21 days.
New Year Journal Prompts
In 2022, I want more of…
In 2022, I want less of…
Describe how you want 2022 to feel.
What are your values?
How will you live out your values this year?
I will consider 2022 a successful year if I…
When 2023 arrives, I will be…
Self-Discovery Journal Prompts
What did you enjoy doing most when you were a child?
Describe the woman you believe you were created to be.
Describe your ideal day.
What work do you enjoy doing so much that you would do it for free?
How do you define success?
Write a letter from your older self.
What do you stand for unapologetically and unequivocally?
Journal Prompts to Clear Mental Clutter
What’s on your mind?
How do you feel right now and why?
What is your inner critic telling you?
Explain how the words from your inner critic are rooted in fear.
What would you do if you weren’t afraid to fail?
List all the reasons why you could succeed.
Describe how it will feel when you do succeed.
To receive writing prompts via text every Wednesday morning, text the word PROMPTS to 205-892-9501. And be sure to join the See Jane Write Network Facebook group for encouragement as you strive to write every day! | <urn:uuid:d2d60ffa-0de3-4486-a58a-ac4909c6124d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://seejanewritebham.com/2022/01/write-every-day-2/?doing_wp_cron=1659989987.9641621112823486328125 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.918261 | 1,211 | 1.625 | 2 |
The term high interest savings account – at least the name – is nothing but a ploy. It would be like me saying “Super Fast Running Shoes” or “Lightning Quick Internet.” Yes the shoes might be fast, but it’s the person using them that determines their speed (and if anyone finds an internet speed as fast as lightning, please let us know).
Similarily, the term High Interest and Savings Account are typically put together to evoke a sense of, “Yes, I would rather have more interest for my savings account then less.” Who wouldn’t?
The trick with these types of savings accounts is to know what to look for — and what to look out for — when making this important financial decision.
When choosing a high interest savings account, here are the most important points you should consider:
- Minimum Deposit – If you have $100 bucks to your name, most “high interest” savings accounts will be out of the question for you. Typically, the minimum deposit is around $1500. Some even require $10,000 or $25,000+ to start. We did find a two reputable companies that have no minimum balance.
- The REAL Interest Rate – To entice you, many companies will offer a short term interest rate that is considerably higher than the actual interest rate you will receive in the long run for your savings account. This is all well and good, just make sure you take the correct weighted average of what your true rate will be since a 2.1% rate sounds good until you realize that it’s only good for 60 days at which time your rate drops down to 1.1% (you’d be better off in the long run with a fixed rate at around 1.3% or higher).
- The Hidden Terms – Like any financial product, make sure you read the fine print once, twice, and then twice more. The reason most people setup a online savings account is because they want the convenience of online with the best rates to boot. Companies that JUST tout a high rate and low minimum requirements can often have some of the strictest limitations on withdrawals, transferring money out, etc.
If you are interested in finding the best high interest savings accounts in 2011, be sure to check out our pre-screened, recommended companies. It’s updated daily allowing you to find the top deals for your own high interest savings account. | <urn:uuid:844f99e9-269c-4a6b-892b-dfcc71614d99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://learnfinancialplanning.com/high-interest-savings-accounts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946313 | 504 | 1.546875 | 2 |
In an active casino, the casinos will compete with one another to attract customers. This is why casinos do not have loose slots at airports or bars. You might have heard about the “look for a specific symbol” method and you should ignore this advice. Slot machines use computer programs to come up with the same odds every time. In addition, modern slot machines have multiple pay lines, multipliers, bonus events, and other features. However, if you want to find a loose slot machine, these tips are not for you.
Modern slot machines use computer programs to create the same kind of odds
Slot machines are completely random, and winning must be pure luck. There are no strategies to win at these machines, and even the most sophisticated of these machines rely on pure luck. You will have no advantage if you try to play slots near walkways, as this strategy could cost you your money. Modern slot machines, on the other hand, use computer programs to create the same kinds of odds.
Today’s slot machines use an algorithm to generate random results. A PRNG is a computer program that selects a group of random numbers and symbols to determine the winning or losing outcome of a game. These programs are programmed to generate randomness using a seed and a base value. Other methods include the middle square method, which mimics randomness on paper. The Mersenne Twister method also produces statistical randomness.
They have multipliers
The most effective tools amplify force in the greatest magnitude. A power saw is far more powerful than a handsaw. A dump truck can carry more materials than a wheelbarrow. And a rocket launches a payload far beyond the reach of a slingshot. So investing in Force Multipliers will give you more power without wasting time or money on a bad hire. If you’re building a house, a backhoe will dig the foundation quicker and easier than a $10 shovel. That makes the backhoe an investment worth making.
The amount of spending a person generates in a region is known as the “jobs multiplier” in economic development. High multipliers are often associated with industries with a high sales-to-labor ratio. For example, a nuclear power plant may have twenty employees, but millions of dollars in equipment costs are needed to build and maintain the facility. In order to create these jobs, the plant would need to double its current size, which would require millions of dollars in new sales. | <urn:uuid:b32a0324-b036-4e19-9665-6d43bae107ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://situspokeronline88.net/2022/07/12/how-to-find-a-loose-slot-machine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.932587 | 504 | 1.570313 | 2 |
In New York City, nearly 1.4 million citizens are over the age of 60, a number that is projected to increase to almost 2 million by the year 2040. This growing portion of the population isn't easily accommodated by typical New York housing. It's a problem that will only grow worse over the next century, and one the city is starting to address now—with a new guide to retrofitting any building for aging New Yorkers, allowing them to "age in place."
The concept of aging in one's own home contrasts sharply with the typical practice of moving older citizens to assisted living facilities or nursing homes when they get too old to keep up their house on their own. "We’ve created a bit of a warehouse model," says Susan Wright, a principle architect at New York-based firm Gruzen Samton and a member of the New York American Institute of Architects, who helped create the guide. "That's going to have to change with the baby boomers, who aren't going to put up with that."
In just about every way, the longer an elder can live at home, the better. Remaining at home and independent can increase health and well-being for older people. Fewer people moving into assisted living facilities also means fewer people will have to go on Medicaid to be able to afford the move. Seniors benefit when they can remain an active part of the community they've been in for many years. Besides the obvious value of having your loved ones around, older people also patronize businesses and can keep watch over things during the day when others are at work.
What's more, aging in place is an equitable solution for middle-, working-, and lower-class families. "Many of the models being set up right now are for the one percenters," says Wright. "They’re for people who can afford to move into a beautiful elderly community with resources and expensive one-bedroom apartments. Aging in place means a solution for people of all income levels and that makes it a better city as well."
The benefits are clear, but creating safe and comfortable housing that supports aging in place is a huge challenge for cities, one that can require action from landlords as well as tenants. In New York, a group of architects is working with city officials to give building owners the resources to start solving some of the more manageable housing issues on their own.
Aging in place is a popular topic for many nonprofits, architects, and people working in health care; the AARP has its own guide on the subject geared toward local governments. But these initiatives need support at the legislative level to get wider reach and to become enforceable. While many states have Departments of Aging, Wright says that New York is ahead of many of its peers when it comes to mobilizing behind aging and housing projects.
The city's Department for the Aging, or DFTA, is a government agency within the mayor's office that typically helps seniors navigate issues like benefits, transit, and medical care. In 2015, New York City passed a law that required the department get to work on a guide that could show building owners how to help tenants age in place.
The DFTA, in turn, hired the New York City chapter of the American Institute of Architects to create the guidelines. Wright, who has many years of experience designing solutions for affordable housing and the aging population, was asked last year to be one of 22 experts on the AIANY committee that drafted the guide, called "Aging in Place Guide for Building Owners."
The booklet, which is publicly accessible online, offers simple and affordable modifications to existing buildings to create a more accessible environment for the aging population. Its message: Something as simple as installing handrails or better lighting could go a long way toward preventing falls and other safety hazards, leading to people staying in their homes rather than having to move to assisted living facilities or nursing homes. It aims to be both a guide for landlords, a tool for elders and advocates, and an example for other cities around the country dealing with the same problems.
The committee used existing regulations, research in public health, and the public knowledge of nonprofits like JASA, a New York organization that provides social services for seniors, to aid in putting together the guidelines. Projects include things like clearly marked signs to help residents with visual or memory impairments find their way through a building; emergency planning tips; and ADA standards for stairway measurements, no-step thresholds, and cabinet height.
"The guides do not assume that people are going to do renovations that result in 100% accessibility to ADA standards," says Karen Kubey, a New York-based architect and educator who edited the guide. But they do point people toward sections of New York City Inclusive Design Guidelines for easy reference.
Mostly, they are meant to be a tool that residents and building owners can use to educate themselves about what makes a safe and accessible building for the aging. If an older resident wants a light added to her building's front stoop, for instance, she can bring the issue to her landlord with the guidelines—and official stamp from the city—to back her up.
Christine Hunter, a principal at New York-based Magnusson Architecture and Planning and the co-chair of the AIA committee, says they are working on getting the booklet in the hands of neighborhood housing nonprofits, architects, developers, and landlords. These solutions are for retrofitting existing buildings, not necessarily for developing new ones, which means that ultimately the responsibility lies with the landlord for actually putting them in place.
Right now, the solutions are strictly voluntary; there aren't incentives—legal, monetary, or otherwise—for a landlord to be proactive in accommodating the senior population. Further complicating things is the fact that many landlords, especially in New York City, would prefer for long-term tenants to leave so they can push up rents. However, the committee sees the guide as an advocacy tool, and the hope among architects is that they become incentivized through the city, whether in the form of tax breaks or federal or state funding.
Wright says that most people on the committee became invested in designing solutions for aging because they had dealt directly with the emotional and financial stresses of having to move a grandparent or parent out of their house once living there was no longer safe. That's something most people will have to deal with in their lifetime. There's also the common-sense endorsement of inclusive design: what's good for a marginalized community is generally good for everyone. Who wouldn't want better outdoor lighting and more accessible elevators?
"We’re living 30 years longer than our great-grandparents are," which has essentially doubled the timespan of our adulthood, says Kubey. "I do think that we have a totally different way of living now. It’s architects' responsibility to do our part to enable people to live the way they want to."
[All Images: via NYC.gov]
Slideshow Credits: 01 / Photo: Christine Hunter; 02 / Photo: Christine Hunter; 04 / Photo: courtesy Associated Blind H.D.F.C/Christine Hunter; 06 / Photo: Eve Dilworth Rosen and Goddard Riverside Community Center; 07 / Photo: courtesy Eric Cohen; 08 / Photo: courtesy Encore Community Services; 09 / Photo: courtesy Eve Dilworth Rosen; 10 / Photo: courtesy of Christine Hunter; 11 / Photo: courtesy Encore Community Services; 12 / Photo: Redtop Architects and Andrew Rugge; 13 / Photo: courtesy Ethelind Coblin Architect; 14 / Photo: courtesy Ethelind Coblin Architect; 15 / Photo: courtesy Susan Wright; 16 / Photo: courtesy Eve Dilworth Rosen/Goddard Riverside Community Center; 17 / Photo: Bestbath; 18 / Photo: courtesy Eric Cohen/Bestbath; 19 / Photo: courtesy Eve Dilworth Rosen/Goddard Community Center; 20 / Photo: courtesy Associated Blind H.D.F.C./Christine Hunter; | <urn:uuid:681d9dcb-ccfa-40c2-a501-7e6aa15b21ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fastcodesign.com/3063815/new-york-citys-quest-to-become-a-better-place-to-get-old | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00268-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958009 | 1,635 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The good news: Your kid's days of bombarding you with knock-knock jokes may be waning. The not-so-good news? There's a whoopee cushion on your seat and you're about to sit on…oops, too late. “Starting at around age seven or so, many kids graduate from just telling jokes to actually playing pranks,” says Rondalyn Whitney, an occupational therapist and author in Towson, MD. Yes, it's annoying, but, as Whitney explains, it's actually a sign of healthy mental development: “Your child's showing you she can formulate and carefully execute a plan. She feels confident that she can manipulate her environment to make a certain eff ect on the world.” (Or sound eff ect, with that whoopee cushion.) It also gives her a big thrill, since she's the one calling the shots and doling out the surprises—a rare power play for a kid!
There's no better time for your child to do her thing than on April Fools' Day, of course, with a little help from you. Whitney, who ran a humor camp for children with autism, recommends reminding your kids that mean jokes are never funny. Instead, she suggests gentle ways to give pals or family members a surprise: “Put green food coloring in Dad's mashed potatoes, for instance,” she says. Or go on a website like kidzworld.com together, which lists a few other harmless practical jokes to try (super-glue coins to the sidewalk and watch people try to pick them up!).
Above all, don't let the fun end on April 2. “Joke around all year long,” Whitney says. “A good sense of humor will help your child all her life.” | <urn:uuid:90bccb9c-d164-400d-84d0-c4c32b1a811d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.parenting.com/article/april-fools-day-for-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00412-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963597 | 374 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Dec 21, 2020
Every president leaves their mark on the United States, but it’s hard to ignore the ways that President Donald Trump has influenced American culture. He has popularized phrases like “deep state,”“fake news” and “Make America Great Again.” As the leader of the American federal bureaucracy, he’s managed the government like no one before him, bringing his business and showbusiness experience to the Oval Office. Perhaps related: He’s also most-polarizing president in recent memory, though the U.S. has been trending toward polarization for decades.
Though he has not accepted his November election loss gracefully -- or seemingly at all -- his term will come to a close soon when Joe Biden is inaugurated on January 20th. As part of our series looking back on the Trump years, I think it’s worth looking at how the bombastic president’s management style has changed America and the way Americans see government. GovExec's Tom Shoop and Katherine McIntire Peters joined the show to discuss Trump's stamp on America over the past four years. | <urn:uuid:f1d6c9b4-55a1-4823-a701-ab52eb0e0be4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://govexec-daily.libsyn.com/-examining-president-trumps-rhetoric | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.970674 | 234 | 2.265625 | 2 |
A pneumatic otoscope is a handheld instrument used to look at the
eardrum. It is similar to a regular otoscope, but it allows the health
professional to deliver a puff of air to see how the eardrum responds to a
change in air pressure.
Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics & Charles M. Myer, III, MD - Otolaryngology | <urn:uuid:e4c91732-c622-45d0-aea6-47d50356bd83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cheshire-med.com/health_wellness/health_encyclopedia/stp1557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00208-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838185 | 83 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Urethritis is an infection and inflammation of the lining of the urethra, the narrow tube that carries urine out of the body. In men, the urethra also carries semen. Urethritis is usually caused when bacteria from the anus travel to the urethra. The infection may affect the bladder, prostate, and reproductive organs. It may also be caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as herpes or chlamydia.
Urethritis can happen in men and women of all ages. Women, however, are at higher risk because the urethra is closer to the anus.
Signs and Symptoms
There may be no symptoms of urethritis, particularly in women. When there are, symptoms may include:
- Burning during urination
- Pus or whitish, mucous discharge from the penis
- Burning or itching around the opening of the penis
- Blood in the urine or semen
- Abdominal pain
- Painful urination
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Fever and chills
- Frequent, urgent urination
What Causes It?
- Bacteria and other organisms entering the urethra
- Bruising during sexual intercourse (in women)
- Infection reaching the urethra from the prostate gland or through the penis opening (in men)
- Bacterial infection after you have taken a course of antibiotics
- Reiter syndrome
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus, or HIV and AIDS
What to Expect at Your Doctor's Office
Your doctor will examine your genitals, do laboratory tests on a urine sample, and take a specimen of mucus from inside the urethra and, in women, the vagina.
- Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to get rid of the bacteria causing the infection.
- All sex partners should be treated.
- You should not have sex until you complete treatment, because you can still have an infection even after your symptoms go away.
- Limit your number of sexual partners.
- Always use condoms.
- If you have symptoms, or think you have an infection, seek treatment immediately and notify all sexual partners.
- Practice good personal hygiene.
Depending on the cause of the infection, your doctor may prescribe one of the following treatments:
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
- Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra)
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Nutrition, herbs, and homeopathic remedies can help your body fight infection, relieve pain, and strengthen the urinary system. Always tell your doctor about the herbs and supplements you are using. Complementary therapies are best used in conjunction with conventional medical care as part of a coordinated approach among your health care providers to affect the best outcomes.Nutrition and Supplements
- Cranberries contain substances that may keep bacteria from sticking to the urethra. Preliminary evidence suggests that drinking cranberry juice daily may help prevent urinary tract infections, especially in women who get infections often.
- Avoid caffeine and other stimulants.
- Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
Herbs are a way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your doctor before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, or teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. (5 g) herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 to 10 minutes for leaves or flowers, and 10 to 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.
- Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Supplements to help prevent urethritis and urinary tract infections. You may also drink 8 to 16 ounces of unsweetened cranberry juice daily. Cranberry supplements or juice may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you take blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin) or clopidogrel (Plavix). People with kidney stones and pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take cranberry supplements. People who are allergic to aspirin should not take large amounts of cranberry supplements. Cranberry can interact with a number of medications. Ask your doctor before taking cranberry supplements.
- Bromelain (Ananus comosus). For pain and inflammation. Bromelain can increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you already take blood thinners. People who are allergic to pineapple should not take bromelain. Ask your doctor before taking bromelain.
Some of the most common remedies used for urethritis are listed below. Usually, the dose is 3 to 5 pellets of a 12X to 30C remedy every 1 to 4 hours until symptoms improve.
- Staphysagria. For urinary infections associated with sexual intercourse.
- Apis mellifica. For stinging pains that are made worse by warmth.
- Cantharis. For intolerable urging with "scalding" urine.
- Sarsaparilla. For burning after urination.
Acupuncture may help strengthen your overall immune system and help relieve pain from urethritis.
If your urethritis was caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD), your sexual partners may need to be treated as well. Possible complications for men include:
Possible complications for women include:
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Fertility problems
- Other gynecological problems
STDs can cause permanent damage to reproductive organs and infertility in both sexes. They can also cause problems during pregnancy, premature delivery, low birth weight, and infections in newborns.
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Beerepoot MA, ter Riet G, Nys S, et al. Cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized double-blind noninferiority trial in premenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(14):1270-1278.
Berntsson M, Tunback P. Clinical and microscopic signs of cervicitis and urethritis: correlation with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female STI patients. Acta Derm Venerol. 2013;93(2):230-233.
Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gimenez R. Beneficial effects of green tea -- a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79-99.
Cvetnic Z, Vladimir-Knezevic S. Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract. Acta Pharm. 2004;54(3):243-250.
Dieterle S. Urogenital infections in reproductive medicine. Andrologia. 2008;40(2):117-119.
Doron S, Gorbach SL. Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4(2):261-275.
Dryden GW Jr, Deaciuc I, Arteel G, McClain CJ. Clinical implications of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7(4):308-316.
Gonclaves C, Dinis T, Batista MT. Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa bark decoction: a mechanism for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemistry. 2005;66(1):89-98.
Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, James CL. Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(4):783-793.
Heitzman ME, Neto CC, Winiarz E, Vaisberg AJ, Hammond GB. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Uncaria (Rubiaceae). Phytochemistry. 2005;66(1):5-29.
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Lieske JC, Goldfarb DS, De Simone C, Regnier C. Use of a probiotic to decrease enteric hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. 2005;68(3):1244-1249.
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Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
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Review Date: 6/2/2016
Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. | <urn:uuid:d3334fb1-af9d-4ba4-b515-5fceee374813> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=107&pid=33&gid=000167&site=riverviewssl.adam.com&login=RIDG9829 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.801273 | 2,588 | 3.15625 | 3 |
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — A piece of paper that changed the world sold Tuesday in New York for more than $2 million.
With the auctioneer’s commission added to the winning bid of $1,850,000, the final cost for the copy of the Emancipation Proclamation signed by President Abraham Lincoln came to $2,085,000.
Only two people bid on the rare document and they were on the phone. The winner, David Rubenstein, apparently loves American history and appreciates documents of freedom.
“David has bought other documents of freedom including the Magna Carta, the only copy in private hands which is on loan to the National Archives,” said Seth Kaller, a rare document dealer.
Rubenstein spoke to CBS 2 by phone.
“This particular document is I think the most important thing any president has ever done with the stroke of his pen. It did not end slavery, but it began the process toward the ending of slavery,” Rubenstein said.
Harold Holzer said he also loves American history and is an expert on Abraham Lincoln.
“Abraham Lincoln signed the official order on New Year’s Day 1863 in the White House, by the way, his fingers were trembling so much that he had to wait until he had enough circulation to do it in a way that would look like he really believed in it,” Holzer said.
The document is the 26th known copy of 48. Lincoln signed them in June of 1864 as a benefit to help Union troops.
“They raised money to improve conditions in camps and to pay for nursing care,” Kaller said.
Rubenstein said he plans to put the document in a Washington D.C. institution yet to be announced, where it will remind people about the freedoms we have and the importance of learning more about American history.
Rubenstein also owns a rare printing of the Declaration of Independence, which will be on display at the New York Historical Society starting next week.
Share your thoughts in the comments section below… | <urn:uuid:7ccd1ebd-d467-4802-b4b7-314c9bc8cde5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/06/26/copy-of-signed-emancipation-proclamation-sells-at-auction-for-over-2-million/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00112-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971092 | 435 | 2.09375 | 2 |
This database was compiled by UNESCO's Programme in Communication and Information, as part of the "Building Professional and Institutional Capacity for Media Training" initiative. In collaboration with Rhodes University's School of Journalism and Media Studies (South Africa) and the Ecole Supérieure de Journalisme de Lille (ESJ, Graduate School of Journalism in France), UNESCO identified and catalogued up-to-date information on ninety-six journalism teaching institutions across the African continent.
Intended for journalism teachers, students, textbook publishers, donors, and the media industry itself, the database provides a listing of journalism schools in Africa including background, programme information, specialties, and contact details. Countries for which no data could be found are: Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Lesotho, Mauritania, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, and Sudan.
The database can be searched online, or downloaded in Excel or Access formats. An RSS feed is also provided, to inform users about recently added schools.
Note: This database is no longer available online from the UNESCO website.
UNESCO website on April 4 2008. | <urn:uuid:a1733eb4-74ab-4613-9748-113d57a17ffc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.comminit.com/africa/node/268555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00478-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869861 | 247 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act includes several important provisions regarding student loan payments and student loan relief. The student loan relief provisions of the CARES Act will apply to anyone with eligible federal student loans. Below is a summary of these provisions.
- Interest Rates Set to 0%: From March 13, 2020 to September 30, 2020 interest rates on eligible federal student loans will be set to 0%. This means that no interest will accrue during this 6-month period and all payments made on your student loans will be applied to your principal balance.
- Suspended Payments: From March 13, 2020 to September 30, 2020 all payments on eligible federal student loans are automatically suspended and there is no requirement for borrowers to contact their loan servicer. Each suspended payment during this 6-month period will count as a qualifying payment for borrowers repaying under a Public Service Loan Forgiveness plan. However, for the suspended payment to count as a qualifying payment the borrower must continue to meet the programs other requirements. For example, the borrower must continue working full-time at an eligible employer during the 6-month period. In addition, borrowers on an income-driven repayment plan will have the suspended payments count towards their repayment plan.
- Suspension of Involuntary Collections: If you were in default on your student loans, the CARES Act will automatically suspend all involuntary collections on eligible federal student loans. This means that there will be no federal benefit offsets, tax offsets, of wage garnishments for student loan repayment from March 13, 2020 to September 30, 2020.
- Employer Contributions: Under the CARES Act, employers can make tax-free payments up to $5,250 towards an employee’s student loans. This tax-free treatment of employer contributions towards an employee’s student loans will apply until the end of the year.
It is important to note that student loan relief under the CARES Act applies only to eligible federal student loans. If you have private student loans or are unsure if your student loans are eligible for relief under the CARES Act, contact your loan servicer.
Can AWD LAW help me?
AWD LAW is here to answer your questions. This summary is intended to serve as general information for interested persons, but it is not legal advice for any specific situation. AWD LAW attorneys are available to answer fact-specific questions for our clients. Our number is (928) 774-1478. | <urn:uuid:05c6bdaa-f5e3-461f-8bde-dc4fcbcc1cb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.awdlaw.com/covid-19-resources/student-loan-relief-under-the-cares-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.961602 | 514 | 1.515625 | 2 |
As much as the Internet has given us—Wikipedia, social media, the sad-Keanu meme—it’s also taken from us. Mainly, the chance to do research on the content we’re sending out. Granted, this isn’t the Internet’s fault. It’s ours. Most of us don’t think of passing along someone else’s information as a nonverbal stamp of our approval…but, essentially, that’s what it is. And ultimately, we bear the responsibility of that, whether the content originated with us or not.
Before the Internet, we secured legitimate sources. Made sure our consensus was as accurate as it could be. And after the Internet? We get viral videos like KONY2012. Not to say that social issues aren’t important—they most certainly are. But, as CNN points out, this might be misplaced buzz. The biggest part of this controversy stems from the organization that produced the video; critics say that the group “directs more money to media production and salaries than to direct services” (via Ad Age).
While this isn’t the first time a link has made its way around the Internet disguised as truth, I feel confident in stating it will not be the last. This, in fact, happens quite frequently. Think of all the “dead” celebrities who have “reappeared” in photographs the next day. The problem isn’t necessarily the people who start these things, it’s really the ones who fuel the fire. You, me, and the friends we’re connected to.
How many times have you seen a link on your Facebook wall, begging you to click on it to find out who unfriended you? Or when you’ll die, and how? Think before you click. Chances are, clicking on that link will result in spam being sent to your connections. And honestly, it doesn’t prove that you’re technologically savvy…
Same thing with Twitter. Some unknown handle with an egg for a profile picture decides you need to click on a link. Sometimes no text accompanies it; other times, a cryptic message. Either way, think before you click. If you just check out the handle’s profile, you’ll probably see hundreds of tweets with the identical link. There’s your red flag.
Before you send anything via your social profiles, make sure what you’re sending is as legitimate as you can make it. That means reading the article or watching the video before posting. That means checking the sources to make sure they exist. Your followers expect that what you’re essentially endorsing isn’t a scam. They rely on you, especially if you’re a business. Sometimes, one mistake is all it takes to lose trust.
Take time to protect your reputation – no one else is going to do it for you. And this is the Internet – you can’t hide it.
Only you can prevent bad information from being spread. | <urn:uuid:f50c9793-3ad0-4834-9d3b-d615d81fd3b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.duetsblog.com/2012/03/articles/marketing/think-before-you-click-share-a-public-service-message/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936556 | 640 | 2.3125 | 2 |
- One of the most frustrating aspects of leadership is when individuals or groups prevent an initiative from realization. Sometimes it’s done by passivity and neglect. Other times it’s a more intentional process…especially when the self-defense and attack characterize the obstructionist agenda.1) “Let’s Get It Over With Already!” The desire to get things over with quickly can be a strong indicator of fear. Time has a way of bringing things to light. Given enough time, everything gets discovered and revealed.
2) What Do You Have To Hide? Those who accuse others of hiding things are generally the ones who conduct the secret meetings, the undercover caucuses, and the “superficial” appearances of meetings which deal with things anything but superficial.
3) “Cover Up!” A more intense version of “What do you have to hide?” “Cover-Up”‘s tend to have a greater sense of illegality and immorality about them. It also seems to imply that premeditated plotting and deceit are the real reasons the initiative has been successful. The solution, of course, is that “we must get to the bottom of this—NOW!”
4) You’re Too Partisan! This accusation, intended by the obstructionists, has at least two purposes. First, it’s to make you soften your demands and give up your control. Second, it’s designed as a means for obstructionists to publicly pronounce your bias. The more public the statement, the more the obstructionists hope that they will coerce or pressure you to give up or give in to their demands.
5) We Need Bi-Partisanship. The call for bi-partisanship is nearly always the cry of the underdog. Not having the power, votes, control or persuasion necessary to overcome the opposition, the call for bi-partisanship is a veiled threat “inviting” the winners to compromise, cave-in, and hand the reins of power to the minority.
If the majority fails to do so, or refuses to offer bi-partisanship to the degree demanded by the obstructionists, the “veiled” threat will be unveiled as obstructionists “up the ante” of disagreement.
6) It’s Unfair! This strategy, as others, is primarily a minority strategy. Since they know they don’t have the votes, the power, the influence that the majority has, they have to seek other means to get their votes. If they can’t do it through normal means or if the rules are not in their favor, they must disqualify the vote. The simplest way is the “It’s unfair!” strategy.
7) Legalistic Recourse. This strategy requires minute investigation to determine whether something has been done properly, by procedures, according to the constitution, etc. Regardless of the documentation and it’s clear-cut support of the dominant position, obstructionists will resort to any means necessary to obtain some sort of legalistic rationale for their position. Issues such as “intent,” the “real meaning,” and “invalid” or “illegal” procedure often are used.
8) Absent “Experts.” Obstructionists will also use witnesses, experts, professionals, or other recognized authorities to support their position. Some will be “invisible” and “unnamed.”
Others, of the more insistent type, may actually appear on the scene. Once there, such individuals often discover they have been used. Whether they appear or not, their “valued opinions,” “what they would have done,” etc. are used to obstruct and confuse the dominant position.
When the positions stated by the “Absent Expert” are presented, often they must be investigated to avoid further attacks. Such delays in implementation is a major benefit of this strategy.
9) Positional ‘Flip-Flop.’ Obstructionist will often cry, “You’re going to fast” or complain about the “lack of openness” of various processes and proceedings. When these concerns are addressed and the process slowed-down and made open, they often protest too much being made known and that much of what is known is irrelevant. Such “flip-flops” are clear indicators that the presented issues are not the real issues. There is another agenda at work.
10) Double-Speak: Saying one thing while doing another is a classic, frustrating strategy. Those using it will, to guard their obstructive use of it, point to the leaders’ alleged repeated usage of “misleading information,” “lying,” etc.
11) Scapegoating. In order to divert energy, attention, and support away from progress, obstructionists must have a scapegoat. Leaders are especially prone to scapegoating since anxiety always works its way up the hierarchy. The higher it goes, the more focused and intense the anxiety can become.
Accusations of others having “hidden” agendas are a type of verbal “tarring and feathering” of those most able to accomplish the given initiative. When such leaders are scapegoated, the desired obstructionist response is that the leader demonstrate a display of cracked character.
Reactivity, defensiveness, targeting enemies and a general overall pre-occupation with the conflict all help to obstruct the given initiative and derail the leader’s energy and character.
12) Victimization. Since change always entails anxiety, obstructionists usually do not have any trouble finding anxious individuals who crave attention. Such individuals may not necessarily oppose the initiative. Indeed, they may be totally unaware they are being used as “poster children” by obstructionists. Desperate to show “they care” (and the leadership doesn’t), obstructionism can effectively bring others into their “caring” alliance.
- 13) “Violation of Rights.” Those who take the claim that their “rights” are violated are often the most culpable to having violated others. Rooted in hypocrisy, obstructionists will use this appeal to “empathy” to prove they care. All the while, other leaders will be mystified at their outright–but unnoticed–hypocrisy.Those demanding their “rights” will often use the most public and damaging process possible to draw attention to their temper-tantrums. Once given what they demand, they often take more than what was given and trample on other’s rights!
Some examples of this might be when they demand and are given the right of equal access, they will deny free access of others to them. They may demand the right to be heard, but will interrupt, object, protest and even destroy those in the opposition wishing to exercise the same right. once given often they will not exercise the right.
14) Demonization: Nothing draws people toward a common cause like confronting “evil.” This is especially true in Christian settings when conflict is at elevated levels. Demonization energizes such high reactivity that rational processes can be more easily subverted and disregarded.
Demonization has added benefits for obstructionists by diverting attention away from the real issue at hand and changing the focus to an individual or group. This drains energy away from appropriate consideration and deliberation of the real issues at hand while also undermining the integrity of those desiring the proposed change..
15) Re-Focus Expected Timetables. “When will this all be over?” Obstructionists know that anxiety can be escalated if they can corrupt expected timetables. People have limited capacities for patience. When time-tables, expected dates of completion, etc are changed, obstructed or forced to be continually re-written, obstructionists gain momentum.
Anxiety rises in those getting increasingly wary and voice their complaints. “When will this all be over?” As energy becomes drained and diverted into other directions, fatigue is soon to follow. This fatigue often drains the energy needed for accomplishment of the proposed agenda.
If obstructionists can drain energies well enough, they can modify the proposed timetable of implementation and thereby obstruct the change. If shortening the process is not in their favor, they will do everything possible to prolong the process so that it lingers beyond any reasonable time frame. Onlookers, beleaguered by the length of time needed, will become disinterested. The proposed process will be stalled, thwarted, and in extremely successful instances, blamed on the leadership.
16) Red-Herring Diversions: Red-Herring diversions are some of the most effective ways to subvert agendas, control timetables, demonize, and otherwise proliferate obstructionist strategies. “Red-Herring Diversions” can be any type of action which diverts attention from the issues. A short listing of such diversions may include focusing on minutiae, subverting the agenda, not showing up, denying responsibility, demonization, uncontrolled meetings, continually permitting loose cannons to lengthen meetings, etc.
17) Focusing on Character: This finger pointing strategy is used by obstructionists to divert attention away from their wrongs by unfairly attacking or raising questions about the character of the opposition. Such items are characteristically framed as “serious” or “gravely serious.” Generally the items cannot be proven but are founded entirely on hearsay.
Even those which can be proven “beyond reasonable doubt” will not convince the obstructionists because the the character assassination is merely a tool to obstruct the leader’s agenda. They raise doubt of the integrity of the leadership. They leave followers wondering, “Is there something wrong that I don’t know about?” “What are the leaders hiding?”
18) Focusing on Procedure: Perhaps the best argument for retaining Robert’s Rules of Order is also the best argument for discarding it. In developing legalistic procedural guidelines it becomes a nearly-impossible-to-silence obstructionist strategy. “They didn’t do it right!” or “They didn’t follow proper procedure” are just some of the types of accusations which the Rules of Order can inspire.
Many pastors and leaders have been “surprised” by procedural items brought up by those who would obstruct progress. When leaders use Robert’s Rules of Order to counter these measures, the resulting counter-measures tend to reinforce and escalate further false characterizations proliferated by the obstructionists. “Unfair,” “Heavy-handed,” “Dictator,” “Using the rules for their own advantage” are but a sampling of the wide range of possible attributions.
- 19) Re-Focus Energies To The “More Important” Immediate Necessities.“What about the problematic ‘now’?” The most sure-fire way to obstruct progress is to change the focus from the future long-term good to the present short-term, needing-immediate-gratification present. The present is never as good as the future. The vision is always greater than the realized present.
“Doing such and such will divert us from the things we really need to do.” “We must take care of this…” or “We haven’t even done such-and-such yet?” and other such mantras are just some of the obvious-beyond-a-doubt indicators of obstructionistic agenda. Taking care of the “urgent” present nearly always exacts a price. The price paid is the realization of a vision-directed preferred future.
20) Fire The Leader. This is one of the most powerful obstructionist tools. Take the motor out of the automobile and it will stop cold. In Christian Churches all too often this takes the form of removing the pastor. Often these pastoral attacks leveled are unfairly forged, slanderously propagated, libelously proliferated, and unscrupulously presented and repeated.
Given the anxiety generated by the obstructionists and the increasing anxieties of the progressives who are frustrated in their desire to boldly move forward, the anxiety demands a focus of relief. Congregations which have found that removal of prior pastors have given such relief will tend to repeat the pattern. Unfortunately, they will also repeat the experience of having the anxiety relief being short-lived.
21) Insist On Following Tradition. The purpose of this diversion is to subvert present leadership with the decisions and practices of past leadership. The added benefit, of course, is that tradition can also be reinterpreted in a way most favorable to the obstructionist. Arguments regarding “original intent,” motivations, results and comparing the past “successes” to present-day problems also helps obstructionist develop their case.
A final added benefit is that tradition diverts attention away from reality to fantasy. “Weren’t those the good ole’ days” and other such expressions flatly deny the conflict, the disagreement, the difficulties and the necessity for mediated compromises which allowed for the initial approval and implementation of the tradition in the first place.
22) Just Don’t Do It. The simplest of all obstructionists strategies, those implement this strategy simply obstruct progress by being lazy, lethargic, and unhelpful. In it’s passive form it appears as apathy. In it’s active form it may appear as a type of dare. “Let’s watch and see if they can pull this off. I bet they can’t. I dare them!” When these two forms are combined the result is a classic passive-aggressive strategy. “I don’t want it so let’s just not support it. Then let’s see if they can pull it off without us!”
- What Can You Do?
- 1) Head The Opposition Off At The Pass. Anticipation reduces precipitation. Knowing and understanding the opposition and motivations for their obstructionistic ways can reduce the amount of precipitation. It can also save a lot of untold, unwanted, and unnecessary pain.
- 2) Give The Opposition A Fair, Open, Public Voice. Don’t be afraid they’ll say “no.” They will. Just remember that nothing obstructs more than refusing others a voice–even a negative voice. By doing so, one becomes their own obstructionist and begins a process of self-sabotage.
- 3) Abolish Legalistic Structures. If rules are made to be broken, then the only time that they will be broken are in the situations in which the rules are most clearly designed to apply.
- 4) Know Your Support. More often than not, it’s not how right you are that counts. It’s the number of individuals who believe you are right. Supportive relationships are essential. Though no one can guarantee who will be supportive in those difficult votes, continually striving to build and maintain strong relationships with individuals of all stripes, persuasions and motivations is always helpful.
- 5) Cultivate Support Before The Crisis. When the crisis occurs it may be too late to garner extra support. It may look “self-serving,” “manipulative,” or “phony” to others. Leaders are especially vulnerable to such characterizations–true or untrue–when obstructionists are aggressively mustering support through up-front and under-handed techniques.
- 6) Avoid The Biblical “Cry Wolf.” Not everything is a doctrinal issue, even in the church. Too many individuals are prone to react with Biblical authority to every wrong that arises. Far too often, such Biblical appeals are used inappropriately or reactively to “shut down” the opposition. Such reactivity is simply immature and ineffective.
- Some Christian leaders continually “Cry Wolf” with biblical quotations or quotations from other Christian doctrines. More often than not it seems their “Crying Wolf” can be a greater obstruction of Biblical intent than that fostered by the opposition. By crying wolf, such leaders defy clear Biblical directives of the purpose of Scripture.
- The Bible is not to be used for judgmental finger pointing no matter how tempting it might be. Nor is it to uphold some sort of self-styled self-righteousness. Instead, as St. Paul said, it is to be used for “doctrine, correction, rebuke, and instruction of righteousness” (II Timothy 3:15-17). Most importantly, it is to be used to win back the erring brother or sister…even if it means they must be forgiven “seventy time seven times” (Matthew 18).
- Leaders must avoid the temptation to “cry wolf” when obstructionist strategies are gaining–or have achieved significant momentum. Too often by the time leaders feel they must “cry wolf,” the obstructionists have already won. By crying wolf–and crying too late–such appeals can actually have many destructive effects. They can sharpen division, increase anxiety, arouse increased opposition, and impede healthy reconciliation processes. They can also signal desperation and thereby, undermine trust in the anxious, defeated leadership.
- 7) Be Non-Anxious. One of the greatest tools of obstructionists is there ability to generate emotive responses on a broad scale. When anxious emotions are operative and dominant, the last thing needed is for the leader to add more anxiety to it. Efforts to coerce peace through moralization, threats, incentives, biblical mandates, calls to “love one another” are nearly always ineffective in high level conflict.
- The best strategy is to use a “double-dose” of the fruits of the Spirit. Of these, patience can be one of the most effective tools. If every action results in an equal and opposite reaction, resist “slapping the other cheek” and, instead, infuse the system with patience, kindness, self-control and other biblical anxiety-reducing postures.
- 8) Don’t Take It So Personally. Obstructionists may or may not be “out to get you.” The truth is that they can’t…unless you give them a footing in your heart, soul and/or mind. Many times obstructionists are working in ways that hinder the work of the Kingdom. So it really isn’t you they are opposing. They are opposing anyone that God would place in your position of leadership.
- 9) You Don’t Always Have To Win. Winning football teams often have more plays on which they loose yardage than they gain. Championship basketball teams can win on as few as thirty percent field goal percentages. There isn’t any victory in life which doesn’t come at the price of losing battles, sometimes multiple battles. But it’s not the number of battles that you win or lose. It’s whether you win the war.
- Defy the opposition’s efforts to discourage. Keep your eye and the eyes of onlookers on the big picture. Recognize that there will be setbacks. But keep focused on the process of victory. It can succeed. It will succeed. Give it time, patience, focused-energy and, if necessary, re-group toward the goal.
- 10) Be Gracious In Defeat. No, you won’t win all the time. Greatness of leadership character is not merely seen in victory. It’s also seen in defeat. It’s easy to appear “Christian” when you win. It’s not so easy when you lose.
- Defeat is God’s invitation to reflect, repent, regroup, and refocus, and re-energize yourself, your faith, your vision, and your people to God’s purpose. Learning gracious humility in defeat is one of God’s greatest ways to shape the character of His leaders and prepare them for greater opportunities for Kingdom victory.
- 11) Recognize That Sometimes The Obstructionists Are Right! Not many have had a “direct line” to know and recognize God’s will. Even the best-intentioned strategies for renewal may not be the best thing for a congregation at a given time. They may not be God’s will either.
- God can work through the delays and defeats caused by obstructionists. When He does, He also forces leaders to “go back to the drawing board” to re-examine God’s will. When done in the wisdom and humility of God’s will, and based on His Word, often the re-developed strategy may be better than the initial one desired.
- The Common Denominator
- One interesting thing that many obstructionistic strategies share is their appeal to fear and anxiety–yours and theirs! Regardless of the strategy, it is really not the strategy per se that is so effective but the fear and anxiety which it generates in the system. A general rule of thumb is that anything which energizes the fear increases obstructionism’s effectiveness.
- What this means for leaders is simply that organizations are, by nature, anxious. They are composed of anxious individuals. The task of the leader is to provide such emotive energies which out-weigh the anxiety-level. This is done by inciting “positive” anxieties which help people cope with “negative” anxieties.
- Instead of letting individuals dwell in their anxieties of being out of control, unable to grow, afraid of change, leaders must overcome such negative anxieties with positive anxieties directed toward positive change, growth, and the fulfillment of something outside themselves.
- The greatest mission outside oneself, of course, is God’s mission. That is why Christian leaders have the highest calling, and sometimes, the greatest difficulties. Teaching and leading God’s people to remove their anxiety-drive obstructionism and placing themselves into the will of a loving and gracious God in the most vulnerable, trusting way, is one of the hallmarks of Christian leadership. The means for this teaching and leading, of course, is simply and exclusively the Word of God.
- Trust God’s Purpose
- Spiritual leaders need to understand that ultimately they are not in control. God is. Effective Christian leaders often share how “success” was a “surprise” to them. In the quiet, dark corners of their churches, they may often admit how their greatest, most energetically-orchestrated efforts failed.
- Too often Christian leaders fail to see God’s purpose in ministry initiatives. When pastors and leaders become too single-minded on their purpose, they can so easily loose sight of God’s deeper purpose for them and His Church.
- That God uses obstructionists for His purposes was the point of Peter’s Pentecost sermon in Acts two. His proclamation that God used the obstructionists–the unbelieving–to have Jesus crucified and thereby affect our salvation is perhaps the most vivid example of God’s using obstructionists. The greatest lesson, however, is this. God, through Peter, offered His unlimited invitation to grace even to those who crucified Jesus.
- Let God Have His Way!
- Whether through success or failure, God has His own ways of teaching us more important things we never expected. God also teaches His purposes through our encounters with obstructionists. When we oppose this special working of God in our ministries, we become the obstructionists!
- Keep the faith, stay the course, and recognize that regardless how strong the support–or how great the obstructionism–God’s purpose will occur through you and them. You are God’s tool. You are His instrument. Be useful to God for whatever His purpose for you might be… with or without the obstructionists.
- Whatever the obstruction, don’t loose faith. Just do it! | <urn:uuid:62029b17-6104-415b-850b-3859b5acf73c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ministryhealth.net/classic-obstructionist-strategies-and-how-to-overcome-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.945681 | 5,072 | 1.75 | 2 |
Today's job market is more competitive than ever, which means that it's essential to find new ways to stand out. In the past, obtaining a well-respected degree such as an MBA was enough to give you an edge. However, in recent years, there has been a surge in individuals pursuing master's degrees, with a 43% increase in master's degree holders from 2002 to 2015, with over a quarter of those being business degrees. That means that, while an MBA is still a valuable credential, it's important to find ways to differentiate yourself from other individuals who might hold the same degree.
Differentiating yourself will require some work and thought, but can be done in a variety of ways, including attending an accredited, nonprofit institution; identifying schools that offer MBA programs rooted in real-world application and taught by industry experts; and, once enrolled in an MBA program, choosing one or more MBA specializations to help you gain expertise in specific subject areas. MBA degree concentrations provide you with both the breadth of knowledge delivered by a traditional business degree and the depth and focus you would find in a graduate certificate program, and offer a great way to set yourself apart from the pack when making the next move in your career.
How to Choose MBA Concentrations
There are many different MBA specializations being offered by institutions across the country, so you might be wondering how to choose the right one for you.
The first place to start would be to look at your current career field. If you like what you're doing and want to advance in the same industry, seek out a specialization that will build on your existing professional knowledge. For example, if you work in the human resources department of an organization, an MBA with an HR specialization would be a great fit.
On the other hand, if you are looking to change fields, it would make sense to consider the types of jobs you'd like to have, and pursue a specialization that would help you get there. If you're interest in working in a new role such as supply chain management, an MBA with a specialization in that field will give you the skills you need to make the transition.
Choosing an MBA specialization is also a great opportunity to get a formal education in a skill you already have, or simply pursue something that interests you. Perhaps you've always considered yourself a good mediator - conflict management might be right for you. Or maybe you want to learn how to become a great leader - luckily, some MBA programs offer a specialization in leadership.
No matter what your interests or goals are, chances are, you can find an MBA specialization that will fit your needs.
Top 10 MBA Specializations in Demand
In addition to finding an MBA specialization that is of interest to you personally and professionally, it's a good idea to think about which MBA specializations are in demand in today's business world. While any concentration will help strengthen your candidacy for a new role, here are some of the best MBA concentrations for career growth.
1. MBA Concentration in Healthcare Administration
Healthcare administration is one of the fastest-growing careers today, with a 20% forecast for growth between 2016 and 2026. If you work in the healthcare field but want to move up the ladder in your organization, an MBA in Healthcare Administration will help you develop both the critical business skills and essential healthcare knowledge you'll need.
2. MBA with Concentration in Advanced Management
While an MBA itself will give you a strong foundation of technical skills and business knowledge, it's never a bad idea to dive deeper into more sophisticated management techniques, which will be useful in any professional context. An MBA in Advanced Management builds on the courses of a traditional MBA with more focused coursework on essential business skills such as project management and negotiation - skills that will serve you well throughout the rest of your career.
3. MBA Concentration in Information Security
In today's technology-driven world, information security is becoming an essential component of many jobs, even those that are not directly in the information security field. Having key information security skills is a great way to differentiate your skillset and carve out a unique role for yourself within your organization. On the other hand, if you're an IT professional looking to grow in your career, an MBA in Information Security will provide you with a valuable, industry-specific credential in addition to giving you a broad base of business knowledge, qualifying you for a wider range of positions.
4. MBA Concentration in Organization Development
Though organizational development doesn't have the same name recognition as some other fields, it's one you shouldn't ignore. If you have an interest in human resources but want to focus on change management, leadership, and organizational behavior, this is the field for you! Obtaining an MBA in Organization Development is a great way to gain experience in a new field, and to gain a diverse skillset applicable to a number of different roles.
5. MBA Concentration in Human Resources
As the role of the HR department evolves in modern businesses, human resource professionals with broad, business-focused skillsets are in increasingly high demand. An MBA in Human Resources goes beyond traditional HR degree programs to teach students how to align HR management and priorities with business strategy in the name of organizational growth. This degree is a great choice for HR professionals looking to gain more general business knowledge, or for business professionals looking to transition into a human resources career.
6. MBA Concentration in Supply Chain Management
Supply chain managers work in nearly every industry - any business that delivers a product to a consumer will need someone with this skillset. Gain both the fundamentals of supply chain management and a strong business foundation with an MBA in Supply Chain Management.
7. MBA Concentration in Leadership
Leadership skills are beneficial to virtually every business professional, no matter where you fall on the organizational chart or what your position is. Even if you aren't officially a manager, having an understanding of what makes a good leader, and incorporating those qualities into your own skillset, is extremely valuable in today's business world. This is especially true if you have ambitions of supervising a team or becoming a part of an organization's C-suite or leadership team. An MBA in Leadership will help you become a truly well-rounded business professional, poised for advancement in your career.
8. MBA with Concentration in Employment Law
If you have an interest in employment law but prefer the broad applicability of a business degree to the relative risk of a law degree, pursuing an MBA in Employment Law is a smart way to gain the experience you need in this important field while also earning a set of highly marketable business skills. This degree is especially suited for human resources professionals who would like to differentiate their skillset and find a role in a niche market of the HR field.
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Beatrice Gbanga (left), medical and health coordinator for the United Methodist Church's Imagine No Malaria campaign in Sierra Leone, is briefed on efforts to contain the Ebola virus by Mbalu Fonnie, head nurse in the hemorrhagic fever ward at the government hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone.
By Julia Kayser Frisbie*
August 7, 2014—The United Methodist Church has been present with the people of West Africa since the beginning of the Ebola epidemic this spring. As the disease picks up speed, the United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) is ramping up its response. A total of $87,000 in grant money has been distributed, and UMCOR stands ready to fund additional projects. Our healthcare networks have been activated to get the word out about prevention and treatment. Lifesaving supplies and protective equipment are on their way to Sierra Leone and Liberia right now.
It’s the largest Ebola outbreak in recorded history, affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and now Nigeria. As of this writing, the disease has infected more than 1,700 people and killed at least 932. It produces hemorrhagic fevers, causing between 50 and 90 percent of people who contract it to lose their lives. There is no cure. It’s also highly infectious. The virus can be transmitted by any bodily fluid, including saliva, urine, blood and even sweat.
In the past, the relative isolation of affected communities has stymied the disease before it infected more than a few hundred people. But West Africa is densely populated, and people are more mobile than ever before, which has allowed Ebola to spread with alarming speed. Cultural practices such as eating bush meat, caring for the sick at home, and preparing bodies for burial also elevate the risk of transmission.
Local governments have urged anyone with a fever to be tested and quarantined. This directive has been met with suspicion and fear. Families fear that if they send a loved one to quarantine, they will never see them again. The truth is that, with medical care such as intravenous fluids, infected people have a better chance of survival. But some families have even gone so far as to hide their sick relatives from government officials and medical teams.
“The real battle is fear, and communities not trusting health facilities,” says Shannon Trilli, UMCOR’s global health consultant. “If people don’t trust the government and the healthcare providers, they’re not going to get help. At the same time, this is where the church, seen as a trusted thought- and opinion-leader in many communities, can help.”
Protecting healthcare providers, keeping hospitals open
The people at highest risk of infection are those who care for the sick: doctors and nurses. One of those was Sheik Umar Khan, the leading virologist in Sierra Leone. He treated more than 100 patients before succumbing to the disease. Many hospitals in the affected areas have simply closed their doors because they don’t have adequate supplies to protect their staff. This means that nobody can get medical care, whether they’re pregnant, HIV positive or sick with malaria.
UMCOR is working to support United Methodist healthcare facilities so that they can keep their doors open. A $50,000 grant through the ACT Alliance provides for training, equipment and construction of an isolation unit in Liberia. UMCOR has also granted $25,000 to the Sierra Leone Annual Conference to provide supplies and build an isolation unit at Mercy Hospital.
United Methodist Global Ministries missionaries in West Africa have been given the opportunity to leave affected countries, but many—especially our medical missionaries—have elected to stay. These missionaries have evacuation plans in place for the worst-case scenario, and they’ve been advised to take every precaution to protect themselves.
Beatrice Gbanga, a Global Ministries missionary and health board coordinator in Sierra Leone, used a recent bed net distribution to get the word out about Ebola prevention. She stresses the importance of using protective equipment. “Nurses have died of Ebola,” she said. “I am a nurse. I can see the risk. We must be prepared.”
The health and safety of doctors and nurses is one of UMCOR’s priorities. Thousands of face masks, gloves, and other protective equipment is on its way to West Africa right now. UMCOR is also sending saline, disposable needles and syringes because the main treatment for Ebola patients in IV fluids.
Dr. Wilfred S. Boayue, chair of the Liberia Annual Conference Health Board, writes: “Our hospital at Ganta is still open. It is the only major facility open within a 100-mile radius… We keep reminding the staff to be very careful and use whatever protective gear they have.” A treatment unit specifically for Ebola should be completed in a few weeks.
The Church as a Loudspeaker
|Workers erect a temporary isolation ward for patients with the Ebola virus at the government hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone. Photo by Mike DuBose, UMNS.
The Ganta United Methodist Hospital now functions not only as a treatment center, but as a hub for the national public awareness campaign. In addition to their normal duties, the staff is helping the Liberian government to get the word out through pamphlets, radio programs and word of mouth.
The messaging for these awareness campaigns has to walk the line between emphasizing the threat Ebola poses and reassuring citizens that it’s worth it to seek medical care. “People who get Ebola [have a] better chance for survival if they notice it quick and begin to get the proper treatment,” says the narrator in a BBC radio spot that ran in Sierra Leone “to tackle misinformation about the virus.” The announcement describes the symptoms of Ebola and urges people to go to the hospital instead of caring for Ebola patients in the home.
Bishop John K. Yambasu of Sierra Leone sees the church’s role as not only a healthcare provider, but a loudspeaker. “As religious leaders,” he writes, “our followers listen to us more than they do politicians, especially on matters relating to faith and health.” An inter-religious task force on Ebola, which he chairs, has called for three days of prayer and fasting, August 6-8.
“Our goal is to… work with the government and other nongovernmental organizations to give hope to those communities and persons who are going through pain, fear and denial,” writes Bishop Yambasu. “Ebola is real. In spite of the threat it poses to life, all is not lost. There is hope for intervention if people seek early medical help.”
In a pastoral letter issued last month, Bishop John G. Innis of Liberia urged United Methodists and the people of Liberia to “accept the fact that the Ebola Virus is actually present in Liberia” and “observe every medical advice given by Health authorities and institutions” there. “Specifically” he wrote, “United Methodist Pastors, District Superintendents and Sunday School Teachers must share the information about the Ebola virus with their local churches and districts.”
What you can do: pray, share and give
Ecumenical leaders in both Sierra Leone and Liberia have called for three days of fasting and prayer, August 6-8. If you can participate, please do. This is also a good time to activate your church’s prayer chain.
Public awareness will be crucial to stopping the spread of Ebola. You can help spread good information by sharing this article with your friends, family and social network. Your gift to International Disaster Response, Advance #982450, empowers UMCOR to continue its crucial work in the fight against Ebola and in response to other natural and human-caused disasters.
*Julia Kayser Frisbie is a writer and a regular contributor to www.umcor.org | <urn:uuid:af7f2c9c-b82b-4282-b155-475f62d90e61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.umcor.org/umcor/resources/news-stories/2014/august/0807ebolaemergency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00491-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956082 | 1,663 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What do expanders look like in your mouth?
- What Do Expanders Look Like? An expander has two rings that are attached to the inside of the upper molars on each side of your mouth and are connected in the middle with a screw. Slightly turning the screw causes tension, prompting the bones to gradually move apart and new bone to form in the gap.
- 1 Do palatal expanders change face shape?
- 2 Is an expander noticeable?
- 3 Do braces fix tongue thrust?
- 4 Can tongue thrust affect braces?
- 5 What age is best for palate expander?
- 6 How much does an expander cost?
- 7 Can I get a palate expander at 18?
- 8 How fast do expanders work?
- 9 What happens if I forget to turn my expander?
- 10 Do retainers stop tongue thrust?
- 11 How do you stop a tongue thrusting habit?
- 12 Does tongue thrust go away?
- 13 What is a tongue thrust habit?
- 14 How do you know if you have tongue thrust?
- 15 Does pushing teeth with tongue move it?
Do palatal expanders change face shape?
Does Palatal Expander Change Face Shape? Palate expander will not make your face wider. However, if you have a facial asymmetry associated with posterior dental cross bite, then palatal expander can improve your facial asymmetry.
Is an expander noticeable?
Expanders are relatively painless for our patients. Some report that they feel pressure on the teeth, in the roof of the mouth, behind the nose, and even between the eyes as their expander is activated (or turned).
Do braces fix tongue thrust?
Tongue therapy is usually completed during orthodontic treatment. Generally, the tongue-thrust swallowing pattern may be handled in two ways: Correction by MyoFunctional Therapy or Tongue Therapy, which is an exercise technique that re-educates the tongue muscles.
Can tongue thrust affect braces?
The Effect on Braces In the same way pressure from your braces or aligners moves your teeth, the pressure from your tongue can move your teeth in the wrong direction. Because of this, tongue thrusting can effectively work against the force of the braces or aligners, slowing down the correction process.
What age is best for palate expander?
The ideal age for a child to get a palate expander is when they’re young, around 7 to 8 years old. The palate is forming rapidly, so it’s easier for orthodontists to reshape. The palate structure solidifies as children get older, usually around puberty, making it harder for it to widen.
How much does an expander cost?
How much does a palatal expander cost? The cost of treatment depends on your location and the orthodontist you visit. In most cases, a palate expander costs anywhere between $2000 and $3000. Since palatal expansion is medically necessary, most insurance plans cover most or all of the treatment costs.
Can I get a palate expander at 18?
A palate expander can be used to fix a variety of dental issues, but they can’t be used on adults.
How fast do expanders work?
How long is a rapid palatal expander used? The expansion of the palate is usually completed in 1-3 weeks. However, the appliance remains in the mouth for a longer period, generally 5-6 months to allow the new bone that has formed to mature. If an RPE is removed too early, some of the width gained could be lost.
What happens if I forget to turn my expander?
Q: What if I forget to expand it for a day or two? While not ideal, it is okay if a day or two is missed. Simply resume the expansion schedule that night. Do not try to overturn the expander to make up for missed days as this can cause excess pain.
Do retainers stop tongue thrust?
In some cases, a retainer can be used in place of braces. Finally, retainers are an effective treatment for tongue thrust. Patients with tongue thrust speak with a lisp, placing the tongue between the teeth when they talk. A specialized retainer can help by stopping the tongue and holding it back from the teeth.
How do you stop a tongue thrusting habit?
How to Stop a Tongue Thrust at Home
- Place a sugar-free lifesaver on the tip of your tongue.
- Press the tip of your tongue against the roof of your mouth, so that it’s pushing against the gum just behind your upper front teeth.
- Bite your teeth together in your regular bite, keeping your lips apart.
Does tongue thrust go away?
In infancy, tongue thrust is a natural reflex that happens when something touches the baby’s mouth. This reflex causes the tongue to push out to help the baby breast or bottle-feed. As the child gets older, their swallowing habits naturally change and this reflex goes away.
What is a tongue thrust habit?
Tongue thrust appears when the tongue presses forward too far in the mouth, resulting in an abnormal orthodontic condition called an “open bite.” The condition is most common in children. It has a myriad of causes, including: poor swallowing habits.
How do you know if you have tongue thrust?
Symptoms of Tongue Thrust One of the most obvious signs of tongue thrust is your tongue pushing against your teeth when you swallow. Although this symptom is typically obvious, other, less noticeable signs could indicate you have the condition. Tongue thrust affects how you speak, eat, and swallow.
Does pushing teeth with tongue move it?
If your tongue habitually pushes forward during swallowing, it can cause your teeth to move. This habit is known as a “tongue thrust.” Most people diagnosed with a tongue thrust habit consistently breathe through their mouths and exhibit speech problems. | <urn:uuid:1440f20a-7fa7-4f05-9fa3-f0600d7c73b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.toridawnselden.com/all-about-habits/what-does-an-expander-with-thrust-habit-look-like-solved.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.918837 | 1,256 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Song of Solomon: "12 Years a Slave" (11.25.20)
Lots of people are bummed about missing out on family this Thanksgiving. Not to diminish that suffering, but Solomon Northup has them beat.
A few weeks ago I was walking on Independence Avenue and stopped to read a historical marker planted in front of a federal building. It noted the former location of one of Washington's most notorious slave pens -- in plain view of the Capitol. And it pointed out that this particular slave pen was integral to the narrative of "12 Years a Slave."
I haven't seen the movie, but the book version, first published in 1853, is very readable, not too long and totally free. SOLD!
As a bonus, it's riveting. Northup was a free black man in upstate New York; he had a wife and three kids. In early 1841, while his wife was working out of town, he was approached by a pair of white travelers who convinced him to join their traveling "circus" for a few weeks. (He was a talented violin player.) When the trip took them to Washington, the capital was consumed by the funeral of William Henry Harrison. Northup was persuaded to stick around a few extra days, and the rest is awful history.
The first part of the narrative relates his abduction: He was likely drugged, then sold by his traveling companions to a slave dealer. His first attempts at demanding his freedom were met with severe beatings and outright denials of reality; within weeks he was frightened off the notion of asserting his true identity. Before long he was shipped South, first through Richmond, then to New Orleans. He was renamed "Platt," and sold into the world of Louisiana plantations.
The second part -- the bulk of the story -- is narratives and observations from the 12 years that followed. Northup gets philosophical in one or two spots, but his primary motive is documenting the reality of "the peculiar institution." He walks you through the daily routines for cotton and sugar plantations, tells you the living conditions and punishments he dealt with every day, and paints portraits of the slaves working alongside him.
When he describes particular episodes, they're usually tied to a specific master. Northup speaks kindly of his first owner, William Ford, but winds up being sold to an abusive drunk carpenter named Tibeats. When "Platt" resists Tibeats' attempts to kill him, and even escapes into the woods for a few days, he's sold to Epps -- who is slightly less homicidal but still plenty awful. Northup and his fellow slaves are tortured and abused on a daily basis; Epps sometimes forces them to dance for his amusement. Northup regularly draws the task of whipping the other slaves; he got so good with the whip that he could make it look convincing while missing by a few inches and sparing his friends.
There's a matter-of-fact quality to the narration, and Northup even musters some understanding for the white people around him. Considering Epps' son, he realizes that any boy who sees slaves treated worse than animals on a daily basis could never grow up to see him as a human. There are also a few passages that are downright heartbreaking, including Northup's liberation. When he finally finds a trustworthy ally to deliver letters to his family and friends in New York, an appointed agent of the governor shows up to take him home. He has brief goodbyes with the slaves who he has lived with for a decade -- and then leaves, never seeing them again. He goes home, but they have no recourse.
At the time, a slave narrative like this was eye-opening to readers. "12 Years a Slave" was published a year after "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and many people took the real-life memoir as evidence of the authenticity of the fictional narrative. (Both stories take place in the same part of Louisiana.) Frederick Douglass had published his first memoir in 1845, but unlike Douglass, Northup was enslaved in the deep South.
It's less hard-hitting today, since the brutality of slavery has now been well documented. But reading it in 2020 really does drive home the ways that slavery dehumanized an entire race. To get your head around post-emancipation history, it's worth it to read in detail where so many people were starting from. | <urn:uuid:08c46396-05ed-4fb1-a62e-b4796e69d1f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.chriswhitedc.com/?day=20201125&id=history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.987104 | 898 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Sick of seeing animals like this?
Thousands of animals die each year because of human negligence, and our poor attitudes towards environmental sustainability. Those that don’t die are permanently deformed, like this turtle, Peanut. 20 years after she was cut free from 6-pack rings, she still looks the same (but that doesn’t stop her from enjoying life as a mascot against littering).
Enter Saltwater Brewery and We Believers. The beer company and New York ad agency have banded together to create a plastic-free six-pack that feeds marine life, instead of choking or trapping them.
The Edible Six Pack Ring is made from byproducts of the brewing process such as wheat and barley, making it the first 100 percent biodegradable, compostable and edible packaging implemented in the beer industry.
3D printers were used to manufacture the first batch of 500 edible and biodegradable six-pack rings for Saltwater Brewery’s main brand IPA. The plan is to produce 400,000 edible six-pack rings per month, enough for the current monthly production of Saltwater Brewery. The product, designed with a team of engineers at a small startup in Mexico, is as resilient and efficient as the current plastic six-pack ring option, according to We Believers co-founders Marco Vega and Gustavo Lauria.
The first mass-produced batch will cost between 10 and 15 cents per unit, for craft beer that costs more than $10 for a six-pack, Lauria said. While this seems a bit steep, the developers admit that the price of their product is currently a downside. The hope is that if more brands or investors hop on board the prices will fall.
“We hope to influence the big guys and hopefully inspire them to get on board,” said Saltwater Brewery president Chris Goves.
You can see more of what the two companies are doing here. | <urn:uuid:ce375e81-fccf-45f1-b130-9f53e41345eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/brewery-creates-3dp-solution-save-marine-life-79619/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.956806 | 398 | 1.585938 | 2 |
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Contents - Previous - Next
2. Two types of swidden systems
2.1. The ''established'' swiddeners
2.2. The''pioneer'' swiddeners
As pointed out earlier, there are two basic types of integral swidden systems in Northern Thailand today. They correspond closely to Conklin's two basic types of "pioneer" and "established'' swiddening (Conklin 1957, p. 3; Walker 1975, pp. 5-6). In Thai language they are called rai luen loi and rai muun wian respectively. The two adaptations vary in detail from place to place and from group to group, but general features of each type can be discerned and will be discussed in this chapter. Those who practice the "pioneer" type include Hmong, Lisu, Lahu, Akha, and Yao. All are SinoTibetan-speaking peoples, most of whom have migrated into North Thailand in the past one hundred years or so. The "established" swiddeners include Karen, Khmu, Htin, and Lawa. All except the Karen are Mon-Khmer groups who have probably been in Southeast Asia for millennia. The Karen, although generally classed as Sino-Tibetan, have lived in Northern Thailand for probably several hundred years, perhaps much longer, and have lived in nearby Burma for many centuries.
The two swidden adaptations today relate heavily to the perceptions (norms, models, ideals, etc.) of their operators as to how swiddening should be practiced. Thus, although the''pioneer" adaptation is one that ''under ideal conditions [involves the clearing of] substantial portions of climax forest each year" (Walker 1975, pp. 5-6), it nevertheless involves conceptions and practices that are attempted even though there is little swiddenable climax forest remaining in Northern Thailand today. To understand the reasons for and logic of the ''pioneer" adaptation, then, it will also be necessary to analyse it in relation to the farming of primary forest where the system was institutionalized. The practice has involved considerable village movement to follow primary forest. The ''established'' swiddeners use a rather different form of swiddening. Their villages are located in relatively fixed territories where they farm secondary forest in a "rotational'' manner. Both adaptations have undergone considerable change over time and indeed are still changing. The practice of pioneer swiddening, for example, has changed with changing environmental conditions (namely, the disappearance of primary forest). This chapter will discuss the two adaptations, both as they are today and, where evidence is available, in terms of the changes they have undergone. Because of differences in the two types of swidden systems, and because of related changes that have occurred in both society and environment in relation to these systems, it will be seen that any consideration of "development'' of swidden agriculture in Northern Thailand will have to take cognizance of these differences.
2.1. The ''established'' swiddeners
2.1.1. Principal natural resources
2.1.2. Principal resources produced
2.1.3. The transformation process
2.1.4. Ecological and socio-cultural constraints
The "established" swiddeners in Northern Thailand number about 200,000 of a total integral swiddener population of about 290,000. Of these, the Karen alone form the vast majority, numbering about 1 62,000, or 81 per cent of the established swiddeners and 56 per cent of all integral swiddeners (TRC 1974). These figures include only hilldwelling populations. Additionally, some of the smaller groups are undergoing acculturation. Many of the Lawa, for example, now practice permanent-field farming, speak Thai, and are considered by Thai authorities virtually to be Thai already. The discussion to follow, then, will draw heavily on the Karen agricultural system, although general features of the system can be applied to other "established" swiddeners as well.
It is possible that the Karen, probably unlike the other established swiddeners, have only relatively recently adopted established, secondary forest rotational swiddening in Northern Thailand. There is some evidence that before the mid-nineteenth century many Karen were still rather mobile and preferred to farm virgin or highly regenerated forest.5 If this is true, there must have been a gradual shift in the direction of established swiddening. By around the turn of the century perhaps over half the Karen villages had made this shift (cf. Hallet 1890, pp. 36-37; Graham 1924, p.176). Today, established swiddening is well institutionalized in virtually all Karen swidden villages, although one researcher suspects that there are still several nomadic Karen villages left "in the deep forests of the western borderland of Mae Sarieng district" (lijima 1970).
Whatever the case, it is clear that the Karen, as well as other established swiddeners in Northern Thailand, are now fully committed to the established, secondary forest pattern-that is, their population densities and the degree to which farming practices have been institutionalized prevent their being able to pursue a mobile pattern such as that practiced by pioneer swiddeners. The reasons for this should become increasingly clear as the discussion here progresses. The discussion will cover the following topics: (1) principal natural resources in the system, (2) principal resources produced, (3) the transformation process from (1) to (2) (i.e., the "swidden year"), and (4) general ecological and socio-cultural characteristics of and constraints on the overall system.
2.1.1. Principal natural resources
Like all swiddeners, Karen are able to meet their needs by interrupting a stable ecosystem and temporarily turning it into a pulsing one, using the power generated in the pulse to produce for man. This contrasts with permanent-field agricultural systems established on prairies or grasslands which use the same seasonal restart mechanisms as are found in the natural ecosystem (Odum 1971, pp. 11 2-11 5). In many ways, however, swiddening is "imitative" of the tropical forest ecosystem and more ecologically conservative than permanent-field farming (see Geertz 1963; Reed 1965). Typically, tropical forests contain a larger amount of nutrients in their living biomass than in their relatively impoverished soils. The swiddener taps this resource by cutting the forest, allowing the debris to dry out, and burning it to release nutrients into the soil from the ash produced. Crops are then grown utilizing these nutrients, but the swiddener must sooner or later move to a new field site as the supply of nutrients diminishes. If weeds are a problem, he may have to find a new site even sooner.
The established swiddeners in Northern Thailand, since they were there before other swiddeners moved into the area, have generally staked out the best forests in which to operate this process. These are primarily the better stands of Tropical Evergreen Forest, which have the greatest biomass, the greatest species diversity, and the greatest moisture content of all Northern Thailand forests (Ogawa et al. 1961).
As population has expanded, however, portions of Hill Evergreen Forest have also been taken under cultivation. Very moist pockets (Moist Tropical Evergreen Forest) are not taken under cultivation, however, but serve as game and water reserves and sources of useful forest products. Farmed conservationally, these forests provide the Karen with rapid regeneration of secondary forest so that sites may be farmed relatively frequently for small periods at a time. Since it is a secondary forest system, regeneration does not reach the same proportions of biomass and nutrient availability as highly regenerated forest, but this is compensated for by being able to use the land again after relatively short fallows.
In Northern Thailand, Tropical Evergreen Forest is commonly found on northern or eastern slopes. At higher altitudes (around 1,000 m elevation) it tends to blend into Hill Evergreen Forest, to which it is closely related (Kuchler and Sawyer 1967, p. 318). It is a richer forest than would normally be expected at this latitude, apparently because of locally favourable soil moisture (Ogawa et al. 1961, p. 11 0). In a mature state it is a triple layer forest (not counting ground cover) and contains the tallest trees. Characteristic species among the largest trees include Dipterocarpus costatus and Dipterocarpus alatus, but no one species dominates, except perhaps D. costatus in places (Kuchler and Sawyer 1967, pp. 316-317).
2.1.2. Principal resources produced
Swidden systems commonly produce an incredible variety of agricultural products. Hundreds of different species may be grown. The complementarily of swidden plant assemblages is ecologically sound, is valuable in getting the most use from the swidden with the least effort, promotes forest regeneration, and offers the swiddener a large degree of market independence by meeting the vast majority of his nutritional and other needs. Hinton (1970, p. 4), for example, is of the opinion that the Karen swiddener can provide for almost all his essential needs except salt and iron.
Rice is the main crop produced by secondary forest swiddeners in Northern Thailand. Also grown in the rice swiddens are numerous other crops. Still others are customarily grown in household gardens or in small separate plots. Among the main swidden crops (other than rice) mustard greens and corn are probably the most important. Karen and Lawa swiddeners harvest mustard greens from May through July-it is an essential part of their diet in this early period of the growing season (Hinton 1970, p. 13; Kunstadter 1970, p. 73). Corn is harvested in August, just in time to substitute for rice as the staple (for families whose supplies have run out) until some early rice can be harvested in October. It can also be preserved by smoking (Hinton 1970, p.13; Kunstadter 1970, p. 72). Other important main swidden crops include cotton, sorghum, peppers, beans, various roots and tubers (cassava, etc.), squashes, yams, melons, cucumbers, millet, elusine, sesame, and various herbs and spices, including garlic and onions (Hinton 1970, pp.12 - 13; Kunstadter 1970, pp. 74 75). Crops are harvested as they mature, most of the vine plants (melons, pumpkins, etc.) maturing at about the same time as the rice, in early November, with only two crops-chills and sometimes cotton- continuing to be harvested for a few months after the main rice harvest (Hinton 1970, p.13; Kunstadter 1970, p. 71). Separate garden plots contain longer-living plants, such as sugar cane, bananas, ginger, and bamboo (Kunstadter 1970, p. 94), as well as tobacco. Household gardens contain a variety of plants, such as eggplants and tomatoes, and fruit trees such as jackfruit, mango, pomelo, lime, and guava (Hinton 1970, pp.12-13; Kunstadter 1970, pp. 75, 94). Hunting and fishing also contribute to the diet, and gathering of wild forest products is quite important. Bamboo shoots and other wild vegetables are gathered extensively and are an important part of the diet, whereas other forest products, such as orchids, are gathered for sale (Hinton 1970, p. 2; Kunstadter 1970, p.104).
2.1.3. The transformation process
Site selection begins in February, in the dry season. The Karen know their territories well, having farmed the sites over and over in the past, so the use of indicator plants is minimal and site readiness is judged by regeneration and re-establishment of woody, broadleaf vegetation. Clearing is not as difficult a task as primary forest clearing, where large buttressed trees would have to be felled by arduous and dangerous axe-work. Instead, secondary forest clearing can usually be done with the bush knife alone and women as well as men can participate. Although the task is considered one of the nastiest types of work of the swidden year, it requires much less labour and less time than primary forest clearing and can usually be completed in several weeks (cf. Freeman 1970, p. 245; Miles 1967, p. 97; Conklin 1957, p.150). Burning takes place around the end of March or beginning of April, after which planting commences in time for the coming of the rainy season. From June through mid-September, weeding of the swiddens is a nearly continuous task, after which the rice plants are tall enough to keep ahead of the weeds and weeding requirements are greatly reduced. Crops are then guarded until harvest in late October and early November, immediately followed by threshing, winnowing, and transporting of crops to house sites until well into December.
The Karen secondary forest system in Northern Thailand is under a good deal of pressure from increasing population density (see Hinton 1975, p. 21), and most Karen families cannot meet year-round subsistence needs without supplementary resources. Rice supplies often run out before harvest, when corn or swidden foods other than rice provide some relief. This is apt to occur around September, and it is at this time, when weeding requirements also begin to slack off, that many Karen men look for wage labour while weeding is continued by the women (Hinton 1969, p. 47). Other periods in the swidden cycle that allow some time off for wage labour occur in late December and in January. Wage labour has become extremely important to the Karen. A survey conducted in 1967 found 30 per cent of a large sample of Karen households engaged in wage labour to make up rice deficits, but, in a later survey carried out in one area, it was discovered that an average of one Karen per household found it necessary to engage in wage labour for the Forest Department alone (computed from TRC 1975, pp. 2, 61) ! Wage labour is periodically available with the Forest Department, in the mines, and from lowland Thai wet-rice farmers, other Karen, and other hill groups, particularly the Hmong (see below ).
Although wage labour seems by far the most important supplementary activity for the Karen, they also engage in other activities. A few Karen attempt to raise cattle and other domestic animals for sale to lowlanders. Some have arrangements with lowlanders to take care of water buffaloes and oxen during slack periods in the wet-rice year. Some raise small cash crops (such as Chili peppers). Some gather and sell the leaves of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (used for roofing and packaging )-a dry-season activity-while others sell other forest products such as lacquer or stick-lac. An increasingly popular source of cash is the sale of handicrafts for the tourist industry. A principal supplement to the swidden rice is wet-rice in the terraces, a few of which can be found in most Karen villages. Most land feasible for conversion to terraces, however, has already been converted; thus the use of terracing as an increased supplement to or substitute for swiddening is limited.
The raising of cash crops among Karen swiddeners has generally not been popular, despite experimental efforts in this direction. There are structural reasons in the secondary forest swidden system for this difficulty with cash crops, as will be discussed in the next section. A very small number of Karen villages have participated in opium-growing, and there has also recently been increasing interest in expanding production of corn which can be sold for export to Japan after having been shucked and cut from the cob. A few families in one village known to the author tried to expand the production of corn in 1975 by planting it in year-old swiddens which would normally have been fallowed. There may be some danger in this practice, as will be seen below.
2.1.4. Ecological and socio-cultural constraints
The nature, amount, and distribution of labour and their relationship to environmental factors-particularly seasonality-in agriculture are crucial to understanding the potentialities of and constraints on any particular agricultural system. This is especially true of swidden agriculture. In humid equatorial zones with no pronounced dry season (or with two ''less wet" seasons and two periods of heavier rain per year) conditions differ substantially from monsoon tropical areas, where wet season and dry season are more pronounced, as they are in Northern Thailand and in many other areas of the world. In such areas, timing is very important. For example, felling and clearing must be accomplished in time for the debris to dry out before the burn, and burning must be done at just the right time. If it is carried out too soon, an incomplete burn may result, and crucial nutrients will be lost and competing flora not destroyed; if too late, the rains may come and prevent an effective burn. But more pervasive aspects are also involved. In a sense, by clearing a new field, if weeds are a problem in old fields, the swiddener trades off increased weeding labour in the growing season for clearing labour in the dry season. If he uses his fields for several years in a row, the increasing difficulty with weeds will have to be weighed against the difficulty of clearing a new field, while bearing in mind that the clearing labour occurs in a season when he has more time for it. The difficulty of the type of vegetation to be cleared is one factor (Watters 1971, p. 39). Another factor is who does which labour, since traditionally weeding is a woman's job and felling (and most clearing) is a man's job. Finally, all these considerations must be weighed against whatever other labour is needed or desired, its seasonal timing requirements, if any, and its conflict with the swidden cycle requirements. Concomitantly, the type of swiddening practices and the crop assemblages grown will affect both the weeding and clearing labour needed. All these in turn will also be influenced by such other environmental factors as soil, moisture, temperature, etc.7
Except for a small amount of experimentation (the corn example mentioned above) the Karen secondary forest swiddener does not farm his field more than one year in a row. The Karen state that they would not be able to keep up with the weeds if they did this and that yields would be ridiculously low. Weeding is already an onerous task in which both men and women must participate. This may be due partly to the type of forest they swidden (regrowth is rapid) and partly to the low fallow time, which for most Karen today probably averages about six years (certainly well less than ten).8 The fact that rice is the principal crop is also important, since it must compete for the same niche with many of the early weeds. In Latin America corn can be cultivated in secondary forest plots for several years in succession without serious weed competition, after which plots are fallowed due to nutrient rundown (see Cowgill 1961, p. 49, passim; Watters 1971, pp. 40 - 41 ). (This is discussed more broadly in the next chapter.)
Because they use their fields for only one year at a time, and because of other conservational practices (such as fire-guarding, pollarding, minimum tillage, watershed protection, and preservation of natural vegetation above swiddens), forest regeneration in Karen areas is rapid (Nakano 1978, pp. 424-427). It is possible that the weeding requirements also serve as a check against that spectre of high-population density which nearly every researcher of swidden agriculture has warned against. The Karen know that they will not be able to make a living from a forest plot if they cut it more often than every four years, and thus it is most unlikely that they would reduce the swidden fallow period beyond a certain point unless they became quite desperate. (Appropriate development should, of course, aim to reduce the cause of desperation.) Instead, the Karen have increasingly turned to other sources of income. Birth control is also practiced (Hinton 1975, p. 9), and outmigration of both individuals and families is occurring (Grandstaff 1976, pp. 227-231; Kunstadter 1970, p. 55). It is also most unlikely that resident Karen would attempt to increase yields by increasing the size of their swidden plots, since it is excessive weeding labour that already limits the size of Karen swiddens (Hinton 1970, pp.18-19). The Karen themselves are suffering, the forest less so. There is no evidence that Karen forest areas are turning to grassland, and erosion and water run-off are minimal (Zinke et al.1970; Sabhasri 1970). Kunstadter (1967, p. 652) points out that the Lawa system, for example, has been stable for at least 150 years, ''using the same [swidden] field areas." The way established swiddening is practiced in Northern Thailand contradicts the assertion of Nye and Greenland (1960, p.130) that it is the desire to remain in place rather than moving on that promotes environmental degradation by swiddeners.
The practice of following rice with corn in the second year, however, could conceivably be detrimental if it were widespread. Since it would require weeding at the same time as the rice, it seems unlikely that such a practice would be widely adopted. If the field is reburned before planting in the second year, shoots and suckers could be killed which are important to regeneration or to the maintenance of species composition. Any widespread changeover from rice to corn could have drastic effects on the entire system, but this seems unlikely since the Karen seem to place a good deal of value on growing their own swidden rice. The special characteristics of corn swiddening are not well understood, even in areas where it is widely practised.9 Experimentation and testing would be most valuable in Northern Thailand, especially if the marketing situation continues to improve.
It can be seen, then, that a principal constraint on secondary forest swiddening (of rice) is the amount and duration of labour needed for weeding. It will be seen that this is the opposite situation to primary forest swiddening, where opium cultivation has been practiced in addition to growing subsistence rice. The weeding requirements of the Karen prevent their using a field for more than one year in a row, but it is these same weeding requirements which help to ensure the viability of the system, since fields are not exhausted by consecutive re-use, nor are regeneration and species composition detrimentally affected by consecutive reburning. Viewed from the other direction, the labour requirements of the system also limit what other activities the swiddeners can engage in to help support themselves, since only at particular times can the swiddener free himself from the operation of the system. Periodic wage labour, then, can be seen as an activity compatible with agricultural system operation, whereas the growing of cash crops, if their scheduling interfered with the swidden cycle, would not be compatible (see Keen 1972, p. 28).
Socio-cultural aspects are also important, however, in analysing constraints on secondary forest swidden agriculture in Northern Thailand. Characteristics of particular cultural groups are likely to be extremely important, but the attempt will be made here to discuss some general aspects that ought to be more broadly applicable. To begin with, some general characteristics exist that apply to most, if not all, integral swiddeners in Northern Thailand. Economically, the integral swiddener tends to be more subsistence-oriented than his lowland neighbours. In lowland society a sizeable number of people are not directly engaged in farming. Their food comes from the farmer, who in turn receives goods and services from them. In swidden society each household is capable of meeting most of its own needs. Very few, if any, full-time specialists exist who are not engaged in swiddening. Part-time specializations are not uncommon, however.
The requirements of the swiddener and how he is able to meet them affect the social and political organization of swidden society. In permanent-field society, mechanisms must exist to order the exchange of goods and services above the village level. To assist in the functioning of such a system one finds a hierarchical political organization, a code of laws, taxes, soldiers, policemen, religious orders, engineers, etc. Because the swiddener is much more able to meet his own needs, his need for institutions of this scope, beyond the village level, is minimal. His village may have a headman, but the headman's powers are usually persuasive rather than coercive. The headman is often also the religious specialist. In any case, such roles do not relieve the individuals of the necessity to swidden their own fields like everyone else. Both role differentiation and class differentiation are less complex and less fixed.
Basically, in swidden society, no household can tell any other household what to do. Within the household, individuals are still extremely free from having to take orders. Although men usually hold the position of household head, many tasks are divided by norms into men's work and women's work; it is thus not up to the household head to decide who shall do what. Many other tasks not prescribed by norm are done when and if the individual himself decides to do them. Whatever coercive power the household head may have over subordinate (almost always younger) members of the household is offset by the desire and ability of the subordinate members to get out and establish their own households as quickly as possible. It is not uncommon to find even elderly widows or widowers living alone in their own houses if they can still support themselves.
Any development assistance designed to aid swiddeners will first have to come to terms with these basic organizational characteristics of swidden society. For example, the sort of development work in which an agricultural assistance officer passes his recommendations on to the headman and expects the headman to get the villagers organized to carry out his plan is sure to fail, nor will the assistance officer have much better luck if he tries to do it himself. It will be seen in the next chapter that reorganization of swiddeners in order to make swiddening more organized and efficient has only occurred in cases where a good deal of coercion was involved, or else in cases where the swiddeners were so badly off (usually through no fault of their own) that they had no other options but to comply. This is not the sort of development advocated here, nor can proponents of such schemes truthfully state that their proposals are certainly for the swiddeners' own good.
A second aspect of swidden society relates to economic conditions by which class formation and ascendancy of elites can occur, so that swidden societies "evolve" in the direction of more rigidly structured forms of agricultural society (similar to "feudal" society in Europe). There are mechanisms in swidden society that generally work to prevent this from occurring. Swidden land is neither owned nor rented, and accumulation of other forms of wealth tends to dissipate by ritual requirements (feasting, etc.) whereby wealth is traded for prestige. Labour is the true valuable item, but households which have accumulated labour tend to lose it eventually as children break off and establish their own households, and so on. The economic advantages to be gained from being a member of such a household are offset by the distaste for having someone else trying to control one's time. Nevertheless, there are signs of increasing stratification in some Karen villages. The ownership of wet-rice terraces becomes economically advantageous when swidden labour is excessive and rice is in short supply. Increased communications with lowland society have also made available a variety of modern items (such as transistor radios), the desire for which makes subordination to others increasingly attractive in return for money to buy these items. In several Karen villages (and probably many) a few Karen starting from a position of comparative advantage have managed to acquire nearly all the terraces in the villages and now employ other Karen to work them in exchange for a portion of the harvest. In at least one village, terrace owners have expanded into opium production, employing poorer Karen during key labour periods in September, December, and January; in the same manner many Karen are hired by Hmong and other opium-growers for the same purpose.
It will be suggested in the final chapter that development among swidden agriculturalists need not follow this pattern of increasing social stratification with economic differentiation between rich and poor (nor need it be conducted as a patronizing or coercive effort of one group of people telling another group of people what to do, whether or not for their own good). It may be that increasing stratification is representative of a former typical stage in the transition of swidden agriculture to permanent-field agriculture. But swidden societies exist in the present and are as much a part of that present as any other group. They are not isolated, as if on another planet, nor do they now have to proceed through any series of evolutionary "stages" in duplication of what other societies may or may not have undergone in the past. A modern society ought to be able to accommodate swidden values and lifestyles. Indeed, if we can set aside our preoccupation with the obvious material differences. their values may be a good deal closer to the most modern societal conceptions than we have allowed ourselves to believe.
More specific environmental and socio-cultural constraints of established, secondary forest swiddening in Northern Thailand will be discussed below after a discussion of the ''pioneer'' swiddening adaptation, in contrast to which these contraints will be better appreciated.
2.2. The''pioneer'' swiddeners
2.2.1. Principal natural resources
2.2.2. Principal resources produced
2.2.3. The transformation process
2.2.4. Ecological and socio-cultural constraints
The''pioneer" swiddeners of Northern Thailand account for about 44 per cent of the integral swiddener population. Most have arrived in Northern Thailand within the present century. Around the turn of the century, and perhaps as early as the mid-nineteenth century, isolated villages already existed in border areas, but it is probable that the great increase in pioneer swiddener population since that time has occurred more as a result of immigration from China, Burma, and Laos than from natural population growth. It is probable that these groups adopted the growing of opium as a significant cash crop around the third quarter of the nineteenth century, and that opium then facilitated more rapid expansion (see Grandstaff 1979; 1976, pp. 164-183; Dessaint 1972, p.11; Bradley 1975, pp.1516; cf. Geddes 1976). Opium helped to pay for the long moves necessary when primary forest in a contiguous area had already been farmed. The long move involved costs of transportation, costs due to having to leave behind household materials, food costs until a crop could be harvested in the new area, and costs involved in securing unhindered access to the new forests. In the process, choices were involved at each step, and those who would not or could not make the longer moves remained behind and eventually had to adopt alternative farming practices. Some even became wet-rice farmers (see Mickey 1947 on Hmong in Kweichow). Reasons for not continuing to follow primary forest swiddening might have existed in lack of cash or other support, or in lack of information about suitable new areas. As a result, the cultural groups that are represented in Northern Thailand pioneer swiddening are spread throughout northern Southeast Asia and southern China, and kinship links exist among some peoples separated by great geographical distances. With the disappearance of suitable primary forest, this great expansion is now at an end.
The Hmong (Meg, Miao) have been generally the most successful of the pioneer, primary forest swiddeners in pursuing the primary forest adaptation. There are very few suitable areas that they have not farmed at one time or another. In both Thailand and Laos they are by far the largest pioneer group. They can be discussed here, then, as the prototype of the pioneer primary forest swidden adaptation. As in the previous section, discussion here will cover: (1) principal natural resources in the system, (2) principal resources produced, (3) the transformation process from (1) to (2), and 14) general ecological and sociocultural characteristics of and constraints on the overall system, to include the contrasting of these with the characteristics and constraints of established, secondary forest swiddening.
2.2.1. Principal natural resources
The Hmong, like other pioneer groups, prefer to farm primary forest or as highly regenerated forest as they can find. Binney (1968, p. 124) states that the Hmong prefer to farm primary forest because of the better yields they can expect for the labour. Overall, as will be seen below, not only will primary forest allow better yields for the labour in the first year, but in succeeding years on the same plot yields can remain high, often with even less labour. The increased labour spent in initial felling is made up for by the reduced weeding requirements and the possibility of using the plot for several years in a row.
The type of forest preferred for swiddening rice is Tropical Evergreen, as with the secondary forest swiddeners. However, since many of these forests had already been cultivated by secondary forest swiddeners and were thus not available as primary forest, Hill Evergreen Forest was more often cultivated by the pioneers. Another limiting factor was the increasing necessity to cultivate opium in order to retain the increasing mobility that the Hmong needed as the best forest spots became smaller and farther between, making movements both longer and more frequent (see Grandstaff 1976; 1979). The opium poppy will not produce opium in Northern Thailand below about 1,000 m elevation. Above this altitude, Hill Evergreen Forest is much more common than Tropical Evergreen. Since the Hmong were primarily subsistence rice growers (Binney 1968, p. 73; Bernatzik 1947, p. 347) but also needed opium, sites above 1,000 m, usually in Hill Evergeen Forest, where both rice and opium could be grown, became the mode.
Hill Evergreen Forest in Northern Thailand is a partial cloud or "mist" forest. The trees "rake" moisture from the moist, cool air, causing it to condense on the ground. Like Tropical Evergreen, it is a three-level forest, but the strata are not as distinct. It has neither the species diversity nor the biomass of Tropical Evergreen-the trees are generally neither as large nor as tall (see Ogawa et al. 1961; Kuchler and Sawyer 1967). Typically, the forest's larger trees consist of "many kinds of oaks and chestnuts (Quercus, Lithocarpus, and Castanopsis spp.)" (Smitinand 1962, p. 3). No one species can be said to dominate; in fact "few if any are common" (Kuchler and Sawyer 1967, p. 324). As a semi-tempe,ate forest type, Hill Evergreen Forest, although having a smaller biomass than Tropical Evergreen, has a much higher proportion of nutrients stored in the humus layer and in the soil, a factor that may help to explain why fields in such forest may be used for several years in a row if carefully weeded, even if they are not cut from primary forest. Once fields are exhausted, however, regeneration is likely to be very slow indeed and succession to grassland is a frequent characteristic. When this occurs, the grasslands themselves become a resource of sorts. The grassland succession usually starts with invasion of Imperata cylindrica, which is probably succeeded by other grasses (and finally shrubs and forest regrowth ) if undisturbed (see Seavoy 1975; Kowal 1966).10 But grasslands are frequently burned for a variety of purposes (see Conklin 1957a), principal reasons being to restart the Imperata as young shoots suitable for grazing livestock, to facilitate passage, to retain Imperata for various uses, etc. (Imperata has a variety of practical uses, chiefly as a roofing material.) The effect of frequent burning, however, is to perpetuate the Imperata. Other forest products (e.g., mushrooms, fern leaves, wild banana leaves, wild tea leaves) are used for food, medicinal purposes, poison, and rituals (Binney 1968, pp. 35-37; Walker 1970, p. 527). Hunting is often probably more important than gathering, the higher forests becoming even less suitable for gathering due to pioneer methods of land use. In earlier times, Hmong and other primary forest swiddeners made use of a variety of primary forest resources which are no longer available with the disappearance of primary forest in Northern Thailand. Hunting was an extremely important source of protein; the Hmong were formerly avid hunters who hunted everything, including even rhinoceroses and elephants (Bernatzik 1947, pp. 339-345). Game is still hunted where possible. Meat is consumed and sometimes skins and horns are sold. A wide variety of animals are hunted, including barking deer, bears, monkeys, wild pigs, squirrels, small jungle cats, lizards, and wild fowl (Walker 1970, pp. 523-524). Exotic birds are also captured for food and for sale.
In most "pioneer" swidden areas today, mature forest in the area has already been swiddened in primary forest fashion. Damage to forest, although significant, is probably not as great as might have occurred in that many swiddens were fallowed before "exhaustion'' in order to move on to the relatively few mature forest sites remaining. Concomitantly, villagers who lacked opportunities to move on probably began taking better care of their land. Nevertheless, the majority of such villages have already been forced to start a''second cycle" on land cut from low secondary forest or bush, and yields are reported to be generally unsatisfactory, forcing increased reliance on cash crops.
2.2.2. Principal resources produced
Pioneer swidden practices have always varied from group to group. Rice, opium, and corn have generally been the common elements, but, as good swidden land became increasingly scarce, a good deal of experimentation has taken place, further increasing variation. Some chief differences are to be found in cash crops which have been adopted (i.e., other than opium). Potatoes have been popular in some areas and fruit crops have also been widely used. The group of Lahu Nyi studied by Walker also maintained separate chili pepper swiddens. Usually in all swiddens, however, a group of "catch crops" are grown along with the principal crop (variety being a principal functional characteristic of swidden agriculture throughout the world). Catch crops include: millet, sorghum, corn, beans (many types), sesame, cassava, potatoes, taro, spinach, eggplants, melons, tomatoes, pumpkins, gourds, spices (ginger, lemon grass, garlic, etc.), pineapples, bananas, sugar cane, tobacco, yams (several types), pigeon peas, and sunflowers (Walker 1970, pp. 382-384, 392 - 394, 406-407; Binney 1968, pp.104A, B; Geddes 1976, pp. 166-167). Each type of swidden can be expected to contain a balance of cereals, legumes, root crops, and vegetables, in addition to the principal crop. Fruit trees are also maintained, including coconut, jackfruit, leche, mango, peach, and pomelo (e.g., Binney 1968, p.104B). Unlike the case of the established swiddeners, household gardens are not usually kept unless either the gardens or the village pigs are fenced in.
Among the domestic animals, pioneer swiddeners keep fowl (mainly chickens) and cattle, as do the established swiddeners, but sizeable numbers of pigs are probably the most important. Pigs are fed on the corn (and/or corn cobs and husks, banana leaves and trunks, etc.). Horses and oxen, used for transport, are also important, since pioneer villages tend to be more remote than those of the established swiddeners.
2.2.3. The transformation process
When primary forest was still available, felling and clearing began in January. Subsidiary clearing and debris-cutting activities continued well into March, with burning in April. Felling was difficult and dangerous work, the province of men only who worked in groups to bring down the big trees (see Freeman 1970). Weeding requirements were light, usually one weeding (in June, July, or August). Originally, opium may have been planted in July in the main rice swidden, along with the numerous other crops, and harvested in December, after the main rice crop (see Geddes 1976, p. 160; Bernatzik 1947, pp. 347 - 358). With the increasing use of less regenerated forest, however, weeding became increasingly difficult, and it is probably for this reason that varieties of opium that could be planted later and had a shorter growing period were increasingly favoured. They could be harvested in January or February since, in secondary forest, this time was no longer needed to fell the big trees. The pioneer swiddeners could also make better use of the increasingly scarce ''ideal'' sites by planting rice in the sites below 1,000 m and opium in the ones above, the staggered growing seasons allowing adequate labour for both sites. But there was still a problem in preserving the opium fields and keeping them free of competing vegetation during the monsoon until time for planting, around September. To do this, the production of corn, formerly planted in the main rice swiddens, was expanded and planted in opium swiddens instead, shading out competing vegetation and preventing erosion until opium could be planted and the corn harvested. Corn could be used to feed pigs, an important source of protein that would help to make up for the increasing scarcity of wild game. At any rate, the opium-corn-pigs complex had become an important part of Hmong economics by the 1960s (Geddes 1976) and is now also used by other pioneer groups. If corn is not grown in the opium swiddens during the rainy season, weeding requirements (done by hoeing), prior to opium-planting, are greatly increased.
As mature forest became scarce, however, weeding requirements increased substantially in both corn and rice swiddens. For a variety of reasons-the increasing size of the villages, increasingly frequent movement, lack of good rice-swidden sites, and increasingly small swiddenable areas-the Hmong resolved this labour conflict between weeding corn and weeding rice in favour of the corn swiddens where opium was to be planted. Money obtained from the sale of opium could then be used to buy rice, as rice yields fell in the neglected swiddens, or as some individual households abandoned the swiddening of the rice entirely.
By the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, the scramble for new land was virtually over as more and more pioneers despaired of finding better areas than those they already possessed.12 Some efforts are being made to adopt secondary forest rotational swiddening patterns (Keen 1972, pp.149-150), but, in general, fields are already too degraded by previous swidden-to-exhaustion practices, and population densities in many pioneer swidden areas are too great for such a system anyway. Instead, there has been a variety of responses, none of which has yet caught on as being clearly advantageous for the majority. These include cattle-raising, growing fruit-trees (especially peaches), a little wet-rice farming (usually in terraces bought from the Karen and others), cash-cropping of various field crops (especially corn and potatoes), tea and coffee (experimental, with assistance from development authorities), and the ubiquitous cultivation of opium, whose prices probably still offer the best general prospects despite increasing labour, decreasing yields, and the dangers of raising an illegal crop.
As these changes have occurred among primary swiddeners, technology has also changed, although perhaps not to the extent one might expect. The axe has been traded for the hoe, but fields are still fired in the dry season as the customary method of initial clearing. The use of fertilizer, commercial or by manuring, has not yet been adopted (as of 1975), even in opium fields. Soil is often thoroughly turned, but erosion in fields is probably still slight because most fields are at higher altitudes, where rainfall is in the form of frequent gentle rains rather than massive downpours.
Contents - Previous - Next | <urn:uuid:f64b85e2-af19-4081-9480-66e6c94d0709> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80192e/80192E03.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.959557 | 9,344 | 2.90625 | 3 |
[krey-ving] /ˈkreɪ vɪŋ/
great or eager desire; yearning.
verb (used with object), craved, craving.
to long for; want greatly; desire eagerly:
to crave sweets; to crave affection.
to require; need:
a problem craving prompt attention.
to ask earnestly for (something); beg for.
to ask (a person) earnestly for something or to do something.
verb (used without object), craved, craving.
to beg or plead (usually followed by for).
an intense desire or longing
when intr, foll by for or after. to desire intensely; long (for)
(transitive) to need greatly or urgently
(transitive) to beg or plead for
Old English crafian “ask, implore, demand by right,” from North Germanic *krabojan (cf. Old Norse krefja “to demand,” Danish kræve, Swedish kräva); perhaps related to craft in its base sense of “power.” Current sense “to long for” is c.1400, probably through intermediate meaning “to ask very earnestly” (c.1300). Related: Craved; craving.
[krey-ving] /ˈkreɪ vɪŋ/ noun 1. great or eager desire; yearning. /ˈkreɪvɪŋ/ noun 1. an intense desire or longing n. “urgent desires,” 17c., from craving, verbal noun from crave.
[kraw] /krɔ/ noun 1. the crop of a bird or insect. 2. the stomach of an animal. Idioms 3. stick in one’s craw, to cause considerable or abiding resentment; rankle: She said I was pompous, and that really stuck in my craw. /krɔː/ noun 1. a less common word for crop (sense 6) 2. the […]
[kraw-dad] /ˈkrɔˌdæd/ noun 1. (def 1).
[kraw-dad-ee] /ˈkrɔˌdæd i/ noun, plural crawdaddies. 1. . | <urn:uuid:3abb2157-c802-45d6-82a2-22194fc35af8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/craving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840828 | 497 | 2.421875 | 2 |
|Publication number||US6234577 B1|
|Application number||US 09/567,304|
|Publication date||May 22, 2001|
|Filing date||May 8, 2000|
|Priority date||May 8, 2000|
|Publication number||09567304, 567304, US 6234577 B1, US 6234577B1, US-B1-6234577, US6234577 B1, US6234577B1|
|Inventors||Kerry E. Ruppert, Joann J. Festa|
|Original Assignee||Joke, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (12), Classifications (6), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to chairs and more particularly, to a flexible-resilient chair.
Chairs are ancient art and take countless forms. A dictionary defines a chair as “a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, having a back and, usually, four legs.” While a chair need not have legs, it generally provides back support, unlike a stool. The “beanbag” chair, popularized in the 1960's, is an example of such a chair.
Typically, a beanbag chair includes sheets of inexpensive, colorful, flexible material sewn together to provide a generally spherical enclosure for a quantity of inexpensive, loose filling, such as polystyrene beads (the “beans”). The enclosure is usually only filled with beads to about half its capacity, thereby giving the enclosure an amorphous, shape. When a person sits on the beanbag chair, a depression readily forms and the person is seated in the depression. Although the resultant body position may be comfortable, it can also be awkward, especially for an adult. These chairs are, however, inexpensive to acquire and they are perceived as “fun” to sit on, especially by children.
In an attempt to retain the comfort of the beanbag chair, but to improve upon its versatility, additional support and shape-holding elements have been added to the flexible enclosure. For example plastic and metal frames that are configured like traditional chair seats and backs have been enclosed within a flexible enclosure. The result is a traditional chair with padding that is easily displaced from the frame. Thus, such a chair does not provide the benefits of either a traditional chair or a beanbag chair. Worse yet, the possibility for injury is greatly increased as people tend to jump or “plop” onto beanbag chairs, whereas traditional chairs are usually mounted with a certain level of reserve. Therefore, if one jumps onto a beanbag chair having hidden, rigid elements, there is an increased likelihood of injury.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a chair that has the comfort of a beanbag, with the additional support provided by frame elements, but without the potential danger of rigid elements.
The present invention provides a variable contour chair that is self-supporting and safe. In an exemplary embodiment, a chair includes a flexible enclosure having a first compartment and a second compartment. A freely-flowable filler material is disposed within the first compartment and the second compartment. The filler material can have a different material density and/or distribution density in each compartment.
In an exemplary embodiment, a seat portion of the chair includes the first compartment and a backrest portion of the chair includes the second compartment, and the second compartment is provided with a higher material and/or distribution density of filler material than the first compartment.
A more complete understanding of the present invention , and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a chair in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the chair of FIG. 1, taken along line 2—2; and
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the back portion of the chair of FIG. 1, taken along line 3—3.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a chair in accordance with the invention. The chair has a flexible enclosure 1 which defines the general shape of the chair. The chair has a top portion 2 which is opposite a bottom portion 4; a front portion 6 which is opposite a back portion 8; and a left portion 10 which is opposite a right portion 12.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a chair in accordance with the present invention. The chair includes the flexible enclosure 1 having a first compartment 16, a second compartment 18 and a freely-flowable filler 20 disposed within the first compartment 16 and the second compartment 18. In FIG. 2, circles are used to depict the freely-flowable filler 20 and are not drawn to scale, and they do not represent actual quantities of freely-flowable filler used to fill the compartments 16 and 18. The first compartment 16 defines a seating surface 22 and the second compartment 18 defines a back rest 24.
The first compartment 16 and the second compartment 18 each include a defined distribution density of freely-flowable filler 20, wherein the defined distribution density in the first compartment 16 is different than the defined distribution density in the second compartment 18. The defined distribution density, as used herein, refers to the physical quantity of freely-flowable filler used to fill the compartments 16 and 18 in a given volume. In one embodiment the defined distribution density of freely-flowable filler 20 is greater in the second compartment 18 than in the first compartment 16.
In addition or alternatively, the freely-flowable material 20 is made of a first material 20 a having a first material density and a second material 20 b having a second material density, wherein the first material 20 a is disposed in the first compartment 16 and the second material 20 b is disposed in the second compartment 18. In an exemplary embodiment, the material density of the first material 20 a is greater than the material density of the second material 20 b. The “material density,” as used herein, refers to the specific density of the individual components that make up the freely-flowable filler.
Thus, the combination of “distribution density” and “material density” provide for an “overall density.” There are several ways to provide selected overall density values of the compartments 16 and 18 to obtain a higher overall density in the second compartment 18 compared to the first compartment 16. For example, the second compartment 18 may be filled with a freely-flowable filler 20 having: ( a ) a low material density and being filled to a high distribution density; ( b ) a high material density and being filled to a low distribution density; or ( c ) a high material density and being filled to a high distribution density. Further, the first compartment 16 may be filled with a freely-flowable filler 20 having: ( a ) a low material density and being filled to a low distribution density; ( b ) a high material density and being filled to a low distribution density; or ( c ) a low material density and being filled to a high distribution. The objective is to provide a higher relative density in the second compartment 18 than in the first compartment 16.
The freely-flowable filler may be manufactured from all variety of materials. In the exemplary embodiment plastic or polystyrene beads or the like are used. It should be understood that the freely-flowable filler 20 will in most cases fill the entire compartment and that individual components of the freely-flowable filler will most likely touch one another. Further, it should be understood that the individual components of the freely-flowable filler 20 can be of any shape or size.
In an exemplary embodiment, of the present invention, the chair may include a dividing member 26 disposed within the enclosure 1 that separates the first compartment 16 from the second compartment 18. The top portion 2, and the bottom portion 4 have a midline 28 between them. The dividing member 26 includes a first end portion 30 and a second end portion 32, wherein the first end portion 30 of the dividing member 26 is secured to the enclosure 1 at a point 30 a within the top portion 2, and the second end portion 32 of the dividing member 26 is secured to the enclosure 1 at a point 32 a within the bottom portion 4. Point 30 a is at a position that is relatively above midline 28, whereas, point 32 a is at a position that is relatively below midline 28. The bottom portion 4 extends away from the top portion 2 to define front 6 and back 8 chair portions, wherein the first end portion 30 of the dividing member 26 is secured to the front portion 6 of the top portion 2, and the second end portion 32 of the dividing member 26 is secured to the back portion 8 of the bottom portion 4. The flexible enclosure 1 may be constructed of any flexible material. The enclosure 1 of the exemplary embodiment is manufactured from cotton, polyester or a like material. The dividing member 26 may be constructed of a material that is non-resilient or less flexible relative to the material that the enclosure 1 is manufactured from.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the back of the chair. The top portion 2 has a left side 10, a right side 12, and includes foam 34 disposed within the enclosure 1 along the left 10 and right 12 sides, wherein foam 34 has less flexibility than the enclosure 1.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings, that will not involve undue experimentation and without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims.
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|Cooperative Classification||A47C3/16, A47C27/086|
|European Classification||A47C27/08E, A47C3/16|
|May 8, 2000||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: JOKE, INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RUPPERT, KERRY E.;FESTA, JOANN J.;REEL/FRAME:010802/0605
Effective date: 20000502
|Dec 8, 2004||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jan 5, 2005||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Jan 5, 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 1, 2008||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|May 22, 2009||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Jul 14, 2009||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20090522 | <urn:uuid:08de4d4c-d353-449a-815e-e4fcc5fcc771> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.com/patents/US6234577?dq=patent:3079728 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885084 | 3,065 | 1.90625 | 2 |
CHICAGO (Oct. 30)
A program of action for American Jews to follow to assist Israel in the present crisis was outlined here today by Mrs. Rebecca Shulman, president of Hadassah, to the opening session of the four-day 41st annual convention of the women’s Zionist organization of America. The program asked American Jews to:
1. Urge the United States Government to lessen tension in the Middle East and minimize the possibility of an Arab-Israel arms race by entering into a mutual defense treaty with Israel; 2. Redouble economic assistance to Israel to assure the uninterrupted development of the country’s agriculture and industry; 3. Make available professional and skilled labor to accelerate the up building of the country and to fill key civilian posts; and 4, Strengthen Israel’s economy through tourism. Mrs. Shulman asserted that “we cannot send heavy tanks, jets and submarines to offset the danger to world peace created by the Communist-Egyptian pact, but the avenues of economic aid are wide open.”
Dr. Nahum Goldmann, chairman of the Jewish Agency, told the convention that “the situation in the Middle East could be transformed overnight from a grave liability into an asset for peace if only our Administration would announce that it is prepared to come before the Senate of the United States and request authorization for a security treaty with Israel and with any other state in the Middle East desirous of entering into such a treaty.”
Congressman Brooks Hays of Arkansas, a member of the United States delegation to the United Nations, tonight told the 3,000 delegates that the recently concluded Soviet arms agreement with Egypt “may well lead our Arab friends to many irrational steps.” For Israel, Mr. Hays suggested: Continued alertness to the danger of Communism in the Near East; increased individual effort and ability to make Israel economically strong; and a continued, serious search for the ways and means by which Israel may contribute towards the bringing about of peace in the area.
In a message to the convention, President Eisenhower hailed Hadassah’s “proud record in advancing the welfare and serving the needs of literally hundreds of thousands of people.” | <urn:uuid:4025a78b-bf2b-44d4-b0dd-a1d2ebcede3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jta.org/1955/10/31/archive/hadassah-annual-convention-gets-program-to-aid-israel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946356 | 457 | 1.773438 | 2 |
In 2016, 10,497 people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. And young people are considered to be at a higher risk of involvement in such fatal crashes. As such, New York takes a “zero tolerance” approach to underage drinking and driving. Specifically, the Zero Tolerance Law is aimed at drivers under the age of 21 who drink and drive, even if they aren’t facing other traffic or criminal charges.
DWI, DWAI, and Zero Tolerance
New York’s laws on impaired and intoxicated driving are listed in Article 31 of the Vehicle and Traffic Law. Namely, many of the charges are based on the driver’s blood alcohol concentration (“BAC”) as measured by a chemical test (breath, blood, or urine).
|BAC Reading||Offense||Offense Level|
|0.06% or 0.07%||Driving While Ability Impaired by Alcohol||Violation|
|0.08% to 0.17%||Driving While Intoxicated Per Se||Misdemeanor or felony, depending on driving history|
|0.18% or higher||Aggravated Driving While Intoxicated||Misdemeanor or felony, depending on driving history|
|No reading, but observations are made by the officer||Driving While Intoxicated||Misdemeanor or felony, depending on driving history|
Additionally, there are other offenses for driving while impaired/intoxicated, including:
- While under the influence of drugs
- When under the influence of a combination of alcohol and drugs
- While under the influence and a child aged 15 or younger is in the car
However, if the driver is under age 21 and has a BAC of 0.02% or above, he/she may also be in violation of the Zero Tolerance Law. Surprisingly, this is even when the driver’s BAC is 0.05% or less and no other traffic tickets or criminal charges are given. This will result in a traffic ticket for “Driving After Having Consumed Alcohol.” Why? The purpose of the Zero Tolerance Law is to discourage those under 21 years of age from drinking and driving.
DMV Hearings for Zero Tolerance Violations
Violations of the Zero Tolerance Law are handled by the DMV’s Division of Safety and Business Hearings. At the hearing, an administrative law judge will determine:
- Was there was a lawful vehicle stop
- If the driver was indeed operating the vehicle
- Whether the driver was under 21 years of age at the time
- If the officer properly requested a chemical test
- Was the chemical test was properly administered
- Whether the driver’s BAC was 0.02% or more at the time he/she was driving
Notably, the standard of proof in DMV hearings is a mere “preponderance of the evidence.” Under this standard, the police officer just needs to prove the elements are more likely than not true. This is far less than the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard used in criminal courts.
Penalties Under the Zero Tolerance Law
If there is a finding that the driver violated the Zero Tolerance Law, the DMV will assess civil penalties. And the driver’s license is also subject to suspension and/or revocation. The penalties for underage drinking and driving are listed in the chart below.
|Violation Type||Fine||Driver’s License Action|
|First violation||$125 civil penalty, plus $100 suspension termination fee||Six month suspension|
|Second violation||$125 civil penalty, plus $100 re-application fee||One year revocation, or until age 21|
|First violation with chemical test refusal||$300 civil penalty, plus $100 re-application fee||One year revocation (or longer)|
|Second violation with chemical test refusal||$750 civil penalty, plus $100 re-application fee||One year revocation (or longer)|
Notably, a driver may be eligible to get a conditional license to drive to work, school, or medical appointments during any suspension/revocation period. Additionally, the violation remains on the driver’s record for three years, or until they turn 21, whichever is longer.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Impaired Driving: Get the Facts.” Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/transportationsafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html (last accessed Jan. 5, 2021).
- New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law, “Article 31: Alcohol and Drug-related Offenses and Procedures Applicable Thereto.” Available at: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/VAT/T7A31 (last accessed Jan. 5, 2021).
- NYS Department of Motor Vehicles, “Penalties for alcohol or drug-related violations.” Available at: https://dmv.ny.gov/tickets/penalties-alcohol-or-drug-related-violations (last accessed Jan. 5, 2021).
- STOP DWI New York, “New York’s Zero Tolerance Law: Questions and Answers.” Available at: https://stopdwi.org/sites/default/files/brochures/2017Updated/2017-007A%20STOP-DWI%20Zero%20Tolerance3.pdf (last accessed Jan. 5, 2021). | <urn:uuid:fe301e30-f8d4-4fd9-93c4-cdf423d7a7ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pappalardolaw.com/2021/01/nys-zero-tolerance-under-21-dwi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.893184 | 1,176 | 2.375 | 2 |
- Red, white and blue heavyweight paper/ old file folders
- Straight branches, 10-12 inches long
- Bendable wire
- 2 flat buttons
- Print patterns and cut out.
- Trace patterns onto colored and white paper.
- Using a oush pin, press a tiny hole into the center of all three shapes.
- Cut a 4 inch length of bendable wire. Using needlenose pliers, twist a tiny closed, loop at one end. Insert wire into smallest shape, with loop to remain on outside. Then slide on a button, the middle shape, another button and then the large shape.
- Twist wire onto the top of the branch, tight enough so it doesn't slide down. But leave enough play so individual spinners can move ... and kids can freely spin sections.
Fun to use as a centerpiece with a Patriotic spinner for each guest. | <urn:uuid:2eaa2318-ce96-4656-beb3-42b9ef26af95> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ziggityzoom.com/print/activity/patriotic-wind-wheels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00540-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843869 | 185 | 1.671875 | 2 |
30 Oct Bollywood 101: The Visual Culture of Popular Indian Cinema
Thursday, October 30, 2014 / 10:00-3:30 PM
Mosher Alumni Hall
Gallery Exhibit: 3:30-5:00 PM, UCSB Museum
In popular Western perception, the term Bollywood conjures up a constellation of images: melodramatic performances rendered in a riot of colors, exotic locales, exaggerated gestures, and fantastic song and dance sequences. To challenge this dominant image of Bollywood, the objective of this panel is to offer alternate views that can help us examine popular Indian cinema from multiple perspectives. The visual culture of Bollywood, namely film posters, billboards, etc., circulates in myriad domains of the popular, creating novel forms that generate new meanings. Originating from the world of cinema, these artifacts from Bollywood penetrate, negotiate, and in the process alter contemporary art, religion, culture, and politics in India making it an omnipresent force in popular culture. In this symposium, we will examine these different sites in which the visual culture of Bollywood operates and the ways in which it transcends the film screen to become a part of everyday life both in India and its diaspora in the US.
By making Bollywood as the locus of intellectual inquiry and as an object of scholarly exploration, the main objective of this symposium is to engender a dialogue among the students and faculty in framing popular Indian cinema beyond its stereotypical image in the West as a colorful, boisterous, and in some ways, loud and frivolous form of cinema with little consequence beyond crass entertainment. Our discussion will engage with the visually complex subtext of Bollywood and its relation with religion, culture, art, politics, and transnational identity. We plan to pose the following questions for discussion:
1. How is the culture of Bollywood been represented in the West?
2. How could one use popular artifacts (such as film posters, banners, etc.) to create multiple narratives of Bollywood? How do these artifacts penetrate contemporary art, politics, and religion in India and what is their impact?
3. What is “Global Bollywood?” How do cinematic representations of “NRI’s” in Bollywood and the portrayals of their cultural identities both reflect and shape transnational communities in the US? How has this changed over the last two decades following the liberalization of the Indian economy?
Sponsored by the College of Letters and Science, the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, the Dept. of History of Art and Architecture, the Dept. of Film and Media Studies, Art, Design & Architecture Museum and the Multicultural Center.
The Topical Image: Some observations on the Print-Film-Photography Interface in South Asian Visual Culture
Sudhir Mahadevan, University of Washington, Seattle
From Ravi Varma images to theatrical curtains to billboards and posters, a certain concern with the iconicity of images has singularly dominated the research and scholarship on India’s visual culture, especially as it pertains to the cinema. There is also of course an undeniable nexus between print, photography and film, the technological conditions for the possibility of these iconic images. That said, does the indexicality of the image have any pertinence for India’s visual cultures? How do images become relevant as indices of the present (and not just as iconic figurations)? And how would that question open new relations between the still, moving and printed image?
Such a question might necessitate a return to a somewhat less explored storehouse of visual culture comprising snapshots, printed photographs, and of course film. It might also necessitate a methodological shift from symptomatic readings of images as iconic and symbolic forms, to a contextually bound and phenomenologically inflected understanding of images as shaping and constituting the experience of everyday life and indeed of modernity in South Asia.
Cine Signs: The Evolving Art of Film Advertisements in Tamil Nadu
Preminda Jacob, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC)
Film publicity, in myriad forms, proclaims the centrality of cinema to everyday life in the south Indian city of Chennai. Film posters, both hand-painted and printed varieties, index the mass appeal of Tamil cinema; its economic vibrancy. In this talk I will survey the evolution of the film poster over a period of two decades, based on three sets of interviews (in 1992, 2002, and 2012) that I conducted with poster artists and designers in Chennai. Each decade witnessed a dramatic shift in the medium of poster production entailing, in each instance, a corresponding re-evaluation of the semiotics of the film poster and its reception in the public sphere. I will frame my narrative on the evolution of these advertisements within a larger discussion on the motivating forces that drive the momentum for change and novelty in the film industry.
Beyond Nostalgia and Orientalism? The Shifting Meanings of Bollywood Dance in Performance
Sangita Shresthova, Director of Henry Jenkins’ Media Activism & Participatory Politics (MAPP), University of Southern California.
Like the films that contain them, Bollywood dances have now become a global phenomenon. Initially driven by enthusiastic Indian and non-Indian fans and audiences who wanted to experience the choreography they saw in Hindi films, Bollywood dance has now emerged as a popular, lucrative, and recognized movement category. Around the world specialized Bollywood dance schools advertise their ability to impart authentic Hindi film choreography to their students. Rather than just imitate dances in Hindi films, Bollywood dance instructors now often invest much time into re-choreographing the dances they teach to their students, thereby imbuing them with local meaning and relevance. With user-generated video upload sites like Youtube, the global circulation of Bollywood dance takes on new dimensions. Bollywood film production companies now actively promote their films through uploaded song-and-dance sequences, thereby augmenting more traditional distribution structures. Enabled by digital media, Bollywood dancers and fans now also share their live Bollywood dance interpretations online. Perhaps for the first time, producers and audiences have immediate online access to both live and filmed Bollywood dance content. In this presentation, I first engage my previous ethnographic research on live Bollywood dance in Mumbai and Los Angeles as a starting point for analyzing Bollywood’s changing global circulation. In particular, I examine how particular appropriations of Bollywood dance enabled localized orientalizing and nostalgic interpretations of Bollywood’s visual and performative cultures in these locations.
I then shift my attention to more current Bollywood dance communities, to ask how new media and the participatory practices it encourages, complicates, challenges and perpetuates these nostalgic and orientalizing paradigms. Specifically, I ask: What local and virtual communities are supported by this new media circulation of Bollywood content? Is there potential for resistance and mobilization here? And, what might specific instances of such disruption and circulation teach us about global media industries that lie outside the Euro-American axis?
10:15-11:00: Sudhir Mahadevan
11:00-11:45: Preminda Jacob
Moderator: Swati Chattopadhyay
Discussant: Bishnupriya Ghosh
12:15-1:45pm: Lunch Break
2:00- 2:45pm: Sangita Shresthova
2:45- 3:00: Discussion
3:00- 3:15: Concluding Remarks
Moderator: Swati Chattopadhyay
Discussant: Bhaskar Sarkar
3:30-5pm: Museum Reception and Gallery Visit | <urn:uuid:8e700d7e-64eb-4c9a-b30a-0d1d7207317f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/bollywood-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.90411 | 1,612 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Quantitative restrictions on the export of precious metals are introduced for the same period
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic introduced a six-month ban on the export of ferrous metal scrap and waste, ferrous metal ingots for remelting, from the country outside the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union.
The country’s government stated about it on its official website.
Another government decision is to introduce quantitative restrictions on the export of precious metals and raw materials containing precious metals from the territory of Kyrgyzstan for a period of six months, in a volume of no more than 500 kg.
“The Ministry of Economy is instructed to inform the World Trade Organization and the Eurasian Economic Commission about the introduction of the specified ban, which will enter into force seven days after the date of its official publication, according to the established procedure, no later than three days from the date of entry into force of this resolution,” the statement said.
As GMK Center reported earlier, the decision on the introduction of a temporary ban on the export from the country outside the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) of scrap and waste of ferrous metals, ingots of ferrous metals for remelting, Cabinet of Ministers accepted in January 2022.
On December 9, in Ukraine a new duty on the export of ferrous metal scrap in the amount of €180 per ton officially entered into force. Duty increase was supported at the session of the parliament on December 2, 242 people’s deputies. Before that, the last few years duty on the export of scrap metal in the amount of €58/t operated in Ukraine.
In early August 2022, the Ministry of Strategic Industries invited interested in departments, associations and unions’ data on the balance of steel smelting in the country and the supply of steel enterprises with scrap metal for analysis. The data will be used to prepare possible proposals for the liberalization of the export of scrap metal, as well as the disposal of destroyed military equipment of the occupiers. | <urn:uuid:4b1d4ac0-0e7f-4f91-9eff-961eb3c52bfb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gmk.center/en/news/kyrgyzstan-extended-the-ban-on-scrap-exports-outside-the-eeu-for-six-months/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.918504 | 421 | 1.695313 | 2 |
What we can’t keep we will try to remember. That’s the paradox of life. We put lots of energy into acquiring things and experiences. We slave for hours at a job we hate just to get a glimpse of the things we want. We work twenty four seven to a grow a business and acquire more and more experiences.
But the reality is these things and experiences are temporary. Everything we touch and feel and see is temporary. But we do are best to keep them forever. Our memories hold these experiences, things, and people forever in time. But would we even try for these things if we would never remember? Or worse, would we rather lose all of our old memories or never be able to make new ones?
That’s a tough question. But here’s my thoughts on it.
Memories are so so special. Nobody can rob us of the things we hold deep in our mind. They are forever implanted in our minds so we don’t need have things forever. We can conjure up memories at the blink of an eye and remember people we miss or things we cherished. That’s beautiful.
But after some thought, I realized there was a fatal flaw. There was one thing about this argument that wasn’t fair. Yes, memories are valuable to almost all humans. But we can’t assume that our memories are forever. That brings me to two reasons I would choose to lose my old memories.
Think about it. What was your funniest thing you saw in elementary school? Or better yet, how did you celebrate your seventh birthday if you don’t mind me asking? Exactly. While we may have a general idea to the answers, we have to admit it’s a little fuzzy. That’s the truth.
We don’t remember everything forever. We’re losing memories every single day. And it’s sad to think about but that’s just how it goes. We’re forgetting details of precious moments every single second. So by the time I’m eighty there’s a slim chance I’ll remember the details of my first twenty three years of life. So screw it, I’ll lose them all now.
That’s one way to look at. Another way I look at is put this way. I’m an advocate for the future. I’m always more excited for the things that will come tomorrow over the things that were yesterday. I value the past. But the future is where my heart and ambitions lie. So I will always be more optimistic for the future.
But a big problem arises if I choose to prevent all future memories. Well then I’ll feel much less motivated to do things I want to remember. I’ll forever know I’ll only remember my distant past. Why go skydiving now? I’ll never remember a day later. Some might use it as motivation to be more present in the days that lie ahead. It makes sense.
But if there’s one last reason that could justify why I would give up my old memories for the new in a heartbeat, it’s this. When you think about it mathematically, it’s pretty straightforward. I’m twenty three right now. The average life expectancy is 78.7 years. There’s a lot more life ahead of me than behind me. When I reach forty maybe we can revisit this question! | <urn:uuid:eec78f82-e83a-44e0-8cdc-5991d11b857c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://entrepreneurtim.com/would-you-rather-lose-all-of-your-old-memories-or-never-be-able-to-make-new-ones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.939363 | 731 | 1.875 | 2 |
When the Berlin-based group Transparency International released its annual ranking of international corruption levels in December 2014, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded with a blistering statement. Chinese authorities were upset that their country had sunk from 80th to 100th place on the watchdog’s influential Corruption Perceptions Index, even though Beijing was pursuing a high-profile anticorruption campaign. “As a fairly influential international organization,” a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson said, “Transparency International should seriously examine the objectiveness and impartiality of its Corruption Perceptions Index.”
This wasn’t the first time Beijing had dismissed the results of an international ranking. A year earlier, it had called for the elimination of the World Bank’s annual Ease of Doing Business Index, in which China had similarly underperformed, citing what Chinese officials described as flawed methodologies and assumptions.
China’s anger reveals just how powerful such ratings have become. Today’s ratings, produced by nongovernmental organizations and international agencies alike, score governments on nearly every aspect of a state: democracy, corruption, environmental degradation, friendliness to business, the likelihood of state collapse, the security of nuclear materials, and much more. The ratings’ customers are equally diverse. Government officials and activists refer to these indexes as measures of state performance, and international organizations and domestic bureaucracies use them as comparative benchmarks. Scholars and analysts use them to compare countries, and journalists routinely cite them as authoritative in their stories.
The ratings craze threatens to dumb down global governance and lower the quality of public debate.In theory, grading and comparing states should help the public hold governments accountable. In practice, however, ratings are fraught with unexamined assumptions and unintended consequences, limiting their value as tools for improved governance. They often oversimplify complex public policy issues, obscure policy tradeoffs, and invite manipulation by states eager to improve their reputations without undertaking real reform. Without a clearer understanding of these limitations, the ratings craze threatens to dumb down global governance practices and lower the quality of public
- Full website and iPad access
- Magazine issues
- New! Books from the Foreign Affairs Anthology Series | <urn:uuid:2e36c4bc-cd35-4634-a0e6-69f004d232f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-10-20/rank-has-its-privileges | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00098-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947777 | 449 | 2.703125 | 3 |
FL Studio Upgrade Courses - Learn All FL Studio Updates
What you'll learn
- Learn How To Work With The New FL Studio 20.5 Version
- Learn How To Use FL Studio In A Different DAW - Such as Logic Pro X & Ableton Live
- Learn How To Use The New Plugin FLEX
- Learn How To Use The New Version of FL Studio 20.5
- You Need To Own A Copy Of FL Studio (All Editions)
- You Need To Have A Computer
- The Computer Must run macOS Sierra or later or Windows 7 or later
- You Want To Learn How To Work With The New Upgrade in FL Studio
In This FL Studio Upgrade Courses For Mac & PC, I will show you how to work with the new versions as soon as they're out. The new features and workflow features are so great that it deserves it's own course!
We're going to cover everything new in FL Studio 20.5 & up - all from how to use the new plugin called FLEX as well as how to use FL Studio inside another DAW, such as Logic Pro X or Ableton Live.
This course is created for the absolute beginner as well as advanced users who wants to expand their knowledge in music production. Everything that is done in this course is made in the box only - so all you need is a laptop such as MacBook Pro or other Windows laptop, or a desktop computer such as an iMac or a Windows computer.
We are also including 20+ Sample Packs that will improve your productions as you can use them for free in your own tracks - all royalty free.
This course is designed for every skill level from Beginners to Advanced. If you never used FL Studio before, that's totally fine as well. We will include a brief overlook of FL Studio's interface in this course.
Improve Your Music Production Techniques and Start Making Professional Music With Quality in No Time!
Regardless of what your level of experience is or what type of music you are creating, this course will take you knowledge to a whole another level.
About the instructor:
Martin Svensson started producing music since 2005 and teaching since 2016, and now has over 80,000 happy students on Udemy learning music production and other related topics viewed from a Music Producers perspective. Martin has been working with different producers around the world as well as co-created a few very well known tracks with other musicians. Martin is based in Stockholm, Sweden
Who this course is for:
- If You've Been Using FL Studio And Want To Learn How The New Upgraded Version Works
- If You're Brand New To FL Studio & Are Curious About How The New Version Works Compared To Other DAW's
- If You're New To Music Production And Wants to Get A Quick Start in To FL Studio
- If You Want To Learn How The FL Studio Software Works
- Founder and Owner of music-prod, a platform with courses for learning Music Production and how to be a musician today with over 40 000 Subscribers.
- Music Producer and Professional musician. Producing music for 10+ years with Logic Pro X and Ableton Live. Produced music for several big labels and other Producers, Dj's, and big names in the music industry.
- Certified Apple Logic Pro X Producer since 2015.
I have a lot of experience in making music in different studios here in Stockholm, Sweden, and also in Los Angeles, California. I've been making music with big names as well as teaching how to make music for five years.
I'm now into teaching music on the web as well as doing different businesses because I want to teach YOU how to make music and monetize it at the same time. See you in the courses :)
- Music-prod - a platform with courses & resources such as Video Courses, Sample Packs & Project files for learning Music Production and how to be a great musician with over 100 000 Subscribers.
Music-Prod is a website founded in 2015. We strive to perfect the life for musicians with resources and education to make the music process as smooth and fun as possible.
We are a team of 4 producers and have all had major success in the music industry and this is why we do this - to share our success and letting you know how to not take the hard route that we did in the beginning of our careers. | <urn:uuid:93ae3713-1cd8-4a4d-9a80-309a9ee63fbb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.udemy.com/course/fl-studio-upgrade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.949876 | 908 | 1.6875 | 2 |
As you know, the good news of the birth of Jesus was first proclaimed to shepherds by angels out in the field outside of Bethlehem. You should remember that shepherds were as a rule a fairly despised class of people. They were dirty, sometimes considered untrustworthy, and not the most respectable folks in town.
But God sent His most glorious heavenly messengers with a royal announcement to those men. And they believed, and they went and found Jesus and worshipped Him.
And in this, God establishes the unmistakable point that it doesnít matter who you are or where you are from or what you have done. The same message comes to all: high and low, rich and poor, male and female, young and old, to every people of every nation: For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a Savior, which is Christ the Lord.
This is the message of Christmas, but this is also the message of the gospel. And the only question is: what will you do with this message? Itís a royal message because it speaks of royalty. It was sent by God Himself in the mouths of angels. It is good news for all men. Will you believe? Will you drop what youíre doing and worship Him? Will you drop your excuses? Will you drop your fear? Will you drop the accusations and the blaming? Will you stop trying to save yourself? Will you stop trying to be your own Christ, your own Lord?
For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a Savior, which is Christ the Lord.
This table is a humble table: like the stable, like the manger, like the swaddling clothes. But like that first stable, Christ is here.
So come and worship, come and welcome to Jesus Christ.
New ebook Marriage Militant: 25 wedding homilies available here. | <urn:uuid:7de0a8fc-da9b-4554-849c-65e79e1a56d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tobyjsumpter.com/a-message-for-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.962717 | 387 | 1.5 | 2 |
A number of people and companies are using the term “iterative analytics”. This is confusing, because it can mean at least three different things:
- You analyze something quickly, decide the result is not wholly satisfactory, and try again. Examples might include:
- Aggressive use of drilldown, perhaps via an advanced-interface business intelligence tool such as Tableau or QlikView.
- Any case where you run a query or a model, think about the results, and run another one after that.
- You develop an intermediate analytic result, and using it as input to the next round of analysis. This is roughly equivalent to saying that iterative analytics refers to a multi-step analytic process involving a lot of derived data.
- #1 and #2 conflated/combined. This is roughly equivalent to saying that iterative analytics refers to all of to investigative analytics, sometimes known instead as exploratory analytics.
Based both on my personal conversations and a quick Google check, it’s reasonable to say #1 and #3 seem to be the most common usages, with #2 trailing a little bit behind.
But often it’s hard to be sure which of the various possible meanings somebody has in mind.
Monash’s First and Third Laws of Commercial Semantics state: | <urn:uuid:079f3ad3-a053-4b68-b8f3-d2ffffe23352> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dbms2.com/2012/10/15/what-is-meant-by-iterative-analytics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950008 | 273 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Rickets is an ailment that occurs in dogs when they are not receiving the correct allocation of nutrients, such as vitamins A, D, E or calcium. This is most typically caused by the excessive intake of meat. Left untreated, rickets can result in skeletal abnormalities, such as bowed legs, pelvic deformities and spinal curvature. This disease can be treated, however, so that any adverse effects on your dog's health can be avoided or reversed.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Liquid vitamin D supplements for dogs
- Cod liver oil capsules
Add a liquid vitamin D supplement for dogs. If you are averse to supplementation, increase your dog's exposure to sunlight as an alternative. This is a simple and natural way to ensure that his vitamin D levels rise.
Add cod liver oil to each of your pet's meals. This will add vitamins A, D and E to his diet.
Consult your veterinarian to see if further treatments are necessary. He may be able to prescribe a specific vitamin and dietary regimen for your dog to help meet his medical needs.
Tips and warnings
- Do not exceed one capsule of cod liver oil per day. Excessive intake of cod liver oil can alter your dog's caloric balance and cause weight gain, and can even cause an overdose of vitamin D.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:5bc967a7-40ec-4e57-b3f3-a0f2e6398911> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7714453_treat-rickets-dogs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00452-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9387 | 314 | 2.625 | 3 |
When you install VMware ESXi, SSH remote access is turned off by default. If you want to access an ESXi host with SSH, you need to enable it first. To do so, you first need to log in to the ESXi host from VMware vSphere client. Only a Windows version of VMware vSphere client is available.
Assuming that you logged in to your ESXi host from vShere client installed somewhere, you can follow this instruction to activate SSH service. This instruction is applicable on VMware ESXi 5.1 and 5.5
On vShere client, first select your ESXi host on the left panel to make it highlighted. Then click on "Configuration" tab in the right. Finally, click on "Security Profile" under "Software" section in the left side of the right panel.
In the next window, you will see a list of services, and their daemon status. Choose "SSH" and click on "Options" button.
This will pop up an SSH configuration window shown below. Click on "Start" button to start SSH daemon now.
Verify that SSH daemon is running. At this point SSH remote access should be available. To enable SSH service permanently (i.e., autostart SSH upon boot), change SSH startup policy by clicking on "Start and stop with host" bullet. Click on "OK" button to finalize.
Now SSH remote access will automatically be started upon ESXi boot.
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Did you find this tutorial helpful? Then please be generous and support Xmodulo! | <urn:uuid:e2a14178-8599-4525-876d-45b520a125f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ask.xmodulo.com/enable-ssh-remote-access-vmware-esxi5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868228 | 374 | 1.632813 | 2 |
- What is the Confucius Institute(CI) Scholarship?
- Scholarship Category and Application Requirement
- Scholarship Coverage and Criteria
- Recruitment Procedures
- Application Documents
- Entrance and Annual Appraisal
In order to support development of Confucius Institutes, facilitate Chinese language promotion and Chinese cultural transmission in the world, and cultivate qualified Chinese language teachers and talented students of the Chinese language, Hanban/Confucius Institute Headquarters (hereinafter referred to as Hanban) formed the "Confucius Institute Scholarship" program to provide financial aid for students, scholars, and Chinese language teachers worldwide to transition into a Master's degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL) in Chinese universities (hereinafter referred to as "host institutes"), or study in such majors as Chinese Language and literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy.
The categories of the scholarship for 2014 include Scholarships for Students of Master's Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages, Scholarships for One-Academic- Year Students and Scholarships for One-Semester Students. Applicants shall be non-Chinese citizens aged between 16 and 35 (Chinese language teachers shall be aged below 45).
a. The Scholarship for Students of Master's Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages
The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), outstanding performers on HSK exams, winners of the "Chinese Bridge” Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, Chinese language teachers worldwide, and outstanding graduates of Chinese language across the world for taking the MTCSOL degree. The scholarship winner shall begin the study in Autumn 2014 (Fall semesters in China typically begin in September), and the grant will cover two academic years. After finishing the study, students will obtain the graduate diploma and be conferred with the Master’s degree certificate in MTCSOL. Applicants are required to have bachelor degrees or its equivalent with a score of at least 180 on the new HSK (level 5), and make a written commitment stating that he/she will be engaged in Chinese language teaching for at least 5 years after graduation.
b. Scholarship for One-Academic Year Students
The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), outstanding performers on HSK, winners of the “Chinese Bridge” Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, Chinese language teachers worldwide, and outstanding graduates of Chinese language across the world, or those who intend to become Chinese teachers. The scholarship winner may choose to study majors including Chinese Language and Literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy. The time of entrance is Autumn 2014 (Fall semesters in China typically begin in September) and the grant term is one academic year. Applicants should complete their study at a Confucius Institute for over 120 hours, or achieve a score of at least 180 on the new HSK (level 3).
c. Scholarship for One-Semester Students
The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), outstanding performers on HSK, winners of the “Chinese Bridge” Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, Chinese language teachers worldwide, and outstanding students of Chinese language across the world. The scholarship winner may choose to study majors including Chinese Language and Literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy. The time of entrance is Autumn 2014 or Spring 2015 and the grant term is one semester. Applicants should complete their study at a Confucius Institute for over 60 hours, or achieve a score of at least 120 on the new HSK (level 2).
Scholarship winners are exempt from registration fees, tuition, fees for basic learning materials, accommodation fees on campus, and are provided with a one-off resettlement subsidy, monthly allowance, outpatient medical service and comprehensive insurance for foreign students studying in China. The one-off resettlement subsidy will not be provided to those who have studied in China for more than half a year before being enrolled.
a. From the issue date of the Procedures, applicants should log on to the Confucius Institute Scholarship website at http://cis.chinese.cn, set up an individual account, read the information and introduction of their respsective host institutes and majors, complete and submit the Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Form (see Attachment 1) online, print out the Form and submit it to their recommending institution along with other application materials (see Article 4).
b. Confucius Institutes (independently set-up Confucius Classrooms), overseas Chinese test centers, educational and cultural offices (sections) of Chinese embassies (consulates), host institutes and institutions of higher education in those countries with no Confucius Institutes are entrusted by Hanban as the recommending institutions. The recommending institutions shall exam the qualification and application materials of applicants, and recommend outstanding applicants. Recommending institutions shall send the application materials of qualified applicants (e-scanning copy or original copy) to those host institutes of the candidate’s first and second choices and submit the candidate name list (see Attachment 2) to Hanban.
c. Host institutes are responsible for reviewing the qualification of applicants and submitting the proposed enrollment name list of qualified candidates (see Attachment 3) to Hanban.
d. Hanban will organize an expert panel to make the final selection and publish the name list of successful applicants on the Scholarship website, which will be informed to applicants through recommending institutions.
e. The host institutes will post “Admission Notice”, “Enrollment Instructions”, “Visa Application Form for Foreigners to Study in China" (JW202 Form) and other related materials to successful applicants through their recommending institutions.
Applicants shall submit the following documents:
a. Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Form
b. Photocopy of Passport Photo Page
c. Application Statement: stating applicant's Chinese language learning background, study plan, and aim in China. It shall be written in Chinese and no less than 800 words.
d. Photocopy of New HSK Result Report
e. Diploma and Transcripts. Applicants shall submit notarized highest education diplomas attained or proof of study.
f. Reference Letter and Letter of Commitment. Students attending Chinese language programs of universities in countries with no Confucius Institutes established shall attach a reference letter signed and issued by the university President. The Master’s Degree Scholarship applicants are required to submit reference letters provided by two professors or associate professors (in Chinese or English). A written commitment stating that the applicant will be engaged in Chinese language teaching for at least 5 years after graduation (written in Chinese and sign with signature).
g. Applications under the age of 18 shall submit relevant legal documents of entrusted legal guardians in China.
h. Winners of the finals of the “Chinese Bridge” Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students in China shall submit the duplicate of scholarship certificate and reference letter provided by educational and cultural offices (sections) of Chinese embassies (consulates). Winners of preliminary rounds of the “Chinese Bridge” Proficiency Competitions in their countries shall provide award proof and reference letter provided by the organizers.
i. Chinese language teachers shall submit the proof on number of teaching years and weekly teaching hours provided by institutes they work for.
a. The scholarship winners shall register at the host institutes before the deadline set by the institutes. Scholarships will not be kept for those who do not register on time without reasonable cause.
b. Scholarships will be canceled for those who cannot pass the health examination.
c. Students for a Master’s degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL) shall be subject to an annual appraisal organized by the host institutes in the second semester after being enrolled according to the “Annual Appraisal Procedures for Confucius Institute Scholarship”. Only the eligible students are entitled to continue to receive the Scholarships in the following year.
Related Link: HSK Test(Chinese Proficiency Test) | <urn:uuid:5ab01dc0-502b-4645-a2f3-6d91bbde8682> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.csuohio.edu/confucius/confucius-institute-scholarship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.748092 | 1,691 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Rates of hospital-acquired infections, specifically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are increasingly being used as indicators for quality of hospital hygiene. There has been much effort on understanding the transmission process at the hospital level; however, interhospital population-based transmission remains poorly defined. We evaluated whether the proportion of shared patients between hospitals was correlated with genetic similarity of MRSA strains from those hospitals. Using data collected from 30 of 32 hospitals in Orange County, California, multivariate linear regression showed that for each twofold increase in the proportion of patients shared between 2 hospitals, there was a 7.7% reduction in genetic heterogeneity between the hospitals' MRSA populations (permutation P value = 0.0356). Pairs of hospitals that both served adults had more similar MRSA populations than pairs including a pediatric hospital. These findings suggest that concerted efforts among hospitals that share large numbers of patients may be synergistic to prevent MRSA transmission. | <urn:uuid:fc04d114-6b77-42bb-a4ed-22d758e83b4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431601/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.947709 | 198 | 2.171875 | 2 |
In response to what is a very modern threat, in January 2016 the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) issued guidelines on cyber security on-board ships.
The guidelines recognise that information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) are more frequently being networked together and are usually connected to the internet, attracting a potential threat from both untargeted and targeted attacks.
There is an ever-greater dependence on electronic systems and computers on-board ships, not only on the bridge but also in areas such as cargo management, communication systems, propulsion controls and crew welfare. Corporate bodies are already aware of the risks to their information security, but increasing dependence on modern technology and connectivity creates ever-greater vulnerability to attack at a ship-specific level.
The guidelines are intended to be read in conjunction with existing security and safety risk management requirements in the ISM and ISPS Codes; key threats identified include those from activists or disgruntled employees, criminals, opportunists, states and terrorists who may have disruptive, financial, political or simply opportunistic motivations.
The measures covered in the guidelines to lower cyber security risk include:
- how to raise awareness of the safety, security and commercial risks for shipping companies if no cyber security measures are in place;
- how to protect shipboard IT and OT infrastructure and connected equipment;
- how to manage users, ensuring appropriate access to necessary information;
- how to protect data used on board ships, according to the level of sensitivity;
- how to authorise administrator privileges for users, including during maintenance and support on-board or via remote link; and
- how to protect data being communicated between ship and shore side.
Whilst the guidelines are indeed only guidelines, as cyber-attacks become an increasing threat consideration will need to be given to what provisions need to be included in charterparties and other operational contracts to impose maintenance and protection obligations in relation to digital systems that form part of the ship’s infrastructure.
A link to the full guidelines can be found here. | <urn:uuid:34a15293-afb1-4f46-951f-d956557d43dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9c0ab1ed-1d92-4c88-8755-9498bb618804 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947366 | 415 | 2.421875 | 2 |
This information was provided in another thread that was covering several topics. It was suggested that it be split out into a new thread as it may be beneficial to others as well.
Bleeding A Hydrovac Brake System, Manual
Manual bleeding requires filling the master cylinder reservoir and pumping the brake pedal to force the fluid through the lines to expel air from the system. This operation must be done with the engine shut off and no vacuum in the power brake system.
With the master cylinder reservoir filled, open No.1 bleed screw on the Hydrovac and depress the brake pedal to expel air. When the brake pedal has reached the toe board, close the bleed screw before returning pedal to release position. Repeat this procedure until soild fluid, free from bubbles, comes from the bleed screw. Check the master cylinder frequently to insure an ample supply of fluid.
Using this method, bleed No.1 and No.2 bleed screws on the Hydrovac and then proceed to the vehicle wheel cylinders. Then start with the wheel cylinder farthest from the master cyl and work your way to the wheel that's closest; typically Rr, Lr, Rf, Lf.
I have never been able to properly bleed a systen with a remote booster with a vacuum bleeder.
If you have no pedal at all, I suggest doing a part by part test -
1 - remove brake line at master cyl and plug master cyl. If pedal is good, master cyl is good.
2 - Reconnect master cyl, ans disconnect the lines to all wheel cylinders from remote booster, plug remote booster. Bleed remote booster and then check pedal, if it is good remote booster is good.
3 - Reconnect front brakes, plug/cap lines to rear brakes. Bleed front brakes. Check pedal, if it is good, front brakes are OK.
4 - Reconnect rear brakes, and bleed them. For dual cylinder brakes I have found that you need a helper who can really apply the brakes hard. Make sure you open the bleeders as much as possible to get a strong stream. If the wheel cylinders are good, this should result in a good pedal. You may then want to rebleed the fronts to make sure all air is removed.
If you start with a "pedal to the floor" and a simple bleed has no effect, I have found that the above procedure and a helper is the only way to go. Good luck. | <urn:uuid:c1d77cc6-46b7-460a-bf15-88267bb8cb57> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ford-trucks.com/forums/890889-bleeding-a-hydrovac-brake-system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00194-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929156 | 503 | 1.851563 | 2 |
BLM Extends Deadline for Accepting Nominations for Reclamation and Sustainable Mineral Development Awards
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is inviting nominations for the 2010
Reclamation and Sustainable Mineral Development Awards and has extended
the filing deadline to March 19, 2010. These awards recognize solid
mineral (non-coal) development operations that embody the principles of
sustainable development or represent outstanding examples of reclamation
or environmental stewardship.
These non-monetary awards highlight some of the finest examples of
responsible mineral resource development and illustrate the principles
of sustainable development without compromising the needs of future
generations. The awards program also helps to promote successful ideas
and practices that may be implemented at various locations throughout
“Sustainable development is the underpinning of this awards program,”
said BLM Director Bob Abbey. “It meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.”
The awards fall under five categories – the Hardrock Mineral
Environmental Award, the Hardrock Mineral Community Outreach and
Economic Security Award, the Hardrock Mineral Small Operator Award, the
Hardrock Mineral Director’s Award, and the “Fix A Shaft Today!” Award.
· The Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award recognizes efforts in
environmental stewardship. This category recognizes achievements
demonstrating continuous or repeated efforts to successfully meet or
exceed Federal, State, or local reclamation requirements with minimal
· The Hardrock Mineral Community Outreach and Economic Security Award
recognizes projects that show concern for community responsibilities and
the economic benefits of mineral development. This award recognizes
successful coordination of projects with local and regional
stakeholders. Projects that contribute to quality of life or show
concern for a community’s long-term health are also eligible.
· The Hardrock Mineral Small Operator Award recognizes efforts in
environmental stewardship of operators with fewer than 15 employees.
Similar to the Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award, this award
recognizes achievements demonstrating continuous or repeated efforts to
successfully meet or exceed Federal, State, or local reclamation
requirements with minimal oversight.
· The Hardrock Mineral Director’s Award is for outstanding achievement
in a particular area of sustainable development. The award will
recognize an operator whose dedication and commitment to excellence has
resulted in the use of a new or innovative design or technique that
allows or enhances successful operations in technically challenging
conditions or in critical environmental settings.
· The “Fix A Shaft Today!” (“FAST!”) Award recognizes active
participation in the FAST! Campaign, which is a partnership initiative
aimed at eradicating unsafe abandoned mine land features, especially
open mine shafts.
Mining companies, regulatory authorities, geologists, and members of the
public may nominate operators or organizations in the non-coal solid
minerals industries for an award. Nominations need not be limited to
operations on land managed by the BLM. The deadline for submitting
nominations is extended until March 19, 2010. Detailed information on
the nomination and selection processes, including the required format
for nominations, appears in the brochure titled Call for Nominations:
2010 BLM Reclamation and Sustainable Mineral Development Awards Program.
Nominations are to be submitted to the BLM Alaska State Office
(Attention: John Hoppe, AK-932), 222 W. 7th Avenue, #13; Anchorage, AK
99513. Get a copy of the call for nominations brochure by going to
http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en.html or calling John Hoppe at 907-271-3218.
The BLM manages 253 million acres – more land than any other federal
agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is
primarily located in 12 Western states, including 75 million acres in
Alaska. The Bureau, with a budget of about $1 billion, also administers
700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation.
The BLM’s multiple-use mission is to sustain the health and productivity
of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future
generations. The Bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as
outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy
production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other
resources on public lands.
# # # | <urn:uuid:ee6d69b0-f1db-4926-889a-c4f7d75df59e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.akbizmag.com/Alaska-Business-Monthly/January-2010/BLM-Extends-Deadline-for-Accepting-Nominations-for-Reclamation-and-Sustainable-Mineral-Development-Awards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00488-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88001 | 945 | 1.546875 | 2 |
After such a glorious summer allowing plenty of opportunity to spend time outside, many of us will have spent ample time out in the garden getting our hands dirty. As one of the warmest summers on record and in stark contrast to last year some of us might have even embarked on our first foray into gardening.
No amount of sunshine this summer has halted the sudden chill in the air however, so as winter rapidly approaches how can we prevent all our hard work being undone and keep our gardens beautiful over the colder months? Whether you’re wondering how to protect your veg patch and keep it fertile for next spring, pondering how to best safeguard your florals, or simply keep your garden beautiful and full of life, we spoke to four experts who gave us their tips on getting your garden ready for winter.
Of course, here at Turtle Mat, our biggest tip for getting ready for winter is to make sure that mud and dirt stay outdoors where they belong. The wetter colder weather makes having a good quality indoor mat and hard-wearing outdoor mat more important than ever! Read on to see what our experts recommend:
What steps would you recommend for gardeners at this time of year?
Autumn is a great time for those who love wielding the clippers – all that summer growth will need a trim back now to keep the garden tidy. But many off-cuts will strike well in the humidity right now so think about planting some of your cuttings into pots.
Remove plant debris and diseased leaves from flowers and vegetable patches. Dig up the annuals – plants that last only a season – and put them on the compost heap. Winter gives cuttings and leaves a chance to break down and produce nutrient-rich compost, which will be ready for boosting the garden in the new year.
Flowering perennials – plants that spring up year after year from their roots – should be cut back. Remove yellowing or dead leaves or flowers before rot develops, as well as any weeds hidden under the plant foliage.
How can you make sure the work you put in this year will still show by spring?
For a lovely lawn next spring, start to mow less frequently and raise the height of the grass as the growth rate slows down. Scarify your lawn by raking out dead grass and moss that has built up over the summer. Follow this with applying a high-potassium autumn lawn feed, which will release the correct balance of nutrients throughout the winter.
When there is no more need for garden furniture, store it in the shed or garage to protect it from the winter weather and allow it to dry out. If you can’t do this, cover it with a tough waterproof sheet securely fixed down, taking care to allow plenty of air to circulate so that the furniture is not damp all winter. Wooden items, such as benches or pergolas, may benefit from a treatment of chemical preservative.
Winter in the Veg Patch
The seasons may be changing and temperatures dropping as we hurtle towards the final furlong of 2013, but by no means will vegetable growers be packing away their forks and spades just yet. Lucy of the Smallest Smallholding showed us there’s still plenty to be getting on with in November in the veg patch:
What steps would you recommend for home-growers at this time of year?
Before the frosts arrive, it’s probably best to pull up the last of your more tender root vegetables and store them. Whilst some carrots can be left in the ground if covered properly, storing in sand will help to preserve them perfectly, giving you a winters’ supply of home-grown veg. Celeriac can be covered with straw until later in the season, leeks can be harvested into winter, and parsnips will actually benefit from the frosts. A frost converts the starch into sugars in the parsnip, making the root taste sweeter.
There are many vegetables and winter crops that can be sown or left to over winter – garlic can be planted in late October/early November, ready for harvesting in early summer. Brassicas – including Brussels sprouts, spring cabbages and broccoli – will be quite happy left in situ, but will need covering to protect them from foraging pigeons! Taller brassicas will also need staking, as gusty weather is more persistent at this time of year. Some autumn onion sets can go in during late October and early November for an earlier harvest next year.
Lastly, make sure you pack away any vegetable growing tools and sundries to protect them from the harsh elements.
How can you keep the ground fertile over the winter months and prepared for spring?
During the milder temperatures of mid-late autumn, it’s best to weed any empty areas of your plot, digging in some well-rotted manure and organic matter. This will break down over winter, helping to stabilise the soil structure and prepare beds for the following spring.
As the frosts and snow begin to arrive, there’s not much you need to be doing with your soil. In fact, the frosts, snow and ice will do a lot of the work for you; freezing the soil into clumps and then breaking it down when the temperatures begin to pick up again. With the addition of organic matter, this process helps to create that crumbly texture of loamy soil.
If your compost heap is open to the elements, you can help keep your compost ‘active’ over the winter by insulating the compost with layers of ‘brown’ matter like straw, leaves and dead plant cuttings – leave turning the pile until spring. The outside of the heap can also be insulated with old compost bags (with holes for ventilation!), cardboard or weed suppressant membrane.
Put in the work now, and you’ll reap the rewards come next year’s harvests.
Keeping your Garden in Bloom
After a long, hot summer of being surrounded by beautiful plants and flowers, bare trees and empty flower beds is a rather gloomy prospect. Experienced garden designer Helen Ellison of Floral & Hardy gave us some recommendations on how to keep your garden in bloom, even in the winter:
Which plants would you recommend to plant now?
Now is the ideal time to plant spring flowering bulbs such as Daffodils, Tulips, Convallaria (Lily of the Valley), Crocus, Galanthus (Snowdrops), Fritillaries and Hyacinths, as they will have time to develop roots before the soil freezes. Choose locations that will have full sun come spring.
For winter interest, pots and hanging baskets are ideal. Winter flowering Erica, Gaultheria Mucronata, Skimmia ‘Rubella’, Cyclamen, winter flowering Pansies, small-leaved and trailing Ivy are all great options for a splash of winter colour.
How can these be best maintained over the colder months?
Once planted, bulbs should need no maintenance. Once the flowers have finished in the spring, leave the foliage on the plant for at least six weeks so that nutrients can be drawn back into the bulbs for next year.
In order to keep winter-interest planting looking good, simply dead-head faded flowers and take off any dead or damaged foliage. Remember to water pots in porches, etc.
If we get heavy snow, shake it off the branches of shrubs and trees in order to prevent damage.
Are there any actions that should be taken during the winter in preparation for spring to keep things beautiful?
After all leaves have fallen, be sure to rake them up and either place on compost heap in pierced black bags (to make leaf mould which can be used as a mulch), or get rid of them. This not only makes the garden look tidy but also reduces places for slugs and snails to hide.
Protect any tender plants from frost either by putting them in a greenhouse, or by mulching with straw. Covering the soil in this way will protect the roots of your plants.
Try to stay off planting beds and lawns in very wet weather so as not to compact the soil.
Harsh weather can be a challenge for local wildlife and birds often seek refuge in our gardens. Clare Simm, of the British Trust for Ornithology’s Garden BirdWatch Project, offered us some great advice on how gardeners can help to support garden birds during the coldest months:
What steps would you recommend for gardeners at this time of year to make their gardens bird-friendly over the winter?
Winter is a good time for pruning your trees and shrubs but don’t cut them all back – leave some to provide shelter and potential roosting sites for smaller birds. Birdboxes are also used in the winter to roost so, if they are unoccupied, make sure you’ve cleared out any old nests. If you don’t have nestboxes, now is a good time to put them up – many birds use the winter months to have a look for potential nesting sites for the spring.
Are there any winter plant choices that would encourage birds?
This is a great time of year for planting for birds. Fruit and berry-bearing trees/bushes will provide food for birds during the winter as well as providing cover all year round. Native species that are good for birds include Rowan, Holly, Dog Rose, Hawthorn and Elder. Non-native species that are good include Cotoneaster and Pyracantha.
What can gardeners do during the winter months to support bird populations?
Naturally available food can be scarce during the winter so help birds by putting out supplementary bird food. To attract a range of species, put out a range of different foods including seed mixes, peanuts (either chopped or in a peanut feeder with mesh) and fat cakes. Remember to keep your feeders clean to prevent the spread of disease between birds.
Water is very important during the cold months as a lot of natural sources freeze over. Provide a clean birdbath and make sure to break the ice if it freezes over. | <urn:uuid:27060c19-9e1b-4d14-bb12-4651dd53d966> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.turtlemat.co.uk/blog/getting-your-garden-ready-for-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947539 | 2,093 | 2.28125 | 2 |
India-China are constantly being discussed at several levels to resolve the dispute arising in East Ladakh. On the other hand, it has come to light that China has deployed its army along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), about 4000 km long. After this, India has also put the war material at the forward bases of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
Tensions are at the height of the border between India and China. The dispute arose when the Chinese army started construction work in the Ladakh sector and Sikkim in the first week of May and reached the Naku La area, where the Indian forces clashed.
Government sources told the news agency ANI, China’s military not only did military construction in Ladakh but also in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and other sectors where we have borders with them. During this construction, he has deployed more heavy weapons to his troops at important targets.
Sources said that India has deployed combat weapons at the forward locations of all these sectors to respond to any possible daring of China. A reserve brigade of the battalion was sent to Ladakh sector for backup. Additional personnel have been deployed in border areas at the place where Chinese helicopters were seen in Himachal Pradesh. | <urn:uuid:74b9ec8e-145e-4560-b0a5-aabbdadedb36> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://infeed.in/china-increases-force-deployment-along-lac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.970868 | 273 | 2.375 | 2 |
Design and fabrication of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers for high power fast laser beam transportation and pulse compression
Wang, Y. Y., Peng, X., Alharbi, M., Dutin, C. F., Bradley, T. D., Mielke, M., Booth, T. and Benabid, F., 2012. Design and fabrication of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers for high power fast laser beam transportation and pulse compression. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 8269, 826907.
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We report on recent design and fabrication of Kagome type hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) for the purpose of high power fast laser beam transportation. The fabricated seven-cell three-ring hypocycloid-shaped large core fiber exhibits an up-to-date lowest attenuation (among all Kagome fibers) of 40dB/km over a broadband transmission centered at 1500nm. We show that the large core size, low attenuation, broadband transmission, single modedness, low dispersion and relatively low banding loss makes it an ideal host for high power laser beam transportation. By filling the fiber with helium gas, a 74μJ, 850fs and 40kHz repetition rate ultra-short pulse at 1550nm has been faithfully delivered with little propagation pulse distortion. Compression of a 105μJ laser pulse from 850fs to 300fs has been achieved by operating the fiber in ambient air.
|Creators||Wang, Y. Y., Peng, X., Alharbi, M., Dutin, C. F., Bradley, T. D., Mielke, M., Booth, T. and Benabid, F.|
|Departments||Faculty of Science > Physics|
|Research Centres||Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:80c74d29-9916-44d1-a1e0-0cf2dca7e9f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://opus.bath.ac.uk/30196/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.781639 | 428 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Introduced on Wednesday: Hyundai Blue Drive, a proprietary hybrid technology.
Is it real? It will be in 2010, when the gas-electric drive system appears in the next-generation Hyundai Sonata.
What they said: “With Blue Drive products and technologies, Hyundai will be able to achieve a fleet average of 35 miles per gallon by 2015, five years ahead of government requirements,” the company’s press materials promised.
What they didn’t say: Mum’s the word on the expected fuel economy for the new hybrid, or for the Blue versions of its existing cars.
What makes it tick? Hyundai is developing a new hybrid technology using lithium polymer (rather than lithium-ion or nickel-metal-hydride) batteries wedded to a 2.4-liter engine. Either the electric motor or the gasoline engine will be able to drive the wheels. Hyundai executives claimed that lithium polymer batteries are 30 percent lighter, occupy 50 percent less volume and have 10 percent greater efficiency than the batteries used in current hybrids.
For those who can’t wait for more m.p.g., the company also announced that it would offer special high-mileage Blue versions of its current Accent and Elantra models next year. Those vehicles will increase fuel economy essentially by stripping out weighty features like electric windows and air-conditioning — it’s back to the ’60s for some buyers.
How much, how soon? No pricing was revealed, but the hybrid system is due to make production sometime in 2010.
How’s it look? After show models pulled off a billowing white sheet, the hybrid system was revealed to be a mocked-up system cemented to a Lucite sheet, sort of like a giant Revell model.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:7739804e-503c-44b3-ad9b-2f53f2bd8368> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/22/automobiles/autoshow/hyundai-hybrid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00036-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920521 | 374 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The first St. Matthew’s Church stood here. It was in that early building that the Colonial Clock (now in the Old County Courthouse) was first installed. The grassy area near Churton street contains early graves whose gravestones have vanished. The cemetery contains the graves of some of Hillsborough’s most noted individuals and families. Family names such as Richards, Graham, Berry, Phillips, Nash, Brown, Hooker, Webb-long, and Hooper-Hogg-Norwood are engraved on the 184 original markers.
Records date to 1757, but local lore indicates that the area was used as an informal graveyard since before 1754 when the town of Hillsborough was established.
(from cemetery brochure) The cemetery consists of two parts with different histories. The eastern half, now dotted with a few scattered tombstones, was the original burial ground. In August 2016, the Hillsborough Cemetery Committee undertook a ground-penetrating radar survey that located more than 100 possible unmarked graves. The more crowded western half consists of 11 private cemeteries as well as individual tombs. Walls of fieldstone, brick or hedgerows were added to delineate the plots, as well as to protect them from stray pigs and cows. The private graveyards had their own fencing. Today, the cemetery is nearly encircled by stone walls dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries. | <urn:uuid:3566a1bb-fb13-4513-8e2c-6ccdd53c2a2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://billiongraves.com/cemetery/Hillsborough-Old-Town-Cemetery/308868 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.983297 | 292 | 3.03125 | 3 |
For information to be discovered and acknowledged it should be commonly accessible and cited in a frequent and clear way within the literature that is scientific. To do this, Elsevier has implemented the Joint Declaration of information Citation Principles for the journals. This can help to make research information become a fundamental element of the record that is scholarly correctly preserved and simply available, while making certain scientists have credit with their work.
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Specificity and Verifiability: Data citations should facilitate recognition of, use of, and verification associated with particular data that help a claim. Citations or citation metadata ought to include details about provenance and fixity enough to facilitate verifying that the particular timeslice, version and/or granular part of information retrieved afterwards is the identical as ended up being initially cited.
Interoperability and flexibility: information citation practices should really be adequately versatile to accommodate the variant techniques among communities, but must not vary a great deal which they compromise interoperability of information citation techniques across communities. | <urn:uuid:2d2ce3ea-79a6-46dd-b506-72959bbebbe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.view-tech.it/information-citation-for-information-to-be-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.914833 | 929 | 3.140625 | 3 |
December 11, 2013 —
HARRISBURG, PA — State Rep. Jake Wheatley on December 9 unveiled his bipartisan bill to reimburse teachers who spend their own money on school supplies for their students.
Wheatley’s proposed Teacher Tax Credit Act has 23 co-sponsors, including four Republicans. It would provide a tax credit of up to $500 for teachers who purchase out-of-pocket classroom supplies. Eligible classroom supplies would include books, supplies, computers and related equipment, including related software and services, other equipment and supplementary materials.
“While members of the General Assembly have a wide range of views on education, I think we can all agree that there are many dedicated teachers across Pennsylvania who are doing a great job for their students, often in difficult circumstances. And it’s a fact that many of these teachers are spending hundreds of dollars of their own money on basic classroom supplies,” Wheatley said. | <urn:uuid:c0ef3296-4a14-4f19-925e-ce39fa06b885> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://riverreporter.com/print/news/4302/2013/12/11/proposed-credit-pa-teachers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00167-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981989 | 194 | 1.523438 | 2 |
18 May 2012 European project aims to cut semiconductor industry’s energy use by 10% Thirteen European semiconductor manufacturers have launched a project to cut energy and water consumption in the industry by 10%. The three year Semiconductor Industry Leading towards Viable Energy Recovery (SILVER) project is targeted at developing innovative solutions to reduce the environmental impact of semiconductor manufacturing processes and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Francesca Illuzzi, senior manager, environment of Micron Semiconductor Italia and project coordinator, said: "Reducing the consumption of critical resources and, more generally, reducing the impact on the environment not only allows the industry to meet European policies of environment protection. It also demonstrates our commitment to environmental sustainability and our strong belief that it produces positive economical and social returns in the medium term." The project involves a number of semiconductor companies, equipment manufacturers, research centres and providers of fab information services and is being led by Micron Semiconductor Italia. It also involves ON semiconductor and STMicroelectronics with support being provided by the ENIAC Joint Undertaking (JU). Andreas Wild, executive Director of the ENIAC JU, said: "While microchips enable energy efficient solutions in all application areas, the semiconductor industry strives to improve its own impact on critical resources and on the environment. SILVER is an excellent example of innovation responding to societal challenges by collaborative research in technology within the ENIAC JU programme." Author Simon Fogg Comment on this article Websites http://www.eniac.eu This material is protected by MA Business copyright See Terms and Conditions. One-off usage is permitted but bulk copying is not. For multiple copies contact the sales team. What you think about this article: Add your comments Name Email Comments Your comments/feedback may be edited prior to publishing. Not all entries will be published. Please view our Terms and Conditions before leaving a comment. | <urn:uuid:c752e6c2-95ed-42bc-9e75-3caef391cc72> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-news/european-project-aims-to-cut-semiconductor-industrys-energy-use-by-10/42469/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898698 | 391 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Lower North Fork Fire grows to 3,000 acres
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — It didn’t take any lightning or beetle-killed trees for a spate of dangerous wildfires to break out across the Colorado Front Range, just a few weeks of unusually warm weather and a day of high winds, with a red flag fire warning in effect for large parts of Colorado. Fire news from official sources and from residents is streaming on Twitter at #CoFires.
Aerial video streaming live at Denver’s Channel 9 website.
And one of the fires turned deadly late Monday, as the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office confirmed one death in the 3,000-acre Lower North Fork fire zone, where numerous residents have been evacuated. Fire officials also confirmed that several structures have been destroyed by the wind-driven fires, but exactly how many homes were burned is still unclear.
According to the sheriff’s office, the fire is mainly burning on the ground with some fire in the tree canopies. Officials anticipate the fire to burn for an extended period of time. Current winds are at about 20 MPH – 30 MPH and are blowing in all directions.
Fire crews will be out all night focusing on structure protection. This is a defensive mode because crews are unable to get in front of the fire. Spotting has been seen half a mile to 1 mile ahead of the fire, indicating the fire is still active and moving. About 100 firefighters are working the fire
A Type 1 Federal Incident Management Team has been ordered and should be on site in the next day or two. Air support is also on order but that will be purely dependent on the wind. More winds are in the forecast for Tuesday, which could drive continued erratic fire behavior.
Animal evacuations, both large and small, can be taken to the Jefferson County Fairgrounds. | <urn:uuid:23b58046-c8cf-45b2-936d-4d176bad02e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://summitcountyvoice.com/2012/03/27/colorado-front-range-wildfires-claim-one-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00014-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953891 | 377 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Technology to prevent the use of cell phones while driving
Ford abandon Microsoft for BlackBerry
GM looks to LTE 4th generation
Alberta: Campaign against portable devices while driving
Sirene Rumbler: adopted in Quebec, disputed the USA
Cadillac ELR: Green Car of the year 2014
The automotive sector and the demand for aluminum
Two Montreal researchers believe that technology is the best tool to fight the use of cell phone driving vehicles.
In a text published in the "British Medical Journal", Dr. Barry Pless and his son, Dr. Charles Pless, both from McGill University, believe, for example, that blocking reception technology in a vehicle of some a cellular phone signal is possible. Areas of restriction of access to the Wi-Fi can also be implemented, in their opinion, as devices destinataites notifying senders of messages that are driving.
Charles Barry Pless and recognize that there is still scientific uncertainty about the link between cell phone use while driving and the risk of traffic accidents. However, they argue that the proliferation of devices has grow the phenomenon of distracted driving.
The two doctors offer the legislators not to wait for the publication of studies quite conclusive before acting.
In the automobile club after CAA penalties imposed Canadian motorists caught using a device without a hands-free device vary from one province to another. Both are more severe Island Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador, which impose fines of $ 400 and subtract three and four demerit points, respectively.
In Quebec, fines between $ 115 and $ 154, the lowest in Canada, but the law provides for the loss of three demerit points. In Ontario, the fine is a heavier penalty, a $ 155, but no points are debited.
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More Popular Images | <urn:uuid:7a97716d-c2ac-41ff-a44b-ee41ad87048e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://automotorpad.com/news/254025-technology-to-prevent-the-use-of-cell-phones-while.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.919746 | 395 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Maryland farmers produce no crop more valuable than chickens. The state ranks eighth nationally, and the 1.4 billion pounds of broilers grown each year are valued at more than $600 million, or roughly 40 percent of all the state's crops added together.
Yet the industry is in danger of harming itself — and others — with its continued opposition to a proposed ban on arsenic in chicken feed. How can poultry producers possibly oppose taking a known carcinogen out of the food chain? It appears many are more focused on keeping down costs than ensuring a healthful product and safe environment.
At issue is the drug Roxarsone, which has been routinely added to chicken feed to reduce the prevalence of the disease coccidiosis in crowded chicken houses and to spur faster growth. It's also believed to give the flesh a pink hue that's considered desirable in the grocery showcase. However, the drug contains a type of arsenic that, in sufficient quantity, can pose a danger to human health.
Last year, Roxarsone was voluntarily taken off the market by Alpharma, a Pfizer Inc. subsidiary, while the Food and Drug Administration reviews whether regulatory action is needed. Certainly, there's ample evidence of a problem. A recent FDA study found elevated levels of inorganic arsenic in chicken livers — although not enough to advise consumers not to eat chicken.
Still, one would think that Maryland producers would be worried enough about their product — and the industry's reputation — to take action. As it happens, the state's largest operator did, and it took that decisive action five years ago.
In 2007, Perdue Farms was sufficiently worried about arsenic that it banned Roxarsone from its poultry operations and instead set higher standards for management of its flocks and contract chicken houses. That kind of vigilance ensured the disease did not become a problem and further enhanced its reputation as a premium brand.
But its competitors claim a statewide ban is unnecessary and would hurt them financially. They point out that the arsenic used in Roxarsone and other animal feed additives is organic and not cancer-causing and dispute claims by critics that organic arsenic can transform into the inorganic kind.
Such arguments have so far given the industry enough cover to resist an arsenic ban despite the concerns of watchdog groups like Food & Water Watch and endorsements from the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and Maryland League of Conservation Voters. Last year, legislation to impose such a prohibition died in the House Environmental Matters Committee.
Environmental groups have joined in the effort not simply because of the potential threat to human health but because poultry litter has been found to contain arsenic as well. Advocates say arsenic-laced feed results in 30,000 pounds of arsenic ending up in Maryland soil each year — a serious issue in a state already struggling to find ways to properly manage the vast amount of manure the Eastern Shore-based poultry industry generates and to improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay.
What's truly shocking about the industry's resistance is not that out-of-state, unregulated competitors might be given a financial advantage by a ban but that it doesn't perceive the dangers inherent in the status quo. At a time when Americans are increasingly interested in organic and healthful foods, they are standing by their arsenic when it's clearly unnecessary.
What Perdue has accomplished, others can, too. And they can rightly claim that Maryland-raised chickens are a better, safer product. On its website, Perdue still posts a statement proudly noting its decision to abandon Roxarsone in April 2007.
An opportunity is available that can only result in a better product, a safer environment and perhaps even a greater market share for Maryland firms. In this, the poultry industry could take a lesson from American automakers that have so often resisted higher safety and fuel-efficiency standards, only to proudly tout such improvements when they occur.
Ideally, the FDA would take appropriate action on arsenic in chicken feed as well. But there's no reason why Maryland ought not act first and demonstrate to the rest of the country that it sometimes takes some tough regulations to make a tender — and safer — chicken. | <urn:uuid:fab28658-5eba-4140-905c-0a83bb2edc47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chicagotribune.com/bs-ed-arsenic-20120305-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00441-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961794 | 831 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Heliconius antiochusMargarita Beltrán and Andrew V. Z. Brower
Early stages: Eggs are yellow and approximately 1.1 x 0.8 mm (h x w). Females usually place 5 to 40 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant. Mature larvae have a yellow body with black scoli and head; length is around 1.2 cm. Caterpillars are gregarious (Brown, 1981)
Heliconius antiochus is disributed from Panama to the Amazon. The map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species. The original data used to draw these maps is derived from Brown (1979) which is available at Keith S. Brown Jr. (1979). Ecological Geography and Evolution in Neotropical Forests .
H. antiochus occurs from sea level to 1,000 m in riparian forest. Usually individuals fly slowly and in the canopy. The males sit on female pupae a day before emergence, and mating occurs the next morning, before the female has completely eclosed. Adults roost at night in large groups on twigs or tendrils over water (Brown, 1981).
Host plant: H. antiochus larvae feed primarily on plants from the genus Passiflora, subgenus Astrophea (Brown, 1981).
Heliconius antiochus antiochus (Linnaeus, 1767) widespread east of the Andes from Venezuela to Peru
Heliconius antiochus aranea (Fabricius, 1793) eastern side of the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela
Heliconius antiochus araneides Staudinger, 1897 Venezuela
Heliconius antiochus salvinii Dewitz, 1877 eastern Venezuela (an interesting form with a broad transverse yellow band on the hindwing, reminiscent of the pattern of the allopatric H. cydno weymeri).
Lamas (2004) lists a further undescribed subspecies from eastern Peru.
Brown K. S. 1981 The Biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26, 427-456.
Lamas, G. 2004. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A Hesperioidea - Papiionoidea in J. B. Heppner, ed. Scientific Publishers/Association of Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville.
Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema naturae. Editio duodecima reformata. Holmiae, Laurentius Salvius. 1(2): [ii] , 533-1328 , pp.
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Margarita Beltrán at and Andrew V. Z. Brower at
Page copyright © 2010 and
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- First online 18 February 2007
- Content changed 21 July 2010
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Beltrán, Margarita and Andrew V. Z. Brower. 2010. Heliconius antiochus http://tolweb.org/Heliconius_antiochus/72945/2010.07.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/. Version 21 July 2010 (under construction). | <urn:uuid:904b8743-54fc-443a-84c0-f167f5b637e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tol.tolweb.org/Heliconius_antiochus/72945 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.792062 | 821 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Sped up videos of products being made are mesmerizing and can bring a sense of calm, but have you ever wondered whose hands are building the products and what their day may look like? The individuals behind these magical videos are production workers.
Now you may find yourself wondering, "What’s a production job?" Although it may sound odd, it is just another way of saying making things in mass, typically in a factory. Unfortunately, factory work tends to get a bad wrap, but times have changed, and there are many types of production jobs that can turn into great career opportunities in both Utah and Idaho. As we progress with technology, these types of jobs become more advanced and safer too.
One thing to keep in mind is that in Utah and Idaho, this career can go by many names, including assembler, assembly assistant, fabricator, line worker, or producer, and a few others.
Production workers in Utah and Idaho are responsible for making the actual products we all use daily, and this process can vary at each factory. One method is individual stations where they would put all parts together. Another approach is conveyor belts where each worker performs their specific task, or a combination of humans and robots working side by side so that products are built with precision and consistency while having a human element to detect any issues.
Production workers in Utah and Idaho create many things in their jobs, from computers and cellphones to airplanes. They hold themselves to a high standard with passion and concern as they know the products they built are used every day and could impact someone they love.
You now may be asking yourself, "How much do production workers make in Utah and Idaho, what are the educational requirements, and what experience and skills do I need?"
Currently, the national average pay for a production job sits at about $13 an hour, but this can fluctuate based on location, experience, or the company you work for. One great factor for this career choice is that there is no need for specific education or certifications. Now, just because you do not need any special education or certifications to get a production job does it mean it can’t help. Suppose you are looking to move up the ladder in this field. In that case, you may want to consider certification or special education that pertains to your business, such as licensing for certain vehicles used on the job. Experience can help you get in the door, but it is not vital as these are usually entry-level positions, and much will be learned in a training program or on the job.
So now that you are interested in a production job, how do you get one?
Because there are usually many factories looking for employees, you can use various resources, including the internet, going directly to the factory, or using a staffing agency that can help ensure you find the best position and company to work for. Regardless of your approach, don’t let the bad wrap that production jobs fool you. This field can be a great career opportunity for you to thrive and grow in.
Workforce Staffing Service is a staffing agency that specializes in production jobs in the Utah and Idaho areas. | <urn:uuid:7c29fead-9e95-47e4-b197-d38d6837377f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://unlockgmvalue.com/what-is-production-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.966176 | 645 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Langmuir Lab, 1999, Photo
We are studying the electrical evolution of thunderstorms
by flying multiple series of instrumented balloons into the storms that
form over the Magdalena Mountains in central New Mexico. This project
is funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-9626542.
The photos on this page were taken by Terry Hock of the National
Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
The students on the two balloon
launch crews wait for a storm. From right to left they are:
Ivy Winger (Univ. of Oklahoma), Wes Shroyer, Kevin Young,
Kim Whicker, Vera Sazonova,
and Lee Coleman (all Univ. of Mississippi).
Team 1 has their balloon out, but just for
From left: Lee, Dr. Dave Rust (Natl. Severe Storms Lab),
Dr. Tom Marshall (Univ. of Mississippi, and Principal Investigator),
Team 2, with their balloon out, practicing.
From left: Dave, Kevin, Vera, Tom, and Kim.
From the left: Tom, Dave, Kim, Aaron
Bansemer (Univ. of Oklahoma), Kevin,
Wes, Vera, Lee, and Dr. Maribeth Stolzenburg
(Univ. of Mississippi).
Page 1 - Practicing and
2 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery -
Testing and preparing
3 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery
4 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery
5 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery
6 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery
7 of the Langmuir Lab Photo Gallery
Last update 13 October 1999. Maribeth
© 1999 The University of Mississippi. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0ffddf94-846f-4d24-914a-ca8cfba5ad39> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.olemiss.edu/research/atmospheric_physics/LLgallery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.78321 | 370 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Convicted animal abusers in New York City will have to report to a registry similar to those created for sex offenders, after the City Council passed new legislation on Thursday.
The legislation - introduced by Council Member Peter F. Vallone Jr. - will create a publicly-accessible database of animal abusers. New York City residents convicted of animal abuse crimes will be required to register upon their release from incarceration. If not incarcerated, residents will be required to register within five days of sentencing.
The animal abuse registry will include individuals convicted of aggravated neglect, abandonment, animal fighting, and aggravated cruelty.
First time offenders will remain on the registry for five years and those guilty of subsequent abuses, 10 years. Anyone convicted of animal abuse who fails to report to the registry or who owns an animal during their period of registration face penalties of up to a year in prison and a $1,000 fine.
Rescues, shelters, and pet sellers will be required to check the registry before adopting or transferring a pet in their care, and they will be prohibited from transferring, or adopting to, any person currently listed on the animal abuse registry.
Council Member Vallone said,
“This is a Christmas present not only to New York City animals, but animals in all of the areas that will now move forward with similar registries. Abusers are now on a short leash and this registry will help prevent them from being able to torture another animal.”Vallone also expressed his desire that other cities will introduce similar laws, to create a comprehensive national database of animal abusers. | <urn:uuid:1e4f8c75-e978-4f63-809f-41ebc2a36ba8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ascensionearth2012.org/2013/12/new-york-city-introduces-animal-abuser.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934637 | 319 | 1.835938 | 2 |
But even similar investments issued by companies with much stronger finances can carry risks.
However, some risks are subtle and could easily be overlooked by investors attracted by interest rates of 8pc or more. For example, how many investors appreciate the implications of a bond being "subordinated", "callable" or "undated"?
We'll look at each of the risks in turn.
Bonds at the bottom of the food chain
Not every Co-op bondholder will lose money as a result of the restructuring announced this week. Every investor or creditor in a company has a certain position in the queue for money available in the event of the business failing. So "senior" bondholders are more likely to get their money back than those who hold "junior" or "subordinated" debt. In the Co-op case, only subordinated bondholders are being hit.
The dangers of undated bonds
Preference shares, permanent interest-bearing shares (Pibs, which are issued by building societies) and some bonds are undated or "perpetual", meaning that there is no maturity date on which the company pays back the money it borrowed.
The price you get for an undated bond if you sell depends entirely on market forces. If, on the other hand, there is a redemption date, the market price will converge to face value as the date approaches. This is especially important when interest rates are expected to rise. While this may not be imminent, they are at record lows and are bound to rise eventually. When they do, bond yields tend to do the same, which automatically makes the price fall. But a dated bond close to maturity will not fall far below face value. An undated bond has no such protection.
Bonds whose interest rate can fall
Some Pibs stipulate that the issuer can redeem on a set date – and that if it chooses not to, the interest rate will be cut. If you buy a bond simply on the basis of its current yield, you risk seeing your income falling drastically in future.
Nationwide Building Society, for example, has a Pibs with a "coupon" (the interest rate based on face value) of 6pc. But Nationwide can buy back the bonds at par value on December 16 2016. If it doesn't, the rate will change to three-month Libor (a common benchmark) plus 2.49 percentage points.
The Pibs traded this week at 93p. If Nationwide repays the bonds in 2016, the current yield (taking into account the capital gain by selling at £1) is 8.35pc, brokers at Canaccord Genuity calculated. But if the society decides against redemption the yield will fall to 3.22pc, equivalent to a 61pc cut in income. | <urn:uuid:768933f2-1ebb-4b7f-832b-93664c819ed9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/10135368/Three-traps-for-bond-investors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945484 | 577 | 2.4375 | 2 |
In our home we always had rules about screen time, especially computer time. We also highly regulated what our kids could watch on television. Our kids weren’t even allowed to get cell phones until they were teenagers! None of these rules harmed my kids. They grew up to be well-balanced, responsible young adults who know how to create and maintain healthy boundaries in their lives.
Unfortunately, many children growing up today are not learning those same life lessons. A main reason for this is the fact that they lack human interaction because their nose is always buried in a screen. Often, we as adults are just as guilty. We all need to set limits to our screen time to maintain healthy relationships.
I was excited to read Growing Up Social: Raising Relational Kids in a Screen-Driven World, and I’m even more excited to loan my copy to friends of mine who desperately need to read this book and make some drastic changes in their current family/screen dynamic.
About Growing Up Social
Children today are no longer playing hide-and-seek outside or curling up with a good book—instead they’ve been introduced to a world of constant digital entertainment through television, video games, and mobile devices. And while technology has the potential to add value to our lives and families, it can also erode a sense of togetherness and hinder a child’s emotional and social development.
In Growing Up Social, Gary Chapman and Arlene Pellicane will empower you with the necessary tools to make positive changes…starting today. Through stories, wit, and wisdom, you’ll discover how to take back your home from an over dependence on screens. Plus, you’ll learn to teach the five A+ skills that every healthy child needs to master: affection, appreciation, anger management, apology, and attention.
- Equip your child to be relationally rich in a digital world
- Replace mindless screen time with meaningful family time
- Establish simple boundaries that make a huge difference
- Discover what’s working for families that have become screen savvy
- Learn healthy ways to occupy your child while you get things done
Now is the time to equip your child to live with screen time, not for screen time. No phone, tablet, or gaming device can teach your child how to have healthy relationships—only you can.
Mom Maven’s Thoughts
Every parent with a child of any age living in their house needs to read this book! Yes, I mean you! Go ahead and order it from Amazon right now. Growing Up Social: Raising Relational Kids in a Screen-Driven World is the best book I have read on digital parenting. It cites not just the relational reasons for limiting screen time but also the developmental and educational reasons.
I love that this book focus on what they call the A+ Skills of Affection, Appreciation, Anger Management, Apology and Attention. All of these skills are severely diminished in people with excessive screen time and part of this book focuses on how to raise relational kids who have mastered these important skills.
The book also has a quiz at then end titled “Does Your Child Have Too Much Screen Time?” Chances are, the results of this very short quiz will open your eyes to an issue in your home.
This book is not all doom and gloom and shaming parents who up to this point have not be consistent in limiting screen time. It is full of suggestions, ideas and reasons of why and how you can handle this area of parenting better. This book is great to read alone, with your spouse or in a book club setting. There are discussion questions for each chapter to help you dig deeper into the topic.
The Growing Up Social Giveaway
One winner will receive their own copy of Growing Up Social. The winner will be chosen by Rafflecopter and verified. The winner will be notified via email and they will have 48 hours to claim their prize. This giveaway ends at 12:00am on 11-21-14. | <urn:uuid:42031592-6c76-4fdc-b765-4503e703d534> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themommaven.com/2014/11/growing-social-book-review-giveaway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.954336 | 828 | 2.28125 | 2 |
This article follows Newman’s writings mainly with a systematic (thematic) methodology; it does not, however, ignore the historical, since we can best see Newman’s ecclesiology evolve within his historical context. In his Evangelical years, the adolescent Newman distrusted “material elements,” including, of course, the visible church, but after his Anglican ordination, the (then) vicar of St. Clement’s began to preach on various aspects of the church as one, holy, catholic, and apostolic.” The cumulative effect of the theological debates at Oxford, together with his pastoral experience and personal reflections, gradually led Newman to a more high church ecclesiological approach, especially on visibility, invisibility, and apostolicity of the church.
In a sermon delivered on 26 October 1835, entitled The Church Visible and Invisible, Newman affirmed that “the sight of the sins of Christians has led us to speak” of both dimensions (visible and invisible dimensions of the church), despite the fact that such expression has no biblical basis: “Scripture does not speak of two bodies, one visible, the other invisible.” This leads him to claim unity between the two, although conceptually and categorically we differentiate them: “we view it as, on the whole, but one in different aspects.” It is like differentiating between concave and convex. Thus, the church is “as Visible, because consisting (for instance) of clergy and laity—as Invisible, because resting for its life and strength upon unseen influences and gifts from Heaven.” . . .
I found the article very interesting because I had delivered a presentation the annual Eighth Day Institute Florovsky-Newman Week this summer on "Newman’s “Religious Opinions” and Infant Baptism" which touched on this issue of ecclesiology: is the invisible Church made up of the elect who commune with baptized but unsaved Christians in their parish churches? or is the Visible Church made up of Baptized, regenerated Christians, each on their way to personal sanctification and salvation, some further along, some going backwards, but all of them part of the Church Jesus founded and promised to remain with forever? Is Baptism a Sacrament, infusing God's Grace into the Soul, or it just an ordinance, symbolic of a personal decision and commitment?
I looked at the years from 1816 to 1828, focused on the Church and Baptism. I referenced sermons from his diaconate service at St. Clement's and then those he preached as Vicar of St. Mary the Virgin, consulting the Apologia pro Vita Sua and a book by Father James Tolhurst, The Church . . . A Communion in the Preaching and Thought of John Henry Newman. (I also discussed the different influences on Newman from Mayers to Scott and Whately and Hawkins from Calvinist to Anglican views.)
Father Blanco looks at the years from 1828 to 1835, and includes references to Newman's contributions to the Tracts of the Times.
The most important thing to note about this period of Newman's life, which he points out in his Apologia pro Vita Sua, is that he terms these developments in ecclesiology, soteriology, etc as "Religious Opinions". After his October 9, 1845 conversion he notes that does need these religious opinions, based on private judgment, anymore. The first four chapters repeat the term "Religious Opinions"; Chapter Five doesn't: "The Position of My Mind Since 1845" is the title and Newman explains the depths of his faith in Jesus and His Church and the ease, peace, contentment, lack of anxiety or doubt, and happiness he has felt since becoming a member of "the one, true fold of Christ":
FROM the time that I became a Catholic, of course I have no further history of my religious opinions to narrate. In saying this, I do not mean to say that my mind has been idle, or that I have given up thinking on theological subjects; but that I have had no variations to record, and have had no anxiety of heart whatever. I have been in perfect peace and contentment; I never have had one doubt. I was not conscious to myself, on my conversion, of any change, intellectual or moral, wrought in my mind. I was not conscious of firmer faith in the fundamental truths of Revelation, or of more self-command; I had not more fervour; but it was like coming into port after a rough sea; and my happiness on that score remains to this day without interruption.
Nor had I any trouble about receiving those additional articles, which are not found in the Anglican Creed. Some of them I believed already, but not any one of them was a trial to me. I made a profession of them upon my reception with the greatest ease, and I have the same ease in believing them now. I am far of course from denying that every article of the Christian Creed, whether as held by Catholics or by Protestants, is beset with intellectual difficulties; and it is simple fact, that, for myself, I cannot answer those difficulties. Many persons are very sensitive of the difficulties of Religion; I am as sensitive of them as any one; but I have never been able to see a connexion between apprehending those difficulties, however keenly, and multiplying them to any extent, and on the other hand doubting the doctrines to which they are attached. Ten thousand difficulties do not make one doubt, as I understand the subject; difficulty and doubt are incommensurate. There of course may be difficulties in the evidence; but I am speaking of difficulties intrinsic to the doctrines themselves, or to their relations with each other. A man may be annoyed that he cannot work out a mathematical problem, of which the answer is or is not given to him, without doubting that it admits of an answer, or that a certain particular answer is the true one. Of all points of faith, the being of a God is, to my own apprehension, encompassed with most difficulty, and yet borne in upon our minds with most power.
When our Lovers of Newman group gets together every month on the third Sunday, we usually reflect at least a little bit upon when he wrote the sermon and at what stage of his "religious opinions" he was in at that time. Then we focus on what he wrote, how he wrote it, and what we take from it as spiritual or moral inspiration and insight. | <urn:uuid:faa34a0d-5cd8-4de9-9cbf-403d64122494> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://supremacyandsurvival.blogspot.com/2021/11/some-notes-on-newmans-developing-view.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.976299 | 1,373 | 2.40625 | 2 |
APR - Perl Interface for Apache Portable Runtime (libapr and libaprutil Libraries)
use APR ();
On load this modules prepares the APR enviroment (initializes memory pools, data structures, etc.)
You don't need to use this module explicitly, since it's already loaded internally by all
You'd use the
APR::* modules outside mod_perl 2.0, just like you'd use it with mod_perl 2.0. For example to get a random unique string you could call:
% perl -MAPR::UUID -le 'print APR::UUID->new->format'
mod_perl 2.0 and its core modules are copyrighted under The Apache Software License, Version 2.0. | <urn:uuid:ddfc5a6f-2620-4ce8-99e9-5ff6cb4b0250> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://search.cpan.org/dist/mod_perl/docs/api/APR.pod | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.723365 | 160 | 1.8125 | 2 |
China’s latest gross domestic product (GDP) data has failed to placate fears over the health of the world’s second-biggest economy. Despite beating market expectations, the communist giant’s worst quarterly performance since 2009 has sparked calls for more action by Beijing to prevent an even bigger slowdown.
Amid fears of another “China shock,” on Monday China’s National Bureau of Statistics announced a 6.9 percent rise in GDP during the third quarter, beating economists’ estimates of 6.8 percent but well ahead of more pessimistic forecasts.
Although the slowest quarterly expansion since the depths of the global financial crisis, the number fell only slightly below the official target of 7 percent, reassuring financial markets but failing to appease critics.Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month.
“China continues to overstate GDP growth,” Capital Economics economist Julian Evans-Pritchard warned. “These figures need to be taken with a grain of salt as official GDP growth appears to have become a poor gauge of the performance of China’s economy.”
Other analysts pointed to the so-called “Li Keqiang index” – named after the Chinese premier – as indicating GDP growth could be as low as 3 to 4 percent, as measured by electricity, rail and loan data.
Bloomberg News pointed to signs of a sharp slowdown, including nominal growth coming in at 6.2 percent, the worst GDP deflator reading in six years. The outlet also cited its own monthly GDP tracker, which showed a further deceleration from the prior month, from 6.64 to 6.55 percent.
The downturn in traditional “rust belt” industries continued, with fixed asset investment slowing to 10.3 percent in the first nine months of 2015, its slowest pace since 2000 and well below the government’s 15 percent target. Industrial output grew by only 5.7 percent in September, down from the previous month’s 6.1 percent and missing economists’ estimates, while electricity production contracted by 3.1 percent.
China’s property overhang continued to weigh on the economy, with land purchases by developers crashing by more than 33 percent in the first three quarters, dragging down investment growth. According to UBS, it could take 20 months to work through the oversupply of apartments in “third tier” provincial cities, 18 months in “second tier” cities and 10 months for major centers such as Beijing and Shanghai.
“Industrial production is weakening despite efforts by Beijing to stimulate the economy,” China analyst Andrew Collier told Bloomberg News. “Rural [fixed asset investment] is declining, which suggests that, despite desperate efforts by local governments to keep the wheels of investment churning, the money is not adequate to keep investment up.”
Despite stronger-than-expected exports, export growth contracted by 5.4 percent in the three months to September, while import growth slumped by 13.7 percent, showing the effects of Asia’s lingering trade recession.
Nevertheless, Asian investors welcomed the GDP data, with China’s benchmark Shanghai Composite Index closing virtually flat, Hong Kong marginally higher and Singapore and Tokyo shares ending slightly weaker.
In signs of a “two-speed economy, “ China’s transition to consumption-led growth continued, with consumer spending accounting for 58 percent of GDP in the first nine months. The services industry’s expansion reached 8.4 percent, ahead of 6 percent for secondary and 3.8 percent for primary industries in the first nine months, while retail sales grew by 10.9 percent in September.
“Traditional macroeconomic output indicators are giving a distorted picture of China’s growth,” BNP Paribas Investment Partners economist Chi Lo told Bloomberg News.
“China’s economic weakness may not be as dire as many observers think, even though industrial output, electricity consumption, freight volume and demand for raw materials have all grown slower than the headline GDP growth rate.”
As the Australian Financial Review’s Philip Baker noted, “So despite all the noise –worries about a shadow banking crisis, a glut of apartments that can’t be sold and a near 30 percent fall in the Shanghai Composite during the third quarter that combined to spook global investors – the economy didn’t fall in a heap.”
Concerns of a China crash dragging down global growth have been amplified by the latest world GDP data, which has showed continued weakness in emerging economies after their previous role as global pacesetters.
In its latest “World Economic Outlook” report, the International Monetary Fund cut its forecasts for the world economy and warned of the fifth straight year of slowing growth in emerging and developing economies. China is expected to slow from 7.3 percent GDP growth last year to 6.8 percent in 2015 and 6.3 percent next year, with a significant risk of a harder landing should the expected rebalancing prove “more challenging than expected.”
ANZ economists Li-Gang Liu and Louis Lam have urged Beijing to take further stimulus steps, predicting GDP growth of only 6.8 percent in the fourth quarter and for 2015.
“As growth slows and risk of deflation heightens, we reiterate that China needs to cut [its] reserve requirement ratio by another 50 [basis points] in Q4. Looming deflation risk suggests that the [People’s Bank of China] will also adjust the benchmark interest rates, especially lending rate, down further,” the economists said in an October 19 research report.
Amid continued debate over the quality of China’s GDP data, Asian economies have sweated over the health of the region’s biggest economy. Second-ranked Japan, the world’s third-biggest economy, could slip into recession should its major trading partner suffer further weakness, while India, Singapore and Taiwan have all eased policy in recent weeks to stimulate growth.
For commodity exporters such as Australia and Indonesia, sluggish demand from the world’s biggest commodity consumer could delay a recovery in prices, causing further damage to coal and other resource industries, while energy prices have remained weak.
China’s Premier Li has reportedly acknowledged the concerns over the economy, telling Reuters the nation needed to “rely on reform and opening up to solve the problem.”
With the stakes getting higher for Asia and the world economy, can Beijing pull another rabbit out of the hat? | <urn:uuid:c5789300-ddf6-468b-98e3-db1661fcc907> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/china-gdp-fails-to-calm-bears/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937216 | 1,363 | 1.960938 | 2 |
'Godzilla' of El Ninos could be strongest since 1950: Dave Phillips
Published Wednesday, December 30, 2015 11:54AM EST
Last Updated Thursday, December 31, 2015 12:09AM EST
The current El Nino weather episode that's causing some of the wild weather seen around the world this year shows no signs of waning, according to NASA.
The space agency released a satellite image of the current El Nino in the Pacific Ocean this week, noting that it bears a "striking resemblance" to the El Nino from 1997-1998.
That previous El Nino was responsible for a crippling ice storm that battered New England and Eastern Canada in January, 1998.
On Tuesday, NASA compared satellite images of the current El Nino with the El Nino from 18 years ago.
The images show all the signs of a “big and powerful El Nino," the space agency said on its website.
El Ninos form when the westward-blowing winds in the Pacific weaken or reverse direction, triggering a warming of the upper part of the Pacific Ocean.
Clouds and storms follow this warm band of water, pumping heat and moisture high into the atmosphere, NASA said. These changes alter weather patterns across much of the world. Historically, El Ninos occur every two to seven years.
The current El Nino has been blamed for some of the extreme weather across the world this year.
NASA says it has been associated with reduced rainfall in Southeast Asia, heat waves in India, droughts in South Africa, and flooding in South America.
In North America, El Nino has been linked to the unusually warm winter for much of Eastern Canada and the U.S., says Environment Canada Senior Climatologist Dave Phillips.
"Generally for Canada, this has meant a milder-than-normal winter," he told CTV News Channel on Wednesday. "In spite of the (recent) snowfall, we really had very little snow in parts of central Canada, and that was certainly brought to you by El Nino."
NASA said that the full effects of El Nino may not be felt in North America until early 2016, warning that we may not have seen the "peak" of the still-growing weather phenomenon.
Phillips agrees, noting that this El Nino has "earned its stripes," dubbing it as the "Godzilla of El Ninos."
"This one could very well be the most intense one we've seen since 1950," he said.
Extreme weather hit large parts of the U.S. over the last week, as a storm system brought deadly tornadoes to Texas and flooding to several states.
Across the Atlantic, weeks of heavy rains in northern England resulted in floods .
Earlier this month, the UN warned that natural disasters are expected to worsen next year due to the effects of El Nino. | <urn:uuid:345d0f56-1115-4123-8fc9-9c3016cc3193> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/godzilla-of-el-ninos-could-be-strongest-since-1950-dave-phillips-1.2718205 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953179 | 590 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Soupault, Philippe (fēlēpˈ sōpōˈ) [key], 1897–1990, French poet, novelist, critic, and political activist. He took an active role in the dadaist movement and later founded the surrealist movement with André Breton (see Dada; surrealism). After imprisonment by the Nazis in World War II, Soupault traveled to the United States but subsequently returned to France. His works include such volumes of poetry as Aquarium (1917) and Rose des vents [compass card] (1920) and the novel Les Dernières Nuits de Paris (1928; tr. Last Nights of Paris, 1929).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ab7a7929-4b8d-474b-9fa6-dda478cfa5e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/soupault-philippe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00185-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905205 | 164 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Threading PVC pipe can be a daunting task, but with the right tools and a little practice, it can be easy. The first step is to gather the necessary tools. You will need a hacksaw, utility knife, PVC cleaner, PVC primer, PVC cement, and a pipe threader. The next step is to cut the pipe to the desired length. Make sure to cut the pipe straight and square. The next step is to clean the end of the pipe. Use the PVC
How To Thread Pvc Pipe
Threading PVC pipe is a process of creating a helical screw thread on the outside of a PVC pipe. This is done by using a rotating die that has the same shape as the desired thread. The die is pressed against the pipe and rotated around its axis while pressure is applied, which causes the plastic to form the threads.
-PVC pipe cleaner -Tape measure -PVC primer -PVC cement -Pipe cutter
- Cut the pipe to the desired length
- Use a hacksaw to cut the pipe if the pipe is being threaded in a straight line, use a tshaped tool
- Safety goggles should be worn at all times
-Clean the ends of the pipe with a solvent -Apply primer to the end of one pipe -Thread the other pipe onto the primed end -Tighten with a wrench
Frequently Asked Questions
What Type Of Connecting Methods Would Be Used To Connect Pvc Together?
The two most common types of PVC connectors are slip fittings and threaded fittings. Slip fittings use a collet to grip the outside of the PVC pipe and a nut to tighten against the inside of the pipe. Threaded fittings use a male thread on one end of the pipe and a female thread on the other end of the pipe.
Which Type Of Fitting Is Used In Pvc Pipes?
PVC pipes are typically fitted with a glued-in fitting.
What Are The Names Of Pvc Fittings?
Some PVC fittings have specific names, such as a “tee” or a “elbow.” Others are simply called connectors, and are used to connect two pieces of PVC pipe.
What Is The Most Common Fitting Used?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the most common fitting used will vary depending on the type of garment being made and the specific needs of the wearer. However, some of the most common fittings used include standard, comfort, and slim fit.
What Are The 4 Types Of Fittings?
There are four types of fittings: compression, threaded, slip and push. Compression fittings use a compression ring to tighten around a pipe and seal it. Threaded fittings use a threaded nut to tighten around a pipe and seal it. Slip fittings use an O-ring to create a seal between the two pipes. Push fittings use a spring-loaded ring to push the two pipes together and create a seal.
Can You Thread Pvc?
Yes, you can thread PVC. In fact, it’s a common practice to do so in order to create joints between pieces of pipe. All you need is a standard hand drill and some PVC-specific threading dies.
How Do You Connect Non Threaded Pvc To Threaded Pvc Pipe?
There are several ways to do this. One way is to use a PVC coupling, which is a connector that has both threaded and non-threaded ends. Another way is to use a PVC adapter, which is a connector that has one threaded end and one non-threaded end.
What Is The Best Way To Connect Pvc Pipe?
There are a few ways to connect PVC pipe, the most popular being using a PVC solvent or primer to soften the plastic and then using a PVC pipe fitting to create a tight seal. Other methods include using special clamps or compression fittings.
What Are The Different Types Of Fitting?
There are a variety of different types of fittings that can be used in plumbing. Some of the most common types of fittings include compression fittings, solder fittings, and push-fit fittings. Compression fittings are typically used to connect copper or plastic tubing, while solder fittings are typically used to connect copper tubing to a copper fitting. Push-fit fittings are typically used to connect plastic tubing, and they do not require any tools or special skills to install.
How Do You Seal Plastic Thread?
There are a few ways to seal plastic thread. One way is to use a flame. Another way is to use a sealant, such as silicone or epoxy.
Can You Use Liquid Ptfe On Plastic Threads?
No, liquid PTFE should never be used on plastic threads as it will cause them to become brittle and break.
What Are The Type Of Fittings Used In A Pipe?
There are a variety of fittings used in pipes, including elbows, tees, and crosses. These fittings allow for the construction of pipelines that can bend and change direction as needed.
What Do You Put On Pvc Threads?
There is a variety of sealants that can be used on PVC threads, including PVC cement, silicone sealant, and thread locker.
Taking Everything Into Account
PVC pipe is easy to thread using the correct tools. Follow these simple steps to get started: 1. Cut the pipe to the desired length using a PVC cutter or hacksaw. 2. Sand down the edges of the pipe using sandpaper. 3. Apply PVC primer to the end of the pipe. 4. Apply PVC cement to the end of the pipe and insert into the fitting. 5. Hold in place for a few seconds until set. | <urn:uuid:39745fba-a906-4a91-9b53-fff0cc6c595f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://princejamesnyc.com/how-to-thread-pvc-pipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.930385 | 1,190 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Moray’s Famous Pilgrimage Route
The Old Mannoch (or Monks Road) road in Moray is an ancient pilgrimage route that winds for 12 bleak miles from Knockando northwards past Green Hill and over Pikey Hill to Birnie and Elgin. Pilgrims from the south would be rowed over the River Spey by ferrymen employed by the monks from Elgin Cathedral who owned the ferry. From Knockando they were able to easily access the Holy sites of Pluscarden Priory, and Kinloss Abbey or Birnie Kirk and Elgin Cathedral ‘The Lantern of the North.’
Over the centuries the road has been used by drovers, travellers, bands of highland caterans and whisky smugglers. To emphasise the importance of this religious route even in pre Christian times, where the Mannoch Road meets the Cottage road behind Knockando Kirk we find Knock an Rioch – the hill of the Druids. It is truly a remarkable old walking route though seldom used today the area has many strange stories about it.
The Wee Mannie
By Knockando Kirk and just to the north of Mannoch cottage the road passes by the Shean o Mannoch, the largest of the many Fairy Knowes to be found in the area between Knockando and Dallas.
Sheans were often home to the mysterious wee folk, or fairies, who lived in many parts of Scotland. They had little contact with the local population and were in the main deemed to be benevolent, gentle and fun loving craturs.
On Whitsunday in the year 1811, a local man, John Cummings of Wester Elchies entered into a 19 year lease of Cardhu Farm, on the slopes of the Mannoch Hill where the peaty ground softened the water that John, and his wife, Helen, used in the production of a rather nice whisky which they made every year after the harvest was gathered in.
So popular was their produce that Helen would often walk, barefooted, up the Mannoch road to Elgin where there was a drouthy and eager market for the whisky that she carried with her. Helen would also sell bottles through the farmhouse window to the good folk of upper and lower Knockando as well as travellers on the Mannoch road.
The Authorities however had a very dim view of the illicit whisky trade in Speyside
John was convicted three times for illegal distilling. Helen kept an ever watchful eye open for any signs of the excise men who scoured Speyside in an attempt to put an end to the trade. She would hang out a red sheet to warn travellers and locals of their prescence.
One bitterly cold winter’s night a blizzard was howling about Carn na Cailliche and the Mannoch road as Helen was making the whisky. To her surprise she heard a faint knocking at the door of the farmhouse. Warily, she opened the door slightly, then fully, to allow the wee mannie standing outside to enter.
The mannie cut a miserable little figure as he crouched by the fireside, his coarse woollen clothing was soaked and was soon steaming in the welcoming heat of the peat fire. Snow melting from his woollen bonnet and the tiny shoulders of his coat gathered in little pools around his feet that were clad in what looked like rabbit fur boots. His hands shivered as he searched inside his coat and drew some tobacco for the clay pipe that he took from his coat pocket, The cottage was filled with the sweet odour of the tobacco as the wee mannie puffed contentedly at his pipe for a few quiet minutes before downing his whisky in one gulp and then throwing the empty quaich into the fire. The fairy, for fairy he was, stood and looked at Helen with a cheery smile and a twinkle in his eyes before blessing her with the words:
“ brew wifie, brew ! – for you and yours will never want!”
The unexpected guest then left the farmhouse and a bemused Helen watched as the wee, bedraggled figure faded into the dense blizzard, headed in the direction of the Shean.
As the years passed the fairy blessing was seen to come true as the distillery became licensed and their business expanded until the family sold it on to a major distilling company many years later.
The Wedding Dress
Winters are harsh in the area around the Mannoch road and many travellers have been caught in the fierce winter storms that frequently sweep the area. In 1684 a young couple from Knockando set out one fine morning to walk to Elgin to collect the Young Woman’s dress for their forthcoming Wedding.
The couple were Mary Brown and Sandy Allan, both aged 20. who had been born on the same day in Knockando and a close childhood friendship developed into romance as they reached adulthood. The pair were to be married two days hence on the occasion of their 21st birthday. The made good time on the road and were greeted by some of Mary’s friends who would attend the dress fitting and have a wee celebration of the occasion.
Sandy was not included in this part of the day and wandered around Elgin enjoying the sights and bustle of the town. He met one or two old friends and was in a grand humour when he collected Mary at the Dressmaker’s house to proudly escort her home with the precious parcel whose contents he was not permitted to see and were to remain a mystery until their wedding day.
The couple, exited by the day’s events swapped stories about what they had been up to and made good time on the road home. However, as they neared Green Hill, the sky darkened and heavy snow began to fall. Mary and Sandy struggled on towards home but the snowfall got heavier and a strong wind was blowing into their faces making it difficult to see their route home. The pair decided to seek shelter in some rocks that stood in a belt of trees at the side of the track that was now covered by ever deepening snow. The couple huddled together wrapped in their plaids for warmth and settled down to wait out the storm.
The storm continued all the rest of the day and into the next. An alarm was raised in Knockando when the couple had not arrived overnight and some men of the village set out to find pair of them.
Sadly it was Mary’s father who found their bodies some five miles from home. Huddled together still, the couple had frozen to death on the eve of their wedding. The wedding dress lay unwrapped between them and it was a very sad search party who carried the young lovers homeward. Mary and Sandy were buried together in Knockando churchyard where a memorial stone marking their resting place was barely legible in 1880.
These stories were told by Ben Hinnie, click here to read more of Ben’s stories. | <urn:uuid:d2a55764-b096-4dc6-aadd-b2387d48191e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://morayspeyside.com/inspiration/year-of-stories-2022/oldmannochroad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.983812 | 1,425 | 2.734375 | 3 |
“Ever since the dawn of time, man has needed to work.” Thus began my eleven-year-old son’s thinking paper. The topic: why he should have been cleaning out the garage. We long ago forgot the details of that day, but we never forgot the opening line of that paper!
How did my son learn to write? How does anyone learn to write? Some children, it seems, learn to write as easily as they learn to read, as if without instruction. Others would rather do anything to avoid placing words onto paper. Most fall somewhere in between.
Dysgraphia, this decade’s ubiquitous cousin to dyslexia, offers insights into the writing process for any student. When a child faces neurocognitive impediments to writing, we are all forced to look more closely. What comprises effective writing instruction for any student?
Attend to Readiness
Good writing instruction begins long before we ask a child to hold a pencil. Whether for the beginner or for an older child’s remediation, we must evaluate, teach, and retrace steps in writing readiness to assist skilled writing. We focus on pincer grasp, finger dexterity, and hand strength through clay or playdough, coloring, and scissors exercises, as in SC Level B and Scissors books.
When this readiness is achieved, we work on simple pencil grip, posture, and proper letter formation. We practice so this becomes automatic over time. Working memory(1) has limits for any child, but especially for the child with challenged cognitive function. If we can automate fundamental processes, writing can flow more creatively. “Basic processes need to be made unconscious and automatic as early as possible in order to free the mind.”(2)
Teach the Essentials
Simply providing our students with language models, good literature, and “literary experiences” is not sufficient; we must strengthen their skills for this task. During the primary years, we teach correct spelling, punctuation, penmanship, and sentence composition. We practice, practice, practice these skills to mastery. Generations ago, this was obvious. Today we must remind ourselves.
The good news is this: Thoughtful writing benefits even more than a student’s compositions. The act of writing produces neurocognitive benefits.(3) We must engage our children in the act of writing, beginning with the basics, as soon as we strengthen their fine-motor skills to readiness.
Remember the Humanities
We can teach writing skills explicitly, even as we introduce literature, art, and music for the mind, character, and soul. All comes together to improve the child’s intelligence, moral development, and understanding, and this improves his writing. “Reading makes a full man,” said Francis Bacon, “conversation a ready man, and writing an exact man.”
In classical education, we combine writing with literature and the humanities. We bolster this with the mental disciplines of arithmetic and mathematics. We lead our children to the natural, moral, and theological sciences to give them a lifelong, invaluable gift of true education.
With special teaching strategies and extra practice, we can give this gift to many of our children who face challenges. These challenges include English as a second language, asynchronous development, medical conditions, learning disabilities, sensory impairments, speech and language difficulties, intellectual disability, and autism. Some children will need significant accommodations, but we need not place accommodations above education. Occupational or cognitive therapies should never supplant faithful instruction.
Enjoy the Impact
Teaching writing can bring great joy, because words can bring great joy. Words can offer wisdom, comfort, and grace, whether through the well-crafted thinking paper, a poem written in sympathy, or a simple thank-you note. The written word connects us as human beings.
Even more importantly, God revealed Himself to us through the Word. My children and I were reminded of this as we recently read: “Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.” His Word brings light and life, hope and comfort, joy and gladness to all mankind. And this has been most certainly true, ever since the dawn of time.1. Working memory can be defined as the ability to hold, process, and manage material in any given moment to carry out complex cognitive tasks. See Klingberg, Torkel. “The Concept of Working Memory.” Cogmed.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2016. Cognitive Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, http://www.cogmed.com/the-concept-of-working-memory, accessed September 5, 2016, for detailed background on the construct of working memory and a well-researched program to assist its improvement.
2. Hirsch Jr., E.D., The Schools We Need and Why We Don’t Have Them. New York: Anchor House, 1996. Print.
3. See results of the following research contained in these writings: (1) James, Karin H. and Laura Engelhardt. “The Effects of Handwriting Experience on Functional Brain Development in Pre-literate Children.” Trends in Neuroscience and Education 1.1 (2012): 32-42. (2) Diane Montgomery (2012). “The Contribution of Handwriting and Spelling Remediation to Overcoming Dyslexia,” Dyslexia – A Comprehensive and International Approach, Prof. Taeko Wydell (Ed.), In Tech, DOI: 10.5772/30994. (3) Mueller, Pam A. and Daniel M. Oppenheimer. “The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking.” Psychological Science (2014): 1159-168.
Find out more about the Simply Classical education model with the book Simply Classical: A Beautiful Education for Any Child. | <urn:uuid:bd7206cd-57d1-4a9c-ba50-c1b7ec8e72e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.memoriapress.com/articles/teaching-writing-readiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.927187 | 1,249 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The terms “soft science” and “hard science” are commonly applied to different scientific disciplines, and scientists have investigated and theorized about features that apply when placing scientific disciplines on a soft-hard continuum (e.g., Simonton, 2004, 2006, 2009). In the minds of laypeople, however, the difference may lie in the more simple perceptions of different scientific disciplines. The very words themselves, “soft” and “hard”, may hint at different reputations. Soft sciences are fuzzy and less rigid, suggesting lower reliability, validity, and rigor than hard sciences possess.
Psychological science includes research that is usually considered to be on the softer side of the continuum (e.g., behavioral science) as well as research that is usually considered to be on the harder side (e.g., neuroscience). However, the name “psychology” appears to elicit less respect from the general public than many other sciences. Survey data show that psychology was judged to be less important than disciplines like biology, chemistry, economics, medicine, and physics by both a random sample of adults as well as by full-time university faculty (Janda, England, Lovejoy, & Drury, 1998). Janda et al. also coded any spontaneous comments made by their respondents. Twenty-five comments concerned psychology, and, tellingly, 24 of them were negative: “Many of the negative comments had as their theme that at least some of what psychologists have to say cannot be believed and that people should rely instead on their common sense. A few respondents had much stronger views, suggesting that psychology was responsible for creating problems for our society” (Janda et al., 1998, p. 141). Findings like these led Lilienfeld (2012) to publish an article in the American Psychologist, the official journal of the American Psychological Association, with the provocative title “Public skepticism of psychology: Why many people perceive the study of human behavior as unscientific”. In the article, Lilienfeld concludes that the general public does agree with the soft science nomenclature that is frequently applied to psychology and offers a host of reasons why.
Interestingly, Lilienfeld (2012) suggests that neuroscience might be perceived to be more like a “hard” science than other “softer” psychological sub-disciplines. Research questions from most sub-disciplines of psychology (e.g., cognitive psychology – why do some people have trouble following directions?) were judged to be easier to answer than research questions from neuroscience (e.g., why is it that when you get tired, your brain doesn’t work as well?) (Keil, Lockhart, & Schlegel, 2010). Also, people (including the media; Beck, 2010) appear to prefer neuroscience explanations of psychological phenomena (e.g., Greene & Cahill, 2012; Weisberg, Keil, Goodstein, Rawson, & Gray, 2008). Part of the attractiveness of neuroscience explanations might be attributed to the images of the brain that neuroscience evidence can often provide (McCabe & Castel, 2008). However, others have not found that the images themselves have any effect over and above a verbal description of neuroscientific evidence (in comparison to clinical psychology evidence that did not employ neuroscientific techniques) (Schweitzer, Saks, Murphy, Roskies, Sinnott-Armstrong, & Gaudet, 2011; see also, Farah & Hook, 2013). In addition to brain images, the label (e.g., “psychology” vs. “neuroscience”) may impact perceptions of the scientific value of the research. Greenberg and Wursten (1988) showed that expert testimony in an insanity defense case provided by a “PhD” (i.e., psychologist) was less convincing than the identical testimony provided by an “MD” (i.e., psychiatrist). So, there is evidence that neuroscience explanations, the presence of neuroscience images, and labels that are consistent with neuroscience can favorably affect perceptions of scientific evidence.
The Current Research
The first goal of our research (Munro & Munro, 2014) was to focus not on explanations, images, or labels, but on the very techniques favored by those in the neuroscience field versus those used by psychological subdisciplines that are less obviously biologically oriented. All else being equal, do people favor neuroscientific evidence such as brain MRI over behavioral evidence such as cognitive test results?
At the same time, we wanted to determine whether or not people who were motivated to disbelieve the evidence would more easily dismiss behavioral evidence in comparison to neuroscientific evidence. Many studies have established that people discount scientific evidence that threatens a strongly-held belief or attitude (e.g., Lord, Ross, & Lepper, 1979; Munro & Ditto, 1997) and information that threatens a group important to one’s identity like political party identification (Cohen, 2003; Hulsizer, Munro, Fagerlin, & Taylor, 2004; Munro et al., 2002). Research has even shown that neuroscience evidence is selectively accepted depending on whether it supports or challenges a person’s prior attitude (Shniderman, 2014). However, no studies have directly tested neuroscience evidence against behavioral science evidence. Thus, our second goal was to test whether differences exist between evaluations of neuroscience evidence and behavioral science evidence when one is motivated (because of their identification with a particular group) to believe or disbelieve the evidence.
The sample consisted of 106 participants who had completed a pretest indicating their political party and the strength of identification with that party. They began the experiment by reading about a politician who was either a member of the same or different political party as they (the participants) were. The politician had recently been cited for ethical violations. The ethics committee required the politician to be evaluated by an expert to determine if cognitive problems would prevent him from carrying out his duties as an elected representative. If the expert concluded that the politician did have cognitive limitations that would prevent him from performing his duties, then the politician would be required to resign, and the Governor, a member of the opposing political party, would appoint a replacement. This outcome would be viewed as unfavorable to the participant if the politician’s political party matched the participant’s political party, as the politician’s replacement would be from the opposing party.
The expert used either neuroscience or behavioral observation techniques to test the politician for possible dementia. The expert was identified as only “Dr.”, with no mention of whether he had an M.D. or a Ph.D., and no brain images or test data were shown to participants. For half the participants, the expert’s techniques involved reviewing the politician’s medical history and conducting verbal or paper-and-pencil cognitive tests (like those often used by clinical neuropsychologists). For the other half of the participants, the expert’s techniques involved reviewing the politician’s medical history and obtaining an MRI scan of the politician’s brain. Participants were then provided with specific findings from the experts’ evaluations that formed the basis for the experts’ opinions. For all participants, the expert concluded that the politician was suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, that the symptoms will continue, and that the symptoms will interfere with the politician’s ability to perform his duties.
After reading the expert evaluation, participants answered questions assessing their opinions of the quality of the evidence provided in the expert’s evaluation. Two questions assessed “how strong” and “how convincing” the evidence was and were combined into a quality index. Four questions focused on specific aspects of the evidence (reliability, validity, objectivity, and relevance) and were combined into a reasons index. One question asked participants to indicate which of the specific aspects of the evidence, if any, best represented their opinion. Two questions focused on the conclusions and consequences of the evidence asking participants to indicate their opinions about the degree to which the politician a) has beginning stage Alzheimer’s disease, and b) should be required to resign from public office. These two items were combined into a conclusion index.
To analyze the results, participants were divided into groups depending on whether they read about an ingroup (same political party) or an outgroup (different political party) politician being tested for cognitive problems, whether they were strongly or weakly identified with their political party, and whether they received the scenario containing neuroscience evidence or behavioral evidence. The pattern of findings was consistent across the quality, reasons, and conclusion indices.
Neuroscience evidence was seen as better
First, a main effect of type of evidence was found. Compared to behavioral science evidence, neuroscience evidence was judged to be of higher quality, it was judged to be more reliable, valid, objective, and relevant, and participants reading it endorsed greater agreement with the expert that the politician had Alzheimer’s disease and should be required to resign. In response to the question regarding which reason best fit their opinion about the evidence, 69.8% of participants who read neuroscience evidence selected the option that the evidence was strong and convincing, whereas only 39.6% of participants who read behavioral evidence did so. Instead, participants indicated that the behavioral science evidence was subjective (24.5%), unreliable (15.1%), and irrelevant (11.3%).
Behavioral Science Evidence Was Easier to Dismiss Than Neuroscience Evidence
In addition to the general preference for neuroscience evidence, we also found that behavioral science evidence was more easily dismissed than neuroscience evidence when participants were motivated to disbelieve it. That is, among participants who identified weakly with their own political party, neuroscience evidence was rated as being of higher quality than evidence based on cognitive testing, regardless of the political party of the politician who was found to have Alzheimer’s disease based on either type of evidence. In contrast, participants who strongly identified with their political parties had greater motivation to view the evidence more strongly, negative or positive, depending on the political party of the politician. Indeed, when reading about a politician from their own party who would be forced to resign because of the expert’s opinion, this group of participants rated neuroscience evidence to be of much higher quality than evidence based on cognitive testing. When the politician was from the opposing party, however, neuroscience evidence was rated to be of only slightly higher quality than evidence based on cognitive testing.
Implications for the Courtroom
By using specific examples of psychological evidence in a context that is similar to real-world judgments, our study has implications in forensic settings wherein laypersons’ evaluations of psychological methods and their use as a basis for expert opinions are of interest. Our first finding, that when participants selected a negative reason for their overall opinion of the behavioral evidence, they tended to select subjectivity, unreliability, and irrelevance of the evidence, reflects a lack of appreciation by laypersons of the methods used in clinical psychology and its subdiscipline neuropsychology. For this reason, attorneys might wish to request that their experts educate the jury about the psychological methods they use in order to address their potential biases against such methods, and hence, the very basis of the experts’ opinions. For example, the expert could inform the jury about the absence of formalized criteria for interpreting brain imaging data and/or the inability of brain imaging techniques to quantify behavior in order to allow for a more balanced appraisal of such evidence. Similarly, education about the lengthy manuals and procedures for both administration and interpretation of psychometric tools could help jurors not dismiss these “softer science” tools.
Our second finding is that people are particularly likely to discount behavioral science evidence, compared to neuroscience evidence, when the specific conclusions are undesirable for them. This finding suggests that jurors whose strongly held values or identification with specific groups motivate them to disagree with an expert’s opinion would be especially likely to discount an expert’s opinions if they are based on behavioral science (e.g., cognitive test results), rather than on neuroscience (e.g., brain imaging). In cases for which experts rely on traditional paper-and-pencil psychological methods in forming the basis of their opinions, identifying potential jurors with strongly held values beliefs and identities that may bias their ability to objectively consider experts’ opinions is of particular relevance during voir dire and jury selection.
Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 808-822.
Farah, M. J., & Hook, C. J. (2013). The seductive allure of “seductive allure”. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 81-90.
Greenberg, J. & Wursten, A. (1988). The psychologist and psychiatrist as expert witnesses: Perceived credibility and influence. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 373-378.
Greene, E., & Cahill, B. S. (2012). Effects of neuroimaging evidence on mock juror decision making. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30, 280-296.
Hulsizer, M. R., Munro, G. D., Fagerlin, A. & Taylor, S. (2004). Molding the past: Biased assimilation of historical information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1048-1072.
Janda, L. H., England, K., Lovejoy, D., & Drury, K. (1998). Attitudes toward psychology relative to other disciplines. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29,140-143.
Keil, F. C., Lockhart, K. L., & Schlegel, E. (2010). A bump on a bump? Emerging intuitions concerning the relative difficulty of the sciences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 1-15.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2012). Public skepticism of psychology: Why many people perceive the study of human behavior as unscientific. American Psychologist, 67(2), 111-129.
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
McCabe, D. P., & Castel, A. D. (2008). Seeing is believing: The effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition, 107, 343-352.
Munro, G. D., & Ditto, P. H. (1997). Biased assimilation, attitude polarization, and affect in reactions to stereotype-relevant scientific information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 636-653.
Munro, G. D., Ditto, P. H., Lockhart, L. K., Fagerlin, A., Gready, M. & Peterson, E. (2002). Biased assimilation of sociopolitical arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U. S. Presidential Debate. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 15-26.
Munro, G. D., & Munro, C. A. (2014). “Soft” versus “hard” psychological science: Biased evaluations of scientific evidence that threatens or supports a strongly-held political identity. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36, 533-543.
Schweitzer, N. J., Saks, M. J., Murphy, E. R., Roskies, A. L., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., & Gaudet, L. M. (2011). Neuroimages as evidence in a mens rea defense: No impact. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17, 357-393.
Shniderman, A. B. (2014). The selective allure of neuroscience and its implications for the courtroom. The Jury Expert, 26, 1-3.
Simonton, D. K. (2004). Psychology’s status as a scientific discipline: It’s empirical placement within an implicit hierarchy of the sciences. Review of General Psychology, 8, 59-67.
Simonton, D. K. (2006). Scientific status of disciplines, individuals, and ideas: Empirical analyses of the potential impact of theory. Review of General Psychology, 10, 98-112.
Simonton, D. K. (2009). Varieties of (scientific) creativity: A hierarchical model of domain-specific disposition, development, and achievement. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 441-452.
Weisberg, D., Keil, F., Goodstein, J., Rawson, S., & Gray, J. (2008). The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 470-477.
The battle between “soft” and “hard” psychological science is nothing new. While general bias regarding one or the other has existed for ages, the advances in brain science, imaging, and technology have given neuroscience a boost in credibility.
When working a case where one party has evidence involving behavioral science and the other side has evidence of brain science, the research shared by the authors clearly suggests that brain science evidence would have more persuasive power with potential jurors. If you’re on the “soft” science side, what can you do to even the playing field? If you’re on the “hard” science side, what can be done to maximize the commonly held perceptions that neuroscience is “better” science?
Here are a few suggestions.
- Pretrial Jury Research
- Voir Dire
I’m a huge advocate of pretrial jury research. The benefit of conducting well-designed, professionally facilitated research justifies any additional costs, and I have yet to conduct research that failed to provide strategy-changing data. The research cited above was based on participant perceptions of a political scenario, and I’m sure we can all appreciate how strong an individual’s political beliefs can be. But, what if your case involves something less emotional or personal to the members of the jury: a medical malpractice claim involving future medical care; a personal injury claim involving psychological impairment or distress; or even a criminal case involving mitigation? A focus group or mock trial could reveal whether jurors are strongly influenced by one science or the other, or whether jurors who are less “emotionally connected” to the fact pattern perceive both sciences as equally valid.
Knowing that most people have strong feelings about psychology and brain science, it’s absolutely critical to ask targeted questions during the jury selection process. The trick is creating an environment that encourages juror participation… and juror honesty. “Bias and prejudice” have such a negative connotation in today’s world, that I find it best to ease jurors into the discussion with more benign queries. Using juror number cards and incorporating scaled or forced choice questions is a fabulous way to assess the entire panel, and to identify the specific jurors you need to know more about. And the bonus? It’s a relatively quick process so it won’t suck up your precious limited time.
a) On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being high, how would you rate the trustworthiness of written tests designed to evaluate a person’s psychological wellbeing? [Have jurors raise their cards for various numbers.]
b) Which of the following two phrases do you think would provide the most accurate information: soft science or hard science? [Ask jurors to choose a category and raise their cards when you state that particular category.]
c) Knowing only that one witness is a psychologist (Ph.D.) and the other a medical doctor (M.D.), do have any feelings right off the bat that one is more credible than the other? Which one and why? [Ask this question to the group and hope for volunteers. If the panel is quiet, choose a couple group members and ask them specifically. Then loop around to other jurors for additional feedback.]
Visual aids and graphics not only complement your witness’s testimony, but they also aid juror learning, attention, and retention. If jurors are being asked to evaluate evidence involving behavioral science and neuroscience, they must comprehend the how’s and why’s of the testimony. For example, if you’re attempting to boost the credibility and believability of psychological testing (MMPI, Beck, CPI, Rorschach, etc.), consider providing jurors with a series of charts, checklists, and/or graphics that illustrate the laundry list of information considered when rendering the test results. If you’re attempting to boost a neuroscience argument, show those pretty brain scans big as life with a projector/screen. Or, if you’d like to chip away at the panel’s perceived trust in either behavioral science or neuroscience, graphics designed to clearly point out assumptions or “overlooked” criteria can be very influential.
Finally, consider hiring an expert… but choose carefully. The best experts are teachers, not lecturers; friendly and neighborly, not aloof or condescending; and the very best experts are often those with boots-on-the-ground-hands-on expertise, rather than those with only a list of academic accolades. Experts typically have the attention of the jury panel before they ever open their mouth, so capture the power of your expert witness testimony by encouraging them to get off the stand and “teach” the panel with a laser pointer and a large board. And remind the witness that expertise and know-how can be exuded by incorporating everyday language and examples into testimony.
Comments on Munro and Munro, “Soft” vs “Hard” Psychological Science in the Courtroom
Five years ago my status suddenly changed. I had been a member of a department of ”psychiatry”. Now I belonged to a department of ”psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences”. Although the make up and activities of the department remained unchanged, its status in the university brightened.
The prestige of “neuroscience” compared to that of psychology and psychiatry is visible everywhere from the internet, to bookstores, to academia, to the courts. Munro and Munro appear to confirm this common observation and provide suggestions for its management in the courtroom.
It would, of course, be interesting to see the effects of training and sophistication of the subjects on these results. To what extent they apply to experienced judges sophisticated about scientific evidence as opposed to juries whose knowledge of these matters is gleaned from television remains unclear. But the tendency to see “hard” neuroscience as more credible than “soft” psychological science seems to be present in almost all courtrooms. As the authors suggest, the attorney who wants to use psychological evidence of almost any kind will need to educate the jury or judge about its merits, especially if that evidence runs contrary to their biases.
The comparison of “hard” and “soft” science as it relates to human behavior seems to me a somewhat limited focus because it so frequently happens that when triers of fact believe themselves to know truths about human conduct that conviction outweighs evidence of any kind. Two examples:
Even in the presence of exonerating DNA evidence and clear explanations of how the defendant came to make a false confession, juries sometimes continue to believe that no innocent person would confess and thus return guilty verdicts.
In Miller vs. Alabama, the SCOTUS majority opinion held that life without parole could not be imposed on adolescents because of their immature brain-psychological function . The court opined, in essence, that questions about the scientific findings, both psychological and neuroscientific were resolved by “what every parent knows” from the experience of raising adolescents.
In other words, everyday knowledge outweighs science, hard or soft, when it comes to psychological function.
While scientific prestige may influence some triers of fact, it is a hard road for scientific prestige to overcome “common sense” in the arena of human behavior, even when the former is admissible and the latter, in theory, is not. One route to addressing this problem is to address the meaning of the scientific data in terms of everyday experience. Thus, for example, when the difference between rational and emotional information processing is being explained, reference to MRIs of the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex accompanied by good anatomical drawings and/or reference to Nobel Prize winning research on “Thinking Fast and Thinking Slow” only comes alive to most judges and juries through examples such as the impulse to smash that malfunctioning computer or the involuntary jumping back from a car that seems headed toward you.
It is only when testimony about behavior makes sense that it is believed.
Conversely behavioral science testimony is best impeached by showing it does not “make sense”. | <urn:uuid:88dcff5c-5890-468c-bf29-af7ad38cddaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thejuryexpert.com/2015/05/soft-vs-hard-psychological-science-in-the-courtroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00373-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940792 | 5,192 | 3.40625 | 3 |
We are in well into the craze of government modernization or “e-government”.
E government means digital government, online government or transformational government. E = Electronic. Electronic refers specifically to information in an electronic format. With e government critical information is stored, transmitted and shared electronically by computer over the internet. Sharing information electronically can be done instantaneously and since efficiency is the primary goal of e-government the original charge of protecting and defending our fundamental rights begins to get lost in the shuffle.
Promises of efficiency, transparency and cost cutting are tempting arguments in favor of government modernization or e government. There are downsides though and I think the MERS home foreclosure travesty illustrates some of theses downsides beautifully.
“For the first time in the nation’s history, there is no longer an authoritative, public record of who owns land in each county.”
These statements are taken from the testimony of Christopher L. Peterson Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Law University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law Salt Lake City, Utah submitted to the House of Representatives Committee of the Judiciary on Dec 2, 2010
This article explains the reality of this nightmare better than I ever could hope to-
Dude, Where’s My Mortgage? How a Corrupt Outfit Called MERS Is Destroying Our System of Property Rights
Another epic failure of the private sector to uphold the laws and traditions of American society, even something as fundamental as property rights.
And why would we be surprised?
Private business is in business to make a profit. Our Government is charged first with protecting our rights. When essential government functions are delegated to the private sector, especially when these functions are performed electronically-just imagine the potential for mishap and abuse.
If you cannot imagine just look at the MERS situation;
The story begins in mid-’90s with the founding of MERS, Inc. by the nation’s most powerful banks, ostensibly with the aim of streamlining and modernizing the process of registering and tracking mortgages. Traditionally, there has been no centralized registry of real estate ownership information, with counties maintaining their own records for properties within their borders—a system that has remained virtually unchanged since colonial times. | <urn:uuid:2e70b77b-bb36-409c-8870-785d647a2722> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://axiomamuse.wordpress.com/2010/12/18/how-an-obscure-outfit-called-mers-is-subverting-our-entire-system-of-property-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00337-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935146 | 467 | 2.265625 | 2 |
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