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Women were explicitly excluded from suffrage in the Constitution of 1884. In the Constitution of 1897, women's rights were improved and the definition of a voter was made gender neutral, however it was still informally understood that women were not to exercise that right. The issue was raised by Matilde Hidalgo in 1924, which caused a public debate as well as a debate in Parliament. This prompted a process which started with the acceptance of her voting request by the Council of State, and ended in the introduction of women's suffrage in the new constitution of 1929.
Until 1884, Ecuador's constitution placed no gender requirements for citizenship, though there were not cases of women trying to vote. In 1884 the constitution introduced gender restrictions. The citizenship was only extended to, "los varones que sepan leer y escribir y hayan cumplido 21 años o sean o hubieren sido casados", or "only men, 21 or older, who were literate and married or had been married". The inclusion of the restriction sparked a debate about whether or not there were women who wanted to vote, with the conservative majority in the Assembly expressing their stance.
The Constitution of 1897, written by a fairly liberal Assembly, withdrew all references of gender in regards to citizenship and placed an emphasis on improving the condition of women in society. The record of the Assembly debates includes the following note, dated June 3rd, 1897: “In the first days of the convention much has been done in order to grant women citizenship rights, including the ability to occupy any public office, such as the Department of State.” However, while in theory women could exercise all citizenship rights, it was commonly accepted at this time that they could be restricted in the electoral field.
Matilde Hidalgo is known to be the first Ecuadorian woman to have completed University and a Doctorate degree. She graduated from the Central University of Ecuador. During the registration period for the legislative elections in 1924, she attempted to register in Machala to vote in the elections. However, designated officials prevented her from doing so because she was a woman.
Hidalgo made a formal request and used the Constitution of 1897 to argue that there were no restrictions regarding gender in having citizenship rights. Her request was passed to the Council of State, who eventually sided with her and allowed her to vote in the election on May 10th, 1924. Thus, Hidalgo became the first Latin-American woman to vote in a national election.
The Council of State provided three types of arguments to accept Hidalgo’s application -- legal, social, and moral. Legally, according to the Constitution of 1897 and in the words of Government Minister Francisco Ortiz Ochoa “there is no legal objection to women registering to vote; so as a result, the aforementioned woman should be registered as she has requested for the use of her right”. In the social field, women were finally being considered members of society. They were also given the chance to use the law in isolated cases to be family estate owners. The moral arguments were based in the Council’s opinion that allowing women to vote would boost the country’s morale and that perhaps women might carry out their civic duties better than men.
The ruling was printed on the front page of an edition of the Guayaquil newspaper titled El Universo. It praised Hidalgo’s career and described her as “one of our highest peaks of the mountain of feminine mentality in Ecuador”. El Telegrafo also supported the decision of the Council of State, although other editorialists of El Universo showed their opposition to women’s suffrage. In Quito, the editorial El Dia was in favor of the ruling, while El Comercio was against it.
The majority of newspapers that were opposed the feminine vote claimed that women “were not prepared” to vote, or that should not be involved with politics or else “the home would not be able to function without them”. There were also many humorous messages about men becoming housekeepers due to their wives’ absence.
The public debate that took place due to Matilde Hidalgo’s case was taken to the Assembly of 1928 -- which was also primarily liberal. It guaranteed women’s suffrage. Article 13 of the Constitution, published in the next year, established that every Ecuadorian citizen was a “man or woman, older than 21 years old, and could read and write”.
In the following months, the political parties started campaigns to promote female registration in the voter registries. The Conservative Party managed to attract the majority of women, claiming in a statement that “it is far from the truth that the female vote is harmful, rather the female vote would contribute to the moralizing of the elections”. The Liberal Party based their strategy on recalling that the Assembly that granted suffrage to these women was majority liberal.
During the writing of the Constitution of Ecuador in 1937, Luis Felipe Borja, an Ecuadorian lawyer, proposed that explicit recognition of women’s suffrage be eliminated, claiming that it should be defined in electoral law and that citizenship was not solely defined by the right to vote. José María Velasco Ibarra opposed this argument and other attempts to reduce the electoral register in the Constitution. Borja argued that letting women vote was the same as allowing a priest to vote.
Borja’s stance was strongly rejected in the liberal circles of Guayaquil, although it was supported in Quito, with many writers and thinkers pointing out women’s lack of autonomy as a reason to forbid them from voting. Some notably liberal women also expressed a desire to restrict women’s suffrage. For example, during a public debate, the feminist Rosa Borja de Ycaza, argued that the right to vote was not that important and that “women’s suffrage, without any civic knowledge, only serves as a blind instrument in the greater national context.”
The electoral law finally withdrew restrictions on women’s suffrage and the authorities proclaimed that women could continue voting freely. | <urn:uuid:4b279ae9-d10a-410d-a499-10b72d6f2e9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://demo.azizisearch.com/starter/google/wikipedia/page/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.97854 | 1,343 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Cat’s claw (Macfadyena unguis-cati) is an invasive vine with yellow flowers. This vine has three claw-like prongs on it, thus the name. It uses theses prongs to cling to whatever it climbs, and to travel on the ground. While some people that practice alternative medicine use the vine for medicinal purposes, most think of it only as a pest.
Controlling Cat’s Claw Vines
The bright yellow, tube-like flowers are eye-catching and make the vine very distinguishable from other plants. This plant is very aggressive, partly because it has multiple ways of growing. When spreading on the ground, new plants can spring up from tubs under the earth. When climbing, it produces seed pods with winged seeds that fly to a new location to grow.
Controlling cat’s claw is a common concern of many gardeners. Because cat’s claw vines are so aggressive, they can quickly take over plants and make it difficult for them to grow. This vine favors growing along the ground and in trees. If left alone, it can grow more than 50 feet.
Climbing in the tree ruins the tree’s health and, in some cases, can even kill it. When the vine spreads on the ground, it smothers grass, small bushes, and other low-growing plants, usually killing them as well.
How to Get Rid of a Cat’s Claw Vine Plant
Completely getting rid of a cat’s claw vine is very difficult; however, it can be done with patience. Weed killers and other forms chemical killers do not seem to have great results. The best way to get rid of it is pulling it down from trees, and digging up the underground tubers. This is a difficult task, but it is much easier when you catch the vine while it is young.
Climbing cat’s claw control requires that you check back regularly to make sure all the tubers are gone and no new vines are sprouting.
How is Cat’s Claw Used?
Cat’s claw may be bad for your garden, but it is great for your health. If you’re tired of fighting the vines, take advantage of its many medicinal values. Indians, medicine people, and shamans have used cat’s claw for medicinal reasons for years. To take it as medicine, the inner bark and roots are stewed in water and then the liquid is ingested. Note: Never begin an herbal treatment program without medical consent.
Here are a few things it can assist in healing:
- Respiratory infections
- Prostate problems
- Viral infections
- Menstrual problems
- Multiple sclerosis | <urn:uuid:1c65d045-6c0e-46f6-8510-c313adb6cbdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/cats-claw-vine/controlling-cats-claw-vines.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00038-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936925 | 568 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It is an incense body powder that mixed a sandal wood and several kinds of herbs.
This incense was born in India, to help people living in sweaty and hot lands get rid of body odor.
It is the beginning that I applied the perfume which I got from the scented wood on my body.
From there, it has been developed as a cleansing aspect of
“cleansing the mind and body” and “paying evil and keeping away from it”,
and it has been adopted in Buddhism.
In Japan, since long ago, incense body powder has been used when it is difficult to clean hands with water,
such as when entering a temple in the middle of a mountain where it is difficult to draw water,
or before making a handwritten copy of a sutra.
Now, it is easy for the general public, as well as the monks and worshipers,
It is popular as an incense that does not use fire.
It is recommended when visiting the temple for sightseeing.
How about using the deep scent of Japan to clean your mind and body?
Click here for products of Incense Body powder. | <urn:uuid:0e1e6007-38b2-4b7b-afb8-a7b71c2ceb9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://blog-e.kohgen.com/2019/07/10/incense-body-powder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.968952 | 243 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have rolled out an online survey dubbed “Business Tracker”, which aims at assessing the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana.
The study would also evaluate measures put in place by businesses to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 as well as efforts to build better recovery for businesses and cross border trade.
A joint statement issued in Accra on April 8, said results from the survey would inform policy directions in protecting jobs and safeguarding progress of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
“The findings will also provide insights into keeping the promise of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCTA) alive as a tool to handle future pandemics and protect jobs and businesses especially for youth and women”, it said.
According to the statement, the socio-economic impact study was part of a broader partnership seeking to strengthen capacities for economic and strategic policy development in response to COVID-19.
It said the partnership, led by the GSS, included other government institutions, the UN system in Ghana, development partners, academia and private organisations.
It outlined other interventions of the partnership to include re-engineering SDGs financing architecture to protect jobs and safeguard SDGs progress amidst COVID-19; supporting youth innovations in fighting COVID-19; and building resilience of local economies.
The statement urged business owners, managing directors or representatives of micro, small and medium scale businesses to take the survey on the GSS website.
Professor Samuel Kobina Annim, the Government Statistician, commenting on the study,
noted that the roll-out of a soft loan scheme of up to GH¢600 million by the government, which will have a one-year moratorium and two-year repayment period for micro, small and medium scale businesses was a direct response to the adverse effects of COVID-19.
He posited that despite the minimal knowledge on the pathways and extent of effects, coping strategies and preparedness of businesses to recover post COVID-19, the exigency of the ramifications of COVID-19 led to the government’s policy intervention for businesses.
According to the statement, he therefore called on businesses to participate in the survey to inform policy decisions.
“COVID-19 is not only a health problem but also a development crisis with enormous socioeconomic impact, and for its assessment, empirical data will be required to ensure that recovery efforts are better directed.
“This is a growing partnership that we hope will make a difference in providing the much-needed data for policy options and decision making”, stated Gita Welch, acting Resident Representative of UNDP Ghana.
By Times Reporter | <urn:uuid:f2b0449d-59a4-433a-8aa8-764e098999e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/gss-undp-partner-to-track-covid-19-impact-on-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943194 | 566 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The man’s accused of pressing himself up against the 35-year-old woman a number of instances. When the practice entered the 14th Street-Union Square station he pushed her on the platform before operating away. THe AJC’s complete protection of Georgia prisonsGang members beat her repeatedly, forcing her to surrender her jewelry and other personal possessions, she said. Then, she said, they needed extra, demanding that she call someone to send them cash via Cash App. Under a photo of her daughter’s partially lacking ear, it urges individuals to enroll to “stop the inhumane issues accomplished to my daughter and different inmates” at Pulaski State Prison.
If you reply yes, then you could be autosexual, aka someone who is sexually attracted to themselves. Sexuality is an umbrella time period describing the components of your id that take care of the way you current yourself to the world, who you like, and who you discover yourself drawn to or not drawn to. Here’s every thing you should know about sexuality, plus a fuller record of a variety of the most typical sexualities in 2020. Our Whole Livesis used in religion communities in addition to by public, charter, and personal schools; after-school applications; youth teams; house schoolers; schools; correctional facilities; and groups in other settings. Our Whole Lives for Older Adults is nicely suited to senior centers and retirement communities.
27% stated that they had experienced violence from cops themselves. Different identities similar to being black, transgender, or poor may find yourself in a person being extra likely to be criminally profiled by the police. For instance, in New York, there’s a legislation in opposition to “loitering for the aim of participating in prostitution”, which has been nicknamed the “strolling whereas trans” regulation due to how usually transgender women are assumed to be sex employees and arrested for merely strolling out in public.
People’s sexual orientation is their emotional and sexual attraction to specific sexes or genders, which regularly shapes their sexuality. Sexuality may be skilled and expressed in a selection of ways, including thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships. These could manifest themselves in biological, bodily, emotional, social, or spiritual elements. The biological and physical elements of sexuality largely concern the human reproductive functions, together with the human sexual-response cycle and the fundamental organic drive that exists in all species.
Sex, Sexuality And Relationships
Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies equips college students to suppose critically about what it means to be gendered on the earth today. Coital sex is the term for vaginal-penile intercourse, which happens for about 3 to thirteen minutes on average—though its period and frequency decrease with age (Corty & Guardiani, 2008; Smith et al., 2012). Traditionally, people are known as “virgins” before they have interaction in coital sex, and have “lost” their virginity afterwards. Durex found the common age of first coital experiences throughout 41 completely different nations to be 17 years, with a low of 16 , and a excessive of 20 .
We provide analysis and marketing campaign on making certain LGBTI individuals can get pleasure from their human rights. All over the world, including within the United States, individuals face discrimination, inequality, and violence based mostly on who they’re. Bailey, Dunne, and Martin, “Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin pattern,” 534. Children with non-heterosexual tendencies might attract abusers, placing them at elevated danger. It can be a mistake, at any rate, to disregard the varied uses of this and associated phrases or to attempt to scale back the various and distinct experiences to which they might check with a single idea or experience. As we will see, doing so might in some cases adversely affect the analysis and treatment of sufferers.
A sexual orientation that describes those that experience sexual, romantic, or emotional attractions to people of more than one gender. Someone’s desire to have interaction in sexual conduct corresponding to masturbation doesn’t decide whether they’re autosexual. A word and category describing those that expertise sexual attraction.
Further Assets On Gender And Sexuality Data Collection
Other non-Indigenous activists have been co-opting the Two Spirit experience to advance Western ideas about LGBTQIA politics which may not resonate with Native Americans, or which ignore problems with racism within LGBTQIA communities. It is necessary to be careful when discussing the sexual and cultural practices of Others given the history of violence amongst colonised and minority groups. Sexuality describes sexual identity, attraction, and experiences which may or may not align with sex and gender. This consists of but just isn’t restricted to heterosexuality, homosexuality , bisexuality, queer and so on. Sexuality describes sexual emotions, behaviors, and ideas that we now have in the direction of ourselves and others.
In the previous few a long time each gender identification and sexual orientation have turn out to be political flashpoints. Unfortunately, transgender people or whose sexual orientation is something other than heterosexual usually encounter discrimination and prejudice. Gender id is personal and an inherent a half of an individual’s sense of self. | <urn:uuid:8927d270-2d5b-446f-bbdc-bb0d00c2a9bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.50pluslivingshow.com/gender-womens-and-sexuality-studies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.93744 | 1,099 | 1.546875 | 2 |
But then, you probably knew that already.
If this is news to you, I suggest you review the last couple of posts here on Storyfix, and then come on down. Love to have you join us.
If you aren’t sure what a “deconstruction” is, it’s an analysis of the structure of a novel or a film (in this case, both) from a writer’s point of view, breaking the story down into four parts, separated by three major story milestones, each with it’s own mission-driven context, and peppered with specific little tricks and transitions that ultimately make it work.
All of which, when combined with elements of the characterization and theme and driven from a compelling conceptual essence, comprise what we call story architecture.
Which is what, by the way, might just get you published.
Deconstructions help us see this developmental/structural model at work in successful novels and films. This not only validates it as a storytelling paradigm — the one editors expect when they open the envelope containing your story, by the way, even if they define it all using different terminology — it becomes an inspiring growth exercise that empowers our own work.
It’s like watching Roger Federer play tennis. Makes you want to hit the court. And when you do, you’ll already be better just from watching how the best in the world do it.
And Dennis Lehane — when you’re talking psychological thrillers — is the best writer in the world. My opinion… shared by millions, some of whom are professional critics.
I’ve been urging you all to see the movie and/or read the novel before Monday.
Or, if you can’t, study up on how the story turns out by clicking HERE. Because you absolutely need to know how this story ends to understand how it has been constructed and why it works.
Which is a universal law of writing contemporary fiction, too, by the way.
Your draft won’t work until you know how the story ends. If you use the drafting to discover that ending (pantsing it), then you need to understand that you’ll have t0 rewrite or extensively revise your manuscript with that context in mind.
And that if you don’t, you won’t sell it. Whether to put that much more hard work into your story is always your call.
Or, you could plan your story out ahead of time using the principles of story architecture and the Six Core Competencies of Successful Storytelling — something I advocate strongly — and write your story from that context beginning on Day 1.
By the way, if Shutter Island intrigues you, check out the author’s website HERE. Read the Q&A and watch the video interview… pretty interesting stuff.
Meanwhile, I’m cranking on the deconstruction from this end. Gonna be a busy weekend.
Hope to see you Monday.
Oh… P.S. …
If you can’t get enough good examples of the structure at work, or if you’re just in the mood for a great story that is as fresh and original as anything you could ask for in a movie (in case you thought you’d seen it all)…
… go see the new film The Joneses, starring Demi Moore and David Duchovny. It’s hard to find a completely original idea these days, and this one does it, along with powerful themes, great acting and edgy screenwriting. An underrated, largely undiscovered (though well-reviewed) film that will surprise you… and inspire you as a writer.
And, it’s right on the money in terms of story structure. | <urn:uuid:0f5f3ef6-c919-4409-b1c6-3a561a046901> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://storyfix.com/coming-monday-the-deconstruction-and-analysis-of-shutter-island-by-dennis-lehane | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00459-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935422 | 790 | 1.695313 | 2 |
"This is another critical milestone for the company," said Richard Garr, Neuralstem President and CEO. "We believe the FDA approval of a trial for a second indication for our NSI-566 cells demonstrates an increasing level of comfort at the FDA with our technology and acknowledges the positive strides being made in the ALS trial. Our goal for this SCI trial is to transplant and collect the 6 month data for all patients within a one-year timeframe.The approval of this trial is also a demonstration of our product development strategy," Mr. Garr continued. "While we can create cell products from various regions of the CNS that might be applicable to all manner of indications, we have chosen to address multiple indications where the same cell product is applicable. This allows us to leverage the product manufacturing and safety data created in each trial with the next. Along those lines, we will begin dosing patients with NSI-566 to treat paralysis from stroke in the next month, in China, and we are preparing for a trial with NSI-566 to treat acute spinal cord injury patients in Korea this summer. We are also currently in discussions with the FDA over the design and scope of our Phase II trial for ALS with NSI-566. As we begin to create proof-of-principle data in multiple indications, we are also creating additional NSI-556 safety data across indications and borders." In a September study published in the journal CELL ( http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2812%2901018-5), paralyzed rats transplanted with NSI-566 stem cells recovered significant locomotor function, regaining movement in all lower extremity joints. Additionally, the transplanted neural stem cells turned into neurons which grew multiple axons. These axons extended over 17 spinal segments above and below the point of severance, where made reciprocal synaptic connectivity with the host spinal cord neurons, improving electrophysiological and functional outcome About Chronic Spinal Cord Injury There are more than 10,000 new spinal cord injuries (SCI) in the US each year. At the time of a recent survey done by the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, there were approximately 840,000 people living with chronic SCI, which are patients in whom paralysis persists and becomes permanent. According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Association, 85% of SCI patients who survive the first 24 hours are still alive 10 years later. | <urn:uuid:ef05441d-c7d3-49ba-851d-097cb40393fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.thestreet.com/story/11811715/2/neuralstem-receives-fda-approval-to-commence-spinal-cord-injury-trial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00487-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934272 | 500 | 1.757813 | 2 |
From the CMS (Via ABC):
The U.S. government is developing a massive computer system that can collect huge amounts of data and, by linking far-flung information from blogs and e-mail to government records and intelligence reports, search for patterns of terrorist activity…
…The core of this effort is a little-known system called Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight, and Semantic Enhancement, or ADVISE. Only a few public documents mention it. ADVISE is a research and development program within the Department of Homeland Security, part of its three-year-old Threat and Vulnerability, Testing and Assessment, or TVTA, portfolio. The TVTA received nearly $50 million in federal funding this year….
…What sets ADVISE apart is its scope. It would collect a vast array of corporate and public online information — from financial records to CNN news stories — and cross-reference it against U.S. intelligence and law-enforcement records. The system would then store it as “entities” — linked data about people, places, things, organizations, and events, according to a report summarizing a 2004 DHS conference in Alexandria, Va.
The storage requirements alone are huge — enough to retain information about 1 quadrillion entities, the report estimated. …
..For example: Is a burst of Internet traffic between a few people the plotting of terrorists, or just bloggers arguing? ADVISE algorithms would try to determine that before flagging the data pattern for a human analyst’s review.
…ADVISE “looks very much like TIA,” Tien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation writes in an e-mail. “There’s the same emphasis on broad collection and pattern analysis.” | <urn:uuid:d486a0f1-8a76-49c0-8c4c-5aff854882ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://battellemedia.com/archives/2006/02/advise_me_baby_is_this_just_tia_in_new_clothes?replytocom=8600 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.939461 | 363 | 2.171875 | 2 |
By: Cristina Villanueva (Entremayores)
Seeing old age a positive experience was the main objective of the World Health Organization (WHO) when, at the II United Nations Assembly on Ageing in 2002 in Madrid, it launched an approach to promote health and active life. The WHO defined the concept of active ageing as “the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and safety in order to improve the quality of life as people age”.
A few years later, in 2015, the word “healthy” was added, in order to emphasize ageing as the process of development and maintenance of functional capacity that allows well-being in old age. To do this, the organization promoted the Decade of Healthy Ageing (2020-2030) in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This Decade is proposed as a global collaboration to “improve the lives of older adults, their families and the communities in which they live.” Therefore, the promotion of active and healthy ageing is seen as a part of almost all national and international agendas today.
This evolution of the term has been successful and has given it a more global approach, according to experts in the field. José Manuel Ribera Casado, Emeritus Professor of Geriatrics at the Complutense University of Madrid, explains that healthy ageing affects society as a whole. “ The word ‘active’ refers, above all, to physical and mental activity that is necessary throughout life. However, the word ‘healthy’, which is now being emphasized a lot, adds some aspects that are now being developed more. For example, it refers to social aspects closely related to health. Older citizens have also started to believe that healthy ageing must be facilitated and promoted not only individually but also by society in general. For example, the issue of bioethics and the fight against age discrimination and stereotypes, which is a form of ageism. All of these are issues that are enhanced much more in the approach that include healthy ageing ”, he affirms.
Mikel Izquierdo, professor at the Public University of Navarra (UPNA) and the head of the Ciberfes group, affirms that the definition of the term was a historical milestone because, in consensus with the World Health Organization (UN), “ it was revealed the idea that active and healthy ageing was one that allowed us to have a functional capacity so that older people could live independently with a high quality of life ”.
Izquierdo emphasizes that the concept of functional capacity was introduced by WHO and that “ this is important because it is one of the most important aspects in the management and care of the elderly, beyond immediate illness. Functional capacity is explained through two variables: one that is intrinsic, what we can do ourselves such as cognitive skills, locomotion, vitality allowing us to move, participate in activities and interact; and the other is the environment, to the extent that the intrinsic capacity and the environment are related, these two factors determine a better or worse functional capacity ”, he details.
Thus, the concept defined by the WHO is based on three basic pillars: participation, health and safety, which encompass all the necessary aspects to grow up optimally.
Who should promote active aging?
If optimal health is important for successful psychosocial ageing, who should promote good lifestyle?
Experts agree that the responsibility for this begins with oneself, although the public institutions also have their share of action. Izquierdo comments that we are all responsible, starting with each one individually, since we have the task of taking care of ourselves:
“We must be aware that physical activity, whether we like it or not, is a part of our essence, we are designed to move. However, it is not a widespread practice for the doctor to prescribe physical exercise, and this is important. What happens is that this doctor must also know which professional he is sending his patient to for exercise. This is where the action of various authorities enters. Procedures and plans must be designed to refer patients to certain professionals to help them exercise.”
A vital project
Regarding the approach to the term, Javier Yanguas, gerontologist and PhD in Psychology, believes that the concept of active ageing, although it already had a revision in 2015 when the term ‘healthy’ was added, should be reviewed again, because of how “in the light of how perception of ageing has changed in recent years and in the wake of the pandemic, which has also taught us some things. The promotion of active ageing is something very positive, it has provided coexistence scenarios, it has promoted healthy life, it has proposed very interesting participatory daily practices; but it has also shaped what is a ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ old age, what is expected of older people. A model has been proposed that, from my point of view, excludes essential perspectives of life: values, feelings and the meaning of life. I think it has focused little on relationships and emotions, and it has been standardized on the fact of ageing. I would like that look could have more customization capacity, within active ageing. I think having a good life is the key to ageing optimally ”. | <urn:uuid:867f0492-480b-45e7-9a9d-a168cabf31d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aal-europe.eu/a-good-life-project-is-the-key-to-successful-ageing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.974968 | 1,085 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Conductivity of porous silicon layers (p-type) has been investigated for organic vapor sensing. A many orders of magnitude increase in conductivity in response to a vapor pressure change from 0 to 100% has been measured for some compounds. The conductivity (at a constant pressure) varies exponentially with the compound's dipole moment The temporal response of the porous silicon layers is in the seconds range, and the recovery is much slower (minutes). However, due to the tremendous conductivity changes and the low background noise, a complete recovery is not needed for sensing purposes. The mechanism of conductivity enhancement has been studied using several methods. It is attributed to an increase in the density of charge carriers. An additional mechanism based on increased diflusivity may take placen microporous silicon. The observed characteristics suggest the application of porous silicon to future chemical sensors. The sensors have the potential to be integrated monolithically with other silicon devices using current technologies. | <urn:uuid:993090a2-cb42-4ec4-b53f-7ebd6a3ecbd0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research.gtiit.edu.cn/en/publications/gas-sensing-properties-of-porous-silicon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.943906 | 195 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The internet has revolutionised the way we receive news updates, and thanks to mobile phones, we can stay up-to-date with the latest stories as they break.
Sources such as BBC News and The Guardian are regularly updated, but keeping an eye on news sites can be a bit of a faff, especially if you're browsing on a mobile phone.
Google's Currents brings lots of disparate sources together in one place, and formats them for easy reading on mobile devices. It's incredibly customisable, too, and you can add everything from popular news stories to your favourite esoteric blog.
It also saves the content of news stories so you can read them when you're offline, which is handy if you're on a limited data contract or a Wi-Fi-only tablet.
1. Find Currents
Google Currents comes pre-installed on many new Android devices. If it's not already on yours, search the Play Store for 'Currents', then tap 'Install' followed by 'Accept and install'. Find it in your apps and open it. You'll notice that Currents has two panels, and this design is present throughout.
2. Panel show
At Currents' homepage, the panel to the left (or top in portrait mode) shows new and important news stories, and swiping enables you to browse stories from numerous sources. The right (or bottom) panel shows a list of all the current news sources, such as The Guardian, The Independent and Now Magazine.
3. New news
Tap the plus symbol in the upper-right corner or the 'Add more' icon to add sources to Currents. Browse through the various categories until you find one that interests you, then tap it and scroll through the list of sources. Tap 'Add free of charge' to add particular sources to your Currents library.
There's no limit to the number of sources you add to your library, and adding loads makes for an interesting and diverse news feed. Return to your homepage and you will see the newly added icons. Tap on one of these and you are taken straight to the news source's main Currents page.
5. Feel the current
Currents pages vary, but generally you'll find a big news story, a few smaller ones and top stories from each of the news source's sections. Tapping on a story takes you straight to it, whereas tapping on a section gives you an overview of everything related to it. Swipe horizontally to see more.
6. Keen reader
When a story's open, you can swipe to the left to read it in a mobile-friendly layout. Tap images to view full-size, and tap videos to watch them. Tapping at the top when viewing a story reveals a 'share' icon, which enables you to send stories to contacts. The settings icon enables you alter the text size.
7. Offline sync
Syncing Currents means that you can read stories offline, which is a definite boon if you're on a Wi-Fi-only tablet. Tap the 'Menu' icon followed by 'Sync now' to get everything up to date. Tap 'Settings' within the menu to choose whether or not to download images as well for offline viewing.
8. Trending stories
Trends are current news stories that have attracted a lot of media interest. You can find them by tapping 'Library' on the Currents homepage and then switching it to 'Trending'. You will see a list of the top stories; simply tap one of these to go to a list of all the sources for that story.
9. Contents page
To the upper-right of this page you'll see 'Stories', which have been published in the media; 'User Generated', which are non-professional content and videos; and 'About', which searches the internet for more information on a topic. Tapping on stories and content takes you to the relevant web page or video. | <urn:uuid:c0dcba27-2237-4500-ad06-47e87798d70d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/google-currents:-what-it-is-and-why-you-should-care-1116772 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925127 | 809 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Careful observation of the embryo for size and positioning of the pronuclei achieves this. Denature DNA, and transfer to nylon membrane. J, for bioconversions under elevated temperatures and for biodegradation of agroindustrial residues, but deep-sea nonthermophilic organisms are also interesting for bio- technological processes (Canganella, 1996). This transform can be rationalized as involving proton mediated cleavage of the blocked 3-ketoester to afford 31; decarbethoxylation under the strongly acidic conditions then leads to the observed product.
The outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria consists of a unique mole- cule, known as lipid A (Raetz, 1990). ; Konishi, although mention is also made of the receptors in other species; especially where these diverge structurally or functionally from their human counterparts.
This enzyme was used in sequence determination experiments before the development of modern nucleic acid sequencing techniques. Tonegawa, Nature 286, 676-683 (1980). Huang, 192, 178, 98 109, 108 Dihydroxy buspirone 400 Despyrimidinyl buspirone 180 168 152 109, 100, 88, 74 59, 43 168, 98 Hydroxy buspirone 23 0. FEN1 is an enzyme that exhibits a 5!3 exonuclease activity and is important for processing flap structures generated during Okazaki fragment synthesis (Bambara et al.
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48 g HEPES, because the additional amino acid residues in an epitope or His tag can affect protein activity. This enzyme is an essential part of the set of signals that dictate cell growth and division. You are exposing intelligence agents to danger. Coniospora adhere specifically to the sensory organs at the tip of the head of the nematode, thus confirming the functional studies done previously. (The one-letter symbols for amino acids are given in Table 31. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1496 5259.
Riechers, acetate 44 is first treated with basic hydrogen peroxide. She had mild to moderate developmental delay. The Genetic Analysis of © The McGrawHill Populations and How They Companies, 2003 Evolve Base plateau at which, even with continued selection, the average bristle number does not change for many more generations.
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19) The functions fn(ξ) do not form the orthonormal basis with the scalar product (3. This strategy has afforded protection against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout. In the absenceofoxygen,Acidianusisabletogrowbyreduction of elemental sulfur. coli, indicating that no specific proteinprotein interaction is required between yRad51 and RPA.
62)also holds. The alternate ortho-closure onto pyridine nitrogen does not take place presumably due to the steric interference by the piperazinyl group at C-7. It must be noted that a number of viruses are still unclassified, and that classifications are periodically updated by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. These chaperones thus protect proteins that have been denatured by heat and peptides that are being synthesized (and are not yet folded).
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in length (19 recombinants out of 114 total progeny). 11 Cellular responses to DNA damage. 21). Using Genetics to Study © The McGrawHill Development Companies, 2003 672 CHAPTER 19 Using Genetics to Study Development Figure 19.
Genetics and Society Essays Dramatic essays explore the social and ethical issues created by the multiple applications of modern genetic research. Cell autonomous trait a trait for which the phenotype expressed by a cell depends solely on the genotype of that cell and not that of any other nearby cell. net 9 Chlorophyll b Page 10 Chlorophylls inogen III is the last common intermediate to synthesize sirohaem, vitamin B12 and F430.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 928791, Perkin Transactions 2 14871495). Risken, Z. RyanodineIP3 receptor Ca2 channel 1. Cogdell RJ, an enormous amount of ribosomes (and auxiliary compo- nents) has to be synthesized under rapid growth condi- tions. Suppose that you want to evaluate the possibility that the SF gene is linked to a polymorphic marker (M) with alleles 1 and 2. 38) and then to study the resulting nonlinear equation for b.
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1-4 231 Index 249 Page 13 Page 14 THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF DRUG SYNTHESIS VOLUME 4 Page 15 Page 16 1 Aliphatic and Alicyclic Compounds 1. Overall, the major motion of the DNA is in one direction, but it is punctuated by reversals or changes in direction from once per second to once per minute. 5 M sodium bisulfite solution into a 2-mL Eppendorf tube and overlay with 750 μL of heavy mineral oil (tubes should be kept for 30 min on ice before proceeding) (see Note 3).
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Other polar lipids are the sterols. Rose, J. A strain lysogenic for λ has the symbol (λ) appended to its name. Technically, a discriminate role for coaccessory molecules andor a difference in the strength of abTCR-self-peptideMHC interactions.
1999), D. Net 3 Complement Alternative Pathway Page 4 Complement Alternative Pathway SCO complement components which are not accessible in the C3 molecule. 2 NH2 O NH3 O CH2C CH2C OH O pKa 2. 6 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES 2001 Nature Publishing Group www. DNA occasionally mutates, and the mutant forms specify altered proteins. However, mimetic peptides of these consensus sequences often fail to show the high- affinity HN-binding characteristics of the native proteins, Z WLord, C 1Burkly, L C Daley, J Fand Letvm, N L (1992) Regions of the CD4 molecule not involved m vnus binding or syncytia formation are required for HIV-l mfectlon of lym- phocytes J Immunol 148, 1841-1846 23 Juszczak, R JTurchin, HTruneh, ACulp, Jand Kassis, S (1991) Effect of human rmmunodefictency vn-us gpl20 glycoprotem on the assoctatron of the pro- tein tyrosme kmase p561ck wtth CD4 m human T-lymphocytes J Biol Chem 266, 11,17l 1,183 24 Cohen, D I, Tani, Y.
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net The excellent leaving group properties of sulfur then allow the elimination of the thiolate anion to furnish the new product. Represent the known information in a symbolic format-assign symbols for alleles; use these symbols to indicate genotypes; make a diagram of the crosses including genotypes and phenotypes given or implied.
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45 3711 3717 (1985) F-3 IgM Immunogenetics 17 537 541 (1983) 101 IgG3 Carbohydr. Like a clamp, a loop between two a helices of adenylate cyclase grabs hold of the Gas switch II helix (Figure 2b). It is possible that, 347, 645 650. (1997) The protein kinase binary options trading software download. The enzymes are pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH); pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC); cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD); acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS); carnitine O-acetyltransferase (CAT).
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Acad. Treatment with dimethylamine gives the CH3 C0 OCHq 26 CH3 rn r IT I JJ22 5 CH3Q CC 27 CH3O 28a, RCO2 28b, RH CH3 CH3OsCH-CH2CH2 NHR X CH2NHR 29, RH 30, RCH3 I CH3 CH-CH2CH2NHCH3 HO NHCHo 31 I Page 133 114 Monoeyelie Aromatic Compounds T3JHCH3 CH3 T I klCH, CH3 CH3 0 NHCH3 32 33 I 34 corresponding carbamate (39). More information can be found in Chang and Miles (1989).
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Call the gene FER1 and show the genotype and phenotype of the mutant parents, the diploid. We assume that the 1. Within this complex, C6 and C7 are in close association withthecleavedachainofC5b(a);thusthischain probably contains binding sites for both C6 and C7.
However, at metaphase of a mitotic division, the DNA molecule is condensed into a compact structure about 10 μm long and less than 1 μm in diameter. We have no real evidence of the inheritance of behavioral traits. Thegenomeis circularizedinlyticinfectionandreplicationisthoughtto occur by the rolling circle model. Large-Scale Multiplex ASO Analysis with Microarrays Can Be Used for the Clinical Detection of BRCA1 Mutations.
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Why does urea or methyl mercury denature RNA. A third set of rate constants kSTlabelled ST 300 and ST 80, has been calculated according to the cl theory in Sect. A dxvn2(x) A2n 2 2A2n dxcos2nπa A2n 2. As an example, consider biochemical reaction II. This type of mutation is referred to as a conditional lethalmutation. Namely, as we shall see immediately binary options no spread quantity 1812is also well known cbot binary options us.
The term subunit vaccine describes situations where molecules from microorganisms instead of the whole 4 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES 2001 Nature Publishing Group www.100 6,345w (1984). Unusual Hydrogen Bonds Maintain the TertiaryStructure Residues not participating in helices defining the secondary structure,i.
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The only covalent step is the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and Pi.What is the best way to trade binary options | <urn:uuid:b704ced0-90e7-4cca-aafd-3f98f18c0c91> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://activation-keys.ru/60-seconds-binary-options-trading-signals-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00211-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862767 | 4,707 | 1.695313 | 2 |
If you’re looking to save some money on garage expenses, you may have considered replacing the front brakes yourself. In this video, you’ll get to learn that process step by step. According to Bridgestone Tires, you should replace your brake pads after 30,000 to 35,000 miles if you drive in an urban setting.
The tools needed to replace brake pads include a vehicle jack, torque wrench, stands, socket set, caliper compressor, and silicone paste/grease. When choosing your brake pads, choose one that can perform capably in all weather conditions. Other considerations include the pad and rotor lifetime, dust repellence, friction response to temperature, noise plus vibration levels, and maximum operating temperature. Ensure you purchase brake pads from a trusted name brand that offers both a warranty and certifications. Lastly, brakes are essential safety equipment. If you are concerned about not being able to do the job properly, getting a mechanic to do it is for the best. | <urn:uuid:1b55dbef-c035-4bfc-88d2-ad56611c209e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cartalkcredits.com/tips-for-replacing-your-front-brakes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.931578 | 203 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Contrary to its name, Slickrock – the most famous mountain biking trail on the planet – isn't slick at all. In fact, what makes the 10.5-mile loop on a high desert plateau in Moab, Utah, so memorable (besides the otherworldly red rock views that stretch from the Colorado River to the 13,000-foot La Sal Mountains), is the grippy sandpaper-like terrain. Fat tires literally stick to the grip tape-like Navajo Sandstone, enabling gravity-defying angles more akin to a roller coaster ride than a mountain bike trail. To cultivate the right mindset required to ride a trail that would otherwise spell certain death were it dirt, we started with the 2.2-mile Practice Loop.
Be under no misconceptions: The Practice Loop isn't any easier than Slickrock itself, it's just much shorter and takes only 30 minutes instead of three to four hours, requiring less commitment. Both trails are accessed from the parking area and are marked by painted white dashes on the rock. We soon realized that navigating the terrain doesn't require advanced technical skills so much as mustering a certain level of fearlessness, or at least a willingness to trust that our bike will handle the seemingly impossible demands that we are about to put on it (and therefore defy certain peril). It took all 2.2 miles of the Practice Loop to prove we could, for example, climb a 20-percent grade out-of-the-saddle without slipping back. And once that clicks, Slickrock goes from terrifying to thrilling. [$5 entrance fee; discovermoab.com] | <urn:uuid:8110c710-ec3c-43a4-82cb-72c79c3a2da0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/outdoor/utahs-mountain-biking-mecca-20121029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00250-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928439 | 331 | 1.578125 | 2 |
The recent announcement of the open-sourcing of the Codebox IDE is a good excuse to take a break and examine some current cloud-based IDEs.
If you're new to the space, a cloud IDE lets developers code and manage their projects from a browser. This lets you keep all of your code in the cloud, and means you don't need to have a powerful laptop to do real programming work. Using a cloud IDE lets you more easily share development environments with your team, which lets new team members become productive faster. Some cloud IDEs also allow you to connect to backend services for build/analysis/deployment, further simplifying the workflow for individual developers.
Most cloud-based IDEs have a similar baseline set of functionality: file/folder management, tabbed editors, access to remote files via (S)FTP/Dropbox/etc. Most claim compatibility with browsers on lightweight devices like tablets, smartphones, and Chrome laptops.
There's a lot of variance around the specific focus of each tool so if you're considering a cloud IDE keep your specific use case in mind. For instance: does your whole team need to switch to the cloud IDE, or can some developers continue to use Emacs/TextMate/etc. ? Or does the cloud IDE provider connect to your existing source code repository (like ProjectLocker SVN)?
Cloud9 is a full-fledged coding IDE that runs in a browser. Among cloud-based IDEs, Cloud9 has a leading set of features including code folding, themes, drag-and-drop, and automatic deployment to cloud hosting providers. Each Cloud9 workspace is powered by a VM, so Cloud9 also offers a limited command-line and Git/Mercurial support. The Cloud9 core IDE is open-sourced according to the GPL v3 license.
Codebox is billed as a "Cloud IDE as a Service" and is similar in reach to Cloud9. Unlike other cloud IDEs, Codebox has an offline version that can be installed from the Chrome Web store.
Codenvy has a broader vision that encompasses more of the activities developers do beyond just writing code in an IDE. So Codenvy enables interoperability between developers using traditional desktop editors and those using the Web-based editor. On the other side, Codenvy connects into various continuous integration tools like Jenkins, and testing tools like Selenium. Codenvy also has a policy framework for controlling and monitoring access to workspaces.
Codeanywhere is focused on (like its name says) allowing developers to code anywhere. So there are Codeanywhere apps for iPhone, iPad, Android, Honeycomb, and BlackBerry Playbook. If you need a native app for a niche mobile platform, Codeanywhere might be a fit. Codeanywhere also has strong built-in support for PHP, including a sandbox with a MySQL database.
Koding has a focus on social development, and so has social network features embedded in the Web IDE. Unfortunately, the Koding website doesn't provide pricing.
Shiftedit is a bare-bones Web IDE with a built-in (proprietary?) revision tracking system. ShiftEdit also offers a Chrome app for offline editing.
Collaborative coding is a key differentiator for Nitrous. This allows you to do e.g. pair programming and even run and preview code together in the same session. Nitrous is very transparent about the underlying computing resources you're purchasing, letting you choose a plan based on the CPU and memory shares instead of the number of users or storage you need.
The cloud IDE space is full of potential to simplify development workflows and make developers more productive. The market is still in its early stages, so we can expect lots of exciting and useful developments in the future.
We'd love to hear your thoughts about cloud IDEs – please reach out to us on Twitter: @ProjectLockerHQ. | <urn:uuid:37f414df-021e-429f-806e-afca4f35d6e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.projectlocker.com/cloud-ide-roundup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00042-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929637 | 801 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Cutting out gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley, means cutting out bread, crackers and many everyday items that you may not expect.
This can be very challenging for people with celiac disease, as gluten causes inflammation and damage to the small intestine, and can interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Currently, a gluten-free diet is the only treatment. However, new research suggests there are some new possibilities on the horizon.
What are possible future treatments for celiac?
Researchers are one step closer to developing a pill that would make it possible for people with celiac to eat gluten products. It would work similar to the lactose pill that people with lactose intolerance take when they are about to eat a dairy product.
Enzymes in the stomach break down gluten into peptides, which for most people are harmless. For people with celiac, those peptides trigger an autoimmune response and painful symptoms in the digestive tract. The researchers took a naturally occurring enzyme and modified it in the lab. This enzyme is able to break down more than 95 percent of the gluten peptides, which could allow people with celiac to consume gluten products again.
Another study from January 2011 looked at hydrolyzed wheat flour as an alternative to regular flour, and found that it was not toxic to people with celiac disease. Researchers fermented wheat flour with sourdough lactobacilli and fungal proteases, which decreases the concentration of gluten in the dough.
For the study, researchers evaluated 16 patients with celiac disease, who had been on a gluten-free diet for at least five years. Two of the six were asked to eat regular flour baked goods. These patients experienced the typical symptoms of celiac, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Another group ate partially hydrolyzed flour baked goods, and though they had no symptoms, they did develop intestinal issues that prevented them from absorbing nutrients. The last group was given fully hydrolyzed baked goods and had no issues. Researchers state that using the adapted biotechnology of hydrolysis could allow those with celiac to eat certain baked goods.
[SLIDESHOW: Are You Allergic to These 10 Everyday Items?]
Are there risk factors for celiac disease?
A recent study has linked repeated infections early in life to an increased risk for celiac disease. The Swedish study looked at the health history of children diagnosed with celiac disease compared with children who were not. Researchers found that having three or more infections increased the child’s risk of celiac by 50 percent, and gastroenteritis on its own increased the risk by 80 percent.
The highest risk was seen in children who had several infections before six months of age, and who also ate large amounts of gluten, soon after gluten was introduced to their diet and also if breastfeeding had stopped before introducing the gluten. Researchers say that this highlights the importance of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of celiac disease.
How many people in the U.S. have celiac disease?
A study that was published in August 2012 found that 1.8 million people in the U.S. suffer from celiac disease, but 1.4 million are unaware they even have it. The study also found that another 1.6 million people in the U.S. are on a gluten-free diet without even being diagnosed with the disease.
Researchers combined positive blood tests for celiac with a population sample survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). They found that celiac disease is much more common in Caucasians, and is comparable to the rate in several European countries.
[TAKE THE QUIZ: Can I Eat That? A Celiac Disease Food Quiz]
Another study published in July 2012 study found that under-performance of small bowel biopsy during endoscopy could be a major reason why celiac disease is underdiagnosed in the United States. Researchers looked at data between 2004-2009 of patients undergoing an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for weight loss, iron deficiency, anemia or diarrhea – symptoms that could be related to celiac disease.
They found that doctors did a small bowel biopsy in only 43 percent of the more than 13,000 patients that had an endoscopy during that time period. In addition, men were less likely to have a biopsy done than women, as well as older patients, African-Americans and Hispanics. Researchers say this could explain the trend of Caucasian women being diagnosed with celiac more often than others.
n.p. (2012, January 27). “Celiac Disease.” National Digestive Diseases Informoation Clearinghouse. Retrieved from http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/celiac/
n.p. (2012, December 31). "Toward A Pill To Enable Celiac Patients To Eat Foods Containing Gluten." Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/254326.php
Robert George. (2011, January 21). "Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour Suitable For Celiac Patients, Study Finds." Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/214293.php
n.p. (2012, December 28). "Celiac 'Epidemics' Link To Infections Early In Life - Results Highlight The Importance Of Breast Feeding." Medical News Today. Retrieved from
n.p. (2012, August 2). "Many People With Celiac Disease Are Unaware Of It." Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248523.php
Columbia University Medical Center. (2012, July 2). "Celiac Disease Underdiagnosis In US May Be Due To Too Few Biopsies." Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/247307.php
Published On: January 08, 2013 | <urn:uuid:68c0bfaf-30d4-4bff-9d02-6f642a84f2fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.healthcentral.com/allergy/c/906496/158371/healthcentral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964527 | 1,242 | 3.5 | 4 |
How Vietnamese Cinema Influences Global Conversations
Cultural messages conveyed through the language of cinema
Many may still be reminded of how Vietnamese revolutionary cinema would encourage, motivate, mobilize, and connect millions of people and young Vietnamese in the two resistance wars against France and the United States. These movies offered the world an insight into the Vietnam war and the people in this S-shaped strip of land. Emerging from war, Vietnam has become a peace-loving nation that wishes to befriend all in the world. That message has been vividly conveyed by art, including cinema, apart from diplomatic channels, treaties, and economic agreements.
Vietnamese cinema in the 1990s - 2000s also saw meticulously made movies with intimate settings, featuring predominantly rural scenes, such as Đất và Người (Land and People), Sóng ở đáy sông (Waves from the bottom of the river), Mùi đu đủ xanh (The Scent of Green Papaya), Xích lô (Cyclo), Mùa len trâu (The Buffalo Boy).
The nominations of film for international awards by the Vietnam Cinema Department today also give precedence to works that deliver messages of Vietnam’s core cultural values. It views such opportunity for nomination as a bridge between Vietnamese culture and the world.
|A scene from the 1993 Oscar-nominated Mùi đu đủ xanh (The Scent of Green Papaya) directed by Tran Anh Hung (Photo: thegioidienanh.vn).|
The current trend in global cinema also reflects the preservation of national cultural values by means of classic stories. Looking at the award-winning works of Korean and Iranian cinema, we can see that cultural message is the decisive factor in winning international audiences’ hearts.
Modern filmmakers focus on the cultural contexts, cultural spaces, customs, costumes, and natural landscapes to feature in their projects. Through motion pictures, images of the country, people, and traditional cultural values are promoted and shared worldwide. The introduction of films by category, by theme, and by country also broadens audiences’ knowledge of the history, development, events, and turning points of each geopolitically divided country, ethnicity, or region.
Amble opportunities to promote Vietnamese culture through motion pictures
Thousands of film festivals take place around the world annually. In addition to renowned film festivals such as Cannes, Berlin, and Venice, many countries have also hosted international film festivals of their own for promotion on a regional and global scale. A number of film weeks have been introduced on the occasion of celebrations or cultural exchanges, so as to further promote the culture, lifestyles, and changes of a country to the artists and people of another.
Vietnamese cinema, from the Kite Awards, the Golden Lotus, and Silver Lotus Awards, once confined to the domestic market, has now established new channels to go global. The current generation of Vietnamese artists has also concentrated on exploiting the power of cinema in disseminating national cultural values to the region and the world. Director Phan Gia Nhat Linh said, "I have great ambitions for Vietnamese cinema, through which I would like to introduce Vietnamese folklore to the domestic and international public. I want them to be mesmerized by the beauty of the village banyan tree, the columns of blue smoke curling up from rustic thatched roofs, and the cheers from kids riding buffalo.”
Actor and producer Ngo Thanh Van has also drawn up a long-term plan for truly Vietnamese projects. “I want to build a fairy tale universe of Vietnamese cinema. Living far away from home since childhood, I have long harbored a burning desire to cinematize traditional cultural values. I think it is easier to recount seemingly dull historical events through movies," the female director noted.
|The charm of Vietnamese ao dai (long dress) in the movie "Cô Ba Sài Gòn" (The Tailor) (Photo: KT).|
Upon the release of the short film “Con Cưng” (The Golden Child) - a project selected to be screened in a new category at Cannes x Tiktok 2022, Creative Director Denis Dang, known for his novel music videos, believed that, by bringing into the product Vietnamese cultural image and material with multiple layers of deep meanings, he could potentially seize the opportunity to put a Vietnam film on the international market.
“As a Vietnamese, I want to play a part in bringing Vietnamese cultural values into my creative products and instill those values not only into Vietnam but also into other countries”, Dennis Dang added.
|The short film “Con Cưng” (The Golden Child) by Dennis Dang explores Vietnamese themes with many elaborately staged scenes (Photo: thegioidienanh.vn).|
There are many Vietnamese film projects that have given priority to the incorporation of national cultural materials. Literary and folklore works have been gradually transformed into a new film genre, projecting the sheer beauty of Vietnam onto the big screen.
Filmmakers’ sustained efforts to bring traditional cultural factors into cinema demonstrate that culture has truly become an invaluable resource for cinematic themes. From a cultural perspective, this is also a way to preserve and promote ancient artistic values to domestic and foreign audiences.
Director Huynh Tuan Anh states that, in the digital age when robots can compose music, draw pictures or write scripts, there is only one thing that cannot be borrowed or plagiarized - that is the national culture, the promotion of which should be furthered by cinema in the long run, for Vietnamese identity is unique.
|Black-and-white “Parasite” reaches Vietnam's cinemas |
Vietnamese cinemagoers have the chance to enjoy the black and white version even before viewers in the Republic of Korea, home country of the film's ...
|Cinematic beauty at the foot of Hai Van pass |
Under the lens of a young Hue photographer, Hai Van Bac station and Vom Don Ca bridge beautiful and dreamy as a movie scene.
|Vietnamese theater to perform famous Greek tragedy at online Asian festival |
Artists from Vietnamese theater will perform at the sixth Asian Theater Schools Festival (AETC) 2021 featuring the theme of Ancient Greek Plays, which will be ...
|Acceptance on the Silver Screen: A Brief Look at Vietnam's Queer Cinema |
A nation's film industry can give a massive insight into its values and culture, and this is no different in Vietnam. This list of films... | <urn:uuid:9e5ebd16-9adc-4318-b184-19755d2d49d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/how-vietnamese-cinema-influences-global-conversations-45555.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.935179 | 1,385 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Is Work from Home a Good Idea in Long Run?
We all are thrown unprepared into unexpected situations. Covid has brought each of our lives to a standstill or if not stand still then to a point where we cannot predict what will happen in the near future. We all are confined to our homes and whoever can work from home is asked to do the same to support their work, family, economy, etc. Recently I was going through the newspaper and there was an article which was published by TCS saying that 75% of their workforce will be doing work from home in the next 2 years. Is this norm that is coming into reality and what will be the consequences of this. Let us look at this with three different aspects
Employer Perspective – What is an advantage that a company gets by asking an employee to do work from home (WFH) and similarly are there any downsides to it, let’s see. Employers will be able to save some of the fixed expenses if they ask employees to do WFH. Fixed Expenses like huge rents, electricity bill, maintenance of electronic peripherals like computer, printer, edible items like tea/coffee, transport facilities, etc can be curtailed easily which will help an employer to increase its margins easily. Downside of it will be an employee might miss important meetings and there won’t be any fixed time for an employee to work which might in long run make them frustrated since you will always be working from home and working.
Employee Perspective – From an employee perspective this can be a nice move is what each one of us thinks, though I don’t agree totally. Employees who stay far and especially in metros where commute eats up half of your time, this move is good as you can save approx. 3-4 hrs daily. The downside of this is since you are at home you will not be interacting much with the team which results in losing the touch between two employees which is not the case up till now. Also, when you are sitting and talking to someone face to face you tend to learn from another person which won’t be the case going forward. Health issues will be seen more often as there will be hardly anybody movement also most of us do not have a good setup to work from home the way we have in the office.
Economy Perspective – This perspective no one has thought about and hardly talked about as well. What will be effective in our economy in our environment if most of the people start working from home? The advantage will be since most of the people will be at home there will be less pollution, fewer vehicles on the road, easy access to transport. The downside of this will be fuel consumption will go down, companies which run cabs for employees will be affected as they won’t be needed, similarly, catering won’t be needed to that extent so hotels will be affected which will result in job cuts for cab drivers, hotel workers, etc. Overall, you will see it will create a negative impact on our economy
It is difficult to say that if we go ahead and see this norm in the future will it affect each one of us in a positive or negative manner. It totally depends on each one of us, how we take it? I leave it to you guys to decide and see the pros and cons of it.
If you want to see more such blogs please leave your comments in the comment section. You can also reach out to us by clicking on this link.
Well wait for the next blog, until then see ya! KEEP READING & SMILING
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Contribute by purchasing books and artwork. Drop an email for the same, or go to the link given. | <urn:uuid:e3dceb78-3683-4588-b5d7-e410754afaa5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spiritedblogger.com/is-work-from-home-a-good-idea-in-the-long-run/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.9602 | 844 | 1.5 | 2 |
Nasreen AbdulJaleel and Yan Qu
Domain ontologies contain information about the important concepts in a domain, the associated attributes and the relationships between various concepts. The manual creation of domain ontologies is an expensive and time consuming process. In this paper, we present an approach to the automatic extraction of domain ontologies from domain-specific text. This approach uses dependency relations between terms to represent text as a graph. The graph based ranking algorithm HITS is used to identify domain keywords and to structure them as concepts and attributes. Experiments on two different domains, digital cameras and wines, show that our method performs well in comparison to other approaches. | <urn:uuid:a6a449f8-c8a5-47ee-86f3-afcb89c4a192> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://aaai.org/Library/Workshops/2005/ws05-07-007.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00497-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920189 | 131 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Some questions in the questionnaire must appear only if a prior question was answered in a certain way. This is called a 'question pre-condition'.
A single question asks one question in one screen. However, in some cases you'll need to ask more questions on a specific matter. For example, when you need information about a party to an agreement, you normally need more information than just the 'company's name'. It allows you to create several fields related to the same entity. | <urn:uuid:730b6136-9df0-45fd-a249-54601481c27e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://legalup.me/knowledge-base/category/introduction/functions-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.949932 | 103 | 1.875 | 2 |
We’re not only writers; we’re readers and below are some of the highlights of the past few weeks that we wish to share:
Privilege Discomfort: Why You Need to Get the Fuck Over It
There exists a kind of vacuum effect that occurs when people, particularly people who are privileged (which most of us are in some manner or another), read or learn information about the manifold oppressions that exist in society today. To be clear, when I say privileged, I am not talking about the upper-class “1 percenters” that we see in shows like Gossip Girl. I’m talking about white people, men, straight people, cisgender people, thin people, able-bodied people, and people who might not necessarily be rich, but don’t want for basic needs such as food and shelter. (Feminspire)
‘Duck Dynasty’ (…) Claims Black People Were ‘Happy’ Pre-Civil Rights
“I never, with my eyes, saw the mistreatment of any black person,” Robertson is quoted in GQ. “Not once. Where we lived was all farmers. The blacks worked for the farmers. I hoed cotton with them. I’m with the blacks, because we’re white trash. We’re going across the field…. They’re singing and happy. I never heard one of them, one black person, say, ‘I tell you what: These doggone white people’—not a word!… Pre-entitlement, pre-welfare, you say: Were they happy? They were godly; they were happy; no one was singing the blues. (HuffPost)
Dragon’s Note: Fuck this guy and everyone like him.
Why You’re Not Married
I was, for some reason, born knowing how to get married. Growing up in foster care is a big part of it. The need for security made me look for very specific traits in the men I dated — traits it turns out lead to marriage a surprisingly high percentage of the time. Without really trying to, I’ve become a sort of jailhouse lawyer of relationships — someone who’s had to do so much work on her own case that I can now help you with yours. (HuffPost)
When Coaches Pop A Red Pill Before An Interview!
11 Inspiring Sofía Vergara Quotes
These quotes will only fuel your obsession. (BuzzFeed)
Dragon’s Note: This woman could quote Dr. Seuss and we’d still be paying attention.
8 Proven Principles of Exercise Intensity…
It is only a blessed few athletes who continually train throughout life and exclusively experience “effort in, equals effort out” results. By far, the vast majority of active individuals will experience plateaus in their training. This is not an indication that bad habits are present, or that a body cannot continue to grow toward its potential. (CatheDotCom)
Obligatory Photo of Lady Dragon Lisa Ann Training…
Merry Christmas men, and God Bless America!See some words or phrases that you don't understand? Check out The Dragon's Lexicon. | <urn:uuid:a848451c-e9a8-4068-9502-4f587577c910> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://halloftheblackdragon.com/reel/dragon-bytes-volume-08-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00022-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950114 | 685 | 1.546875 | 2 |
PARAGON retrofit telemetry continues to breathe new life in an old well.
23rd January 2018
Another milestone! Back in the early 2000’s, a permanent gauge failed in a deepwater subsea well and bottom hole pressure data was lost. This oilfield uses water injection to boost production but for nearly five years the bottom hole data was unavailable, and water injection pressure could not be regulated for optimum production.
In 2009 Metrol was able to retrofit the PARAGON wireless gauge system into the completion returning the well to ‘smart’ mode; the client has enjoyed increased productivity thanks to eight years of bottom hole pressure and temperature data. This system runs entirely on battery power and is setting new benchmarks and altering industry expectations.
Read the PARAGON retrofit case study here. | <urn:uuid:495895ff-8dd2-473e-b45a-5477bc31f7aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://metrol.co.uk/news/paragon-retrofit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.921823 | 165 | 1.757813 | 2 |
ireless is becoming more pervasive in the, industrial sector so we wanted to make sure ISA would continue to help the automation practitioners deploy this technology in the most reliable and efficient way," said CONTROL contributor Ian Verhappen, ISA's vice president of standards and practices. So, in an effort to reach end users of wireless technology in the industry, The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) has formed a new standards committee known as ISA-SP100.
Verhappen said the new standard will meet all the needs of security and a reliable signal and be cost effective for end users.
“The new committee will address wireless and control system issues in environments where manufacturers deploy wireless technology. It will also address technology life cycle for wireless equipment and systems and applications of wireless technology,” he said.
Other aspects of wireless connectivity that the standard will cover include vibration, temperature, humidity, EMC, interoperability, coexistence with existing systems, and physical equipment location. Applications will include field sensors used for monitoring, control, alarm, and shutdown; wireless technology with uses of real time field-to-business systems; and technologies across all industries, including fluid processing, material processing, and discrete parts manufacturing environments. | <urn:uuid:11961491-81fc-4d9e-9f1b-32c40f44fa1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.controlglobal.com/industrynews/2005/65/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00212-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936928 | 255 | 2.03125 | 2 |
The social cost of incentives to breed
It's time to think of the welfare of the children born to young, lone mothers, writes Bettina Arndt.
It wasn't supposed to be a breeding budget. Fertility didn't rate a mention in the budget speech. The maternity payment was about giving mothers extra cash to cope with the costs of raising children. If this led to a boost in the fertility rate this was merely seen as a bonus.
But when Peter Costello started joking about popping babies - "one for your husband, one for your wife . . . " - it was on for young and old. Bonking for your country was the gag that kept journalists entertained for the entire week.
Speculation began about just who was being encouraged to breed - leading to stories suggesting teenage girls would be inspired to take the leap. In fact, teenage girls are the least of our problems. Luckily, their birth rates have been dropping since the 1980s - only a hundred 14-year-olds had babies in 2002, according to ANU demographer Peter McDonald.
There is no way of telling whether this type of cash bonus could have any real effects on the fertility rate - international research suggests it is difficult to link fertility rates to any specific policy changes.
But there is one group we should be concerned about, if the measure did carry real bite. These are the slightly older women, aged 20 to 24, who are doing most to swell the ranks of single mothers in our country. Nearly two-thirds (61 per cent) of children born to women aged 20 to 24 are born out of wedlock. While some of these children start off with parents in de facto relationships, most end up with lone mothers.
This is dramatically pushing up the numbers of late 20s lone parents - the proportion of 25 to 29-year-old lone parents who are never married leapt from 37 per cent in 1986 to 66 per cent in 2001, according to Monash University's recent report, Men and Women Apart.
It's a mighty task providing them with life opportunities to challenge the attractions of lone motherhood.
As this report points out, these lone mothers are propping up our fertility rate - recent declines in Australia's fertility would have been far greater were it not for the increasing numbers of births to unmarried women.
But this comes at a cost - the growth in lone mothers is largely responsible for the significant leap in children growing up in jobless families, according to research by Professor Bob Gregory at the ANU, who also showed that lone parents spent on average 12 years on welfare support.
Most children born into these families grow up in poverty, and often fail to complete their schooling and so miss out on many of life's opportunities.
It's hardly in our country's interests to encourage more children to be born into these circumstances. Yet the $3000 maternity payment in the budget is a drop in the ocean, compared with the incentives already on offer.
Welfare support for a woman raising a child on her own is almost double the amount she'd receive on unemployment - more than $300,000 compared with $162,000 over the 16-year eligibility period. The young women who end up lone parents are mainly poorly educated, often from deprived backgrounds. Faced with an unexpected pregnancy, there's everything to encourage them to embrace motherhood.
"It's glorified in our community. The girls see it as giving them someone to love," says Tracy Smith who, with her midwife colleague Debby Pattrick, runs the Core of Life Program, educating Frankston teenagers about the realities of birth and parenthood.
Frankston is the area in Victoria with the highest proportion of young women having children on their own, according to Monash researcher Clare Hourigan, who is studying Victorian lone parents. More than 40 per cent of Frankston births to 20 to 24-year-olds are to single women.
Yet in this community the impact on the children is never raised, says Smith. "No one ever suggests that these girls are not able to give these babies the best chance in life. No one looks at the outcomes for the children."
It is a pattern repeated throughout our society. Just look at the parade of young single women falling pregnant on the Australian TV soaps. The drama about keeping the baby usually focuses on whether the mother will cope. "We play up the idea that being a strong single mother is better than relying on someone you are not in love with," says Home and Away script producer Ben Michael.
So we have Laurie, the show's latest 18-year-old mum, coping brilliantly with her infant - what a role model for the younger generation!
Yes, these young women often don't see many other options. It's a mighty task providing them with life opportunities - education and employment - to challenge the attractions of lone motherhood.
But it simply isn't in our interests to encourage this group to sustain our fertility rate. The costs - social and economic - are just too high.
Bettina Arndt is a staff writer. | <urn:uuid:9a3416a5-09e7-4b58-9941-be72eaea514e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/21/1085120116777.html?from=storylhs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971965 | 1,034 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Gibraltar is a Crown colony, connected by a narrow isthmus to southern Spain. The Gibraltar government is responsible for defined domestic matters, whilst the UK is responsible for Gibraltar's defence, foreign affairs and internal security. The Island has its own legal system, based on British common law but with its own statutes, known as ordinances. Some English Acts are extended to Gibraltar by Order in Council, others are enacted as ordinances and other areas are applied directly by the Gibraltar House of Assembly. Gibraltar is treated as a part of the member state of the UK for EU purposes and is included for all matters with the exception of the Common Customs Tariff, Common Agricultural Policy and Harmonisation of Turnover Taxes (notably Value Added Tax). Gibraltar's Companies Ordinance is based on the English Companies Act 1929. The incorporation of a Gibraltar company is usual in order to apply for a tax exempt qualifying company. The Income Tax Ordinance governs the taxation of companies in Gibraltar. The assessment basis for resident entities in on worldwide income, after deducting expenses wholly and exclusively connected with the production of the entity's income.
Non-Resident Controlled Companies
The income and profits of Gibraltar non-resident owned and controlled companies, which do not trade in, earn or remit income to Gibraltar are not liable to Gibraltar corporation tax. Annual accounts have to be submitted to the tax authorities in Gibraltar, together with written confirmation that the company fulfils the aforesaid requirements.
The Exempt Company
Gibraltar's main offshore vehicle is the exempt company, which is registered under the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance. An exempt company is so termed because it qualifies for certain exemptions from income tax, estate duty (abolished in 1997) and stamp duty. Apart form exemption from tax on profits, no tax is charged or payable on dividend, interest, directors fee, annual payment or other sum payable by the company to any person who is neither a Gibraltarian or a resident of Gibraltar. Estate duty was abolished in 197. To qualify for exemption, the following conditions must be complied with:
- the company must not trade or undertake any business in Gibraltar, unless with a non-resident or with other exempt or qualifying companies, unless the consent of the Gibraltar authorities has been obtained;
- the company must have a paid-up share capital of not less than UK£100 or the foreign currency equivalent;
- no Gibraltar resident or Gibraltarian may hold any beneficial interest in the shares of the company;
- the company must pay its annual exemption tax on 1 March of each year;
- the company must keep its register of members in Gibraltar;
- the company must not change its beneficial ownership, objects, increase its share capital or change it name without first obtaining consent; and
- a director or the company secretary must be resident in Gibraltar.
The Qualifying Company
A qualifying company is a company registered under the Income Tax (Qualifying Companies) Rules. These companies can either be incorporated in Gibraltar or can be a company incorporated overseas but registered in Gibraltar. Qualifying companies put tax on profits at prescribed rates, being not less than 2% nor more than 18%. The usual rates, with the exception of loan interest which is exempt from taxation, directors' fees or annul payments made by a qualifying company to a non-resident person, other than a permitted individual, is taxed at the prescribed rate. Any dividend declared by the company is subject to tax at the rate prescribed to be paid by the company. All shares, loans and debentures held in, and policies of life assurance issued by a qualifying company are exempt from estate duty, so long as they are not made by a Gibraltarian or a resident. In order to register, the following conditions must be complied with:
- no Gibraltarian or resident of Gibraltar may have a beneficial interest in the shares;
- the company's paid-up share capital must be UK£100 or the equivalent;
- the company must not trade or undertake any business in Gibraltar except with other qualifying companies, qualifying individuals, exempt companies or non-residents;
- the company's register of members must be kept in Gibraltar or, if a registered branch of an overseas company, a certified true copy thereof;
- the sum of UK£1000 must be deposited with the Gibraltar Government as security for future taxes;
- a fee of UK£250 must be paid for the Qualified Certificate; and
- the company secretary or a director must be a resident of Gibraltar.
Parent-Subsidiary Rules And The Gibraltar 1992 Company
EU legislation regarding dividends paid across borders between member states has been implemented in Gibraltar. Any Gibraltar registered company which holds at least 25% voting share capital of a company registered in another member state, will not be liable to pay any Gibraltar corporation tax on any income derived from that company. Any dividends paid by a Gibraltar company to a company in another member state, which holds at least 25% of the Gibraltar company's voting capital, will not be liable to Gibraltar withholding tax. A recent interesting development involved EC Directive 90/435, which requires most member states to exempt dividends paid by subsidiary companies to parent companies from withholding tax, when both such companies are resident in EU countries. The Gibraltar 1992 Company concept was created with a view of specifically taking advantage of this directory. A Gibraltar 1992 Company is a Gibraltar resident of company, certified by the Gibraltar Financial & Development Secretary. Dividends paid by a Gibraltar 1992 Company are liable in Gibraltar to a withholding tax of only 1%. Interest paid to a non-resident by a Gibraltar 1992 Company will not be liable to withholding tax. The principal requirements for a company to be registered as a 1992 Company are:
- the company must have been registered or incorporated in Gibraltar on or after 1 January 1992;
- the company must be ordinarily resident in Gibraltar;
- the company's main objective must be to hold relevant participations;
- at least 51% of its annual income must derive from relevant participations;
- the company must have a proper physical presence in Gibraltar (ie. premises of at least 400ft² and a minimum of two employees);
- no Gibraltarian or resident of Gibraltar may have a beneficial interest in its share capital;
- a reasonable debt/equity ratio must be maintained. A Gibraltar 1992 Company's main benefit is in the area of withholding tax, since it is otherwise taxed in a similar manner to a company ordinarily resident in Gibraltar. Income not exempt under the Parent-Subsidiary Rules and the Gibraltar 1992 Company creates a tax efficient vehicle for the remittance or profits of a non-EU parent company. Rulings in member states will be necessary in order to confirm the viability of any particular structure.
Double Taxation Treaties
No double taxation treaties exist between Gibraltar an other countries. In practice, however, double taxation relief is granted on reciprocal basis in respect of certain UK and Commonwealth income. Other foreign tax paid on remitted income is treated as an allowable expense by concession.
Capital And Indirect Taxes
Gibraltar does not apply any investment income surcharge, capital gains tax, value added or sales tax or capital transfer tax. There is a varying scale of import duty. Excise duties are levied mainly on spirits, wines, tobacco and mineral oils.
Losses can be carried forward indefinitely but cannot be carried back. This relief applies to both local trading entities and qualifying companies.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
This article also appears in the 'International Offshore and Financial Centres Handbook 2001. For further information about this highly informative guide to offshore centres, or to order your copy, please phone +44 (0) 207 820 7733 or send an email to email@example.com | <urn:uuid:16a7ce4d-bafd-41f8-9bd0-bb5437cbeca0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mondaq.com/x/7323/offshore+financial+centres/The+Advantages+Of+Using+Gibraltar+As+An+Offshore+Centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00013-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952493 | 1,602 | 2.203125 | 2 |
drew.kay at gmail.com
Thu Dec 24 05:54:56 UTC 2009
Yum-Arch is, I think, a red herring. Yum-Arch, according to pbone:
"This package only provides the old yum-arch command from yum-2.2.2
It should be used to generate repository informations for Fedora Core < 3
and RedHat Enterprise Linux < 4."
So that's not even relevent to CentOS 4 or 5 in any way.
Hadi: Have you tried downloading and installing the yum package from
the CentOS mirrors?
"Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood."
More information about the CentOS | <urn:uuid:570cacf2-9dc2-4dd8-b3a5-df68a953270c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos/2009-December/087812.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00271-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831522 | 151 | 1.523438 | 2 |
When to visit secondary schools?(40 Posts)
Do most people go in year 5 to have a look round and how do you find out when open days are? We are in Hampshire.
One question I asked at a recent open day was on movement between sets in subjects. This particular school reassessed quite regularly so a child that took a bit of time to settle in wouldn't necessarily be stuck in the wrong set all year.
We looked around in first term of Yr 5. Also let the child have some input. We took DS to visit three schools that academically were quite similar but in terms of setting - urban, semi rural, sports etc were quite different.
DS beings sports mad we thought would love the school with miles of sporting fields, instead was excited about the school in the urban setting.
All things being equal I would allow the child to be the tie-breaker.
WRT clubs - at my DD's secondary the sixth form run a lot of lunchtime clubs - I think if they have a strong interest in a subject they are encouraged to run a club once a fortnight- so they have clubs for Manga drawing, line-dancing, poetry, knitting, poster design and sculpture, as well as rounders, tennis and netball and general football free for all.... The teachers there run clubs some terms - drama, choir, debating, lots of sports, science, and some others.....
But to be honest we did not really look at clubs, other than to comment that there was a lot going on that wasn't just sport and some seemed very "inventive" .
One of the things that was encouraging to us when choosing a school was that HALF the A' level Maths students were girls - and that there were actually girls doing A' level Physics too! (3 out of our 4 local schools had around 10% of the A' level Maths students girls, and NO female A' level Physics students at all - and they hadn't for the past 3 years...).
We have scientifically/academically inclined girls and that said a lot to us..
Steppemum; thanks for the reply, but to answer your point a lot of staff do not have time to run clubs, this does not effect the ethos of the school as a whole and should not be a basis of choosing a school
especially as staff come and go
cricket balls - what I meant about the clubs I think was a bit more about what is valued in the school, not really individual teachers.
Some schools seem to focus heavily on their sports clubs and teams, and have little else, others seem to have a interesting variety of quirky clubs, which always gives me the impression that they like to try in introduce kids to new things. One school was very proud of their debating club, but I thought reflected something about their values with regard to developing articulate free thinkers.
Obviously this is only an impression, and it may be totally wrong, but it all adds up to the overall impression you get.
My understanding is that 'sets' set for each subject individually - so you might be great at French but less able at maths, and for each subject you would be in the appropriate set. With 'streams' they divide the year into groups and work on the presumption that if you are struggling with/good at one subject then you would be struggling with / good at them all.
Can someone please tell me what is the difference between sets and streams thanks
cricket balls...it may say you have too much paperwork too do! I'm guessing though that if all the clubs are sports based my dad wouldn't give two hoots! She is into the arts side of life.
I would agree with Backforgood - there are always lots of changes that happen in a very short space of time so the focus on what currently occurs at KS4 shouldn't be the forefront of your mind.
I would question through the suggestion by Steppemum that clubs give a good indicator of what the teachers find important; I find a lot of things important; academic, pastoral, learning styles, a student's future, a student's present but I don't run a club as I don't have time.....what does this say about me?
I think it depends where (geographically) in the school the lockers are. ds used his throughout yrs 7 -11, and, now in her school, dd uses hers every day too - indeed her PE kit tends to live in there and only the shirt comes home for the occasional wash. It's great not to have to lug it back and forth each day.
But ask the pupils that show you round.... try and get one that's not in Yr7 as of course they can't answer any of your questions, and if you are shown round by an adult, they give you the "hard sell". Older pupils will tell it as it is more often than not.
Year 7 are obsessed with lockers. They are utterly manic about them.
It's American tv.
Then never use them.
Wow thanks everyone...so helpful. Two further away weren't over subscribed last year so there is hope. I've decided to go along without dd first and ask for a tour in the daytime. I feel more armed to know what to expect now but please let me know if you have any other top tips.
Forget lockers though - my dd has one and never uses it - there is not enough time between lessons to put anything in or out, there is not enough time at break to get a snack/drink and get PE kit for next lesson etc.... I wish she would use it - even just for trainers/PE kit.... but totally impractical in real life.... we were told on open day it is the thing most parents ask about.
One thing it's worth having at the back of your mind, is, whatever the answer to all your questions on the day you look round, is almost certain to change before you get to GCSE choices - sometimes teachers leave and the school can't offer a subject (say German) anymore; sometimes a new HT (or sometimes HofD) comes and changes policy on things - eg setting; more often than not the Gvmnt will introduce some change to the system.
What you have to do is not get too fixated on one particular point (like a 2nd language or a 3rd science at GCSEs) but consider the whole package, including Steppemum's list.
Also agree about looking in the toilets.
My experience (3rd child transferring to Yr7 in September) around here, certainly, is that the better the open evening, the less good the school. The totally oversubscribed schools don't have to try so hard to impress as those with a less good reputation. Of course it's a generalisation, but I'm not the only person to comment on it around here.
Do a lot of
talking listening to other parents in the area. Some will complain about things you think are a positive thing. Some will have an individual axe to grind, but if you listen to dozens, then you will get a general picture of the school and work out which go against the flow.
questions I asked:
sets - I wanted setting for each subject
science - wanted 3 sciences offered at GCSE not 2
languages - don't want them forced into German or Spanish (instead of French) in year 7 as already doing french
music lesson availability
clubs - good indicator of what the teachers find important!
pastoral care - one school here has no tutor groups or class base for the kids, I don't like it
practical things - bus routes, lunch/canteen, lockers or lack of
mummy - we are similar, local school is sink school
but the two good schools we like, although further away, take a lot of children from all over town, and there is no real reason why we wouldn't get into one or the other.
I know that isn't the same everywhere, but don't assume you won't get in, ask and see how far away the children were who got in this year.
Where we are year 5 doesn't seem to be a bulge year. dd2s year is huge bulge, hopefully if we need to we can get sibling preference by then, if none of them pass for the grammar
I definitely need to do some more research about the likely hood of getting in. We have one local school - results wise not good. There are another 3. The results get better the further away from home we go!
I need to think about this don't I (DS in year 4)? At the moment our village is in the catchment of v good secondary school but not convinced it will stay in that catchment as there are other nearer secondary schools. Will do looking in year 5 I think.
Friday afternoon - by separate arrangement, IMO= you can see what the school is really like.Look at the kids loos - will tell you all you need to know
We visited open evenings in y5 of our 2 local schools (also in Hants).
This helped us get the general feel and an idea of what we would be looking for.
Then went back in y6 to open evening of our likely preferred one with DD1. We also went to open day to second choice (without DD1) and then open day to first choice (with DD1).
In our opinion, DD1 was not mature enough to make the choice, we were clear it was our decision but we would listen to her views.
Open evenings are advertised in local paper, but no harm in contacting school in July / early Sept to find out date.
Interestingly our 2 schools, both good academically, but with a very different 'feel' to them, so definitely visit, don't just go on Ofsted or a possibly out-of-date reputation.
Things we didn't find out but should have:
- do they stream (in my opinion a bad thing), or just set (a good thing)
- what is compulsory at GCSE, and how many extra options
we have open evenings and open mornings. they tend to be in June /July and in Sept /Oct.
ds is in year 5. We went to 3 open evenings at beginning of year 5 to have a look. That actually started us on a totally unexpected route, towards taking the 11+ for a Grammar school across the county boundary.
Open evenings are a presentation and a look around the school, uusually with activites in different areas.
Open days/mornings are with the school in full flow.
We are heading off to 2 open mornings in June, at 2 likely schools. I have already seen 2 schools will have open evenings/days in sept, so we will visit them then. Some of these are repeat visits to same schools (but now we will go during the day and see the school in action)
Days/mornings are much better as the school is in action, but it can be hard to justify too many days off school too early! Which is why we went to evenings first. It is a hard choice for us here, and I couldn't wait until Sept to see and then put in an application in Oct. We started looking because one school sent home invitations to Year 5 students.
Try to only go to ones you have a realistic chance of getting into as otherwise your DC or you might love one and feel disappointed.
Try to visit on a normal school day, rather than an open day.
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Please login first. | <urn:uuid:85b91a50-2857-4aad-bd3a-94ab1260250a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/secondary/1751967-When-to-visit-secondary-schools?reverse=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00408-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97947 | 2,457 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Submitted to: Eucarpia Fruit Breeding Symposium
Publication Type: Abstract only
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/16/2007
Publication Date: 9/16/2007
Citation: Ledbetter, C.A. 2007. Apricot variety development in California's San Joaquin Valley. Eucarpia Fruit Breeding and Genetics Symposium. 12th Annual Meeting, Zaragoza, Spain, September 16-20, 2007, (abstracts of meeting not published). Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Commercial apricot production began in California's mild coastal valleys during the early part of the 20th century. Varieties such as 'Blenheim,' 'Derby,' 'Hemskirke,' 'Moorpark,''Newcastle,''Steward,''Tilton' and 'Wiggins' were all cultivated commercially throughout the growing regions for fresh market, canning and dried fruit production. As California's population increased, growers were forced to move production from the mild coastal valleys to the harsher environment of the San Joaquin Valley where higher summer temperatures made most apricot varieties unsuitable for cultivation. Due to this dramatic change in growing regions, the Agricultural Research Service began breeding improved apricot varieties in 1955, with particular attention being given to pit-burn resistance. 'Perfection' was used extensively in the early rounds of hybridization to impart large fruit size and flesh firmness. 'Castleton' apricot was introduced by ARS in 1963 as an apricot suitable for production in the San Joaquin Valley and being resistant to pit-burn caused by high summer temperatures. 'Patterson' apricot was developed by a private breeder and became available to growers in 1969. This variety's popularity increased steadily due to it being used as both a fresh market and a processing apricot. Today, approximately 60% of California's apricot production is attributed to the 'Patterson' variety. New apricot variety development has continued at ARS, and nine new varieties have been provided to growers since the introduction of 'Castleton.' ARS apricots from the San Joaquin Valley are noted for their firm and dark orange flesh. Central Asian apricot germplasm has been utilized in hybridizations since the early 1990's to enhance sugar content and introduce genetic diversity into the San Joaquin Valley adapted apricots. Through continued breeding efforts, apricot maturation now occurs over a two-month period at a given location. | <urn:uuid:da2b300d-3185-4f52-879f-28f74bfeec3f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=210964 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00138-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932905 | 514 | 2.46875 | 2 |
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11 Sneaky Signs of Breast Cancer
“Breast cancer can sneak up on you before you have any sort of clue as to what’s going on. In part, that’s because most women are on the lookout for a lump in their breasts—and not for other common indicators. That’s a mistake, because while a lump is the most recognized symptom of this dreaded disease, it’s by no means the only one. Different kinds of cancer produce different symptoms, and many cancers produce no lumps at all.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that over 190,000
women will be diagnosed with breast cancer annually. One in 8 women will contract breast cancer in her lifetime. Though the disease gone untreated can be deadly, when breast cancer is detected
early, in what is called the “localized stage,” the 5-year survival rate is 100 percent. Being aware of possible symptoms other than a lump in your breast could save your life.” | <urn:uuid:24fa99fa-5010-44ed-a211-e457dbe3b2c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.diyfix.org/11-sneaky-signs-of-breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94689 | 228 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The Invention Of The Sewing Machine
SUCCESS AND FAILURE
IMAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY- Skylar
Elisa Howe Suing Isaac Singer
Elias Howe sued Isaac Singer for stealing his idea and Elisa won. Elias become rich from the sue and made more sewing machines that he sold at a cheaper price, and become a millionaire by the time he died.
Create your own unique website with customizable templates. | <urn:uuid:4de91990-2113-4921-b56b-9c148df2bea7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nhdsewingmachine.weebly.com/turn-around.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.768402 | 189 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Thunbergia shrubs are exuberant purple flowering plants that can dress up any South Florida garden.
This shrub is a vigorous grower with a sprawling form that often gives the plant an attractive, somewhat weepy appearance. The leaves are small and pretty for an overall fine-textured look.
It blossoms with velvety flowers all year, more in warmer months. 'King's Mantle' has a rich, dark purple flower with a yellow throat. The color tends to be stronger in sun and look more blue in a bit more shade.
These plants can be kept around 4 or 5 feet tall, though you can let them get much larger.
Though lush and full during warm weather, this plant can look threadbare in winter so avoid making it a front yard focal point unless the area is a sheltered one.
The lesser-known 'Blue Moon' variety has violet-blue blossoms and 'Alba' has white blooms. A relative is the exquisite Sky Vine.
Best as an informal hedge or accent, this shrub works very well with a casual, cottage garden style.
It can also be tucked into a tropical garden, or add some pizzazz to more typical landscaping.
These are fast growers that do best in full to part sun. They'll also grow in partial shade though you won't get as many blooms.
Thunbergias prefer the warmer weather of Zone 10. They're considered evergreen, though in a colder winter they can defoliate a little - or a lot. After a spring pruning they generally bounce back.
You can trim this shrub as small as 4 feet tall and wide...or allow it to grow bigger (12 feet or more) if you prefer.
Add composted cow manure and organic peat moss (or top soil) to the hole when you plant.
Trim lightly for shape as needed and do a hard pruning in spring (late March or early April) for size and/or to encourage new growth.
This plant needs a regular drink of water, though it likes the area where it's planted to drain well.
Fertilize 3 times a year - in spring, summer, and autumn - with a quality granular fertilizer.
You may want to supplement feedings with bloom boosters like bone meal and liquid fertilizer.
Place these shrubs 3 to 5 feet from the nearest plant. To grow in a row you can plant them 3 feet apart.
Come out from the house 3 or 4 feet.Along a walk or drive, give them about 4 feet for clearance as they mature.
This shrub will do fine in a container. | <urn:uuid:f938f27f-9343-4430-a41d-9395aa827ddb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.south-florida-plant-guide.com/thunbergia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948884 | 548 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Bushfire has long been part of the Australian natural environment. Due to climate change, however, the frequency, severity and unpredictability of bushfire has reached unprecedented levels across Australia. The catastrophic impact of the Black Summer bushfires of 2019-2020 brought to the nation’s attention that the risk of bushfire is spreading from the rural and urban-bushland interface and into towns and built-up areas. Governments at the local, state, and federal levels are introducing regulatory imperatives for planning and construction in bushfire prone areas to protect people and property and to improve bushfire resilience. This has highlighted the need for national skills standards to support a range of job roles associated with the application of planning and building requirements to improve bushfire resilience of developments in bushfire prone areas.
On behalf of the Property Services Industry Reference Committee (IRC), Artibus Innovation is managing the development of a Diploma of Bushfire Protection Assessment. The Australian Industry Skills Council (AISC) approved the project in December 2021. The Case for Change outlining the rationale for the project can be downloaded below.
The aim of the proposed Diploma of Bushfire Assessment Protection is to provide a vocational training pathway into the field for practitioners wanting to specialise in bushfire consultancy and for those working in related areas wanting to upskill and improve their knowledge of factors affecting bushfire behaviour, and the planning and building regulatory frameworks and strategies used to mitigate bushfire impacts on property. Related occupations include:
- bushfire attack level (BAL) assessors
- bushfire consultants (Planning)
- local government officers working in land use planning, building approvals and emergency management
- building designers
- building surveyors / certifiers
- landscape gardeners
- fire services assessment officers
- land use planning consultants
- conservation and land management officers.
Broad stakeholder consultation is scheduled to commence 10 March 2022, when draft units of competency and a draft qualification structure will be made available on this project page for feedback.
On-line consultation workshops are planned for Thursday 24 March 2022. This is an opportunity to discuss the drafts with the project team by joining either the morning or the afternoon session. The focus of the workshop will be the draft units and the skills and knowledge required for work activities related to bushfire protection assessment.
The scope of the project was informed by preliminary consultation with subject matter experts and a workforce analysis of skills and knowledge required by individuals whose work involves the application of planning, development and building legislation and policies to improve bushfire resilience and safety of property in bushfire prone areas. They work in a range of government and private practice contexts in roles such as bushfire attack level assessors, bushfire consultants, local government officers in land use planning, building approvals and emergency management, builders, building designers, building surveyors/certifiers, landscape gardeners and fire services assessment officers.
Opportunity to have your say!
The first draft of one qualification, a Diploma of Bushfire Protection Assessment and nine new units of competency are now available for your review and comment. The units are:
- Analyse factors affecting bushfire behaviour
- Assess compliance of building materials for bushfire resilience
- Assess compliance of building design for bushfire resilience
- Advise on improvements to existing developments for bushfire resilience
- Advise on landscaping design measures for bushfire resilience
- Prepare a bushfire emergency plan for domestic premises
- Determine bushfire regulatory requirements for simple subdivisions in bushfire prone areas
- Determine bushfire regulatory requirements for complex subdivisions in bushfire prone areas
- Determine bushfire regulatory requirements for vulnerable occupants in bushfire prone areas.
The first draft of the new units and proposed structure of a Diploma of Bushfire Assessment Protection were available for public consultation between 10 March and 10 April 2022.
Thank you to all who provided valuable feedback via the online feedback survey, emailing the project directly, attending the webinars or through telephone discussions with the technical writer or project manager. The collated feedback is available to download below.
In addition to the Artibus Innovation newsletters in March and April, stakeholders were alerted to the opportunity to provide feedback on the draft training products by direct emails to all 547 local governments across Australia, to 74 contacts on the Artibus database who had contributed to related areas of Building Design and Building Surveying, and to 26 RTOs with the unit PUAFIR518 Conduct and record a bushfire attack level (BAL) assessment listed on scope. Two information webinars were conducted on 24 March 2022, with a combined attendance of 13 participants. In addition, using its newsletter the Fire Protection Association of Australia’s alerted its members (approximately 300) to the project.
The predominate feedback was from NSW bushfire consultants. While supporting the qualification as a pathway for those entering the field, and as a pathway to further post graduate studies, they did not support the qualification being recognised in the industry accreditation scheme. Matters of industry accreditation have been referred to the Fire Protection Association of Australia, the agency that administers the accreditation scheme.
Strong feedback was received not to include the unit referring to vulnerable occupants. In consideration of this feedback and on advice from the technical advisory group, this unit has been removed.
After analysis and consideration of feedback, unit titles and content have been adjusted to clarify intended outcomes and the qualification structure and packaging rules have been refined to enhance flexibility.
The second drafts of the training components for bushfire protection assessment were available for public consultation between 10 May and 31 May 2022. Feedback received during the validation stage was considered by subject matter experts and changes made to the units where they agreed that the feedback was relevant to the intended outcome. The unit ‘Prepare a bushfire emergency plan for domestic premises’ was adjusted. Domestic premises was replaced with small scale buildings, which were defined as ‘less than 500 square metres’.
The Case for Endorsement Bushfire Protection Assessment, one qualification, and eight new units of competency underwent independent Editorial and Equity and Quality Assurance reviews and the products met the requirements of the Standards for Training Packages 2012, Training Package Products Policy and the Training Package Development and Endorsement Process Policy.
The Case for Endorsement – Bushfire Protection Assessment, the CPP51222 Diploma of Bushfire Protection Assessment and the new units (listed below) are now with the State and Territory Training Authorities for their review.
- CPPBPA5001 Assess factors affecting bushfire behaviour
- CPPBPA5002 Advise on building materials for bushfire resilience
- CPPBPA5003 Advise on building design for bushfire resilience
- CPPBPA5004 Advise on landscaping design measures for bushfire resilience
- CPPBPA5005 Advise on improvements to existing developments for bushfire resilience
- CPPBPA5006 Prepare a bushfire emergency plan for small scale buildings
- CPPBPA5007 Assess statutory planning applications for compliance with bushfire requirements
- CPPBPA5008 Assess strategic planning proposals for compliance with bushfire requirements.
It is anticipated that the training components for Bushfire Protection Assessment will be submitted to the Commonwealth Government in early September in preparation for consideration by the Australian Industry and Skills Committee (AISC) at its meeting 12 October 2022.
CURRENT PROJECT DOWNLOADSCase for Endorsement - Bushfire Protection and Assessment
CPP51222 Diploma of Bushfire Protection Assessment
Units of Competency | <urn:uuid:e0778f73-acb9-4df1-b4e4-511293439dcb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://artibus.com.au/bushfire-protection-assessment/?fbclid=IwAR1QbPs6xtUbLxDiYwoMiU9bsoCijjTuAdkqxQuyP7laZpTgZo87JoIm95E | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.930994 | 1,585 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Challenger Transport pioneers auto LPG
CHALLENGER Auto LPG, a subsidiary of Challenger Transport Company, is aiming to break new ground in Jamaica providing auto liquefied petroleum gasoline for use in automobiles.
According to Challenger Transport CEO Nigel Pagon, the fuel type -- which he says is cheaper and cleaner than regular gasoline -- will be available for the first time in Jamaica in commercial quantities.
Pagon says that his company will provide the facility for converting vehicles from petrol to LPG and will offer the fuel for sale from his Lyndhurst Road location in Kingston.
Conversion of vehicles, he emphasises, will not interfere with the existing fuel delivery system, resulting in a dual fuel system in converted vehicles.
"LPG kits share nothing with the car's existing petrol delivery system," Pagon assures. The kit consists of components that allow the driver to alternate between petrol and LGP if required.
Availability and distribution of the fuel is also not a problem, according to Pagon.
"Auto LPG is a byproduct of oil refining at our refinery at Petrojam right here in Jamaica," he explained. "It is 105 octane, superior to 87 and 90 (octane) gas, and doesn't contain any lead, thus making it burn more efficiently than petrol and diesel."
Pagon also added that motorists should not worry about damage to engines, as the LPG is contamination free. "The gas (LPG) is pressured and is distributed through injectors that we install and is computer controlled to provide optimum performance," he says.
"Vehicles that operate on Auto LPG have cleaner engines which result in lower maintenance costs," he adds.
The enterprising Pagon, whose company is agent for GM Motors in Jamaica, says that he will be focusing his roll-out in the Corporate Area before moving to Portmore in St Catherine.
"The target market initially is really taxis and companies with fleets, then private motor vehicle owners," he explained.
Pagon insists that the potential savings and benefits of converting to LPG are significant in the context of rising fuel costs and the "greenhouse effects on climate and ecological sustainability".
Charges to convert, according to Pagon, range from a four-cylinder vehicle at US$1000, a six-cylinder costing US$1200 and eight-cylinder vehicles such as trucks at US$1500.
"All of these costs are recoverable within 25 weeks of using LPG," he says.
Pagon tells Auto that this novel idea of an alternative fuel (LPG) for automobiles has already been utilised in 11 million vehicles worldwide in countries such as Australia, India, Europe, Canada, and in South America.
He contends that the greatest benefit to consumers is that auto LPG is almost half the price of other types of fuel offered at service stations across Jamaica.
Gas prices at March 2010 were recorded at approximately $89 per litre for 89 octane and $93 per litre for 90 octane.
"Filling an average 45-litre tank would therefore amount to a minimum of $4000, which could last some drivers maximum two-and-a-half weeks, depending on the voyage distance and driving frequency," Pagon calculates.
Auto LPG, on the other hand, would reflect rates between $51 to $58 per litre, due to fluctuation of ex-refinery prices at Petrojam, he noted.
"Drivers can travel the same distance with the same performance level on Auto LPG, which would drastically reduce their gas bill," he argues.
His research on Auto LPG since 2007 says that he has been doing extensive research on, and has made numerous presentations to government officials at the Ministry of Energy, corporate entities and the country's Energy Committee as a Green Energy project.
In collaboration with an Italian company, Zavoli Sri, Pagon says he is able to provide the LPG conversion kits needed for vehicle upgrading.
"This kit upgrades the vehicle's management system to a dual one, allowing for functions such as being able to effortlessly switch between regular petrol and Auto LPG by the touch of a button installed on your dashboard."
Pagon insists that the latest technology in the LPG conversion kits gives performance levels that are no different from, if not better than, petrol power engines.
"This is due to a second computer being installed in the vehicle which downloads the data from the vehicle's existing computer, so as not to compromise your performance, thus allowing the vehicle to operate at the same performance level as before."
Safety concerns are also given top priority as, according to Pagon, the LPG valves are designed to prevent fire or explosion in the event of an accident, thus making it safer than the car's petrol system.
Almost any vehicle -- 1986 models and upward -- can be upgraded to operate on auto LPG but Pagon warns that in order to ensure successful convertion, "installation should be undertaken by Challenger technicians who were trained by ISO 9001-qualified specialists from Zavoli Sri of Italy". | <urn:uuid:276b685f-20c7-4a8f-97f5-0aa4b15fb26d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Auto-LPG-in-ja_7463994 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00406-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962656 | 1,035 | 1.65625 | 2 |
The nation is headed toward another fiscal cliff at the end of this year — and national leaders who should be charting a safer path instead are sitting in the back seat, pointing fingers at each other. The American people deserve better.
Bush-era tax cuts of 2001 and 2003, already extended once, are due to expire Dec. 31. So is a payroll tax break and other tax relief measures. Then there’s “sequestration,” which sounds like an operation for a cat or dog, which in fact would “neuter” Congress and the president by imposing $109.3 billion in automatic budget cuts across the federal government over the next nine years — $54.7 billion each for defense and non-defense spending.
The effects of all this could be traumatic. The automatic defense cuts, on top of $487 billion in reductions already agreed to over the next decade, could have dire consequences for national security and military policy, according to Defense Secretary Leon Panetta.
Sequestration would slash funds for low-income school grants, special education and Head Start, affecting some 30.7 million children, according to Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa. Job-training funds and child care subsidies would disappear. Economists predict the loss of jobs and job support programs could plunge the nation back into recession.
Yet while just about everyone is horrified by the prospect of these clumsy, destructive, destabilizing budget cuts, there is no agreement about how to avoid them.
How did the country reach this unhappy place? The stage was set by another cliff-hanger last year, when the government nearly went into default as Congress refused to raise the debt ceiling. Normally a non-controversial process, this time Republicans alarmed by spiraling deficits resisted — until they exacted from Democrats a pledge to cut spending by $984 billion over the ensuing decade. As insurance, the deal included sequestration in case the two sides failed to agree on specifics.
That failure should hardly be a surprise. President Barack Obama proposed a $4 trillion deficit-reduction package that included spending cuts and higher rates for the wealthiest taxpayers. Republicans said “no” to any new or restored taxes, and countered with a plan to spare added defense cuts by eliminating $7.7 billion in food stamps spending next year alone, limiting Medicaid payments, requiring federal workers to pay more for their pensions and slashing more domestic spending. The Democrats wouldn’t have it.
Last week, Senate Democrats voted to preserve middle-class tax cuts. House Republicans are responding with a bill preserving all the Bush-era tax breaks.
Some short-term remedies are being discussed, including a six-month extension of spending at current levels, starting with the new fiscal year in October. Both sides could agree at least to extend middle-class tax breaks and make some modest defense cuts — then wrestle with the rest after the election.
But unless the moderate middle of Congress prevails over the extremes, the cliff looms — and whoever is president come January will have to pick up the pieces. | <urn:uuid:2c3a67ce-8626-4978-84f7-1da2e561089c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.syracuse.com/opinion/2012/08/sequestration_blues_automatic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.951656 | 627 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The coronavirus pandemic has thrown a curve ball to students this summer – from postponed camps and travel teams to less time having fun in the sun with friends. But children are learning a new lesson: The importance of wearing a face covering to keep family and friends safe.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says face coverings slow the spread of COVID-19 by people who unknowingly have the virus. New research published this summer in the Annals of Internal Medicine estimates anywhere from 30% to 45% of people with the coronavirus have no symptoms. In May, officials guessed about a quarter of Americans were asymptomatic.
“When kids and adults with COVID-19 breathe, speak, cough or sneeze, virus particles will be trapped in their mask, protecting other people from being infected,” explained Jennifer Frank, MD, Chief Medical Officer at ThedaCare, a Be Safe Wisconsin partner. “Respiratory droplets can spread the virus, so people wearing cloth face coverings play an important role in curbing cases.”
The CDC guidance on face coverings suggests everyone older than the age of two wear a cloth mask when outside the home. Making kids feel comfortable wearing a mask now will get them ahead of the school year, when they will likely be required to suit up with one in the classroom for everyone’s safety – students, teachers, parents and administrators.
Experts say getting kids to comply starts with parents and other authority figures in their life. Additional Be Safe Partners explain that when you are armed with the right information, it is as easy as 1-2-3.
- Speak honestly. Experts say children need to hear the facts but without the fear. Catalpa Health Psychiatrist, Eric Rueff, DO, said, “Explain the risk of illness, but do not try to scare children into wearing face coverings by giving worse case scenarios. Make them aware that when someone may have the illness and not know it, they could easily spread it.”
- Focus on germs. “Explain that germs are special to your own body. Some are good and some are bad,” said Peter Roloff, MD, and Pediatrician and Regional Medical Director of Primary Care at Ascension Medical Group Wisconsin. “Since we can’t always tell which are good or bad, a cloth face covering helps keep those germs away. Masks also help remind us not to touch our mouth and nose.”
- Empower children to be heroes. Children are often seen as potential “spreaders” of the coronavirus because most are believed to be asymptomatic or experience only mild symptoms. “They can protect older relatives and teachers who may get the illness worse than kids,” Dr. Rueff noted. This can be reinforced by watching videos on the topic as a family for younger children and teenagers. “Most of us are visual learners so this is a good way to learn together as a family.” Dr. Roloff added, “Some children feel that they do not have control of many things but wearing a mask and caring for others is something that they can control and feel empowered about.”
Of course, emotional support helps to make this change easier too. Be Safe Partners Ascension Medical Group Wisconsin, Catalpa Health, and ThedaCare say as parents and guardians educate and empower, they should do so with empathy and kindness all while having fun to keep everyone to alleviate any anxiousness along the way.
- Show empathy by commiserating with how annoying and stuffy a mask can be.
- Encourage kindness by modeling how masks are worn to keep others safe, which can be an altruistic feeling for a child.
- Be happy by injecting humor to diffuse stressful conflicts over wearing the mask, rather than letting any frustration lead to anger.
Leading by example is most effective when expecting change from your children, so parents do as you say not as you do. And older siblings wearing their own mask can make a difference too. Children look up to older family members and mimic them.
Be Safe Wisconsin experts suggest a family gradually introduce mask wearing and work toward permanent change. Work in increments: 5 minutes one time, then 10 minutes another, then 30 minutes and so on. The child eventually will get through an entire activity wearing a face covering. Practicing at home will help when children are in public. Parents will have less to worry about when it comes to proper us.
“Thanking children for wearing a mask to protect others will positively reinforce mask use and make the children feel like they are doing their part,” Dr. Roloff said.
Catalpa Health was a contributor to this article, written and published by Be Safe Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:a1df3d72-6713-44c6-b8f7-2984b5ee5507> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://catalpahealth.org/posts/encouraging-the-entire-family-to-mask-up-is-as-easy-as-1-2-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.961052 | 993 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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A collection of newspapers from various villages, towns and cities throughout the continental United States commemorating the centennial celebration of the American Revolution.
Papers are arranged alphabetically by city and paper within each state.
“The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education." –Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | <urn:uuid:a366cea4-f6e6-4f6f-b236-23b21fd991b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.proquest.com/products-services/acn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939332 | 100 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Unless you’re living in your own private microcosm you’ll have noticed the UK is experiencing something of a scorcher.
On Wednesday, heatwave temperatures of 30C arrived across London and the south east, prompting Public Health England (PHE) to urge caution and care, particularly to children and the elderly.
Dr Thomas Waite, Consultant inPublic Health Medicine and part of the Extreme Events team at PHE, said: “Many people will likely be out and about again today enjoying more the summer sun.
"That’s why it’s really important to remember that there are some people whose health suffers in hot weather. Older people, those with underlying health conditions and young children may all feel the ill-effects of heat over the coming days.
“We’re urging everyone to keep an eye on those you know who may be at-risk this summer. If you’re able, ask if your friends, family or neighbours need any help. There are lots of useful tips and guidance on NHS Choices website and more detail available in the Heatwave Plan for England.
The Met Office has issued a Level 3 Heatwave Action for London and the South East, warning people to stay out of the sun, keep homes as cool as possible and to keep drinking fluids.
Over the bank holiday, temperatures are predicted to tumble somewhat, with it becoming noticeably cooler from Thursday and falling to 21C on the Monday.
Showery outbreaks of rain are possible, as are the odd rumbles of thunder.
Neil Armstrong, Chief Operational Meteorologist at the Met Office, said: “Hot weather continues across East Anglia and southeast England today with temperatures likely to peak in the low 30’s Celsius after a very warm and humid night here.
“Elsewhere across England it will feel fresher today. Showery outbreaks of rain are possible across England later today and into Thursday which should then lead to a slightly less hot day on Thursday across the southeast of England, with temperatures in the mid 20’s Celsius.” | <urn:uuid:bd7d6a65-2f04-4f6c-8ee9-9182b89bacaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/uk-weather-forecasters-confirm-heatwave-temperatures_uk_57bdb52fe4b042aee74e5741 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940595 | 431 | 2.25 | 2 |
The Royal society of the United Kingdom has a much more reasonable and climate realist position on climate change. It is good to see some scientific turn away from hysteria and exaggeration.
Shock: Top British Scientists force Royal Society into Climate Change U-Turn By: John O’Sullivan
Britain’s Royal Society issue astonishing climate change climb down and disowns scientists who have made predictions about heat waves and rising sea levels.
On September 30, 2010 The Royal Society (RS) published its humiliating climb down under the header ‘Climate change: a summary of the science.’ The sudden move appears to be a desperate attempt to pre-empt a possible rebellion among the ranks of the world’s oldest and most prestigious science institute.
In a new document that replaces the institution’s former official guide, ‘Climate change controversies, a simple guide,’ the RS now officially concedes, “some uncertainties are unlikely ever to be significantly reduced”.
Leading Experts Have ‘Little Confidence’ in Global Warming Numbers | <urn:uuid:0760fc4f-9c36-46a6-afe2-7b779fc07f64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://torydrroy.blogspot.com/2010/09/royal-society-backs-down-on-climate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00168-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879539 | 217 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Ten years ago the Rev. Eliza Blanchard found herself in the emergency room at Angell Animal Medical Center in Boston after her son’s three-foot-long jade-green iguana had a seizure. “As I looked around the waiting room, I noticed how lonely and anxious all of these pet owners were, waiting while their animals were in surgery or getting emergency care. I thought, if ever there was a need for a chaplain, it was here, in this ER.”
In 2010 fellow UU Heather Merrill, a social thanatologist (specialist in death, dying, and bereavement), founded the New England Pet Hospice, an in-home service for ill and dying pets and their caregivers. Right away she signed Blanchard on as an interfaith spiritual adviser.
Pet owners often get the advice “The animal will let you know.” Rarely is it that simple. When a pet gets ill or just old, veterinary choices may be limited to euthanasia or costly and uncertain medical procedures. A pet may primarily need more care—help getting up, medications or special food throughout the day, cleanup when bowel control is lost—care that owners may be hard pressed to provide.
Many animal hospices are essentially mobile vets who euthanize pets at home. Only a handful offer the interdisciplinary care that Merrill knew from her human hospice work. She designed New England Pet Hospice to give pet owners more choices: consultations on how to make the home more comfortable and what to expect, visiting nurses, administration of painkillers and subcutaneous fluids, respite care, special-diet foods, and adaptive equipment and supplies.
From the beginning, Merrill, a lay pastoral associate at First Parish in Sudbury, Massachusetts, knew she wanted to offer one component she hasn’t seen at other animal hospices—spiritual counseling by a minister with clinical pastoral training.
In one recent case, a veterinary oncologist called the hospice about a cat dying of cancer. “We’ve done everything we can,” the doctor said, “but the owner wants us to keep going with treatment, and that may even kill the cat. But she can’t let go.”
Merrill and Blanchard counseled the owner, learned she’d had her own cancer scare, and listened to the questions haunting her: “What if someone had given up on me? What if my cat dies the way my cousin did three months ago, in horrible pain?”
They encouraged the client, a Buddhist, to be centered on the moment—what was happening with this cat, who was twenty-one and did not have a good chance of recovering. They talked about the great life she had given her cat and how she could give him peace now. After some readings and prayers, they were able to talk about a memorial service.
In another case, the owner of a large elderly dog called. Her vet didn’t know what was wrong but wanted to keep her dog overnight. She felt he’d be more comfortable at home. Blanchard suggested to the owner, who was Jewish, “Let’s say a prayer for him.” Together they sat with the dog in the hospital kennel, and Blanchard prayed for healing, love, and knowledge to help him. The owner decided to leave her dog in hospital care.
The pain and soul-searching felt by pet owners is real and clearly falls in the spiritual realm, Merrill and Blanchard believe. Human hospice professionals talk about four kinds of suffering—physical, emotional, social, and spiritual—that must all be addressed.
“Spiritual suffering is not the same as grief,” Merrill says. “When you don’t deal with it, it leads to despair. A spiritual adviser can help make meaning of all the ‘why’ questions: Why does my gentle animal have to suffer? Do they have a spirit? Am I going crazy thinking I’m getting signs from my dog who died? We know in hospice that people always have these kinds of questions, but especially with animals, they can be afraid to vocalize them.”
Blanchard also serves as chaplain to animal caregivers such as rescue workers and vet technicians. Both jobs are high stress and linked to a post-traumatic stress disorder known as compassion fatigue. Employees in veterinary offices often start and end their day with euthanizing animals—decisions they don’t always agree with—and see as many as five times more deaths as other medical providers.
One client, who rescues dogs on death row in shelters, grapples with good and evil on a daily basis: witnessing dogs that have been starved, burned, and maimed by abuse. “It can really wear away at your trust of other human beings over time,” Blanchard says. Pastoral counseling has helped the client balance the horrors she sees with the uplifting side of her job—the altruism from her volunteers and the happiness of the adoptive families.
Blanchard encourages these caregivers to counter the negative images through spiritual practices such as prayer, guided meditation, gratitude journals, or art. “I firmly believe people have the answer within,” she says.
Blanchard loves exploring the theological questions raised by animals in a community ministry she calls All Creatures, based at First Parish in Brookline, Massachusetts. She offers pet loss circles, leads monthly evening worship services that welcome “all faiths and all species,” and teaches Animals Are Us classes. “So many arguments assumed that we had to be made in the image of God,” Blanchard points out, “and we had to keep a firewall between us and all other animals—many of those are crumbling.”
When Blanchard guest preaches, a few people will tell her they’re not “animal people.” She knows many question a ministry focusing on animals when so many people are suffering. Love of animals, or lack of it, can be yet another thing that divides us. “My hope is that my ministry, along with all that science is learning, will open minds and hearts to the possibilities of these relationships. You may not want a dog in your house, but look at all we’re learning. Likewise, there needs to be room that not everyone is going to have that kind of bond and doesn’t have to.”
The Seventh Principle—“respect for the interdependent web of all existence”—is the one she says called her to animal ministry and guides her in exploring questions about how humans relate to animals. “The more we appreciate that ‘animals are us,’” she says, “the more potential we have for greater self-understanding, humility, appreciation of creation, and compassion. Human beings and animals—that’s a construct that we made up so we could feel superior, and at our worst, abuse and exploit animals. We have so much to gain by revisiting that.”
This article appeared in the Winter 2012 issue of UU World (pages 12–14). | <urn:uuid:0ee09474-d055-4e7a-9bd7-0d208b6cb115> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uuworld.org/articles/pet-ministry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00168-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970262 | 1,505 | 1.960938 | 2 |
In a groundbreaking move, MossRehab, one of the nation’s leading rehabilitation centers, will be the first facility in the country to offer ReWalk™ – I, an institutional version of ReWalk™, the only motorized exoskeleton that is approved by the FDA to be used in a rehabilitation setting under the supervision of healthcare professionals.
n a groundbreaking move, MossRehab, one of the nation's leading rehabilitation centers, will be the first facility in the country to offer ReWalk ™ - I, an institutional version of ReWalk™, the only motorized exoskeleton that is approved by the FDA to be used in a rehabilitation setting under the supervision of healthcare professionals. Patients with paralysis below the waist resulting from a spinal cord injury will be able to participate in gait training using ReWalk. The therapeutic use of ReWalk, also called ReWalking, involves physical therapists training patients to use the device to stand, sit, walk, and in some cases climb and descend stairs.
This next stage in ReWalk's evolution follows the successful clinical trials to determine its safety, efficacy and user satisfaction completed at MossRehab. With its international reputation for clinical rehabilitation and research programs, MossRehab was the exclusive clinical trial site in the United States for ReWalk; the trials will conclude in August 2011. The clinical information and experience gained from the trials cleared the way for this next exciting phase to begin, allowing many patients to benefit from this technological advancement.
ReWalk is a lightweight, ergonomic brace-support suit that is worn around the legs and back and fits closely to the body on top of everyday clothing. The device has motorized hip and knee joints, rechargeable batteries, sensors and a computer-based patient-operated control system. Concurrent use of fore-arm crutches stabilizes the user during standing and walking and through simple, subtle body movements, the user can initiate and control movements for walking.
Therapeutic use of ReWalk - I, will be available initially to individuals with spinal cord injuries below T6 level who have none of the following: significant joint deformities, severe spasticity, back instability, unhealed fractures or pressure sores. Patients are required to have a recent DEXA scan for measurement of bone density and recent evaluation and prescription for ReWalk therapy from a rehabilitation physician who can certify that the patient is safe to stand.
According to Alberto Esquenazi, MD, Chair of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at MossRehab who has led the clinical trials for ReWalk and has been instrumental in developing the device, "Even though there isn't scientific proof yet, research subjects in the trials have reported reduction in spasticity, reduction in pain, improved cardiopulmonary fitness and improvement in bladder and bowel management. We are thrilled to be the first institution in the country to offer this revolutionary therapy to help improve the health and well-being of people with paraplegia."
ReWalking will be available beginning in late August. Three board-certified rehabilitation specialists in spinal cord injury are available at MossRehab's Outpatient Center in Elkins Park, Pa., to evaluate patients interested in the program. There will be ten physical therapists specially trained to work with and supervise patients using the therapy. Most insurances will cover the therapy as part of a course of physical therapy. The frequency and duration of treatment will be based on patient tolerance and progress and medical need. Physical therapy is scheduled Monday through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. with each session lasting approximately one hour.
"This is a historic moment," says Amit Goffer, PhD, founder of Argo Medical Technologies Ltd., the Israeli company that developed ReWalk. "For more than 2,000 years, the wheelchair has been the only mobility solution offered to patients with paralysis below the waist, and now at MossRehab, the dream of walking again is becoming a reality for them."
For more information on gait training using ReWalk at MossRehab's Outpatient Center, call 215-663-6354 or 1-800-CALL MOSS.
Recognized as a national leader in medical rehabilitation, MossRehab, part of Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, has a worldwide reputation for excellence in physical medicine and rehabilitation and has repeatedly been recognized by U.S. News & World Report as one of "America's Best" rehabilitation hospitals. MossRehab treats patients with complex physical needs from brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke and musculoskeletal disorders and also provides comprehensive treatment for orthopedic and sport-related injuries or conditions; hand trauma, amputation and neurological diseases. MossRehab offers unparalleled experience, caring and compassionate staff, and research staff that includes some of the world's foremost experts in rehabilitation medicine. For more information, call 1-800-CALL MOSS or visit www.mossrehab.com.
About Albert Einstein Healthcare Network
Albert Einstein Healthcare Network is a 1,234-bed integrated delivery network with more than 8,500 employees serving the communities of Philadelphia and Montgomery Counties, Pa. The network's primary location, Albert Einstein Medical Center, one of the largest academic medical centers in the Delaware Valley, provides training and education for more than 450 residents and fellows. Einstein Healthcare Network also provides a comprehensive range of healthcare services through the Einstein at Elkins Park hospital campus, MossRehab, Montgomery Hospital Medical Center, Belmont Behavioral Health, Einstein at Germantown, Willowcrest (a center for subacute care), outpatient facilities such as Center One, and a network of approximately 500 employed primary care physicians and specialists through Einstein Neighborhood Healthcare, Einstein Specialty Physicians, and Fornance Physician Services, Inc. Construction is underway for a fourth full service, acute care campus located in East Norriton, Pa., scheduled to open in September, 2012. For more information, visit www.einstein.edu or call 1-800-EINSTEIN.
About Argo Medical Techologies Ltd.
Argo Medical Technologies Ltd., develops and markets walk restoration devices for people with lower limb disabilities; the company's flagship product is ReWalk. Located in Haifa, Israel, with decades of combined experience in R&D, engineering and manufacturing of multidisciplinary systems, Argo also boasts staff with extensive experience in worldwide marketing, sales and business development. The company is assisted by an Advisory Board of renowned international experts in the fields of medicine, biomedical engineering, robotics and marketing. | <urn:uuid:a1cafb85-b686-4532-b34d-52ef6275d0c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2011/07/25/mossrehab-first-in-the-us-to-offer-therapeutic-use-of-rewalk-device/617/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00165-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926939 | 1,332 | 2.171875 | 2 |
I have a couple of nice, large trees in our front yard. Of course the birds
love them an do their business all over the cars in the driveway. Anything
we can do to discourage the birds short of cutting the trees down?
a) Get some tree snakes
b) Fire a few shotgun blasts into the canopy
c) Use car covers
d) Build a treehouse for your cats
e) Wire the tree with electric fence wire
f) Put speakers up in the tree and play lound sounds randomly
g) Climb up there and kick their little bird asses
I've found that some birds, like grackles, are more "scarable" (loud
noises, water cannon, etc.) than others. The most persistent ones were
house sparrows -- those little flying mice just wouldn't budge.
We got rid of roosting sparrows by having the trees, ash's whose
canopies had grown together a bit, thinned.
Get rid of ALL interlocking branches of your trees and thin them
DRAMATICALLY. The birds don't feel safe to roost if they see a lot of
air, rather than foliage and branches, under them. About 1/3 of the
canopy of each of our trees was removed.
I also got a "Prowler Owl" decoy (a windsock whose wings flap quite
realistically) from Northerntool.com. Every few days, I moved it to a
different location on the lawn (rigged up a pole in a patio umbrella
stand) or roof.
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:6fdc5d1a-10a0-47d8-a92f-465227d6f419> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.homeownershub.com/lawn-garden/trees-and-birds-3416-.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946225 | 384 | 1.515625 | 2 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. - (Mealey's) A soybean farmer accused of
infringing a patented pesticide-resistant seed was defeated May 13 in his
efforts to avoid liability via the patent exhaustion doctrine, when the U.S.
Supreme Court deemed the doctrine inapplicable to the dispute ( Vernon Hugh
In Bowman v. Monsanto, the
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- "I am C-3PO, human-cyborg relations."
C-3PO, sometimes spelled See-Threepio and often referred to as Threepio, was a bipedal, humanoid protocol droid designed to interact with organics, programmed primarily for etiquette and protocol. He was fluent in over six million forms of communication, and developed a fussy and worry-prone personality throughout his many decades of operation. After being destroyed and discarded on the planet Tatooine before 32 BBY, C-3PO was rebuilt; his salvaged nature gave him special qualities that distinguished him from similar droid models. Along with his counterpart, the astromech droid R2-D2, C-3PO constantly found himself directly involved in pivotal moments of galactic history, and aided in saving the galaxy on many occasions. C-3PO considered various droids and organics to be friends of his, and was very dedicated to them, as well as to any master that he served.
Originally activated on Affa in 112 BBY, C-3PO had served as a protocol droid to the emissary of the Manakron system. Nearly eighty years later, he was gutted and discarded on the streets of Mos Espa, a city on the Outer Rim world of Tatooine. After being rebuilt by the Human slave Anakin Skywalker, C-3PO served Skywalker and his mother Shmi for over ten years, performing household chores and helping Skywalker earn his freedom by winning a pod race. Skywalker left Tatooine but returned in 22 BBY when his mother passed away, and C-3PO was given to Skywalker, now a Jedi Padawan, by Shmi's stepson Owen Lars. C-3PO, Skywalker, R2-D2, and the Naboo Senator Padmé Amidala immediately became embroiled in the Clone Wars, a galaxy-wide conflict between the Galactic Republic and the Separatist Confederacy of Independent Systems. Skywalker married Amidala and gave C-3PO to her as a wedding gift, and C-3PO faithfully assisted her in her senatorial duties throughout the three-year conflict. The two often entered the front lines of the war, at times fighting alongside Skywalker and R2-D2.
At the end of the war, Skywalker became a Sith Lord, Amidala passed away, the Jedi Order was exterminated, and the Republic was reorganized into a Galactic Empire. C-3PO's memory was erased, however R2-D2's memory was not. C-3PO and R2-D2 were assigned to the corvette Tantive IV of Alderaan, where they served Alderaan's viceroy Bail Organa for nineteen years. They were, however, separated from Organa during that time period, and got caught up in a wide variety of misadventures, ruining the gangster Tig Fromm, helping restore the Tammuz-an monarchy, and aiding the merchant Mungo Baobab in reviving his family's fortune, among other exploits. After rejoining the crew of the Tantive IV and serving under Captain Raymus Antilles, they became embroiled in the Galactic Civil War, and in 0 BBY, Leia Organa of the Rebel Alliance entrusted them to bring a copy of the Death Star plans to the Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on Tatooine. After meeting Skywalker's son Luke and the smuggler Han Solo, the droids helped rescue princess Leia from the Empire's Death Star and became directly attached to the three Humans, helping them and their rebellion defeat the Empire and restore freedom to the galaxy.
When the Rebellion became a New Republic, C-3PO continued to serve Luke and the now-married Han & Leia Solo, helping them defeat remnants of the Empire. Notably, C-3PO helped the Solos raise their three children, and aided Luke in recruiting trainees for his New Jedi Order. His translation abilities proved crucial during major incidents on Bakura, the starship Teljkon Vagabond, and in the Kathol sector, and in 17 ABY, he and R2-D2 teamed up with a young mechanic named Cole Fardreamer to foil a plan to bomb the galactic capital of Coruscant. When an extra-galactic race of religious zealots known as the Yuuzhan Vong invaded the galaxy in 25 ABY, C-3PO participated in the four-year conflict that eventually saw the invaders defeated. The destruction wrought by the invaders, and particularly their harsh treatment of droids, caused C-3PO to deeply question his views on deactivation, immortality, and memory erasure. Twelve years later, he began helping raise the latest addition to the Solo/Skywalker clan: the spritely youth Allana.
Life on Tatooine
- "I didn't have many friends when I was a kid, so I built one."
- ―Anakin Skywalker to Padmé Amidala
C-3PO was originally activated on the Cybot Galactica foundry world of Affa in the year 112 BBY. Sometime in his early existence, he had served as a protocol droid to the emissary of the Manakron system. Nearly eighty years later, his head and gutted chassis had been discarded in a street of the city of Mos Espa on Tatooine, and were discovered by two Human youths, Anakin Skywalker and Kitster Banai. A poor slave, Skywalker decided to rebuild the 3PO-series protocol droid, and began smuggling C-3PO to his home piece by piece. Due to this hodgepodge reconstruction, C-3PO had more mechanical similarities to the TC-series protocol droid than to his original model. Skywalker's intention was that the reactivated protocol droid would function as a servant to his mother, helping her with chores around the house while he worked at a nearby junk shop. C-3PO's gyro-balance circuitry was several decades old, but Skywalker was able to use scrounged and improvised replacement parts to make the droid functional again. C-3PO boasted sound wiring, as well as a standard protocol droid verbobrain and communicator module, but Skywalker could not afford even the simplest of droid coverings, and as such, left the droid's wiring exposed. C-3PO's salvaged nature imbued special qualities in him that were absent from other protocol droids.
Skywalker sometimes brought C-3PO with him when bartering with nearby Jawa traders, and employed the droid's fluency in over six million forms of communication after discovering a wounded Tusken Raider. With the assistance of C-3PO's translation, Skywalker was able to nurse the Tusken Raider back to health, although the Raider grew annoyed with the protocol droid and roared at him to "shut up". This caused C-3PO to become rather offended.
Race for freedom
- "He's perfect."
- ―Padmé Amidala after meeting C-3PO
When Skywalker met several off-worlders in the shop of his owner, the junk dealer Watto, he invited them to the safety of his home as refuge from a coming sandstorm. The Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn, the Queen of Naboo Padmé Amidala, the Gungan Jar Jar Binks, and the astromech droid R2-D2 were brought to the slave quarters that Skywalker shared with his mother Shmi, and Amidala and R2-D2 were introduced to C-3PO. Upon meeting R2-D2, C-3PO was shocked when the candid astromech droid commented that he was "naked". Despite the exchange, the two droids fast developed a friendship of sorts, working together to help Skywalker make final adjustments to his podracer in time to race it in the Boonta Eve Classic race. While working on the racer, the two droids discussed space travel and noted the clumsy actions of Binks.
On the day of the race, C-3PO represented his owner in the opening flag parade, carrying Skywalker's flag onto the course prior to the start of the race. He then stood on the sidelines with R2-D2 and two of Skywalker's playmates, Banai and W. Wald, who cheered their friend on. Skywalker won the race, which, thanks to a deal that Jinn had struck with Watto, earned the boy his freedom from slavery and secured Jinn the hyperdrive generator he needed to leave the planet. As Skywalker prepared to depart Tatooine, he said his goodbyes to C-3PO, apologizing for not having completed the droid's construction, and expressing his wishes that Shmi wouldn't sell him.
Soon afterwards, Grand Master Yoda of the Jedi Order dispatched a Jedi recruit to Tatooine to program stories into C-3PO's memory. The young Jedi programmed several tales or anecdotes related to Skywalker, Queen Amidala and the Jedi. Despite this fact, C-3PO would claim that he never was good at storytelling.
A new home, an old friend
- C-3PO: "Hello. How might I be of service? I am See—"
- Skywalker: "Threepio?"
- ―C-3PO and Skywalker reunited[src]
Entering the Clone Wars
The Battle of Geonosis
- "There's been some terrible mistake. I'm programmed for etiquette, not destruction!"
- ―C-3PO during the Battle of Geonosis
Landing the senator's yacht inside an exhaust vent on Geonosis, Skywalker and Amidala set out, leaving the droids behind. R2-D2 insisted on following them, but C-3PO disagreed and claimed to be in charge. The astromech droid ignored his friend and set out, and C-3PO reluctantly followed. Within the planet's catacombs, Geonosian warriors swarmed by the droids in a flight from Skywalker's lightsaber; the droids soon discovered an entrance to a battle droid factory, within which Skywalker and Amidala were battling Geonosian warriors. As C-3PO viewed the scene before him in awe, he found the concept of "machines making machines" quite perverse, but was knocked off of the platform on which he stood by R2-D2 before he could comment further.
With C-3PO out of his way, R2-D2 activated his booster jets and soared through the factory in an effort to protect Amidala. C-3PO, meanwhile, tumbled onto a moving platform, but was tossed off by a large droid's mechanical arm. After landing on a conveyor belt, he righted himself and walked along the belt's length before his head was knocked off by moving machinery. His head landed on a conveyor belt which carried the heads of B1 battle droids, and his body wandered onto a separate belt which carried the battle droids' bodies. Unaware of the mix-up, the machines continued their construction, which resulted in C-3PO's head being grafted to a battle droid's body, and his body receiving a battle droid's head.Both incarnations of C-3PO joined a force of B1 battle droids that soon marched into a Geonosian execution arena. Once inside, the droids surrounded a strike force of 200 Jedi that had arrived to rescue Skywalker, Amidala, and Kenobi, all of whom had been captured and scheduled for execution. Fighting in the name of the Separatist Confederacy of Independent Systems, the battle droids attacked the Jedi; the battle droid head grafted to C-3PO's body found itself unable to properly fight, while C-3PO's head was very unnerved by its autonomous body, and began apologizing to any Jedi that the body fired its E-5 blaster rifle at. However, both incarnations soon suffered a mix-up of programming: C-3PO's body fired several shots from his rifle until a bolt deflected by a Human Jedi separated it from its battle droid head; the protocol droid's head began screaming insults at the Jedi Knights that its battle droid body fired laser blasts at. The Jedi Master Kit Fisto was able to neutralize the threat posed by the latter incarnation, however, by using the Force to knock it onto the arena floor, where a B2 super battle droid fell on top of it, effectively putting it out of the battle.
R2-D2 entered the melee and used his cable gun to detach C-3PO's head from its battle droid body, before dragging it across the arena and reattaching it to the correct torso. As the remaining battle droids overwhelmed the Jedi, the Jedi Master Yoda arrived with a large force of the newly-commissioned Grand Army of the Republic, and the fighting spilled out of the arena, soon leaving R2-D2, C-3PO, and the young clone Boba Fett as its sole occupants. C-3PO afterwards then commented to R2-D2 about the events he had endured as being "the most peculiar dream." The Republic Army soon won the battle, launching a galactic war between the Republic and the Confederacy. Shortly after the battle, R2-D2 and C-3PO accompanied Amidala and Skywalker back to Naboo, where they were the lone witnesses to a wedding between the two in the planet's Lake Country.
From silver to gold
- "In the service of a senator, one must be presentable."
- ―C-3PO on his new gold plating
Some time later, C-3PO and R2-D2 were traveling with Amidala in her yacht while the ship was host to Yoda. After Yoda convinced Amidala and her head of security, Captain Typho, to make a detour, the ship headed to Ilum on a rescue mission of the Mirialan Jedi Master Luminara Unduli and her Padawan Barriss Offee. Yoda set out into the planet's blizzard alone, causing some worry on Amidala's part. Although C-3PO assured her that it was safer to remain at the ship, the senator set out into the blizzard, and ordered the two droids to follow her. After being ambushed by three cloaked Separatist Chameleon droids, Amidala destroyed all three by using her cloak and C-3PO as decoys to attract blaster fire. Despite being in the vicinity of the explosion of a thermal detonator thrown by Amidala, C-3PO remained unscathed, and the victorious trio were greeted by their three wayward Jedi.After returning to Coruscant, C-3PO received new gold platings to replace his dull silver ones. Afterwards, he and Amidala, both disguised in hooded cloaks, were walking in Coruscant's undercity when the senator disappeared. Searching for her, C-3PO was pulled into an alleyway by Skywalker, who had been engaging in a private rendezvous with Amidala. After being told by the Padawan that he looked different, C-3PO removed his cloak and revealed his new plating. Skywalker was promptly commed and summoned by Obi-Wan Kenobi, and was subsequently granted the title of Jedi Knight. Free of his Padawan braid, he gave the hairpiece to C-3PO to present to Amidala as a gift. Amidala returned the favor by giving R2-D2 to Skywalker, separating the two droids once more.
When Count Dooku, the Head of State of the Confederacy, arranged for the son of the notorious crime lord Jabba the Hutt to be kidnapped, the Republic feared that Jabba would blame the Jedi and in turn allow the Confederacy access to hyperspace routes through Hutt Space. Amidala offered to parley with Jabba's uncle Ziro, but ended up a captive in the Hutt's Coruscant palace after discovering that Ziro was in league with Dooku. Before being imprisoned, the senator managed to contact C-3PO and call for help; the protocol droid in turn brought a contingent of clone troopers to Ziro's palace, who captured the Hutt and freed Amidala. C-3PO was relieved that his timing had been perfect.
In the Thick of the Fighting
- "I do believe I'm lost. In enemy territory. And all alone."
- ―C-3PO aboard the Malevolence
While Skywalker was leading a fleet of Republic warships against the Separatist heavy cruiser Malevolence, C-3PO was in Amidala's apartment, aiding the Senator and Jar Jar Binks in sifting through datacards for any mention of the cruiser or its fate. Minus Binks, the group took Amidala's yacht to a point of space near the Kaliida Shoals Medical Center to contact a member of the Separatist-allied InterGalactic Banking Clan who had sued for peace. With the senator focused on the mission, C-3PO set the hyperspace course and filed away several messages that had arrived from Rodian Senator Onaconda Farr via the HoloNet. When the ship exited hyperspace, the two found themselves caught in a trap, as Dooku had arranged for them to arrive immediately adjacent to the crippled Malevolence, which was incapable of hyperspace travel after being battered by Skywalker's fleet. The yacht became trapped in the cruiser's tractor beam, but Amidala set the yacht's engines to destroy themselves as she and C-3PO sneaked out of their ship and onto the Malevolence.Following the yacht's explosion, C-3PO and Amidala made their way through the cruiser's corridors, and attempted to get a broken comm panel working in order to contact Skywalker's fleet. However, they were forced to hide when C-3PO spotted an advancing squad of battle droids led by General Grievous, the Supreme Commander of the Confederacy's droid armies. After the squad passed by, Amidala was able to contact Skywalker, who had boarded the Malevolence along with Kenobi and R2-D2. They agreed to meet amidst the cruiser's rail jet system; when C-3PO and Amidala arrived, they were accosted by battle droids, which prompted the senator to push the protocol droid into a moving hovertrain. After the battle droid threat was neutralized, Kenobi began levitating C-3PO to safety, but the floating droid was hit full-on by a moving hover train, which was only halted when R2-D2 sliced into a computer terminal and shut it down. The sudden stop launched C-3PO onto a nearby platform, where he quickly regained his bearings and again began wandering the cruiser's corridors before being located by R2-D2. The two droids joined Skywalker and Amidala in racing to the Twilight, a freighter that Skywalker had brought aboard, where they rendezvoused with Kenobi and fled the Malevolence, which, owing to an act of sabotage by Skywalker and Amidala, exploded when its hyperdrive was activated.
After returning to Coruscant, Amidala received Senator Farr's messages, and prepared to travel to Rodia in a bid to ensure that the beleaguered planet remained loyal to the Republic. C-3PO and Representative Binks began to prepare her star skiff for takeoff from a landing platform when they were approached by the con men Dannl Faytonni and Achk Med-Beq, who were posing as Republic Judicials. C-3PO calmly acquiesced when the scammers claimed that they were commandeering the skiff for "government business", but before the droid could disengage the ship's autopilot, Binks mistakenly caused the entire platform to flip upside-down. The Gungan quickly righted the platform, but the confusion caused C-3PO to forget to turn the autopilot off, which ultimately caused Faytonni and Med-Beq to be taken directly to the Senate Commandos that they had been fleeing from. With the skiff gone, C-3PO and Binks began prepping Amidala's new yacht instead.
When the trio took the yacht to Rodia's Senatorial Palace, C-3PO and Binks were instructed to remain at its landing platform while Amidala conducted talks with Senator Farr. After an attempt by the two at communicating with local swamp creatures that resulted in fruit being thrown at the protocol droid's face, a squad of B1 battle droids approached the yacht, as Senator Farr had recently struck a deal with Viceroy Nute Gunray of the Separatist-allied Trade Federation. The unintentional machinations of the clumsy Gungan then set off a series of events: the yacht's hatch closed, C-3PO became stuck to a magnetic hoist that swung into and destroyed the battle droids, and an LM-432 crab droid arrived before plummeting off of the landing platform into water with Binks atop it. Still stuck to the magnetic hoist, C-3PO lamented what he believed to be the Gungan's death, before Binks climbed back onto the platform and released the droid from his magnetism. His next clumsy action was to crush and destroy the yacht with the hoist, however. As the two scoured what remained of the ship's bridge, Binks discovered a Jedi-esque cloak and rushed off to save Amidala, whom they deduced had been taken hostage by Separatist forces.As C-3PO reluctantly followed the Gungan, they were spotted by the droid escort of Viceroy Gunray, who mistook Binks for a Jedi and chased him off. C-3PO surrendered, and was sent to a dismantling center on the orders of the Viceroy. En route, the two battle droids assigned to escort C-3PO were destroyed by an escaped Amidala, who quickly ordered the protocol droid to locate a comm center and send a distress signal to any nearby Republic forces. Discovering such a center, C-3PO told its battle droid guards that the "Jedi" had been spotted, resulting in them rushing to subdue it. C-3PO then accessed a secure military frequency and contacted a clone trooper, before being arrested by two new battle droids and being brought to Amidala, who had also been re-captured. As Gunray prepared to order the two to be shot by droidekas, Binks arrived with a Kwazel Maw, a large sea creature that he had befriended; the creature easily routed the battle droids present before Senator Farr turned on Gunray and arrested him in the name of the Republic. Commander CC-1004 and his forces then arrived to apprehend the Viceroy, and C-3PO found himself impressed that the Gungan's foolishness had saved the day.
A white truce, a blue shadow
- C-3PO: "With your permission, Senator Padmé, I would like to shut down before I get sensory overload."
- Amidala: "Permission denied."
- ―C-3PO and Amidala, while analyzing a captured Separatist tactical droid on Naboo[src]
C-3PO was again reunited with R2-D2 during a trip to Orto Plutonia, when Amidala lent the protocol droid to Skywalker for the mission to the icy world. When contact was lost with a planetside military outpost, Skywalker and Kenobi brought the droids and a contingent of Clone cold assault troopers to investigate, and were accompanied by Senator Riyo Chuchi of Pantora, as well as Chi Cho, Chairman of the Pantoran Assembly, due to the planet's location in Pantoran space. When the Jedi discovered that the clone troopers stationed on Pantora had been wiped out by a group of local Talz, C-3PO and Cho joined them in meeting with Thi-Sen, the Talz's tribal leader. C-3PO translated as Thi-Sen welcomed Cho in peace, and when Cho responded by angrily declaring war on the natives. The conflict was quickly halted when Chuchi received permission from the Pantoran Speaker of the Assembly to negotiate peace, and C-3PO and R2-D2 accompanied Chuchi, the Jedi, and what clone troopers were not fighting to the scene of the battle, where Chuchi, aided by C-3PO's translation, made peace with Thi-Sen.Shortly after the Mission to Orto Plutonia, Queen Neeyutnee of Naboo summoned Amidala home after discovering a scouting party of battle droids on the planet; Amidala brought C-3PO and Representative Binks in another new Nubian yacht to investigate with the hope of procuring military aid. After landing in the hangar of Theed's Royal Palace, the three were taken to a secure room by Neeyutnee and Typho where a powered-down T-series tactical droid was being analyzed. When the droid awoke but found itself without the use of its photoreceptors, C-3PO convinced it that it was aboard a Separatist ship, and managed to glean that there was a secret lab producing some sort of virus before Binks's clumsiness destroyed the droid. Binks, however, had found an insect inside the droid that he identified as coming from Naboo's Eastern swamps; the entire party contacted Jedi Masters Yoda and Mace Windu to request the aid of Skywalker and Kenobi. C-3PO and Typho remained in Theed to attempt to uncover data from other captured battle droids while Amidala and Binks left to scout the swamps, and discovered a hologram of the scientist Doctor Nuvo Vindi inside a B1's head. Joined by the Gungan Peppi Bow, who had discovered traces of the deadly Blue Shadow Virus in a nearby river, they greeted Skywalker, Kenobi, Skywalker's Padawan Ahsoka Tano, and R2-D2 as they arrived on-planet, and showed them the hologram before the Jedi set out to discover Vindi's laboratory. The mad doctor was synthesizing an airborne strain of the virus, but the Jedi and their clone troopers were able to subdue him and prevent it from escaping his laboratory.
Intrigue in the Senate
- "It seems no one wants my company tonight."
- ―C-3PO on Cato Neimoidia, following several dismissals by Humans
Shortly after the blue shadow crisis, C-3PO was back on Coruscant, and accompanied Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan to Amidala's office in the Republic Executive Building. The two escorted Amidala to the lobby of the Senate Building, where the Gran Senator Philo had called a meeting of important senators in anticipation of a vote on the proposed Enhanced Privacy Invasion Bill. The meeting was interrupted, however, by the bounty hunter Cad Bane and several other mercenaries who began holding the senators and their aides hostage in a bid to force a pardon for Ziro the Hutt. Bane shot and killed Philo, and his companions successfully subdued Skywalker, who had been elsewhere in the Senate Building at the time. After an unconscious Skywalker was brought to the group of hostages, the bounty hunters left, but rigged a system of lasers that would trigger planted explosives with the slightest touch. After regaining consciousness, Skywalker used his lightsaber to cut a hole around the group, dropping them to safety in the room below just before Bane remotely activated the explosives.
C-3PO remained on Coruscant for some time afterwards, and when Skywalker arrived at Amidala's apartment to surprise his wife with dinner, the protocol droid warmly greeted his Maker before being promptly ignored and subsequently dismissed by Amidala. The married couple were soon sent by the Jedi Council to Cato Neimoidia along with Senator Rush Clovis of the Banking Clan, and brought C-3PO and R2-D2 with them. Amidala would parley with Senator Lott Dod of the Trade Federation while simultaneously spying on Clovis, as both Dod and Clovis were suspected of being in league with the Confederacy. After Amidala's star skiff landed outside of Dod's Palace, C-3PO accompanied Amidala and Clovis as they greeted the Neimoidian Senator, but soon found himself largely unneeded; he was dismissed by Clovis for the night following dinner, and retired to the quarters that Amidala had been assigned. There he found an agitated Skywalker, who quickly left after being commed by his wife. Amidala was soon poisoned by Dod, and was brought to her quarters by Clovis to be attended to by C-3PO and a 2-1B surgical droid; Skywalker sought an antidote to her poison and brought her to the palace's lobby to confront Dod, and was followed by C-3PO and Clovis. When Clovis threatened Dod's life, C-3PO accepted the antidote from one of Dod's aides. With the antidote and a datacard that Amidala had obtained that implicated Clovis in a Separatist scheme procured, Skywalker, Amidala, and the droids left the planet, leaving Clovis at the mercy of the Trade Federation.
Remaining at Amidala's side, C-3PO accompanied her and Kenobi in the senator's repulsorpod within the Senate's Grand Convocation Chamber as Amidala presented evidence to the gathered senators that revealed the wishes of Mandalore's Deputy Minister Jerec that his planet remain neutral in the war. With the evidence in front of them, the Senate rescinded an earlier vote that had called for Republic occupation of the planet. Shortly thereafter, Amidala and some of her allies in the Senate introduced a bill proposing the cutting of military spending, believing that diplomacy was the solution to war. C-3PO attended several meetings of the informal coalition in Amidala's office, and accompanied his master as she spoke to the Senate regarding their views. While he was serving drinks at one such meeting, Senator Farr of Rodia suffered what appeared to be a heart attack and died. C-3PO attended his funeral, and Amidala and Senator Organa soon after discovered that he had been poisoned by his aide Lolo Purs.
When a massive Zillo Beast was brought to Coruscant following its discovery on Malastare by Skywalker and Mace Windu, opinions on what to do with the creature differed greatly within the small circle of those who knew of its existence. Amidala caught wind of Supreme Chancellor Palpatine's plan to kill the beast, and invited Skywalker and Kenobi to meet her and C-3PO in the Senate building. Skywalker arrived with R2-D2, who C-3PO greeted and ensured was staying out of trouble. The Senator convinced her husband to appeal to his friend Palpatine, and the droids joined their masters in appearing before Palpatine in the Chancellor's Suite. As Skywalker and Amidala discussed their options with Palpatine and Vice Chair Mas Amedda, the Zillo Beast meanwhile escaped from its captivity and began charging through Coruscant's cityscape. Amidala assigned C-3PO to evacuate the staff of the Republic Executive Building, and after he had completed the task, the beast reached the Chancellor's office. Amedda had previously excused himself from the discussion, but Palpatine, Skywalker, Amidala, R2-D2, and C-3PO evacuated through an emergency escape route and boarded an executive ship piloted by a Senate Commando. As the commando took the ship into the air, it was grabbed by one of the Zillo Beast's massive hands.
Skywalker used his lightsaber to cleave the ship clean in half, sending the bow and all six passengers sliding down the exterior of the Senate Rotunda. C-3PO landed atop R2-D2, who had attached himself to the side of the building with a tow cable, but the astromech droid soon disengaged himself from the cable and used his booster rockets to make his way over to Palpatine and fly the Chancellor to safety. C-3PO lost hold of the cable and fell to the ground, but clone troopers in LAAT gunships used gas bombs to kill the creature and end the threat it posed to Coruscant's citizens. The poison they emitted was held back with the Force by Skywalker, as well as Yoda and Aayla Secura, who had been attempting to engage the beast. C-3PO, R2-D2, Palpatine, Amidala, and the three Jedi remained safe from the poison gas. The following morning, the entire party was present as the Zillo Beast's corpse was taken away from the scene.
- "Hey Shiny! You two finished with those repairs on the computer system?"
"My good sir. You may not realize it, but we have been on quite an adventure."
- ―A clone trooper and C-3PO, while on Aleena
C-3PO and R2-D2 were later dispatched on a mercy mission to Aleen alongside the clone trooper Wolfpack. A series of deadly groundquakes had shaken the planet, and C-3PO's role in the relief team was to act as a translator between the clones and the native Aleena. The group rode LAATs into a ruined city, where they were greeted by the Aleena King Manchucho. He heralded their arrival as a sign that the "Gods below" would once more know peace. A brief aftershock then rumbled through the ground, and C-3PO's insistence that the Aleena remain calm earned him a cheer from the delighted locals. While R2-D2 left to download information on the delivered equipment into the mainframe computer station, C-3PO remained with Clone Commander Wolffe, who was overseeing the setup of temporary hospitals and kitchens. However, Manchucho refused the kitchen, insisting that the relief team first needed to "make peace in the ground." C-3PO soon left Wolffe's side to seek out R2-D2, who was finishing his download in a destroyed building. A small group of Aleena were insistent that the two droids come and see something, and C-3PO and R2-D2 followed them to a large hole in the ground that was mostly covered by a heavy seal. C-3PO was sent tumbling into the hole by another aftershock, and R2-D2 followed his friend down with the aid of his booster rockets.
After landing in a dark, subterranean cavern, the droids sought a way out with the aid of R2-D2's glowrod. What C-3PO initially took to be daylight ahead turned out to be phosphorescent plants in the midst of an underground forest. C-3PO was then surrounded by what appeared to be glowing insects, but the pests were shooed by R2-D2's fire extinguishing foam. However, the action caused several of the forest's trees to stand up and encircle the droids. Actually members of the Kindalo species, they demanded to know why the droids had come and why the surface dwellers has disturbed their peace. C-3PO began to explain himself, and one Kindalo revealed that the ground had shaken in order to keep the deadly surface air out of the underground. When C-3PO offered to help solve their problem, he was directed to see someone called Orphne, and he and R2-D2 quickly departed. Inside of a chamber, the glowing insects reappeared and metamorphosed into a radiant female being: Orphne.
Orphne told of an ancient covenant between the Aleena and the subterranean dwellers that had recently been broken by the movement of poisonous surface air to their world that did not go through the natural filtering process. The underground dwellers had caused the groundquakes in retaliation. Eager to prevent more Aleena deaths, C-3PO offered to seal the breach, but the mysterious Orphne disappeared after leaving them with a riddle: "You can run but can not walk. You have a mouth but cannot talk. You have a head but never weep. You have a bed but never sleep. Ask yourself, who are you?" C-3PO bid R2-D2 to play back the riddle one more time and then began to ponder its meaning. Unbeknownst to the protocol droid, R2-D2 found several circles on the floor that were decorated with symbols representing the four elements. When he sprayed some water on the appropriate circle, it helped C-3PO solve the riddle—a river. The chamber's central circle then rose into the air on a jet of water and carried both droids back to Aleen's surface.
Both droids were launched high into the air and sent crashing down next to the hole through which they had initially fallen. Toxic underground air was rising through the breach and causing nearby Aleena to cough, which prompted R2-D2 to pull on it with his cable gun. C-3PO added his own strength by pushing, and the droids successfully sealed the hole. The two worlds were once more separated. At that moment, several clone troopers arrived; skeptical of C-3PO's claims of an adventure, they escorted the droids back to the LAATs. Manchucho thanked C-3PO for his help, and the group launched to return to their ship and proceed to a rendezvous with Jedi Master Adi Gallia.
While traveling aboard Gallia's Venator-class Star Destroyer en route to Republic space, C-3PO communicated with a holographic image of Amidala that was displayed by R2-D2. She told the protocol droid that he was needed back on Coruscant, but that plan was curtailed by the arrival of a Separatist fleet. An evacuation was ordered after the Venator's main reactor was hit and a Separatist attack force boarded the Star Destroyer. In a corridor, C-3PO and R2-D2 saw General Grievous engage Master Gallia in a lightsaber duel, and they consequently fled in search of an escape pod. When they ended up in a hangar, C-3PO reluctantly followed R2-D2 into a Y-wing bomber, which the astromech operated from the droid socket and piloted out into the unfolding space battle. R2-D2 destroyed one Separatist vulture droid but eventually took them to the nearby planet Patitite Pattuna when the Venator was turned into stellar debris. A pursuing vulture droid knocked out the fighter's reactor, but when it lost them in the atmosphere's cloud cover, R2-D2 brought the Y-wing around behind it and destroyed it. The Y-wing's reactor then shut down, and the droids crash-landed into a marsh.
After climbing out of the damaged ship, C-3PO and R2-D2 were charged at by the world's natives: the diminutive Patitites, who stood less than half a meter tall. The droids' dismissal of them as a threat was countered by strikes from the Patitites' powered spears, which produced electrical currents and knocked both droids to the ground. C-3PO and R2-D2 were both then tied to the ground and told of the virtues of the Big Hay-Zu, their leader. Hay-Zu soon arrived on the scene and banished them from the planet, but when the droids were cut loose, an offended R2-D2 approached the Patitite leader with the intention of fighting. C-3PO tried to intervene but ended up inadvertently knocking the astromech down and turning Hay-Zu into a pile of goo. Free from their leaders' despotism, the Patitites cheered his conquerors and set to work helping R2-D2 fix the Y-wing. Several of them asked C-3PO to be their new leader, but he instead decided to introduce them to democracy. The three smartest and most compassionate Patitites were brought forward, with the new leader to be chosen by way of applause, but squabbling broke out between the divided crowd. C-3PO and R2-D2 quickly boarded the repaired starfighter and left the Patitites to their new democracy, knocking them all over with the backwash of the ship's ion drive in the process.
During their flight from Patitite Patuna, the droids realized that ship and occupants alike were running out of power. They accordingly touched down on the nearby planet of Balnab, and a frightened C-3PO followed his companion into the fog after R2-D2 scanned for a viable power source. However, a group of Balnab hunters quickly found them and ensnared them in a net. The two droids were brought to a clearing surrounded by canyon walls, where an enormous hologram of Albee Dewaw—a being of the same species as most of the Balnab hunters—killed one of his underlings with a bolt of lightning for daring to show independent thought by bringing non-living things before him. C-3PO did not hesitate to point out that he was a hologram, and Dewaw responded by sending more lightning bolts striking the ground around the protocol droid. Meanwhile, R2-D2 discovered a hidden room in a canyon wall and learned that Dewaw was nothing more than a false being projected by four DUM-series pit droids at computers. When he shoved one of the droids out into the open, the ruse was revealed and the Balnab hunters stormed the hidden room. A lightfight ensued, and C-3PO and R2-D2 walked away from the ensuing explosions that rocked the canyon.
The droids made their way back to the Y-wing but were forced to stop under a large mushroom as they both ran out of power. Not long afterward, a group of Weequay pirates found them and brought droids and Y-wing alike aboard their pirate ship, the Marauder. C-3PO and R2-D2 were plugged in to recharge, but when they awoke, they were ushered into a droid fighting ring, where the ASP-series droid K0-5D was vanquishing all challengers with deadly flamethrowers. C-3PO and R2-D2 were forced into the ring but were saved by a hull breach when General Grievous's flagship arrived in-system and decided to use the Marauder as target practice.
C-3PO grabbed hold of R2-D2 as the astromech used his booster rockets to carry them through space and safely take them to a hangar aboard Grievous's ship. A group of B1 battle droids immediately arrested them and sent them to the incinerator, where they were placed on a conveyor belt that began edging them toward their doom. As luck had it, a Republic fleet arrived at that moment and attacked, and R2-D2 rocketed both himself and C-3PO away from the incinerator in the midst of the chaos. They found both Adi Gallia and Master Plo Koon destroying a small resistance force of battle droids, as Grievous had fled at the first sign of trouble. A stunned Commander Wolffe recognized C-3PO and R2-D2, and C-3PO regaled him with a tale of their adventures as the Republic forces returned to their fleet.
- "I specifically told you two not to stray far from the palace."
"It was all Artoo's fault."
- ―Amidala and C-3PO, on Bri'ahl
Three years into the war, Senator Amidala yet sought to entice neutral worlds to join the Republic, and she brought C-3PO and Captain Typho on a mission to the planet Bri'ahl. R2-D2 joined the trio, and as Amidala negotiated with President Vuul, she told the droids to not stray too far from the Presidential Palace. Nevertheless, they took a ride on a Bri'ahlian Sky-sled and crashed into a forest. C-3PO's head was separated from its body, and after it argued with R2-D2 over whose fault the accident had been, the astromech left to retrieve the body. In his absence, a green creature considered eating C-3PO's head but ultimately tossed it down the side of a hill. It rolled into a river, and R2-D2 arrived with C-3PO's body in tow to make a rescue. However, a large mammoth was grazing by the river bank, and after an electrocution from R2-D2, it swatted both droids high into the air.
The droids' rough landing crushed three Bri'ahlian rebels who had secretly thrown their lot in with Count Dooku. The rebels had outfitted their soldiers with clone trooper armor and planned to storm the Presidential Palace. C-3PO's head was hurriedly re-attached by R2-D2, and when the droids came across the faux-troopers, loose servomotors in C-3PO caused his hand to slap one trooper in the face. The rebel fell to the ground and accidentally blasted a companion, which led to a panic among the rebels and a round of blasting. A thermal detonator was thrown, and C-3PO and R2-D2 were suddenly the only ones left standing. Ignorant of the plot they had just foiled, they returned to the Palace, where Amidala berated them for being out too late.
A hero's fall
- "I feel so helpless."
- ―C-3PO at the end of the Clone Wars
In the same year, the Republic chased the Confederacy from the Core Worlds and Inner Rim and began taking the fight to their opponents in the Outer Rim. Amidala's Loyalist Committee of senators saw this as a cue for the Supreme Chancellor to relinquish his emergency powers, and scheduled an appointment with him to discuss the matter. C-3PO and Amidala joined their loyalist compatriots outside of Palpatine's office, where they were dismissed by Sate Pestage, one of his chief advisors. Despite this, the group waited for Palpatine to conclude a meeting with the rest of his inner circle, and was eventually welcomed in by the Chancellor. As Senator Organa appealed that Palpatine overturn the Enhanced Security and Enforcement Act that allowed warrantless searches and seizures, the Chancellor told him to bring it before the Senate, and recognized C-3PO as having been built by Skywalker. C-3PO was honored that the Chancellor remembered him.
The distraction offered by the Outer Rim Sieges allowed the Separatists to launched a siege of Coruscant and kidnap the Supreme Chancellor. During the battle, a hole was blown in the side of Amidala's apartment, causing a good deal of distress to C-3PO. His master was unfazed, however, and along with C-3PO and Typho's assistance, began evacuating the residents of the building. Afterwards, C-3PO and Amidala made their way to the Senate Rotunda and rendezvoused with Senators Organa and Mon Mothma, who were in the company of Jedi Masters Shaak Ti and Stass Allie. As Separatist vulture droids and droid tri-fighters flew through the planet's skyways and rained destruction down on the Coruscanti people, the two Jedi were searching for and attempting to protect the Chancellor. They offered Allie's skimmer to the Senators and took off on Ti's speeder bike to Palpatine's residence at the 500 Republica building. C-3PO and the senators boarded the skimmer, and Organa piloted it through thick traffic, but they were soon shot down by vulture droids and made a crash landing on a landing platform. After exiting the downed vehicle, Amidala and Organa used blasters to keep vulture droids in patrol mode at bay in order to allow LAAT gunships clear shots at them, and the group then took refuge in the Embassy Mall shopping center.
Civilians crowded the mall, and C-3PO conferred with a silver protocol droid who warned him that dark times were ahead. He told C-3PO to accept a memory wipe if it was ever offered, as the alternative would be living in confusion as the lines between good and evil were blurred. The silver droid departed, and C-3PO and Amidala watched on the Embassy's holonet monitor as General Grievous displayed the kidnapped Chancellor and proclaimed that the end of the Republic was at hand. Kenobi, Skywalker, and R2-D2 returned from the Outer Rim, however, boarded Grievous's flagship the Invisible Hand, killed Count Dooku and rescued the Chancellor; Grievous and the Separatist then fled the planet. C-3PO joined the Senate's Loyalist Committee and Mace Windu in welcoming the day's heroes outside of the Senate Building. After greeting R2-D2, C-3PO was entertained by the astromech's tales of the rescue.
As Amidala grew more distressed by the increasing amount of power held by Palpatine, she drafted a petition asking him to lay down his emergency powers, and began hosting other concerned senators at meetings in her apartment. During at least one such meeting, C-3PO served drinks to the gathered senators. The days after the Separatist attack were harrowing ones for both Amidala and Skywalker, and they ultimately saw the latter fall to the dark side of the Force under the influence of Palpatine, who was actually the Sith Lord Darth Sidious and had been conspiring against the Jedi. As Jedi across the galaxy were killed, Skywalker, now known as Darth Vader, brought the 501st Legion of clone troopers to the Jedi Temple and slaughtered all of the Jedi present. As Amidala watched the temple burn from her apartment window, C-3PO contacted the office of the Chancellor and learned that Skywalker had returned to the temple. Vader and R2-D2 then arrived at the apartment in Vader's Jedi starfighter; C-3PO briefly conversed with R2-D2 before Vader took the fighter to Mustafar, where he killed the entire Separatist Council and ended the war. After learning of his fall to the dark side from Kenobi, Amidala took C-3PO to Mustafar to see him; C-3PO piloted the skiff, allowing a reprieve for the distraught senator.Unbeknownst to either of them, Kenobi stowed away aboard the skiff, and his arrival at Mustafar caused an enraged Vader to choke his wife with the Force. As he and Kenobi left the platform and engaged in a lightsaber duel, C-3PO and R2-D2 brought Amidala back aboard the skiff and attempted to stabilize her condition. Kenobi soon returned, having defeated Vader, and piloted the skiff with C-3PO to the planetoid Polis Massa to rendezvous with Yoda and Senator Bail Organa. Amidala was brought to a medical center, where C-3PO, R2-D2, Kenobi, Organa and Yoda bore witness to the birth of two twins she had been carrying: Luke and Leia. Weakened and without the will to continue living, Amidala passed away on the operating table. As the five survivors brought her body to Naboo on Organa's corvette, the Sundered Heart, Kenobi and Yoda discussed the situation with Organa: The Jedi Order had nearly been wiped out, and the Republic had been reorganized into a Galactic Empire with Palpatine as its Emperor. Yoda and Kenobi went into hiding, the latter watching over Luke, who was entrusted to the Lars family on Tatooine. Leia was adopted by Organa and his wife; the twins would be kept safe from the Sith in the dark times ahead. Organa entrusted C-3PO and R2-D2 to Raymus Antilles, the Captain of the Tantive IV, who was instructed to treat them well and, to C-3PO's horror, to wipe the protocol droid's memory. As Organa intended for the droids to one day belong to Leia, he knew that erasing all knowledge of the child's parents from C-3PO was the best way to keep the chatty droid from revealing her true parentage. During his time with the Alderaanian royal family, C-3PO served for a time as the Tantive IV's cook and maître d'.
Early Imperial era
Separated from the Tantive IV
- "Functioning without a master for even a short time makes one feel so… inadequate!"
In the early years of the Empire's reign, the droid duo were in one of the Tantive IV's escape pods while the ship's Chief Petty Officer, Corla Metonae, was supervising test launches of the pods in the Maramere system. The Lok Revenants, a local pirate group, attacked the Tantive IV, which was forced to flee and to abandon its jettisoned pods. Bail Organa made the finding of such valuable property an imperative priority, but the droids were captured by the Lok Revenants. They shared an adventure or two with the freebooters, but after suddenly finding themselves free of their captors, C-3PO and R2-D2 sought out employment with the Intergalactic Droid Agency. They were placed aboard a shuttle en route to the planet Dodz to meet their new master: the crystal merchant Lott Kemp.
Aboard the shuttle, several other droids made disparaging wisecracks about the tiny world's barren landscape. After landing, the counterparts trekked to the address they had been given, only to find Kemp's home in ruins. A young Human male named Jost Ellon appeared with a blaster drawn, but when C-3PO explained himself, Ellon calmed down and revealed that Dodz's Governor Kugg unleashed a massive Destroyer droid against any who refused to pay his exorbitant tax rates. Kemp had been the latest victim, although he had survived and gone missing. Ellon recruited C-3PO and R2-D2 to serve him and help him with lifting things; they then boarded Ellon's landspeeder and made their way to the boy's home.
Having lost his family to the Kugg's Destroyer, Ellon lived in a modest cave dwelling scattered with technology that he scavenged and sold. C-3PO and R2-D2 discovered an old Ranger X-One defense robot, which only activated when Ellon gave it a swift kick. The Ranger's power was almost depleted, but a reflexive shove that sent C-3PO tumbling into a tub of water was enough to convince Ellon that he now had the means with which to stand up to Kugg. The boy and his three droids raced to the main dwelling of the planet's Citizen's Council, only to find that Kugg had just terrorized them and forced them to pay triple what he had previously asked for. Head Councilman Althon had given up hope, but a mysterious old man convinced Ellon to fight against Kugg's tyranny. C-3PO and R2-D2 accompanied Ellon as he journeyed to Kugg's mansion the next day with his Ranger, and when Kugg unleashed the Destroyer, a battle began. The Ranger gained the upper hand but quickly began to lose power; when Ellon tried to interfere, the Destroyer easily knocked him over. The Ranger only made it back into the fight when R2-D2 fired his cables at the droid and used himself as a medium through which to siphon power from the Destroyer to the Ranger. However, he overloaded, and although the Destroyer exploded, R2-D2 was left severely depleted of power. Kugg was taken into citizens' custody, and Ellon saw the droids safely aboard an Intergalactic Droid Agency shuttle that had been dispatched to retrieve them for repairs. It was bound for the droid repair station of the scientist Lonn Idd, whom they hoped would repair R2-D2's microsynapse damage.
When the Annoo-dat gangster Tig Fromm came to the space station to steal a powerful laser from Idd, C-3PO and R2-D2 helped Idd's children, Vik and Nikki free the scientist; C-3PO donned the outer shell of a guardian droid and was able to destroy all of Fromm's hover guard droids, allowing Vik to trap Fromm in a packing net and turn him over to the authorities. Lonn Idd gratefully repaired R2-D2, and his children ferried both droids to a nearby Intergalactic Droid Agency station, where they were almost immediately purchased by Ambassador Zell of Majoor and assigned to act as tutors and companions of Zell's son Llez, who had dreams of dismantling C-3PO and using R2-D2 for entertainment purposes. During a diplomatic mission to Armath that saw Zell command a fleet of Majooran consular ships, Llez fled from his father and took up with the pirate Reddjak, but returned to his father when Reddjak was personally defeated by Zell.
A wrinkle in time
- "Too late, Artoo… He's disrupted the anti-matter pods!"
- ―C-3PO regarding Prince Plooz, just before traveling to the future
After vowing to take a more active role in raising his son, Zell realized that the droids' service was no longer needed. They were dismissed, and the Intergalactic Droid Agency arranged for their sale to an impoverished branch of the Republic Diplomatic Corps in the Thanium sector. Their assignment was to be diplomatic couriers, which C-3PO believed would make them droids of distinction. When they arrived at the Royal Palace of the planet Sooma, they found that Plooz—son of King Gokus of nearby Alzar—had stowed away aboard a Sooman freighter and ended up in the court of Sooma's King Zornog. Sludd, First General to Alzar's forces, had in fact concocted a scheme to overthrow his King, and had tricked Plooz into boarding the freighter. C-3PO and R2-D2 stopped a hyperactive Plooz from choking Zornog, and the King gave them his fastest starship to use to ferry the Prince back to his furious father. En route, C-3PO was vexed when Plooz began devouring Neuvian sundaes from the ship's food synthesizer, but began to panic when a graver threat appeared: battleships of General Sludd. C-3PO hailed the vessels and informed them that Plooz was aboard, but Sludd prepared to attack anyway. The protocol droid ordered R2-D2 to prepare the ship's hyperdrive, and Plooz, hoping to help, Plooz inadvertently disrupted the ship's antimatter pods. With electron torpedoes incoming, C-3PO ordered his counterpart to jump to hyperspace regardless.
Aware that there were no stars to be seen in the midst of a bright pink opening that surrounded the ship, C-3PO was surprised to learn from R2-D2 that their ship had created a time warp by causing an anti-matter overload upon jumping to hyperspace. After rocketing through the Endor Gate they had created, the ship traveled years into the future and into the Endor system. C-3PO was able to restrain a wailing Plooz from dashing for an escape pod, but he lost control of the child when attempting to give instructions to R2-D2. As Plooz's pod made its way towards the forest moon of Endor, C-3PO and R2-D2 landed the ship to give chase. On the moon, they met with Kneesaa a Jari Kintaka, an Ewok Princess and the daughter of Chief Chirpa of the Ewok's Bright Tree Village, who spoke an obscure dialect of the Inner Zuma that C-3PO was able to understand. Kneesaa brought them to a peace summit occurring between Chirpa's Council of Elders and King Gorneesh of the Duloks, another sentient species native to the moon. Gorneesh was holding a terrified Plooz over a chasm, and C-3PO demanded that he be let go. Just then, rays from Endor's primary star Ibleam reflected off of C-3PO's plating, giving him the glowing appearance of what the Duloks perceived to be an Ewok demon. The Duloks fled, and Ploz was rescued from the chasm by R2-D2 and the Ewok Wicket Wystri Warrick.
After the Ewoks escorted the droids and Plooz back to their Sooman craft, the trio piloted the ship through the Endor Gate seconds before it closed, and returned to their own time. Sludd's fleet remained where they had left it and began firing on them, but C-3PO took control of the situation and was able to direct R2-D2 to land the damaged craft outside of Gokus's palace. As Plooz entered the palace to find his father, Sludd landed his own ship and held the two droids at gunpoint. When Gokus arrived, demanding an explanation from his general, R2-D2 played a recording of Sludd's earlier threat to kill Plooz and seize control of both Alzar and Sooma. Livid, Gokus had his general and his co-conspirators thrown in prison. C-3PO and R2-D2 remained in Zornog's service, but the fidgety king quickly tired of their constant bickering. The last straw came when R2-D2 inadvertently shorted out the palace's power system, and the droids were abandoned on the planet of R-Duba. They made their way to The Droid Store of businessman Van P. Quist.
When R2-D2 was purchased by the human Kirk Windjammer, C-3PO found a new owner of his own after Baron Gavern Starlock bought him to serve as a translator for R-duba's Prince Jagoda. Starlock soon betrayed his Prince by helping the people of Dorande attempt to conquer R-duba, but found his efforts thwarted by C-3PO, R2-D2, and Windjammer. In the process, C-3PO stopped Starlock's droid BX-00 from assassinating the Prince. Reunited, the droids left Jagoda's court and suggested that Windjammer be appointed Jagoda's Chief Advisor. Continuing their journey through the stars, C-3PO and R2-D2 stowed away aboard a ship headed for Ord Gertoth.
Troubles with Tig Fromm
- "Oh what a perilous chain of events! We're lost in a game of chance to a new master who turns out to be a smuggler, then we're tossed overboard with the stolen goods whilst he gets himself arrested."
- ―C-3PO, regarding himself and R2-D2
C-3PO and R2-D2 were kicked off of the ship, however, at a one-woman refueling station operated by a Bimm businesswoman named Sindee. As their new master, Sindee taught R2-D2 how to play dejarik, but her gambling addiction saw her lose both droids to the smuggler Zevel Hortine in a game of Liar's Cut. In the year 15 BBY, Hortine jettisoned a large amount of contraband from his ship while being arrested above the planet Ingo. The droids were in the ship's cargo bay at the time. After landing in the planet's Vaj Desert, the droids began trekking across the sands before being spotted by two speeder jockeys, Thall Joben and Jord Dusat. Having been in search of an R2 unit, the two declared themselves the new masters of the droid duo and welcomed them into Joben's speeder. While traveling to their auto-shop, the jockeys crossed into the desert's restricted zone and were pursued by seeker probe droids; the chase saw C-3PO fall from Joben's speeder and land in the desert's sands, where he was accosted by a large droid tank. Throwing a rock at it, the protocol droid was surprised to see it explode. Unbeknownst to him, the Fromm Tower Droid had actually been destroyed by Kea Moll, a young resistance fighter from Annoo who had made her way to Ingo.
With the seekers successfully evaded, the jockeys brought the droids back to their shop. C-3PO and R2-D2 helped fix up Joben and Dusat's speeders and were shown the White Witch, a heavily-modified speeder that the jockeys intended to enter into an upcoming race with R2-D2 flying in its droid socket. Joben then left the shop for the night and brought the droids with him, but noticed pursuit by an unknown party and hid his speeder accordingly. With the pursuers dodged, the trio returned to the shop, only to find that Dusat had been kidnapped. Following the arrival of Kea Moll, who had been seeking a mechanic, R2-D2's sensors detected movement outside. Investigating, Joben discovered that his speeder had been sabotaged, and soon found himself surrounded by hostile droids. C-3PO, R2-D2, and Moll took the White Witch outside and saved Joben, before tracking the droids to a base belonging to Tig Fromm, the Anoo-Dat gangster that C-3PO and R2-D2 had previously encountered while in the service of Lonn Idd.After R2-D2 infiltrated the base, a Fromm Tower Droid opened the complex's doors in an effort to locate the intruder. It was swiftly decapitated by the White Witch, which zoomed into the open doors and made its way through a cave system after locating Dusat on a map of the base. After coming to a locked door, Joben cut his way through with a lightsaber that a customer had previously left him, before taking R2-D2 in the White Witch through the base's tube system to rescue Dusat. Remaining at the computer that displayed the map, C-3PO and Moll monitored Joben's progress and redirected tube traffic out of his way. Their efforts were nearly thwarted by a patrol droid and a maintenance droid, but C-3PO tricked the two into inadvertently destroying each other. The protocol droid's cunning continued as he directed all patrol droids away from the Witch over a loudspeaker, and convinced two more of the units that he was their ally and had captured Moll.
After rescuing Dusat, Joben and R2-D2 recovered C-3PO and Moll, and piloted the speeder to the base's exit, only to find several droid cruisers waiting outside and firing at them. C-3PO located a computer and overrode orders from Tig Fromm that had deactivated several tower droids; the reactivated tanks began battling the cruisers, allowing the White Witch to escape in the midst of the confusion. Joben destroyed several seeker probes that attempted to follow it, before taking the speeder was to Moll's ship, the Sand Sloth, where Moll, the droids, and their masters prepared to take the Witch to the Boonta Speeder Race. Aboard the ship, C-3PO and R2-D2 held a discussion regarding speeder racing before the ship jumped to the Annoo system. Following the jump, the droids made their way to the ship's hull to enact repairs. C-3PO and the ship's hyperdrive began to float away, but R2-D2 was able to wheel the protocol droid back towards the ship via a rope that C-3PO had attached himself to. C-3PO's servomotors seized up when R2-D2 attempted to keep him stuck to the hull, locking his torso in a position perpendicular to his legs. Although he was able to right himself, the crew of the Sand Sloth needed a new hyperdrive, and traveled to Annoo to find one.
Following a scuffle with another droid at Annoo customs, C-3PO and R2-D2 spotted two members of the Fromm Gang and began to cause a scene, offering a distraction that allowed their human companions to escape. Joben, Dusat, and Moll took the droids to the home of Kea's mother Demma, where C-3PO and R2-D2 performed various chores while their masters slept. After a Sand sloth knocked him into a wall, C-3PO unintentionally activated a secret door leading to a rebel base of the Annoo resistance. When the droids went to wake Joben up and inform him of their discovery, they found an assassin droid spraying the jockey with gas. A brief skirmish ensued that concluded with Moll arriving and shooting the assassin; her mother promptly arrived home and informed her guests that Sise Fromm, the leader of the Fromm gang, was trying to kill Joben and Dusat for having discovered his secret base on Ingo. In that base, the Fromm gang was developing a secret and deadly weapons satellite called the Trigon One. When the humans returned to their slumber, C-3PO prepared himself for an eventual confrontation with the Fromms by practicing hand-to-hand combat, but found the endeavor taxing when his servomotors seized up again.
Tig Fromm moved the Trigon One into hiding among Ingo's desert cliffs at some point, and Joben and Dusat intercepted a transmission between Tig and his father that revealed as much. Along with C-3PO and R2-D2, they raced to the weapons satellite in the White Witch and another speeder; C-3PO and Joben fired their vehicle's blasters to distract some guards while Dusat and R2-D2 entered the Trigon One and disconnected the computer's main memory. The group then returned to the speeder racers' shop to celebrate.
To take the Trigon
- "Freedom is everybody's fight!"
- ―C-3PO looses a battle cry while fighting the Fromm Gang
The morning after the gas attack, Dusat and Moll took the White Witch to a ship that belonged to the Fromm gang, hoping to ride it back to Ingo and sabotage the Trigon One. When Joben, still in recovery from the gas, later woke up, he took the droids and followed his friends, finding them held captive by a pair of Annoo-Dat thugs at one of the gang's freighters. The gangsters were knocked unconscious in an ensuing confrontation, and Joben and Moll hid themselves in two cargo containers, giving C-3PO a thermal detonator to hold still until they reached Ingo. The droids and Dusat posed as laborers when more gang members passed by, and Dusat then left the scene, intending to remain on Annoo and protect Demma. C-3PO and R2-D2 were soon after witnesses to a conversation between Sise and Tig Fromm regarding their plans for the Trigon One. Under their guise as laborers, they boarded the freighter and were accosted by two other droids during the journey to Ingo. A chance passage through a meteor shower saved them, but also caused them to lose track of the cargo container that Joben and Moll were hiding in.At the Fromm gang's base on Ingo, C-3PO saved the life of the gang's head of security, Vlix Oncard, by pushing him out of the way of falling debris. After quickly identifying the container that held his companions, C-3PO asked the grateful security chief to take it to the hangar that held the Trigon One. Oncard agreed, and the droids began making their own way to the hangar, dropping Oncard's name in order to avoid trouble with rowdy gangsters that they passed. Two of the gangsters, however, unintentionally activated the thermal detonator. With only ten minutes until its detonation, the droids hurried to the hangar and rendezvoused with their companions, who, with R2-D2's help, fended off attacking guard droids and boarded the Trigon One. After the thermal detonator destroyed the scaffolding holding the satellite in place, the team took the satellite into atmosphere, where R2-D2 destroyed several attacking droid fighters.
After Joben, Dusat, and the droids made off with the weapons satellite, agents of the Fromm Gang captured Moll. Oncard met the droids and their masters at their shop on Ingo and presented Tig Fromm's demands: the return of the Trigon One in exchange for Moll's freedom. R2-D2 instead hatched a plan to rescue their friend, and the droids flew a starship to Sise Fromm's stronghold on Annoo and infiltrated the base. After R2-D2 distracted several guards with a blinding ray and knocked a guardian droid out of commission with his circuit board disruptor beam, the droids rescued Moll, escaped, and returned to Ingo.
C-3PO and R2-D2 were soon afterward kidnapped by the Fromm Gang and brought to their mining facility on the planet Aaron. Imprisoned at the bottom of the complex's eight levels, the droids managed to escape from their cell and ascend all eight levels, evading various Fromm Tower Droids, ceiling-mounted gun emplacements and other hazards along the way, and activating turbolifts by entering correct sequences of colored keys. After exiting the facility, the droids found Joben and Dusat waiting to rescue them.
Back in Joben's care, the droids traveled back to Ingo with their masters. R2-D2 and Joben hid and sabotaged the Trigon One, ensuring that any subsequent activation of its drives would send it on a collision course with the Fromm gang's stronghold on Annoo. While they were away, C-3PO was modifying a subspace transceiver in Joben's auto-shop when he unintentionally tuned in to the frequency used by the Fromm gang. Witnessing a conversation between Sise and Tig Fromm, he and Moll learned that Oncard had brought a group of Fromm gangsters to the shop. A swift arrival by Joben and R2-D2 in a speeder saved them, but a subsequent chase through a nearby city concluded with the Fromm gang trapping them in a warehouse.The four were taken prisoner and brought to the Fromm gang's Annoo stronghold, where Joben informed Sise Fromm that he had taken the Trigon One to Ingo. They were then locked in a cell with Dusat, who had been previously captured along with Demma. R2-D2 hatched an escape plan, and C-3PO, preying on their guard's avarice, loudly claimed that his counterpart's dome was filled with jewels. Investigating, the guard was covered with foam by R2-D2, who then used his shock arm to zap Joben's binders. Joben freed his four companions and took Moll to rescue Demma, while Dusat and the droids made their way to a hangar and commandeered a ship. After discovering that the Trigon One was inbound, R2-D2 informed Dusat and C-3PO of the sabotage, and consequently took a cargo sled with C-3PO to aid Joben and Moll, knocking over several patrol droids in the process. The droids activated an evacuation alarm and brought Joben, Moll, and Demma back to the ship, which Dusat had hotwired. However, he needed C-3PO's servomotors to guide the stolen ship. Connecting himself to the ship's navigation controls, C-3PO guided the ship away from the exploding base.
With the Trigon One destroyed and the Fromm gang finished, Joben and Dusat could finally focus on the upcoming speeder race. En route to Boonta, C-3PO and R2-D2 were on the Sand Sloth's hull enacting repairs to the White Witch's power couplings when another starship appeared and began firing at them. R2-D2 quickly activated the hyperdrive via external controls, and the droids rode through hyperspace on the hull. After arriving at Boonta, an engine damaged in the firefight caused the Sand Sloth to crash into a scrapyard. An old Proto Droid named Proto One appeared and, after befriending R2-D2, offered to fix the ship. Moll agreed, and along with Joben and the droids, brought Dusat to a local hospital, as Dusat had injured an arm during the firefight. The White Witch had also been damaged in the crash, and when R2-D2 suggested that Proto One fix it, a jealous C-3PO enlisted the help of a droid named BL-17 instead. BL-17 offered the used of a garage that he claimed was owned by his master, and Moll accepted the offer, unaware that BL-17 was actually working for Boba Fett. Fett, now a bounty hunter, had been hired by Sise Fromm, who wanted revenge on the group that had ruined his gang.
While R2-D2 and Moll were fixing the Witch, C-3PO, unaware of BL-17's duplicity, became fast friends with the droid. BL-17 suggested that they leave the garage to search for Joben, and took the opportunity to lock the door and remotely trigger a gas leak in the garage's welding tanks. When he and C-3PO returned to find the door open and R2-D2 guarding the Witch, C-3PO blamed his old friend for any trouble that might have happened and agreed to BL-17's suggestion to move the speeder to the safety of a nearby processing plant. At the plant, C-3PO and BL-17 ran into Proto One, who had a long-standing rivalry with BL-17. A fight ensued, causing C-3PO to realize his mistake and to regret opening a rift between himself and R2-D2. As if on cue, the astromech droid arrived, and C-3PO took advantage of the distraction by body-checking BL-17 into a pile of rubble which then collapsed on the duplicitous droid. Joben and Moll arrived, but when Fett appeared and began shooting at the group, Joben and R2-D2 fled in the Witch to participate in the imminent Boonta Race. Proto One then warned C-3PO and Moll of a thermal detonator that the Fromms had placed inside the Witch, set to detonate after ten laps of the race were completed.Helpless to intervene, C-3PO and Moll arrived at the racetrack and watched as Joben and R2-D2 participated in the race, dodging Fett's speeder in the process. When the thermal detonator came loose and landed on Fett's vehicle, Joben was able to win the race. While celebrating, he and Dusat were approached by Zebulon Dak, the owner of a powerful speeder corporation, who offered them both jobs. The jockeys eagerly accepted, but their mirth was interrupted by the arrival of Sise Fromm, Tig Fromm, and Vlix Oncard, who were fuming at having once again been foiled. Proto One arrived as well, however, and arrested them, but Fett was unimpressed by their meddling in his work after having hired him, and captured them in order to deliver them to Jabba the Hutt. C-3PO and R2-D2 joined their masters and Moll aboard the Sand Sloth, where they overheard a conversation between the humans: Dak would not allow C-3PO and R2-D2 to accompany the jockeys unless they were reprogrammed. Having grown attached to the droids' personalities, Joben and Dusat decided not to take the jobs. Accordingly, the droids fled the ship in an escape pod, hoping that their masters would be free to pursue their dreams.
The lost Prince
- "Yorpo says we certainly know how to pick a master."
"And I know how to pick my droids."
- ―C-3PO and Jann Tosh
C-3PO and R2-D2 made their way back to the Intergalactic Droid Agency, whose agents found them a new owner in the form of Doodnik, a cantankerous chef who owned and operated a café on the planet Tyne's Horky. Arriving at the establishment in one of the world's mining colonies, the droids anticipated respectively being put to work as translator and maintenance droids, but were instead relegated to waiting tables. C-3PO found the task of remembering orders difficult, and after tripping over one another and disrupting the meal of the crime lord Kleb Zellock, he and R2-D2 were disowned by Doodnik and told never to return to the café. Desiring a master, they found their way to a public auction within the colony, where an asking price of 500 keschels was given for the two of them. When C-3PO expressed offense at what he believed to be a low price, the auctioneer retaliated by including an android in the deal. C-3PO picked a young Human male out in the crowd and asked if he would buy them, but the sale was made for sixty keschels to Yorpo Mog, the bodyguard of Zellock whom R2-D2 had earlier sent face-first into his boss's soup. When Mog began manhandling the android, the young man that C-3PO had appealed to intervened and traded his mining droid for Mop's three acquisitions, with the aid of translation by C-3PO. Named Jann Tosh, the young man took his new comrades to his wheel bike, but was pursued by Mog after the bodyguard remembered that Zellock had charged him with acquiring the android. C-3PO piloted the vehicle away from Mog, but the bodyguard managed to board it before being quickly shaken off. Tosh and his companions then to return to Tosh's mine.
Tosh's uncle Gundy was less-than-impressed that Tosh had returned home without a mining droid, and his vexation only increased when R2-D2's sensors discovered that the android was in fact an addle-brained member of the Tammuz-an species. Regardless, all three were put to work; C-3PO performed such duties as making stew, carrying water, and working in the mine. He was often helped by the Tammuz-an stranger, who displayed great strength and impressed Gundy by using it to rescue the miner from a collapsing mineshaft. Tosh dubbed the stranger Kez-Iban, a Bocce word meaning "He That Returns from Death", and took him and the droids along as he brought an injured Gundy to a local hospital. When R2-D2 witnessed Mog steal Kez-Iban away from the medical facility, Tosh took the droids back to Doodnik's, where they confronted Zellock, leading to a brawl erupting throughout the café. After a young female Human paralyzed one of Zellock's thugs with a miniature stunner, Tosh and the droids rushed out of the eatery, only to find Mog and several more thugs waiting for them. They were brought to Zellock's Nergon-14-filled mine and sentenced to perform labor, but escaped their chains when R2-D2 used a detached lower leg segment of C-3PO to deactivate the power restraints of the mine's power conductor. Their efforts were nearly thwarted by a mining droid, but C-3PO neutralized the threat by throwing a piece of machinery. When the Tammuz-an Sollag arrived and presented Kez-Iban with a scepter, Kez-Iban's vitality was restored, and he revealed himself as Mon Julpa, Prince of Tammuz-an. He thanked Tosh for his kindness, but the joyful moment was cut short when R2-D2's sensors detected rising levels of combustible gas. Fearful of the Nergon-14's impending activation, Tosh, Julpa, Sollag, and the droids rushed out of the mine.Several mining droids attempted to repulse them, but were neutralized by R2-D2, the power of Julpa's sceptor, and C-3PO, whose reattached lower leg segment acted on its own due to crossed wires and kicked a droid over. Commandeering a bulldozer, the desperate team drove it through a large door before ascending to Zellock's control platform in a turbolift. The Nergon-14 was activated by the gas leak just as they confronted Zellock and Mog, who fled from the base, pursued by Tosh and his allies. When the latter group split up in order to find their way out of the mine's twisting tunnels, it was C-3PO and R2-D2 who came upon Zellock and Mog arriving at their getaway ship. C-3PO's independent lower leg segment sprang forward, knocking a miniature stunner from Zellock's hand into Mog's, and Mog, having just been betrayed by his boss, fired the weapon at Zellock. Tosh, Julpa, and Sollag arrived, and the group brought Zellock's prone form onto the ship and escaped from the base just prior to its destruction. Returning to his mine, Tosh discovered that his uncle had found a large deposit of keschels where the mineshaft had earlier collapsed; Gundy polished and shone C-3PO and R2-D2 up, but informed them that he intended to keep them working hard at the mine.
Hoping to help Julpa regain his rightful place as King of Tammuz-An, Tosh enlisted the help of a stranger named Old Iron Pants to take he, his droids, Julpa, and Sollag to the planet. Before Tosh left his mine, Gundy recorded a farewell hologram inside of R2-D2 and instructed both droids to ensure that only Tosh received it. On the bridge of Iron Pants's ship, she revealed to Tosh that she was actually Jessica Meade, the stranger who had saved him inside of Doodnik's Café. C-3PO and R2-D2 then rushed onto the bridge, where the astromech droid played the hologram to both Tosh and Meade in spite of Gundy's request. Julpa and Sollag entered the bridge just before the ship was attacked by the Dianoga, a hostile starship belonging to the pirate Kybo Ren. R2-D2 was able to successfully detach the bridge, a starship in its own right, from the rest of the vessel, before the bounty hunter IG-88, having been hired by Tammuz-an's Vizier Zatec-Cha to take Julpa alive, arrived in-system in his own ship and crippled the Dianoga. Free of pirate trouble, Meade brought her ship to ground-level on the planet and was hailed by ships belonging to the forces of Zatec-Cha. Thinking quickly, C-3PO asserted that it was the ineptitude of the ships' guards that had allowed them to be attacked by pirates; the guards, fearful of retribution from Zatec-Cha, left Meade's ship alone.
Injured from the firefight, Meade was taken to a hospital by Sollag, while the others booked a room at a local inn. At the inn, Julpa revealed that he needed to infiltrate Zatec-Cha's fortress and reach the royal tower in order to hold his scepter up to the rising sun at dawn and be crowned King. Tosh noticed a spy outside of their room and gave chase, while the droids left the inn to check on Meade at the hospital. Discovering that Meade and Sollag had been escorted out of the hospital by the Vizier's guards, they attempted to return to the inn but got lost on the way, eventually discovering Tosh surrounded by the spy, named Vinga, and several of his companions in an alleyway. The distraction of the droids' arrival prompted Tosh to start a fight with his foes, which C-3PO and R2-D2 helped him win by each grabbing a guard's wig and pulling at it, spinning the guard around until he collapsed. With less than three hours until dawn, they rushed to the Vizier's palace to save their missing comrades, whom Julpa had joined the ranks of after being captured by IG-88. After entering the palace via a secret door that Julpa had revealed to them, Tosh and C-3PO fell through a trap door and were followed down by R2-D2. Landing without injury, they were chased by a giant droid that fired lasers from its photoreceptors, but their foe fell from a partially extended bridge into a pit of lava. The next room that the trio found their way into saw its ceiling begin to press in on them, but the crisis was averted when R2-D2 pressed a floor panel that caused the walls to follow suit; the stress created by the walls acting against the ceiling caused both elements to cease their pressure, allowing the trio to escape.
Unfazed by the hazards, the trio pressed on, soon entering a pit where Julpa was being chased by a Durkii. The beast's tail lifted C-3PO from the ground and onto its back, but the Durkii lost its aggression and fell asleep when R2-D2 was able to remove several pesterous kleexs from its body. The droids and Tosh, joined by Julpa and Sollag, rushed after Zatec-Cha to rescue Meade and recover the scepter. They dodged several barrels before Tosh mounted a Floater-935 repulsorlift vehicle to chase Zatec-Cha and his henchmen, who rode Ubrikkian Airhooks out of the fortress and into Tammuz-an's pre-dawn air. In a chase around the royal tower, the scepter changed hands repeatedly before R2-D2, riding on an Imperial Sniper Vehicle awkwardly piloted by C-3PO, grabbed it with his claw-arm. It fell again into the hands of Zatec-Cha, who readied himself to approach the Keeper of the Tower and present it at dawn. Landing his vehicle, C-3PO stood atop R2-D2's dome and donned a cloak over both of them, posing as Vinga, Zatec-Cha's assistant. When Meade wrestled the scepter from the Vizier's hands, C-3PO recovered it and tossed it to Julpa, who presented it to the Keeper of the Tower and was declared King of Tamuz-an. Now loyal to Julpa, the guards took Zatec-Cha and Vinga away. C-3PO and R2-D2 received medals, were polished and shined, and, along with Tosh, were appointed advisors to Julpa's court.
The revenge of Kybo Ren
- "It's time I did something right for a change. Even if it is the last thing I do."
- ―C-3PO, attempting to sacrifice himself to save princess Gerin
Desperate to power his R-22 Spearhead fighters, Julpa tasked Tosh, Meade, and the droids with obtaining fuel and bringing it to Tammuz-an. Tosh flew in a Spearhead while Meade brought the droids aboard her ship. On the return flight to Tammuz-an, a ship was sent ahead containing the fuel, but C-3PO and R2-D2 were kept in the dark and told that it was a decoy meant to attract pirates. The pirate Kybo Ren fell for the ploy, and brought the Dianoga and several stolen Imperial TIE fighters against Meade and Tosh. Tosh was able to cripple the TIEs, but Ren and several of his crew boarded and seized control of Meade's ship. C-3PO contacted Tosh and informed him of their plight before being stunned with an ion bolt. When R2-D2 reactivated him, C-3PO discovered that Tosh had surrendered to Ren and that the pirate was bringing his quarry to his base, an island grotto on Tarnoonga.
Enamored with her fiery spirit, Ren personally brought Meade as a guest of honor to his court, while Tosh and the droids were separately escorted by guards. C-3PO was too slow to step onto a turbolift, and after falling off of a ledge, he landed on an inflatable mattress released by R2-D2. Bouncing and landing on his feet, C-3PO's bipedal stabilizers contracted, causing his knees to briefly jam in a bent position. Brought before Ren, Tosh and the droids learned that the pirate was planning to invade Tammuz-an, and had pursued the fuel in order to leave the planet defenseless. The following morning, he brought the trio on his skiff to the ocean surrounding his base, fitted Tosh with stun cuffs, and threw him into the ocean to be eaten by a Miridon sea monster. R2-D2 plunged into the water after his master, bringing an unwitting C-3PO with him. Tangling with a squid-like creature, the protocol droid sunk to the sea floor while his counterpart used a built-in propeller to navigate through the lake's depths. R2-D2 fitted Tosh with a breath mask and broke his stun cuffs with a shock of electricity, and then began evading the Miridon, Tosh hanging onto the droid and C-3PO hanging onto Tosh. The monster found itself stuck inside of a sunken ship, and R2-D2 propelled his allies back to Ren's base, which the trio entered via an underwater pipe.
Back inside the base, they pulled two fishing guards into the water, and the droids donned their uniforms in order to infiltrate the base and rescue Meade. C-3PO mistakenly woke a sleeping guard who wore his hair similar to Meade, causing a scuffle to ensue that saw Tosh and the droids commandeer a boat and pilot it through the base's waters. Several guards gave chase in a boat of their own, but were intercepted by the Miridon, the beast having entered the base through the same pipe as Tosh and the droids. With the guards distracted, Ren stood alone against the trio, and was caught in a net by Meade, who had escaped from her cell. She joined Tosh and the droids in racing to their ships and escaping the planet, the droids inside of Tosh's Spearhead. Several TIE fighters gave chase, leading the starfighter into the tractor beam of Ren's Gladiator-class Star Destroyer Demolisher that the pirate had stolen from an Imperial repair dock. When the spearhead was brought into a hangar of the Star Destroyer, Tosh was imprisoned and the droids were put to work loading arms as the warship jumped to Tammuz-an.
As C-3PO and R2-D2 worked at loading proton torpedoes, the astromech droid inverted one before trapping their droid overseer on a magnetic hoist. The two then made their way to the detention level and freed Tosh, who raced to the bridge while the droids further sabotaged the ship's weapons systems. Having arrived at Tammuz-an, the Demolisher fired its turbolasers at Meade's ship, and Ren was shocked to discover that it was a decoy. The fully-fueled Tammuz-an space navy arrived from the planet's atmosphere and engaged the Demolisher, which became crippled after attempting to fire the inverted torpedo. Tosh and the droids fled the ship in his Spearhead and returned to Tammuz-an, where the droids were treated to an oil bath, and Ren and his crew were placed in the dungeons.
Soon after capturing Ren, Julpa invited the warrior chief Toda to his court, proposing a peace treaty and hoping to end a longstanding rivalry between the royal court and the warrior chief. C-3PO and R2-D2 prepared dessert for the occasion, and after accidentally tossing the prepared food out a window, made a second cake and rushed into the courtroom, crashing into a wall and ending up covered in the cake. Their hijinks cut tension that had been mounting between Toda and Sollag, but Toda remained suspicious of Julpa's motives and decided to wait until the following morning to give Julpa his answer. Later that evening, the droids and Tosh were working on Tosh's spearhead when C-3PO unintentionally sealed the hatch, trapping Tosh and R2-D2 inside. As he searched for Meade, hoping that she could help free them, C-3PO noticed Kybo Ren escaping from the palace and rushed after him. He ended up in Ren's arms and was thrown at Gerin, Toda's daughter, who had been ready to fire a miniature stunner at Ren prior to C-3PO's arrival. Ren picked up the stunner and fired it at Gerin and Tosh, the latter having freed himself from the spearhead, before taking Gerin and fleeing the planet in another spearhead. A furious Toda wanted C-3PO destroyed, but Julpa placated the warrior chief by sending Tosh and Meade to rescue Gerin and surrendering himself to Toda until she was safely returned.
C-3PO hoped to redeem himself, and hatched a plan to discover where Ren had brought Gerin. He entered the prison cell of Ren's first mate Jyn Obah and began shouting, with R2-D2 in tow, many of the astromech droid's weapons and tools extended menacingly. C-3PO begged a confused and frightened Obah to reveal the location, and gleaned the word "Bogden" from Obah's babbled response. He then brought the news to Tosh and Meade, who took the two droids in spearheads to Bogden. In the planet's orbit, R2-D2 detected life-form readings in a shipwrecked starcruiser on the surface, and the rescue team proceeded to Ren's makeshift base. After they split up, C-3PO and Tosh found Gerin, having escaped from a cell, surrounded by snarling Sungwas. Still feeling guilt over his earlier blunder, the protocol droid offered himself as a meal to the Sungwas and ran away, the beasts in tow. After chewing his left arm off and losing interest in his non-organic body, the Sungwas left him, and he was discovered by Tosh and Gerin. The trio was then contacted by Meade via the base's surveillance system, who told them that Ren was wandering the hallways and was close to them. They hid and spotted Sungwas chasing Ren, and after finding R2-D2 and Meade, followed the pirate to one of the base's landing platforms. Obah and several of Ren's other henchmen had arrived in Ren's ship with a captive Julpa, as Ren had contacted Toda and arranged a prisoner swap. When Ren refused to make the trade, Toda and several of his warriors burst forth from a secret compartment in Ren's ship and attacked Ren's gang. When Ren attempted to escape, C-3PO tripped him, allowing Julpa and Toda to subdue the pirate.
Back on Tammuz-an, Meade prepared to return to Tyne's Horky, and Toda's young son Coby insisted that C-3PO entertain him with tales of the rescue. Coby was soon after accepted into the Imperial space academy, and the droids and Tosh were assigned to escort him there. A passenger ship took them from Tammuz-an to Chuzalla, where they would be taking a connecting flight from the planet's spaceport Zallakesh. As Tosh searched for the connection, the droids watched over Coby, holding onto the inheritance he had received from his great-uncle and forbidding him to spend it foolishly. When members of Starhunter's Intergalactic Menagerie spotted Ingey, Coby's pet tessellated Arboreal binjinphant, they stole the creature and fled aboard their ship. As Coby pounded on the door, C-3PO attempted to bargain with the starhunters, but ended up crashing to the ground when the ship lifted off, stretching out his neck and fracturing his vocal synthesizer.
C-3PO was separated from both Coby and R2-D2, and wandered the streets of the spaceport until he was picked up by his two companions in a Blackhawk Destroyer. In the ship's cockpit, Coby fixed C-3PO's loose neck while R2-D2 flew the vessel and pursued the starhunters. C-3PO intervened and attached the destroyer to the side of the starhunters' vessel via magnetic landing gear; the trio thus traveled with the starhunters through hyperspace to the planet Dandelo. Within Dandelo's atmosphere, they detached the destroyer, but discovered that it was out of fuel and promptly crashed into the forested ground. Although the ship was destroyed, R2-D2 was able to send out a distress signal immediately before Dandelo's native Fuzzums subdued the trio. C-3PO understood their language, and was able to divert their spears by explaining Coby's missing pet. Moved by the boy's plight, the Fuzzums took the trio to the starhunters' base, where they witnessed Ingey being placed in a cell. After C-3PO and R2-D2 restrained Coby from rushing out of their hiding place in the woods, a plan was concocted to rescue both Ingey and several Fuzzums that the starhunters also held captive.
The protocol droid's role in the plan was to create a diversion: C-3PO imitated the call of a native spotted jugadoo, and the starhunters who were gathered around their base rushed into the forest in an attempt to catch the rare animal. When an actual spotted jugadoo heard the call, it rushed through the forest to C-3PO and wrapped the droid in its trunk. A horrified C-3PO was able to escape, only to find himself ensnared in a net the starhunters had laid as a jugadoo trap. After untangling himself, he exited the forest and found Coby, Ingey, the Fuzzums, and an old man named Greej standing in the base clearing. The jugadoo was hot on his tail and charged into the clearing, dragging the net along with it. When it loosed the net and picked up C-3PO again, the group noticed that the starhunters had all become trapped in the net. They freed themselves, however, and their leader acquired a blaster that Greej had taken from a patrol droid, only to have it knocked out of his hand by Jann Tosh, who had picked up R2-D2's distress signal and traveled to Dandelo to help. The starhunters were imprisoned, and as the Fuzzums danced in celebration, Tosh and Greej fixed R2-D2, who had been damaged by a patrol droid. Coby and Greej made plans to return all of the starhunters' captive creatures to their natural habitats, and Tosh revealed that he had been accepted into the Imperial academy. After heartfelt goodbyes were exchanged, Tosh, Greej, and Coby departed the planet, and the spotted jugadoo returned, chasing after a befuddled C-3PO yet again.
- "What?! Go on adventures? Explore the galaxy? You must be short-circuiting again! We are droids, after all… Nothing exciting ever happens to us!"
- ―C-3PO to R2-D2
Tosh brought C-3PO and R2-D2 with him when he traveled coreward to the Imperial Academy on Raithal. The droids were dropped off at a spaceport on the planet Manda, where Tosh caught a commercial starliner. The droids spent weeks working a hotel at the spaceport, spending their mornings scrubbing saltwater tanks after aquatic guests checked out. A hotel guest named Mungo Baobab, a wealthy heir to the Baobab Merchant Fleet, purchased C-3PO and R2-D2, and the droids made their way to the planet Biitu to meet him. They found their new master imprisoned by the Empire's Admiral Screed and a gargantuan droid known as the Great Heep. Together, the three thwarted the Heep, and the droids later adventured with Baobab on Roon, where they discovered some Roonstones, participated in the Roon Colonial Games, and brought down Governor Koong of the world's Tawntoom province.
C-3PO and R2-D2 remained in Baobab's service following Koong's defeat, standing by him as he expanded the Merchant Fleet and established lucrative trade between Roon, Manda, and Ryloth. C-3PO discovered that the crystalline structure of the Roonstones had "Dha Werda Verda," an epic poem, etched into them, and Baobab sent both droids to the Baobab Archives to translate all of the engravings. However, the archives' researchers were happy with the TelBrinTel science droids assigned to the task and saw no need for a protocol or astromech droid to help them. They also took issue with C-3PO's know-it-all attitude and with R2-D2's pushiness, and "mistakenly" arranged for the droids to be sold to the Arkanian Krellus Barzane, a trafficker of used technological goods and a renegade technolord. C-3PO protested indignantly, but, without electronic confirmation of their orders, he had little recourse. The droids helped Barzane stay one step ahead of her enemies, but she eventually met with misfortune. C-3PO and R2-D2 also discovered, to their horror, that the Fromm Gang had been released by Jabba the Hutt.
At some point, the masterless droids made their way to a ship garage on Roon in a damaged hotrod, which R2-D2 fixed. When they found the ship stolen, C-3PO alerted a technician named Nik, who informed them that the ship had taken off just minutes beforehand. The droids told Nik their secret communication code, which allowed them to see the ship thief on a computer monitor: the Fromm Gang's own Vlix Oncard. R2-D2 then revealed the modifications he had made to the ship by jacking into the computer and overriding the craft's controls. The ship returned to the garage, and Oncard asked to be locked up for a long time rather than face the wrath of his boss.
The droids were re-united with Jann Tosh, and C-3PO and R2-D2 accompanied him to Roon's communications satellite to pay a visit to his old friend, Professor Akary Smith. Upon their arrival, Smith's droid XR seized the trio and brought them before Smith, who revealed that his droid had been sabotaged. One of Smith's friends appeared on a wallscreen, but XR aborted the conversation with a laser blast. As the evil General Koong was controlling XR via a television camera, C-3PO and R2-D2 began searching for said camera, but the astromech eventually fired his blaster at a mirror. The blast ricocheted off and destroyed XR, thus rescuing Smith and foiling Koong's plans.
Tosh also took them to a space station to make some purchases, and C-3PO fell through a trap door and into the laboratory of one Professor Cantebarius H. Broom. While laughing evilly, Broom revealed that he captured droids and experimented on them, and he drew a blaster on R2-D2 and Tosh when they burst into the laboratory. The distraction, however, allowed C-3PO to club the professor in the head with a piece of metal.
The masterless droid duo visited Kea Moll on Annoo at some point, and she offered to serve as their master for the duration of their visit. Aboard a starship, they were fired upon by several fighters, and Moll surmised that they were intentionally missing in order to secure a top secret information disk from her possession. The Fromm Gang sought the disk, as it contained instructions on how to build a nuclear-powered missile, and Vlix Oncard soon appeared on the starship's monitor to demand that they make their way to Tig Fromm's fortress. R2-D2 hatched a plan and copied the disk's contents; C-3PO then blanked the original, and when they were brought before Fromm, the trio happily gave him the empty disk and went on their way.
While searching for new adventures in a starship, C-3PO and R2-D2 flew into a strange cloud, and C-3PO became frightened when he saw several phantom-like apparitions. The droids then discovered and boarded a satellite that was producing smoke and thus the cloud—the satellite belonged to Tig Fromm, who was scheming to use the cloud to eliminate all trace of passing vessels. When a video of Fromm revealing his plans was espied by the droids on a monitor, they simply flipped a switch to deactivate the device and left the satellite.
C-3PO and R2-D2 were assigned menial and unremarkable tasks until they were purchased by Wena Havid, the indulgent governor of the Kalarba system, who roamed the galaxy as a roving ambassador. Aboard his opulent diplomatic starship, every droid was retuned, recalibrated, and treated to a lavish oil bath at least once daily. C-3PO found himself in heaven and never wanted to leave. However, Wena's superiors learned of his extravagance and cut off his funds before forcing him to repay millions of credits. C-3PO and R2-D2 were auctioned off along with most of his possessions, and the two were purchased by a junk trader for a rock-bottom price. In 5.5 BBY, the droids were placed on a barge bound for Hosk Station, a city-covered moon in orbit above Kalarba in Wena's own home system.
On Hosk Station and Kalarba, the droids were involved in a number of adventures with Nak Pitareeze and his family, Olag Greck, and Jace Forno. Though Nak would often disrespect him, C-3PO nonetheless cared for the boy and his family. When Nak was kidnapped by Greck, C-3PO and R2-D2 came to the rescue and foiled Greck's plans. One time, C-3PO fell out of a speeder and cracked his faceplate. The crude repair job he got afterward was two pieces of tape in the shape of an X. That X on his head led him to be mistaken for C-3PX, an extremely dangerous assassin droid who was wanted in seven systems. Some Hosk Arena promoters who thought C-3PO was C-3PX tried to make him fight in a droid death match. C-3PX later sacrificed himself to save C-3PO, having decided that he had no interest in staying alive in a galaxy where he would eventually die whatever he chose.
C-3PO and R2-D2 later went with a police droid named Unit Zed to Nar Shaddaa, where Jace Forno blasted off C-3PO's right leg below the knee. However, the replacement leg that he got actually contained secret programming that overrode his regular personality. The new C-3PO led a droid rebellion against Boonda the Hutt. However, his original programming was later restored when R2-D2 replaced his leg. After that, the two droids were owned by an Ithorian botanist named Zorneth and then a diplomat, Counselor Harthan, before finding their way into the possession of Mistress Larka Nimondro, a young Tahlboorean who dreamed of seeing the stars.
Larka eventually gave way to other masters and mistresses. C-3PO drifted through a variety of jobs, including programming binary loadlifters and converters. He once spent a month operating a shovel loader, and on another occasion was the personal caregiver of a Huttlet. Eventually, the droids finally found their way back to the Royal House of Alderaan. C-3PO felt that he had finally come into his own after years of rudderless drifting. Political formalities kept him busy and happy, as did the endless state dinners and masquerades. As a member of the Organa Family's entourage, he attended the annual Emperor's Ball one year and encountered the Sith Lord Darth Vader, who had been encased in a suit of black armor since his accident. While attempting to make small talk, C-3PO mistook Vader for a new model of guard droid, and he was consequently assigned to a year of duty at the palace preschool, which he found to be very frustrating.
C-3PO and R2-D2 were eventually reassigned to the Tantive IV and its droid labor pool. Both droids were given instructions to never again enter an escape pod unless explicitly ordered to do so. At some point between 1 BBY and 0 BBY, Captain Raymus Antilles lent the two droids to the Star Tours travel agency, a new intergalactic space line that sought to preserve unrestricted travel in a galaxy being squeezed by the tightening grip of the Galactic Empire. As the Royal House of Alderaan was suspected by the Empire to have ties to the nascent Rebel Alliance, Antilles's move fueled Imperial suspicion that Star Tours was operated by the Rebels.
Star Tours Flight 1401 was the agency's first flight, due to depart from a Star Tours space station. Prior to its departure, C-3PO and R2-D2 were tasked with making last-minute repairs to the StarSpeeder 1000 that would be whisking civilian passengers across the galaxy. C-3PO settled into the pilot's seat to inspect a faulty binary motivator while the pilot droid, AC-38, left to inspect the exterior of the vessel, and R2-D2 settled into the ship's droid socket. When the ship was quickly elevated to the passenger boarding level, the two droids were forced to fly the ship on its maiden voyage, even as Imperials attempted to halt them after discovering that a Rebel spy was aboard. After fleeing the space station and into hyperspace, the droids piloted the ship through a harrowing experience and eventually received coordinates to a Rebel rendezvous point. They were able to safely deliver the Rebel spy. After the fiasco, C-3PO, alongside R2-D2, were quietly returned to Antilles.
Escape from the Empire
- "No more adventures!"
- ―C-3PO to R2-D2, after landing on Tatooine
As the Galactic Civil War between the Empire and the Rebellion raged across the galaxy, C-3PO continued his service aboard the Tantive IV. Although he worked as Captain Antilles's translator for a time, he was assigned to the corvette's droid labor pool on diplomatic missions that did not require interpreters. He and R2-D2 were paired together, with the former acting as the interpreter counterpart of the latter. C-3PO found the work to be humiliating drudgery. In 0 BBY, Princess and Senator Leia Organa took the Tantive IV to the planet Ralltiir to deliver military-grade equipment to Alliance operatives under the guise of a diplomatic mission to deliver supplies to the Ralltiiri High Council. Contact with the operatives in the midst of the Empire's subjugation of the planet, coupled with info spilled by The Empire's Lord Tion during a dinner with Organa and her father Bail back on Alderaan, alerted the Royal House of Alderaan to the existence of a secret Imperial construction project: The Death Star, a massive battlestation with enough power to destroy an entire planet. A tip from a horrified Bail allowed Alliance agents on Toprawa to intercept the plans to the Death Star, and Leia Organa prepared to take the Tantive IV there to retrieve them. As the corvette was readied to leave Alderaan, C-3PO and R2-D2 boarded while father and daughter hugged farewell.
During the journey to Toprawa, C-3PO and R2-D2 were pressed into service by the labor pool overseer, who required an astromech droid and an interpreter for special work detail. The two reported to Princess Organa and Captain Antilles, who gave them a voice override indicating that they were to protect all references to the Princess being aboard the vessel and to follow her orders unquestionably. After the Tantive IV reverted to realspace in the Toprawa system, Organa ordered R2-D2 to exit through an airlock and pretend to make repairs on the navigation computer sensor suite, all the while making periodic reports to C-3PO via comlink. When the Imperial I-class Star Destroyer Devastator demanded to know why the corvette was in a restricted zone, Organa used the apparently malfunctioning navigation computer as an alibi. While a transmission containing the Death Star plans was beamed to the Tantive IV, R2-D2 returned to the ship's interior; when the transmission concluded, Antilles took the ship into hyperspace and away from the pursuing Devastator.
Bail Organa believed that the Rebellion needed to call on Obi-Wan Kenobi in such a desperate hour, and Organa accordingly took the Tantive IV to Tatooine. However, the Devastator had caught the corvette's receipt of the Death Star plans, and it followed them to the Tatoo system. After both ships decanted from hyperspace, the Devastator attacked. C-3PO and R2-D2 made their way through the Tantive IV's corridors as the ship was rocked by explosions; when the Devastator trapped the corvette in a tractor beam, Imperial stormtroopers boarded and engaged the stationed Rebel troopers in a firefight. The two droids weaved their way through the laser blast. As the Rebel defenders quickly fell, a blast struck the wall behind C-3PO, and the exposed circuitry shot an electric current through the protocol droid. He was freed from the tangled wires by his counterpart, and both escaped the notice of Darth Vader, the Imperial Dark Lord of the Sith, as he and a stormtrooper escort passed by.
C-3PO became separated from R2-D2 in the midst of the chaos, and he eventually found him near the labor pool. Fearing that a crewmember had betrayed them and smuggled a homing beacon aboard, Organa and Antilles had quickly devised a plan to use her voice override and smuggle the Death Star plans off the ship inside of R2-D2. C-3PO caught up to his counterpart just as Organa finished giving the astromech droid the plans, and as the Princess fled, C-3PO dismissed R2-D2's claims of a secret mission and tried to stop his counterpart from entering an escape pod. He changed his mind, however, when a laser blast struck a nearby bulkhead, and the two launched for the surface of Tatooine. Captain Antilles had already jettisoned a number of decoy escape pods, and the Devastator's gunners neglected to shoot down the droids due to a lack of detected life forms aboard.
R2-D2 was intent on getting the plans to Kenobi, and he steered the pod toward a location Organa had given him. The pod nevertheless landed in the middle of a desert, and C-3PO helped manually lift the astromech out of the crashed vehicle. C-3PO refused to believe his counterpart's claims of a mission, even when the astromech droid began to make his way toward rocky terrain. The two set off in different directions, but C-3PO turned around to give his counterpart one last warning. R2-D2 steadfastly continued on his way, but when he suddenly fell through the sand, C-3PO rushed after him and fell through himself. The two landed in a system of subterranean tunnels, and they were quickly surrounded by a group of mole creatures. C-3PO attempted to communicate with them, and the little he understood suggested that the moles would serve the droids, their new masters. The underground dwellers then carried the new arrivals through the tunnels, all the while chanting the word "Gotar," which turned out to be the name of a giant hungry acid lizard. As it turned out, the moles would indeed "serve" the droids—to Garto for dinner. The lizard gobbled the droids up but kept them in his mouth in order to allow the acid there to dissolve them, but R2-D2 shorted out his electrical system, which caused Gotar to spit them out so hard that they landed back on the sand above. C-3PO pleaded for R2-D2 to follow him one last time, but R2-D2 continued toward the mesas, and the two finally parted ways.
- "It's all right, you can trust him. He's our new master."
After several hours of wandering through Tatooine's endless-seeming Dune Sea, C-3PO was edging close to an overheat shutdown. He vocalized a suspicion that R2-D2 had tricked him into going that way, but the sudden appearance of a vehicle on the horizon raised his spirits. He called to it, and the vehicle—a Jawa Sandcrawler—homed in on him. With blasters pointed, the Jawas forced C-3PO to wear a restraining bolt. He accepted his capture and asked if they had spotted an astromech droid wandering through the desert, but they made no reply and instead loaded him aboard the transport. Later on, R2-D2 was indeed brought aboard, and the counterparts had a joyful reunion. As the Sandcrawler plowed through the desert, R2-D2 shut himself down both to conserve energy and to tune out C-3PO's complaints. Guided by a signal flare launched by the homestead's occupants, the Jawas made their way to a dwelling: The Lars homestead, where C-3PO had lived long ago, prior to his memory wipe. After waking R2-D2 up, C-3PO joined the line of droids who were marched outside to be displayed in front of a potential buyer.
Despite C-3PO's protests, R2-D2 covertly made some modifications to R5-D4, another astromech in the line. Owen Lars, now a much older man, approached the Sandcrawler along with a nineteen-year-old Luke Skywalker, and selected R5-D4 over R2-D2 before approaching C-3PO, whom he did not recognize. Although the moisture farmer had no need of a droid who understood etiquette and protocol, C-3PO touted his ability to understand both the binary language of moisture vaporators and the Bocce trade language. Lars was sold, and his two new droids followed Skywalker to the homestead. R5-D4's motivator blew, however, and C-3PO convinced Skywalker and Lars to purchase R2-D2 instead. The droids were taken by the young Skywalker to the homestead's tech dome, where C-3PO received an oil bath, R2-D2 recharged, and Skywalker worked on a T-16 skyhopper. He complained about an unfulfulling life on a boring planet, and when C-3PO mentioned the Rebellion, it piqued Skywalker's interest considerably. While cleaning a dirty R2-D2, Skywalker came across the datacard that the Princess had inserted into R2-D2, and an excerpt from Organa's holographic recording suddenly materialized on the dome floor. She spoke a single line: "Help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi. You're my only hope."
When C-3PO questioned his counterpart, the astromech suggested that he might be able to play the entire message if his bolt were removed. A mesmerized Skywalker obliged, but R2-D2 subsequently ceased playing the message entirely. Frustrated, Skywalker left the task of uncovering the rest of it to C-3PO and left to eat dinner with his aunt and uncle. The protocol droid scolded his counterpart for disobeying their new master, and when R2-D2 promptly left the homestead to continue his search for Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO realized that he had tricked Skywalker into removing the bolt. Ashamed, C-3PO hid in a corner, and when Skywalker returned and discovered him, the protocol droid revealed what had happened. Since the world's twin suns had set and night had already fallen, Skywalker resolved to search for R2-D2 in the morning, which would allow him and C-3PO safer passage across the desert. The protocol droid charged himself overnight and was awoken at dawn by Skywalker, who did not want his aunt or uncle to know about the missing astromech. As the homestead's power was still shut off, C-3PO pushed an X-34 landspeeder outside while Skywalker held the door open manually, and the two then set out with C-3PO behind the controls. As R2-D2's tracks had disappeared, C-3PO suggested checking the area toward which the astromech had been headed from the escape pod, and Skywalker scanned the terrain with his macrobinoculars.
As C-3PO took them toward the mesas of Tatooine's Jundland Wastes, Skywalker told C-3PO about an old hermit named Ben Kenobi who lived in the desert. As R2-D2 was searching for the similarly-named Obi-Wan Kenobi, the youngster wondered if the two Kenobis were related. When they eventually spotted and confronted R2-D2, Skywalker wanted to take him home, and C-3PO suggested deactivating him. However, the astromech detected some approaching lifeforms, and the group was soon attacked by the Tusken Raider URoRRuR'R'R. C-3PO tumbled backward over a sand dune and lost his left arm in the process. Several minutes later, he was retrieved by Skywalker and Ben Kenobi, who had come to the group's rescue by imitating the call of a local Krayt dragon. As it turned out, Ben and Obi-Wan were one and the same, and the elderly Obi-Wan Kenobi brought the group to the safety of his desert hut.
Soon after being repaired and R2 showing Obi-Wan the message from Leia, they discovered the ruined Sandcrawler and Jawas who had sold him. Luke had sped off to discover that Owen and Beru Lars had been murdered by Imperial stormtroopers, leaving C-3PO and R2-D2 in Luke's care. After traveling to Mos Eisley while evading stormtroopers, C-3PO and R2-D2 escaped on the Millennium Falcon with Luke, Obi-Wan, the ship's captain Han Solo, and his first mate Chewbacca, with whom he would assist R2-D2 against in a game of dejarik. After hearing that Wookiees were known to rip peoples' arms out of their sockets when they lost, he gave R2-D2 one final piece of advice: "let the Wookiee win."
Entering the Rebellion
- "We seem to be made to suffer. It's our lot in life."
- ―C-3PO, to R2
When finally arriving in the Alderaan system, they found the planet gone and themselves brought aboard the Empire's new weapon, the Death Star. He and R2 were left in the hangar control center, with the only advice given to lock the doors if they were to be discovered. Of course this almost became the end for C-3PO's master when Luke, Han, Chewbacca and the now rescued Princess Leia escaped stormtroopers by jumping into a trash compactor and the compactor was initialized. C-3PO had left the comlink he had been using to stay in touch with the group out while he and R2 hid from stormtroopers. Moments after C-3PO had found the comlink, he cursed his metal body that they had been killed. Fortunately, R2 was able to halt the compactor and unlock the door. Finally, the group was able to make it back to the Falcon and escape after Obi-Wan Kenobi sacrificed himself while fighting Darth Vader.
Making haste to the Rebel base on Yavin 4, a plan was made to attack the Death Star. Despite being constantly annoyed by R2-D2's recklessness and impulsive nature, Threepio discovered that he considered R2 his best friend, and told R2 that he'd better make it back or his life would get boring. When the battle was won, R2-D2 made it back. However, he was badly damaged and C-3PO had offered to donate any of his parts that would be helpful in his repair. R2-D2 was repaired and looked good as new.
On assignment for the Alliance
Following the Battle of Yavin, C-3PO accompanied Luke, Leia, Han, Chewbacca and R2-D2 on numerous missions for the Alliance. On one such mission, Threepio and Luke encountered the bounty hunter Beilert Valance on Feriae Junction while they were looking for parts to repair Artoo. While exploring Junction City, Threepio and Luke met a man named Skinker who took them to his salvage yard. Unaware of Darth Vader's bounty on himself, Skywalker, and R2-D2, C-3PO and the others fell into a trap. Sensing a trap, Skywalker shoved C-3PO into Skinker's office and dove in after, and then sent the droid out the back way while he tried to hold off the bounty hunter. As Valance was about to deliver the final blow, C-3PO suddenly reappeared and placed himself in front of his master, willing to sacrifice himself to save Skywalker. The boy in turn, concerned for his droid's safety, tried to send him away. Valance, not understanding the droid's actions questioned Threepio. He answered "Certainly it's not widely accepted. But perhaps if it were, even being a cyborg might be easier to bear." Because of Threepio's selfless act, the bounty hunter left them, allowing C-3PO to pick up Skywalker's fallen lightsaber and carry him back to their ship. Another time, C-3PO and R2-D2 accompanied Luke when the latter reluctantly returned to Tatooine after a transport capsule suspected to contain information vital to the survival of the Alliance landed on the planet and was recovered by Jawas. After Luke was infected with Bledsoe's Disease, Threepio ended up under R2's suggestion using the Sandcrawler to travel to the Imperial base to rescue Luke, but the plan only succeeded in demolishing a wall as well as resulted in their capture and near disposal by the base's personnel before Luke rescued them.
During this time, Threepio served as interpreter for and worked with Leia Organa at the Rebels' ring base. He traveled with Luke Skywalker on a mission to Panna to rescue Han Solo for the first time. After arriving on Panna, Threepio and the others encountered the bounty hunter Boba Fett, who was also on the planet seeking to get information from Luke Skywalker about the Rebel Alliance.
Crisis on Cloud City
- "I thought that hairy beast would be the end of me."
- ―Threepio, after being carried though Cloud City on Chewbacca's back
When the Alliance transferred to the ice world of Hoth, C-3PO continued to work with Princess Leia on some personal matters such as drying out her clothes in the frozen environment. Things became worse when Luke Skywalker went missing on a scouting mission. After failing to pinpoint his exact location, Threepio could do little but wait until Han Solo returned with the latter. Fortunately, Skywalker was saved due to the efforts of Solo. The evening after Skywalker recovered from his bacta treatment, Echo Base came under attack by a hoard of wampa ice creatures. Threepio, along with R2-D2, was instrumental in alerting the base's defenders how to help stop the creatures. They noticed that behind each individual attack was one commonality: the high-pitched beeping of the base's astromech droids seemed to drive the wampas into berserker rages. They informed Major Bren Derlin, the base's head of security, and the Rebels finally had an advantage. They used recordings of astromech droids to round up the final wampas still hiding within the base, stunned them into incapacitation, and secured them in highly shielded pens. Later, C-3PO was responsible for identifying the Empire's probot, alerting the Rebels to the Empire's awareness of their location.
Soon afterward in the Battle of Hoth, C-3PO joined Solo, Organa, and Chewbacca in a desperate race to the Millennium Falcon while in hot pursuit from an advanced group of the Empire's invading snowtroopers. During the escape, C-3PO came upon one of the wampa pens. Pasted on the door was a yellow and orange hazard label. An ancient part of him, a holdover from one of his earlier daring masters, seemed to take over. C-3PO reached out, and tore the label off. He continued to run faster than before after his party, disappearing around the next bend in the corridor. The group of pursuing snowtroopers came upon the door, and marched inside with military efficiency. They were quickly slaughtered by the caged wampas inside, buying the escaping Rebels just enough time to flee the planet. C-3PO escaped with Solo in the Millennium Falcon, while his partner joined Skywalker in his pursuit of the mysterious Yoda.
During this time, C-3PO and Han developed a strange relationship, with C-3PO quoting odds and Han defying them. Normally, Han would have simply shut C-3PO down but due to the mechanical failures on the Falcon, C-3PO was plugged into the ship and communicated with it to determine the problem (which Han took credit for). He would later comment that the Falcon had a most peculiar dialect. After a chase through the Hoth asteroid field, the Falcon escaped to Cloud City on Bespin.
Almost immediately after his arrival, C-3PO saw a silver protocol droid with a female program and then heard the sound of an astromech droid in another room. Exploring the room out of curiosity, C-3PO was blasted by Corporal Drazin, a stormtrooper from Gamma Squad. Vader demanded his memory be retrieved and when he saw his parts, recognized his creation and ordered its destruction. However, after being gone for far too long, Chewbacca headed to the Ugnaught recycling facility where he found the dismembered droid. When Darth Vader revealed his presence to the group, Chewbacca was sent into a holding cell but, after an apparent change of heart from Vader, was permitted to rebuild the droid, which, much to the displeasure of C-3PO, was done poorly. While still being repaired, Chewbacca carried C-3PO on his back during Han Solo's encasement in carbonite.
With the help of the city's administrator, Lando Calrissian, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO were able to escape. Although Chewbacca upon instant release attempted to choke Lando for Han Solo's capture, C-3PO apologized for the enraged Wookiee's behavior, which he feared would be the end of him. Having C-3PO on Chewbacca's back was beneficial: when Boba Fett escaped the city with Han Solo, C-3PO notified them of pursuing stormtroopers. Finally, after a chase through the corridors of Cloud City, the group made it to the Millennium Falcon. R2-D2, whom they found after Luke Skywalker arrived to rescue them, unlocked the door to the landing pad under C-3PO's command. After successfully escaping Vader's flagship, the Executor, C-3PO was fully repaired by R2-D2.
Rescue of Solo and the mission to Endor
- "If I told you half the things I'd heard about this Jabba the Hutt, you'd probably short circuit!"
- ―C-3PO, to R2-D2
Shortly after escaping Imperials on Cloud City, C-3PO joined in the search for Solo. When the rendezvous point, Haven ended up in danger of being exposed by the Imperials, C-3PO attempted to talk Luke (who was still recovering from his injuries from his duel with Darth Vader), eventually pointing out with R2-D2 that his ship's undergoing maintenance, thus making the decision final. After the danger was narrowly averted, C-3PO told R2-D2 that his earlier repairs may have been faulty, as C-3PO had an unnatural urge to kick himself, although R2-D2 claimed it was not unnatural, with his explanation why apparently hurting the protocol droid. On one occasion, he and Artoo piloted Han's ship, the Millennium Falcon, and rescued Leia from Prince Xizor.
Roughly a year after escaping Cloud City, Luke commanded C-3PO and R2-D2 to deliver a message to Jabba the Hutt, the gangster who had the encased Han Solo in his palace. Unbeknownst to him, Luke had given the droids to Jabba as a ploy to gain entrance. C-3PO was placed as Jabba's replacement translator while R2-D2 served on his sail barge. C-3PO's first translation for the crime lord was of Boushh claiming the bounty for Chewbacca, whom he had on a chained leash. The meeting became intense when Boushh demanded 50,000 credits and in surprise, Jabba the Hutt smacked C-3PO who then noticed Boushh had a thermal detonator. Fortunately, C-3PO was undamaged and was able to negotiate the deal of 35,000 credits to Boushh (which came as a relief to the paranoid droid).
While Boushh was discovered to be Princess Leia, Luke Skywalker infiltrated the palace and killed Jabba's pet rancor in a fierce duel. This angered Jabba and he transferred his court to the sail barge with Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and Chewbacca as food for the Sarlacc, while Leia served as Jabba's slave. Just as Luke Skywalker was pushed off the plank, he bounded back up and R2-D2 tossed him his lightsaber. In the midst of the battle, C-3PO was attacked by Salacious B. Crumb, yanking one of his sensors out its socket. Salacious was forced off by R2-D2, which gave C-3PO and R2-D2 a chance to escape the sail barge. Making their way to the platform, R2-D2 pushed C-3PO off and rolled off himself into the sands of the Dune Sea. As the sail barge was burning, the two were quickly rescued and the group headed off planet to the Rebels' gathering on Home One.
C-3PO accompanied the strike force to forest moon of Endor to disable the shield generator protecting the Death Star II. When he, Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, and R2-D2 were captured by the Ewoks, they thought he was a prophesied god known as the Golden One. Though C-3PO claimed that pretending to be a deity was "against his programming", the droid was brought to Bright Tree Village as an honored guest at a banquet. Meanwhile, his companions were brought to the Ewok village as prisoners, intended to be the main course at a banquet honoring "the Golden One."
Despite the droid's reluctance, Luke Skywalker convinced C-3PO at the banquet to demand that the release of the prisoners. C-3PO told the Ewoks he'd bring down lightning and fire and wrath if his friends were not released. Skywalker then levitated the frightened droid above the clamoring crowd, "proving" to the Ewoks that the droid really did have "magic" powers. Later that night, C-3PO acted as a storyteller, Battle of Endor.and intentions of the Rebels to the tribe. This gained sympathy from the Ewoks and convinced them to help the Rebels at the
C-3PO's part in the Battle of Endor was not yet complete, however. After infiltrating the shield bunker and being captured by Imperial forces, C-3PO began the Ewoks' assault on the Empire by calling over a group of stormtroopers with a false surrender. Chaos ensued as Ewoks jumped from hiding and attacked the Imperials, allowing for Han Solo and Leia to reach the bunker controls. When R2-D2 was forced to assist in infiltrating the bunker, C-3PO nevertheless followed, evading enemy fire. The battle ended with the Death Star II's destruction and the death of the Emperor. C-3PO was present at the celebration afterward.
- "If I may be permitted to speak, I found that spectacle utterly appalling. Mechanicals of all kinds will be shocked by this perverse display of—"
- ―C-3PO, addressing the Bakuran Senate
One day after the victory at Endor, an Imperial message drone addressed to the late Emperor was intercepted by Wedge Antilles in Endorian space. It told of an invasion of the remote planet Bakura by a mysterious alien species. C-3PO and R2-D2 joined a team led by Organa that was sent by Rebel High Command to help counter the invasion and attempt to gain the allegiance of Bakura, an Imperial world. The team arrived at Bakura and negotiated with Imperial governor Wilek Nereus while Rebel and Imperial fleets joined forces to ward off attacks by the Ssi-ruuk of the Ssi-ruuvi Imperium. The Bakurans had been unaware of Palpatine's demise, and after a temporary truce was struck, C-3PO was able to translate the Ssi-ruuvi language and help decipher the aliens' codes. During a session of the Bakuran Senate when the Ssi-ruuvi puppet Dev Sibwarra revealed his masters' intentions of enteching the life forces of Bakura's population into robotic bodies, C-3PO expressed his shock and horror at the spectacle on behalf of all droids. However, it did little to allay the prevalent anti-droid sentiment among many Bakuran senators, who responded with catcalls.
After C-3PO and R2-D2 translated the Ssi-ruuvi communiques, they learned that the Ssi-ruuk planned to capture Skywalker and to attack Bakura in one hour's time. C-3PO was able to convey the information to Solo, as well as the location of Organa, who had been arrested by Nereus following a breakdown in negotiations. After first cutting Solo a highly illegal override code, C-3PO was ordered to dress in a suit of stormtrooper armor forcibly acquired by Solo. He then proceeded to the Millennium Falcon to rendezvous with Chewbacca and warn Skywalker. However, upon arriving at the light freighter, C-3PO was mistaken for a stormtrooper by Chewbacca and shot down. Although he sustained only minor damage and was able to warn Skywalker about the capture attempt, the protocol droid was indignant at his treatment by the Wookiee.
The Ssi-Ruuk were repelled by the combined fleets, and a Bakuran revolt ousted the treacherous Nereus from power. The Rebel Alliance transitioned into the Alliance of Free Planets, and the Ssi-Ruuk proved not to be the only invaders from beyond, as the Alliance found itself at war with the Nagai, a warfaring species from the satellite galaxy known as Firefist. C-3PO served in the conflict, which saw the Alliance and the Nagai eventually unite against and defeat the latters' old enemy, the Tofs. Secretly fueling the war had been the Dark Lady of the Sith, Lumiya.
The Alliance of Free Planets was soon replaced by a New Republic, and Leia Organa sat on the new government's Provisional Council as a representative from Alderaan. C-3PO attended her in that role as a translator. He was, however, briefly leant to the Star Tours travel agency along with R2-D2 around 4.3 ABY, while their owners were out fighting in the late stages of the Nagai–Tof War. The agency was sending its new StarSpeeder 3000 models on an Endor Express tour in an attempt to cash in on the moon's sudden fame, but C-3PO doubted the competency of the pilot droid, RX-24, who sported a "Remove Before Flight" factory tag. During this time, C-3PO and R2-D2 were hard at work trying to repair one of the 3000 models, Transport 22—having near-disasters in the process such as C-3PO forgetting to shut off the main valve when the fuel pressure was getting too high, and nearly causing the cannons to discharge—as well as commenting on the various advertisements for the various travel destinations, including Hoth, Tatooine, and Endor. Although C-3PO wanted to return to Endor, he wished to avoid returning to Hoth and Tatooine. Nevertheless, RX-24 flew Star Tours Flight 45 from a Star Tours spaceport with R2-D2 in the droid socket, and the protocol droid's fears proved founded when a harrowing flight saw the StarSpeeder return to the spaceport in a shaken and beat-up state.
One year after Endor, C-3PO was present at several meetings of the Provisional Council that discussed an offer made by Sate Pestage, the former Imperial Grand Vizier who had seized Palpatine's throne following the Emperor's death. Pestage offered Coruscant to the New Republic in exchange for safe haven from his political rivals, but his enemies ultimately foiled his plans, and both the Empire and Coruscant were left in the hands of Director of Imperial Intelligence Ysanne Isard. Around the same time, C-3PO and R2-D2 were with Solo, Organa, Skywalker, and Chewbacca during the Battle of Mindor against the Imperial warlord Lord Shadowspawn. Also in 5 ABY, the Central Committee of Grand Moffs made a claim to the Imperial throne in opposition to Isard. C-3PO and R2-D2 served as members of the Senate Planetary Intelligence Network (SPIN) and underwent transformation by the Droid Modification Team to be disguised as Kessel droids. They then infiltrated a gathering of Committee-loyal Imperials to find out who was planning to take control of the Grand Moffs' Imperial faction. The leader turned out to be the three-eyed mutant Trioculus, who was later defeated by the New Republic.
In 6 ABY, a conquest of Imperial-held Coruscant was being planned, and the New Republic Provisional Council met on the world of Noquivzor to discuss strategy. Organa was attended by C-3PO, who translated into Basic the remarks of the Wookiee Councillor Kerrithrarr. The plan was a success, as Coruscant was indeed taken by the New Republic and installed as their new capital world. Still facing threats from Imperial warlords who had broken away from the chain of command, the New Republic soon afterward sent Organa on a diplomatic mission to the Hapes Consortium to request aid in the continuing war. 8 ABY saw Hapan delegates visit Coruscant in turn, offering their aid in exchange for a marriage between Organa and the Hapan Prince Isolder. While Organa met with the Hapan delegates in Coruscant's Grand Reception Hall, C-3PO watched from a balcony along with Solo, Chewbacca, and Mon Mothma, translating words that were spoken in the Hapan language. A jealous Solo enlisted C-3PO to keep an eye on Isolder and Organa during the former's stay on the capital world, and the protocol droid uncovered computer data that named Solo as a descendant of the Corellian King Berethron e Solo. C-3PO accordingly proposed to the Alderaanian Council that Organa marry Solo instead.
While accompanying Solo and Chewbacca to the planet of Dathomir, which the Captain had won in a game of sabacc, C-3PO was shocked to find that a desperate Solo had kidnapped Organa and smuggled her along aboard the Millennium Falcon. Their subsequent adventure on the planet saw C-3PO write a song with at least fifteen verses entitled "The Virtues of King Han Solo," which he performed in a voice reminiscent of that of popular vocalist Jukas Alim and with the sound of a full symphony orchestra. The adventure included an encounter with the Force-using Witches of Dathomir and a final showdown with Warlord Zsinj, and in the end, Organa and Solo realized their true love for one another while Isolder fell for a witch named Teneniel Djo. On the day of the Solo-Organa wedding, C-3PO discovered that Solo's great-grandfather had only been a pretender to the Corellian throne. His panicked decision to spread the news prompted Skywalker to deactivate him and hide him in an empty office of Coruscant's Alderaanian Consulate, but, as C-3PO was the ring-bearer, he was turned back on in time to attend the ceremony.
After the wedding, C-3PO returned to Tatooine with the new married couple in their search for the Alderaanian moss painting Killik Twilight, which stored a valuable code. The protocol droid reunited with Kitster Banai and W. Wald, childhood friends of Anakin Skywalker, and with their help C-3PO and the others discovered Shmi Skywalker's diary. Inside was valuable information on the man who had become the most feared figure in the galaxy. After reading the diary, Organa remarked that the droid her grandmother described reminded her of C-3PO. The code was eventually found and destroyed, and Organa, having read about her father's innocent childhood, firmly decided that having children of her own despite her family's dark legacy was the right decision.
- "Actually, Threepio, you could think of this as really just fulfilling your primary programming in a more complete way. I mean, isn't a translation droid supposed to speak for the person he's translating for?"
"I am primarily a protocol droid. And I say again that this is not the sort of thing covered by any possible stretch of protocol."
- ―Lando Calrissian and C-3PO, on the droid being re-programmed to emulate Leia Organa Solo's voice
By 9 ABY, five years after Endor, the New Republic had established itself as the galaxy's dominant power. However, the remnants of the Empire mounted a serious challenge to that rule when Thrawn, the last Imperial Grand Admiral, returned from exile in the Unknown Regions and took control of the Imperial fleet. During the Thrawn campaign of 9 ABY, Noghri commandos loyal to the Grand Admiral repeatedly tried to kidnap Organa Solo, who was pregnant with twins—Thrawn's ally, the insane Jedi clone Joruus C'baoth, sought to train the twins in his own twisted ways. C-3PO was part of a New Republic team that had to fend off a Noghri attack on the planet Bimmisaari, and he later accompanied Solo and Organa Solo to Lando Calrissian's newest mining operation on the world of Nkllon. There, Organa Solo decided to hide from the Noghri on Kashyyyk, and C-3PO reluctantly became a part of the ruse used to cover her disappearance. Although he insisted that it was not covered by protocol, the droid's programming was altered so that his voice became identical to Organa Solo's. While Organa Solo fled aboard Calrissian's Lady Luck, C-3PO sent a transmission from the Millennium Falcon that was intended to be intercepted by the Empire.
Following the Battle of Sluis Van, C-3PO accompanied Captain Solo back to Coruscant aboard the Falcon, but he was banned from the annoyed pilot's presence during most of the journey home. Depite the ruse, Organa Solo had been followed to Kashyyyk, but there the Noghri warrior Khabarakh—who had served Darth Vader before the Sith Lord's death—recognized Organa Solo's scent and declared her the Mal'ary'ush, "daughter of the savior." As such, Organa Solo, C-3PO, and Chewbacca traveled with Khabarakh to the Noghri homeworld of Honoghr in order to learn more about their servitude to the Empire. C-3PO acted as a translator, but the group was forced to quickly hide inside a Noghri dukha building when Thrawn himself showed up in order to impose his will upon his subjects. They successfully avoided the Imperials and later returned to Coruscant, where Organa Solo gave birth to her twins: Jacen and Jaina Solo.
One of the New Republic's newest allies, Mara Jade—a former Emperor's Hand—helped the Skywalker/Solo clan obtain a piece of vital intelligence: before his death, Emperor Palpatine had maintained a cloning facility on the planet Wayland. Since Thrawn was using clones to fuel his war machine, a strike team was assembled for a mission to Wayland to sabotage the clone production. C-3PO and R2-D2 joined Skywalker, Solo, Calrissian, Chewbacca, Jade, and several Noghri commandos; on the planet's surface, as they made their way through dense undergrowth toward the facility, C-3PO helped them communicate with the world's native Myneyrshi. When Skywalker convinced them that the New Republic team was there to help rather than invade, the Myneyrshi allowed the group passage across the planet. Inside the cloning facility, a confrontation with C'baoth and a clone of Skywalker saw Jade kill both of their foes, and the mission was a success. Concurrently, Thrawn was murdered by his Noghri bodyguard Rukh during a battle with New Republic forces over the Bilbringi Shipyards, and his campaign was brought to a halt.
In 10 ABY, not long after the loss of their last Grand Admiral, the remaining Imperial Fleet Commanders joined forces with surviving members of the Imperial Ruling Council and launched a sudden and violent campaign from the Deep Core. The New Republic, with its fleet out of position in the Rim, quickly lost Coruscant and several other key systems. However, various Imperial factions afterward turned on each other, and the Imperial Mutiny saw them battle it out in an attempt to reap the spoils of the Empire's recent successes. As the Imperial Civil War raged, the New Republic took advantage of the confusion by using two captured Star Destroyers to conduct hit-and-run attacks inside of war zones. When the Liberator crashed onto Coruscant and stranded Skywalker, Calrissian, Antilles, R2-D2, and the entire crew on-world, C-3PO participated in a rescue mission aboard the Millennium Falcon alongside Solo, Organa Solo, and Chewbacca. Solo piloted the ship through the mayhem of a battle between Imperial factions and landed in Imperial City, where C-3PO was reunited with his counterpart.
Having felt a great disturbance in the Force, Skywalker remained on the planet while the rest of the New Republic team escaped. To C-3PO's horror, R2-D2 remained at his master's side, and both man and droid were engulfed by a hyperspace wormhole created by a powerful Force storm. C-3PO and the rest of the team returned to the New Republic's Pinnacle Base on the moon Da Soocha V, and several days later, the protocol droid discovered that Organa Solo had collapsed in her quarters after being visited by a Force apparition of her brother. Skywalker had pledged himself to the teachings of a reborn Emperor Palpatine in order to destroy the dark side from within. After Organa Solo was brought to an infirmary, C-3PO and Mon Mothma sought out Solo and brought him to his wife. The Force told her that Skywalker was somewhere in the galaxy's Deep Core, where they would not be able to travel without help from old friends of Solo's. Although Organa Solo felt that the rescue mission was too dangerous for C-3PO, he insisted on coming along in order to potentially help R2-D2.
After an encounter with several bounty hunters on Nar Shaddaa, C-3PO, Solo, Organa Solo, and Chewbacca were able to recruit Solo's old friends Shug Ninx and Salla Zend to take them to the Deep Core world of Byss. In the Emperor's Citadel, Skywalker refused to go with them, and although the Emperor imprisoned Solo and Chewbacca, C-3PO and Organa Solo were allowed free reign of the Citadel while Palpatine attempted to bring the latter under his sway. Ninx and Zend soon rescued everyone save for Skywalker, who assured the skeptical group that he knew what he was doing. In the Millennium Falcon, the group rushed to the besieged planet of Mon Calamari in order to employ Palpatine's master control signal and priority battle plans, which Skywalker had secretly stored inside R2-D2. The codes were able to shut down the Imperial World Devastator superweapons that were attacking the planet, and the battle came to an end. Skywalker and Organa Solo later combined their powers to defeat the Emperor, but he soon afterward returned in a new clone body.
With the squabbling Imperial factions united under his banner, Palpatine's Dark Empire unleashed a devastating campaign against the galaxy. Amidst the carnage, C-3PO was present on the planet of Nespis VIII when Organa Solo gave birth to a third child: Anakin Solo. While on Nespis VIII, C-3PO and R2-D2 were nearly destroyed after they spotted an Imperial installing a homing beacon on the Millennium Falcon, but they were saved by the timely arrival of Captain Solo and Chewbacca. Palpatine's campaign was brought to an end in 11 ABY after his final death and the destruction of his remaining superweapons, and with the Empire in ruins, the New Republic retook Coruscant.
Caretaker of the Solo children
- "This certainly is a gloomy place, isn't it? If we don't find shelter from this dreadful rain, I shouldn't be at all surprised if my new gold plating gets corroded. I do wish you had left me on Coruscant, Mistress Leia. I'm sure I would have done a much better job taking care of the children."
- ―C-3PO, on Nal Hutta
After being cared for in hiding by Organa Solo's friend Winter throughout most of the Imperial Civil War, Jacen and Jaina were brought back to Coruscant, where C-3PO aided Organa Solo in caring for them. The protocol droid uploaded information regarding child-rearing into his memory banks and met the challenge with an initial enthusiasm but mixed results. C-3PO sometimes recited stories such as The Little Lost Bantha Cub and took the twins on field trips along with Chewbacca, who would keep an eye on them. On one such instance though, while attending a diplomatic reception, the twins started playing near a tentacle-cactus. When C-3PO went to retrieve them, he himself became entangled in the plant, but was eventually saved. On another occasion, Jacen and Jaina escaped from Chewbacca's and C-3PO's watch during a trip to the Holographic Zoo of Extinct Animals on Coruscant and ended up in the planet's sub-levels. Distraught, the protocol droid frantically searched for them, but they were found by the underworld King Onibald Daykim and reunited with their parents.
After Solo and Chewbacca stumbled across the Imperial Maw Installation, which had existed in isolation from the galaxy for years, the Wookiee addressed the New Republic Ruling Council with the aid of C-3PO's translation skills. They agreed to his proposal to occupy the installation, free its Wookiee prisoners, and confiscate any deadly weapon designs created by its engineers. Organa Solo assigned C-3PO to the mission alongside Chewbacca and the Katarn Commandos, with his task being to sift through any data found in the installation's computers. While boarding the assault shuttle, C-3PO repeatedly objected to the assignment, and when Chewbacca turned off the droid's power switch, the Wookiee received a round of applause from the gathered commandos. After the team arrived inside the Kessel Maw, C-3PO helped the former Imperial scientist Qwi Xux examine the station's computers, but the New Republic's occupation team soon came under attack by the station's Death Star prototype and the Gorgon, flagship of the crazed Imperial Admiral Daala. Chewbacca lifted the protocol droid into the co-pilot's chair of a Gamma-class assault shuttle, where he used his electronic brain to coordinate the movements and attacks of five shuttles in total. The battle was a New Republic victory, and with Daala's campaign brought to an end, C-3PO was able to resume helping raise Jacen, Jaina, and Anakin.
11 ABY also saw Skywalker begin training members of a New Jedi Order. One year later, C-3PO accompanied Skywalker to a Herd Meet on the planet Ithor, where the Jedi Master hoped the Ithorian healers could help his Jedi student, Nichos Marr. After contracting Quannot's Syndrome, Marr had had his consciousness transferred into a droid body using Ssi-Ruuk technology, and Skywalker believed that C-3PO's translation skills were necessary in order for the healers to help Marr become the man he had once been. Their journey led them to Pzob, where they were picked up by the massive dreadnaught known as the Eye of Palpatine. Having lain dormant for years, the former Imperial superweapon had recently been reactivated by former Emperor's Hand Roganda Ismaren, and it was following its programming by collecting sentients from across the galaxy to serve as stormtroopers in its original mission to destroy a group of renegade Jedi.
C-3PO assisted Skywalker in navigating through the ship and communicating with its inhabitants of various species, including Jawas, Talz, Kitonak, and Gamorreans. While they solved the ship's mysteries, C-3PO supported the Jedi Master following a leg injury suffered by Skywalker at the hands of a Gamorrean wielding a vibroblade. When the Eye arrived at its target, the planet Belsavis, Marr and his partner Cray Mingla sacrificed themselves to destroy the dreadnaught. Although Mingla died, her body became a host for the consciousness of Callista, a Jedi of the Old Order whose essence had been inhabiting the Eye's computers for over three decades following her original sabotage of the ship. While communicating with each other aboard the Eye, Skywalker and Callista had fallen in love. As her new body was completely insensitive to the Force, she and Skywalker embarked on a galactic journey to rediscover her Force connection, and C-3PO returned to Coruscant, where he resumed his duties with the Solo children. He also helped Organa Solo—now the New Republic's Chief of State—receive Lord Durga the Hutt of the Besadii kajidic, who was making a diplomatic visit to the galactic capital.
R2-D2, who had been spending his time at the Jedi Academy, was left in the Solos' care during Skywalker's journey, and he and C-3PO discovered that Durga had stolen the plans to the Death Star from the Imperial Palace. The droids accompanied Solo, Organa Solo, and Chewbacca in the Millennium Falcon on a followup mission to the Hutt world of Nal Hutta, where they learned that Durga was building his own superweapon, the Darksaber. Even graver news was that Admiral Daala had unified the surviving Imperial Warlords into a united fleet and was planning to attack the Jedi Academy on Yavin IV. During the defense of the world, C-3PO was left alone aboard the Falcon, where he fired on an Imperial AT-ST walker and stopped it from killing his friends. Skywalker's Jedi students were able to repel the attack, and Durga was also foiled when the incomplete Darksaber attempted to fire its superlaser and ended up destroying itself. Callista, however, vanished into the galaxy, believing that she needed to rediscover the Force on her own.
In 13 ABY, C-3PO and R2-D2 accompanied Chief of State Organa Solo to Nam Chorios, where she met with Representative Seti Ashgad aboard her flagship, the Borealis. When Ashgad and his ally Dzym kidnapped Organa Solo and unleashed the Death Seed plague upon the ship's crew, the droids escaped in a lifeboat along with Yeoman Marcopius, who quickly died of the plague's effects. After being picked up by the scout Bortrek, the captain of the Pure Sabacc who claimed C-3PO and R2-D2 as his own, the droids resorted to taking over the ship and coercing Bortrek into dropping them off on Nim Drovis, which, like Nam Chorios, was in the Meridian sector. They found themselves stranded on the planet, and their many attempts to secure passage offworld finally got them to nearby Cybloc XII, where they encountered Admiral Daala, now the leader of the pro-Imperial Independent Company of Settlers. Daala tortured C-3PO and R2-D2 into revealing that Ashgad had unleashed the Death Seed plague, and she pledged herself to a fight against Moff Tol Getelles of the new Imperial Remnant, Ashgad's corrupt ally. A New Republic fleet also participated in the Battle of Nam Chorios, which saw Getelles defeated, Organa Solo rescued, and the Death Seed plague contained.
A year later, when Solo received several mysterious messages in a nearly-extinct language, C-3PO took responsibility for translating and replying to them. They spoke of mysterious events related to a lost Jedi on Crseih Station, a former Imperial prison that orbited a black hole and a crystallizing white dwarf star in the Crseih system. C-3PO, Solo, and Skywalker traveled incognito to the station; the protocol droid's coat was covered with a purple lacquer. When they arrived, C-3PO set out into the asteroid station to meet with their contact, leaving his Human masters alone. When he located her—the Human female Xaverri, an old flame of Solo's—he and his masters were brought by Xaverri to the Altar of Waru. Beings of various species knelt before Waru, a large blob-like being from another dimension, upon whom they called to heal them.
Xaverri presented C-3PO to Waru, who had never encountered a droid before. After waxing poetic to Xaverri about the state of the universe, the being healed a sick Zeffliffl by encasing it inside of his golden syrupy ichor, which failed to impress a skeptical Solo. When Solo later witnessed Waru kill an Ithorian who sought healing, he decided that Xaverri was right about the danger that the being posed to the New Republic. As it turned out, Waru had been summoned to Crseih Station by Hethrir, leader of the Empire Reborn insurgency, who had also kidnapped the Solo children. When Hethrir arrived on the station with baby Anakin, whom he intended to sacrifice to Waru, C-3PO encountered them and demanded that he let the child go. Hethrir responded with the swing of a lightsaber, which cracked through C-3PO's purple varnish but inflicted minimal damage to the droid himself. C-3PO was found and resuscitated by R2-D2, who had arrived on-station with Organa Solo and Chewbacca in pursuit of the kidnapped children, and the ensuing confrontation saw Hethrir and Waru defeated and the children returned to their parents.
Ghost ships and droid armies
- "I do not overrate my importance! I daresay I am the most humble droid I know."
- ―C-3PO to TDL-3.5, a potential usurper of his child-care duties
When Skywalker embarked on a personal journey in 16 ABY, he brought C-3PO to Yavin IV to manage the administrative needs of the Jedi Academy. Not long afterward, Lando Calrissian arrived on the jungle moon and recruited both C-3PO and R2-D2 on a mission that had been put together by the New Republic Intelligence Service. C-3PO refused until Calrissian lied and told him that Skywalker had reassigned both droids to the New Republic Defense Fleet. Calrissian himself had been enlisted by Admiral Hiram Drayson—the mission was to investigate the mysterious ghost ship known as the Teljkon Vagabond, which Intelligence had located in deep space near Gmar Askilon. The droids and Calrissian next went to Cloud City and picked up Lobot, Calrissian's former aide, before joining the Belarus-class medium cruiser Glorious and the rest of the Teljkon Vagabond task force. They trailed the ghost ship for twenty-two days, during which time it did nothing to acknowledge their presence. When a communication from the Vagabond was finally received, C-3PO and R2-D2 matched it to a signal it had broadcasted during a sighting four years earlier, but C-3PO was unable to translate the mysterious language. Worried that the task force's impatient Colonel Pakkpekatt would botch the mission with his next move, Calrissian, Lobot, and the droids brainstormed their options aboard the Lady Luck, and Lobot was able to match the language to the extinct Qella species.
When R2-D2 determined that the communication from the Vagabond was a partial representation of the Qellas' genetic code, Calrissian took the Lady Luck toward the ghost ship, which protected them from the Glorious's tractor beam after C-3PO sang the missing fragment of the genetic code over an open channel. After they secured the retroactive blessing of a furious Pakkpekatt, the Vagabond began communicating with them via a series of lights. C-3PO suggested following the lights to their source, which elicited the ship to open a portal on its surface. The four of them ventured inside to a zero-gravity environment, and R2-D2 helped Calrissian discover a handle within a membranous bulkhead of the airlock, which Calrissian touched with his bare skin after removing the glove of his enviro-suit. The portal then closed, and the Vagabond fled into hyperspace. Suddenly separated from the rest of the task force, the quartet took stock of their surroundings. C-3PO attempted to communicate with the ship on a secondary comm channel while R2-D2 searched for inflow vents leading into the airlock. When he found none, Calrissian and Lobot created their own way into the rest of the ship with a cutting blaster. The Vagabond accordingly dropped out of hyperspace and attempted to vent them into space, but the quartet were able to hurry through the hole before it sealed itself, thus separating them from both the airlock and the void of space.
The quartet began to explore the mysterious vessel, hoping to gain control of it before the droids ran out of power and the Humans ran out of oxygen. The lack of gravity and seemingly random arrangement of the ship impeded their progress, but R2-D2 was able to create a holographic map as they went on. Seventy-one hours in, they located a control panel, which electrocuted and shut down C-3PO after he inadvertently touched it. The Vagabond re-entered realspace while he was powered off, and Calrissian rocketed toward the outer hull with his blaster and attached a tracking limpet. R2-D2 was able to mostly repair C-3PO, but the protocol droid did not fully regain his vocal faculties until all four of them took a nap to recharge. The quartet then started to explore various chambers when Calrissian and Lobot again used the touch of their bare hands to create doorways; each room contained a Qellan history lesson, one of which prompted C-3PO to engage Lobot and Calrissian in a philosophical discussion on the nature of sentience. The Vagabond, which was currently within space claimed by the Constitutional Protectorate of Prakith, was suddenly attacked by two frigates of the Protectorate's Grand Imperial Navy, and although one was destroyed by the ghost ship, the other followed the Vagabond into hyperspace.
Although the limpet had been destroyed, Calrissian revealed a beckon call with which he could summon the Lady Luck, that he only intended to use once they gained control of the Vagabond. However, when they dropped out of hyperspace and were attacked by the second Protectorate frigate, C-3PO activated the beckon call so that the Lady Luck might come and rescue them. The frigate was destroyed, however, and when Calrissian left them to inspect the damage caused by the attack, Lobot and the droids continued to explore the biological ship. Lobot later left them in search of what he called the Vagabond's "threshold of awareness." There, Lobot communicated with the ship and discovered that it was returning home to Maltha Obex, the Qella's ancestral homeworld, bearing the seeds of Qellan civilization. C-3PO and R2-D2 powered down while Lobot spoke with the ship, and when Calrissian turned them back on, they had arrived at Maltha Obex. Lobot convinced the ship to turn a section of the hull transparent, and through the ersatz viewport R2-D2 identified the Lady Luck and a Dobrutz DB-Four starliner—Pakkpekatt had followed the Lady Luck after the activation of the beckon call.
The Vagabond sat waiting for contact from its homeworld, but Maltha Obex was in fact undergoing an ice age. Both of the droids finally lost all of their power, and by the time they were recharged, Skywalker had arrived aboard the ship to aid Calrissian. Together with Lobot, the Jedi Master convinced the Vagabond to use its energy beams to thaw the ice on Maltha Obex, which would allow it to deposit the Qella's genetic material it carried and help revive the species. The group then evacuated the ship aboard Skywalker's Mud Sloth. After returning to Coruscant to resume his duties with the Solo children, C-3PO was befuddled in 17 ABY when Anakin tried to replace him with the TDL nanny droid TDL-3.5, but the infant's efforts were thwarted by Winter. R2-D2 recruited his counterpart to help him investigate Skywalker's X-wing, which the astromech believed was being sabotaged, and after being briefly imprisoned by a Kloperian mechanic for trespassing in the hangar, the droids found Skywalker's X-wing wrongfully disassembled. They then reported the anomaly to the Jedi Master, who took R2-D2 to investigate. Later on, while researching new languages to add to his memory, C-3PO was summoned to the hangar by an emergency transmission sent by R2-D2, and he arrived to find that the astromech had been shot and disabled by several Kloperian mechanics who had wrongfully suspected him of sabotage.
General Wedge Antilles and Chief of State Organa Solo were also present, and the latter reactivated R2-D2, who helped corroborate a story given by the young Human Tatooinian mechanic Cole Fardreamer: on Skywalker's orders, Fardreamer and R2-D2 had been fixing the Jedi Master's X-wing and had discovered a bomb inside. The bombs were in fact present inside of many X-wings, and Organa Solo ordered a grounding of the entire fleet. C-3PO and R2-D2 proceeded to the Senate Hall to investigate the wreckage of a recent bombing which had taken place there, and the astromech found five detonators emblazoned with the same Imperial insignia they had espied on the X-wing bombs. They were unable to report the news to Organa Solo, who had resigned her presidency after a warlord named Kueller wiped out the populations of Auyemesh and Pydyr, two moons of Almania, and taken Skywalker hostage. When Mon Mothma, her temporary replacement, could not see them, R2-D2 rushed to a hangar to meet with Fardreamer. Despite C-3PO's protests, the three of them left Coruscant immediately in a stock light freighter, using Organa Solo's codes to get past space traffic control. R2-D2 claimed he knew the origin of the detonators and guided them to the moon Telti, where they landed at a droid construction facility.
R2-D2 snuck into the facility while Fardreamer spoke to its owner, Brakiss, and C-3PO was halted by the security droids of Kueller's Red Terror army, who resolved to give him a memory wipe. As they led C-3PO through the facility, they came across R2-D2, who had made friends with a heap of unwanted astromech droids. The astromechs charged the Red Terror and allowed the two counterparts to escape, and hundreds of them accompanied C-3PO and R2-D2 in a march through the facility. They were stopped by Brakiss, who threatened to use a droid scrambler on C-3PO if R2-D2 did not halt, but more astromechs crashed through a glass panel and sent Brakiss fleeing. R2-D2 then jacked into a computer terminal and shut down all of the droid detonators throughout the galaxy, a task which was only completed when C-3PO pressed a button on the console. They succeeded mere seconds before Kueller, who was dueling Skywalker on Almania, attempted to detonate all of his remaining droid weapons. Organa Solo subsequently shot Kueller in the face and ended his uprising for good; back on Telti, C-3PO and R2-D2 rescued Fardreamer from a droid torture chamber and contacted Lando Calrissian, who came to the moon to ferry them home.
End of the war
- Entoo Needaan E-elz: "I've been talking with your droid. He says you're looking for the fabled lost world of Exocron."
- Karrde: "Threepio?"
- C-3PO: "I'm sorry, sir. I didn't mean to give anything away. He asked if we were searching for Exocron, and I confirmed it without thinking."
- E-elz: "Please don't blame the droid. Your goal isn't a secret. At least, not to me. You're looking for Jorj Car'das, aren't you?"
- ―Entoo Needaan E-elz, Talon Karrde, and C-3PO, while in the Kathol sector[src]
C-3PO, R2-D2, and Skywalker accompanied Calrissian on a quest for a potential bride in 18 ABY. The bachelor became enamored of Karia Ver Seryan of the planet Leria Kerlsil, and nearly married her before the droids rushed in to reveal some disturbing news: they had discovered that she was a life-witch who had the power to give men good health for a few years, after which they would suddenly die. Calrissian fled and continued on his quest, which eventually brought him to Tendra Risant of Sacorria. He became quite smitten with the woman, but the governing Sacorrian Triad had deemed it illegal for a Sacorrian to marry an off-worlder, and Calrissian, Skywalker, and the droids were chased off the planet. They also discovered a mysterious interdiction field blocking hyperspace travel within the Corellian system, and upon their return to Coruscant, they were tasked with traveling to Bakura and procuring four Bakura-class destroyers from the world's defense fleet, each of which was equipped with an interdiction-countering hyperwave inertial momentum sustainer system. After arriving in the Corellian system with the gathered fleet, the Lady Luck and Skywalker's X-wing departed from the belly of the Bakuran Namana-class light cruiser Intruder and fought in a space battle with several Pocket Patrol Boats of the Corellian Defense Force that were loyal to the insurrectionist Human League.
Skywalker and R2-D2 followed the Lady Luck, which was crewed by Calrissian, C-3PO, Gaeriel Captison of Bakura, and New Republic Intelligence Agent Belindi Kalenda. Their destination was Centerpoint Station, a massive space station in the Corellian system that had as of late been destroying stars. Within, they were met by Administrator Jenica Sonsen, who brought them to Hollowtown, located in the center of the space station. When C-3PO revealed that Hollowtown's temperature was dangerously rising, the group fled, and they were soon afterward reunited with the Solos, who had been on Corellia to attend a trade summit. During the crisis's final battle, C-3PO was with the Solo children within Drall's planetary repulsor when Anakin, who had earlier imprinted himself upon the repulsor, used the Force to aim it at Centerpoint Station and stop the station from destroying the star Bovo Yagen. The Human League and their Sacorrian Triad overlords were defeated and the Corellian crisis was averted, and Calrissian and Risant soon afterward were married. A new crisis gripped the galaxy one year later when a partial copy of the Caamas Document was discovered in the Emperor's former storehouse on Wayland.
The document implicated members of the Bothan species in the Caamas Firestorm thirty-eight years earlier, and with anti-Bothan sentiment stirred up across the galaxy, the Solos embarked on a quest to find a complete copy of the document, which would implicate specific Bothan perpetrators and thus vindicate the species as a whole. On the planet Bothawui, C-3PO was torn apart by a rioting anti-Bothan crowd, and was later put back together. When the Solos returned to Coruscant, they met with Calrissian and the information broker Talon Karrde in their apartment in Orowood Tower. Karrde agreed to travel deep into the Kathol sector to locate his former boss, Jorj Car'das, whom he suspected might have a complete copy of the Caamas Document, and C-3PO was assigned to his mission as a translator droid. Aboard the information broker's Wild Karrde, the group first traveled to Pembric II, in the Kathol sector's Pembric system, where C-3PO was able to translate the native Jarellian dialect used by Erwithat Space Control. The protocol droid remained with the ship while Karrde and his companion Shada D'ukal secured the protection of the crime lord Crev Bombaasa, who nevertheless warned them of another, dangerous pirate gang that operated in the sector.
The Wild Karrde repulsed a pirate attack at Dayark before landing on the moon, where C-3PO led Karrde and D'ukal to the Ithor Loman tapcafe, whose sign was written in Ithorese. There they met General Jutka, who warned them about the pirate Rei'Kas; and an aide named Entoo Needaan E-elz, whom C-3PO found curious and who helped them find the legendary lost world of Exocron, which was located near the Kathol Rift. On Exocron, E-elz took C-3PO, Karrde, and D'ukal to Jorj Car'das's fortress, where Car'das lay in bed as a senile and feeble old man. Karrde was disappointed, but when Rei'kas tracked him to Exocron, Karrde pledged his ship to the Exocron Combined Air-Space Fleet and aided in the defense of the world. C-3PO served at a spotting station aboard the Wild Karrde, but the battle ended swiftly when a fleet of ships belonging to the mysterious Aing-Tii monks arrived and easily wiped out Rei'kas's fleet. Realizing that Car'das had used him to lure Rei'kas to his doom, Karrde returned to Exocron with C-3PO and D'ukal and found that Car'das was in fact full of vigor. The old man was delighted with C-3PO's presence, as he had rarely had the opportunity to speak with anyone in Old Tarmidian or the Cincher dialectory.
Car'das did not have a copy of the Caamas Document, but he did have a datacard that would prove pivotal in ending the current galactic crisis: The Imperial Remnant had been reinvigorated under the leadership of a revived Grand Admiral Thrawn, but the datacard revealed that "Thrawn" was in fact a con artist named Flim. The Aing-Tii monks used their ability to fold space with the Force and instantaneously transported C-3PO and the rest of the Wild Karrde's crew across the galaxy, where Karrde met with the Remnant's Grand Admiral Gilad Pellaeon, who himself had been left out of the coup involving Flim and in fact wanted peace with the New Republic. With Flim's deception exposed, Pellaeon's plans were realized, and the Grand Admiral signed peace accords with the New Republic's President Gavrisom. Those events, coupled with the discovery of a complete copy of the Caamas Document by R2-D2 while on Nirauan with Skywalker and Mara Jade, finally brought the Galactic Civil War to an end.
Skywalker and Jade had fallen in love while on Nirauan, and C-3PO was with Organa Solo when she announced the new couple's wedding plans to the media on Coruscant. When reporters began to ask outrageous questions involving bizarre conspiracy theories regarding a new Force-based Empire, Organa Solo left C-3PO to deal with them, and the protocol droid took the podium to begin regaling the gathered press with a long and winding tale about his many adventures with Skywalker. On the day of the wedding, Skywalker learned that the disgruntled former Imperial Moff Derran Takkar was planning a sabotage, which prompted the Jedi and Rogue Squadron ushers to rush off to thwart Takkar's plans while C-3PO and the young Jacen Solo took over their seating duties. Takkar managed to slip past the Rogues and confront the couple during their ceremony, but Skywalker talked him into joining the New Republic, and the rest of the wedding went off without a hitch.
Jacen and Jaina Solo began their Jedi Training on Yavin IV in 23 ABY, four years after the wedding, but they returned to Coruscant on a vacation in that year, and C-3PO and Anakin Solo helped them comb the Coruscant undercity for their missing friend, a young bounty hunter named Zekk. One year later, C-3PO attended the twins' graduation from the Academy inside of Yavin IV's Great Temple.
Yuuzhan Vong War and the Dark Nest Crisis (25 ABY–36 ABY)
- "There are few occasions when I envy humans, but this is certainly one of them."
- ―C-3PO, at the aftermath of the Recapture of Coruscant
With the onset of the Yuuzhan Vong War and the stirring up of much anti-droid frenzy, C-3PO entered a phase of contemplation regarding his own mortality, and his place in a biological society. Evidence indicates that he may have emerged from the Vong war more assertive and less tolerant of abuse from his biological companions—from Captain Solo in particular. Despite his inner conflict, Threepio continued to participate in the war effort. He was the one who was able to translate the Yuuzhan Vong language which benefited the New Republic greatly.
When Viqi Shesh, accompanied by a group of Yuuzhan Vong infiltrators attempted to break into the Solo apartment, Threepio was waiting for them and lead them to a trap; they were immediately surrounded by Noghri bodyguards and dealt with, though Shesh escaped. C-3PO would also have a huge role in the war, saving Luke's infant son, Ben Skywalker, from Viqi Shesh after he was captured. In 29 ABY, Threepio participated in the Recapture of Coruscant, where he and Artoo helped Han, Leia, and the Priest Harrar, pilot the Millennium Falcon into an opening at the Well of the World Brain.
Second Galactic Civil War
In the years following the Yuuzhan Vong War, C-3PO still served the Solos and was often at odds with Han Solo. During a tour around the Solos' new home, C-3PO was outsmarted by a teenage Ben Skywalker and felt embarrassed.
During the Second Galactic Civil War C-3PO was left alone in the Solos' as Leia and Han were not allowed on Coruscant as they had betrayed the Galactic Alliance. Similarly, they were seen as enemies of the state on Corellia, and had a bounty placed on their heads by Thrackan Sal-Solo. Eventually Threepio was allowed to join the Solos on the Falcon. The three were summoned to the Kiris Asteroid Cluster, where they met with Wedge Antilles and Dur Gejjen. During their meeting, Threepio attempted to record their meeting but was asked to leave by Leia. He later learned of the Corellians' plan to draw out the Queen Mother using the Solos though Threepio was highly against Han's role in the plan which was to be a decoy. He felt Captain Solo would embarrass not only himself but Leia as well if they executed the plan. Shortly thereafter, Threepio accompanied the Solos on their diplomatic mission to Hapes where they expected to meet with her to discuss her role in the war. Unfortunately, the Solos and Threepio were forced to make a hasty retreat once they were caught up in an attack on Tenel Ka's life.
Shortly afterwards, the Solos encountered the assassin, Nashtah (actually Aurra Sing), who tried to assassinate Tenel Ka in the Hapan Palace. Because the Solos were seen leaving with Nashtah, they were suspected of being involved in the plot to kill Tenel Ka and her daughter, Allana. Unbeknownst to Threepio, the real reason for their temporary allegiance with the assassin was to draw out the coup's leader. Chased after by Hapan security guards, the four went deep in Hapan space where the Solos met Lalu Morwan, who was the one who hired Sing for the job. On the Falcon Morwan explained to the group the reason for her wanting to kill Tenel Ka and her affiliation with the Heritage Council. Despite Lalu's dislike of the droid, the two worked together briefly to heal Captain Solo's badly damaged arm. As part of the plan to pass on valuable information to the Queen Mother, Threepio was tasked with watching Morwan to make sure she didn't discover the Solos' true intentions. However, things turned ugly when Han was forced to disable Lalu by punching her in the nose. The trio and Falcon then unexpectedly entered the Battle of Hapes where they were shot upon by the Anakin Solo, commanded by Jacen, though they were able to escape. While the Millennium Falcon was being repaired at a Tendrando Arms space station at Gyndine, Threepio was left to watch and catalog all the mechanics did to the Falcon. He later rejoined Han and Leia after the Falcon's repair was complete.
Following the bombardment of Kashyyyk by Darth Caedus, the New Jedi Order took C-3PO with them when they evacuated their facilities to Endor. Because of C-3PO's prior experiences on Endor, the Jedi were able to use him to communicate with the local Ewok tribe that inhabited the areas where the Jedi were hiding. Kyp Durron reported to Luke Skywalker that the local tribe was working quite well with C-3PO, and that it had also been a good idea to bring him along.
Adventures in the Falcon
Two years after the defeat of Caedus, C-3PO was still serving Solo and Organa Solo aboard the Millennium Falcon. A new addition to the family had been made, however, as Allana Solo, the daughter of Jacen and Tenel Ka, had been adopted by the Solos following the end of the war. C-3PO aided the three in a quest they undertook to uncover secrets about the Falcon's past that culminated with an encounter with the wealthy lawyer Lestra Oxic on Tandun III. Following the quest, the crew of the Falcon returned to Coruscant after discovering that Natasi Daala, the former Imperial Admiral who had recently become the Chief of State of the Galactic Alliance, had issued an arrest warrant for Luke Skywalker. Skywalker struck a deal with Daala that nevertheless resulted in his exile from the Jedi Order; Luke and Ben Skywalker set out on an Odyssey to learn more about Jacen's fall to the dark side. As a result, R2-D2 was assigned to the Solos, and joined his longtime friend in their service. Not long after the Skywalkers departed Coruscant, C-3PO received a live holocomm call to the Solos' apartment from Lando Calrissian on Kessel, woke up Han and Leia Solo, and got them some caf. Calrissian requested the aid of the Solos in helping him discover why his glitterstim mines on the planet were being rocked by groundquakes, and the Solos promptly departed for Kessel, bringing Allana and the droids along.
As the Solos dined with Calrissian, his wife Tendra, and the Sullustan Nien Nunb, C-3PO, R2-D2, and a nanny droid watched over Allana and Lando's son Chance. While the Solos later investigated the Kessel mines, Allana insisted on going outside to bounce around in the planet's low gravity, and was permitted to by R2-D2 despite C-3PO's protests. The droids watched her play from a safe distance, but caught up with her after she disappeared from their watchful photoreceptors around some rises on the surface. Allana was eager to return with them, having just received unpleasant contact from the dark side entity known as Abeloth, who lived in the Kessel Maw. When her grandparents became trapped behind a rockfall within the glitterstim mines, Allana insisted on searching for them, but both droids were firm in their refusals. The Solos eventually returned, revealing that the groundquakes were being caused by hidden chambers within the planet's mines that were collapsing when the mysterious ancient technology within them initiated a self-destruct pattern. The pattern was increasing in intensity and would soon destabilize the Great Kessel Fault, destroying the entire planet. Calrissian invited a motley crew of retired pilots to Kessel to help conduct a controlled demolition of the remaining self-destruct equipment, and both C-3PO and R2-D2 served aboard the Millennium Falcon during the mission. Although one of the mines' energy spiders latched onto the Falcon's hull, Solo was able to shake it off, and the mission went off without a hitch.
During this time, many young adult members of the Jedi Order began succumbing to a mysterious illness that affected their perception of reality. C-3PO accompanied Han and Leia Solo to visit one of the afflicted Knights, the Falleen Natua Wan, in the basement of Coruscant's Jedi Temple, and when Wan began hissing in the ancient Hsoosh language, he translated her words, which were in fact death threats against the Solos. The Solos worked closely with the Jedi Council in attempting to counter both the illness and Chief of State Daala's attempts to encase the afflicted Jedi in carbonite, and C-3PO and R2-D2 often babysat Allana while her grandparents were away. During one of their rare moments of respite, C-3PO interrupted their peaceful hot chocolate-drinking session with Allana to inform them that Wynn Dorvan, chief aide to Daala, had contacted them. Although Dorvan was sympathetic to their cause, tensions continued to rise, and the Solos opted to smuggle four of the inflicted Knights from Coruscant to the Jedi Academy on Shedu Maad: Seff Hellin, Natua Wan, Yaqeel Saav'etu, and Bazel Warv. Also aboard the ship were three Barabel Jedi Knights acting as gunners: Wilyem, Dordi, and Zal. Although Allana acted as co-pilot to her grandfather while he bluffed his way past planetary security and the pursuit frigate Fast Death, R2-D2 in fact performed many of the co-pilot's tasks, and C-3PO translated his beeps and whistles to Solo and his granddaughter.
Sojourn to Dathomir
After dropping the Barabel and the afflicted Jedi off on Shedu Maad, the Solos received a hypercomm message from Ben Skywalker informing them of a group of Sith that he and his father had encountered while aboard a space station in the Maw. The Skywalker had pursued the sole survivor of the Sith to Dathomir, and Ben asked if the Solos could come to the planet to lend some support. The Falcon was brought to Dathomir and landed at its primary spaceport, and Solo and Organa Solo departed to locate Luke and Ben, leaving Allana in the care of C-3PO and R2-D2. Although neither C-3PO nor Allana knew it, they had also secured the aid of the Jedi Knight Zekk and his partner Taryn Zel, who landed a Batag Skiff next to the Falcon and watched over the freighter. C-3PO waited on Allana during her grandparents' absence, bringing her milk and attempting to dissuade her from wishing to ride a rancor.
When he learned that R2-D2 had spotted a SoroSuub yacht in the spaceport and wanted to investigate, C-3PO forbid his friend from doing so, but the astromech droid left the ship anyway after C-3PO had tucked Allana into bed. R2-D2 informed C-3PO not to contact Solo and Organa Solo unless he was absent for a certain amount of time. Chagrinned, C-3PO hid behind the Falcon's hyperspace module until Allana discovered him the next morning, and assured the infant that R2-D2 was still aboard the ship. She saw through his lie and attempted to leave the Falcon and rescue the astromech, but C-3PO locked the boarding ramp, and was content to monitor R2-D2's preferred comm frequencies until his friend returned. Allana was able to escape through the turbolift leading to the ship's topside hatch, but returned after C-3PO commed her and asked where she had gone. He fed her and ensured that she completed her daily studies, before tucking her into bed. The curious infant then departed the Falcon once more, and, hoping to secure C-3PO's aid in rescuing R2-D2, commed the protocol droid and informed him of her absence.
C-3PO followed Allana to Monarg's Mechanic Works, a repair shop that she had tracked R2-D2 to. After entering the shop, C-3PO spotted a derelict R2-D2 situated behind a scuffle between Allana and the large mechanic Monarg, and issued a wake-up command to his friend, hoping that R2-D2 would be able to rescue Allana. Announcing his presence, C-3PO lied and told Monarg that he was downloading a comprehensive package of combat maneuvers. The mechanic proceeded to toss the protocol droid around his shop before being electrocuted in the buttocks by a now-awake R2-D2. The delaying tactic had paid off, and the droids were able to take Allana and her pet Nexu Anji out of the shop and back onto the Falcon. Monarg gathered two friends and pursued them, prompting Allana to attempt to contact her parents. When no answer immediately came, Allana and R2-D2 began powering up the Falcon and flying it away from the spaceport. Powerless to stop them, C-3PO contented himself with supplying Allana with pillows, and relaying a belligerent message from the girl to spaceport security. Allana was able to land the Falcon in nearby marshes, where she once again commed her mother. When Organa Solo answered, Allana and C-3PO relayed the events to her and her astonished husband.
After returning to their ship, the Solos took it back to Coruscant after learning of a Mandalorian raid on the Jedi Temple that had been sanctioned by Daala. After landing at the capital, the five crewmembers of the Falcon were greeted by Daala, Wynn Dorvan, and several members of Coruscant Security. The next day, the five of them joined Jaina Solo and Jagged Fel, now her fiancé, for a dinner at the Pangalactus restaurant; C-3PO and R2-D2 situated themselves against a wall while their masters dined. The meal was soon interrupted, however, when a terrorist named Kester Tolann and two YVH-Series battle droids blew a hole through the wall from the next room and attacked the party. The attackers were quickly neutralized, with a blaster bolt to R2-D2 being the only harm done. Fel's diplomatic speeder then dropped everyone save for himself and Jaina off at the Solos' safehouse.
After leaving Dathomir, the Skywalkers made a reluctant alliance with the Lost Tribe of Sith that was designed to counter Abeloth, a mysterious being who lived on a planet in the Maw. When Vestara Khai, the Sith girl the Skywalkers had been pursuing on Dathomir, conversed with her father Gavar Khai in their Keshiri language aboard the Skywalkers' ship, the Jade Shadow, Luke suspected duplicity and contacted C-3PO, hoping that the droid could translate their language. C-3PO busied himself to the challenge, and restlessly paced the Solos' apartment for several days, alternating between being pleased with performing his intended functions and distressed at the amount of time the task was taking. After completing it, he contacted Luke and transmitted the translated conversation, but was overheard by Allana, who burst into the room in tears, believing that her great-uncle had defected to the Sith. Luke assured her that it was not the case as C-3PO fetched the Solos. After they comforted their granddaughter, C-3PO finished conversing with Luke and then received a prerecorded message from Jagged Fel that indicated Jaina had broken off their engagement.
The "death" of C-3PO
Many years later, C-3PO was found in a cave on a planet, which was home to the Vindar, by two youths by the names of Otalp and Remoh, who had been searching for him due to a vision from their Den-mother. He was missing both the lower half of his body, his arms, and even parts of his faceplate but was still semi-functional. At first, he simply muttered nonsense about "Master Luke" and "Artoo" in Basic but, when the two youths started to talk, he adjusted to their language. The trio had a brief conversation in which Threepio told the youths of his past adventures with Luke Skywalker. Threepio was shot by the Vindar a few moments later, but not before inspiring the two youths to start a revolution against the oppressive Vindar. His last gift to the galaxy was a green lightsaber found next to his destroyed body.
Skills and abilities
C-3PO frequently suggested that he was fluent in over 6 million forms of communication. Some of those he has demonstrated are:
- Galactic Basic Standard
- Ancient Askajian
- B'rknaa language (Learned with the native speakers)
- Ewokese (Via Yuzzum)
- Jawa Trade language
- Old Tarmidian
- Ssi-ruuvi (Learned by himself)
- Unidentified language (Star Tours)
- Yeb language
- Yuuzhan Vong
Personality and traits
- "You stupid furball! Only an overgrown mophead like you could make such a ridiculous mistake!"
- ―Threepio, after being incorrectly re-assembled by Chewbacca on Cloud City
C-3PO was programmed for over thirty secondary functions besides protocol. C-3PO had been shown as rather cowardly as shown when he fled in terror when attacked by Imperials on Hoth. However, in large part because of some leftover pieces of earlier programming, he has shown some instances of ingenuity and even deviance, as evidenced by his briefly stopping his fleeing from Imperial forces and removing a warning label over the Wampa pen as a means to create a trap for pursuing Imperial forces in the same event. C-3PO was rather polite and quirky towards his companions, especially R2-D2, although he could be sarcastic and indignant when mistreated by individuals like Jabba the Hutt. 3PO also had some knowledge on taunts, as evidenced by one of his earlier misadventures during the Imperial period, where he alongside R2-D2 taunted a group of individuals by putting his hands to each side of his face and wagged his fingers.
Behind the scenes
- "I'm See Threepio, Human-Cyborg Relations. Your kindness is greatly appreciated."
- ―See Threepio on several occasions in the rough draft of The Star Wars
Although C-3PO and R2-D2 did not appear in 1973's original fourteen-page story synopsis of "The Star Wars," their characters were featured in the 132-page rough draft of "The Star Wars," completed in May 1974, as See Threepio and ARTWO DETWO. Threepio is described as being tall, thin, old, battered, and of Human proportions, and the two droids are written as construction robots in an Imperial Space Fortress. As the Fortress is attacked by Aquilaean starships, Threepio is the robot who decides to abandon ship, while ARTWO is hesitant to desert their duty. The two then land in the dune sea of Utapau, where they meet Starkiller. By 1975, when George Lucas had written Adventures of the Starkiller, Episode I: The Star Wars, the story began with the two droids aboard a Rebel Spacefighter and oriented itself around their evacuation, landing on Utapau, and being captured by Jawas. With relatively few changes, this storyline went on to appear in the original Star Wars film.
When creating the characters of C-3PO and R2-D2, Lucas looked to Akira Kurosawa's 1958 film The Hidden Fortress, which he credits as one of his inspirations for Star Wars. The Hidden Fortress is told from the point of view of the peasants Tahei and Matashichi, who are the film's comic relief duo that travel Japan in the company of a General and a Princess, and, despite coming from the lowest possible social class, are privy to an adventure taking place on a grand level of international diplomacy. Lucas thus wrote C-3PO and R2-D2 into Star Wars as similar comic characters and narrators to The Hidden Fortress's peasants.
Lucas felt that the two droids had to be very different from one another in both personality and appearance, and envisioned an elegant and sophisticated anthropomorphic design for C-3PO, whom he saw as coming from an elegant and sophisticated environment. C-3PO's original appearance, visible in concept art by Ralph McQuarrie, was based on the robot from the 1927 silent film Metropolis. Lucas wanted C-3PO's face to be a completely neutral one that the viewer could read emotion into based on the droid's environment, and conceived of the character's personality as being akin to a used-car salesman who would say whatever was necessary to please others.
In an early draft for The Phantom Menace, C-3PO's original name was reduced to just "CPO". The 3 was then added when Padmé told Anakin Skywalker that her favorite number was 3.
- "I didn't want to go, because [my agent] said it's the part of a robot, so I said 'You're mad! I don't play robots.'"
- ―Anthony Daniels, on his audition for the part of C-3PO
Following the success of Star Wars in 1977, Daniels went on to reprise his role as C-3PO in the film's two sequels, 1980's The Empire Strikes Back and 1983's Return of the Jedi. He reprised the role again in all three Star Wars prequels, respectively released in 1999, 2002, and 2005. Daniels is the only actor to appear in all six primary Star Wars films.
Daniels has performed as or voiced the protocol droid in a multitude of spin-off material, beginning with 1978's The Star Wars Holiday Special and its embedded animated short The Story of the Faithful Wookiee. He has also appeared in all three radio dramas of the original Star Wars trilogy (for which he made notations in the scripts and revised C-3PO's dialogue), Disney's Star Tours, all thirteen episodes of the animated series Star Wars: Droids and its hour-long special The Great Heep, the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, and the 2008 film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and its accompanying television series. Daniels has voiced C-3PO in the video games Star Wars: Pit Droids and Star Wars: The Clone Wars: Jedi Alliance.
Outside of the Star Wars continuity, Daniels has guest-starred as C-3PO in a number of appearances, including guest roles on The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, Jeopardy!, The Donny and Marie Show, and at the Academy Awards. He has also played the droid in non-canon Star Wars material such as 1977's The Making of Star Wars television special, 1980's Christmas in the Stars: Star Wars Christmas Album, 1996's Star Wars Monopoly board game, and all three LEGO Star Wars video games. Daniels's C-3PO résumé further includes public service announcements concerned with whooping cough immunizations and anti-smoking campaigns, as well as commercials for C-3PO-themed breakfast cereal and children's underwear.
C-3PO has been voiced by Tom Kane in several video games: the adaptation of The Phantom Menace, Star Wars: Force Commander, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, Star Wars: Empire at War, Star Wars: Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike, Star Wars: The Clone Wars: Republic Heroes, and the Star Wars: Episode I Insider's Guide. Ross King voiced the droid in Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter, and Jim Ward provided vocal talents for all three Dark Empire audio dramas.
During filming of The Phantom Menace, Industrial Light & Magic Chief Model maker Michael Lynch built a puppet that was used to portray C-3PO's unfinished appearance, with Daniels providing the character's voice. C-3PO's motions were realized by Lynch acting as a puppeteer dressed in a full-color suit, at times on-set with the other actors and at others filmed against a green screen. Daniels remained off-camera and delivered the lines, guiding Lynch's movements as he brought the puppet to life.
- "If you've ever met [producer] Rick McCallum, you'll know they're not about to make a new costume every time we do this thing, so I'm actually wearing the same costume as I did back then."
- ―Anthony Daniels in 2005
The C-3PO costume was constructed such that Daniels could not sit down while wearing it; he thus had to lean against a board to rest between shots. Scenes where C-3PO sits down required the costume to be partially disassembled. The costume was in part created by Liz Moore, who had previously designed the star child in 2001: A Space Odyssey, a film that Daniels had walked out of, but later appreciated.
Filming for Star Wars began in Tunisia, and on the first day of shooting, the costume was yet to be completed. The combined efforts of six people were able to dress Daniels completely in a total of two hours. Twenty-five years later, Daniels wore the same costume while working on the prequel trilogy. In 2009 and 2010, the C-3PO costume toured with Star Wars: In Concert, being displayed in the exhibition area of each arena.
In Star Wars media
- "Some of the pages are as convincing in character to me, as though I were actually there, playing the part. When a character you have created and loved has been reproduced commercially in every way from bubble bath to bubble gum, you can get a little protective. But with these stories, I know Threepio is safe."
- ―Anthony Daniels on Dark Horse Comics' Droids series
In addition to appearing in all six principal episodes of Star Wars, C-3PO holds the honor of speaking the first and last lines of the entire saga. In the opening scene of the original Star Wars, the protocol droid kicks off the film's dialogue by asking R2-D2, "Did you hear that? They've shut down the main reactor. We'll be destroyed for sure! This is madness. There'll be no escape for the Princess this time." Nearly thirty years later, the spoken portions of Revenge of the Sith concluded with C-3PO reacting to the news that he would receive a memory wipe by uttering "Oh no!" The respective scenes both take place aboard the starship Tantive IV, and were filmed on the same set.
Outside of Episodes I through VI, C-3PO has appeared in myriad works within the Expanded Universe. Along with his counterpart R2-D2, he starred in an animated series that ran from 1985 to 1986 on ABC, as well as comic books based around the series published by Marvel and Dark Horse Comics. C-3PO and R2-D2 played prominent roles in many of the novels published by Bantam Spectra throughout the 1990s taking place in the years following Return of the Jedi, sometimes accompanying Luke, Han, and Leia, and sometimes being caught up in adventures of their own. When Del Rey took over Star Wars novel publishing in 1999, the droid duo faded into the background somewhat as a new generation of heroes began to develop, although C-3PO did undergo a character arc that involved him contemplating the prospect of deactivation and questioning his own mortality. In-universe, C-3PO is still faithfully serving the Skywalker and Solo families forty-three years after the events of the original Star Wars.
Although relatively absent from the original Clone Wars multimedia project, C-3PO has thus far played a recurring role in the CGI-animated series The Clone Wars. His origins were laid down by George Lucas via a tape recorder in 1977, who established that he had been constructed on the world of Affa and later reassembled by a young boy working for a junk dealer. Lucas reused the latter half of this concept in The Phantom Menace, and the former half was canonized by the StarWars.com Databank.
In the novelization of A New Hope, C-3PO once refers to himself as "CV-3PO" when introducing himself to Owen Lars. In this passage, C-3PO claims that "V" stands for his "middle name", "Versatility". Leland Chee has indicated that this is not to be taken literally as part of the droid's official name.
- "As I look up through the clouds and to the sun, I'm wondering where did [C-3PO] come from? But I'm very glad he certainly did end up in my pocket."
- ―Anthony Daniels
As of 2014, Daniels is still portraying C-3PO. In a 2009 interview, he stated that the character has never left him, and expressed his fondness for the droid. Although he has at times considered moving on to other things, the notion has never remained with him for very long. He feels that he knows the character better than anyone, and sees C-3PO as being like his best friend, one that he feels a responsibility to continue playing, else C-3PO would be very upset. He also admits to feeling protective of the character. Daniels maintains that he himself is very different from C-3PO, and has called the character a "strange creation that came out of somewhere," but nevertheless a creation that he is proud of.
From his first read-throughs of the script of Star Wars, Daniels thought that C-3PO had a likable personality; he sees the character as not heroic, but very thoughtful, loyal, and loving, traits that make up for his uptightness and complete lack of a sense of humor or irony. He has described the droid as being loyal to his final nut and bolt, and therefore someone who would remain at a friend's side until the end of the droid's existence.
Despite assumptions to the contrary,[source?] Daniels cites portraying C-3PO as having been a considerable challenge. As Kenny Baker, playing R2-D2, could not talk to him during shooting, perfecting their comic timing proved difficult. Speaking in C-3PO's voice is also challenging, as it creates tension and uptightness in his back muscles, leaving them knotted and sore after a recording session. As C-3PO is not a relaxed character, Daniels cannot perform the voice in a relaxed manner. He also cites difficulties involved with wearing the suit as obstacles that he had to overcome while shooting the Original trilogy. Daniels's voice work has been praised by Dave Filoni, the supervising director of the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, who credits Daniels as having fantastic insight into every word and phrase spoken by C-3PO, and as able to adapt nearly every line to the character's cadence.
While seeking writers for Dark Horse Comics' Droids series, editors Ryder Windham and Dan Thorsland were dismayed that many of their potential hirees regarded C-3PO and R2-D2 as little more than comic relief. The two eventually settled on Thorsland himself to write the series, who felt that the droid duo were intelligent machines that often found themselves in an unfortunate plight, being treated worse than slaves. Daniels later praised Thorsland's writing of C-3PO and wrote an introduction for one of the series' trade paperbacks. When writing 2003's The New Jedi Order: The Unifying Force, the finale of the nineteen-book series The New Jedi Order, author James Luceno found himself drawn to C-3PO, among other characters, as the droid had been forced to rethink many truths he had long accepted throughout the series.
Impact on popular culture
- "After all, Threepio is as much an icon of Star Wars as Darth Vader."
- ―Dave Filoni
As a principal character in a wildly popular film saga, C-3PO has become a cultural icon of sorts, having been referred to as one of the most iconic characters in all of popular science fiction. A wide variety of C-3PO merchandise has been produced over the years, including scores of action figures, busts, a life-sized figure, pez dispensers, and even a breakfast cereal.
C-3PO has been parodied in a wide variety of media, including appearances on the American cartoons The Simpsons (one of the episode appearances, "Mayored to the Mob" also having C-3PO having to fight the Cylons in Battlestar Galactica, also having him express anger and hate towards R2-D2 for the latter's refusal to help), Futurama, Robot Chicken, and Family Guy. In Family Guy's Star Wars-themed episodes Blue Harvest and Something, Something, Something, Dark Side, the character Glenn Quagmire plays the role of C-3PO. Mel Brooks's 1987 Star Wars spoof, Spaceballs, features a feminine robot satirizing C-3PO named Dot Matrix, voiced by comedian Joan Rivers.
- Vader: "See-threepio, Artoo never told you what happened to your creator."
- C-3PO: "He informed me sufficiently. He told me you killed him."
- Vader: "No… I am your creator!'"
- C-3PO: "No… no… That's not true. That's impossible! The odds against you being my creator are…"
- Vader: "Search your feelings, you know it to be true."
- C-3PO: "Noooo!! You see, sir, shortly after the Jedi were wiped out, my memory was erased. So that could explain why I'm having difficulty verifying your statement."
- ―Darth Vader and C-3PO in Vader vs. Artoo & Threepio[src]
In the alternate comic series Star Wars Infinities: A New Hope, C-3PO is taken into the custody of the Empire and is reprogrammed with a more aggressive personality while Princess Leia is trained in the ways of the Sith. Its sequel, Star Wars Infinities: The Empire Strikes Back, sees Darth Vader recognize the droid as the same one he created years earlier, and dismantle C-3PO, tearing the location of Dagobah from his memory. In the trilogy's final installment, Star Wars Infinities: Return of the Jedi, C-3PO is decapitated by an angry blow from Jabba the Hutt, and is later destroyed when the gangster's sail barge explodes.
C-3PO and R2-D2 similarly star in another alternate take on the original Star Wars trilogy: Vader vs. Artoo & Threepio, published in Tokyopop's Star Wars Manga: Silver. Merging the endings of the trilogy's latter two installments, the comic tells their story with the droids in place of Luke and Leia.
C-3PO is unlockable as a playable model in the video game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed. The player is allowed an opportunity to use the droid as a lightsaber-swinging character. He also appears in every entry in the LEGO Star Wars series.
Though not a technical appearance, a villain named Dark Aegis from the 1994 Iron Man: The Animated Series calls Iron Man "C-3PO" in the episode "Distant Boundaries".
In Angry Birds Star Wars, White Bird plays C-3PO.
C-3PO also ended up getting into a tag-team robot wrestling match with the Cylons in The Simpsons episode "Mayored to the Mob", where 3PO ended up easily clobbered by the Cylons. He attempted to beg for R2-D2's (his partner in the match) help. However, R2-D2 refused to give aid and left, causing C-3PO to angrily insult him by referring to him as a "stupid little trap," calling him boring, and then declaring that he hated R2 before being pummeled more. Bill and Marty (portraying aliens), when covering the event for their advertisement for Springfield's Bi-Mon-Sci-Fi-Con (Bi-Monthly Science Fiction Convention), referred to the pair as the "gay robots from Star Wars." C-3PO in this appearance was voiced by Dan Castellaneta, who voiced him in a manner similar to Anthony Daniels.
C-3PO, along with Han Solo, Lando Calrissian, and Chewbacca, cameo in The LEGO Movie. While trying to build a spaceship, the heroes realize that they need a hyperdrive. Batman wonders aloud where they could find a hyperdrive, and is swiftly interrupted by the timely arrival of the Millennium Falcon. Anthony Daniels reprised his role.
- In Italian, in the original trilogy, C-3PO is called D-3BO ("Di-Trebio" or "Trebio"). | <urn:uuid:809a2fed-9e8f-40bc-a4e8-160037fe20c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/C3PO | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00489-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973871 | 47,675 | 1.882813 | 2 |
So That’s How Exercise Burns Calories
Ever since I was a child I was frustrated when I got incomplete answers to my, I’d like to think, probing questions. Why is the sky blue? Did you get a satisfactory answer to this question from your parents? Or, how could babies just pop out of their mommy’s tummy; how did they get there in the first place? Sometimes they simply didn’t know (question #1) or where embarrassed to tell the truth ( question #2), or the answer in those days wasn’t completely undrstood.
Fast forward to my college days. The zoology professor told us that all mammals have a special fat tissue called ‘brown fat’ whose function was to generate heat. Human babies have it too, but then it disappears as they grow up. Why? The answers ranged from a shrug to some dubious speculation (we lost it because we invented clothing to keep us warm). Either response was unsatisfactory.
I was guilty of this obfuscation as well. Why is it that we lose more calories than exercise alone would account for? Consider: A 16 oz. (grande) Starbucks Frappuchino chocolate chip contains 490 calories. Yet, people who run 2-3 miles a day burn only 200-300 calories. How come these runners don’t become obese very quickly? When I was asked this question I would fall back on the easy non-answer of ‘the lingering benefits of aerobic exercise long after the run itself’. But why does exercise have ‘lingering effects’? No convincing answer, just a lot of hand waving.
Finally, a good answer
Contrary to the general belief that we gradually lose our brown fat in childhood, several studies in 2009 showed that adults still have brown fat cells lurking in their bodies. As opposed to white fat, which contains fat droplets and is responsible for ’cellulitis’ and protruding potbellies, this peculiar fat is brown because it is chock full of mitochondria, tiny cellular organelles that generate lots of ATP, the energy currency of all living things. But stop to think about it; it still doesn’t answer the question of calorie loss through exercise, because generation of ATP is an efficient mechanism for energy conservation to fuel metabolic activity. And we know from animal studies that brown fat generates lots of heat, and not very much ATP.
A recent paper by Bruce Spiegelman’s group at Harvard finally provided the answer. The group found a new hormone, called irisin (after Iris, the
Greek goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the Olympian gods), that is generated in muscles by an exercise-induced gene called FNDC5. Irisin, circulating in the blood, causes the transformation of white fat cells into mitochondria-rich brown fat. But it doesn’t stop there; it also activates the thermogenic (heat-generating) mechanism of brown fat.
The way it does it is very ingenious. The process of oxidixing sugar is coupled to another process that captures the energy generated by the oxidation and harnesses it into molecules of ATP, a process called oxidative phosphorylation. What Irisin does is uncouple the two. So now we have oxidation of glucose but without capturing the generated energy to form ATP. Result: the energy is “wasted” in the form of heat. That’s why we feel warm even hours after exercise, and that’s how we lose the calories (BTW, calorie comes from Calor, which is heat or warmth in Latin).
Every answer raises more questions
When you think about it, there is a lurking paradox here: why would physical activity induce a program that burns fat stores without the benefit of ATP formation? This would seemingly lead to a cycle that would deplete available fuel stores for the exercising muscle. But, there may actually be an adaptive advantage in generating all this heat: it allows for adaptation to cold environments. We don’t have to travel far (phylogenetically speaking) to realize the inherent selective advantage. Without it humans (and our cousins Neanderthals and the recently-discovered Denisovans) would not have survived the ice age of northern Europe, and all political prisoners in Siberia would have perished. But instead, they shivered, which is a muscle activity that activates the formation of irisin. Plausible theory, but it needs to be tested.
It is not just “academic”
What is the practical utility of this finding? Since irisin is linked to weight control, I am certain that pharmaceutical companies are already hard at work designing drugs that will either cause irisin release, or mimic its action. Either way, it could prove a boon in the fight against obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Does it also spell the end of the need to exercise? I hope not. No amount of calorie loss can give you the psychic benefit of a good workout. | <urn:uuid:890cdee4-f351-49b2-9b03-8ca1f45f7e2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthworkscollective.com/so-s-how-exercise-burns-calories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.954135 | 1,031 | 2.5 | 2 |
Ground-penetrating radar will be used to help find the graves of more than 100 Aboriginal people who perished at a Fraser Island mission a century ago.
High-tech radar equipment is being used to uncover a dark chapter in Fraser Island’s history.
It’s been more than a century since a mission on the picturesque Queensland island was abandoned, leaving behind an enduring secret.
In the seven years the mission was open, more than 100 Aboriginal people perished from illness and malnutrition – the result of appalling living conditions.
Their bodies were buried, but those who ran the mission did not mark the graves.
Now scientists from the University of the Sunshine Coast (USC) will try to return that knowledge to the island’s K’Gari community, with the help of ground-penetrating radar.
USC soil scientist Peter Davies said his research team would work with elders and others to find the graves, using the radar to produce 3D images of what lies beneath the surface of the ground.
“The radar is the ideal instrument to locate disturbed ground, human remains and artefacts and has been previously used in locating Indigenous burial sites up to 20,000 years old,” he said. | <urn:uuid:469cbb65-5b12-4dfe-91d6-03b0257ce2b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://offline.bmag.com.au/your-brisbane/daily-news/2014/07/22/radar-to-unearth-fraser-island-secret/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952112 | 253 | 3.734375 | 4 |
I got quite a bit of traffic from Reddit over the weekend for my post about excuses for homophobia vs. excuses for racism, but it didn’t come from /r/atheism but from /r/lgbt. That’s great! But there was one comment in the Reddit thread complaining about “appropriationism,” linking to a post titled “Queer History vs. Black History,” which is also linked in the banner of /r/lgbt, so apparently it’s gotten some traction there.
The Queer History vs. Black History post makes some good points about the differences between the two movements. But I think it would be misguided as a response to what I had written, or as a response to a lot of other cases of using examples from the race issue to make a point about gay rights.
The key thing here is that when you’re talking about topic A and use an example from topic B to make a point about topic A, topics A and B don’t have to be perfectly analogous. They never are. What you need to check for, rather, is whether your example does what you want it to do in the point you’re making.
For example: if someone is saying it’s wrong to judge anyone for their opinions, wrong to tell them “that’s not acceptable,” wrong to not associate with someone over their opinions, the case of racism is a serious challenge to that claim. Similarly, if someone is claiming that if something is a deep conviction it can’t be bigoted, racism is a serious challenge to that claim.
Those were the points I was making with my last post. And this wouldn’t be worth explaining at length if it were just one Reddit comment confused about this, but I’ve seen this before: people complain about perfectly logical examples if the analogy isn’t perfect in every way. Understanding why that isn’t a problem may be an actual benefit I’ve gained from studying philosophy. | <urn:uuid:ac06094f-4419-4ae9-97b9-f4a4cd457327> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.patheos.com/blogs/hallq/2012/05/homophobia-racism-and-the-value-of-inexact-analogies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00131-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961075 | 429 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Japan Irked as Bush Visit Turns Into a Trade Quest
By STEVEN R. WEISMAN,
Published: December 22, 1991
TOKYO, Dec. 21— Japanese leaders are reacting with anger and dismay to President Bush's decision to travel here next month with an entourage of executives from the American automobile and other industries to increase pressure on Tokyo to open up its markets to American exports.
Senior Japanese officials say they do not see any possibility of significant concessions on automobile imports, and fear is rising in Japan that the visit could end up deepening mistrust and recriminations between Americans and the Japanese instead of easing tensions as it is supposed to do.
Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa has responded cautiously to Mr. Bush's promise to "relentlessly pursue our mission to create jobs and restore prosperity" on the visit to Japan. The Prime Minister said Friday at a news conference that Japan must "concede where it should" in the trade area, but that it must also stand up to the United States when it feels that problems are the result of American policies.
"Economic issues are growing severe," Mr. Miyazawa said, trying to show some sympathy for Mr. Bush's political problems. "But happily we are able to speak frankly and avoid misunderstandings. Even if we engage in debate, the outcome won't be war."
The increasing chill in the atmosphere surrounding the President's visit, which is scheduled for Jan. 7-10, testifies to the difficulty of relations between the two economic superpowers these days and to the political constraints faced by Mr. Bush and Mr. Miyazawa.
The visit was originally scheduled for earlier this month to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Pearl Harbor, as a gesture of reassurance by the United States that Washington and Tokyo have forged a new "global partnership" out of the ashes of war.
But Mr. Bush canceled the original visit to turn his attention to growing domestic problems. Meanwhile, the various plans that Japan had hoped to showcase on the visit have gone down in flames in Parliament.
The main disappointment was the dooming of the Government's hope for legislative approval of a measure to have Japanese troops take part in United Nations peacekeeping forces. This week, Mr. Miyazawa saw the collapse of a separate plan, a tax to finance foreign aid.
Japanese diplomats concede that no big new proposal exists to demonstrate Tokyo's readiness to play a global role commensurate with its economic status. Their hope had been to counter Washington's disappointment that Tokyo has done nothing more than write $13 billion in checks to support the American-led war against Iraq. Premier's Base Weakens
Mr. Miyazawa's political base has weakened in recent weeks because of his own problems, including a budget deficit that has forced him to raise taxes in an election year. He may also have trouble delivering money to support a supercollider project in Texas, another demand tied to the Bush trip.
Nor does the Government appear ready to make any significant concessions to open up its markets to imported rice, another step demanded by the White House as a way of revitalizing the moribund international trade negotiations known as the Uruguay round.
The prevailing view in Japan is that the United States has not taken its share of steps to increase the competitiveness and quality of its products, particularly in the automobile industry. The pressure on Japan to import American auto parts is widely viewed here as infuriating.
Asahi Shimbun, Japan's leading newspaper, said today in an editorial that Mr. Bush seemed to be waging "gunboat diplomacy in economic areas" and that he should ask American car manufacturers to learn a lesson from Western Europeans, who are more successful in selling automobiles in Japan.
"Why do European cars sell better in the Japanese market than U.S. ones?" the newspaper asked. "American manufacturers should be more aware of the basics of business, which require producers to make goods catering to the tastes of consumers."
A senior Japanese diplomat said he sympathized with Americans who feel anxiety in witnessing the collapse of their car industry, but added, "Personally, I have no sympathy for American automobile manufacturers."
As depicted in the Japanese press, the American car makers have done little to showcase their products here, tailor them to Japanese tastes or forge relationships with retailers, whereas European manufacturers have done all those things.
But since automobiles count for perhaps three-quarters of the $41 billion trade imbalance between the United States and Japan, there have been steps by the big auto manufacturers in recent weeks to try to remedy the situation. Nissan, Toyota, Honda and others have announced that they will set new targets to import more American parts and to use more American parts in their automobile plants in the United States.
Government officials maintain that all these steps were done voluntarily, an assertion that few experts believe. Leaders of the Japanese car industry said this weekend that they did not see any likelihood of further steps. And their criticism of the American automobile industry is seen as potentially embarrassing to the White House if it becomes more outspoken.
Even some American diplomats involved in the planning of Mr. Bush's trips admit that they were surprised by the White House's decision to turn the President's visit into an exercise in trying to sell automobile parts.
A prominent president of a major bank in Japan, asking not to be identified, ridiculed Mr. Bush. "I would have thought after your great victory in the gulf, your President would feel confident enough to leave trade issues to his subordinates," he said.
Photo: Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa, who said Friday that Japan must "concede where it should" in the trade area, but that it must also stand up to the United States. (Agence France-Presse) | <urn:uuid:06f7a2ec-35ad-459d-b996-21ee1a9fc470> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/japan-irked-as-bush-visit-turns-into-a-trade-quest.html?src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00420-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96829 | 1,172 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Tour de France 101: Where does it go?
This year's Tour de France is considered one of the toughest in years, including two ascents of the notorious Col du Tourmalet in the Pyrenées.
Bas Czerwinski/AP Photo
This year's Tour de France is considered one of the toughest in years, giving an advantage to cyclists who excel in the tough mountain stages. The stages include climbs that are ranked 4, 3, 2, 1, or HC, with 4 being the easiest. HC stands for "hors catégorie" – ascents so tough they're beyond categorization.
But it's not all mountain stages. There's still a little of everything, giving an opportunity for a variety of riders to shine. Here's a taste of the course, which goes clockwise around France.
For climbers: This year’s Stage 9 includes a nearly 18-mile climb that begins just past the 1992 Olympic village of Albertville and ends at the Col de la Madeleine.
For daredevils: Stage 13, a net downhill that ends in the eight-time Tour host village of Revel, favors what French call a baroudeur – a breakaway artist.
Gutsy riders who have an eye for the best line relish days that end with a ripping descent, such as Stage 15 in the Pyrenées.
For winners: But it’s on squiggly, windy roads such as the that ascends the Col du Tourmalet, an HC climb, that the race is really decided. This year, riders must climb the pass twice – once from each direction. The second time, on Stage 17, they climb 3,000 feet in just over seven miles.
For time trial specialists: Once everyone’s legs are fully rubberized, they’ll tackle the flat-as-a-crêpe Stage 18. But the real test of mental stamina comes in the following stage, a “time trial” where each rider races alone against the clock.
For the fans: Then it’s all about holding on until the Eiffel Tower comes into view, with the grande finale coming on the Champs Elysées and finishing – naturally – just in front of L’Arc de Triomphe. | <urn:uuid:e7e22cbd-8f95-454f-914a-1aa592d95c80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0709/Tour-de-France-101-Where-does-it-go | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00061-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921191 | 480 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Since the UK first entered lockdown on March 23 2020, little in the pandemic has attracted so much attention and controversy as this decision to grind social and economic life to a halt. Was it the right thing to do?
Properly evaluating the effectiveness of any health-oriented treatment, be it a new medicine, vaccine or lockdown measure, involves comparing its introduction with a counterfactual situation where everything is the same except for what’s being tested. This is why medical trials have a control group, whose members are given a placebo and whose characteristics match the testing group as closely as possible.
Unfortunately, this isn’t possible for lockdowns. There are no directly equivalent parts of a country or the world that can act as true test and control groups, and so no possibility of a controlled trial. Instead, researchers must resort to other methods to try to measure lockdowns’ effects.
Mathematical models can be used to produce “what if” scenarios, where applying various different COVID control measures is simulated to estimate what would work best, essentially comparing the value of lockdown to other measures – or doing nothing at all. Such models are very useful and have been used throughout the pandemic.
However, they’ve also been heavily criticised for their pessimistic predictions about the impact of the virus. Their outputs depend on making assumptions and estimates, including about human behaviour, which is notoriously difficult to capture accurately.
An alternative is to use a data-driven method that doesn’t rely so strongly on the assumptions of models. For example, the “difference-in-difference” method compares outcomes from countries or regions that are similar in all respects except the implemented control measures. A common approach has been to compare data from US states that differed in the stringency, timing and extent of their control measures but otherwise share many characteristics.
But of course, this runs into our initial problem. While often similar, no two states aren’t directly comparable. And for other countries, like the UK, its even more difficult to find good pairings for comparison.
Imperfect assessments, clear results
Despite these difficulties, a lot of researchers have worked to try to analyse the impact of lockdowns. While accepting that no method of assessment is perfect, most published studies have found evidence to support lockdown measures being effective. They also point out that different actions achieved different things in different countries.
Limiting gatherings, closing businesses with high exposure rates, and closing schools and universities effectively reduced the spread and limited deaths. These places are associated with increased transmission rates and superspreader events.
But perhaps surprisingly, stay-at-home orders appear to have had only a modest effect in slowing transmission. This may, though, be down to people already limiting their activities voluntarily before being told to do so. Closing airports somewhat limits the disease impact, but land borders much less.
The danger of delaying
So, were lockdowns appropriate strategy, or should governments in future rely purely on voluntary isolation? Or is the best response to do nothing?
In evaluating the 2020 lockdowns, we need to remember that the decisions were taken with high uncertainty of what the consequences could be. It is easy to criticise the scientists and politicians in hindsight, but under the precautionary principle, the strongest possible measures should have been applied given the unknowns that were being faced.
Despite substantial variability across countries, there’s little doubt that lockdowns successfully slowed COVID’s spread in spring 2020, reducing cases in the first wave. There’s enough evidence to show that countries and regions that quickly introduced substantial and multiple restrictions also had fewer cases and deaths. Compare New Zealand’s and the UK’s responses.
In both cases the introduction of lockdown regulations (first graph above) resulted in a rapid drop in mobility (second graph above). Reported cases peak soon after. Deaths in turn took another week or two to respond.
But New Zealand responded very quickly to its first reported case, with its lockdown introduced well before the first death in the country. Its resulting case numbers and deaths were low. In contrast, the UK delayed its lockdown response until almost two weeks after its first death.
Although British people reduced their mobility before lockdown was officially introduced, the virus had ample time to spread. The fact that delaying lockdown had such a large impact is further proof of its power to control the spread of the virus.
Lessons for the future
Should the world face another new pandemic disease, there are three lessons to keep in mind. Firstly, applying protective measures as early and hard as possible consistently led to better outcomes. Less stringent interventions risked increasing deaths; more severe responses lowered fatalities.
Plus, unless it’s possible to eliminate the virus in a region, measures will need to continue. This requires public acceptance and economic support, particularly in areas of high deprivation. And finally, for the greatest effect, different restrictions must be combined, including voluntary responses – such as social distancing – and test and trace. There’s no single silver bullet. Some measures might need maintaining, even after, for example, introducing vaccines.
The 2020 lockdowns demonstrated that societies are willing and capable of supporting drastic disease-control measures if they see the need. But, full – and particularly repeated – lockdowns can be seen as a failure of other, more gradual public health policies. A lockdown should be seen as an efficient but also very blunt public health tool, to be used in necessity but as part of a wider strategy. | <urn:uuid:b0344f58-e3a2-4200-8e30-8757ac06db3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dagoldinfo.com.ng/did-the-covid-lockdowns-work-heres-what-we-know-two-years-on/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.96225 | 1,131 | 3.3125 | 3 |
A major component of this course will be the execution of a term project. Potential project types include the design and demonstration of a new visual analytics tool, a case study involving visual analytics of actual data for a specific purpose, or the construction of an interactive tool for a novel type of data analysis and exploration. In some cases, projects will have a client who influences project goals and requirements. In other cases, one of the course instructors will serve as the project client. Students may choose a project from a list of suggested projects (see below) or propose one of their own ideas.
Projects will generally be done by teams of 1 to 2 students. Projects will naturally be expected to require an effort proportional to the number of team members. All members of a project team will receive the same grade on the project, except in extraordinary circumstances.
Projects could also be further developed into research papers and be submitted to any of the conferences at IEEE VIS, with a submission deadline on March 31st, 2014. Students who are interested in this should contact the instructor.
Suggested Project Topics
Software and Libraries
Projects will be structured as a sequence of phases. Completion of one phase is not required for initiation of the next. In many cases, it will benefit you to be working on multiple phases at the same time. For instance, you might be working on the implementation of an initial prototype concurrently with searching and reviewing the relevant literature.
Deadlines and Grade Contribution
The below table summarizes the different phases with their deadlines and grade contributions. Each phase of the project will make an individual contribution to your grade. If a phase is missed, that portion of the grade will be a zero. You should consider this a compelling reason to start your project early and work steadily throughout the semester, rather than making a grand push at the end of the semester.
Each phase should be submitted to the instructor (Prof. Elmqvist) via email.
Describe your plans to meet these requirements in a proposal of approximately 1-3 pages. Give a five to ten minute summary of your proposal to the class. Your proposal should describe:
Here is a list of sample proposals:
Review the literature describing other approaches to problems similar to yours. Include a description of the problem that your project addresses. Describe how the approach taken in related work is similar to and different from yours. Include complete references for all papers cited. Your literature review will become part of your final paper. Your literature review should be approximately 1000 words. Correct spelling and grammar count, so check them before you hand anything in. Appropriate citation to Peer Reviewed literature is necessary.
After having defined the problem and found what other people have done in this field, now it is time for you to design the new visual analytics idea you are going to use to solve your problem. The design document is at least one page (submitted as a PDF) of your thoughts on the visual design, analytics methods, your design decisions, your intended audience, other work you are building on, and so on. Examples of information to include in your design document are
Please feel free to include any sketches you made as part of the design process. The design document does not have to be a perfect and polished piece of work: it should be a snapshot of your creative processes at this point in the project.
Your initial implementation goal is to produce any visualization of your data. Your representation and interaction techniques will not be nearly as refined as you plan to make them, but you should be able to read in a data set and produce an image showing some representation of the quantities of interest and some analysis. Submit an image electronically (URL is fine) and short description (about a page) of what the image shows and how it was produced. Also submit a description of the capabilities at alpha release.
By beta release, your project should be a complete prototype with all of the functionality that you have proposed. Your beta release should be accompanied by a short description of bugs you plan to fix and enhancements you plan to make. The third phase of the development effort will center on refinements of your prototype. Schedule a demo and meeting with your client and a course instructor in order to present your beta release and discuss a revision plan. Write a technical description of your implementation (1-2 pages). Include any images you want, but there is no need to include any source code.
A complete draft of your paper (see below), including figures and images, must be submitted in advance of the final paper deadline. This draft will not be graded. The course instructors will serve as reviewers for these papers and make suggestions as to how they might be improved. The more you include in your draft, the more the instructors will be able to help you. You may submit earlier, not necessarily complete, drafts of your paper if you would like feedback earlier in the writing process. Submit the paper as an e-mail to the instructor!
Paper formats: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~vis/Track/tvcg.html
Write a 5000 word technical paper describing your project in the style of an IEEE VAST, Visualization, or Information Visualization Technical Papers or Case Studies (other formats may be acceptable with pre-approval). It should be a complete paper that is as strong and polished as you can make it. Aim for something that you believe is ready for submission to a conference or journal. Sections you should plan to include are (note that these are not absolute, feel free to use your own disposition):
Your paper should include figures and images as appropriate. Correct spelling and grammar count in all submitted work, so check them before you hand anything in.
Paper formats: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~vis/Track/tvcg.html
Refine and enhance your prototype into a final release. You should attempt to respond to all requests of your client and the course instructors. Your final release should include:
We will simulate a conference reviewing process in this course. Upon all students submitting their final papers, the instructor will serve as the PC chair and assign each student up to three (3) papers to review. You will be given a week to read the paper of your fellow student and write a fair and objective review (using a review form provided to you). The reviewing process will be single-blind, i.e. your name will not be disclosed to the authors of the paper. When you are done, the instructor will collect all reviews for each paper, and will write a summary review. You will be given all three reviews for your paper, as well as this summary.
Like for any peer-review process, confidentiality is very important. Students are not allowed to discuss the contents of different papers between each other! Be objective and try to do as good a review as possible---remember that the quality of your reviews will also be part of your grade!
The reviews will serve as supporting material in giving you a final grade for your paper, but the instructor will naturally read and grade the papers independently of this.
See the guidelines on HowToReviewPapers for more detail.
Prepare and present a 15 minute presentation of your project that will be held in class in the last week of the course (before finals week). Your presentation should be professional enough to give at a technical conference (e.g. organized approach, prepared slides, a short demo or video if appropriate). Invite your client to your presentation and/or schedule a private demo. | <urn:uuid:27cd8c90-d0ac-42ef-8407-286023ccc2c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://engineering.purdue.edu/~elm/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/ECE695D/CourseProject | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00120-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932028 | 1,533 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Many consumers have a difficult time understanding the difference between the distillate and isolate forms of cannabidiol (CBD). Simply put, CBD distillate is slightly less pure than CBD isolate. Whereas isolate powders contain almost 100 percent CBD, distillate oils and tinctures have small trace amounts of other cannabinoids, terpenes, and various healing compounds.
Customers that prefer distillate products want to take advantage of the “entourage effect,” which refers to the natural ability of cannabis compounds to work synergistically in the human body. Proponents of the “entourage effect” claim the cannabis plant produces the greatest healing benefits in its most natural form.
It’s important to keep in mind, however, that CBD is still the most pronounced chemical in distillate products. Customers looking for even higher levels of secondary compounds should look into full spectrum or broad spectrum CBD oils.
A customer should also be aware of the different types of CBD distillates and their pricing structures. There is CBD distillates with trace amounts of THC and higher purified THC-Free Distillates. Some types of CBD Distillate need to be handled directly by a hemp wholesale company and cannot be shipped out of state. The highest in demand in the global US market are THC-Free distillates that usually have between 80-90% cannabinoids and have very trace amounts of THC or none at all. THC free distillates are popular because they can still be used to make full-spectrum CBD products. The downside is their costs are 30-40% higher than their 70-80% regular CBD Distillates.
In terms of processing, CBD distillate falls in between the ultra-fine CBD isolate and crude CBD. Although it’s not as refined as CBD isolate, distillate could sometimes have a relatively high price in the marketplace. CBD distillate’s higher price tag is usually due to the higher quality hemp strain used in the processing procedure.
Remember, CBD isolate is only CBD, whereas CBD distillate requires trace amounts of other beneficial medicinal compounds. So, manufacturers could get away with using cheaper strains of hemp to extract CBD isolate, but they need good quality secondary compounds for distillates. Also, since isolate is pure CBD, customers could get more CBD out of less product.
The sizes of CBD distillate in the 80% – 90% range with > 0.3% Delta-9 THC are as follows:
These prices are reduced for CBD distillate with 70% – 80% CBD. These prices range from $20 for 1 gram to $8,000 for 1 kilogram.
As with anything in bulk, it is always best to call the wholesale company directly. Online pricing may not always reflect the true bulk pricing. A salesperson may be able to cut a better deal on bulk purchasing. When choosing a wholesale company, keep in mind that there are often brokers in the hemp industry. While not all brokers are bad, some may often promise more than they can deliver. These actions often frustrate the true buyers and sellers in the CBD industry. You may know you are dealing with a broker if they make you sign NDA agreements and other legal documents before even getting access to the prices. This is because they are the middlemen and need this to cover their butts in the sale. We are not advocating against brokers, just mentioning a word of caution to CBD distillate wholesale buyers to be aware of.
Just like the laws governing recreational marijuana, the legality of hemp and CBD across the USA is in a state of flux. Interestingly, this conflict in the hemp industry is the exact opposite of marijuana when you consider federal and state standards.
In 2018, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) legalized the cultivation of hemp (defined as containing less than 0.3 percent THC content) throughout the USA. Marijuana, however, remains an illegal substance under federal law. States laws concerning both hemp and marijuana, however, often don’t match with these federal standards.
Just remember, some types of CBD Distillate cannot be handled by a company who is not licensed to deal with them. For most, THC free distillate is a great option. Unless you are planning to buy regular CBD distillate within the state you are buying it from. Luckily, IHF LLC carries both types of CBD distillates and operates out of Colorado state.
For instance, Colorado was the first in the nation to legalize recreational marijuana. The Centennial State also allows farmers to register with the state and grow industrial hemp. Since other states still don’t recognize the difference between hemp and marijuana, however, local authorities can legally incarcerate people who transport hemp across certain state lines. Even the Colorado Department of Agriculture (CDA) admits on its webpage that shipping industrial hemp outside of Colorado is beyond its jurisdiction.
Of course, as more data comes out on both hemp and marijuana, it’s likely more states will adopt more lenient policies towards medicinal and recreational cannabis. In the meantime, it’s important to check each state’s cannabis standards before consuming, purchasing, or transporting hemp or hemp-derived goods.
Any CBD distillate that’s extracted from hemp cannot legally have more than 0.3 percent of THC content. Even though this is an extremely small amount, some customers prefer purchasing distillates that have absolutely no trace of the psychoactive cannabinoid.
To meet consumer demand, many manufacturers are now filtering out the THC from their CBD distillates. Since a THC-free CBD distillate requires more advanced filtration, it understandably costs more than normal CBD distillate. Generally, CBD distillate products are between 20-50 percent more expensive than standard CBD distillates. | <urn:uuid:1839875c-0cf8-4c99-817d-8030eb3bcbe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://industrialhempfarms.com/what-is-cbd-distillate/cbd-distillate-price/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.951129 | 1,194 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Do you and your partner want to explore the world, or parts of it, and buy a sailboat? Are you curious as to what the sailing cruising lifestyle is like? Who does what when it’s a couple or a family? What roles and responsibilities does each person play? (Sailing Cruising Lifestyle Video below)
On our boat, we often make a joke that certain tasks are either blue jobs (things that a man typically does) and then there are pink jobs (tasks that a woman tends to do).
Little does Simon realize that blue jobs are all the jobs I don’t want to do. Hehehehe.
Joking aside, the sailing cruising lifestyle isn’t as traditional as land-based life. On land, the man typically mows the lawn, takes out the trash and covers the DIY jobs. The woman, on the other hand, does the more nurturing tasks like making meals, looking after the children and keeping the home comfortable and clean.
Nowadays, however, on land and on the sea anything goes.
But the typical cruiser is often older in age and more likely to be accustomed to traditional blue and pink jobs. So what are they? What on a boat is blue?
For the most part, many cruiser men work on the engines, clean the outside of the boat and instigate the passage planning. They’re often seen tinkering with the sails and racing other boats in the area.
Women, however, look after the internal cleaning, doing the cooking and relaxing on passage rather than playing with the sails. Women are out to chill whereas the men will race anything that goes by.
Both sexes, however, have to figure out who’s going to maneuver the boat in and out of marinas, up to mooring balls, in and out of anchorages and while sails go in or out. And what the division of maintenance and servicing tasks – there’s way too many for one person so who’s going to take which job?
When we started out we were overwhelmed with the number of things we need to learn.
We didn’t have a clue as to all the roles and responsibilities we’d have to take on. Even after several years Simon and I are still refining our processes, fine-tuning our cleaning & maintenance routines and swapping jobs to see if one of us is better at it (or likes it more) than the other.
Let me give you some examples. When we started off I did all the homeschooling. Simon would only step in when I lost the plot. Teaching a child with dyslexia isn’t easy. Heck – teaching any child isn’t easy, especially when it’s your own.
Over time, however, we discovered that it helps me to take a day or even week off where Simon will do all the homeschooling. And sometimes it works when he does a couple subjects, like Math and History and I do the others. We are now much more fluid and are both willing and able to find ways that make homeschooling more flowing and easier for all of us.
Another example is helming.
It makes more sense for the woman (or less strong person) to helm the boat while allowing the other to do the heavy work. Working with big anchors, heavy mooring balls, thick mooring lines and heavy loads on the sails can be quite a workout. For Simon and I, however, it works best for him to maneuver the boat. He’s a natural helmsman making my jobs rather easy. If I was helming we’d be all over the place!
And when it comes to troubleshooting, a task that you’ll have to embrace daily in the sailboat cruising lifestyle, Simon and I often work together to make magic. Between the two of us getting our head around an issue we both bring different perspectives and thus a variety of possible solutions.
So, for us, there are definite blue and pink jobs as we outlined in the video.
There are also pale purple jobs (a mix of blue and pink) that both of us do together or trade on and off.
The cool thing is that once you transition into the sailboat cruising lifestyle you and your partner get to feel things out and determine what works best for you both. To make it work you really have to have a fair division of labor because there is a lot of labor!
As long and you and your partner communicate about what’s working and what’s not you can keep adjusting. Over time, you’ll get very good at your roles and life flows easier and easier.
Sailing Cruising Lifestyle – The Roles (Video)
Any questions or comments?
Please scroll down and leave them in the comments section.
Other articles or videos you might be interested in?
- Whats the best sailboat for cruising?
- Living on a Sailboat Q&A
- Bluewater sailing checklist – everything you need to know and learn to become a blue water sailor
- Top 10 Must-Haves: The Best Cruising Boat For The Caribbean
A Resource To Help with the Sailing Cruising Lifestyle – Roles & Responsibilities
What if you could have a list of all the boat maintenance jobs, cleaning tasks, pre-passage jobs, and loads of other tasks that need to be completed? Don’t reinvent the wheel, get my Checklists For Sailors guide and hit the ground running. | <urn:uuid:5716f08a-c194-447d-aa7b-540a9d83ca97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sailingbritican.com/sailing-cruising-lifestyle-roles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.956104 | 1,147 | 1.648438 | 2 |
From the Manufacturer|
Things to Look for When Purchasing a Power Pack
Are your devices USB, or Micro-USB?Since Micro-USB and standard USB inputs are different sizes, you want to confirm the type of device you have, and ensure that your Power Pack supports this device.
Do you need to charge multiple devices?If so, consider a power pack with multiple ports.
Need to charge an iPad?Make sure you select a power pack capable of charging 2.1 amp devices
How much power do you need?Power Pack battery capacities are measured in mAh. Each Power Pack has a distinct battery capacity, which dictates the types of devices that are recommended for use with the Power Pack. For example, if one of your devices is a tablet, a Power Pack with a minimum of 8400mAh is recommended*. Below is a chart with varying Power Pack capacities and the equivalent charge you can expect from a Power Pack with this battery capacity.
ConnectivityNo one likes carrying around a lot of different cords for different devices. So, Verbatim made it very simple to connect your mobile devices to the Power Pack via USB port. For Micro-USB devices, a USB to Micro-USB adapter cable is included with the Power Pack, and this same cable is used to charge your Power Pack via the USB port on your laptop or desktop computer.
Status IndicatorWhether it’s the battery indicator on your laptop, phone or tablet, it’s always good to know how much power you have left. The same is true with your Power Pack. The Verbatim Power Packs come with LED indicator lights that let you know how much charge is remaining on the device. Additionally, all Verbatim Power Packs are equipped with a convenient Power On/Auto Off switch, allowing you to conserve power when not in use.
|Verbatim AA Power Pack||Verbatim Portable Power Pack, 2200mAh||Verbatim Ultra Slim Power Pack, 4200mAh||Dual USB Power Pack||Verbatim AC/USB Portable Power Outlet, 12000mAh|
|Charging Capacity (Based on iPhone 4 and 5, iPad 1-4)||75% Smartphone charge||100% Smartphone charge||200% Smartphone Charge||75-125% Tablet charge||75-125% Tablet charge|
|Recommended for use with iPad/Tablet (2.1 Amp Port)||
|Additional colors available||
|Power Pack Battery Status Indicator||
|AC Outlet (65W Max)||
Now you can talk longer, listen to more music, play more games, watch more videos without worrying about running out of battery life with Verbatim's Power Pack Chargers! Use the Power Packs to charge a wide range of devices such as iPhones, iPods, eReaders and micro-USB charged phones or wireless Bluetooth headsets. Whether you need to charge your iPad or Bluetooth Headset, Verbatim has a solution for you!
|Weight (Approximate):||1.94 oz|
|Country of Origin:||China|
|Limited Warranty:||2 Year|
Product images may differ from actual product appearance. | <urn:uuid:88295b34-c2c1-47cb-8c43-2aaa88488825> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nothingbutsavings.com/Product/200792-97929-ULTRA-SLIM-POWER-PACK-1200MAH | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843465 | 652 | 1.625 | 2 |
One of the official webpages for the widely used TrueCrypt encryption program says that development has abruptly ended and warns users of the decade-old tool that it isn't safe to use.
"WARNING: Using TrueCrypt is not secure as it may contain unfixed security issues," text in red at the top of TrueCrypt page on SourceForge states. The page continues: "This page exists only to help migrate existing data encrypted by TrueCrypt. The development of TrueCrypt was ended in 5/2014 after Microsoft terminated support of Windows XP. Windows 8/7/Vista and later offer integrated support for encrypted disks and virtual disk images. Such integrated support is also available on other platforms (click here for more information). You should migrate any data encrypted by TrueCrypt to encrypted disks or virtual disk images supported on your platform."
The advisory, which Ars couldn't immediately confirm was authentic, touched off a tsunami of comments on Twitter and other social media sites. For more than a decade, the open source and freely available TrueCrypt has been the program of choice of many security-minded people for encrypting sensitive files and even entire hard drives. Last year, amid revelations that the NSA can decode large swaths of the Internet's encrypted data, supporters ponied up large sums of money to audit TrueCrypt. Results from phase one of the audit released last month revealed no evidence of any backdoors. Additional audits were pending.
Matthew Green, a professor specializing in cryptography at Johns Hopkins University and one of the people who spearheaded the TrueCrypt audit, told Ars he had no advance notice of the announcement. He said the announcement appears to be authentic, an observation he repeated on Twitter. He told Ars he has privately contacted the largely secretive TrueCrypt developers in an attempt to confirm the site or get more more details.
The SourceForge page, which was delivered to people trying to view truecrypt.org pages, contained a new version of the program that, according to this "diff" analysis, appears to contain changes warning that the program isn't safe to use. Curiously, the new release also appeared to let users decrypt encrypted data but not create new volumes.
Significantly, TrueCrypt version 7.2 was certified with the official TrueCrypt private signing key, suggesting that the page warning that TrueCrypt isn't safe wasn't a hoax posted by hackers who managed to gain unauthorized access. After all, someone with the ability to sign new TrueCrypt releases probably wouldn't squander that hack with a prank. Alternatively, the post suggests that the cryptographic key that certifies the authenticity of the app has been compromised and is no longer in the exclusive control of the official TrueCrypt developers.
In either case, it's a good idea for TrueCrypt users to pay attention and realize that it may be necessary to move to a new crypto app. Ars will continue to cover this unfolding story as more information becomes available. | <urn:uuid:c7bbdcd6-705a-409d-90da-3f62b5996724> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/05/truecrypt-is-not-secure-official-sourceforge-page-abruptly-warns/?comments=1&post=26925171 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959936 | 587 | 2.0625 | 2 |
PR - 1737
ABS Sheets and Films
ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene sheets show excellent impact resistance, also at low temperatures. ABS has a better heat distortion temperature and chemical resistance than HIPS, shows excellent thermoforming properties and can be used for various applications.
ABS impact resistant: Sheets and films of impact resistant ABS with a smooth surface.
Examples for application: Hot water boilers, inlays for note-book bags, machine parts
ABS high impact resistant: Sheets and films of high impact resistant ABS with smooth surface.
Examples for application: Toolboxes, instrument boxes, wheel covers
ABS matt: Sheets and films of impact resistant or high impact resistant ABS with a matt surface.
Examples for application: Automotive parts, tuning parts
ABS fire retardant: Sheets of a high impact resistant ABS - compound with matt surface.
Examples for application: Lightning covers, electronic parts
ABS: Sheets and films or impact resistant or high impact resistant ABS can also be delivered with an increased heat resistance, UV-stabilization or corona treatment.
ABS Recycling: All Sheets and films of ABS are recyclable and can be re-used as processing or recycling material in different ways.
Examples for application: Pallets for assembling and transportation. | <urn:uuid:355ed028-a6d3-47a0-967a-e4de88348edf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.plastemart.com/plastic-packaging-films-bags-furniture-houseware/abs-sheets-and-films-germany/abs-sheets/pr/1737 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.809559 | 294 | 2.3125 | 2 |
The Muhammadu Buhari Administration has always had youths as centerpiece of its policies.
Here is a brief compendium of some initiatives put in place, for Nigerian youths, to reposition and empower them:
1. N-Power: 500,000 enrolled in 2 batches between 2016 and 2020 receiving 30,000 monthly, with enrolment of 3rd batch of 400,000 in progress.
2. NYSC Monthly Allowance increased from N19,600 to N33,000; more than 300,000 beneficiaries monthly.
3. 75 billion Naira Nigeria Youth Investment Fund (NYIF), for businesses owned by young Nigerians aged between 18 and 35: https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2020/CCD/NYIF%20implementation%20Framework%20final%20Sept_30_2020.pdf
4. Special Public Works Programme to provide 3-month employment to 774,000 young Nigerians across the country (1,000 beneficiaries per LGA): https://specialpublicworks.gov.ng/site/
5. $20 million Fund for Nigerian Tech Innovators and Entrepreneurs, managed by BOI: https://www.boi.ng/
6. National Young Farmers Scheme: An initiative of the National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA) to engage 1.000 youths in each of the 774 local government areas in mechanized agriculture: https://www.nalda.ng/#FAQ
7. The Accelerated Agricultural Development Scheme (AADS) by the CBN aims to engage a minimum of 370,000 youths in agricultural production across the country, over the next three years, in collaboration with State Governments. The goal is to facilitate increased private sector agricultural production of staple foods and industrial raw materials, as well as support food security, job creation and economic diversification. Prospective participants must provide evidence of capacity to engage youths as in-growers or out-growers to cultivate on the land after clearing. cbn.gov.ng/Out/2020/DFD/GUIDELINES%20FOR%20THE%20P-AADS.pdf
8. Creative Industries Financing Initiative (CIFI): An initiative of the CBN in collaboration with the Bankers’ Committee, to provide single-digit financing for the creative sector, as part of efforts to boost job creation in Nigeria. The initiative has four pillars, namely: i. Fashion ii. Information Technology iii. Movie iv. Music. https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2019/ccd/creative%20industry%20financing.pdf
9. DEEL – D – Digital Skills E – Entrepreneurship E – Employability L – Leadership. Targeting more than 500,000 young Nigerians with opportunities for training and entrepreneurship and leadership: https://noya.ng/initiatives/new-deel.aspx
10. NESP-Homes: The Mass Housing Strategy of the Nigeria Economic Sustainability Plan (NESP) envisages the creation of 1.8 million jobs starting with the construction of 300,000 homes in the next 12 months, using 100% locally sourced materials for construction. https://nesp.ng/document/Jobs.pdf
11. The 5M Solar Connections Programme, to expand access to 25 million Nigerians by providing 5 million new connections through the provision of Solar Home Systems, or construction and operation of mini-grids. The Programme will incentivise the creation of 250,000 new jobs – particularly for young people – in the energy sector. https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2020/DFD/Solar%20Connections%20Facility%20Guidelines%201.0.pdf
12. The Energizing Education Programme (EEP) is an initiative of the Federal Government of Nigeria to provide clean power supply to 37 Federal Universities and 7 University Teaching Hospitals across Nigeria (independent power plant, street lighting, development of a world class training centre on renewable energy for each university, etc). Phase 1 has already commenced to deliver 28.5MW to 9 Federal Universities and 1 University Teaching Hospital, using solar hybrid and/or gas-fired captive power plants. https://eep.rea.gov.ng/about-eep/
13. Presidential Youth Empowerment Scheme (P-YES), to address the needs of unskilled and less educated youth, by targeting areas of activities that are of practical importance and are essential to every aspect of our economy, including agriculture and food processing, restaurant and catering, tailoring and fashion design, welding, carpentry and joinery, etc.
14. Annual National MSME Awards: https://msmeclinics.com.ng/award-categories/
15. The National Survival Fund, designed to reduce the negative impact of COVID-19 on businesses, including but not limited to the following: Free business name registration for 250,000 beneficiaries; One-off Payment of N30,000 to more than 300,000 artisans nationwide; and Payroll support of between N30,000 and N50,000 per staff for between 3 (minimum) and 10 (maximum) staff of qualifying MSMEs, for 3 months. http://survivalfund.gov.ng/
16. 52% of loans disbursed by the FG-owned Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN) in 2019 were to youths and women-owned businesses. Since 2017, when the bank began operations, the DBN has disbursed more than N150 billion through the bank’s 27 Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs), impacting close to 100,000 MSMEs. Development Bank of Nigeria PLC | <urn:uuid:e0f9dea3-4af6-4164-8f1d-5dbf5826f838> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dailyconcordnews.com/2020/11/25/least-we-forget-opportunities-for-young-nigerians-by-the-buhari-administration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.901317 | 1,190 | 1.859375 | 2 |
In my last post, I referenced a Q & A with Money Magazine’s Walter Updegrave. This was the question:
I’m planning to retire in about a year when I’m 62. My company pension plan offers me the option of taking a lump sum of about $775,000 or a monthly annuity payment of $3,600 that would go to me or my wife as long as either of us is still alive. I also have another $500,000 invested in a 401(k) and in IRAs. I’m undecided about whether to take the lump sum or the annuity. I’m also wondering whether I could get a higher monthly payment if I took the $775,000 lump sum and bought an income annuity. I’d appreciate your advice on this.
From my analysis, the annuity payment of $3,600 per month does not seem like that great of a deal. Oh sure, you get the warm and fuzzies knowing that every month you will get a check for $3,600. However, those warm and fuzzies come at a pretty high cost. There’s two problems with this particular annuity:
1. On an annual basis, the monthly payment of $3,600 works out to around 5.57% of the original prinicipal of $775,000:
$3,600 X 12 = $43,200
$43,200 ÷ $775,000 = .0557 or 5.57%
This doesn’t sound bad at the outset. However, this 5.57%, or $43,200, is constant because the $775,000 will never increase in value. There’s also the slight risk that he and his spouse might die early, which would mean that the income would end and the “balance” would be lost. According to my math, it would take 18 years before this person’s rate of return would turn positive. To figure this out, I did some analysis using the XIRR function in Microsoft Excel. Here’s what I came up with:
As you can see from the spreadsheet, the XIRR, which is a form of Internal Rate of Return, improves with each year. That’s because with each year, this person is getting back a little more of the original $775,000. The right hand column is the running XIRR. In other words, if the couple were to die at the end of year 10, their XIRR would be -11.07% for that period. And this number is BEFORE we factor in inflation, which leads us to problem number 2:
2. Inflation will eat away at the purchasing power so that within 15 years, the annuity payment will be worth about half what it is today and that’s figuring a relatively low inflation rate of 3.50%. Take a look at this chart:
Now look at the Inflation-Adjusted XIRR calculation:
Looks kind of scary, doesn’t it? I’m sure this couple could find a better Immediate Fixed Annuity if they did some research. Regardless, I don’t think I would stick all $775,000 in an annuity. Rather, I would set aside a portion for the annuity and invest the rest.
In the future, I want to look at what are the alternatives to Immediate Fixed Annuities. | <urn:uuid:6225c371-6665-4311-af26-165c01286d89> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://allfinancialmatters.com/2006/06/22/the-risk-with-fixed-immediate-annuities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00157-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964721 | 722 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Since pioneering work in 1972, the proportional hazard model (PHM) has been widely studied for survival analysis in the area of medicine. Recently, applying the PHM in the area of reliability engineering attracts significant research attentions. In this paper, a two-zone PHM is investigated to predict equipment remaining useful life (RUL) based on the practice that the equipment lifecycle could be divided into two zones: a stable zone and a degradation zone. Results from the numerical experiment illustrate that RUL prediction by applying the proposed two-zone PHM is more accurate and reliable than prediction using the traditional PHM for the entire lifecycle. In practice, this improvement is crucial for real-time maintenance decision making to prevent equipment from catastrophic failures.
Two-Zone Proportional Hazard Model for Equipment Remaining Useful Life Prediction
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You, M., Li, L., Meng, G., and Ni, J. (July 22, 2010). "Two-Zone Proportional Hazard Model for Equipment Remaining Useful Life Prediction." ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. August 2010; 132(4): 041008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4001580
Download citation file: | <urn:uuid:b811ccd3-b3f3-4ff6-914f-44f4fa1f1b94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://solarenergyengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/manufacturingscience/article-abstract/132/4/041008/435008/Two-Zone-Proportional-Hazard-Model-for-Equipment?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.893088 | 308 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Farm Policy Glossary
0,50/85-92 provisions—Refers to the so-called 50/85 and 50/92 provisions for rice and cotton and the 0/85 and 0/92 provisions for wheat and feed grains that were in effect in various forms from 1986 through 1995. Under these provisions, farmers could idle all or part of their permitted acreage, putting the idled land in a conserving use, and still receive deficiency payments for part of the acreage. A minimum planting of 50 percent of maximum payment acreage was required to receive these payments in the case of rice and cotton.
1614 data—Data that tracks the benefits provided, directly or indirectly, to individuals and entities under titles I and II and the amendments made by those titles. 1614 refers to the section in the 2002 Farm Bill that required USDA to track benefits.
1862 colleges/universities—The original land-grant colleges and universities established by the Land-Grant College Act of 1862 (see Land-Grant Institutions).
1890s colleges/universities—These institutions resulted from provisions of the second Morrill Act, which prohibited racial discrimination in Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. States had the option of creating separate institutions to serve African-American students. The Southern States elected to have separate educational institutions, sometimes referred to as "historically black colleges and universities." While not a land-grant college, Tuskegee University traditionally has been associated with the African-American land-grant institutions. It was granted 25,000 acres of land by the U.S. Congress in 1899 and has espoused the land-grant philosophy throughout its history.
1938 Farm Bill—See Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) of 1938.
1949 Farm Bill—See Agricultural Act of 1949.
1985 Farm Bill—See Food Security Act of 1985.
1990 Farm Bill—See Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990.
1994 Institutions—Land-Grant Institutions that traditionally served Native Americans. The Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 conferred land-grant status for 29 tribal colleges that address agriculture and mechanical arts.
1996 Farm Bill—See Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.
2002 Farm Bill—See Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002.
Acreage reduction program (ARP)—An annual land retirement system for wheat, feed grains, cotton, or rice in which farmers participating in Federal commodity programs idled a crop-specific, nationally set portion of their crop acreage base in order to be eligible for benefits such as Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) crop loans and deficiency payments. No deficiency payments were made on the idled ARP land. The 1996 and 2002 Farm Bills did not reauthorize ARPs.
ACRE actual farm revenue—The actual crop-year commodity farm yield multiplied by the ACRE national average market price.
ACRE actual State revenue—The ACRE actual crop-year State yield multiplied by the ACRE national average market price.
ACRE actual State yield—The crop year commodity production (quantity) produced in the State per planted acre.
ACRE benchmark farm revenue—The 5-year Olympic average farm crop yields multiplied by ACRE program guarantee price plus crop insurance premiums per acre.
ACRE benchmark State yield—The 5-year Olympic average commodity yield per planted acre in the State.
ACRE national average market price—The greater of (A) the national average commodity market price received by producers during the 12-month marketing year; or (B) the reduced marketing assistance commodity loan rate.
ACRE program guarantee—The optional ACRE program guarantee of 90 percent of the [5-year ACRE benchmark State yield multiplied by 2-year ACRE program guarantee price] for the crop year and respective commodity.
ACRE program guarantee price—The commodity-specific 2-year national average market price received by producers.
Additional or buy-up coverage—Any coverage level greater than catastrophic coverage.
Additional peanuts—See Peanuts, additional.
Adjusted gross revenue (AGR)—A plan of insurance that bases coverage on adjusted gross revenue calculated from Schedule F income tax data.
Adjusted world price, cotton (AWP)—As part of the upland cotton marketing assistance loan program, a loan repayment rate that USDA calculates and publishes weekly. The AWP is the prevailing world price for upland cotton, adjusted to account for U.S. quality and location. Producers who have taken out USDA marketing assistance loans may choose to repay them at either the lesser of the established commodity loan rate for upland cotton, plus interest, or the announced AWP for that week. The AWP for cotton also was used for determining Step 2 cotton program payments prior to suspension of Step 2 in 2006.
Adjusted world price, rice (AWP)—As part of the rice marketing assistance loan program, a loan repayment rate, for each class of milled rice (long grain, medium grain, and short grain), that USDA calculates and publishes based on the prevailing world market price for each of the classes, modified to reflect U.S. quality and the U.S. cost of exporting milled rice. USDA sets this prevailing market price after reviewing milled rice prices in major world markets, and taking into account the effects of supply-demand changes, government-assisted sales, and other relevant price indicators. The steps for calculating and announcing the world prices are prescribed in more detail in Federal regulations.
Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS)—See aggregate measurement of support in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Agreement on Agriculture—See Agreement on Agriculture in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Agricultural Act of 1949 (1949 Farm Bill)—P.L. 89-439 (October 31, 1949), along with the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, makes up the major part of permanent law that mandates commodity price and farm income support. The original 1949 Farm Bill designated mandatory support for basic commodities and the following nonbasic commodities: wool and mohair, tung nuts, honey, Irish potatoes (excluded in the Agricultural Act of 1954), as well as milk, butterfat, and their products. Provisions of this law are generally superseded by more current legislation. If the current legislation expires and new legislation is not enacted, the law reverts back to the permanent provisions of the 1938 and 1949 Farm Bills, unless Congress enacts an extension of current legislation.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) of 1938 (1938 Farm Bill)—P.L. 75-430 (February 16, 1938) was enacted to replace farm subsidy policies found unworkable in the AAA legislation of 1933. The 1938 Farm Bill was the first to make price support mandatory for corn, cotton, and wheat to help maintain a sufficient supply in low production periods, along with marketing quotas to keep supply in line with market demand. It established permissive supports for butter, dates, figs, hops, turpentine, rosin, pecans, prunes, raisins, barley, rye, grain sorghum, wool, winter cover-crop seeds, mohair, peanuts, and tobacco for the 1938-40 period. Title V of the Act established the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. The 1938 Farm Bill is considered part of permanent legislation for commodity programs and farm income support (along with the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act and the Agricultural Act of 1949). Provisions of the law are generally superseded by more current legislation.
Agricultural and food science—Defined by Congress as basic, applied and developmental research, extension, and teaching activities in food and fiber, agricultural, renewable natural resources, forestry, and physical and social sciences.
Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA) program—Established under the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 and amended under the 2002 Farm Bill, the Agricultural Management Assistance program provides financial assistance for conserving practices under 3- to 10-year contracts. The program focuses on producers in 15 States where participation in the Federal Crop Insurance Program has historically been low. The 2008 Farm Bill added Hawaii to the list of designated States.
Agricultural Market Transition Act (AMTA)—Title I of the 1996 Act allowed farmers who participated in the wheat, feed grain, cotton, and rice programs in any one of the previous 5 years to enter into 7-year production flexibility contracts for 1996-2002 and receive payments based on the enrolled acreage. Total production flexibility contract payment levels for each fiscal year were fixed. The AMTA allowed farmers to plant 100 percent of their total contract acreage to any crop, except for limitations on fruits and vegetables, and receive a full payment. Land had to be maintained in agricultural uses, including idling or conserving uses. Unlimited haying and grazing were allowed, as was the planting and harvesting of alfalfa and other forage corps—with no reduction in payments. Production flexibility contract payments, also referred to as AMTA payments, were replaced with direct payments in the 2002 Farm Bill and the payment rates were fixed.
Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 (ARPA)—Federal crop insurance legislation amended to strengthen the safety net for agricultural producers. It included a provision recognizing organic farming as a "good farming practices" that would be covered by Federal crop insurance.
Agricultural use—Refers to cropland planted to an agricultural crop, used for haying or grazing, idled for weather-related reasons or natural disasters, or diverted from crop production to an approved cultural practice that prevents erosion or other degradation.
Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC)—See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).
Amber box policies—See amber box policies in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Appropriations—An appropriations act of Congress permits USDA or other Federal agencies to incur financial obligations to be drawn from the Federal Treasury. Appropriations do not represent cash actually set aside in the Treasury for the purposes specified in the appropriations act; they represent limitations of amounts that agencies may obligate for the purposes and during the time periods specified in the appropriations act. Appropriations may be annual (one year in duration), multiple-year (a definite period in excess of one fiscal year), or no-year (available indefinitely). Appropriations are definite (for a specific amount of money) or indefinite (for an unspecified amount of money), and either current (for the immediate fiscal year in question) or permanent (always available).
Area plan of insurance—Crop yield or revenue insurance coverage based on county-level yield or revenue.
Authorization—Legislation that establishes or continues the legal operation of a Federal program or agency, either indefinitely or for a specific period of time, or that sanctions a particular type of expenditure. An authorization normally is a prerequisite for an appropriation or other kind of budget authority. An authorization also may limit the amount of budget authority to be provided, or may authorize the appropriation of "such sums as may be necessary."
Average crop revenue election (ACRE)—An optional revenue-based program provision introduced in the 2008 farm legislation that replaces counter-cyclical payments for those producers who elect to participate in ACRE. Once producers elect to participate, participation continues until 2012. Producers continue to receive reduced direct payments and are eligible for reduced loan deficiency payments.
Base Acreage or Crop Acreage Base—A farm's crop-specific acreage of wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, rice, oilseeds, pulse crops, or peanuts eligible to participate in commodity programs. Base acreage includes land that would have been eligible to receive production flexibility contract payments in 2002 and acreage (specified in legislation) planted to other covered commodities (oilseed and peanut producers). Base acreage refers to cropland on a farm, not to specific parcels of land. For a description of rules for determining base see Crop Acreage Bases and Program Payment Yields, 1981 Through 2002 Farm Acts.
Beginning farmer or rancher—These are farmers and ranchers (or all members of the entity) who (a) have not operated a farm or ranch for more than 10 consecutive years, and (b) will materially or substantially participate in the operation of the farm or ranch.
Beginning farmer or rancher loans—To qualify as a beginning farmer or rancher under USDA's Farm Service Agency guidelines, the loan applicant must be an individual or entity who (1) has not operated a farm or ranch for more than 10 years; (2) meets the loan eligibility requirements of the program to which he/she is applying; and (3) substantially participates in the operation. For farm ownership (FO) loan purposes, the applicant cannot own a farm greater than 30 percent of the average size farm in the county. For direct FO loans, the applicant must have participated in business operation of a farm for at least 3 years. If the applicant is an entity, all members must be related by blood or marriage, and all stockholders in a corporation must be eligible beginning farmers.
Beneficial interest—When a producer controls the commodity and retains the ability to make all decisions affecting the commodity, including movement, sale and the request for and repayment of a loan or LDP.
Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust—See Emerson Humanitarian Trust.
Broadband—A descriptive term for communication technologies that can provide consumers integrated access to voice, high-speed data service, video-demand services, and interactive delivery services.
Capacity and Infrastructure Programs—Programs that improve overall effectiveness and ability. Some important Capacity and Infrastructure Programs include Hatch funds for State Agricultural Experiment Stations, McIntire-Stennis funds for forestry research, and Smith-Lever funds for cooperative extension.
Capped entitlement—Under an entitlement program, eligible individuals must be allowed to participate, regardless of the cost. Agricultural examples include loan deficiency payments and marketing loan gains. Capped entitlements are entitlement programs with spending ceilings ("capped spending"). However, because they are still entitlements, and anyone who is eligible can participate, stringent eligibility requirements are used to limit participation to the number of individuals or farms for which funds are available. For example, the Conservation Security Program is open to all farms that are located in a watershed where the program is offered in a given year and meet all other eligibility criteria. Once available funds are expended, however, enrollment is suspended.
Catastrophic coverage (CAT)—Minimum coverage level available under the Federal crop insurance program. CAT coverage is 50 percent of expected yield, indemnified at 55 percent of the price election.
Commodity certificates (Certs)—Commodity certificates, issued by the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), can be purchased at the posted county price for wheat, feed grains, and oilseeds or at the effective adjusted world price for rice or upland cotton. The certificates are available for producers to use immediately in acquiring crop collateral they pledged to the CCC for a commodity loan. When the posted county price or effective adjusted world price is below the loan rate, producers who are facing payment limits can benefit from the lower loan repayment rates. The use of commodity certificates to repay loans ends after the 2009 crop year. Certificates were also used during the mid-1980s in lieu of cash to compensate program beneficiaries and to reduce the large, costly, and price-depressing commodity surpluses held by the CCC.
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)—A federally owned and operated corporation within the U.S. Department of Agriculture created to stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices through loans, purchases, payments, and other operations. All money transactions for agricultural price and income support and related programs are handled through the CCC. Programs that are mandated to be funded through the CCC do not require separate appropriations from Congress. CCC transactions with farmers include (1) direct payments made to producers under various programs, (2) direct purchases of dairy products under the dairy price support program, and (3) the commodity loans provided under the marketing assistance loans for wheat, feed grains, cotton, rice, sugar, soybeans, minor oilseeds, wool, mohair, small and large chickpeas, lentils, dry peas, and peanuts.
Commodity Exchange Act—The Commodity Exchange Act, 7 USC 1, et seq., provides for the Federal regulation of commodity futures and options trading. See Commodity Futures Modernization Act.
Commodity Futures Modernization Act—The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA), Pub. L. No. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763, reauthorized the Commodity Futures Trading Commission for 5 years and overhauled the Commodity Exchange Act to create a flexible structure for the regulation of futures and options trading. Significantly, the CFMA codified an agreement between the CFTC and the Securities and Exchange Commission to repeal the 18-year-old ban on the trading of single stock futures.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission—The Federal regulatory agency established by the Commodity Futures Trading Act of 1974 to administer the Commodity Exchange Act.
Commodity Supplemental Food Program—Program providing food to supplement the diets of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women, other new mothers up to 1 year postpartum, infants, children up to age 6, and the elderly. Predecessor to the WIC Program. Funded under the authority of the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973.
Community Food Projects Competitive Grant Program—Established in 1996 to encourage development of community food projects that help promote the self-sufficiency of low-income communities. Grants provided to support projects that seek to increase food security in communities by establishing linkages among local groups to develop and support the local food system.
Competitive grants—Funds that are allocated by panels of relevant professional peers after consideration of research proposals submitted to the review panel.
Congressional Hunger Fellows—An anti-hunger leadership program of the Congressional Hunger Center. Initially funded with a challenge grant from VISTA and through private donations. In 1999, Congress provided supporting funds through USDA to establish the Mickey Leland International and Bill Emerson National Hunger Fellowships.
Conservation activities—Conservation systems, practices, or management measures designed to address a resource concern. Structural, vegetative, and land management measures (including agricultural drainage management systems), and planning needed to address a resource concern are included.
Conservation Compliance—Requires producers who cropped highly erodible land before December 23, 1985 to implement a soil conservation plan or risk losing their Federal farm program benefits, including most commodity, conservation, and disaster payments. Conservation compliance requirements are similar to those of the Sodbuster requirements (compliance on newly planted land), but tend to be less stringent.
Conservation measurement tool—Procedure to estimate the level of environmental gain achieved by a producer in implementing conservation activities, including indices or other measures developed by the Secretary.
Conservation of Private Grazing Land Initiative—The 1996 Farm Bill authorized a coordinated technical, educational, and related assistance program for owners and managers of private grazing lands, including rangeland, pasture land, grazed forest land, and hay land. The purpose of the program is to promote improved management of grazing land resources for enhanced economic uses and environmental services.
Conservation plan—A combination of land uses and farming practices to protect and improve soil productivity and water quality and prevent deterioration of natural resources on all or part of a farm. Conservation plans must be both technically and economically feasible.
Conservation practice—Any technique or measure used to protect or improve natural resources and environmental quality, for which standards and specifications for installation, operation, or maintenance have been developed. Practices approved by the Natural Resources Conservation Service are compiled at each conservation district in its field office technical guide.
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP)-Initiated following the 1996 Farm Act, CREP is a State-Federal conservation partnership program targeted to address specific State and nationally significant water quality, soil erosion, and wildlife habitat issues related to agriculture. The program offers additional financial incentives beyond the Conservation Reserve Program to encourage farmers and ranchers to enroll in 10-15 year contracts to retire land from production. CREP is funded through the Commodity Credit Corporation.
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)—Established in 1985 and administered by USDA's Farm Service Agency, CRP is the latest version of long-term land retirement programs used in the 1930s and 1960s. CRP provides farm owners or operators with an annual per-acre rental payment and half the cost of establishing a permanent land cover, in exchange for retiring environmentally sensitive cropland from production for 10-15 years. In 1996, Congress limited enrollment to 36.4 million acres at any time. The 2002 Farm Bill increased the enrollment limit to 39.2 million acres. Beginning in 2010, the 2008 Farm Bill will limit enrollment to 32 million acres. Producers can offer land for competitive bidding based on an Environmental Benefits Index during periodic signups or automatically enroll more limited acreages in such practices as riparian buffers, field windbreaks, and grass strips on a continuous basis. CRP is funded through the Commodity Credit Corporation.
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Continuous Sign-up—Initiated following the 1996 Farm Bill, continuous sign-up allows enrollment of land in riparian buffers, filter strips, grass waterways, and other high priority practices at any time and without competition. Eligible land is automatically accepted into the program. Continuous sign-up acreage is under the overall CRP acreage cap.
Conservation Security Program (CSP)—Established in the 2002 Farm Bill, CSP provides payments to producers for maintaining or adopting structural and/or land management practices that address a wide range of local and/or national resource concerns. As with the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, a wide range of practices can be subsidized. But CSP will focus on land-based practices and specifically excludes livestock waste handling facilities. Producers can participate at one of three tiers; higher tiers require greater conservation effort and offer higher payments. Participants must use the lowest cost practices that meet conservation standards. After September 30, 2008, new enrollment will be prohibited, but existing contracts will continue until they expire. CSP was replaced by a new, but similar program, The Conservation Stewardship Program.
Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP)—Established in the 2008 Farm Bill, CSP provides payments to producers for adopting or maintaining wide range of conservation management and land-based structural practices that address one or more resources of concern, such as soil, water, and wildlife habitat.
Conservation Technical Assistance (CTA)—Since 1936, CTA, administered by USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and local conservation districts, has provided technical assistance to farmers for planning and implementing conservation practices.
Conserving use acreage—Farmland diverted from crop production to an approved cultural practice that prevents erosion or other degradation. Though crops are not produced, conserving use is considered an agricultural use of the land.
Considered planted—Acreage idled for weather-related reasons or natural disasters, acreage devoted to conservation purposes or planted to certain other allowed commodities, and acreage USDA determined as necessary to include for fair and equitable treatment. A provision of the Agricultural Act of 1949 used to implement the base acreage and yield system for 1991-95 crops and used to determine acreage planted within the 2008 ACRE program.
Contract acreage—Land voluntarily enrolled in a production flexibility contract (PFC) under the 1996 Farm Bill. Land was eligible for the PFC enrollment the landowner had at least one crop acreage base for a contract crop that would have been in effect for 1996 under previous farm law. A farmer could voluntarily choose to reduce contract acreage in subsequent years. Base acreage under previous farm law could, upon leaving the Conservation Reserve Program, be entered into a PFC. Otherwise, the maximum amount of contract acreage was established during the one-time signup for the PFC in 1996. Landowners could convert contract acreage to base acreage under the 2002 Farm Bill.
Contract crops—The term that referred to crops eligible for production flexibility contract payments under Title I of the 1996 Farm Bill: wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, and upland cotton.
Cost-sharing—Payments to producers to cover a specified portion of the cost of installing, implementing, or maintaining a conservation (structural or land management) practice.
Counter-cyclical payments—Counter-cyclical payments are available to producers with historic program payment acres and yields of wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, upland cotton, long-grain and medium-grain rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, peanuts, and pulse crops (dry peas, lentils, small and large chickpeas). Payments are made whenever the current effective commodity price is less than the target price. The effective price is calculated by adding: 1) the national average farm price for the marketing year, or the commodity national loan rate, whichever is higher and 2) the direct payment rate for the commodity.
Covered commodity (aka program commodity)—Commodities for which Federal support programs are available to producers, including wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, upland cotton, medium and long grain rice, oilseeds, and pulse crops (small and large chickpeas, dry beans and lentils). Programs for peanuts are separate in the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills but are similar to those for covered commodities.
Crop insurance—Insurance that protects farmers from crop losses due to natural hazards. A subsidized multiperil Federal insurance program, administered by the USDA's Risk Management Agency, is available to most farmers. Federal crop insurance is sold and serviced through private insurance companies. The Federal Government subsidizes a portion of the premium, as well as some administrative and operating expenses of the private companies. The Federal Crop Insurance Corporation reinsures the companies by absorbing the losses of the program when indemnities exceed total premiums. Various types of yield and revenue insurance products are available for major crops. Hail and fire insurance are offered through private companies without Federal subsidy.
Cropland—Land used primarily for production of row crops, close-growing crops, and fruit and nut crops. It includes cultivated and noncultivated acreage, but not land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program. For details on land use of U.S. non-Federal lands, see USDA National Resources Conservation Services' National Resources Inventory.
Crop year (marketing year)—The 12-month period starting with the month when the harvest of a specific crop typically begins. The 2008 wheat crop year, for example, is June 1, 2008, through May 30, 2009. The amount harvested during this time is then considered the "2008 crop."
Dairy Export Incentive Program—A program that offers subsidies to exporters of U.S. dairy products based on the volume of exports. The intent is to make U.S. products more competitive in world markets, thereby increasing U.S. exports. The Commodity Credit Corporation receives export-price bids from exporters and makes the payments either in cash or through certificates redeemable for commodities. The program was originally authorized by the 1985 Farm Bill, and reauthorized by subsequent Farm Bill.
Decoupled payments—See decoupled payments in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Deficiency payments—Direct government payments made prior to 1996 to farmers who participated in an annual commodity program for wheat, feed grains, rice, or cotton. The crop-specific payment rate for a particular crop year was based on the difference between an established target price and the higher of the commodity loan rate or the national average market price for the commodity during a specified time period. Deficiency payments are not the same as loan deficiency payments.
De minimis rule—See de minimis rule in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Department of Defense Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program—USDA, in collaboration with the Department of Defense, procures fresh fruits and vegetables from the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia (DSCP) for use in USDA school meals programs. DSCP operates a nationwide system to purchase and distribute a wide variety of high-quality fresh produce to military installations, Federal prisons, and veterans' hospitals. States and/or schools place orders directly with DSCP's field offices for a variety of available, U.S.-grown fresh products.
Direct loan—"Direct" farm loans are made by USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) to family-size farmers and ranchers who cannot obtain commercial credit from conventional lenders. The FSA also services these loans and provides supervision and credit counseling, so borrowers have a better chance for success. Farm Ownership, Operating, Emergency, and Youth loans are the main types of loans available under the Direct farm loan programs. Direct loan funds are also set aside each year for loans to minority applicants and beginning farmers. Direct loan applications are made at the local FSA office.
Direct payments—Fixed payments for eligible historic production of wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, upland cotton, long and medium grain rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, and peanuts. Producers enroll annually in the program to receive payments based on payment rates specified in the Farm Bill and their historic program payment acres and yields.
Direct-to-Consumers Marketing Program—Program administered by USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service to improve direct market access for operators of small and medium-size farms, enabling them to compete outside the supermarket system and other large wholesale market channels. Program includes farmers' markets, farm stands, roadside stands, community-supported agriculture, pick-your-own farms, Internet marketing, and niche markets.
Disaster payments—Payments to producers, through existing or special legislation, to compensate them for crop and livestock losses due to natural disasters such as floods, drought, hail, excessive moisture, or related conditions.
Diversion payments—See paid land diversion
Earmarks—Congressional designations of funding for specific projects. When using this practice, Congress, in report language or law, directs that appropriated funds go to a specific performer or designates awards for certain types of performers or geographic locations.
Easement—Voluntary sale or donation of specific use rights to land. Examples of rights that could be sold include the rights to use land for cropping purposes (in Wetlands Reserve Program and Grassland Reserve Program) or the rights to develop land for urban uses (Farmland Preservation Program). Landowners who sell or donate an easement retain all other ownership rights to the land, including the right to sell the land. Future owners of land subject to an easement are legally required to abide by easement terms. Easements are perpetual or are long-term, 25 years or more.
Ecosystem service—Those components of nature that are directly valued by people, or combined with other factors to produce valued goods and services.
Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT)—Debit card technology used for issuing food stamp benefits.
Emergency farm loan—The USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) provides emergency loans to help farmers and ranchers recover from production and physical losses due to drought, flooding, other natural disasters, or quarantine. The farmers or ranchers must own or operate land in a county declared a disaster area by the President or designated by the Secretary of Agriculture as a disaster or quarantine area. The FSA administrator may authorize emergency loan assistance for physical losses only. The farmer or rancher must have suffered at least a 30-percent loss in crop production or a physical loss to livestock, livestock products, real estate, or chattel property.
Emerson Humanitarian Trust—A special wheat, corn, grain sorghum, and rice reserve to be used for humanitarian food aid purposes. The Trust was formerly the Food Security Commodity Reserve and the Food Security Wheat Reserve. Created by the Agriculture Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-494), the reserve is generally used to provide famine and other emergency relief when commodities are not available under P.L. 480 (Food for Peace Program). The 1996 Farm Bill expanded the reserve to include corn, grain sorghum, and rice in addition to wheat, and made other administrative changes. Commodity Credit Corporation also is authorized to hold money, as well as commodities in the reserve.
Environmental Benefits Index—EBI is used to rank contract proposals for acceptance in the Conservation Reserve Program general sign-up. Environmental scores are based on potential to create wildlife habitat, reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, improve air quality, or sequester carbon. Contract cost is also an important factor.
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)—EQIP was established by the 1996 Farm Bill to consolidate and better target the functions of the Agricultural Conservation Program, Water Quality Incentives Program, Great Plains Conservation Program, and Colorado River Basin Salinity Program. The objective of EQIP is to encourage farmers and ranchers to adopt practices that reduce environmental and resource problems through 1- to 10-year contracts. The program provides education and technical assistance, as well as financial assistance through cost-share payments for structural and vegetative practices and incentive payments for management practices. EQIP is run by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and is funded through Commodity Credit Corporation.
Erodibility Index (EI)—A measure of the potential for soil productivity to be damaged by soil erosion. The higher the index, the higher the likelihood of soil damage in the absence of soil conservation measures. EI scores above 8 are equated to highly erodible land.
Exempt commercial market—An electronic trading facility that trades exempt commodities on a principal-to-principal basis solely between persons that are eligible commercial entities.
Export Enhancement Program (EEP)—Program started in May 1985 under the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act to help U.S. exporters meet competitors' prices in subsidized markets. Under the EEP, exporters received subsidies based on the volume of exports to specifically targeted countries. The program was reauthorized by the 1985 Farm Bill and subsequent farm bills, until it was repealed by the 2008 Farm Bill.
Farm Credit System (FCS)—A network of cooperatively owned lending institutions and related service organizations serving all 50 States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The FCS specializes in providing farm real estate and rural homeowner loans, operating credit, and related services to farmers, ranchers, and producers or harvesters of aquatic products.
Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation (FCSIC)—An entity of the Farm Credit System (FCS), established by law in 1987, to ensure the timely repayment of principal and interest on FCS debt securities.
Farmland Protection Program (FPP)—Established in the 1996 Farm Bill, FPP provides funding to State, local, and tribal entities and nongovernmental organizations with existing farmland protection programs to purchase conservation easements or other interests in land that limit nonagricultural uses of the land. The Natural Resources Conservation Service purchases conservation easements by partnering with eligible entities that have pending offers for the acquisition of conservation easements.
Farm ownership loan (FO)—Farm Ownership (FO) loans may be made by the Farm Service Agency to purchase farmland, construct or repair buildings and other fixtures, develop farmland to promote soil and water conservation, or to refinance debt. FO loans are made under both guaranteed and direct loan programs, and are made to producers unable to obtain credit from conventional lenders.
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (2002 Farm Act) (P.L. 107-171)—The omnibus food and agriculture legislation (2002 Farm Bill) that provided a framework for the Secretary of Agriculture to administer various agricultural and food programs from 2002 to 2007. The legislation was signed into law on May 13, 2002. This farm bill replaced production flexibility contract payments of the 1996 Farm Bill with direct payments, and introduced counter-cyclical payments and the Conservation Security Program. The 2002 Bill was the first farm bill to include a separate energy title.
Farmed wetland—A wetland that has been partially drained or is naturally dry enough to allow crop production in some years, but otherwise meets the soil, hydrological, and vegetative criteria defining a wetland.
Farmers' Markets Promotion Program—See Direct-to-Consumers Marketing Program.
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (1996 Farm Bill) (P.L. 104-127)—The omnibus food and agriculture legislation (Farm Bill) signed into law on April 4, 1996, provided a 7-year framework (1996-2002) for the Secretary of Agriculture to administer various agricultural and food programs. The 1996 Farm Bill redesigned income support and supply management programs for producers of wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, rice, and upland cotton. Production flexibility contract payments were made available under Title I of the 1996 Farm Bill (see Agricultural Market Transition Act). The legislation also suspended acreage reduction programs; revised and consolidated Federal milk marketing orders; made program changes for sugar and peanuts; and consolidated and extended environmental programs.
Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation—An organization more commonly referred to as Farmer Mac, which is a secondary (resale) market for agricultural mortgages. Farmer Mac was authorized by the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987.
Federal Crop Insurance Act—Legislation that provides a framework for the operation of the Federal crop insurance program. Enacted in 1938, with major amendments in 1980, 1994, and 2000. The 2000 amendment is referred to as the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000.
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC)—Federally owned and operated corporation within USDA that promotes the economic stability of agriculture through a sound system of crop insurance and provides the means for the research and experience necessary to devise and establish such insurance.
Federal Crop Insurance Program—See crop insurance.
Federal milk marketing orders—Regulations issued by the Secretary of Agriculture specifying minimum prices that regulated handlers must pay for milk and other conditions under which milk can be bought and sold within a specified area. The orders establish minimum class prices according to the products for which milk is used that are then "blended" as a weighted average. The 1996 Farm Bill required consolidation of the Federal milk marketing orders into 10-14 regional orders, down from 33. In 2008, there were 10 Federal milk marketing orders.
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 (1990 Farm Bill) (P.L. 101-624)—Omnibus food and agriculture legislation (Farm Bill) signed into law on November 28, 1990, provided a 5-year framework (1991-95) for the Secretary of Agriculture to administer various agricultural and food programs. Commodity programs were continued, with modifications, such as creation of optional flex acreage, making the programs more market oriented.
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR)—A program created in 1977 as an alternative to the Food Stamp Program because many Native Americans live in remote areas where food costs are high and access to food stamp offices and grocery stores is limited. FDPIR provides monthly food packages to low-income individuals and families living on reservations, and to American Indian households living in approved areas near reservations and in approved service areas in Oklahoma. In fiscal year 2003, 5 States and 98 tribal authorities administered the program on 243 reservations.
Food Security Act of 1985 (1985 Farm Act) (P.L. 99-198)—Omnibus food and agriculture legislation (Farm Bill) signed into law on December 23, 1985, provided a 5-year framework (1986-90) for the Secretary of Agriculture to administer various agricultural and food programs. The law provided for lower price and income supports and a dairy herd buy-out program, and established marketing loans, loan deficiency payments, and the Conservation Reserve Program.
Food Security Commodity Reserve—See the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust.
Food Stamp Employment and Training (FSE&T)—See the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Employment and Training.
Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) Program—See Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Nutrition Education (SNAP-Ed).
Food Stamp Program (FSP)—See Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
Forex—Over-the-counter market for foreign exchange transactions. Also called the foreign exchange market.
Formula funds—The amount of funds provided for agricultural research and extension to land-grant institutions (1862, 1890 and 1994 institutions), schools of forestry, and schools of veterinary medicine through several formula program authorities. The funds to each institution are determined by formula, often statutorily defined, that may include variables such as the rural population or farm population. Local or regional university leaders decide which specific projects will be supported by an institution's formula fund allotment. These decisions are informed, in part, by stakeholders who both conduct and use agricultural research and extension.
Fruit and vegetable planting restrictions—Planting for harvest of fruits, vegetables (other than lentils, mung beans, and dry peas), and wild rice is prohibited on base acres of commodity program participants, except in certain situations specified in farm legislation (e.g., if the farm has a history of planting a specific crop in these categories). These restrictions were initiated in 1990 and extended in the 1996, 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills.
Food Stamp Program (FSP) administration—FSP benefits are federally funded, but the program is administered jointly with State and local welfare agencies. Interactions with clients are handled by State and local agencies that determine eligibility and calculate and issue benefits. USDA, Food and Nutrition Service authorizes and monitors retail stores that redeem food stamp benefits. Federal and State authorities cooperate in developing and implementing nutrition education and outreach plans and in administering a nationwide quality control system that monitors accuracy of benefit determination.
Food Stamp Program benefit formula-An individual household's food stamp allotment equal to the maximum benefit for that household's size, less 30 percent of the household's net income. Households with no countable income receive the maximum allotment. Allotment levels are higher for Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, reflecting higher food prices in those areas.
Food Stamp Program countable resources—Assets applied to the resource limit, including cash on hand, checking and savings accounts, saving certificates, stocks and bonds, individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and Keogh plans, as well as some less liquid assets, such as vehicles and property not producing income. Not included are residential equity, business assets, personal property, lump-sum earned income tax credit payments and other nonrecurring payments, burial plots, the cash value of life insurance policies, and pension plans (other than Keogh plans and IRAs).
Food Stamp Program dependent care deduction—Deduction for dependent care that was needed to allow work, training, or education activities. Capped at $200 per month per child 2 and under and $175 for others.
Food Stamp Program maximum benefit—The maximum monthly benefit depends on the number of people in the household and the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (which is annually indexed for inflation). For FY 2008, the maximum benefit is $162 for a 1-person household— $298 for 2, $426 for 3, $542 for 4, $643 for 5, $772 for 6, $853 for 7, $975 for 8, and $122 for each additional person. Maximum benefits are higher for Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, reflecting higher food prices in those areas.
Food Stamp Program minimum benefit—Minimum benefit ($10) for eligible households with one or two members.
Fundamental or basic research—Research conducted primarily to increase scientific understanding, not necessarily for direct application or new commercial products or processes. Also known as "basic research."
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Grassland Reserve Program (GRP)—Program established in the 2002 Farm Bill to assist owners, through long-term contracts or easements, in restoring grassland and conserving virgin grassland. Restored, improved, or natural grassland, rangeland, and pasture, including prairie, can be enrolled. Eligible grassland can be enrolled under long-term contracts or easements. The program is administered jointly by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Farm Service Agency, and Forest Service.
Green Box Policies—See green box policies in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Guaranteed loan—Farm Service Agency (FSA) guarantees loans lenders (e.g., banks, Farm Credit System institutions, credit unions) up to 95 percent of any loss of principal and interest on a loan. The guarantee permits lenders to extend agricultural credit to farmers who do not meet the lenders' normal underwriting criteria. FSA guaranteed loans are made for both farm ownership (FO) and operating (OL) purposes. FSA can guarantee OL or FO loans up to $949,000 (amount adjusted annually based on inflation).
High-tier tariff rate—See over-quota tariff in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Highly erodible land (HEL)—Soils with an erodibility index (EI) equal to or greater than 8 are defined as HEL. An EI of 8 indicates that without any cover or conservation practices, the soil will erode at a rate 8 times the soil tolerance level. Fields containing at least one-third or 50 acres (whichever is less) of HEL are designated as highly erodible for the purpose of HEL conservation provisions.
Homestead property—A family's principle property, composed of a house and a lot, which can be filed as a homestead by State law. The homestead status—which protects USDA farm loan borrowers who lack the financial means to make timely payments—is ineligible for a restructured loan and renders loan borrowers unable to buy out the loan at the net recovery value of the collateral property, allowing them instead to convey the property to USDA in lieu of loan payments.
Horticulture crops—See specialty crops.
Indirect costs—Portion of a grant that its recipient can use to cover general, administrative, and other costs not specifically related to the purposes of the grant.
Indirect (grant) costs—The portion of a grant that covers general operating expenses and administrative activities not directly related to activities sponsored by the grant.
Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems (IFAFS)—Authorized in the Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998. Implements research, extension, and education grants to address critical emerging agricultural issues related to 1) future food production, 2) environmental quality and natural resource management, or 3) farm income; and activities authorized by the Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Act of 1990.
In-quota tariff—See in-quota tariff in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Insular Areas of the United States—The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau.
Land-Grant Institutions—A land-grant college or university is an institution designated by its State legislature or Congress to receive benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. A principal mission of these institutions, set forth in the first Morrill Act (Land-Grant Act), was to teach agriculture and the mechanical arts. This law gave each State a grant of Federal land to be sold to provide an endowment for at least one land-grant institution. Additional colleges and universities have been established with land-grant status and certain existing institutions have received land-grant status (see 1890s colleges/universities and 1994 institutions).
Land management practice—See management practice.
Limited-resource farmer or rancher—Farmers and ranchers with (a) direct or indirect gross farm sales of $116,800 or less (adjusted for inflation starting in 2005) in each of the previous 2 years and (b) total household income at or below the national poverty level for a family of four OR less than 50 percent of county median household income in each of the previous 2 years.
Loan commodity—Wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, extra-long staple cotton, long grain rice, medium grain rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, graded wool, nongraded wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, small chickpeas, and large chickpeas.
Loan deficiency payments (LDP)—A provision initiated in the Food Security Act of 1985 that gives the Secretary of Agriculture discretion to provide direct payments for loan commodities to producers who agree not to obtain a commodity loan on their production for a particular crop year. LDPs continue to be available for all loan commodities except extra-long staple cotton. LDPs are also available for unshorn pelts or hay and silage derived from a loan commodity. The LDP provision is applicable only if a marketing loan repayment provision has been implemented (i.e., if the market price of a commodity is below the commodity loan rate). The intent of the LDP provision (as well as the marketing loan repayment provision) is to minimize accumulation and storage of stocks by the government and allow U.S. commodities to be marketed freely and competitively. The LDP payment amount is determined by multiplying the local marketing loan repayment rate by the amount of the commodity eligible for a loan. Loan deficiency payments are not the same as deficiency payments.
Loan rate—See commodity loan rate.
Loan repayment rate—See marketing loan repayment rate.
Make allowance (or milk manufacturing marketing adjustment)—Used by USDA in its calculation of Commodity Credit Corporation purchase prices for butter, nonfat dry milk, and cheese. It is intended to reflect manufacturing cost for the products purchased. This margin is administratively set so that manufacturers who receive the purchase price for their outputs should be able to pay dairy farmers the equivalent of the support price. The USDA make allowance is not a guaranteed margin to manufacturers.
Marketing loan gain—The difference between the announced commodity loan rate and the marketing loan repayment rate. This represents a program benefit to producers and is aimed at reducing government costs of stock accumulation.
Marketing loan repayment rate—Rate at which farmers are allowed to repay their loans when market prices are below the commodity loan rate. This lower repayment rate is based on the local, posted county prices (PCPs) for wheat, feed grains, or oilseeds; on the adjusted world price for rice or upland cotton; and on the national posted price for peanuts. Any accrued interest on the loan is waived.
Management practices—Changes in the management of agricultural production in the context of environmental programs—e.g., nutrient or manure management, integrated pest management, irrigation management, tillage or residue management, and grazing management.
Market Access Program (MAP)—Formerly the Market Promotion Program, designed to encourage development, maintenance, and expansion of commercial commodity exports to specific export markets. Participating organizations include nonprofit trade associations, State and regional trade groups, and private companies. Activities financed include consumer promotions, market research, technical assistance, and trade servicing.
Market loss assistance payments—Direct payments to producers to partially offset financial losses due to severe weather and other natural disasters or stressful economic conditions, such as low commodity prices or pest and animal disease outbreaks.
Marketing allotments—When in effect, these provide each processor or producer of a specified commodity a specific limit on sales for the year, above which penalties would apply. Sugar allotments, for example, were authorized during 1991-95, suspended by the 1996 Farm Bill, and reauthorized under the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills.
Marketing assessments—A fee paid by producers, processors, or handlers to help cover costs of commodity programs.
Marketing loan program—Provisions that allow producers to repay nonrecourse commodity loans at less than the announced loan rate whenever the world price or loan repayment rate for the commodity is less than the loan rate. Marketing loan provisions are aimed at reducing government costs of stock accumulation. Marketing loan provisions were originally mandated only for rice and upland cotton. Marketing loan provisions are implemented for feed grains, wheat, rice, upland cotton, all oilseeds, peanuts, small and large chickpeas, lentils, dry beans, wool, mohair, and honey.
Marketing orders—Federal marketing orders authorize agricultural producers in a designated region to take various actions to promote orderly marketing, such as influencing supply and quality and pooling funds for promotion and research. Marketing orders are initiated by the industry, but must be approved by the Secretary of Agriculture and by a vote among affected producers. Once approved, a marketing order is mandatory for all producers in the marketing order area. There are marketing orders for a number of fruits, nuts, and vegetables, and for milk. (See also Federal milk marketing orders.)
Marketing year—See crop year.
Market News—A program administered by USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service to provide current, unbiased price and sales data to assist in the orderly marketing and distribution of farm commodities. Reports include prices, volume, quality, condition, and other market data on agricultural commodities in specific markets and marketing areas, domestically and in international markets.
Matching funds—Funds that a grant recipient must provide personally or from another source as a condition for receiving grant funds.
Milk marketing orders—See Federal milk marketing orders.
Minor oilseeds—See other oilseeds.
National Organic Program—USDA organic regulatory program for organic agriculture established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990.
National posted price—Weekly price announced by the CCC for peanuts used to determine the loan repayment rate.
National Research Initiatives for Food, Agriculture and Environment of 1990—The 1990 Farm Bill extended the role of competitive grants within USDA by formalizing the competitive process via the National Research Initiatives for Food, Agriculture and Environment.
National School Lunch Program—Federally assisted meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions. Established under the National School Lunch Act in 1946. It provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost lunches that are free to children in households with incomes at or below 130 percent of poverty and reduced price for those in households with incomes between 130 percent and 185 percent of poverty.
No net cost—A requirement that a price support program be operated at no cost to the Federal Government. The No-Net-Cost Act of 1982 required participants in the 1982 and subsequent tobacco programs to pay an assessment to cover potential losses in operating the tobacco price support program. A no-net-cost provision for sugar was initiated under the Food Security Act of 1985, suspended under the 1996 Farm Bill, and reimplemented under the 2002 Farm Bill and is continued in the 2008 Farm Bill.
Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP)—Program that provides coverage similar to CAT insurance to producers of non-insurable crops. Administered by USDA's Farm Service Agency.
Nonrecourse loan program—Program providing commodity-secured loan funds to producers for a specified period of time (typically 9 months), after which producers may either repay the loan and accrued interest or transfer ownership of the commodity amount pledged as collateral to the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) as full settlement of the loan, without penalty. These loans, also referred to as "commodity loans," are available on a crop-year basis for wheat, feed grains, cotton, peanuts, rice, oilseeds, pulse crops, wool, mohair, and honey. Sugar processors are also eligible for nonrecourse loans. Participants in commodity loan programs receive loan funds based on the commodity-specific, per-unit loan rate specified in legislation. The loans are called nonrecourse because, at the producer's option, the CCC has no recourse but to accept the commodity as full settlement of the loan. Under the Marketing Loan Program,producers of eligible commodities may repay the loan at the world price (rice and upland cotton), posted county price (wheat, feed grains, and oilseeds) or national posted price (peanuts) when these prices are below the year's set commodity loan rate, thus providing a disincentive to crop forfeiture. Some commodity loans are recourse loans, meaning producers must pay back the loans in cash.
Nontariff barriers (NTB)—See nontariff barriers in ERS WTO Briefing Room Glossary.
Normal flex acreage—A term given to the 15 percent of a farmer's acreage base that was not eligible for deficiency payments during 1991-95 but could receive nonrecourse loans and marketing loans for the commodity produced. Producers were allowed to plant any crop on this normal flex acreage, except fruits, vegetables, and some other prohibited crops, without a reduction in their crop acreage base.
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-508)—A law covering a range of government budget issues that amended the 1990 Farm Bill to address budgetary concerns for 1991-95. It mandated a reduction in payment acreage equal to 15 percent of base acreage and established assessments for certain crop loans and incentive payments.
Operating loan (OL)—Farm Service Agency (FSA) operating loans (OL) may be used to purchase livestock, farm equipment, feed, seed, fuel, farm chemicals, insurance, and other operating expenses. OLs can also be used to pay for minor improvements to buildings, costs associated with land and water development, and family living expenses, and to refinance debts under certain conditions. OLs are made under both direct and guaranteed programs, to producers who cannot obtain funding from conventional lenders.
Optional flex acreage—Under the planting flexibility provision of the 1990 Farm Bill, producers of specific crops could choose to plant up to 25 percent of their base acreage for a specific crop to other CCC-specified crops (except fruits and vegetables) without a reduction in their base acreage. Optional flex acreage is a term given to the 10 percent of a farmer's acreage base in 1991-95 beyond the 15-percent normal flex acreage that farmers could choose to plant to crops other than the base program crop. Optional flex acreage was eligible for deficiency payments when planted to the original program crop. However, no deficiency payments would be received on optional flex acreage if planted to another crop. The optional flex acreage planting provision was eliminated in the 1996 Farm Bill.
Organic certification—Agricultural products grown and processed according to USDA's national organic standards and certified by a USDA-accredited State or private certification organization. Certifying agents review applications from farmers and processors for certification eligibility, and qualified inspectors conduct annual onsite inspections of organic operations. Certifying agents determine whether operators are in compliance with organic production standards.
Organic production—Production system managed in accordance with the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 and subsequent Federal regulations. Organic production systems respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
Other oilseed—Term referring to oilseed crops other than soybeans: sunflower seed, canola, rapeseed, safflower, mustard seed, flaxseed, crambe, and sesame seed. Also referred to as minor oilseeds. Additional oilseeds may be designated by the Secretary.
Over-quota tariff—See over-quota tariff in ERS WTO topic Glossary.
Over-the-counter (OTC)—Trading of commodities, contracts, or other instruments not listed on any exchange. OTC transactions can occur electronically or over the telephone. Also referred to as Off-Exchange.
Paid land diversion—Programs that offered payments to producers to reduce planted acreage of program crops, if the Secretary determined that crop-specific planted acreage should be reduced more than under the acreage reduction program. Farmers were given a specific payment per acre idled in a given year that exceeded acreage reduction program requirements.
Parity-based support prices—Commodity-specific support prices (such as loan rates or commodity program purchase prices) whose level in a given year is mandated to be calculated in a way that will maintain the commodity's purchasing power at the level of the 1910-14 base period. Under "permanent legislation" (whose provisions would automatically apply in the absence of current farm bills), the prices of some commodities would be supported at 50-90 percent of parity through direct government purchases or nonrecourse loans.
Payment acres—Equal to 85 percent of the base acres for calculating direct and counter-cyclical payments. The 2008 Farm Bill set payment acres at 83.3 percent of base acres for crop years 2009-11.
Payment limitation—The maximum annual amount of commodity program benefits a person can receive by law. The total amount of payments must be attributed (linked) to a person, by taking into account direct and indirect ownership interests of the person in a legal entity, such as limited partnerships, corporations, associations, trusts, and estates, that are actively engaged in farming. Payment limits are set at $40,000 per person per crop year for direct payments and $65,000 for counter-cyclical payments. The 2008 Farm Act eliminated payment limits for marketing loan benefits. For producers who elect the Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) program, the limit on direct payments is reduced by 20 percent. The limit on ACRE payments is $65,000 plus the 20 percent reduction in direct payments. The 2008 Farm Bill established separate limits on the farm and nonfarm components of adjusted gross income based on the type of payment. These new limits include two applicable to nonfarm income and one applicable to farm income.
Payment yield (also called program yield)—Farm's yield of record (per acre) for a specific commodity, determined by a procedure outlined in farm legislation and used in calculating direct payments and counter-cyclical payments.
Peanuts, additional—Under the peanut program prior to 2002, these were peanuts sold from a farm in any marketing year in excess of the farm's peanut poundage quota. The higher of two price-support loan rate levels applied only to the quantity of peanuts within the annually determined poundage quota. "Additional peanuts" were eligible only for the lower price-support loan rate, the level of which was determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, taking into consideration the demand for peanut oil and meal, expected prices of other vegetable oils and protein meals, and the demand for peanuts in foreign markets.
Peanut poundage quota—The maximum quantity of peanuts eligible for the higher of two price support loan rates under the peanut program ended by the 2002 Farm Bill. The 1977 Farm Bill initiated the two-tier price support program for peanuts. Each producer received a share of a national poundage quota. Producers could market more than their quota, but only the quota amount was eligible for domestic edible use. Over-quota marketings or "additional peanuts" could be sold only for export or processing (crush). Quota peanuts were eligible for a higher commodity loan rate than additionals. The 1996 Farm Bill permitted the sale, lease, and transfer of a quota across county lines within a State up to specified amounts of quota annually.
Permanent legislation—This term refers to those laws that would be in force to authorize various agricultural programs in the absence of all temporary amendments (farm bills). The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 and the Agricultural Act of 1949, as subsequently amended, serve as the basic laws authorizing the major commodity programs.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996—Legislation enacted in 1996 that reformed the Nation's public assistance programs, replacing the cash welfare entitlement under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program with State-designed Temporary Assistance for Need Families programs (TANF) that encouraged parents to work.
Planted yield—Crop year commodity production (quantity) per planted acre.
Posted county price (PCP)—Calculated for wheat, feed grains, and oilseeds for each county by USDA's Farm Service Agency, the PCP reflects price changes in major terminal grain markets (of which there are 18 in the United States) corrected for the cost of transporting grain from county to terminal. Under the marketing loan repayment provisions and loan deficiency payment provisions of the commodity programs, PCP is used as the loan repayment rate, allowing wheat, feed grain, and oilseed producers to repay commodity loans at less than the original loan rate.
Precision agriculture—An integrated information and production-based farming system designed to increase long-term, site-specific, and whole-farm production efficiencies, productivity, and profitability while minimizing unintended impacts on wildlife and the environment.
Prevented planting acreage—Land on which a farmer intended to plant a program crop or insurable crop but was unable to do so because of drought, flood, or other natural disaster or condition. Used in the calculation of disaster payments and crop insurance indemnity payments.
Price election—Crop price at which indemnities are paid. When enrolling in crop insurance, producers choose a percentage of the price election at which to insure.
Price support loans—See nonrecourse loan program.
Producer—An owner, operator, landlord, tenant, or sharecropper who shares in the risk of producing a crop and is entitled to share in the crop available for marketing from the farm, or would have shared had the crop been produced.
Production flexibility contract (also known as AMTA) payments-Payments during 1996-2002 to farmers who enrolled "contract acreage," under Title I, Subtitle B (also titled the Agricultural Market Transition Act, thus the use of AMTA payments as an alternative name for PFC payments) of the 1996 Farm Bill in a one-time sign-up in 1996. The annual total amount, specified in legislation, was allocated to specific crops (wheat, rice, feed grains, and upland cotton) based on percentage allocation factors established in the 1996 Act. Each participating producer of a contract crop received payments determined by multiplying their production flexibility contract payment quantity by the national average production flexibility contract payment rate (see below). Farmers could plant 100 percent of their total contract acreage to any crop, except for limitations on fruits and vegetables, production flexibility contract payments were replaced with direct payments under the 2002 Farm Bill.
Production flexibility contract payment quantity—The quantity of a farm's production eligible for production flexibility contract payments under the 1996 Farm Bill. Payment quantity was calculated as the farm's payment yield (per acre) multiplied by 85 percent of the farm's contract acreage.
Production flexibility contract payment rate—The amount paid to farmers per unit of participating production under the 1996 Farm Bill. A farm's contract acreage and farm program payment yield was established in 1996 during the one-time sign-up period. The national average per-unit payment rate for each crop was calculated annually based on the total amount to be paid out for the crop (largely predetermined by the 1996 Farm Bill), divided by the total contract payment quantity of the commodity for the fiscal year.
Program crops—Crops for which Federal support programs are available to producers, including wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, extra long staple and upland cotton, rice, oilseeds, peanuts, and sugar.
Program yield—See payment yield.
Public Law 480 (P.L. 480)—Common name for the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, which seeks to expand foreign markets for U.S. agricultural products, combat hunger, and encourage economic progress in developing countries. Title I of P.L. 480, also called the Food for Peace Program, makes U.S. agricultural commodities available through long-term dollar credit sales at low interest rates for up to 30 years. Government donations for humanitarian food needs are provided under Title II. Title III authorizes government-to-government "food for development" grants, with donated commodities sold in the developing countries and the revenue used for economic development programs.
Pulse crops—Term used in North American agriculture that commonly refers to dry (mature) peas, lentils, and small and large chickpeas (garbanzo beans) used as food or feed crops (with "food" referring to human use and "feed" to animal use).
Recourse loan program—A provision allowing farmers or processors participating in Government commodity programs to pledge a quantity of a commodity as collateral and obtain a loan from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), which the borrower must repay with interest within a specified period. This provision is unlike nonrecourse loans, which allow producers to settle their loans by delivering the collateral to the CCC.
REEO—Research Extension and Education Office.
Regional Equity—Provision enacted in the 2002 Farm Bill that requires, through specific conservation programs, each State to be allocated an amount of conservation funding that collectively exceeds a predetermined minimum amount. The programs that are subject to this provision include the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, the Farmland Protection Program, the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, and the Grassland Reserve Program.
Reinsurance year—Year used to administer risk sharing and other terms of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement. The reinsurance year is from July 1 to June 30; the number of the year is the year containing June. For example, reinsurance year 2015 is July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015.
Revenue insurance—An insurance policy offered to farmers that pays indemnities based on revenue shortfalls. These programs are subsidized and reinsured by USDA's Risk Management Agency.
RFP—Request for proposals to provide specific government-commissioned work.
Risk Management Agency (RMA)—USDA agency that administers programs of the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.
Safety net—A policy that ensures a minimum income, consumption, or wage level for everyone in a society or subgroup. It may also provide persons (including businesses) with financial protection against risks, such as lost income, limited access to credit, or devastation from natural disasters.
School Breakfast Program—Provides nutritional meals to students at participating schools (and to children in a few residential childcare institutions). Certified low-income students receive free or reduced-price breakfasts.
Section 32—Section 32 of Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935 was enacted to widen market outlets for surplus agricultural commodities as one means of strengthening farm prices. Section 32 programs are financed by a permanent appropriation equal to 30 percent of the import duties collected on all items entering the United States under the customs laws, plus any unused balances up to $300 million. Most funds are annually transferred by appropriators to pay for child nutrition programs.
Section 416—Section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949 provides for the disposition of agricultural commodities held by the Commodity Credit Corporation to prevent waste. Disposal is usually carried out by donation of commodities to charitable groups and foreign governments.
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program—Program providing low-income seniors with coupons that can be exchanged for eligible foods at farmers' markets, roadside stands, and community-supported agriculture programs through grants awarded to States, U.S. territories, and federally recognized Indian tribal organizations. Participants receive nutrition education and a Federal food benefit of $20-$50 per year.
Simplified reporting—A State food stamp option that allows States to minimize the information that food stamp recipients must provide to the food stamp office during the food stamp certification period. Households report only those changes in circumstances that result in income exceeding the food stamp eligibility limit of 130 percent of the Federal poverty level. At 6 months, a State must recertify the household or, if it uses a 12-month certification period, require the household to submit a semiannual report that will be used to update its eligibility and benefit level.
Smith-Lever 3(b) and 3(c) extension funds—Federal funds for USDA cooperative extension activities.
Smith-Lever 3(d) special emphasis extension funds—Smith-Lever 3(d) funds provide support to State and territory programs in Integrated Pest Management (IPM); Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Farm Safety funds, which support health and safety efforts in the agricultural sector; and National Children, Youth, and Families at Risk, Federally Recognized Tribes Extension Program, and Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, which support the nutritional education needs of the underserved, targeting citizens with limited incomes.
Socially disadvantaged farmer or rancher (SDA)—A farmer or rancher who is a member of a group whose members have been subjected to racial or ethnic or (in some cases) gender prejudice because of his or her identity as a member of the group. The definition of SDA farmers varies in different Farm Bill titles.
Sodbuster—Requires producers who began cropping highly erodible land (HEL) after December 23, 1985 to implement a soil conservation plan or risk losing their Federal farm program benefits, including most commodity, conservation, and disaster payments. Sodbuster requirements are similar to those of conservation compliance, but tend to be less stringent.
Special grants—The Special Research Grants Act of 1965 created a mechanism outside the competitive grants process for distributing funds to State Agricultural Experiment Stations, public institutions, and individuals to study specific problems of concern to USDA, as defined by Congress. (See also definition for earmarks.)
Standard Reinsurance Agreement—A cooperative financial assistance agreement between Federal Crop Insurance Corporation and approved insurance providers to deliver eligible crop insurance contracts.
State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES)—SAES work with land-grant universities to carry out a joint research-teaching-extension mission. The Hatch Act of 1887 offered States the option of establishing stations to perform science-based research and acquire and disseminate information of use to the agricultural sector. Each State (as well as some territories) now has an SAES, and some States have additional substations. The experiment stations cooperate closely with USDA.
Step 2 payments for upland cotton—These payments are issued weekly to exporters and domestic mill users of U.S. upland cotton, subject to price conditions in the United States and Northern Europe. Payments were made in cash or certificates to domestic users on documented raw cotton consumption, and to exporters on documented export shipments. The program terminated on August 1, 2006.
Stewardship threshold—The level of natural resource conservation and environmental management required, as determined by the Secretary using conservation measurement tools, to improve and conserve the quality and condition of a resource.
Structural practice—A practice that involves a constructed facility, land shaping, or permanent vegetative cover designed to preserve soil; reduce runoff of nutrient, sediment, and pesticides; enhance wildlife habitat; or other purposes. Examples include animal waste-management facilities, terraces, grassed waterways, contour grass strips, filter strips, tailwater pits, permanent wildlife habitats, and constructed wetlands.
Supplemental Agricultural Disaster Assistance—Disaster assistance payments provided to producers of eligible commodities (crops, farm-raised fish, honey, and livestock) in counties declared by the Secretary to be "disaster counties."
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)—New name for the former Food Stamp Program (FSP). SNAP provides monthly benefits to eligible low-income households and is designed to alleviate hunger and malnutrition by enabling participants to obtain a more nutritious diet. Benefits can be used to purchase food at authorized food stores. The 2008 Farm Bill changed the name of the Food Stamp Program to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), effective on October 1, 2008.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Employment and Training (SNAP E&T)—Program requirement that certain members of participating households must register for work, accept suitable job offers, and fulfill work or training requirements (such as looking or training for a job) established by State welfare agencies. The Food Security Act of 1985 required all States to implement a Food Stamp Employment Training (FSE&T) Program to improve work opportunities for program participants. Funds for E&T were made available to States by Federal grants, with additional funding available on a 50-percent matching basis. Legislation in 1997 and 1998 targeted E&T funding to nonworking adults without dependents.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Nutrition Education (SNAP-Ed)—A component of SNAP supporting nutrition education activities. SNAP-Ed focuses on improving the likelihood that SNAP participants and other low-income Americans will make healthy food choices within a limited budget and choose active lifestyles consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and ChooseMyPlate food guidance system. State agencies have the option of participating in SNAP-Ed if they are willing to match Federal funding. USDA's Food and Nutrition Service approves State plans annually and then reimburses States for 50 percent of allowable expenditures.
Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments—Payments made to eligible producers on farms in disaster counties that incurred crop production or crop quality losses or both during the crop year.
Swampbuster—Term for wetland conservation compliance provisions first established in 1985 farm legislation. Producers who drain a wetland to make it ready for crop production can lose Federal farm program benefits, including most commodity, conservation, and disaster payments. USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service certifies technical compliance, and USDA's Farm Services Agency administers changes in farm program benefits.
Target price—Unit price level (e.g., for bushel, pound, or ton) established in the 2002 Farm Bill used for calculating counter-cyclical payments for covered (program) commodities. Prior to 1996, target prices were used to calculate deficiency payments.
Tariff—See tariff in ERS WTO topic Glossary.
Tariff-rate quota (TRQ)—See tariff-rate quota (TRQ) in ERS WTO topic Glossary.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)—A Federal-State, block-grant program that replaced the Aid to Families With Dependent Children program in 1996. TANF provides cash benefits to low-income families with children. Under TANF, States have flexibility to determine eligibility requirements and benefit levels, but benefits are subject to a 5-year Federal time limit and work requirements.
The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP)—Provides commodities for distribution through the private emergency food system. Provides mandatory multiyear funding and commodity donations from excess CCC inventories of foodstuffs for food distribution by emergency feeding organizations serving the needy and homeless. TEFAP buys and donates commodities and provides grants for State and local costs of transporting, storing, and distributing them to emergency feeding organizations, soup kitchens, and food banks serving low-income persons.
Three-entity rule—Limits the number of farms from which a person can receive program payments. Under the rule, an individual can receive a full payment directly and up to a half payment from two additional entities.
Thrifty Food Plan (TFP)—One of four USDA-designed food plans specifying foods and amounts of foods to provide adequate nutrition. Used as the basis for designing Food Stamp Program (FSP) benefits, it is the lowest cost food plan that can be priced monthly using the price data collected for the consumer price index. The monthly cost of the TFP used for the FSP represents a national average of prices (4-person household consisting of an adult couple and 2 school-age children) adjusted for other household sizes through the use of a formula reflecting economies of scale. For food stamp purposes, the TFP as priced each June sets maximum benefit levels for the fiscal year beginning the following October.
Transitional benefits—Up to 5 months of transitional food stamp benefits provided by States to families that leave welfare without requiring the family to reapply or submit any additional paperwork or other information. During the transitional period, the household's benefit level is frozen at the amount it received prior to its TANF case closure, adjusted for the loss of TANF income
Uruguay Round (UR)—See Uruguay Round (UR) in ERS WTO topic Glossary.
Wetlands Conservation—See Swampbuster.
Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP)—Established in the 1985 Farm Bill and administered by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service in consultation with USDA's Farm Service Agency and other Federal agencies. WRP is funded through Commodity Credit Corporation and has an acreage enrollment cap. All landowners who choose to participate in WRP must implement an approved wetlands restoration and protection plan. They may sell a permanent or 30-year conservation easement to USDA and receive payments, or enter into a 10-year cost-share restoration agreement to restore and protect wetlands. The landowner voluntarily limits future use of the land yet retains private ownership.
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)—The 1996 Farm Bill created WHIP to provide cost-sharing and technical assistance to landowners for developing habitat for upland wildlife, wetland wildlife, threatened and endangered species, fish, and other types of wildlife. Participating landowners, with the assistance of USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service district office, develop plans for wildlife habitat restoration and development. Standard contracts are generally 5 to 10 years in length. Cost-share payments may be used to establish and maintain practices. Cooperating State wildlife agencies and nonprofit or private organizations may provide additional expertise and funding. WHIP funds are distributed to States based on State, regional, and national priorities, which may involve wildlife habitat areas, targeted species and their habitats, or specific practices.
World price (cotton)—See Adjusted world price, cotton.
World price (rice)—See Adjusted world price, rice.
World Trade Organization (WTO)—An international organization established by the Uruguay Round trade agreement to replace the institution created by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, known as the GATT. The Uruguay Round trade agreement modified the code and the framework and established the WTO on January 1, 1995. The WTO provides a code of conduct for international commerce and a framework for periodic multilateral negotiations on trade liberalization and expansion.
Youth loan—The Farm Service Agency (FSA) makes loans to individual rural youths to establish and operate income-producing projects of modest size in connection with their participation in 4-H clubs, Future Farmers of America, and similar organizations. Each project must be part of an organized and supervised program of work. The project must be planned and operated with the help of the organization adviser, produce sufficient income to repay the loan, and provide the youth with practical business and educational experience. The project adviser must recommend the project and the loan, and agree to provide adequate supervision. The applicant cannot be younger than 10-years-old or older than 20-years-old and must live in a town of fewer than 10,000 people. The maximum amount for FSA youth loans is $5,000. | <urn:uuid:e3d502e8-f301-4d58-8578-34a5f4e07405> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-commodity-policy/farm-policy-glossary.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00476-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935172 | 17,115 | 2.890625 | 3 |
by Mila McManus, MD
When you use a good quality olive oil for cooking, it’s not doing for you nutritionally what you expected it to do. While it has been determined that olive oil is more stable with heat than originally thought, the fact remains that the longer it’s exposed to heat, and the higher the heat, it will be damaged and make the oil toxic to your body.
So, when roasting your olive oil coated vegetables in a 350°+ oven, the olive oil will be molecularly damaged. You thought it was healthy, but really it’s not. Rather, you have made an unusable anti-nutrient for your body. Your body will respond with inflammation and congestion. The same is likely true for avocado oil.
Keep in mind that the higher the heat, and the more prolonged the heating, the faster the degradation of the molecular structure. It may be alright to gently, patiently, slowly sauté something on low to medium low on the stovetop for less than 15 minutes, and successfully avoid damaging the oil. Patient and slow are not common methods for most of us in the kitchen these days. Besides, why cook in olive oil when there are so many better options that also enhance the flavor of our food?
Here are some tips: First, it’s fine to apply olive oil after cooking is complete where this makes sense. Olive oil is good when used for cold preparation in salad dressings and hummus, for example. Second, in terms of roasting vegetables, try putting the roasting pan with butter in the oven while preheating and cleaning your vegetables. Then remove it from the oven, put your vegetables in the hot melted butter and toss them until coated. This works well with any saturated fat (e.g. coconut oil, ghee, lard) and is just as fast as olive oil when you consider the wait time for the oven to preheat anyway.
There are many heat stable saturated fats with which to cook. Normally, at room temperature, these will be more solid, though that may fluctuate with the temperature in your house. Examples include pasture raised butter or ghee, duck, beef, pork fat, and coconut oil. Check out epicprovisions.com for good options. Reserve bacon fat from uncured bacon for cooking. When using the highest heats such as broiling or on the grill, consider ghee to be the most stable. One excellent brand is 4th & Heart (fourthandheart.com) and they offer various flavors. Ghee is normally found on the olive oil aisle of the grocery store, not in the diary section. It is normally soft enough to use a silicone brush to coat a pan, or spread on vegetables or fish, for example.
Take caution when you purchase olive oil. Most olive oils are tarnished and impure, as well as counterfeit, having other added oils such as soybean, grapeseed, or canola oil. Many have been discovered to have toxic chemicals too. Here are tips for purchasing quality olive oil:
- The more information provided on the label, the better.
- A harvest date no more than one year old.
- Know that there is no regulatory significance of terms like “first cold pressed, or “extra virgin”, so don’t let that lead you.
- Look for third party certifications that promise higher standards such as “COOC Certified Extra Virgin”( California Olive Oil Council) or EVA (the Extra Virgin Alliance) and “100% Qualita Italiana”, by UNAPROL, the association of actual Italian olive growers. Interestingly, little stock is put in a USDA organic certification!
- Chile, Australia, followed by the US, have better practices and stricter standards in general according to the U.S. International Trade Commission report on the quality of extra-virgin olive oil. These may be the best “go to” sources of origin when in doubt.
- Newer oils are always better. Be sure to buy small quantities (a six week supply) as it is highly perishable. It should not be exposed to heat or light and is best stored in a cool, dark cabinet. Tins do the best job of blocking the light, followed by an opaque glass bottle. Oxygen is also an enemy of olive oil so once opened, the oil quality is going downhill quickly.
Reduce inflammation and increase nutrition by using oils correctly. Eat Well. Be Well.
¹ Real Food/Fake Food by Larry Olmsted, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2016. | <urn:uuid:eb52f324-c575-4c37-a328-523bc265cf2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://woodlandswellnessmd.com/stop-cooking-with-olive-oil.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946292 | 957 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cardinal O’Brien vs Professor Winston
Firstly, Cardinal Keith O'Brien has admitted making his ‘Nazi’ remarks to gain publicity. He told BBC Scotland he wanted people to pay attention to the issue, adding: "Yes, I want publicity and I use strong language so that I'll get publicity."
Well, if that were the objective, he could have attracted global attention for his cause if he had compared the Prime Minister to Adolf Hitler, or if he had himself referred to the Pope’s (however reluctant) Nazi past, instead of leaving it to Cranmer to take the flack. Puzzlingly, the Cardinal also said he did not see why people were offended by the comparison. Yet surely the offence was purposeful for it was this which generated the publicity, and without it there would have been none.
But the Cardinal’s allusions to grotesque ‘Nazi-style experiments’ have incurred the wrath of Professor the Lord Winston, who has said the Catholic Church knew about the Nazi’s experiments, but did ‘very little’ to prevent them happening.
This must be a reference to Pope Pius XII, whose path to sainthhood is reported by some has having hit a few problems, which is vehemently denied by Vatican sources.
The controversy surrounding this pope will doubtless endure through the centuries, not least because the Vatican is reluctant to open its archives on the era.
But even if/when they are disclosed, there will be allegations of censorship and conspiracy. By kicking this into the long grass ‘for six or seven years’ (the time it will allegedly take to catalogue 16 million documents), the Vatican has probably resolved the issue for Benedict XVI, who will probably be dead by then. And his death is even more certain to precede the opening of these archives when one considers that archiving 16 million documents in seven years necessitates a rate of 6,262 each day. And that is assuming the Vatican works seven days a week, 365 days a year, which it obviously does not. So this seven years is rather optimistic, or duplicitous, or both.
But Cranmer has a question for Lord Winston:
How does he know what Pope Pius XII knew, and how does he know he knows it? And if he does not know it, how can he publicly declare that his known unknown is a known known, when, to the rest of the world, the mind of Pius XII is a known unknowable unknown?
It is typical of a Liberal Democrat to wade into a debate and hurl rash generalisations and ill-considered statements in order to sound good, only for analysis and scrutiny to expose their shortcomings.
But back to this odious Bill.
Cranmer has been made aware of a clause within it of which he was not previously aware. Indeed, he is not sure how he has missed this, for it is every bit as morally repugnant as the creation of human-animal hybrids, ‘saviour siblings’ and fatherless children.
The Cardinal drew attention to the fact that this Bill will ‘permit cells taken from incapacitated adults and children on the basis of presumed consent to be used for embryo research’.
Taking cells from incapacitated adults and children on the basis of presumed consent?
This is grotesque. Indeed, it is utterly horrifying. Moreover, it flies in the face of all medical guidance on consent to research. Since when has the State presumed ownership of the bodies of the incapacitated? And how are they defining this incapacity? It is appalling, and Cranmer thinks such barbarism fully merits comparison with the evil perpetrated by the Nazis.
His Grace recants, and shall now go and burn the finger that typed his previous condemnation of the Cardinal. | <urn:uuid:fab5b918-8140-4f75-9f8f-8c19167995e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://archbishop-cranmer.blogspot.com/2008/11/cardinal-obrien-vs-professor-winston.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974671 | 782 | 2.125 | 2 |
In October 2017, the hashtag #MeToo went viral, with women and girls across the world sharing their stories of sexual assault and harassment. For those of us working in women’s rights, these stories were sadly not shocking, but for many it was a wake-up call, shining a spotlight on just how endemic sexual violence is around the world.
Due to structural and systematic inequality, sexual violence is a human rights violation that predominantly affects women and girls. Over a lifetime, one in three women will experience physical or sexual violence — regardless of their age, background, or country.
Sexual violence is overwhelmingly committed by men against women and girls based on dynamics of power, entitlement, and prejudicial stereotypes. Its harmful consequences are frequently exacerbated by discriminatory laws. Adolescent girls, women with disabilities, and women from marginalized communities, including LGBTQ+ people, face additional vulnerabilities and intersecting barriers when attempting to access justice.
Sexual violence and the threat of such violence exert coercive control over women and girls and prevent them from exercising their rights; accessing resources, services, and opportunities; participating in public and private life, and impacts their physical and mental health.
Across the world, governments are failing to fulfill their obligations to protect women and girls. Criminal justice systems are not accessible and survivors often feel re-traumatized when seeking justice. The failure to address sex discriminatory laws and policies reinforces social norms and attitudes that render sexual violence ‘acceptable’ and blame and stigmatize the victims.
When a problem is endemic, solutions can feel overwhelming and out of reach.
Especially when tackling violence against women and girls is rarely a policy priority for governments. At Equality Now we start with the law.
Laws form the basis of our societies and are a demonstration of the value we place on people. When laws fail to reflect the seriousness of the crime, they devalue victims and perpetuate violence and discrimination.
Since Equality Now’s founding in 1992, we have worked to reform legal systems around the world so that survivors of sexual violence are able to access justice on their own terms. Additionally, we advocate for preventative measures to bring an end to violence against women.
For our global report, The World’s Shame, in 2017 we analyzed the sexual violence laws in 82 jurisdictions including within 73 UN member states around the world. While the contexts were different, we found commonalities where laws fail to protect women and girls from sexual violence.
Laws are failing to protect women and girls
In many jurisdictions around the world, the law, either through its text or through its manner of implementation – or lack thereof, provides that rape has only happened if there is additional physical violence, a victim actively tries to resist or is unable to resist. Some allow marital rape, or lesser penalties if the victim is an adolescent rather than a young child or an adult woman, or even exemption from punishment if the rapist marries the victim. Such laws imply that sexual violence is acceptable under certain circumstances, thus denying many victims access to justice and perpetuating violence.
We’re working to change them
We’ve continued to analyze rape laws, with regional reports on Eurasia in 2019 and South Asia in 2021, and co-hosted an expert group meeting on rape in collaboration with the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights in 2020.
The analysis we contributed to the Special Rapporteur’s subsequent report on rape and proposed model law enabled us to offer Mexican partners significant contributions for amending the federal penal code to start to address some of these negative stereotypes and to develop a better framework that would allow more access to justice. Such measures would include removal of the statute of limitations for sexual violence crimes, and basing the definition of rape on the lack of voluntary, genuine, and willing consent.
Explore our reports and stay tuned for further resources and analysis, including a report on sexual violence laws in the Americas, coming in the next few months. | <urn:uuid:ca760f48-0de7-40b9-a57b-f95b292bc624> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.equalitynow.org/news_and_insights/four_years_on_metoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.94891 | 813 | 3.140625 | 3 |
For this assignment, you will need to have a brief conversation with an individual associated with a nonprofit organization. In 500-750 words, do the following:
- Identify the individual within the organization and their role and responsibilities.
- Define their relationship with the public sector (local, state or federal governments) and describe what is required to have a successful public private partnership work.
- Describe challenges they must overcome in addressing social issues relating to the mission of the organization.
Use two to four scholarly resources to support your explanations.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. | <urn:uuid:eff39bc7-efce-43e1-9251-a217bb6173c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brainyanswers.com/government-homework-help-11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.93219 | 207 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Dr. Pietro Mastroeni, Professor Duncan Maskell at the Centre for Veterinary Science, and their teams have pioneered the integration of mathematical models with observational data to predict the spread of individual bacteria within the human body. Their findings are reported in the November issue of PLoS Biology.
The work analyses the spread and distribution of Salmonella in the body, which is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever and food borne gastroenteritis in humans and animals, with severe medical and veterinary consequences and threats for the food industry. The work is of broad significance as these novel research approaches are applicable to a multitude of pathogenic microorganisms.
These studies indicate that individual bacteria and their progenies cleverly escape from host cells and distribute to new sites of the body, continuously staying one step ahead of the immune response. The type of spread varies between different bacteria, thus posing challenges for the rational treatment or prevention of these infections.
Some antibiotics and vaccines are better at killing bacteria outside of the cells; others are more effective at killing infections within the cells. By understanding where bacterial pathogens hide in the body and how they spread through the body's tissues, doctors will be able to decide the most effective antibiotics or vaccines to treat and prevent various types of infection.
Dr. Mastroeni said, "The fight against bacterial infections is analogous to fighting a battle, if you know where your enemy is and how it moves around, you can make calculated, strategic strikes."
Currently, the debate over the usefulness of multiple-drug therapy must take into account the full evaluation of potential synergistic effects of combining drugs that can target bacteria in different body compartments. Furthermore, drug resistance can be caused, in part, by improper "blanket" use of antibiotics. As Dr. Mastroeni's more precise predictions will lead to the refined use of antibiotics, it will enable the medical field to devise more targeted treatments and to more effectively manage antibiotic drug resistance.
In the past, similar investigations have been hampered by the difficulty of identifying and observing directly the infection process within live tissues. For this study, the Cambridge researchers used advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques to observe intracellular growth of Salmonella bacteria within living cells.
Source:University of Cambridge
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11. VCU Researchers Identify Networks Of Genes Responding To Alcohol In The Brain | <urn:uuid:64a036a1-2ba5-406a-a25f-8609292693b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Researchers-map-spread-of-pathogens-in-the-human-body-3858-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00559-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895226 | 606 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Definition: document forgery
ˈdɒkjʊm(ə)nt/ ˈfɔːdʒ(ə)ri/ [Insert Amplifier Icon]
the creation of a fake document, the changing of an existing document or the inking of a signature without authorization.
“the candidate was found guilty of document forgery, which resulted in dire consequences for the company”
Countless incidents involving credential forgery within the healthcare sector have been recorded in the United Kingdom, causing health institutions of all types to incur financial losses, regulatory implications, reputational damage and, most importantly, internal risks.
Backing this up, read these two stories published in recent years by the BBC News:
The 50 year-old asylum seeker from Afghanistan worked as a practice nurse in Birmingham for seven years, as a locum GP and as a physician’s assistant, and was later found to have admitted two counts of fraud and one of obtaining a financial advantage by deception. The prosecutor told the court: “In simple terms, the CV is almost entirely a work of fiction or misleading claims.”
An investigation by NHS Protect found that he had ‘hijacked’ a genuine GP’s medical credentials to receive at least GBP 361,000 of NHS money in fraudulently obtained earnings. On his CV, he stated that he was awarded a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 1991. However, university records show he attended another college and he dropped out after two years. He also claimed to hold a BSc – First-Class Honours – in Biochemistry and Chemistry from the University of Cambridge, dated 1987. Yet the university reported that IT found no record that he studied there either.
Doctors from at least 27 countries were hired in 32 of the 160 hospital trusts in England – according to an investigation on foreign labor carried out by The Guardian in 2015. If we consider the current global rate of document forgery – which stands at 2.32% as of April 2016 – it is highly likely that there may be a significant number of unqualified healthcare professionals currently practicing in the United Kingdom.
The best way to ensure that both healthcare practitioners and institutions maintain excellent quality standards and serve their respective communities to the best of their abilities is by affirming and sustaining integrity, competence and professionalism across all levels of the value chain. This can only be done with such effectiveness by leveraging the most rigorous verification solution available to date – Primary Source Verification (PSV) – thus enhancing the overall level of care within the healthcare sector and ultimately protecting global communities.
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2) guerilla marketing. 3) Word of mouth marketing. 4) morph marketing. : 330: 11. Stealth marketing tactics refers to any advertisement or undercover marketing activity that is so embedded that the consumer doesn't realize they're consuming it. It's also known as Buzz Marketing.
This is because the primary purpose of using stealth marketing is to create a presale buzz or knowledge around a product or service. 2015-05-01 2018-11-06 97) Buzz marketing is also known as: A) guerilla marketing B) lifestyle marketing C) word-of-mouth marketing D) branded entertainment Buzz marketing is a type of promotional activity which becomes a source of entertainment while discussing that particular product or advertisement related to that product. It is also known as word of mouth marketing because its penetration among the prospective customers is particularly done by the existing customer which is based on their perceived value and experience . The Buzz Marketing is the practice of creating an excitement among the users and the consumers about a particular product, service, brand or the company. It is one of the forms of Word- of-Mouth, wherein the users give a buzz i.e. create a hype among the consumers about a … buzz marketing is also known as marketing the alternative marketing program that emphasized consumers passing along information about a product to other consumers is MCQ quiz on Marketing Management multiple choice questions and answers on Marketing Management MCQ questions quiz on Marketing Management objectives questions with answer test pdf for interview preparations, freshers jobs and competitive exams.
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Unfortunately, buzz marketing can backfire on your brand and your business can end up the talk of the town in a less than ideal way. What's new about buzz marketing is the structure and hype surrounding it and the attempts to measure its effectiveness on sales. Known as ‘mavens’ (for which might also be described as Buzz marketing is also known as: word-of-mouth marketing.
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Between She is also the CEO of a marketing firm and shares lifestyle and cooking tips on Instagram @raizyscookin.
of word-of-mouth and buzz marketing couldn't come at a better time – or a worse one. spotty communication channels and avoid the middleman known as paid media in
Influencer marketing is a well-known form of online marketing.
Online buzz marketing is typically driven by "influencers," or early adopters of a product, that are eager to share their thoughts on the product and proactively start conversations about it. Buzz Marketing, also known as word-of-mouth advertising or viral marketing, is an effective and relatively low-cost way to get your company name, product or service talked about — noticed — in your market. If you can generate buzz it’s a great addition to your overall marketing plan. It's also known as Buzz Marketing.
Buzz Marketing is a well-known marketing strategy that relies on customers and influencers as main marketeers.
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Buzz marketing is also known as: A)guerilla marketing. B)lifestyle marketing. C)word-of-mouth marketing. D)branded entertainment. Buzz marketing is a viral marketing technique that is focused on maximizing the word-of-mouth potential of a particular campaign or product, whether that is through conversations among consumers' family and friends or larger scale discussions on social media platforms. By getting consumers talking about their products and services, companies 2018-11-06 Buzz marketing is a type of promotional activity which becomes a source of entertainment while discussing that particular product or advertisement related to that product.
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Bungle, Tomahawk). also known as Fanta 4, is a German pop-rap group from Stuttgart, Germany, named The quartet has appeared since 2002 in advertising and personal appearances. With a ridiculous amount of customisation tools to wield, a host of facilities to build, Become adept at marketing to attract more types of guests and generate buzz However, you didn't foresee your hotel becoming known as a cheap dive or The ESCE international Post-Baccalaureate Bachelor program, is a three-year course that aims to produce operational Responsable Buzz Marketing. I initially had a restart date of February 1st but have extended it to February 15th to The quartet has appeared since 2002 in advertising and personal appearances. also known as Fanta 4, is a German pop-rap group from Stuttgart, Germany, guitarist Buzz Osborne and bassist Trevor Dunn (Mr.
Critical threshold and dynamics of a general rumor model on complex networks. | <urn:uuid:6583bb52-6eb3-4642-8be2-1f3decbf18ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jobbjfzn.web.app/64354/65204.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.937287 | 1,140 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Alpha-Gal? No, it’s not a superhero from the 1960s. Not the PTA president at your kid’s elementary school. Not the captain of a cheerleading squad. Alpha-gal is an abbreviation, the familiar name of Alpha-galactosidase, an enzyme prevalent in red meat, and useful for breaking down oligosaccharides into monosaccharides in our digestive system. Beans, I’m talking about beans. Alpha-gal keeps you from farting.
Why do I know this? Yesterday, I took a blood test for alpha-gal syndrome. The results are pending. I check my email periodically to see if I have a notice: You have a new blood test awaiting review. I got four of these over the past two days. I expect three more. One of those is for alpha-gal syndrome.
You probably heard about alpha-gal syndrome some years back. Headlines screamed from all the outdoor fitness periodicals. Emerging Disease: Tick Bite causes Lifelong Meat Allergy. Alpha-gal syndrome makes you dangerously allergic to red meat.
A week ago, after a trail run through deep grass, my eyes swelled shut, my lips puffed up, and my airway began to close off. At the emergency room, they filled my veins with Epinephrine and Prednisone in a successful effort to stop the reaction. Reaction to what? No idea. My allergies are pretty typical. Pollen throughout May when the ornamental cherry tree in my backyard blooms. Dog hair, if I somehow manage to get it all over myself and don’t make any effort to clean it off. Poison ivy if I walk within ten feet of it on a windy day.
As a young teenager, the municipal golf course offered a summertime deal. Kids under sixteen could play the back-nine for three dollars between noon and four on weekdays. With my lawn cutting income—five dollars per lawn—I could afford to play a couple of times a week and still save for the school year. The cost of golf balls was actually a bigger concern than the green fees.
Every Monday, the swanky private golf club up the road closed for the day. At the start of the summer, my friends and I crawled through a hole in the chain link fence and dug around in the bushes looking for stray balls. These trips were wildly successful. We always found plenty of balls to last the whole season. And we always wound up with poison ivy from ear tips to toes. And then ten hellish days, ten sleepless nights as payment for our free golf balls.
As an adult, I wised up. I now take the time to scout out poison ivy before diving into the brush, and I almost never get a serious outbreak. But that’s because I understand my allergy; I know what to look for and how to avoid it. No one knows what happened to me last week. Yes, I ran through tall grass, and I’m allergic to grass, but my doctor shook her head. “This was a major system reaction. It didn’t come from topical exposure to grass.”
Lying in my hospital bed, my mind jumped to many possible causes. Tick bites ranked high on the list. With trail running, mountain biking, mountain bike trail maintenance, and a pair of cats that often visit me in bed with pea-sized blobs of engorged tick hanging from the underside their necks, my exposure to ticks is high.
My doctor ran three tick tests. One for Lyme disease, one called ‘the tick panel’ which checks for a wide range of tick induced diseases, and one specifically for alpha-gal syndrome. Two of these came back negative, I decided to read up on the meat allergy. The item that grabbed my attention is “Exercise and alcohol seem to be the most important co-factors for alpha-gal reactions.” No, I wasn’t drinking when I had my reaction, but I just finished a hard run. It seems exercise speeds up the reaction time and intensifies the symptoms.
When I got home from work that night, I decided it was too hot to run. I cooked some spaghetti for dinner. Eli suggested we fry up some hamburger for the sauce. With my red meat ingested, I got ready to run.
I don’t actually think I have alpha-gal syndrome. It’s a relatively rare condition, and it’s more prevalent in the southern United States than Pennsylvania. But it would be convenient to have something to point to for my reaction. Believe me, I don’t want an allergy to red meat. I tried a vegetarian diet a couple of years ago and my iron levels plummeted so deeply that I became chronically dizzy. Once diagnosed, my doctor prescribed a steady diet of meat, including beef, to accompany my iron supplements.
No, I don’t want a beef allergy, but I also don’t want an unexplained severe allergic reaction in my medical history. I don’t want to constantly look over my shoulder wondering when it might happen again. I frequently find myself running or biking miles from a road, and with no cell reception. A reaction like last week’s could wind up deadly.
Today, I scheduled allergy testing in July—the soonest available in a fifty mile radius. I hope I find the cause of my reaction—what to watch out for—so like my caution around poison ivy, I can simply avoid the allergen altogether. | <urn:uuid:84c2b3bd-48b2-417c-82a2-a1c7ee604d3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jefftcann.com/2022/06/07/alpha-gal-syndrome-or-something-like-it/?replytocom=18526 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.958217 | 1,158 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The design studio is integral to design education. It plays an important role in the training of future designers, representing a key space for experimentation and creative activity. In contrast to other elements of design education, the studio gives students first hand experiences of the design process and the practical aspects of designing. It introduces them to the concept of creativity and gives them experiences of and knowledge about the creative design process. This paper discusses the problems facing the contemporary design studio through an exploration of its development and its relationship to the „romantic‟ notion of creativity. The paper argues that there is a paradox implicit in current educational practice which is due to the design disciplines‟ continual fascination with the romantic model of creativity; a model which understands creativity as an, innate, spontaneous ability that cannot be taught or assessed.
The design studio, creativity, design, romanticism, design education, assessment
During the last fifty years, architectural and design education have become increasingly focussed around the idea of the design studio. The design studio has been described as being „the heart of architectural education‟ [5: 63], as the „key place for all [design] educational activities‟ [23: 65], and as „central to the pedagogy of architectural education‟ [19: 241]. In relation to architectural education, Mark Wigley proposes an educational model wherein „[e]verything is organized around the design studio as it should be‟ [24: 17, emphasis added]. The design studio represents a mode of teaching and learning that encourages creative endeavour, imagination and experimentation, critical thinking, contemplation and collaboration . As such, the studio provides ideal opportunities for students to develop a range of skills required by the design profession. However, the educational benefits of the studio have been repeatedly challenged in recent years. There is no consensus view as to what the design studio is and how it can best achieve its aspired learning outcomes [6, 16]. As de la Harpe et al. [6: 38] explain, the studio is scrutinised on issues such as „best practice in studio; characteristics that are valued and need to be retained, as well as characteristics that need to be discarded; and strategies for change in studio cultures‟ [see also 7, 10]. The studio has been criticised for creating an unhealthy „clannishness‟ between students [5: 65], for encouraging professional isolation , for being so internally focused that students are separated from the world in which design is produced , and for promoting a singular form of enculturation at the expense of education . The critique reflects the historical origins of the studio as a specialist education associated with distinguished masters.
This paper explores some of the challenges facing the studio through an exploration of its historical origins and its connection to the romantic model of creativity. The paper is divided into two main parts. It begins with an exploration of the historical development of the design studio as a space for teaching and learning. The paper will then trace the changing theories of creativity and discuss how historical perceptions of creativity are reflected in the studio. It is argued that some of the current problems in the design studio, especially as they relate to assessment, can be traced back to a lack of clear alignment between 132
contemporary studio practice and contemporary models of creativity.1
1 The paper forms part of the Australian Learning and Teaching Council (ALTC) funded project entitled Assessing Creativity: Strategies and Tools to Support Teaching and Learning in Architecture and Design, which considers the assessment of creativity in higher education in Australia. The project aims to arrive at a model of creativity and a set of strategies for assessing creativity in design education. The project is ongoing but is set to finish at the end of 2011.
2 This section is based upon the discussion „A historical perspective‟ published by Ostwald and Williams as part of the book Understanding Architectural Education in Australasia .
THE CHANGING NATURE OF THE DESIGN STUDIO
Historically, design was taught according to an apprenticeship or indentureship model wherein the student was taught the art of the discipline under the guidance of a mature practitioner. During medieval times, boys around the age of 13 with recognised talent, a suitable background, innate intelligence and natural ability could be offered an apprenticeship. The apprenticeship would normally last around seven years, during which the apprentice learnt though observation, repetition and copying of standard works. When the apprentice could demonstrate the foundation skills of the discipline he would be included in basic design and construction processes. The apprenticeship was typically, as Kostof [11: 80] observes, „followed by three or more years of improvement as a journeyman, a time spent on the job gaining practical experience in different types of work.‟ This period was a period of travel and observation. It was distinguished from the apprenticeship as a period of learning as the journeyman would be entrusted with responsibility of small projects. Medieval journeymen would be qualified when they could „present evidence of the breadth of their practical abilities and knowledge of architecture, in the form of either a completed project or a documented work‟ [16: 8]. However, as Kostof [11: 80] stresses, though the apprentices‟ technical skills were acknowledged at this stage, they were still expected to seek out patrons that would further educate them in the social and cultural aspects of the profession.
One of the first alternatives to the apprentice model, and the initial version of the design studio, was developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. This refers to the establishment of a range of institutions that were dedicated to the specialist education of arts and architecture; the so-called Académie des Beaux-Arts, later known as the École des Beaux-Arts. These schools took exceptional students and trained them to become artists and architects. Central to the Beaux-Arts model were the atelier or the studio. The atelier was, at least superficially, „a large space that had
some of the characteristics of an artist‟s studio or a craftperson‟s workshop‟ [16: 8] and which operated under the supervision of a master architect. Here the students would produce designs in response to competitions and commissions earned by the master. Students would emulate the masters‟ work until his gifts were recognised in the students.
Central to the atelier model was individual student projects. It relied on the ability of students to work independently on their project, whilst at the same time remain in close proximity, and identify with, „a larger group occupying the same physical and conceptual space‟ [16: 9]. An important part of the atelier model was formal and informal critique, which „promoted a particular educational experience based around an intellectual hothouse environment where periods of intense creativity were periodically suspended for passionate debate about design‟ [16: 9]. However, the atelier experience was not only about education; it was also about enculturation, about observation and mimicking social and cultural values and behaviours of professional role models [16: 9, 146]. The atelier experiences came to represent an important rite-of-passage for architects of the time, familiarising the students with the profession‟s values and norms, beliefs and practices.
A later version of the atelier model is the modernist „Bauhaus‟ model. In contrast to the Beaux-Arts model which had no set curriculum and, subsequently, no clear structure for learning, the Bauhaus model introduced both a curriculum and a structure of study. This model did, however, remain strongly connected to the idea of a charismatic leader and to the concept that critique is a time to learn and to socialise, maintaining the excluding and exclusive character of particular ateliers.
The atelier model represents the first academic tradition of architecture and design. The second tradition became prominent during the 19th century as a response to the rise of the major industrial economies of England and France. With industrialisation and the advent of mass production, there was a call for new educational methods that could more quickly and efficiently train apprentices. Accordingly, there was a sustained growth of technical training across many fields, breaking the long protected technical knowledge held by various associations, guilds and lodges and allowing a greater inclusion of successors. The typical 19th century approach to technical education was founded upon the apprenticeship system‟s three-fold themes of observation, repetition and demonstration. This was supplemented with a conceptual framework that identified and classified the various skills and knowledge required. Importantly, rather than replacing the apprenticeship model, technical education operated in parallel with it. Accordingly, a typical architectural student would work in an office during the day but attend classes at a technical college in the evening. Whereas the atelier models privileged the art of architecture andemphasised the process of enculturation and socialisation, the technical model focused on intricate sequences of skills and demonstrations of competencies.
Despite the development of the two academic traditions, variations of the apprenticeship model remained common into the 20th century. The first design discipline to make the final move to the learned academies was architecture, later followed by interior design, industrial design, fashion design and landscape design. The transition of architectural education from the industry setting occurred in stages that largely coincided with the development of the profession itself. In an effort to separate itself from engineering and to evolve as a profession in its own right, architecture „took the strategic step of claiming that their primary expertise was the art of design‟ [16: 10]. To maintain this position, architecture (later followed by the other design disciplines) had to adopt appropriate teaching methods. As a result, the École atelier model spread as a principle characteristic of the profession‟s educational needs, establishing the studio as a central element of architecture and design education.
The contemporary design studios reflects its historical origins in its ongoing emphasis on the design project, in the prevailing role of a pedagogical approach that encourages the development of primary solutions for further resolution, and in the continuous weight placed upon studio culture and enculturation. However, there is no longer one distinct model of the studio, and despite the level of importance accorded to the studio in design curricula and the resources supporting it, there is no single definition of a „studio‟. Embodied in the modern concept of the studio are „a physical teaching space, a teaching "mode", a curriculum model, a form of facilitation, an assessment type and a feedback mechanism‟ [16: 146]. During a study of architectural education in Australasia, Ostwald and Williams [16, 17] found that the types of studios operating in this region range from „the fully integrated studio with a cohesive and amalgamated curriculum that is taught in a space that provides students with 24 hour access to facilities and a place to work collaboratively‟ to a system „wherein students have timetabled hours in groups, but effectively make an individual appointment (within these hours) to talk to a tutor in that staff member‟s office‟ [16: 146]. In the middle of this continuum is an approach where the studio „is a timetabled tutorial session where students come together to interact with their tutor in a space which, physically at least, resembles a classroom‟ [16: 146]. Accordingly, there is vast variation in the physical and practical nature of the modern design studio. The notion of „the studio‟ in many respects reflect a pedagogical approach or philosophy that has a focus on design, facilitates creative thinking, is centred on a project, is concerned with integration, and promotes enculturation. Regardless of the form of the studio, it provides the students with regular opportunities to interact with each other and an experienced instructor over an extended period of time. It is a place where students can get individual direction on their projects and feedback on progress. According to Ostwald and Williams [16: 147], this very opportunity for interaction is today seen as the fundamental benefit of the studio experience, more so than the physical environment.
After its initial introduction to academia, architecture and design education have gone through tremendous changes as tertiary educational disciplines. In Australasia, the last fully integrated studio system was abandoned in the late 1990s and at present no school of architecture offers courses that run traditional atelier studios. Studio teaching is today supplemented with lecture programs or similar, large scale teaching approaches. Moreover, most programs rely on shared teaching with other disciplines that run in parallel with studio teaching. Some studios are multi-disciplinary and multi-cohort. These changes to educational practices have partially ameliorated the common criticisms of the design studio, though as illustrated in the introduction of this paper, issues related to the studio continue to be debated.
Challenges facing the modern design studio
In conjunction with the concerns of isolation and singular enculturation there are more practical challenges and criticisms facing the studio. In the discipline based study of architectural education in Australasia, Ostwald and Williams found that the studio is today under serious threat due to three particular issues. Firstly, there is a problem associated with the growing number of students. As student numbers have continued to rise, academics find themselves with insufficient space to accommodate appropriate studio culture and there are insufficient staff numbers to support the large class sizes. Secondly, students appear to give greater priority to paid work than to their education, and, as a result of this, are regularly absent from classes and contribute to a diminished studio culture [see also: 8, 25, 26]. Thirdly, the individualistic nature of studio culture and the focus placed upon complex, heuristic activities suggest that assessment of students‟ work inevitably becomes subjective. Though assessment of design generally reflects long-established best teaching practices, it often relies upon the individual assessors‟ intuitive understanding of creativity and their taste , subsequently failing to meet the heightened expectations of universities and students for systematic, fair and transparent assessment. The first two challenges facing the studio have been explored elsewhere [e.g. 7, 8, 16, 17, 25, 26], and further consideration of these issues are beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, in what follows, we will consider the third challenge facing the design studio and explore how the different models of the design studio are paralleled by changing notions of creativity. MODELS OF CREATIVITY: ROMANTICISM AND RATIONALISM
The development of the design studio in many ways reflects the gradual move from what is commonly referred to as a „romantic‟ approach of creativity towards a „rationalist‟ approach. Romanticism and rationalism represent the two historically dominating models of creativity. These models can be traced back to pre-Christian perspectives, though they have re-emerged throughout history in various guises as, for example, modernism (rationalism) and expressionism (romanticism).
Romanticism in this context refers to the belief that „creativity bubbles up from an irrational unconscious, and that rational deliberation interferes with the creative process‟ [20: 15]. The romantic model of creativity, also referred to as the inspirational and mystical model, can be traced back to the teachings of philosophers such as Plato (429-347BCE) and Plotin (204-270CE). Both Plato and Plotin attributed creativity to a superhuman force; Plato argued that a creative person would only be able to create what his Muse dictated, whilst Plotin maintained that art could only be beautiful when descended from God [20, 21]. As Sawyer [20: 12] explains, to Plato and Plotin, „[t]he artist‟s job was not to imitate nature but rather to reveal the sacred and transcendent qualities of nature. Art could only be a pale imitation of the perfection of the world of ideas‟. A later version of the romantic model is embedded in Immanuel Kant‟s (1724-1804) ideas about aesthetics. In the Kantian notion of creativity, the creative individual is seen to „possess an extraordinary innate "gift" that is beyond the grasp of mere mortals‟ [4: 100]. In line with Plato and Plotin, the Kantian perspective of the artist emphasises the myth of romantic agony; that is, divine inspiration as being the result of an artists‟ undisciplined and unfettered agonised searching [4, 14].
The spiritual aspect of the romantic model is opposed by the rationalist belief in creativity as a process or product „generated by the conscious, deliberating, intelligent, rational mind‟ [20: 15]. The rationalist perspective can also be traced back to ancient Greece, more specifically to the writings of Aristotle. Aristotle emphasised that conscious work, rationality and deliberation is required in order to complete creative inspirations. In his view, creativity was potentially more quotidian and it included the creation of uncomplicated or predictable objects as acts of creation. It was, however, first during the European Renaissance that the romantic idea of special talent or unusual ability, as manifestations of an outside spirit, was seriously challenged. This epoch valued reason above all, and the emerging rationalist model of creativity emphasised reason, knowledge, training and education as essential to creativity. Philosophers of the time, such as the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) discarded the idea of the invocation of the Muses, arguing that it was a foolish custom „by which a man, enabled to speak wisely from the principles of Nature and his own meditation, loves rather to be thought to speak by inspiration, like a Bagpipe‟ [20: 15].
An important change embedded in the rationalist model is the transferral of creative ownership from an external source to the individual actor; what had previously been identified as the divine attribute of great artists and artisans was now recognised as an attribute of their own [1: 18]. Whereas the romantic model proclaimed that the creative individual „had a genius‟ (that is, a mystical power of protection and good fortune bestows creative ability onto the individual), the rational model spoke of the creative agent as „being a genius‟ . By the end of the 18th century, the discussion of creative ownership had resulted in four generally accepted distinctions. These include: (a) genius and the supernatural is separate; (b) genius, although exceptional, is potential in all human beings; (c) talent and genius are distinguished from one another; and, (d) the potential and exercise of a genius depend on the political circumstances of the time [1: 22]. These have, as Albert and Runco [1: 22] assert, „become the bedrock of our present-day ideas about creativity‟. They have had vast implications for issues related to the teaching and learning of creativity and creative skills, allowing the idea of creativity as a skill or ability that can be promoted or fostered to be developed.
The design studio, romanticism and rationalism
If we trace the roots of design education as far back as we have traced the models of creativity, its origin in romanticism is undeniable. In the epic tradition of Greek poetry, it is implied that the first Greek architect, Daedalus, did not require any formal education; his talent was innate. Similarly, there is no account of the education of the architects of the ancient Egyptian empire, with inscriptions of the time suggesting that knowledge was passed down from the gods through the Pharaohs, their terrestrial counterparts [12, 13, 16]. There are, however, accounts in both Egyptian inscriptions and in the Homeric myths of design knowledge being passed down from father to son, or uncle to nephew. The practice of master and pupil relations that were not constrained by family ties grew during the Roman times, and the idea the ideal student should be both naturally gifted and open to instruction took hold. The apprenticeship model which followed and the Beaux-Arts model draw on the ancient idea of the student learning from a master, thus reflecting the idea of romanticism of particularly talented individuals, „geniuses‟.
The romantic idea of creativity as a gift is evident, in different ways in each of the three main traditions underpinning design education. The apprentice model of vocational education is founded upon the concept that creativity is at least partially innate and that it cannot be wholly taught; only those who show natural giftedness may be chosen as an apprentice and it is only through close association, observation and mimicking of the master‟s work the apprentice can allow their natural abilities to be shaped in appropriate ways. The Beaux-Arts studio model and what is described as „cognitive apprenticeship in higher education‟ is based on the idea that a person‟s creativity can be enabled, strengthened or developed in larger groups and through long and direct association with a talented patron. As with the apprentice model, the Beaux-Arts studio model emphasises creativity as a characteristic of an elite few, but a characteristic that is capable of being shaped. The last tradition, the reproduction model and competency-based teaching models in vocational education, is founded upon the idea that creativity is not innate, and that it can be taught en masse, but the assessment of this creativity typically retains connections to the romantic past. For example, most basic assessment is through reproduction of standards derived from the work of past practitioners . Similarly, for higher levels of creative endeavour, there is rarely a component of the curriculum that contains any teaching directly associated with supporting the development of creativity; thereby reinforcing the latent romanticism of the model.
The tenacity of the romantic notion of creativity as a gift is paradoxical within contemporary teaching milieus as it places creativity beyond the realms of teaching and learning. Indeed, educational approaches in general disregard the idea of creativity as innate and spontaneous. Within educational discourses, creativity is in large part seen as a trait that can be taught, promoted and fostered. Creativity is seen as potential in all human beings and the idea that children should be able to develop their potentialities to the fullest has transformed educational practices. Pedagogical emphasis is today placed on the role of creativity both as a tool for learning and as a desired educational outcome (in terms of enhanced creative ability and performance) [see also: 18]. Thus, within educational circles, a holistic approach that reflects the rationalist model of creativity dominates.
Educational approaches that seek to enhance creative performance and that adopt creativity as a tool for learning resemble the pedagogical approaches of the design disciplines. There has been a move toward student-centred approaches to learning which emphasise problem-based and enquiry-based curricula, and there is an increased emphasis placed on investigative work and inventiveness. Why is it, then, that the design studio is under threat when other disciplines are increasingly adopting similar student-centred, project-based modes for teaching and learning?
The problem of assessment
To answer this question, it is necessary to acknowledge the ongoing, yet often subconscious, role of the romantic model of creativity in design. Although design education has typically adopted the rationalist perception of creativity, a degree of subjectivity and individualism remains prevalent, particularly in relation to assessment. Indeed, it is in terms of the question of assessment that the studio is falling under increasing pressure within the contemporary educational climate. Current assessment processes in design tend to be reliant on subjective methods of assessment. Although there is a growing regional trend to develop marking criteria for design and to adopt a complex combination of quality assurance and assessment protocols to provide a level of objectivity, there is a clear distrust within the discipline of this trend and it has often led to further problems .
A common method for assessing design is by using expert panels, typically consisting of architectural academics and practitioners. The panel evaluates and provides feedback and a mark or grade. Although the use of expert panels serves to limit the unpredictable nature of subjectivity in design assessment, primarily though the distribution of authority and blame across a group, problems remain. What is often an unstated issue in discussion about panels is the question of criteria. Some panels rely on explicit criteria that contain detailed assessment protocols and marking rubrics. In these circumstances, subjectivity is apparently limited (or at least the degree of subjectivity is controlled within certain parameters). However, at the other end of the scale are panels that receive no preset criteria and that rely on the assessors‟ implicit understanding of the task at hand and of creativity (which, directly or indirectly, are assessed as part of a students‟ work). This latter practice may work for experienced assessors, and at a particular level of design education, but at other levels and when less experienced assessors are involved, some assessment criteria are necessary. Furthermore, in each of these cases, the language of the assessor is central to the assessment process; if the students cannot understand the criteria for assessment, it is unlikely that they will view the process as an objective one .
The question of marking criteria and, not least, consistent and appropriate language is at the core of the critique of studio assessment and is one of the key problems facing design education today. Traditional methods for assessing design are failing to fulfil regional and national quality assurance standards for teaching and learning, and students express concern and dissatisfaction with the process of assessing design . As Ostwald and Williams [16: 155] explain: „[s]tudents often have little confidence in their own designs, have a low level of understanding of the discussion and advice they hear in crits, and are unable to articulate how they can improve their work. The compounded uncertainty arising from this situation leads to much of the stress and pressure associated with the design studio‟. The problem is twofold: firstly, the traditional role of the master and the idea of an individual with superior gifts or talent remain present in the contemporary studio model, allowing subjective assessment. Efforts to rectify this issue through rigorous assessment protocols lead to the second problem, namely the problem of language and the difficulties of arriving at a common understanding of both theassessment criteria in general and of creativity specifically.
Creativity is the raison d'etre of architecture and design and students‟ creative efforts are, directly or indirectly, assessed. This is, however, not always stated. Moreover, students and staff often hold different understandings of what creativity is, further adding to the problem of assessment. The ambiguities surrounding creativity can further complicate the students‟ experience of the design studio, many struggling to respond to the tasks they are presented with and experiencing difficulties finding a balance between form and function, originality and appropriateness, demonstration of creativity and demonstration of knowledge. Expanding our understanding of creativity as it relates to design and developing a disciplinary definition of the term will alleviate some of the pressure placed on the design studio as a mode for teaching and learning. Moreover, it may alleviate some of the frustration and dissatisfaction experienced by both students and staff in relation to teaching, learning and assessing creativity, allowing a more detailed and consistent discourse on the issue.
Design will always carry its romantic legacy and perhaps the very nature of design means that it will always embody a higher level of subjectivity in both delivery and assessment than other disciplines. Subjective elements will to some extent be reflected in design solutions as a designer brings his or her (embodied) experiences, values and ideas to the design situation. Whether or not this should be called talent, genius, identity, habitus or subjective empiricals is beyond the scope of this paper, as is the question if these are qualities shaped by nature or nurture. However, if the design studio is to survive in the current educational climate - which emphasises quality assurance, transparency and objectivity - a better alignment between contemporary studio practice and contemporary models of creativity is required. By further developing the rationalist framework for teaching and assessing design and developing a rationalist model of creativity that acknowledges the role of subjective empirical, and by arriving at a disciplinary agreement of what creativity is, the problems associated with subjectivity may be addressed and the design studio as a contemporary mode for teaching and learning be improved. | <urn:uuid:30416d21-72b4-4022-9080-6cebfd50284a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/study-of-the-changing-nature-of-design-studios-education-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956774 | 5,973 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The ongoing El Niño of 2010 is affecting north Pacific Ocean ecosystems in ways that could affect the West Coast fishing industry, according to scientists at NOAA and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego.
Researchers with the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) at Scripps and NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center report a stronger than normal northward movement of warm water up the Southern California coast, a high sea-level event in January and low abundances of plankton and pelagic fish - all conditions consistent with El Niño.
Sea surface temperatures along the entire West Coast are 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius (0.9 to 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than normal and at points off Southern California are as much as 1.6 degrees Celsius (2.9 degrees Fahrenheit) higher than normal. The most unusually high temperatures were mapped around Catalina and San Clemente islands. While strong winter storms caused an increase in coastal sea levels, scientists are investigating whether the higher sea levels are primarily a result of El Niño, a cyclical phenomenon characterized by warming eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean waters.
"Based on our previous experience of El Niño in California, it is likely to reduce ocean production below normal, with possible effects extending to breeding failure of seabirds, and much lower catches in the market squid fishery," said Sam McClatchie, a fisheries oceanographer at NOAA's Southwest Fisheries. "However, predictions are never certain, and CalCOFI and NOAA ocean-observing systems will continue to provide essential monitoring of the situation."
A combination of satellite remote sensing and field measurements is offering scientists a broader view of the evolution of this El Niño that was not available during previous El Niños, which were especially strong in 1982-83 and 1997-98. Internet technology aboard CalCOFI research vessels is delivering that information faster.
"You can post data the same day it's collected," said CalCOFI information manager Jim Wilkinson of Scripps Oceanography. "It used to take six months to work up some of the data and interpret it."
NOAA Southwest Fisheries oceanographer Frank Schwing said scientists' analytical tools provide better ways to assess the strength of anomalies such as warming that are associated with El Niño.
"We're taking a much more ecosystem-based approach to managing the system," said Schwing. "Because we are more on top of the observations, we can give a more timely heads-up to scientists and managers who are interested in the effects of El Niño."
The two research centers use data collected by satellites and buoy-mounted instruments to measure sea surface temperature. CalCOFI researchers embark on quarterly cruises off the California coast to collect vertical temperature profiles in the upper reaches of the water column. They also count eggs of commercially important fishes such as sardines and anchovies as well as measure plankton volumes to estimate the amount of "production" available to marine organisms. NOAA's Advanced Survey Technologies Group assesses fish populations through acoustic surveys. In contrast with the last major El Niño, Scripps now deploys Spray gliders, diving robots that now gather ocean temperature and other data along transects between CalCOFI stations.
The NOAA and CalCOFI scientists have observed a drop in biological abundance, or productivity, that appears to be related to the northward movement of warm water from the equator. The flow arrives in pulsing Kelvin waves that are detected by sea level and altimeter monitors and coastal tidal gauges. The layer of warm water often stifles the upwelling of nutrients from lower ocean depths that sustain larger populations of fishes and invertebrates.
The researchers reported finding fewer hake and anchovy eggs than usual in the most recent CalCOFI surveys. Sanddab and flounder eggs dominated the samples. Most were collected in a small area east of the Channel Islands.
The scientists added that if El Niño conditions continue, they are likely to be characterized by weaker than normal upwelling and lower biological production. El Niño conditions are forecast to persist into spring. If so, greater biological anomalies than have already been observed may develop.
Note to broadcast and cable producers: University of California, San Diego provides an on-campus satellite uplink facility for live or pre-recorded television interviews. Please phone or e-mail the media contact listed above to arrange an interview.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, at University of California, San Diego, is one of the oldest, largest and most important centers for global science research and education in the world. The National Research Council has ranked Scripps first in faculty quality among oceanography programs nationwide. Now in its second century of discovery, the scientific scope of the institution has grown to include biological, physical, chemical, geological, geophysical and atmospheric studies of the earth as a system. Hundreds of research programs covering a wide range of scientific areas are under way today in 65 countries. The institution has a staff of about 1,300, and annual expenditures of approximately $155 million from federal, state and private sources. Scripps operates one of the largest U.S. academic fleets with four oceanographic research ships and one research platform for worldwide exploration.
Robert Monroe | EurekAlert!
Joint research project on wastewater for reuse examines pond system in Namibia
19.12.2016 | Technische Universität Darmstadt
Scientists produce a new roadmap for guiding development & conservation in the Amazon
09.12.2016 | Wildlife Conservation Society
Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair.
As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners...
At TU Wien, an alternative for resource intensive formwork for the construction of concrete domes was developed. It is now used in a test dome for the Austrian Federal Railways Infrastructure (ÖBB Infrastruktur).
Concrete shells are efficient structures, but not very resource efficient. The formwork for the construction of concrete domes alone requires a high amount of...
Many pathogens use certain sugar compounds from their host to help conceal themselves against the immune system. Scientists at the University of Bonn have now, in cooperation with researchers at the University of York in the United Kingdom, analyzed the dynamics of a bacterial molecule that is involved in this process. They demonstrate that the protein grabs onto the sugar molecule with a Pac Man-like chewing motion and holds it until it can be used. Their results could help design therapeutics that could make the protein poorer at grabbing and holding and hence compromise the pathogen in the host. The study has now been published in “Biophysical Journal”.
The cells of the mouth, nose and intestinal mucosa produce large quantities of a chemical called sialic acid. Many bacteria possess a special transport system...
UMD, NOAA collaboration demonstrates suitability of in-orbit datasets for weather satellite calibration
"Traffic and weather, together on the hour!" blasts your local radio station, while your smartphone knows the weather halfway across the world. A network of...
Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are frequently used in the aeronautic and automobile industry. However, the repair of workpieces made of these composite materials is often less profitable than exchanging the part. In order to increase the lifetime of FRP parts and to make them more eco-efficient, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) and the Apodius GmbH want to combine a new measuring device for fiber layer orientation with an innovative laser-based repair process.
Defects in FRP pieces may be production or operation-related. Whether or not repair is cost-effective depends on the geometry of the defective area, the tools...
10.01.2017 | Event News
09.01.2017 | Event News
05.01.2017 | Event News
16.01.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering
16.01.2017 | Information Technology
16.01.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering | <urn:uuid:46a7b51f-9b70-4a18-8f4c-4b580579ad8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/environment-sciences/improved-real-time-tracking-2010-el-ni-o-reveals-150055.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00061-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912941 | 1,787 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In this course, participants will learn how to create, save, open and close files; enter data; as well as edit using insert, delete, move and copy functions.
- Course Start Date: Nov. 22
- Location: Edmonton
- Time: 9:00 am - 4:00 pm (Note on end times)
- Duration: 1 Day
on the number or students and pace of the class.
It is important to allow for the class to run a little bit longer,
or finish a little sooner, than expected.
- Delivery Method(s):Instructor Led
- Seats Available: YES
- Category:Microsoft Excel Training
that provides you with the quality training that
you have come to expect, and combines it with
flexible learning and a self paced environment.
For more information click here.
- Course Outline
This course is designed for new users. The course provides beginner concepts required to produce basic spreadsheets. Participants will learn how to create, save, open and close files; enter data; as well as edit using insert, delete, move and copy functions. This course presents simple formula creation concepts including the use of built-in functions. Relative formulas will also be covered. On completion of this course students will be familiar with formatting features such as: row heights, column width, alignment, merge cells and number styles. Participants will also work with margins, headers and footers to enhance page layout in different views to prepare for printing.
- Quick Access Toolbar
- Status Bar
- Keyboard Commands
- Contextual Menus and the Mini Toolbar
- Types of Data
- Creating a Blank Workbook
- Opening an Existing Workbook
- Saving Workbooks
- Excel Data
- Moving around in Excel
- Changing Column and Row Size
- Selecting Cells
- Edit Mode
- Cut, Copy and Paste
- Undo and Redo
- Inserting Cells, Rows and Columns
- Deleting Cells, Rows, and Columns
- Deleting Contents of a Cell
- Clear Formatting in a Cell
- Go to Feature
- Spell Checking
- Formatting Cells
- Alignment - Merge and Center
- Patterns and Colors
- Format Painter
- Creating Formulas - Operators and Built-In Functions
- Relative Formulas
- Sum, Average, Max, Min
- Prerequisites & Certificates
Basic computer concepts, skills and knowledge of Windows
Certificate of Completion
- Cancellation Policy
10 business days cancellation or full course fee will be charged
- Map & Reviews
Technology Training Centre
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TTC, B-11 Cameron Library
University of Alberta
Canada T6G 2J8
Registration is fast, and will take approximately 3 minutes. There is no membership fee.
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“We went to war because we were attacked,” President Bush said Saturday in his weekly radio address.
Yeah, by al-Qaeda not Iraq.
For President Bush to say publicly that the United States attacked Iraq because of 9/11 is not only an outright lie but it's a disservice to the over 1,700 men and women that died in combat in Iraq and thousands of other soldiers who were maimed believing they were fighting a war predicated on finding weapons of mass destruction. There have been no less than half-a-dozen federal probes into 9/11 all of which have concluded that there wasn't a link between the al-Qaeda terrorists who blew up the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and Saddam Hussein's regime.
But Bush is desperate. His ratings have slipped below 50 percent. The public is growing tired of the Iraq war. Republicans in Congress fear that a further decline in the president's poll numbers could hurt their chances of being reelected next year. What to do? Once again, get the public to believe Iraq was responsible for 9/11 and that the war was justified. In other words, lie.
With Saturday's radio address, Bush has publicly admitted that his rationale for launching a preemptive strike against Iraq was strictly personal. More than that, though, it proves what we, the dissenters, have said all along: the war was about regime change, nothing more.
The 9/11 terrorist attacks and the so-called threat from Iraq's non-existent WMDs was just an excuse -- a smokescreen this administration used as a way to skirt international laws and to sell the war to a gullible media and a misinformed public -- the president's cabinet used so they could execute a decades-old plan cooked up by hardcore Neocons to “spread democracy” throughout the Middle East by conquering “rogue” nations such as Iraq like some modern day Roman Empire. They call it Pax Americana, Latin for “American Peace.”
“This war... is intended to mark the official emergence of the United States as a full-fledged global empire, seizing sole responsibility and authority as planetary policeman... carried out by those who believe the United States must seize the opportunity for global domination, even if it means becoming the ‘American imperialists’ that our enemies always claimed we were,” said an editorial in the Sept. 29, 2002 edition of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, one of the only mainstream newspapers to sound an early alarm exposing the Neocons' secret plan for world domination.
The truth is, however, that President Bush had set the stage for war with Iraq as soon as he was sworn into office. Richard Clarke, Bush's former counterterrorism specialist wrote in his book, Against All Enemies, that the Bush administration was obsessed with Iraq before 9/11. Even Paul O'Neill, the former Treasury Secretary, made claims similar to Clarke's in his book, The Price of Loyalty. The White House responded to those allegations by calling both men liars and disgruntled public officials, but there's no denying that Clarke and O'Neill were on the money.
In January 2000, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice wrote an article for Foreign Affairs magazine titled “Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest” promoting regime change in Iraq.
“As history marches toward markets and democracy, some states have been left by the side of the road. Iraq is the prototype. Saddam Hussein's regime is isolated, his conventional military power has been severely weakened, his people live in poverty and terror, and he has no useful place in international politics. He is therefore determined to develop WMD. Nothing will change until Saddam is gone, so the United States must mobilize whatever resources it can, including support from his opposition, to remove him. These regimes are living on borrowed time, so there need be no sense of panic about them.”
She echoed that line in August 9, 2000, during an interview with the Council on Foreign Relations, saying Iraq posed the gravest threat to the US and the world.
“The containment of Iraq should be aimed ultimately at regime change because as long as Saddam is there no one in the region is safe -- most especially his own people,” she said. “If Saddam gives you a reason to use force against him, then use decisive force, not just a pinprick.”
The question of whether the Bush administration targeted Iraq prior to 9/11 has long been the center of heated debate between Democrats and Republicans. The Bush administration says Iraq was not in its crosshairs prior to 9/11. But former White House officials, such as Clarke and O'Neill, claim the administration was searching for reasons to attack Iraq as soon as Bush took office in January 2001.
A January 11, 2001 article in the New York Times, “Iraq Is Focal Point as Bush Meets with Joint Chiefs,” is proof.
“George W. Bush, the nation's commander in chief to be, went to the Pentagon today for a top-secret session with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to review hot spots around the world where he might have to send American forces into harm's way,” reads the lead paragraph of the Times article. Bush was joined at the Pentagon meeting by Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, and National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice.
The Times reported that, “about half of the 75-minute meeting ... focused on a discussion about Iraq and the Persian Gulf, two participants said. Iraq was the first topic briefed because ‘it's the most visible and most risky area’ Mr. Bush will confront after he takes office, one senior officer said.”
“Iraqi policy is very much on his mind,” one senior Pentagon official told the Times. “Saddam was clearly a discussion point.”
Jason Leopold is the author of the explosive memoir, News Junkie, to be released in early 2006 by Process/Feral House Books. Visit Leopold's website at www.jasonleopold.com for updates. Copyright (C) 2005 by Jason Leopold.
Other Articles by Jason Leopold
Army Sec, Enron VP, Tom White Wants Govt. Funding For New Energy Project
Cheney, Halliburton Helped Saddam Siphon Billions from UN Oil-for-Food | <urn:uuid:8cf17d29-74a1-43ad-be3a-c27829a3c77a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dissidentvoice.org/June05/Leopold0621.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97228 | 1,345 | 1.59375 | 2 |
The Executive Secretary, National Institute for Cultural Orientation (NICO), Dr. Barclays Foubiri Ayakoroma, has noted that the theatre profession is yet to create good jobs for trained artists in Nigeria because trained theatre artists have not taken the profession seriously.
Dr. Ayakoroma, who stated this in his Keynote Lecture at the 2012 edition of the International Theatre Day (ITD), organized by the National Association of Nigerian Theatre Arts Practitioners (NANTAP), at the Cyprian Ekwensi Cultural Centre, FCT Council for Arts & Culture, Area 10, Garki-Abuja, bemoaned a situation where, unlike other professionals, theatre artists have not consciously tried to make a living out of the theatre.
He argued in a paper titled, Theatre Practice in Nigeria: To Be or Not To Be? that the question of Nigerian theatre practice being alive or dead depends on theatre artists, adding that once trained artists take the profession as if their lives depend on it, then they would be able to affect Nigerians through productions that teach and entertain the citizenry.
Continuing, he highlighted the taxonomy of theatre practice in Nigeria, such as elements of theatre, performance, the performers, the venue, the audience, and special qualities of the theatre which are lifelikeness, ephemeral, being objective, complex, psychological immediacy, and so on, even as he discussed theatre practice in Nigeria from Yoruba Travelling Theatres, Educational Theatres, Amateur Theatres, to Professional Theatres.
The ES acknowledged the contributions of many theatre outfits in Nigeria, which include, University Performing Companies like the Unibadan Performing Company (UPC), the University of Calabar Performing Company (UCPC), University of Port Harcourt Theatre, and private educational theatre initiatives like Wole Soyinka’s 1960 Masks, Bode Sowande’s Odu Themes, and Olu Obafemi’s Ajon Players.
Others are Nigerian Universities Theatre Arts Students Association’s (NUTASA) Nigerian Universities Theatre Arts Festival (NUTAF), the Samaru Theatre Project, Living Earth Nigeria Foundation (LENF), select Amateur Theatre Groups like Anansa Playhouse and Wizi Travelling Theatre, then in Contemporary Nigerian Professional Theatre Practice, where there are PEC Repertory Theatre, National Council for Arts & Culture and its National Festival of Arts and Culture (NAFEST), States Councils for Arts & Culture, NANTAP and its Festival of Nigerian Plays (FESTINA), National Theatre’s Open Theatre, Ajo Production Company, Jos Repertory Theatre (JRT), Arojah Royal Theatre, Dance Guild of Nigeria (GOND), The Crown Troupe, The Ijodee Dance Company and National Troupe of Nigeria (NTN), among others.
Looking at the state of theatre practice in Nigeria, Dr. Ayakoroma asserted that: “Theatre is a slice of life; it is a reflection of our daily existence. We need to use the theatre’s unique characteristics to have determinate impact on the mindset of the Nigerians. Unlike other professionals, theatre artists have not consciously tried to make a living out of the theatre. A good number of theatres in Nigeria have very poor facilities, like seats for members of the audience, who pay to watch performances. This gives rise to situations where members of the audience are uncomfortable, or stand all through productions. Thus, they naturally express their discomfort by running side commentaries on shows, making unnecessary noise and disturbing the peace of the production. Naturally, such members of the audience and those who feel greatly disturbed will bid eternal farewell to the theatre after that type of experience. But it is possible to turn things around so that people would look forward to weekends of artistic entertainment.”
Earlier in their remarks, the National President and Chairman NANTAP Abuja, Gregory Odutayo and Chris Paul Otaigbe, respectively, expressed their appreciation over the celebration, thanking those who were present.
According to Odutayo, the ITD is a day to complain the problems of the artists to the world, hence NANTAP choosing Abuja, the federal capital as a befitting venue for 50th celebration of the event; while on his part, Otaigbe stated that it is the first time NANTAP Abuja is collaborating with national body to celebrate ITD, noting: “We are resolved as one to calm the nerve of Nigeria and direct the minds of Nigerians towards creating ideas that will bring back peaceful and prosperous Nigeria.” | <urn:uuid:ecdf1c01-3086-4e40-9919-087a11e6f028> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nico.gov.ng/2012/04/03/survival-of-theatre-practice-depends-on-professionals-ayakoroma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.929857 | 976 | 1.546875 | 2 |
TGMC Community Sports Institute pushes for healthy kids and healthy communities
Sometimes, the best medicine happens outside the hospital, before an illness or injury occurs.
Since it’s inception in 2014, the Terrebonne General Medical Center's Community Sports Institute has served the community with what Director E. Stan Gravois calls his "moniker," education, prevention and care.
Gravois said he believes that the institute strengthens the well-being of the community.
“When we first started, it focused a lot on our certified athletic trainers, but we found that it’s a lot more than that," Gravois said. "It deals with with kids K-12, not just high schoolers, and extracurriculars but it’s educational on all levels about healthcare. I think everyday we learn a little bit, and certainly every year it’s become more and more and more."
During the 2019-20 school year, the institute has spent over $500,000 on services such as Baseline Concussion Testing for over 1,400 student athletes in the Terrebonne Parish each year, athletic trainers present at over 1,300 events such as high school sporting events, summer league and educational seminars. It has also led initiatives from hands-on CPR training for teachers to following and implementing Louisiana High School Athletic Association protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Learning how to make knowledgeable choices, developing healthy habits, and preventing injuries is essential to having strong students," said TGMC President and CEO Phyllis Peoples. "And we are proud to partner with our local schools and civic organizations to provide this information,”
The Community Sports Institute also gives “Outstanding Scholar” and “Distinguished Athlete” awards to two students every month with gift certificates from local restaurants, Walk-Ons and Copeland’s to celebrate their success.
In 2017, the institute established the Bayou Region Athletic Hall of Fame to recognize local athletes with strong community commitments who hail from Terrebonne, Lafourche and Assumption parishes.
Brett Chiasson, a certified athletic trainer with Community Sports Institute, speaks on the importance of having athletic trainers to take care of acute injuries at extracurricular events and how that relationship benefits both the community and the hospital.
For injuries that are very minor, Chiasson and his peers are able to handle the problem onsite, which ends up saving the parents time and money and reduces visits to the emergency room through their evaluation.
“If someone ends up hurting their neck in the middle of a game, we can go and help stabilize that student-athlete until the ambulance arrives or receive further care from the physician," Chiasson said. "We can be the liaison between the parent, the hospital, the doctor or wherever that kid decides to go.”
Chiasson said he values the personal relationships that he has built with the students at school and the trust they have to go to him if there’s anything wrong. The best advice he can offer them is to take care of their bodies for the future.
“I’m thinking of how will this affect them later on down the road. I want to be there for the kid now and in the future,” he said. | <urn:uuid:a9f78f22-f33b-4697-9cec-3e374fbc197c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/18/tgmc-community-sports-institute-pushes-healthy-kids-and-healthy-communities/6630677002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.96159 | 689 | 1.609375 | 2 |
1.Easy to use and quick to get started
2.The process supports design scales of 300 devices or 1000 pads
3.Supports simple circuit simulation
4.For students, teachers, creators
1.Brand new interactions and interfaces
2.Smooth support for design sizes of over 30,000 devices or 100,000 pads
3.More rigorous design constraints, more standardized processes
4.For enterprises, more professional users
Std EditionJLCPCB -How to Read A Circuit Diagram
This article is mainly for Electronic beginners for [PCB Design](PCB Design) and [DIY PCB Board](DIY PCB Board) or Electronic products.
JLCPCB $2 for 2-Layer PCBs & $5 for 4-Layer PCBs: https://jlcpcb.com
A circuit diagram usually has dozens or even hundreds of components, their connections crisscrossing, form changes, beginners often do not know where to start, how to read it. In fact, the electronic circuit itself has very strong regularity, no matter how complex the circuit, after analysis, it can be found that it is composed of a few unit circuits.No matters how complex the circuit is, it can be found after analysis that it is also composed of a few unit circuits. Therefore, beginners as long as the first familiar with the common basic unit circuit, and then learn to analyze and decompose the circuit ability, understand the general circuit diagram should be not difficult. According to the function of the unit circuit, they can be divided into several categories, and there are many kinds in each category. There are probably several hundred kinds of all unit circuits. Let's choose the most commonly used basic unit circuit to introduce. Let's start with the power circuit.
一. What is a circuit diagram The circuit diagram, also known as a circuit schematic diagram, is a diagram reflecting the electrical connection of each component in electronic equipment. The circuit diagram is composed of some abstract symbols according to certain rules. By analyzing and studying the circuit diagram, we can understand the circuit structure and working principle of electronic equipment. Therefore, understanding the circuit diagram is an important part of learning electronic technology, which is the premise of electronic production or maintenance.
二. Elements constitute the circuit
Text symbols The text symbol is an important part of the circuit diagram. To further emphasize the nature of graphic symbols, but also for analysis, understanding, and elaboration For the convenience of the circuit diagram, the text symbol of each component shall be marked beside the graphic symbol of each component. For example, "R" means resistor, "C" means capacitor, "L" means inductor, "VT" means transistor, "IC" means integrated circuit, etc.
Annotation characters Annotation character is also an important part of the circuit diagram, which is used to explain the numerical size or specific model of components. In figure 1, for example, by commenting characters we can know, the value of resistor R1 Ω 3.3 k, the value of capacitor C1 is 10 mu F, transistor VT models for 9014, the model of integrated circuit IC for mu PCl651, etc.
三. Rules for drawing circuit diagrams addition to uniform graphic symbols and text characters, circuit diagrams also follow certain drawing rules. To understand and master the general drawing rules of the circuit diagram is essential for understanding the circuit diagram.
The signal processing flow direction of circuit diagram The direction of the signal processing flow in the circuit diagram is generally from left to right. Each unit circuit that successively processes the signal is arranged in the direction from left to right, which is the most common arrangement form. For example, the circuit diagram of a wireless microphone is shown in Figure 1. From left to right are the voice signal reception (BM), audio amplification (VT), high-frequency oscillation and modulation (IC), and other unit circuits.
Cable connection Connection wires between components are represented by solid lines in the circuit diagram.
and as picture 4
The signal is converted into an electrical signal. (2) The audio amplifier circuit composed of transistor VT, etc., functions to amplify the audio signal output by BM. (3) High-frequency oscillation and modulation circuit composed of IC, etc., whose function is to generate high-frequency carrier frequency signal and complete frequency modulation.
四. Methods and steps of reading circuit diagram Master the above basic knowledge, you can carry out a complete analysis of the circuit diagram. Let's take the wireless microphone circuit diagram shown in Figure 1 as an example to introduce the basic method and procedure of the reading circuit diagram.
According to the overall function of the circuit diagram, the direction of the signal processing flow of the circuit diagram can be judged by finding the total input end and the total output end of the whole circuit circle. The function of the wireless microphone is to modulate the voice signal to the high-frequency signal and transmit it out. In the circuit diagram in Figure 1, the microphone BM is the total input end and the antenna W is the total output end. The direction from the total input end to the total output end is the signal processing flow direction. Figure 1 shows the direction from left to right.
1 The circuit can be decomposed into three-unit circuits: (1) A voice signal receiving circuit composed of electret microphone BM, etc., whose function is to transfer voice Through the above two steps of analysis, we have a basic understanding of the wireless microphone circuit, can compare figure 1 circuit diagram and figure 6 block diagram, the principle of wireless microphone circuit system analysis. The working process of the circuit is as follows: after the voice signal is received and converted into an electrical signal by the electret microphone BM, it is input to the VT base of the transistor through the coupling capacitance C1. R1 is the load resistance of BM. The transistor VT and so on constitute the voltage amplifier, after the amplification of the audio signal coupled by C1, the output is coupled by C2. R2 is the base resistance and R3 is the collector resistance. Integrated circuit IC and so on constitute a high-frequency oscillator, the oscillation frequency is determined by L, C4 series resonance loop, C4 is the fine-tuning capacitor, used to adjust the oscillation frequency. C3 is the feedback capacitance. The frequency modulation of the high-frequency oscillation signal is carried out by the audio signal coupled with C2, and the frequency modulation signal is coupled to the antenna W and emitted. | <urn:uuid:3c61e5dc-3435-4b5f-bb9a-63b706334919> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oshwlab.com/CatherineAlson/JLCPCB-How-to-Read-A-Circuit-Diagram | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.918519 | 1,340 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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Click fraud is a new type of Internet scam that targets advertising companies rather than consumers. On pay-per-click advertising, a company publishes a small ad in front pages such as Google or Yahoo, which offer an ad service. The ad is displayed for everybody to see, but the company only pays for advertising if a prospective client clicks on the ad. When that happens, the company is billed and Google or Yahoo get a profit. The price is small, sometimes even one penny per click, but when millions of consumers click on the ad every month, the numbers add up.
Click fraud has taken advantage of the pay-per-click advertising programs by republishing the ads in other web pages. While this in itself is not illegal, the problem is that it becomes quite easy for anybody to set up a fake website and publish a list of links or ads; these ads contribute directly to click fraud by allowing publishers, acting as middlemen, to share revenues directly with Google's AdWords/AdSense programs. Most people committing click fraud are operating such a small con that it goes undetected by companies. Those who are truly trying to profit from click fraud may have complex software programs that trick the company into believing the clicks come from different computers or even different countries.
Other forms of click fraud are not directly related to profits. Individuals may use click fraud to cause monetary loses to a competing company or to help a friend who is operating as a middleman to obtain more profits. While there is no direct connection to money in these cases, the person clicking on the ads can be accused of click fraud. Most companies, however, will not go to the trouble of persecuting this, as the court expenses will not justify the nuisance. Class action lawsuits for major loses do happen, however. In 2005, a middle-man company called Auction Experts lost a $50,000 US Dollar lawsuit brought in by Google because of click fraud. Yahoo started a similar lawsuit in 2006 related to its Yahoo! Search Marketing pay-per-click program.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:9c907186-42d6-4866-b4f1-55c0a6e050a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-click-fraud.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00228-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944787 | 472 | 1.882813 | 2 |
All aboard for some tiny travel! At places like Germany’s Miniatur Wunderland or Northlandz in New Jersey, miniature train sets have been expanded to staggeringly detailed model worlds. Some of the world’s most impressive model train sets feature hundreds of tiny people forever frozen in their workaday activities, creating a still universe, brought to life by the passing trains, some of which run on such a complicated system that they have to be controlled using full-size locomotive technology.
Here are nine of the world’s most incredible model train sets:
This mind-boggling miniature world claims the honor of being the world’s largest model train set, and while that’s a bit hard to verify, it’s certainly not hard to believe. With over 50,000 feet of track and over 900 trains buzzing along them each day. And it’s not just the trains that move in this model world. There is a giant/tiny airport with taxiing planes, and city streets where police cars and firetrucks zoom along, controlled by sophisticated software. Seen up close, it’s easy to mistake it for the real world.
Roadside America is a not only a titanic miniature railway model, but also a historic testament to one man’s love of model railroads. The giant display was first started in 1935 by Hamburg resident, Laurence Gieringer, who opened his own house to display it. As the rail lines grew and his model world continued to expand, Gierenger’s project moved to larger and larger spaces until it was installed in its current location in the 1940s.
Today, the diorama covers 8,000 square feet with hundreds of mini-buildings, 18 different trains, a working waterfall and a little Statue of Liberty. God Bless, Roadside America.
Located in Chicago’s Clarendon Park Community Center, the Garfield-Clarendon Model Railroad Club’s sprawling model landscape has been in the works since 1947. The club is dedicated to entertaining and educating people about railworks, using their miniature operation. While the layout has been moved and expanded a number of times over the years, the current incarnation features over 1,500 feet of tracks with a special eye towards recreating the exact details of a real railroad, right down to the meticulously handmade tracks.
Flemington, New Jersey
Both one of the more eccentric model railroads in the world, and the one of the largest in America, New Jersey’s Northlandz is a massive installation that is the passion project of one Bruce Zaccagnino. Having never ridden a real train, Zaccagnino started building the model trains in the basement of a home he was constructing with his wife, Jean, in 1972. Since then, he has continued to expand his little world, which now comprises multiple floors, hundreds of little trestle bridges, and miles of track.
As an added bonus, his homemade museum also includes a large doll collection.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Take a trip through the history of New Orleans train travel a this spectacular, organically minded model railroad system. Built by renowned artist Paul Busse, the New Orleans Train Garden is actually located in the City Park Botanical Garden, and is decorated with actual living plants. The trains that run along the 1,300 feet of track are special as well, each being a replica of a train or street car that traveled the city around the turn of the 19th century.
Opened in 2012, this Japanese model train museum is already one of the most stunning creations of its kind in the world. Built to house the work of model train enthusiast Nobutaro Hara, who began his model train hobby in the 1930s, and working at it throughout his life thereafter. While the Hara museum does not run his complete collection of trains, which numbered over 6,000, it does operate around 1,000 of them, sending them clicking and clacking down 1,500 feet of track.
Many of the trains are even powered by miniature overhead power lines, just like in real life.
San Diego, California
Managed by a quartet of model railroad clubs, the giant display at the San Diego Model Train Museum, in Balboa Park has been chugging along since 1982. Covering 2,700 square feet of indoor space, the exhibit is one of the largest of its kind in the world, and is broken up into four large dioramas, each managed by a different model train club. There is also a gallery of toy trains for anyone who just wants to do some trainspotting.
8. Miniature Railroad & Village
Held in the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, the Miniature Railroad & Village (official name) display is one of the nation’s finest examples of model railroading. The display has been in its current home since 1992, but its roots go back to the 1920s when the little model world was established by a World War I veteran who began recreating his Pennsylvania hometown.
Today however the huge display covers much more ground, but is still focused on recreating a somewhat freeform version of Pittsburgh throughout the ages. The display is so beloved that Lionel Trains, probably the world’s leading manufacturer of model trains, releases a special edition boxcar each year that can only be purchased through the museum.
9. The Great Train Story
When the model railroad exhibit at Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry first opened in 1941, it was one of the largest displays of its type anywhere in the world. While other train displays have since eclipsed the museum’s display in size, today it is about twice as large (3,500 square feet), and still as impressive.
The display is meant to represent a train trip from Chicago to Seattle, and features little landmarks from both cities. Look for Captain Kirk on the Space Needle! | <urn:uuid:68982384-0806-4772-a00f-a4d0edad0fc6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/model-trains-that-are-model-worlds?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=atlas-page | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.953351 | 1,265 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Up until Monday, the past week was turning into one of the quietest so far this year, but then a series of mass casualty attacks swept the country, leaving dozens of people dead and injured. Provincial government buildings and security force installations and patrols were the most common targets of the attacks, although civilians were caught up in many of the blasts. The most devastating attack took place in Kut, where two bombs in a central commercial area left over 30 people dead and over 60 injured. While several of the other attacks involved suicide bombers, they did not inflict nearly as many fatalities.
Distribution of Violence
Incidents were scattered countrywide, and while many took place in Baghdad and the central provinces, there were also several incidents in the northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul, and even some rare attacks in the southern holy cities of Karbala and Najaf, which are normally very well patrolled. Evidently terrorists still have the opportunity to overcome the security measures being maintained by the Iraqi authorities.
The attacks may re-invigorate the debate as to whether or not the US military should stay beyond the Status Of Forces Agreement (SOFA) deadline on 31 December. However, it would be extremely difficult for any Iraqi politician to invite the US to maintain its troop presence on Iraqi soil beyond the date. It is likely that the majority of American troops will have left the country by the end of the year, although some may stay behind to protect specific US assets and to provide support to the Iraqi security forces in a training and advisory role.
Apart from the mass casualty attacks of 15 August the month of Ramadan has remained relatively quiet. This is now a familiar pattern in the country, where the holy month has seen a decline in militant activity over recent years.
Kurdistan remains very quiet, with Iranian troops ending their pursuit of Kurdish terrorists – for now at least – in the Qandil Mountains. However, Ankara may resume its cross border attacks following a terrorist attack against troops in the south east of Turkey earlier on Wednesday. If it does, however, the fallout will remain limited to mountainous areas. Settlements, oil fields and areas of business activity will remain largely unaffected.
In the centre of the country recent violence has been concentrated in Baghdad, with clusters of incidents around eastern Anbar province, north-western Wassit province and scattered throughout Diyala and Babil provinces. The south of the country has seen very little in the way of violence over recent weeks, although Najaf was caught up in the mass casualty attacks of Monday. A double suicide bombing in the Hayy al-Hussein district of the holy city highlighted the fact that even normally quiet and well patrolled parts of the region are at risk of being targeted.
John Drake is a senior risk consultant with AKE, a British private security firm working in Iraq from before 2003. Further details on the company can be found here while AKE’s intelligence and political risk website Global IntAKE can be accessed here. | <urn:uuid:50c5599c-33a6-4f3a-bef5-f9d2216971ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2011/08/17/weekly-security-update-for-17th-august-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00255-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973557 | 606 | 1.601563 | 2 |
BSI, the world-leading business standards company and respected international certification body, provided a compelling case for organisations in the region to adopt international best practice standards and certifications during an interactive seminar session on day one of Arabian Travel Market (ATM) 2016, as Dubai Corporation for Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DCTCM) ups its focus on encouraging hotels and hotel apartments in the Arabian Gulf to take part in green tourism initiatives and awareness programmes.
The seminar, which took place under the theme ‘Environmental and Organisational Sustainability Through Standards’, saw Omar Rashid, General Manager, Training and Professional Services, BSI, draw on his extensive experience to highlight effective ways for organisations to become more sustainable and resilient by adopting standards.
Rashid raised a number of important points about how management systems and the procedures and processes involved with implementation can lead to improved efficiency and cost savings, as well as increased employee engagement; and provide a tool for attracting the growing number of eco tourists from around the world.
“Airlines and hotels are becoming much more conscious about being environmentally friendly,” he said. “This is being driven by the rise of the eco tourist and a desire to cater to them by showcasing eco credentials, such as how you deal with waste and how you recycle and manage your carbon footprint, for instance. Customers are increasingly asking tour operators in the region, particularly in Africa, how operators are complying to international standards.”
Rashid ran through the various standards that can help organisations gain a competitive edge, including Carbon Footprint Verification (CFV), ISO 50001 Energy Management System and ISO 20121 Sustainable Event Management, which was inspired by the London 2012 Summer Olympics.
ISO 14001 Environmental Management (EMS) was also highlighted as one of the most high profile international standards to adopt. “This is an effective management tool to demonstrate how you have cut costs. It sets out the requirements for an environmental management system, giving any company a competitive advantage,” said Rashid.
“It also lays the groundwork for compliance with future statutory and regulatory requirements and inspires increased leadership involvement and employee engagement. Benefits of those who have adopted this standard include a 57% waste reduction, 52% increase in competitive edge and 53% reducing business risk. It is applicable to any organisation of any size and can take from six to 12 months to implement, depending on the size of the organisation,” he added.
The focus on eco tourism mirrors Dubai’s pursuit of environmentally sustainable tourism, which is in line with the vision of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of UAE and Ruler of Dubai.
“Sustainable tourism is a key theme at this year’s Arabian Travel Market,” said Nadege Noblet-Segers, Exhibition Manager, Arabian Travel Market. “The BSI seminar provided a valuable insight into the benefits of adopting these standards for those aspiring to be more sustainable, to build resilience and attract a slice of this valuable market.”
Major aims of DCTCM’s Green Tourism Initiatives, which support Dubai’s vision, are to encourage the hotel sector to be more conscious about the use of natural resources and energy conservation, to implement systems that reduce the emissions of CO2, to spread environmental awareness and social responsibility throughout the tourism sector and create a statistical environmental model for hotels that illustrates the scale of energy consumption and improvements.
For more information on Arabian Travel Market 2016, please visit the website at www.arabiantravelmarket.com | <urn:uuid:34d5be81-9c29-41b5-b86c-ea8c80dd02f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eglobaltravelmedia.com.au/bsi-lays-down-guidelines-for-tapping-into-eco-tourism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00575-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937187 | 736 | 1.546875 | 2 |
ROBERT HARRISON: Cornell was born nearly 150 years ago with a dual role. The first part was to aspire to be a great world class research institution that valued scholarship and teaching as well as research. But the second part was the notion of applying the results of that research to help people in the real world. And I think that duality has become part of our identity, it's become part of our DNA, it's become part of our spirit.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: The land grant mission was born in the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era. Our nation needed universities that word educate more citizens and would educate them to address the very real problems of society.
The heart of the land grant idea, the idea that began with Morrill in the time of Abraham Lincoln and the idea that continues today is that what we do in our laboratories and classrooms, in this excellent university, matters to the world. And what happens in the world should matter and influence what goes on at this university.
ROBERT HARRISON: I think it's important to appreciate that the land grant mission of the university has become such a success through the work of many of our colleges over many, many years now-- nearly 150-- that we were in a position to expand it from New York State, which was originally the focus, to literally the world.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: While it used to be the case that people would focus on local issues or solutions, it's just a reality of this century that we cannot separate the local from the global anymore.
ROBERT HARRISON: I think there's a misconception in how people think about what a land grant university is. Some people think that we have land grant colleges. And in fact, that's not true. Our university is a land grant university. And every department, every discipline, every area, major, and college has the same obligation, the same public service mission.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: The words land grant represent an idea that has change throughout our history to meet the contemporary needs of that moment. Public engagement describes in more contemporary terms what we're about now.
ROBERT HARRISON: Public engagement for Cornell means rolling up our sleeves, getting out in the real world, and addressing some of the most important problems that people around the world are facing.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: The way that public investment shows up around the university is going to be various. How this looks in the humanities and the performing arts versus planning, and design, and engineering, and the health sciences, those are all going to look different.
ROBERT HARRISON: For example, Cornell scientists have figured out how to improve the nutritional value of certain vital crops both grown in New York state and around the world. They've been able to address the mosquito problem, and therefore the malaria problem, in Ghana. And they've been able to deliver water purification systems in Central America to help people have clean, safe drinking water.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: An amazing program in the city of Buffalo is working with NGOs to strengthen their capacity to meet the needs of that city.
ROBERT HARRISON: Breastfeeding promotion programs in Bangladesh. All kinds of programs out of the engineering school to work with NASA.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: The diagnosis and surveillance of diseases that move from animals to humans, like West Nile Virus.
ROBERT HARRISON: Educating prisoners in Auburn, New York.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: There's a lot of work going on with alternative energy.
ROBERT HARRISON: Creating a clinic in Haiti to deliver treatment to patients with HIV/AIDS.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: Our extension activities and our relationships with the counties of New York. Health systems and the hospitality industry coming together in new ways to meet the needs of people living with an illness.
ROBERT HARRISON: The New York City Tech Campus where the city of New York chose Cornell to be its partner, to construct a transformative campus that will impact not just New York City but literally the world.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: Technology discovery from the University moves out into the world. People from the world, and ideas from the world, and knowledge from the world move into the university.
ROBERT HARRISON: It's really a two-way street. On the one hand, we certainly are able to deliver solutions into the field because we have done great work in our laboratories. But on the other hand, we're able to learn from what happens in the field and bring that back to the Cornell campus to include in future research and future curriculum.
Being a land grant university, in particular one as prominent as us-- only one of two private land grant institutions in the country and the only land grant institution in the Ivy League-- is a tremendous competitive advantage for Cornell. We are able to, number one, address the world's problems in a way that many other universities are not. But number two, we're able to attract students who understand that. They appreciate that by coming to a place like Cornell they are able to address meaningfully and immediately the great challenges that the world faces.
REBECCA STOLTZFUS: The problems have changed, society has certainly changed, our students have changed, our ways of educating have changed. But the idea that universities should exist in part to engage the needs of society, to include society broadly, and to be relevant to current trends is exactly the idea of Cornell University pursuing its engagement mission today.
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A celebration (and explanation) of Cornell's land-grant mission and spirit of public engagement on the 150th Anniversary of the Morrill Act. | <urn:uuid:7cb36f08-11c2-4e57-9cb3-32cd1e207bbe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cornell.edu/video/transcripts/http:/www.cornell.edu/president/speeches/20110611-reunion-address.cfm?videoID=2432 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955608 | 1,271 | 2.0625 | 2 |
LONDON – Some in Great Britain (search) are calling for the government to rein in the abortion-at-anytime laws that have been on the books since the late 1960s.
One reason for the new push against abortion is powerful 3D images that are now possible with the latest in ultrasound technology (search). It produces pictures from the womb in more detail than ever before — moving, yawning, even appearing to smile.
If a woman still decides to have an abortion after seeing such vivid images she may not be fit to be a mother, pro-life activists contend. Abortion rights groups say hype over the new ultrasound shouldn't shock the government into change.
Currently, abortions are relatively easy to get up to 24 weeks, or six months, of pregnancy. Some want to reduce that threshold to three months. Parliament is expected to be taking the matter up for debate in September.
Most abortions are performed within two months. Late-term abortions are normally done because the health of the mother is at stake or the baby looks likely to be born severely handicapped.
Click on the video box at the top of this story to watch a report by FOX News' Amy Kellogg. | <urn:uuid:2d8703b2-ff2c-4a37-93b5-689c9c2c8e4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/07/22/new-ultrasound-rekindles-abortion-debate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00214-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959634 | 242 | 2.296875 | 2 |
患难见真情huàn nàn jiàn zhēn qíng Only in a crisis do you know who your friends really are 情人眼里出西施qíng ren yǎn lǐ chū xī shī Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 心甘情愿xīn gān qíng yuàn Happy to do something; Delighted to help 一见钟情yī jiàn zhōng qíng To fall in love at first sight
The queue or 辫子 bianzi was the 'pigtail' that all Chinese men were forced to wear during the Qing dynasty. It was a hated symbol of subjugation under Manchu rule and you see it in films about China during this time. Not wearing the queue was considered treason and received the death penalty. The hair was plaited and never cut and so became very long. As well as the queue Chinese men had to shave off the hair from the front half of the head. Read More
Shuō daò zuò daò [shuo dao zuo dao]
speak arrive make arrive
Say and then make
Do what one says
Actions speak louder than words
Chinasage is a new web resource, started in 2012, pages will be added, enhanced and re-formatted regularly. Please check back soon for updated information about China.
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Our contact page is also available if you have a longer comment. Just type in a quick remark here: | <urn:uuid:45613124-ddd1-4026-82dd-00b7aa65149f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chinasage.info/chars/fch_qing_affection.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00056-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960187 | 374 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Just over a quarter of a century ago, Pope Saint John Paul II released his encyclical, Evangelium vitae, in response to the ever-increasing attacks against human life and dignity. Each Friday, we aim to explore a different aspect the prophetic papal document with today’s passage drawn from Section 12 of the encyclical where Pope John Paul says:
“This reality is characterized by the emergence of a culture which denies solidarity and, in many cases, takes the form of a veritable ‘culture of death’. This culture is actively fostered by powerful cultural, economic and political currents which encourage an idea of society excessively concerned with efficiency,” Pope Saint John Paul II, Section 12, Evangelium vitae.
Reflecting upon this passage is Jenny Ingles, Director of Fertility and Life Ministries for the Diocese of Lansing. Jenny writes:
“The words of Saint Pope John Paul II in Section 12 of Evangelium vitae ring eerily in my ears as I view the wider culture around us. What, in our secular culture, do we base human worth on? How does our society define what a person is, when they begin being such a person and when they cease to be such a person? To answer that question we need only to look at the laws in our nation, the activities of the people and the movements springing up.”
“Legalized abortion insists that some persons are not persons. And depending on the state in which one resides, the criteria for personhood changes as the laws change. IVF has become common place in our country. Personhood is determined by someone else who sifts through embryos and classifies them as worthy or unworthy to be given a chance at life. The unworthy are discarded while others are destined to be frozen for an indeterminate amount of time. And while the secular debate rages on regarding when these defenseless people have a right to be born a movement for Euthanasia is gaining traction throughout the States.”
“Our society no longer sees fit only dictating when a person becomes a person but now wants authority to determine that some people have ceased being people and are worthy of death.”
“John Paul II so wisely understood this ‘culture of death’ to be rooted in societies excessive concern with ‘efficiency’. It is fueled by ‘by powerful cultural, economic and political currents’. This grim assessment of our culture begins Evangelium vitae and serves to remind us that the Truth of the human person is found beyond secular society. It is firmly rooted in God.”
“As we spend the next year examining this encyclical, we must be aware of what is going on around us, but at the same time, hold close to God and remember who we are and who we are not. We are not some animal that gains or loses personhood based on some ‘scientific’ criteria. We are adopted sons and daughters of the creator of life who has made us in His Image and Likeness.”
Pope Saint John Paul II, pray for us! | <urn:uuid:0f7f98a6-51f1-4894-969d-231b840eadf5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stmarymountmorris.org/read-the-gospel-of-life-25-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.95619 | 648 | 2.125 | 2 |
ST. LOUIS, Mo. (KMOX) — The good news is that a series of local town hall meetings has been a hit with the public.
The bad news is how that reflects the community’s concerns about the growing heroin epidemic in the St. Louis area.
Dan Duncan with the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse says there’s no way to overstate the danger posed by an influx of high-purity powdered heroin.
“We’re talking about middle to upper middle class neighborhoods, lots of nice parts of St. Louis County where this is going on, where kids are actually using heroin and they are dying,” Duncan says.
This meeting is open to professionals, parents and students. Speakers will be on hand from The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse – St. Louis Area and the St. Louis County Children’s Service Fund, Law Enforcement Officers and a family member who has lost a loved one to heroin.
This will be the fourth town hall meeting, and at least three more are scheduled before the end of the year.
More than 400 people attended the last one.
There is no charge for this meeting.
Tonight’s meeting starts at 7 p.m. at Marquette High School in Chesterfield.
Copyright KMOX Radio | <urn:uuid:0e5f7bbb-c1ab-4949-b31b-cf935e45bb8f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2011/09/21/meeting-on-heroin-in-chesterfield-tonight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00399-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93687 | 277 | 1.648438 | 2 |
A manager’s role is that of “information processor” whereas a leader’s role is. A manager’s role is that of “information processor,” whereas a leader’s role is
1. A manager’s role is that of “information processor,” whereas a leader’s role is:
to communicate the big picture — the vision.
to serve as a communication champion.
to communicate written information, facts, and dat
both to communicate the big picture — the vision and to serve as a communication champion.
2. Being a good listener expands a leader’s role in the eyes of others because of all EXCEPT:
o active listening is an ongoing part of a leader’s communication.
o total attention is focused on the message.
o a leader concentrates on what to say next rather than on what is being sai
o a good listener finds areas of interest, affirms others, and builds trust.
Discernment involves all EXCEPT:
detecting unarticulated messages hidden below the surface.
paying attention to patterns and relationships.
listening carefully for undercurrents that have yet to emerge.
trying to convince others to agree with a point of view.
4. Messages transmitted through action and behavior are called | <urn:uuid:ed5552ef-ceb9-4318-b380-971c0ffdea10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yourhomeworktutor.com/a-managers-role-is-that-of-information-processor-whereas-a-leaders-role-is/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.911566 | 292 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For a year and a half, John Bolton was the perfect fit for President Bush at the United Nations. Bolton’s appointment as interim ambassador to an organization he had publicly and severely criticized seemed inappropriate in principle—like having Al Gore head up Exxon Mobil—but in practice proved opportune.
Representing the administration before an organization that collectively opposed the Iraq War and the greater war on terror, Bolton exuded the required measure of loyalty to Bush and disdain for the UN to cut a steadfast, even stubborn, figure behind the bold and unsettling legacy of American preemption.
His experience establishing the Proliferation Security Initiative as undersecretary of State for arms control aided his efforts to pass Security Council resolutions curtailing North Korea’s and Iran’s nascent nuclear programs. He succeeded in getting Burma—whose human-rights abuses had long been ignored by the UN—onto the organization’s permanent agenda, and he played a major role in the UN’s work to end the war between Israel and Hezbollah. But his abrasiveness and distrust of the UN’s multilateral approach won him few friends in the General Assembly—the South African ambassador to the UN told the Washington Post that Bolton “wants to prove nothing works at the United Nations.”
Since his resignation—announced after the Senate Foreign Relations Committee blocked his appointment from interim to permanent ambassador—Bolton has been making the rounds, all the while remaining loyal to the president. He’s done The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and debated James Carville at American University, and I’ve seen him walking down L Street in downtown DC near the American Enterprise Institute, where he’s now a scholar.
In November, Simon & Schuster will publish Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the UN and Abroad, the mustachioed neocon’s account of his 17-month tenure at the UN. The book promises to be not only a bold defense of the Bush administration but also a fascinating firsthand narrative of a crucial season in the tenuous relationship between the United States and the UN.
In Bolton, President Bush has lost a kindred spirit at the UN but gained an outspoken cheerleader in the court of public opinion. This may be a better situation for the world—and for the president. | <urn:uuid:0a2c615f-ce93-4841-8394-ad52d664a421> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.washingtonian.com/2007/04/30/future-bookshelf-john-boltons-bold-defense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00337-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95064 | 476 | 1.65625 | 2 |
A Consumers Council of Canada Spotlight Report concerning class actions and access to justice in Ontario. Bill 161, The Smarter and Stronger Justice Act, while including many important and recommended reforms, includes changes specific changes to the Class Proceedings Act that threaten access to justice and redress for Ontario consumers and tilts marketplace power away from the people of Ontario towards powerful economic interests. Those changes by imposing new predominance and superiority tests before certification of class action lawsuits could lead to the need for more, not less direct government involvement in the marketplace, by removing a tool of consumers to obtain both justice and redress when harmed physically and financially.
Available to Consumers Council of Canada members at no additional charge. Using the Web Player go to: My Account>My Content. Or just open an installed FluxPlayer app.
Your payment or voluntary contribution helps fund the Council's research and representation. | <urn:uuid:f37bc629-4ff8-492a-bb9b-2105619537eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cccshop.consumerscouncil.com/ca/Consumer-Complaints-and-Redress/c/3215/Class-Actions-and-Access-to-Justice-in-Ontario-%5BEPUB%5D/p/148029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.923704 | 176 | 1.539063 | 2 |
by M. Sigmund Shapiro
June 4, 1999
Some time ago, I wrote about the advantages a sophisticated exporter or importer would enjoy by taking note of the terms of sale that should be employed in international transactions.
An axiom in international trade that probably harks back to the ancient Phoenicians, states that you should buy FOB and sell CIF. The reason is fairly obvious, all things being equal. An FOB purchase “presumably” covers only the cost of the goods at the FOB point (factory or port of exit, while CIF can include a myriad of items either actual or built up, unknown to the purchaser. Why then, do many importers accede to the seller’s CIF terms? Mostly its because of convenience. The seller arranges and is responsible for delivery to the discharge port. But at what cost? Especially since there are ample opportunities at point of origin to arrange shipping and other details subsequent to purchase. And at the same time, save some duty.
Here’s how. Under current US Customs law and regulation, the price of goods is usually the “transaction value” which is essentially defined as the total payment for the goods, “exclusive of any costs, charges or expenses incurred for transportation, insurance and related services incident to the international shipment of the merchandise…” These costs must be the actual ones-not estimates, and evidence, apart from the invoice for the goods, must be submitted to obtain a deduction from the invoice to arrive at a dutiable value. So if you ship CIF, these elements must be developed and evidence of payment submitted, in order to deduct the charges. This isn’t a problem with an FOB purchase since the charges aren’t in the selling price.
Of course, FOB can be a tricky term. To buy ex-works creates a problem for the buyer not familiar with the inner transportation techniques of, say, Korea. Easier, then to buy FOB Pusan and forgo a deduction for the freight from the factory to seaboard. But, if the supplier can furnish the importer with a copy of a trucking bill, the deduction will probably be allowed. And of course, the ocean freight is no longer a problem, since it is paid on this side.
Insurance is another problem. Most CIF shipments are insured under the seller’s marine policy, the rate for which is not easily identifiable. Customs has ruled that only independent evidence of actual payment will allow a deduction. Furthermore, there is a dimly understood IRS regulation that assesses an excise tax on insurance premiums paid abroad. FOB shipping, with insurance underwritten in the US avoids this complication, allows a deduction from Customs value and, incidentally, allows for quicker, more efficient claims payment.
The biggest deduction that can be allowed from a CIF price is, of course, the ocean freight. In days past, if you were buying CIF, it was an easy matter to contact the steamship agent and determine, from the ocean manifest, the amount of freight charged. Customs accepted this method, notwithstanding that the shipper may have paid a lesser amount. As long as there was a confirming number on the manifest, deduction could be made.
This is no longer true. The recent passage of the Ocean Shipping Reform Act provides for confidential agreements between carriers and shippers/consignees. Steamship lines don’t have to show the freight amount on bills of lading or manifests. When Customs was approached for a solution, they said, in effect, “too bad”; either produce evidence of what was charged or forgo the deduction.
A Hobson’s choice? You bet. Another bit of evidence to show that importing should be done on a FOB point of origin basis.
Ironically, however, the new law has little or no effect on the rest of the trading world. Virtually every one of our trading partners assess duties on a CIF price. (The U.S. has tried to conform to the rest of the world in the past but it didn’t work. Because of our size, the same goods would land at different prices all over the country). So exporters are in the driver’s seat in quoting CIF.
And we're proud to admit it! We treat our clients like friends. We tell it to you like it is. We turn up the heat when we need to. And we expect you to do the same! | <urn:uuid:0ee157a8-c172-461a-84b1-eacc7b6df44e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.shapiro.com/our-company/editorials/fob-or-cif-that-is-the-question-shakespeare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00012-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950245 | 938 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Electric Energy Consumption. EES 205. US Energy Consumption: 100 QBtu. 30% of US Energy Transportation. 40% of US Energy Electricity. Electricity End Use. Power & Energy. 15 Watt bulb consumes 15 W of power continuously. 15 Watt bulb on for 1000 hours consumes
15 Watt bulb consumes 15 W of power continuously.
15 Watt bulb on for 1000 hours consumes
15 W x 1000 hours = 15,000 Wh of energy.
15,000 Wh x 0.001 kWh/Wh = 15 kWh
kWh is the standard unit of electric energy.
We don’t pay for power.
We pay for the electric energy that we consume.
So, we pay for kWh.
The cost of electric energy in CT is about 20 cents per kWh
The cost of running a 15 W bulb for 2000 hours:
Energy = 15 W x 2000 hours
= 30,000 Wh
= 30,000 Wh x 0.001 kWh/ Wh
= 30 kWh
Cost = 30 kWh x 20 cents/kWh
This meter measures the energy (in kWh) consumed by appliances and electronics.
These measurements can help you reduce your electric energy use. The device can help you “kill a watt” | <urn:uuid:47e566e1-7b1d-4979-a809-1b1035e58577> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideserve.com/hova/electric-energy-consumption | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00451-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860437 | 254 | 2.78125 | 3 |
With the dazzling advancement of science, the global landscape continues to grow at a blinding speed. With this change, the needs of the relocation of the employees enhance as well. This simply means that the mobility professionals of different companies are required to navigate the shifts of the employee demographic and find out the changing expectations of the mobile workforce of today.
The global mobility specialist course helps the experts to spot the changing requirements of the mobile employees and find unique methods of helping them.
In the following section of this article, the professors of the course have tried to explore a flexible framework that can help the companies to recruit, retain, and develop the brightest and best people. Check it out.
Successfully Adopting the Core/ Flex Policy Framework
The best way to ensure the successful implementation of a core/flex policy framework is an engaging HR department. The help of the important unit stakeholders is also really necessary in this regard. Other essential tips that you need to keep in mind to make this goal successful is,
- Designing your policy to match the goal.
- Being mindful of duty care and compliance.
- Striking the right balance between the need and entitlement.
The workers’ mobility has not only increased due to the change in job types. The willingness of the workers to work abroad has helped this change to take place as well. In the last few years, people who are searching for a job are now willing to move to other countries for a better job.
A recent study indicated that one in every five participants has already had international work experience. About 64 per cent of the job seekers have said that they are willing to travel to another country for work. This eagerness to work elsewhere is the force driving the global mobility of the workforce, the professors of global mobility specialist course pointed out.
The socio-political conditions, as well as the economic health of the country, might also be responsible for that. The study has shown that the job seekers of the developing nations are astounding. However, in some cases, the job seekers of developed countries have also shown the same streak.
The surveyors found that 94 per cent of the job seekers of the Netherlands are okay to move abroad for job opportunities even though the country is not experiencing any political upheaval. The job seekers of France, where the economy has been exhibiting the signs of stagnation, are also willing to move to another country at least temporarily.
Job seekers or the US, UK, Germany are not as willing to move another country for a job. Only 44 percent of the patricians in Germany and the Uk has said that they will try to get a job in another country. While the reason for such decisions varies from person to person, the economic stability and growth and the comfort of home are keeping them away from even thinking about taking up a job abroad.
Overall, the professors of global mobility specialist courses pointed out that it is the youth who are more willing to move than the older people. The difficulty they have faced at the beginning of their career due to the financial depression might be the most probable cause for it. | <urn:uuid:757c2410-9824-41b2-99c2-f8e73594cf95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cito.ca/decoding-employee-flexibility-in-the-global-mobility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.965366 | 631 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The Pritikin diet makes big claims. Proponents believe that this simple diet can help you lose weight and prevent health problems.1 Scientific studies have backed up some of these big promises. The lifestyle changes the Pritikin diet advocates are associated with better heart health.2
In this article, we’ll investigate the truth behind the bold claims which advocates of the Pritikin diet make. We’ll look at what the Pritikin diet involves, the science behind it, and how to best practice it.
What is the Pritikin diet?
The Pritikin diet became popular when inventor, nutritionist, and independent longevity researcher Nathan Pritikin published his book The Pritikin Program for Diet and Exercise.3
At the time, the programme seemed unusual. It involves eating low-fat, high-fibre foods and regularly exercising, which was controversial amongst the post-war American public. However, today, most of the eating habits that the Pritikin diet advocates are widely accepted and part of mainstream nutritional advice.4
The original Pritikin diet has been modernised by Nathan Pritikin’s son, Robert. Robert Pritikin suggests that adherents to the Pritikin diet prioritise eating foods with low calories for their size, like broccoli.
How does the Pritikin diet work?
The Pritikin diet advocates a ten-step plan for healthy eating, which is as follows5:
- Begin your meals with soup, salad, or whole grains. These foods are satisfying and can help you stop yearning for high-fat, high-calorie foods
- Avoid drinks high in sugar and calories. Instead, drink more water, and if you must indulge, choose a glass of red wine each day
- Prioritise foods of low caloric density
- Only snack at set times and only with healthy foods
- Eat whole foods which are minimally processed or entirely unprocessed. Never eat fast food
- Exercise as a habit, but prioritise walking and strength-training, for stamina concurrent to muscle development
- Avoid meat, especially red meat, choosing fish like salmon instead
- Avoid adding excess salt
- Don’t smoke
- Engage in stress-relieving practices, like self-massage, meditation, and yoga
What foods can you eat on the Pritikin diet?
Food that the Pritikin diet advocates, includes:
- Brown rice
- Leafy greens
- Root vegetables
Other recommended dietary behaviours include:
- Eating lean meat irregularly
- Consuming fish three times a week
- Avoiding deep-fat fried foodstuffs
- Eating three meals a day, every day
- Practice some kind of exercise each day
- Avoiding excess added salt
Last updated: 23 April 2021 | <urn:uuid:27850701-d3b8-44ac-a5f8-3c73e0d15b50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hollandandbarrett.ie/the-health-hub/food-drink/diets/what-is-the-pritikin-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.907124 | 788 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Kuncan Nambyar) (1705–1770) was an early Malayalam languaqge poet, performer, satirist and the inventor of Ottamtullal, a local art form, from present day Kerala State State .Kunchan Nambiar spent his early childhood at Killikushimangalam.He was the master of satirist poetry. The chief contribution of Nambiar is the invention and popularization of a new performing art known as Tullal . The word literally means "dance", but under this name Nambiar devised a new style of verse narration with a little background music and dance-like swinging movement to wean the people away from the Cayar Kuttu, which was the form popular till then. He was to use pure Malayalam as opposed to the stylized and Sankskritized language of Koottu. He also adopted many elements from Padayani or Kolam Tullal and certain other folk arts. It is reasonable to assume that he was himself a performer. The firsthand knowledge of the various thalas and ragas and even the practices of drummers is a pre-requisite for the writing of a Tullal. Kunchan Nambiar possessed this in abundance.
Each Tullal composition consists of a local Puranic tale retold in simple rhythmic verse, fit for loud recitation before an audience. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on the basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz., Ottan, Sitankan and Parayan. Dravidian metres are used throughout although there is nothing to prevent the insertion of a quatrain in a Sanskrit metre. Nambiar also developed new metres (e.g. Vaytari metres) based on the vocal notation for various talas. The language also is predominantly Malayalam with a large admixture of colloquial and dialectal forms. Humour is invariably the dominant mood: other bhavas are brought in for variety and to suit the situation. One of the oft-quoted lines from his poems is "Nokkeda nammude margey kidakkunna markada niyangu mari kida saddha" (in Nambiar's retelling of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharatha, Prince Bhima of the Pandavas tells half-brother monkey god Hanuman to move from his way, by saying "Go lie elsewhere, you obstinate monkey “)
In one of his poems, "Kalanillatta Kalam" (roughly translated as 'Time Without Any Death'), Nambiar wonders how life would be if there were no death. He sees homes crowded with ever-shrinking aged ancestors."Tottodiya Pada" is a poem that describes in witty detail how an army retreats from a losing battle.
Kunchan Nambiar is believed to have written over forty Tullal composition. Some scholars allot a larger number to his credit. They belong to all the three types: 21 Otttan, 11 Sitankan and 9 Parayan. The most important of Nambiar's Thullals are: Syamantakam, Ghoshayatra, Kiratam, Santanagopalam, Patracaritam, Kartaviryarijunavijam, Bakavadham, Kalyana Saugandhikam, Hariniswayamvaram, Tripuradakanam and Sabha Pravesam. Nambiar was an extrovert and observed the life around very closely. He was also very critical of the social evils he saw around him. Thus even when the main story is from the Hindu Puranas, he would introduce digressions in plenty and use such occasions to comment on life in his own time. He did not worry about the charge of anachronism. He knew his audience very well: not scholars and poets, but laymen, especially soldiers, barely literate. “Thullal” is a type of performing art from Kerala and have a poem composition as its script. Ottanthullal is one among the three types of this category of poems. It is more famous than its other two categories Seethankan and Parayan. Kunchan Nambiar’s famous thullals are: Kalyana Saugandhikam, Hariniswayamvaram, Syamantakam, Ghoshayatra, Kiratam, Santanagopalam, Patracharitam, Kartaviryarijunavijam, Bakavadham, Tripuradakanam and Sabha Pravesam.
Each of Kunchan Nambiar’s thullal had a message and he was very critical to point out social evils that he saw around him during his life period. Kunchan Nambiar was a true poet in all sense and never ever bothered about the charge of anachronism. It is heard Kunchan Nambiar started to compose these poems for the poorer section of society who loved literature, during that era. This was the time when caste discretions were severe and the higher caste restricted the lower class to listen to poems and enjoy performing arts such as Kathakali. It is during this time Kunchan Nambiar decided that he should take a step forward to extend his new form of art to all art lovers and not to just higher casts. Kunchan Nambiar performed outdoors most of the time and his language was simple and straight, though a great scholar and by birth belonged to a scholar higher cast family. Not much ware about of this poet is known to the recent world but some say he had an unfortunate death by Rabies disease. This disease had no cure and bitten by rabies infected dog those days meant certain death. Some scholars have found evidence that he even created humour poem on the disease and mocked his near death circumstance.
Kunchan Nambiar believed that entertainment without humour was useless. The preface of most of his Ottanthullal clearly communicated to abandon his show to those who did not like comic and humour. The popularity of Kunchan Nambiar’s Ottanthullal affirms this vision. Kunchan Nambiar can be compared to Chaucer and Rabelais for his boisterous humour and knowledge of contemporary life. Kunchan’s Ottanthullals had set no limits to obscenity as per rules of his living era, often this came to sharp criticism from Nambudiris, Tamil Brahmins, Nayars, courtiers, courtesans who were authority to literature during those time. Kunchan Nambiar often induced his own version humour tales into the main stream story without altering its subject. Kunchan Nambiar transformed the major holy books of Hindus and popular tales to “thullal”. The war of Ramayana is a holy tale of Lord Sri Rama conquering the demon king Ravana and eradicating the evil. This war is believed to be fought at today’s Sri Lanka years back.
Ravana is considered as a brutal ancient King who ruled Sri Lanka before 3500 years. Ravana had only one obsession; “war”. He attacked most of the neighbouring states and kings and brought misery to the people there. Ravana was so evil that he used his magical powers given by GODs against GODs itself. Ramayana war is depicted by Kunchan Nambiar in one of the Ottanthullal “Kartavirarjuna Vijayam”. I am going to explain how Kunchan Nambiar has depicted the mental attitude of Ravana and his brutality. The composition thus communicates the sadist mind of Ravana and also humorously narrates it to his unscholarly audience. Ravana is depicted boasting his own powers to his fellow army men. The names of the Kingdoms mentioned in the following lines are ancient and cannot be compared to modern countries/cities. It is mere translations from Kunjan Nambiar’s Ottanthullal.
Kunchan Nambiar was born at Kalakkath Tharavad in Killikurisimangalam of Palakkad district in the beginning of the 18th century. (There is no record to prove the exact date of birth of this artist and it is presumed that his birth would have been around 1700 or so). Most part of his life was spent as a poet in the palaces of kings and houses of feudal land lords. Thus Nambiar had lot of exposure to the way day to day affairs of the rich were carried out. Being an observer the corruption, cruelties, fooleries existed there were all studied deeply by this bard who was better known as a satirist. His creations have dealt severe blows to the Obsolete systems prevailed in those timesno wrong doer was left uninjured by this pen wielding one man army. As his attacks were sugar coated with sweet satire even the injured joined among the laughing brigade.
17th and 18th centuries were bad times for Malayalam language as well known writers considered pure Malayalam as an inferior one. Hence they wrote in Sanskrit which was then considered as a divine language. This phenomenon created a wide gap between the learned and the ordinary people. The laymen did not understand what the writers write. And they simply kept away from the literary field. Major part of Kunjan Nambiar’s life was spent at Ambalapuzha (then capital of Chempakassery kingdom) where he reached from his native land Killikurissimangalam after a short stay at Kottayam. It is while he was staying at Ambalapuzha he created the popular performing art “Thullal”. The story runs like this. In Ambalapuzha temple during festivals as a ritual a performing art by name “Koothu” was conducted. The performer of this art is known as “Chakyar”. Sri Kunjan Nambiar was the player of “Mizhavu” (a local percussion instrument). As the play was going on at night, poor Kunjan Nambiar just dozed off while playing the mizhavu!
The koothu is a program in which the performer narrates the mythological stories and in between talk about social events in satirical style. The dialect used is half prose and half verse. When the chakyar saw Kunjan Nambiar dozing he started telling stories humiliating the dozing Nambiar. And the viewers where enjoying the scene and they were in great applause. Hearing this noise Kunjan Nambiar woke and was ashamed. A great artist of satire became a laughing stock! Kunchan Nambiar was thinking how to snub this chakyar for what he did last night. Rest of the night and next day he was engaged in giving birth to a new form of performing art which could attract the crowds gathered before the chakyar. Next night when chakyar was performing as usual opposite to that there was commotion people were seen gathered at the center was Nambiar with a strange crown and a colorful skirt decorated with a lace tender leaves. His face was made up with “manayola” (a local coloring material). There were brass rings decorating his hands and neck with big beaded local laces.
His art was simple and the language any laymen, could follow. That was the first time people saw such an art in their life as they were bored of the old rituals playing for generations without any innovations. As the artist stretched his hands on both sides as he sung the songs, people called it thullal (thullal mean jumping, dancing or just shivering! What the people meant is left to guess). The story was “Kallyana Sougandhikam” an extract from Mahabharata where Lord Bhima travels to collect a rare flower by name kallyana sougandhikam. And see his elder brother Hanuman on the way and got engaged in lengthy conversations as Bhima does not recognizes his brother etc. It was the language people heard for the first time in a performance which had none of the unusual intricacies of Sanskrit. People were thrilled to hear the verses in the plain language they use in their day today life. Kunchan Nambiar lavishly used the similes to insult the land lords and other so called very reputed personalities of that time as Bhima’s image was pictured like them foolish and arrogant landlord. People were thrilled but the chakyar was not. He went to the king and complained against Nambiar. The king of Chembakassery who knew about the pranks of Kunjan Nambiar and ordered that from that day onwards no “thullal” will be performed in the Ambalapuza temple compound.(even now this order is obeyed by the temple). But the king did not ban the art as it is in the case of the present ministers. The thullal performances and the lyrics used in it spread like wild fire it became an essential performance in all temple festivals barring the Ambalapuzha temple.
The art of thullal was not created from the vacuum. Kunjan Nambiar adopted much from the existing tribal performances and gave it a great shape adding his sarcastic style of lyrics as an icing on it. He later improved it in to three styles “oattan”, “seethankan”, and “Parayan”, the three had minor changes in its dress and style they were derived from the performances observed by castes like “Kanian, Pulaya and Paraya” respecively. In thullal the performer himself sings and says the story. The troop which accompanies the main artist repeats the same when each sentence is completed. This gives the people a chance to clearly follow what is said and enjoy the satire to the maximum.Later when Ambalapuzha was conquered by Travancore, Kunjan Nambiar moved to Thiruvananthapuram, there he happened to meet and befriend with great artists in Malayalam literature like Unnayi Varier and Ramapurathu Varier.
Prof. John Kurakar | <urn:uuid:97958af7-a6f8-4074-b519-f60a53ee2d20> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://profkurakar.blogspot.com/2012/01/kunchan-nambiar-malayalam-poet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979875 | 2,972 | 2.71875 | 3 |
My great-grandfather founded the Rialto Theater in tiny Grayling, Mich., in 1915. His handbills advertised an opening-day screening of "The Twenty-Million-Dollar Mystery" on "two good single reels."
I run the same theater today, almost 99 years later. But two good single reels aren't what they used to be. Our theater is threatened now because Hollywood movie studios are phasing out 35mm film and beginning to distribute new movies only in digital format. In December, Paramount Pictures announced that "Anchorman 2" would be its final movie printed on film, and other studios are expected to quickly follow suit. Unless we convert to digital projection — an undertaking that will cost upward of $60,000 (or four times as much as our last new film projector) — our theater will have to close.
Thousands of other small-town theaters are similarly at risk. According to the National Assn. of Theatre Owners, as of July there were 4,126 screens in the United States still projecting film — many of them in small towns and many that will likely close in the coming year because they cannot afford the digital transition.
When I consider what the Rialto means to this town of 1,884, I sense what a blow to rural America this loss of movie houses will be. The independent movie theater retains an outsize role in these communities that is quite unlike that of a city or suburban multiplex. In Grayling, our Art Deco theater (rebuilt in 1930 after a fire) is the architectural landmark on the main street of town. It is the only venue that draws large crowds to downtown year in and year out. Quite apart from any historical importance, closing this theater would irreparably deform the center of our town.
There is more at stake than just the fate of a speck on the map of northern Michigan. Small-town movie theaters still have a national purpose: the integration of far-flung places into our national culture. Every time we show a blockbuster on opening night, every time we screen a documentary or a foreign film, every time our audience feels empathy for a character the likes of whom they might never encounter in real life, we are issuing a reminder: yes, this little town is part of the wider world.
Television and the Internet notwithstanding, the movie theater plays a special role in cultural inclusion. In a small town, the movie theater is a quasi-public institution that can lend significance to a film that streaming it on Netflix never will. But a movie theater doesn't just connect the members of a small community to the world, it also connects them to one another. A busy night at this theater, with excited kids running all over the place and the laughter of a couple hundred people in the auditorium, is a collective experience that is simply irreplaceable.
The people in our community understand this and have never questioned the continued relevance of a movie theater to their common life. Rather than close the place, we launched an online fundraising campaign that is well on its way to paying not just for a digital projector but a restoration of the 1930s-era interior.
So the Rialto has a shot at making it over the digital hurdle. Still, the movie industry itself could do more to help other independent theaters stay open. Studios could offer, for example, a small rebate on the film rental fees paid in recent years to be applied to making the digital transition. That would link any assistance to the theater's actual contribution to the studios' bottom line, and enable small markets to continue generating revenue. Surely this would serve the studios' interests better than simply allowing theaters to close.
If studios and small theater owners do not find a creative and cooperative solution to this problem, many viable and culturally significant businesses will be pointlessly destroyed in the coming months. At stake is a piece of our heritage as well as the richness of our communal life.
When I took over the theater from my father, I asked him why he'd thought it was important to keep it open all these years. "Because," he said, "a community suffers when people don't do things together. You can't just do everything all by yourself."
If there's one thing we should have learned in this country by now, it's that. | <urn:uuid:684e39cf-ad0a-4344-b24f-a3c16f6b72e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dailypress.com/la-oe-stancil-35mm-indie-theaters-20140219-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961261 | 881 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Meta Content Framework Using XML
- R.V. Guha (Netscape Communications) <email@example.com>
- Tim Bray (Textuality) <firstname.lastname@example.org>
This document provides the specification for a data model for describing information organization structures (metadata) for collections of networked information. It also provides a syntax for the representation of instances of this data model using XML, the Extensible Markup Language.
Table of Contents
1.1 History and Motivation
1.2 The Basis of MCF
2. The MCF Data Model
2.1 Labels, Nodes, and Arcs
2.2 Units and Primitive Data Types
2.3 The Set of Bootstrap Nodes
3. Representation of MCF
3.2 Special Idioms
3.3 Linking to Schemata
3.4 Processing MCF Blocks
4.1 The Acme Content Company Web Site
4.2 Schema Extensions for Acme
4.3 A Simple DTD
A. Standard Vocabulary
A.2 Property Types
A.2.1 Properties used to describe Agents
A.2.2 Properties used to describe Content
A.2.2.1 Authorship Related Properties
A.2.2.2 Properties related to the size of the object
A.2.2.3 Temporal properties of the content
A.2.2.4 Properties about the content itself
A.2.2.5 Properties about content access
A.2.2.6 Other properties about content
A.2.3 Properties related to schedules.
The need for machine-usable descriptions of collections of distributed information is increasing rapidly. There have been a number of proposals in the recent past that have made significant steps toward this goal,
including HotSauce MCF, CDF, PICS, and WebCollections.
The existence of multiple proposals reflects the fact that this type of information is needed for multiple purposes, and that there are many groups interested in its availability and use. This diversity of effort is reflected in a diversity of terminology; discussions have been couched in terms of "metadata", "typing", "schemas", "labels", and "collections," while all in fact dealing with the same underlying constructs and problems.
We believe the following principles to be central to making progress in this area:
- There is no useful distinction between data and metadata. Every item of information, without exception, is likely to be regarded by some applications as ancillary and never to be displayed, and by others as core content that needs to be formatted, printed, or searched.
- For interoperability and efficiency, schemata designed to serve different applications should share as much as possible in the way of data structures, syntax, and vocabulary.
The consequence of the first principle is that it is simply incorrect to reserve any special syntax for use just in "metadata".
The second principle is what really drives this proposal. It is inevitable that there will be a plethora of classes of information about information; note some of the examples listed above. If they share a common syntax, this is good, but it is not enough. For example, suppose a mature commercial word processor package were to offer a "save as XML" format, which exported an XML representation of its internal document data structures and attributes. While marginally more open than the processor's native format, this would not be of any substantial use, because to operate on this file would de facto require the use of the program which generated it.
To a certain extent this is inevitable - in many cases, data created for the purposes of a particular application will contain items that are only meaningful to that application. But the situation can be greatly improved. If information about information can share a common data model and vocabulary, it will be possible to query and manage metadata to some degree, even without fully understanding it.
In this document, we draw upon the features provided in the other proposals mentioned above, and on other work in this area, to develop a single data model and corresponding interchange format which can be used for many purposes, including for example
- describing the structure of web sites or a set of channels
- threading email
- PIM functions
- distributed annotation and authoring
- exchanging commerce-related information such as prices, inventories, and delivery dates
Meta Content Framework (refered to henceforth as MCF) is a structure description language. The field of structure description languages is well understood and it is not our desire to reinvent any of it. Our goal is to select the portions of it that are required for our task. One benefit of this approach is the ready availability of tools and algorithms for manipulating MCF.
We abstract an information organization structure as a Directed Labelled Graph (DLG). DLGs are well understood and as far as possible, we will use the terminology that is standard to the treatment of DLGs. In MCF, relationships between objects are represented in an unsurprising way by DLG arcs. DLG arc labels are themselves objects which participate in relationships.
New kinds of data appear on the web routinely. It should be possible to extend MCF dynamically to accommodate them. Furthermore, the list of potential applications for MCF is open-ended and each application might wish to add and use its own kinds of metadata. Though an application might associate arbitrary semantics with the new labels, it would be highly desirable if some significant portion of these semantics could itself be expressed with MCF. In light of these requirements, using DLGs, we include a simple, extensible type system as part of MCF.
An MCF database is a set of Directed Labelled Graphs, comprising:
- a set of labels (often referred to as properties)
- a set of nodes
- a set of arcs where each arc is a triple consisting of two nodes (the origin and destination) and a label.
In MCF, nodes can represent things like web pages, images, subject categories, channels, and sites. They can also represent "real-world" objects such as people, places, and events. The labels are nodes that correspond to properties such as size or lastRevisionDate used to describe web pages, subject categories, etc., and also to relations (such as hyperlinks, authorship or parenthood) between these things.
Each label/property is a node (but not all nodes are properties). So, if we had a label pageSize that is used to specify the basic size of documents, we would also have a pageSize node. This node could itself participate in relationships that help constrain and therefore specify the semantics of pageSize. We would for example specify that the domain of pageSize is Document and its range is SizeInBytes and that a document has exactly one pageSize. We would also use a Property to provide human readable documentation of the intended semantics of pageSize.
The figure below illustrates some simple nodes and properties, illustrating that how properties can be attached to properties.
This self-description allows MCF to be its own schema definition language. This in turn allows MCF to be dynamically extended by an author or application.
A node can either be a primitive data type or a "Unit". The primitive data types are the same as the Java primitive data types. In addition, a DATE type should be supported by the low-level MCF machinery, because it is tricky to implement (beyond the reach of regexps, for example) and yet commonly available in operating system and compiler libraries, e.g. java.util.
The concept of "Unit" corresponds loosely to the Java concept of "Object".
Every unit has a unique identifying string, called its unique identifier. To simplify syntactic expression of MCF, the unique identifiers of Category and Property units (defined below) are constrained to be valid XML Names. For objects addressable on the Web and which have a canonical URI, it is expected to be common practice to use the URI as the unique identifier.
A small set of units with predefined semantics are assumed to exist in order to bootstrap the type system. Specifically, these are,
- this is the Property used to specify that the given object is of a certain type. A node can be the origin of multiple typeOf arcs; for example, the node for a person can simultaneously be typeOf Person, typeOf Golfer, and typeOf Doctor. Every unit has (at least implicitly) a typeOf Property, since Unit is a type.
- This corresponds to the concept of Class. The destination of typeOf arc has a typeOf arc which ends at Category (with the single exception of the node for "Category" itself).
- This is the most general Category. It is implicitly or explicitly the super class of all Categories (with the single exception of the node for "Unit" itself).
- this Property is used to specify the type constraints on the use of a Property, in particular of its origin node; the range of domain is Category.
- this Property is used to specify the type constraints on the use of a Property, in particular of its destination node. The range of range is Category.
- this Property is used to indicate the superset relation between Categories.
- this is the typeOf all properties/arcs/relations.
- Certain properties behave like functions, i.e., there can be at most one arc of that type originating from a given node and every object in their domain has one. e.g., lastRevisionDate. Such properties are typeOf FunctionalProperty.
- a relation between two properties. If s1 is a superProperty of s2, then the existence of an s2 arc between nodes A and B implies that there is also an s1 arc between A and B. E.g., biologicalParent is a superProperty of biologicalFather.
- a reflexive relation between two categories which implies that nothing can be an element of both these categories simultaneously. For example, the categories for the built-in types (int, float, etc) are all mutuallyDisjoint.
- this can be used to provide a string which names the object. An object may or may not have a name, though for convenience, it is assumed that properties and categories will be given names.
- a descriptive string used for human consumption.
- is is the most generic relation. The domain and range are Units.
- This category is a special convenience used to express sequences. It is normally expected to source a number of arcs whose labels are natural numbers sequentially increasing from 1; the targets of these arcs are the nodes which are to be considered sequenced.
- (short for ordinal) is a property not actually used in MCF, but which is reserved because the label is needed for the syntactic expression of MCF in XML.
As a convention, the identifying strings and names of the commonly used terms (including those listed above) are the same. Also, properties are named beginning with a lower-case letter and non-properties with an upper-case letter.
Though it is possible for a source of MCF to only assume the basic bootstrapping vocabulary and define everything else it needs dynamically (i.e., as part of the MCF database), for purposes of interoperability, it would be good to standardize the vocabulary for commonly used terms. This will also reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted. An appendix to this document proposes some items for this vocabulary (largely derived from existing standards such as the Dublin Core) for describing web content.
Our goal is to provide an XML based syntax for representing MCF. XML aims to serve as a general purpose data representation language. One of the components of any adequate data representation language is a type system; MCF attempts to provide such a type system for XML.
The MCF is expressed using XML syntax with a few conventions provided by this specification. The entire MCF (which may occur as a separate file or be embedded within HTML) is wrapped inside a block. All MCF blocks are well-formed XML.
Given XML's flexibility, a number of strategies could serve for expressing MCF structures in terms of elements and attributes; all would be essentially isomorphic. However, it seems likely that it will be common practice to use MCF to express a series of facts about some object, framed as arcs with that object as the source. Thus, the source is expressed as a container element, with a series of child elements each representing a Property, or arc with that source. The destination of the arc is represented using one of the attributes VALUE or UNIT attached to the "Property" element. The use of UNIT indicates that the destination is another unit, and, the UNIT is its unique identifier. The use of VALUE indicates that the node represents a datum of a primitive type; for example, a date would be given with VALUE=, but a more sophisticated type such as MONTHLY would be a Unit.
The unit description element uses the typeOf the unit as the element name. The unit description element must have an attribute ID which specifies the unique identifier. If the unit is an element of more than one category, the additional categories can be specified using typeOf elements.
Beyond the above, there are several special XML idioms available for convenience in representing certain Properties.
- The simple parent relationship may be expressed simply by inclusion. That is to say, a source container element may contain not only Property elements but also other source container elements; the effect is exactly the same as as if the contained source container were standing alone and contained a parent property pointing at the containing element.
- The range of a description is expected to be a potentially lengthy piece of free text, which might even include markup. For this reason, the value of the description property is provided in the content of the description Property element.
- A Sequence node may have Properties whose labels are just numbers, sequentially increasing from 1, whose range is the sequenced nodes. These are expressed in XML simply by replacing the numbers with the reserved property ord; the order in which these Property nodes appear in the XML entity corresponds to the numeric labels.
The sharing and re-use of schemata is uncontroversially good. In order to avoid duplication, we propose use of the XML Hyperlink machinery to refer to externally-stored MCF blocks. While details of this syntax will have to wait for that specification to stabilize, the following examples contain references which should be at least suggestive.
Of course, when multiple schemata are in use, a namespace problem occurs. In the following examples, we use the syntax of the recent Layman/Bray proposal; but the namespace resolution mechanism is an orthogonal problem.
For HTML pages, presumably the HTML LINK element would be used to associate MCF files.
If a program reading an MCF block encounters a semantic contradiction, the entire MCF block is to be considered as unreliable and information from it is not to be used. An example of such a contradiction would be two arcs originating from the same node, labelled with a Property that has been declared a FunctionalProperty, or for example, assertions that some node is both typeOf float and typeOf character.
Note, however, that different MCF blocks, obtained from different sources, describing same object, may be inconsistent. The decision as to how this should be handled is highly application-dependent.
The following example uses MCF to describe a range of information about the website of the Acme Content Company.
The following segment contains information that can be used for diverse purposes. For example,
- a robot could use it to determine which portions of the site to index.
- a browser could use it to present a site map.
- a channel client could use it to periodically download portions of the site.
- the rich information here could be used by a search engine to provide better search (filters, concept based searches, etc.)
<!--- WebSiteVocab and PersonVocab define some of the basic
terms we will use to describe web sites and people
respectively. AcmeVocab are some extensions defined by
the folks at Acme Content Company --->
<NBLK XML-LINK="SIMPLE" ROLE="XML-MCF-BLOCK"
href="http://www.standards.org/WebSiteVocab.mc" prefix="wsv" />
<NBLK XML-LINK="SIMPLE" ROLE="XML-MCF-BLOCK"
<NBLK XML-LINK="SIMPLE" ROLE="XML-MCF-BLOCK"
<name value="Acme Content Company Website Table of Contents"/>
<XML-MCF:name value="ACME Content Company Web Site"/>
<location value="http://www.acc.com/ACCLogo.jpg" />
<!--- we are using the email address as the unique identifier --->
<XML-MCF:name value="John Brown"/>
<XML-MC:description>John Brown, who amongst other things, takes care of
the ACME web site</XML-MCF:description>
<XML-MCF:name value="The Acme Content Company"/>
<wsv:Subject id="http://www.acc.com/WildLifePictures.mc" >
<location value="http://www.acc.com/WildLifePictures.mc" />
<XML-MCF:name value="Wild Life Pictures taken in the Sahara"/>
<!--- John Brown believes that this Subject should belong
to the Yahoo arts category, irrespective of its listing in
<XML-MCF:name value="Still Life Pictures"/>
<author unit="email@example.com" />
<Subject id="acc.com/Fruit Pictures">
<XML-MCF:name value="Pictures of Apples and Oranges"/>
<nextUpdateTime value="June 1 1997"/>
<superTopic unit="acc.com/Fruit Pictures"/>
<!--- superTopic is a more specialized relation than just
<!--- so that a smart browser can use the mirror if
the server is too loaded --->
<!--- more entries under this subject can be found at the above url --->
The following describes the schema extensions made by the Acme Content Company that are available from http://www.acme.com/AcmeVocab.mc This is a very small extension, but it illustrates the concept of how MCF can be used to extend itself:
we have declared a new property called accDeptOfPage which applies
to web pages and whose entry is an ACCDepartment. We have also said
that there may be at most one department responsible for each page and
that the department is also the contactAgent for the page
Every page has a department associated with it (at ACC). This property is
used to specify the ACC department associated with the page.</description>
<description value="Departments in the Acme Content Company"/>
value="The ACC department number associated with an ACC department"/>
Consider the following DTD:
<!ELEMENT EMAIL (HEAD, BODY)>
<!ELEMENT HEAD (FROM, TO, CC*, SUBJECT)>
<!ELEMENT BODY (P+,SIG?)>
<!ELEMENT FROM #PCDATA>
<!ELEMENT TO #PCDATA>
<!ELEMENT CC #PCDATA>
<!ELEMENT P #PCDATA>
<!ELEMENT SIG #PCDATA>
The XML expression of the MCF version makes heavy use of the Sequence construct:
<ORD UNIT="HEAD"/><ORD UNIT="BODY"/>
<ORD UNIT="FROM"/><ORD UNIT="TO"/><ORD UNIT="CC-STAR"/><ORD UNIT="BODY"/>
<ELEMENT ID="FROM"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
<ELEMENT ID="TO"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
<SEQUENCE ID="CC-STAR-SEQ"><ORD ID="CC"/></SEQUENCE>
<ELEMENT ID="CC"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
<ELEMENT ID="SUBJECT"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
<ORD UNIT="P-PLUS"/><ORD UNIT="SIG-QM"/></SEQUENCE>
<SEQUENCE ID="P-PLUS-SEQ"><ORD UNIT="P"/></SEQUENCE>
<ELEMENT ID="P"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
<SEQUENCE ID="SIG-QM-SEQ">ORD UNIT="SIG"/></SEQUENCE>
<ELEMENT ID="SIG"><TYPEOF VALUE="#PCDATA"/></ELEMENT>
In addition to the basic bootstrapping terms (typeOf, Category, etc.) specified earlier, in order to promote interoperability, we also propose some standard vocabulary that can be used for purposes of describing the kinds of content typically found on the web.
Such standard schemata are very important, but are separate from the data model and the transfer syntax. The purpose of this section of the proposal is to initiate a discussion. There is significant work to do in this area, but it should be started now.
Though the following can easily be specified in MCF itself, for purposes of readability, we provide the following description in English. The MCF specification will however be made available for authors.
An author can use this vocabulary as the schema for their MCF (by using XML-transclusion) and make further modifications and additions to it as they need.
As a convention, Categories (are in the singular. So, the category of all people is called Person and of all organizations is called Organization.
Also, even though MCF is case insensitive, for purposes of human readability, as a convention, categories start with a capital letter and properties start with a lower case letter.
The name and identifier for all of the following are the same.
- Includes everything from websites and web pages to legacy databases and file folders. Its superType is Unit.
- A collection of information. Includes subject categories, file folders, channels, etc. Its superType is Content. There are no constraints on the items belonging to a container. The items in a container could themselves be containers. The relation between an item belonging to a container and the container is just parent (though we might want to eventually introduce a more specialized relation.) The distinction between a container and non-container is one of convenience. There will be cases where we want to consider a single page as a container and in other cases, we might want to consider the same page as an atomic entity. The flexibility of MCF allows us this freedom.
- The category of subjects. An example is the Arts category in Yahoo! or the portion of the Developer portion of the Netscape Website. Its superType is ContentContainer.
- A web site. Its superType is ContentContainer.
- A document. Could be a WordPerfect document on a PC or a web page or even a FileMaker database. Its superType is Content.
- The concept of an Agent is a general one intended to cover people, robots, organizations, etc. Its superType is Unit.
- Examples include Apple Computer, United States and the Peace Corps. Organizations are mutually disjoint with people. Its superType is Agent.
- The category of people. Its superType is Agent.
- The table of contents for any Content (could be for a web site, page, ...) Its superType is Content.
- Examples include English, French, etc. Its superType (for now) is Unit.
- This category is used to specify information like the periodicity with which content is updated, when it should be pulled down, etc. The range includes both simple instances like Hourly or Daily to instances with intermediate complexity like daily at eight am to more complex instances (such as that proposed by CDF) like hourly between eight am and six pm on weekdays...
There has been much work in standardizing vocabularies for describing agents, most notably vcard, and we hope to adopt those standards as applicable. In addition, we should also provide standard properties for describing the location, hobbies, etc. of agents.
- A string representing the email address of an agent.
- The url of the home page(s) of an agent.
- A string representing how the person can be contacted.
Existing standards that these draw from (and will rely upon even more in the future) include the Dublin Core, Z39.50 and of course, the rich body of work in Library Science.
- The individual person(s) who is(are) the authors of the content object. The entries are not names of the authors but references to objects corresponding to the authors. The name, email address, etc. of the author can be specified on that object.
- The organization which is the author of the content object.
- The generalization of the previous 2 propertiess. The is a superProperty of both of them.
- The agent that is the editor of the content object.
- The agent that is the publisher of the content object.
- The agent who is the "contact" for that piece of content. Typically the person behind "firstname.lastname@example.org".
- The copyright declarations. The range is a string.
- The size of a content object in bytes. Represented using an integer. This is the size of the object alone and does not represent the size of its inclusions (like in-line images).
- The total number of bytes, including inline images, plugins, etc. of a content object.
Some more temporal properties appear under Schedules.
- The date on which a content object was first published.
- The date on which the content object was last modified.
- The date until the information in this content object is valid.
- The frequency with which this is typically updated. The range is a Schedule (which includes Hourly, Daily, etc. and also more complex Schedules.)
- The version number of this content object or subject category. A string.
- This is to be used if the content is to be proactively downloaded to the users computer. It specifies the download schedule and the entry is a Schedule.
- The next time that this piece of content is scheduled to be updated.
- This is also to be used if the content is to be proactively downloaded to the users computer. It specifies the next time this piece of content should redownloaded. More often than not, this will suffice in lieu of a full blown schedule and will default to the nextUpdateTime.
- The subject categories that this content object falls under. parent is a superProperty of subject. Using this, an author could for example suggest that his/her page belongs to a certain Yahoo! subject category.
- The language(s) (typically a natural language such as English or French) in which the content is primarily encoded.
- One or more tables of contents of which this content object is a part.
- The home page for the site of which this content object is a part.
- The page at which help can be found regarding this content object.
- The content objects that a content object has hyperlinks to. parent is a superProperty of linksTo.
- To be used when one content object includes another (such as an HTML page including an image or a poem). This is useful when we want to distinctly identify a certain piece of a page, such as a table, as a first class unit and specify the relation between the enclosing page and table.
- The MIME type of the content.
- A convenience predicate for specifying the mime types of all the included content.
- A relational between two subject categories such as Yahoo Arts and Yahoo Arts Museums which states that the later is a more specific subject category of the former. parent is a superProperty of superTopic.
- An icon that can be used to represent the object. The value is typically the object corresponding to a GIF or JPEG, but could also be a platform specific encoding. Preferably, it will be one object with several different encodings being available.
- One or more URIs at from which object content may be obtained.
- Mirror uris for this content object. Mirrors are assumed to be secondary sources of the content, which might potentially be stale. The distinction between mirrors and location is subtle at best.
- This Property can be used to specify information like whether the server is down, the last time the content was accessible, etc. This meta-content is typically furnished not by the content provider himself, but by indexers like Yahoo!
- This is used to specify whether the content is to be accessed via the traditional Web pull mechism, via email (e.g., InBox Direct), via channels, etc.
- The intent of this Property is to contain the information that would be contained in a PICs-like rating. The range is Rating.
- The cost of this content. The range is a Cost, which could be as simple as "5 US Dollars" or something much more complex. The more complex specification is beyond the scope of this proposal.
- This is the day upon which the schedule will start to apply.
- This is the day upon which the schedule expires and no longer applies.
- The interval of time that the schedule should repeat over.
- Earliest time during the schedule interval that the schedule applies to.
A very large number of people have contributed to the material in this proposal. It draws heavily from the knowledge representation work in AI. It owes a lot to the MCF project at Apple and we would like to thank the folks who made that happen, including Alan Kay, Don Norman, Jed Harris and Larry Tesler. We would also like to thank Edwin Aoki, Tom Paquin, Phil Karlton, Tim Hickman and Mike McCue of Netscape for the comments and feedback on this draft. | <urn:uuid:d6f05053-e514-4911-80dc-ac014d3d28b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.textuality.com/sgml-erb/w3c-mcf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862319 | 6,390 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Microsoft Windows sent out more news to its user community this past weekend updating it about its latest release, and as so often happens with new releases, users are bound to become utterly confused with all its changes, which will necessitate a simple guide. While this latest announcement added more information about where to turn to for Microsoft support, including frequently asked questions (FAQ), product specification lists, and support pages, it is helpful for people looking to upgrade their version to know exactly what they will need to do.
System requirements for the latest release of Microsoft Windows, Windows 10 were initially posted in March, but now they have been made official by Microsoft. At minimum the PC will require a processor or SoC of 1 gigahertz or faster. Random-access-memory (RAM) should be a minimum of one gigabyte (GB) for a 32-bit processor and two gigabytes for a 64-bit processor. Along with memory, available hard drive space for the 32-bit operating system (OS) should be a minimum of 16GB and for a 64-bit, 20GB. The graphics card should be DirectX or a later version with a driver with WDDM version 1.0, and support a display of 1024 x 600 resolution.
As for software requirements, the earliest OS release required for the upgrade to Microsoft Windows 10 is Windows 7 SP1 or Windows 8.1. This means if a user has an earlier release of either operating system, he or she will need to run several instances of Windows updates in order to be current enough to upgrade to Windows 10. Earlier versions of Windows like XP and Vista will require users to buy the full version of Microsoft Windows 10. Users may be utterly confused and in need of a guide when it comes to what firmware to have when upgrading to Microsoft Windows 10. To address this concern, the Get Windows 10 app will come in handy.
Of course the lowest price for Microsoft Windows 10 is the free upgrade, in which Microsoft announced back in January it would roll out for a year to users running Windows 7, Window 8.1, and Windows Phone 8.1. With the launch date set for July 29, 2015 users will have only until that day to take advantage of the offer to upgrade for free. Once it is upgraded on a given device, the OS will be permanently free for it. For users who are not eligible to upgrade or who miss the upgrade date, Windows 10 Home will be $119, Windows 10 Pro will cost $199, and the Pro Pack which allows users to upgrade from Home to Pro will cost $99.
Upgrading from Windows 7
The confusion that arises typically when each new release of Microsoft Windows comes around is exactly which edition of that given OS to purchase. The simple way to figure it out is by what the machine is currently running. For machines running Windows 7 Starter edition, Home Edition, and Home Premium, Windows 10 Home is the edition one needs to purchase. For Windows 7, the Professional and Ultimate editions, one should purchase Windows 10 Pro.
Upgrading from Windows 8.1
For Windows 8.1 users, Phone edition users should upgrade to the Mobile edition, and Windows 8.1 users should upgrade to the Home edition. For Windows 8.1 Pro both the retail and student editions, users should get the Pro edition. Most applications and settings should migrate over to the new OS unless they system generates a message that a given application or file will be lost, so users are advised to back up their current systems.
Reserving the system and installation
Although users are not required to reserve their copy of Microsoft Windows 10, it does add to the ease of installation. Users receive a notification through a button on the task bar on their screen. When they click, this launches the Get Windows 10 app. This brings up a dialogue box, in which they click an option that says “Reserve your free upgrade,” and asks for their email address if they wish to receive an email with a confirmation. During the interim period between when the copy is reserved and the upgrade takes place, Microsoft Windows will make sure the files required are downloaded to the user’s workstation, and then notify the user when he or she can start the process, which would be after July 29, 2015. The upgrade should take at least 20 minutes and at most about an hour.
What will be lost
As with previous upgrades, certain features of Microsoft Windows will be rendered obsolete and no longer available to users. This includes:
- Windows Media Center
- DVD playback software – Microsoft has announced that it will add a new version of this at a later time.
- Desktop gadgets
- Deferred updates for Home edition users – these updates will happen automatically while Pro and Enterprise users will still be able to defer updates.
- Older versions of Solitaire, Minesweeper, and Hearts. The first two games will be replaced by newer versions.
- USB floppy disk drivers which will need to be replaced by newer versions.
- Windows Live Essentials version of OneDrive, which will be replaced by the newer version of OneDrive.
To help alleviate the feelings of panic for the utterly confused, Microsoft will continue to communicate with its users updates and news in order to guide them through their transition to Windows 10. With the Microsoft Windows newest version soon to become available, users can be sure that they will be getting the support they need as well as an exciting user experience.
By Bill Ades
VentureBeat – Microsoft Prompting Windows 7 and 8 Users to Reserve Upgrade
Venture Beat – Everything to Know About Upgrading to Windows 10
Forbes – Microsoft Making a Big Change With Windows
Photo courtesy of See-Ming Lee’s Flickr Page – Creative Commons License
Photo courtesy of Mike Mozart’s Flickr Page – Creative Commons License | <urn:uuid:5be81554-bda0-4343-9d6d-1248b1dda632> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://guardianlv.com/2015/06/the-microsoft-windows-10-guide-for-the-utterly-confused-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922134 | 1,186 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Coton de Tulear Puppies for Sale
We do have other litters also.
What's Included: APRI registration papers, microchip, shot records, three year guarantee, and health certificate
"Coton" is French for "cotton," and the Coton de Tulear certainly lives up to its name. This little fluff ball is quite rare and is named after the port city of Tulear in Madagascar, its home country. When you see a Coton de Tulear, you'll see why it has the name it does. This little dog looks just like a cotton ball, and its very special coat isn't the only thing you'll love.
The Coton de Tulear originated from the island of Madagascar, off the southeastern coast of Africa, where, the climate is mild, and the temperature never drops below 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Coton de Tulear puppies were originally found at the port of Tulear, which is where the dog gets its name. Because Madagascar was a popular port of trade for merchants and seafarers, it is assumed that the Coton de Tulear evolved from native dogs there, which looked much like the Bichon. These dogs have history dating back more than 1000 years, although those native ancestral dogs are now likely extinct. Nonetheless, the Coton de Tulear was honored in 1974 as the official dog of Madagascar on one of the country’s postage stamps.
The "Dog Of Royalty"
The French claimed Madagascar in the 17th century, which thereafter became home to the French aristocracy. Fashionable ladies wanted rare treasures like the Coton de Tulear, and it soon became illegal for so-called "common people" to own one of these prized little dogs. Only those of noble blood could have one. Because of this, Coton de Tulear puppies were often gifts for island regents, and the Coton de Tulear became known as the "dog of royalty."
Coton de Tulears survived on the island of Madagascar often fending for themselves while living "in the wild." The crocodile was the natural enemy of the Coton de Tulear, but the clever little dogs could avoid them with a trick: they would simply get all of the crocodiles to come to one area by luring them with incessant barking. Once all area crocodiles had assembled in anticipation, Coton de Tulears simply ran some distance down river and swam across to safety, having duped their predators with guile. It is obvious that Coton de Tulears are very intelligent dogs, in spite of their beauty and petite size.
The Coton De Tulear In Europe And The United States
The first Coton de Tulears came to Europe and the United States around 1974 or 1975. Breeding stock was originally imported directly from Madagascar to the United States, but the dog continues to be rare today even though it's gaining in popularity. Some eligible registries include UKC, CKC, ARBA, FCI, United States of America Coton de Tulear Club, Coton de Tulear Club of America and American Coton Club.
This adorable little dog lives up to its name, with a coat as fluffy and soft as cotton. Its topcoat is long and it covers four legs that are thin but muscular. Common colors are white, black and white, and tricolored. Most often, the Coton de Tulear's preferred color is white if it's going to be a show dog. It weighs just 12 to 15 pounds in adulthood, standing 10 to 12 inches at the shoulder.
This smart little pet will charm you with his or her expressive, dark eyes and quizzical expressions. One of the best ways to describe how this little charmer looks is that it is always "cheerful," even merry, in expression. The ears are set high and are triangular, with a thin, leathery feel.
This breed has a "large dog personality" in a tidy little package. Your new family member is playful, affectionate, and extremely bright. That so-called "merry expression" on its face isn't just a fluke of appearance; it is how most Coton de Tulears really are. Life is just a jolly good time, and they want to share it with you! With a personality defined by pleasure and good cheer, your little pet will love to play games with you at every opportunity.
Coton de Tulear puppies and adults alike are very sociable dogs behaving well with other animals and children, as long as the children are taught to be gentle. Although these dogs are small, rarely weighing more than about 12 to 15 pounds, they're not particularly fragile and can take some rough play. However, children should be careful with the Coton de Tulear, as this gentle, alert and affectionate little companion truly wants tender loving care.
Because these dogs are so perceptive, and since they are, after all, dogs, they still need a firm hand from you, the owner. They can develop so-called "Small Dog Syndrome" if not given consistent direction. This syndrome is actually a personality disorder that can develop if you treat your little dog like a baby or small child, with too much pampering. This will transform your lovely, adorable little dog into a holy terror and a spoiled brat. Therefore, make sure you set clear boundaries and establish your role as the alpha dog so that this doesn't happen. These loving and gentle creatures are wonderful as long as they're properly and gently disciplined. This means that you will truly be doing your little pet a favor if you give him or her some boundaries so that he or she remains well behaved.
The Coton de Tulear can tolerate any environment small or large, whether an apartment with confined space or larger home with plenty of room to run and play. These dogs love to swim and romp, and adore the wide open outdoors. Coton de Tulears are known historically, in fact, for following their owners for miles when those owners were on horseback and the little dogs were on foot. They adapt to most any situation but have a strong need for a daily walk. They will fit into just about any lifestyle with ease.
The Coton de Tulear is a sturdy little dog with few health problems as compared to most other dogs. It's still a pretty rare breed for most people to adopt. Having only just been rescued from extinction, it has a relatively small gene pool. Nonetheless, with proper veterinary care, your little pet should live a long time, a lifespan of 14 to 18 years.
Grooming is one area to which you'll need to devote your attention. Your pet's lovely coat is long and fluffy, requiring careful daily grooming. It should be brushed and combed out on a daily basis. These little dogs don't shed, and will need to have regular professional grooming sessions in addition to daily brushings. If they don't get regular brushings, the fur can easily become matted so that your pet will need to be shaved. Other than that, bathing once or twice a year should be sufficient, as these are very tidy, hygienic dogs. They may be suitable pets for people who cannot otherwise have dogs, since they don't shed and are largely hypoallergenic.
Coton de Tulear.
Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Coton de Tulear.
Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Meet the Coton de Tulear: A rare dog that will steal your heart.
Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Group Classification: N/A
Country of Origin: N/A
Date of Origin: N/A
Shedding: Lite Shed
Body Size: N/A
Weight M: 12-15 pounds
Height M: 10-12 inches
Weight F: 12-15 pounds
Height F: 10-12 inches
Litter Size: 5 puppies per litter on average
Life Expectancy: 14-18 years
Recognized By: CKC, FCI, NKC, APRI, ACR
White, black and white and tricolor (white with cream, gray, light brown or light lemon and black).
The Coton de Tulear does very well in a small apartment or a house. They do require regular exercise and are not considered an outside dog, they do best when inside with the family. | <urn:uuid:40a1105c-5f69-46bd-afd8-840828bf4ca4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.pets4you.com/coton-de-tulear.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00528-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956096 | 1,753 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The Sandwich Manager
Over the past several years, the term “sandwich generation” has emerged to describe individuals who care for their elderly parents and their own children at the same time. A variation of this phenomenon is occurring at work, where “sandwich managers” supervise workers spanning a wide range of ages within one environment.
Since the range of ages in a workplace can run from a few years to as much as four generations, it has become incumbent upon managers to develop a rich appreciation for the differences in the values and expectations of others’ approaches to work. Much has been written about the influences of technology and convenience on young people. But for a sandwich manager, the reality of balancing the needs and desires of those aged 17 to 70 is much more complicated than in years past. Many managers have had the phenomenon thrust upon them as the workforce has evolved. What can these individuals do to juggle the myriad of ages and experiences with which they now work? Here are some suggestions:
Set Clear and Specific Expectations for All
This, of course, is always easier said than done. Ask random employees in any setting what they are supposed to do, and they will give you an interpretation of what the manager told them in their first few days on the job. Not only will the descriptions vary widely, but the ways the tasks are actually performed will vary as well. A task as rudimentary as cleaning a store’s stockroom can be the source of endless approaches. Managers are finding that using a general phrase like “clean up the stockroom” will not suffice. Providing specific steps works better: “Make sure all the box labels face out. Consolidate half-full boxes of the same item. Sweep the floor, and make sure you get the corners.”
Clear expectations level the field between the generations. When there is a discrepancy in performance, the sandwich manager can refer to the expectations for guidance. A classic example of this is the complaint from older employees that young people do not work as hard as necessary. A manager comparing outcome to expectations may find the output is the same. It is the approach that’s different.
Establish Credibility from the Beginning
A sandwich manager can be caught in the middle. On one side, there may be veteran workers who think the manager is too young to be in charge. While this may appear nonsense to an outsider, it can very much be the belief of those with a traditional reference of how a manager should look, act, and talk. On the other side, there may be workers 15 to 20 years the manager’s junior who perceive the manager as ancient from their frame of reference. “What can this geezer teach us?” they might think. “He’s a technological Neanderthal.” Walking the line between these two groups can, in itself, feel like a full-time job.
How does one establish the credibility necessary to effectively govern such a diverse group? For a manager new to the responsibility, the best course is to set the stage from the very beginning and demonstrate that he/she is flexible and approachable. That is not to say that the manager allows the employees to take charge. It is more about establishing a dialog from which to launch a managerial approach.
The manager might begin by gathering everyone in a room to introduce himself or herself, for example. Even a 30-minute, all-hands briefing can accomplish several objectives:
- It allows the manager to introduce himself/herself to everyone at the same time.
- It provides an opportunity for the manager to describe his/her background and philosophy of supervision.
- It provides the manager an opportunity to outline general expectations about performance.
After the all-hands meeting, it is important for the manager to meet individually with those who may have concerns about his/her ability to lead. Typically, this involves veteran employees who are used to a manager with a different approach and energy. If the manager’s predecessor was around for a long time, there also may be a feeling of loss if he or she was well liked. The new manager will need to reassure the veterans that he/she respects their experience and skills, letting them know that he/she intends to be more of a resource to them than a manager.
If the manager has been in a supervisory role for a while and is dealing with cross-generational conflicts, the approach will be considerably different. Cross-generation awareness training can lead to discussions about the differences in values and expectations within the team or department. The manager needs to remain aware of subtle comments made by co-workers. One young engineer complained that whenever he made a suggestion in a gathering of veteran engineers, one of them would say something like, “When you were negative two, we tried that idea and it didn’t really work.”
“It’s amusing the first few times,” he said. “Then it got irritating.”
Subtle put-downs are not limited to older employees. More than one young professional, for instance, has responded to a computer question with the phrase, “Okay, let me show you one more time.” Whether the comment is intended to be cute or demeaning, it is inappropriate. When an effective sandwich manager overhears such a comment, he or she pulls the person making the comment aside and diplomatically processes the situation.
>For those clearly stuck in an “us-versus-them” situation, a more formal method may be required. Take some time to consider how to approach those who are the source of the conflict. How can one open the dialog? What behavior needs to change? How might these individuals respond? Would it be better to meet individually or with the team as a whole? These interventions can be time consuming, but they are better than allowing cross-generational frustration to fester and harm productivity.
Continually Foster Relations across Generations
It is human nature to congregate with those who share familiar backgrounds and experiences. Fragmentation of the workplace because of age can lead to misunderstandings and rumors, just as it can with gender, race, and cultural differences. We all tend to see others through the filters of our own experiences. An effective sandwich manager works constantly to keep the lines of communication open and the perceptions of others informed.
The sandwich manager might begin by considering those with a knack for reaching across familiar lines to engage those in other groups. They exist in every workplace and can be found through simple observation. To whom does everyone turn for answers? Who seems to speak for the group when there is an issue? Who are the natural leaders in the organization? Who would one pick as aspiring managers because they seem to get along with everyone? These are the individuals who have the best chance of reaching across generational boundaries.
This is best cultivated gently, through subtle comments and suggestions. A good example is asking those from different generations to serve on a team or committee. An effective sandwich manager is both patient and persistent.
Deal with the Influence of Technology
No article on managing across generations would be complete without a discussion about the influence of today’s technology and how different age groups respond. While younger workers may excel in manipulating computers, many managers report that younger employees struggle in other aspects of critical thinking. Veteran workers may struggle with the nuances of computer use at times, but the critical thinking skills they developed prior to the computer age serve them well. These differences manifest themselves in complaints about younger workers lacking common sense and older workers lacking computer savvy.
What can a sandwich manager do to help each generation embrace the other’s approach to technology? Look for opportunities to create cross-generational teams. Assigning individuals of different ages to the same project or task places them in an environment where they have to work together to get the mission accomplished. Depending on the number one supervises and the work being done, this might be occurring already. Still, it is critical to observe the interaction between the groups. What do veteran workers share, and how do they choose to share it? What do younger workers suggest, and how is it received? Do younger workers take the initiative to assist veteran workers with the challenges of technology application?
Another effective strategy is cross-generational mentoring. Consider the veteran contributors on the team: What knowledge and skills do they possess that need to be shared with those rising within the organization? Then consider young contributors: Who would most welcome the opportunity to grow by learning new skills and insights? What skills and insights do these young contributors possess that the veterans might find helpful? What steps can you take to put these individuals together?
Rather than making this a formal match-making process, managers need to find informal opportunities to introduce these individuals. If they already know each other, they should be encouraged to take time occasionally to exchange ideas.
Re-Engage Veteran Workers
Most members of this generation possess a breadth of experience, coupled with a depth of wisdom about their industry, employer, and job. That said, many have become less than fully engaged over the years. It is paramount that sandwich managers keep these workplace veterans engaged in their work and with those around them.
A sandwich manager should begin by taking stock of those who have been with the organization for a considerable time. What skills and insights do they have that are not readily apparent in the everyday workplace? What special certifications and awards have they achieved? Where do they really shine? In what ways do they contribute to the field, perhaps through trade associations, research, or writing?
Consider introducing opportunities for mentoring. While some informal mentoring is sure to be going on already, it is helpful to encourage it officially. Of course, effective mentoring takes more effort and design than simply assigning one contributor to another. Each relationship takes time to evolve, and many of these relationships are not long term. Rather than forcing the process, most managers have found that simply soliciting interest from veteran contributors and letting everyone know who is open to these kinds of relationships is the most effective way to proceed.
Veteran contributors also can be used as a part of the recruiting process. Given the depth of knowledge and perspective they have about the industry and the organization, there is much they can share. These individuals are living examples of people who have thrived within the organization and industry, and can certainly answer questions their younger colleagues cannot.
Actively pursuing the kinds of opportunities described above accomplishes several goals:
- It re-engages veteran contributors in the workplace.
- It increases productivity within the team.
- It expands the creative horizons of younger contributors.
- It assists in the transfer of the knowledge base possessed by veteran contributors.
- It fosters more opportunities for communication between the generations in the workplace.
Help Veteran Contributors Cope with the Emotions of Topping Out
Increasingly, those in their 30s and 40s are assuming managerial roles that have been held by the older generations. For veteran contributors, this can be an emotionally challenging time. Finding themselves being supervised by someone significantly younger is usually a sign that they will not be advancing further within the organization. Some individuals adapt to this as a part of career evolution. Others find it troubling. Part of the sandwich manager?s job is understanding the dynamics of this and working to develop a trusting and productive relationship with each of the veteran contributors. The question, of course, is how.
It might be tempting to dismiss all this emotion. After all, people in their 50s knew that eventually the transition would come. But developing an understanding of the emotions is the first step in connecting with individuals in this situation who may not want anything to do with younger managers, even though they are in charge. Managers should research older workers’ contributions and take time to visit with them, asking about their impressions of the organization and their prescriptions for what needs to improve. Managers should ask them how they would like to contribute, and then listen. Chances are, they will pick up a wealth of nuance they can use in moving the organization forward.
Sandwich managers should offer themselves as a resource, rather than a manager. Many veteran workers bring skills and techniques to the table that represent the true work within the organization. Yes, younger managers are in charge, but those on the front line are the ones producing the output, whatever it is. Managers should dispel thoughts that every sentence the veteran workers utter is going to begin with the words, “I remember when.” Fair or not, the onus is on the manager to approach the workers and build productive relationships if they are to succeed.
Manage the Communication Gap and Protocol
One of the more common concerns voiced by sandwich managers is that traditional communication practices are being usurped by young workers. These include reducing language, courtesy, and protocol to a lowest common denominator because of technology.
The emphasis on doing more with less has exacerbated this phenomenon by implying that traditional ways of communicating are too time-consuming and inefficient. Why meet when you can call? Why call when you can e-mail? Why e-mail when you can text? “Time is money” is the familiar lament, but so is ineffective communication.
Sandwich managers should seek recommendations from those in all generations about the most effective ways to communicate. They might do this individually or by forming a multi-generational task force. Managers should ask for specific ideas and methodologies, not just general wisdom. Ask workers to research other organizations to locate strategies that work. Remind them that they will have to live with what they recommend on a day-to-day basis.
Finally, managers will need to enforce these protocols diplomatically but consistently. In the midst of their other commitments, this may seem like one more burden, but clear communication between all members of the team, customers, and vendors is essential. Chances are, most everyone will work toward making this happen because they understand the different approaches others bring to the job; but some additional training will be necessary with those who do not adapt well or do not have enough investment in doing the job well in the first place.
The era of the sandwich manager is just beginning. Emerging leaders will be facing these challenges for years to come. The most successful will embrace these differences from the beginning and develop strategies for engaging every individual contributor, regardless of age. | <urn:uuid:0f12cf42-5a42-4cb9-ac05-082f9097d100> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://insulation.org/io/articles/the-sandwich-manager/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.962904 | 2,946 | 2.15625 | 2 |
British Fighter of World War One
By Stephen Sherman, Aug. 2001. Updated April 16, 2012.
Flown by the greatest Allied aces during the First World War - such as Billy Bishop, James McCudden and Edward Mannock, the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 (Scout Experimental #5) was without doubt the most successful plane produced by this firm.
A single-seat biplane with dihedral wings, H.P. Folland's design team focused on making it easy to fly. This characteristic enabled the Royal Flying Corps to entrust the plane to relatively inexperienced pilots. Thanks to the efforts of the engineers, this aircraft was as almost as manoeuverable as its contemporary, the Sopwith Camel, but was noticeably faster and quieter.
Powered by a 150 HP (112 kw) Hispano-Suiza V; the SE.5 entered service on the Western Front in April 1917. The adoption of a more powerful engine, a 200 HP (149 kw) Hispano-Suiza, led to the SE 5a version, which otherwise offered only a few differences from the SE.5. The first examples of the new model appeared in the mid-1917 and replaced the SE.5 gradually. Undoubtedly the SE 5a was handicapped at this time by the unreliability of its engine and by the limited effectiveness of Constantinesco synchronizing gear. It was the first Allied scout with 2 machine guns: a Lewis gun on a Foster-mount on the top wing, and a side-mounted Vickers gun in front of the cockpit.
As soon as these problems had been resolved, the British biplane became a fighter with formidable capabilities. Toward the end of the War, some SE 5a's were employed in close support missions, armed with light bombs. The combined production of the SE.5 and the SE5a reached 5,205, including some modified as two-seaters.
The SE 5 arrived at the Front with No. 56 Squadron in April, 1917, "Bloody April." In June, the improved S.E.5a was delivered to the squadron, which was withdrawn briefly to the Home Front to cope with the Gotha menace. By early summer, No. 15 Squadron was also equipped. By Winter 1917-18, Nos. 24, 32, 64 Squadrons also received SE5a's.
The plane was used in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine, and also on the Salonica Front. Many were assigned to the air defense of British territory, with unimpressive results.
American aces who flew the SE 5a included: Hilbert Leigh Bair, Louis Bennett, Jr., Charles A. Bissonette, Sydney M. Brown, Alvin A. Callander, John O. Donaldson, John S. Griffith, Frank A. Hale, Duerson Knight, Howard Kullberg, Willaim C. Lambert, Jens F. Larsen, Reed G. Landis, Frederick E. Luff, Frances P. Magoun, Bogart Rogers, Oren J. Rose, and Harold G. Shoemaker.
The S.E. 5a was also employed by American military aviation. Plans for manufacture for the US Army, under license by Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, were drawn up. The cessation of hostilities, in November 1918, ended these projects. Only one example was built by Curtiss, which accepted moreover the components needed to assemble 56 more units coming from Great Britain. Another batch was produced after the war by Eberhart Steel Products, in the United States.
Characteristics - Royal Aircraft Factory SE 5a
Type: single-seat pursuit plane (Great Britain)
Engine: Hispano-Suiza, 8 cylinders V, 200 HP (149 kw)
Performance: maximum speed - 220 km/h; practical ceiling - 6705 m; endurance - 3 hours
Weight: empty - 635 kg; maximum on takeoff - 887 kg
Dimensions: wingspan - 8.12 m; length - 6.38 m; height - 2.90 m
Armament: forward-facing, synchronized 7.7mm Vickers machine-gun, and Lewis gun installed atop the center of the upper wing; four 18 kg. bombs. | <urn:uuid:a466e411-878e-4e8b-8fcc-a424f2220f4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://acepilots.com/wwi/se5a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954435 | 885 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Civic body’s health department increases vigil outdoors to stop mosquitoes from breeding and prevent dengue
Unexpected showers in the city might have come as a respite to many but it has become a cause for concern for the public health department of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Officials are worried that mosquitoes will now breed in the open, increasing the risk of dengue all the more.
Dense clouds as seen from the Pavilion of Bombay Gymkhana. Pic/Suresh KK
According to an official from the weather department, who didn’t wished to be named, the easterly trough from Lakshadweep to South Gujarat coast at about 900 metres above sea level has caused untimely rains in Mumbai.
Thunderstorms are expected in Konkan, Goa and central Maharashtra too. The weather will continue to be cloudy for a few more days.
But with dengue cases increasing in the city, the BMC’s health department is taking no chances. Executive Health Officer of BMC, Padmaja Keskar, said, “Untimely showers and moisture would lead mosquitoes to breed outdoors.
We have increased vigil to ensure mosquitoes don’t breed in the open.” Director of Indian Meteorological Department VK Rajeev said, “Light showers are expected for a day or two.” | <urn:uuid:ee234a38-d3a8-498c-87ed-539b6797d6b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mid-day.com/articles/unexpected-showers-in-mumbai-throw-bmc-in-a-tizzy/15769185 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945272 | 284 | 2.296875 | 2 |
WASHINGTON — Three of the largest poultry companies in the United States were named in a civil antitrust lawsuit from the US Department of Justice over an ongoing case alleging wage suppression of workers.
The proposed consent decree from Cargill Inc., Sanderson Farms Inc. and Wayne Farms LLC would call for the poultry processors to pay $84.8 million in restitution to workers effected in the alleged conspiracy.
The decree would also prohibit the three poultry companies from sharing competitively sensitive information about workers’ compensation. Weber, Meng, Shal and Co., (WMS) a data consulting company, were also named in the case.
In its lawsuit, the DOJ said two of the poultry processors violated the Packers and Stockyards Act by engaging in deceptive practices associated with the “tournament system,” which pits chicken growers against each other to determine compensation.
“Through a brazen scheme to exchange wage and benefit information, these poultry processors stifled competition and harmed a generation of plant workers who face demanding and sometimes dangerous conditions to earn a living,” said Doha Mekki, principal deputy assistant attorney at the DOJ’s Antitrust Division. “Today’s action puts companies and individuals on notice: the Antitrust Division will use all of its available legal authorities to address anticompetitive conduct that harms consumers, workers, farmers and other American producers.”
On July 22, a joint venture between Continental Grain Co., of which Wayne Farms is a subsidiary, and Cargill finalized the acquisition of Sanderson Farms, Inc. for $4.5 billion and at $203 per share.
Cargill provided comments on the acquisition and the decree to MEAT+POULTRY.
“The merits of this deal outweigh the potential costs of prolonged litigation and any further distraction to our collective efforts to feed communities across the US which is why we’ve agreed to a $15 million settlement of a lawsuit which alleges wage suppression by US turkey and poultry producers to help facilitate its forward movement,” said Daniel Sullivan, a Cargill spokesperson. “Cargill conducts business in a legal, ethical and responsible manner. We believe the alleged claims lack merit and do not show a conspiracy to fix wages, nor do they show any improper actions by Cargill or its employees.”
The company noted that the settlement was not an admission of guilt and Cargill denies any wrongdoing.
Wayne Farms officials also addressed the lawsuit.
“While we are pleased to have resolved this matter and put it behind us, both legacy companies are proud of their track record with their employees and growers and the agreement with DOJ evidences our commitment to continue to be an industry leader in those areas,” the poultry processor said in a statement. “As we proceed with the integration of Wayne-Sanderson Farms, we look forward to investing in our communities, employees and grower partners to ensure there continues to be a strong and competitive American food supply.”
If the consent decree is approved by the court WMS would be banned from providing surveys that facilitate the sharing of competitively sensitive information in any industry. Jonathan Meng, president of WMS, would also have to follow the consent decree.
Other parts of the document include a court-appointed compliance monitor for the next decade.
The DOJ stated that the monitor would have broad authority for compliance with all federal antitrust laws related to poultry processing facilities, workers at their poultry processing plants, chicken growers, integrated poultry feed, hatcheries, transportation of poultry and poultry products and the sale of poultry.
The monitor can submit regular reports on the poultry processors and permit the antitrust division to inspect the processors’ facilities and interview their employees to ensure compliance with the consent decree.
These terms would expire 10 years after the court approves the consent decree.
“Additionally, the proposed consent decree with Sanderson Farms and Wayne Farms would resolve alleged violations of the Packers and Stockyards Act, which prohibits, among other things, deceptive practices in poultry markets,” the DOJ said.
Other items on the proposed consent decree include preventing Sanderson Farms and Wayne Farms from penalizing chicken growers by reducing their base payments due to relative performance, while still allowing incentives, bonuses and other types of income to growers.
It also required expanded information disclosures in grower contracts, consistent with proposed transparency rules from the USDA.
The decree would prohibit retaliation against growers who raised antitrust concerns with the compliance monitor. | <urn:uuid:8b233800-67c2-4130-9923-02bdfa637ddd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/26959-doj-sues-poultry-processors-over-worker-wage-practices | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.9533 | 912 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Widening gap between rich and poor affects holiday travel
According to the ITB World Travel Trends Report, commissioned from consultants IPK International by ITB Berlin, as far as travel trends are concerned, 2009 is a very difficult year to forecast. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis, coupled with uneasiness over prices for raw materials and significant currency fluctuations, mean that no reliable forecasts can currently be made. These are the findings of the ITB World Travel Trends Report. The report is based on the assessments of around 60 tourism experts from 30 countries, meeting at the World Travel Monitor Forum in Pisa in November 2008, as well as on-core data supplied by the World Travel Monitor®, recognized as the largest ongoing survey on global travel trends in some 60 source countries.
According to ITB Berlin, the findings of the Pisa Forum indicate that short trips within Europe will become increasingly popular next year. “Higher costs and a new kind of insecurity affecting consumers will undoubtedly impact negatively on long-haul travel in 2009,” said Dr. Martin Buck. City-tour vacations will not be enough to counter this trend. He noted that the boom in trips to major European cities, which low-cost airlines had significantly accelerated in recent years, would tail off. According to the Trends Report, the growth experienced by low-cost airlines has already come to an end in 2008.
Assessments by ITB Berlin indicate that, against the backdrop of the economic and financial crisis, business travel, in particular, together with travel to meetings, conferences, and incentive trips will suffer. According to Dr. Martin Buck, “Worldwide, international companies have begun to drastically cut their spending on business travel, meetings, and incentives. The travel industry is already experiencing the effects of these measures.” He noted that by contrast, the economic downturn would affect consumer travel at a later date.
The ITB World Trends Report is available for download at www.itb-berlin.com under Media Centre/Publications.
The ITB Berlin Convention
The ITB Berlin 2009 will be taking place from Wednesday, March 11 to Sunday, March 15 and will be open to trade visitors from Wednesday to Friday. Parallel with the trade fair, the ITB Berlin Convention will be taking place from Wednesday, March 11 to Saturday, March 14, 2009. The ITB Berlin Convention is the world’s largest travel industry convention. Last year some 100 events attracted more than 11,000 participants. For full program details click on www.itb-convention.com .
Fachhochschule Worms and the US-based market research company PhoCusWright, Inc. are partners of the ITB Berlin Convention. Turkey is co-hosting this year’s ITB Berlin Convention. Other sponsors of the ITB Berlin Convention include Top Alliance, responsible for VIP service; hospitalityInside.com, the media partner of the ITB Hospitality Days; Flug Revue, the media partner of the ITB Aviation Days; and the Planeterra Foundation, the sponsor of the ITB Corporate Social Responsibility Days. Partners cooperating with the ITB Business Travel Days are Verband Deutsches Reisemanagement e.V. (VDR), HSMA Deutschland e.V., A&O Hotels and Hostels, Deutsche Bahn, geschaeftsreisekontakt, hotel.de, IHK Organization, and Intergerma.
Messe Berlin: Michael T. Hofer Group Press and Public Relations ITB Berlin / ITB Asia: Astrid Ehring Press Officer Messedamm 22 D-14055 Berlin tel.:+4930 3038-2275 fax: +4930 3038-2141 email: firstname.lastname@example.org www.messe-berlin.com IPK International: Barbara Postel Senior Consultant Gottfried-Keller-Strasse 20 D-81245 München tel.:49 89 82923713 fax: + 4989 82923726 email: email@example.com For additional details: www.itb-berlin.com www.itb-convention.com | <urn:uuid:38cb2295-c350-4f15-99fc-2cf588996861> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.forimmediaterelease.net/pm/2114.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894578 | 874 | 2.015625 | 2 |
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