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Pregnant women often wonder which medications are safe for use during pregnancy. This question becomes even more pressing when a pregnant mother currently takes a particular medication with some frequency. When one suffers from a chronic condition, finding the answer to this question becomes critical.
In general, it is better to be cautious when taking medication during pregnancy. While some classes of drugs have been studied extensively in pregnant women, the majority have not. When these medications are labeled as to whether or not they are safe, in many cases the recommendation is little more than a guess based on small samples or laboratory animals studies only.
While no drug can be considered absolutely safe during pregnancy, there are some medications that have been studied extensively and deemed to be acceptable. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) has a decades long track record of safety in pregnant women, and is often the only thing an OB will allow for headaches. Similarly, Benadryl is often used for allergies during pregnancy. Fortunately, there are multiple medicines that are considered safe for typical pregnancy complaints, such as heartburn and constipation. Among these are Maalox, Citrucel, and Colace.
While the average woman may have little trouble getting through her pregnancy with these widely-used medications, women who suffer from certain chronic conditions often have more trouble. Migraine sufferers are vulnerable to more headaches during pregnancy because of the hormonal changes taking place in their bodies. Unfortunately, migraine drugs are typically off-limits during pregnancy. Tylenol with codeine is generally considered safe, but Triptans, the go-to drugs for many migraine sufferers, are not allowed because of insufficient study data.
For women who suffer with depression, there are several options that are considered safe during pregnancy. SSRIs are usually considered off-limits because they slightly increase the chance of miscarriage, but other classes of anti-depressants, such as tricyclics, are usually considered safe.
As with everything, if you are pregnant and on medication, discuss with your doctor whether the benefit to you outweighs the risk to your baby. In general, the less medicine you consume, the better it is for your baby, but this rule does not apply in all cases. If you suffer from a chronic pain condition of any kind, try to consider your medical course of action before your conceive. That way, your plan will already be in place when you get pregnant.
N.B. This information should not be considered medical advice. Always talk to your doctor about any medication you take.
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Washington could become the first U.S. state to legalize the recreational use of marijuana if Initiative 502 is passed by voters during Tuesday's federal election.
Oregon and Colorado also have marijuana legalization on their ballots – but polls show Washington is the most likely to say yes. Nineteen states have already legalized the medical use of marijuana.
Initiative 502 would legalize possession of up to one ounce of marijuana for anyone over 21. Farmers would be issued state licences to grow it and, their product would be sold in stand-alone stores.
Supporters say it could generate nearly $2 billion US in tax revenue over the next five years that would be earmarked for healthcare, drug treatment and education.
But that is only if the federal government doesn't try to block the law from taking effect, since pot remains illegal under U.S. federal law.
Initiative 502 also remains controversial even amongst marijuana advocates in the state because it says cannabis would remain a controlled substance under U.S. law and possession or growing of unlicensed cannabis would still be illegal.
Catching the buzz in B.C.
Marijuana advocates in B.C. are watching the Washington referendum closely. Long-time pro-marijuana campaigner and former B.C. NDP leadership candidate Dana Larsen says if the intiative passes, it would help his campaign to have marijuana decriminalized in B.C.
"There's a common argument against cannabis reform in Canada, that America will freak out in some way, or shut down the border, or there will be some kind of problems," said Larsen.
"When our neighbour to the south legalizes marijuana in their state, it's really going to put the light out of the argument and show that we have the power in Canada to do as we choose as well."
The latest public opinion poll showed 75 per cent of British Columbians favour taxing and regulating marijuana instead of chasing growers and sellers.
"I think it will inspire people here to see that if they can do it in Washington and have a referendum on cannabis law, then we can do it here in British Columbia as well."
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Watch a SpaceX rocket fly for a record 11th time in a Starlink satellite mission
Elon Musk's Starlink internet project continues to move forward, launch by launch.
SpaceX launched another 47 internet-beaming satellites from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Thursday morning.
Nine minutes after launch, the Falcon 9 rocket's first stage that lifted the Starlink satellites returned to the planet, making a perfect landing on the Just Read the Instructions drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean.
SpaceX launches 47 more Starlink satellites after supplying Ukraine with terminals
The event marked the 11th successful landing for this specific Falcon 9 booster, tying it for the record of most flights with another Falcon 9 in the SpaceX fleet. In the past, the booster that lifted today's payload has taken the Transporter 2 into space (June 2021), the Turksat 5A (January 2021), and launched the GPS III SV03 mission (June 2020) — in addition to seven other earlier Starlink payloads, according to SpaceX officials on the live stream of the launch.
Proving extensive reusability for its Falcon 9s is of utmost importance to SpaceX, ensuring it can complete space missions at a fraction of the cost. As Musk has repeated over the years, the full and rapid reusability of new space technologies is crucial to set the human race up with a shot at settling on Mars, returning to the Moon, and taking the next significant steps in the human exploration of deep space.
Since SpaceX began assembling its Starlink constellation into space in 2019, the network has done more than move inevitably toward its high goal of providing global internet (with emphasis on remote regions).
Last week, Musk voluntarily sent 50 Starlink terminals to Ukraine, which Russia recently invaded under the order of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
"Now, you may have heard that Starlink has been activated in Ukraine to help with internet access in that country," said SpaceX's Operations Engineer Siva Bharadvaj on the live stream of today's launch.
Important warning: Starlink is the only non-Russian communications system still working in some parts of Ukraine, so probability of being targeted is high. Please use with caution.— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 3, 2022
After liftoff, CEO Musk tweeted to reiterate how his Starlink internet service was the only reliable internet in Ukraine that wasn't controlled by Russian authorities or at risk of being cut by the Russian military. "Important warning: Starlink is the only non-Russian communications system still working in some parts of Ukraine, so probability of being targeted is high. Please use with caution," he warned in a tweet.
"A few days ago, the Ukrainian government confirmed that the Starlink kits had arrived," said Bharadvaj in the live stream. "We're told that they're already in use. We couldn't be more proud of all the teams that jumped in to make this effort happen, along with many individuals luckily [that were] supported. Thank you, and we hope it helps."
SpaceX will continue to make many more Starlink launches in the coming weeks and months. As of writing, more than 2,000 Starlink satellites have been installed in low-Earth orbit, and government agencies have already approved another 12,000 satellites.
Decades ago, rocket launches were a thing of sheer wonder, but those days are over. With SpaceX's recent application to launch up to 30,000 more Starlink satellites, the new capabilities of global internet coverage could also be a vital revenue stream as Musk looks to raise more money in his mission to send people to Mars.
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The need for advanced internet and communications technology to deliver reliable connectivity to accelerate and enhance student learning and success is more important than ever. As more schools transition to a fully online or hybrid learning environment, they need solutions that support virtual classroom platforms and teaching and management tools that foster student achievement and learning outcomes.
Scalable, Reliable and Secure Connectivity Solutions
In today’s learning environments, it is important for schools to provide reliable Wi-Fi and fast broadband networks to ensure that teachers and staff have what they need to collaborate and keep your student community engaged and learning. That means you need scalable solutions and a provider you can count on for fast, reliable and secure connectivity to access important teaching and student engagement platforms to ensure you are able to produce what’s needed to meet the needs of your students.
Fiber Internet Services
Our fiber-optic network provides your school with reliable, high-speed fiber internet or Dedicated Internet Access (DIA) service to support all of your student and teacher needs. Whether you’re a K-12 school or higher education, Clearwave has the right solution to support your bandwidth needs.
Enhance your communications with our reliable Hosted Voice, PRI and POTS phone services all delivered over our fiber network. Our services are customizable to meet your needs and provide you with the best possible call quality and clarity.
Seamlessly connect two or more of your locations with our E-LINE and E-LAN Ethernet services. With up to 10 Gbps of dedicated bandwidth, you can transfer files faster, support digital learning spaces and better serve your staff and students.
SHAWNEE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
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MIS DIRECTOR, SHAWNEE COMMUNITY COLLEGE, ULLIN
Talk to an Advisor Today
TELL US ABOUT YOUR CONNECTIVITY NEEDS AND WE'LL HELP YOU FIND THE RIGHT SOLUTION.
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One of my favourite Australian birds is the Galah. I think its colouring of pink and grey is a very elegant one and I might just have to paint some. Its voice is not elegant though, more of a high pitched screech. I love hearing that screech though, I rush around looking for the flock. Sometimes it’s just on the nature strip, other times in the local park.
It’s an intelligent, long living bird that can be taught to mimic human speech. My great aunt had one as a pet, that lived to be eighty years old, it had a few different phrases from memory. These though, are living free. I found a flock of about twenty of them in our local park. Can you see how dry the grass is? That’s because I took these photographs in January during our Australian summer. Grass is not green in Melbourne in summer, more like dried straw really.
“Galah”, was commonly used as derogatory Australian slang for ‘fool’ in earlier generations, or even “flamin’ Galah” for someone really silly! But not so much these days, luckily for this beautiful bird.
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For all you recent college grads polishing your resume's, or parents of kids in the job market, I commend to you...the United States government.
That's right, there are public sector jobs coming up and you have some opportunities to find one. That is, if the Republicans don't eliminate them the next time they take control of Congress.
A quarter of today's Federal workers are going to retire by the end of 2016. You'd think cash-strapped grads and other job seekers would be eyeing public employment like our neighborhood fox eyes the rabbits.
But the young are not lining up to fill the jobs.
Part of the reason is demographic. By 2025 Millennials, (1982-2003), will make up as much as 75% of the workforce. Today only about 7% of all public sector employees are 30 years old or younger, compared with over 20% in the 1970's.
Young people also have a skewed vision of what government jobs bring to the table. It isn't that they disagree with the mission of government--the young are easily the cohort in support of MORE regulation and government involvement in our lives. It is more that they have a harder time connecting to the nature of the work.
And research suggests Millennials don't think the government has stable jobs (!!) and, like many citizens, have a lack of trust in their elected officials.
And let's face it. We-The-People have not exactly relished the idea of using tax dollars to recruit workers to make the government bigger.
Job ready youth are also wary of public sector employment because working age prospects have lived with a lifetime of government bashing and negative, often false, stereotypes about the institution.
Those are tough odds for a sector of the economy seeking smart, industrious, emerging leaders to step into the public jobs of tomorrow.
Yes, I agree some government jobs should "go away", as they do not rise to the level of "public service". Those jobs tend to be the ones that require bureaucrats to harass poor people applying for assistance, or enforce a myriad of needless regulations. Those are the highest turnover jobs--ones that exist solely because the system presumes people are trying to filch the system.
Setting aside those soulless jobs where managers are managing managers and line staffers are interviewing applicants they suspect are lying, many government jobs are rewarding and advance the ideals of the partnership between government, business and our citizens.
The challenge is to make the workers aware of the essential decency in careers dedicated to public service. It can be noble work, whether serving the sick, homeless, elderly, children, disturbed; fixing our roads and making our bridges safe; building our parks and cleaning up the environment; putting away the bad guys or discouraging discrimination; or lending books to teach and entertain.
Government always gets a bad rap. It's up to the young job seekers of today to transcend the empty stereotypes and seek out the jobs that will make the world a little cleaner, safer, fairer, better.
By doing so, the young can help to give the public a reason to believe, as they did in the years before polarization, that the partnership between government, business and the public, is alive and well.
And land a good job in the bargain.
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Since decades now personality tests have been used as a tool for recruitment. However this has been limited to only certain types of careers such as the military, government and research organizations. It was considered that jobs in these careers were such that individual's personality would influence his performance. Hence the custom of conducting personality tests as part of the evaluation process for recruitment.
In recent years, it has emerged that personality tests may have a much wider application. Innumerable surveys have thrown light on the fact that an individual's psyche, personality and mental makeup affect his performance in just about any job. Be it a janitor, teacher, clerk, accountant, doctor. Each job has its own requirements which make it suitable for a particular personality profile and not so suitable for another.
The awareness of this has moved from surveys and researchers to actual industry. Corporate HR chiefs are beginning to appreciate the value that such tests can bring to their organization. Finding out the personality profile of job candidates before hiring them allows them to hire the right person. This prevents a bad hire and the losses that go with it such as - time, effort & money spent on training the bad hire, money spent on his salary, the ugly situation of having of firing him and the restarting the job of looking for a replacement. Infact some human resource chiefs consider it so advantageous that they are even having their existing employees go through such personality tests!
Tomorrow in Part II of this article we shall discuss how corporates administer these tests to job candidates.
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A step by step guide to paying property tax to Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike, for the coming year 2011-12. You can pay at the BBMP citizen centres or online.
NOW that most of us have paid the taxes for the years 2008-09, 2009-10 & 2010-11 by filling the appropriate form and have come to the stage of paying the taxes for the current year.
In the first year of the block period (2008-09), you would have used Form I (for properties with PID No.), Form II (for properties having only Khata Number) or Form III (for properties with neither PID nor Khata number). The block period has been officially extended to FIVE years and hence the current block consists of years from 2008-09 to 2012-13. Hence the depreciation allowed (calculated) during the year 2008-09 holds good upto the year 2012-13.
This year too, like last year, there are two types of forms – White (Form IV) and Blue (Form V). For the properties, where there is no change in any field – either in CATEGORY (Residential / Non-Residential), or DIMENSIONS (Any addition / Deletion to the structure), USAGE (Tenanted / Self occupied) have to use the white Form IV. If any change, use Form V. The forms are now bilingual. Click here for sample forms.
Online payment of property tax can be made here.
BBMP allows you to pay online for 2011-12 for Form IV only, provided the previous years details are available online. You can also pay online using Form IV or Form V for 2009-10 and 2010-11, if the 2008-09 details are uploaded online.
If your property details have not been uploaded, however you have paid and have the receipts, you will have to make a direct payment at the designated office.
Online payments have the advantage that fields are automatically populated based on your last year's payments and you can pay by credit or debit cards. Of course there are quirky form behaviour, but you can redo the whole thing as long as your payment is not done.
To pay online, you need the 2008-09 application no. or PID no. If you have 2009-10 number, you can "query search" to get the 2008-09 number, and proceed.
Click here for FAQ on Property tax. It also has details about the SWM cess.
This year, the new addition is the Solid Waste Management Cess, to be paid along with property tax. You need to fill one more page, an addition (printed in greenish colour ledger paper) to form IV & V.
Keep handy the photo copies of form I (Submitted for the year 2008-09), form IV (Submitted for the year 2010-11) OR the forms submitted for revision, if any and the relevant receipts.
Please enter the personal details in Part I as you did in previous years. There is an additional column for Special Notice Number, which has to be filled in case you have received any, from BBMP, either for Non-Payment, Wrong disclosure, Omissions / Alterations etc.
Please copy the ward numbers and names, both old & new as filled in the form for 2010-11.
Fill the details of tax paid according to the year 2010-11 (If revised submission has been done, fill according to it) with receipt number & date of payment, in column 10.
If you are paying tax during the 5% rebate period (Upto 30-04-11), fill column 11 and draw a line across column 12. If you are paying after the rebate period OR in instalments, fill details in column 12 and draw a line across column 11.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CESS
Now coming to the new section on cess section, write your application number right hand top boxes provided, and Part 1 consisting of property details as per furnished in Form IV, part I (Page 1).
Refer to your form of 2008-09 (Column 6) OR revised one, if any, to the column of “BUILT-UP AREA” and different kind of uses, and fill in accordingly, on “PLINTH AREA” column.
Refer to the tariff on page no.2 (Reverse of the form) and fill in the “RATE PER MONTH” column.
Accordingly calculate the area multiplied by rate multiplied by 12 / 06 for FULL / HALF year and enter in the “SWM CESS PAYABLE” column. (Note : The total column refers only to the area and cess amount). NOTE : 5 % rebate is not applicable on SWM Cess.
Coming to PAYMENT PARTICULARS on page 3 of Form IV, fill in the amount of Property tax + SWM cess (Eg: YYYYY + ZZZZ = XXXXX) and fill in the cheque details, if you are paying by cheque. If you are paying by card (debit/credit card), fill the details of card and affix your signature.
Fill both the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS on page 4 with the split amount system (As filled on page 3). Staple the SWM Cess form to the first sheet of form IV and present it at your respective collection center.
NOTE: Receipts for cheque payment will be issued only after realisation (upto one month) of the cheque, but acknowledgement will be given immediately.
Relax till the next term. ⊕
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I only followed the first few posts in this thread. I recommend reading
"Why Man Needs Approval" Marsha Familaro Enright (_Objectivity_ 1(2)).
Sadly, this essay has not been placed on the web. (_Objectivity_'s web page is at http://www.bomis.com/objectivity/.)
Anyway, to some extent, what Enright believes seems to be that friends and lovers in a sense make our lives fuller because they satisfy a basic need for self-perception. I.e., we see ourselves through others -- in much the same way that we need a mirror to see our faces.
Why is self-perception of this sort necessary? If my memory's correct, it's because we need to be able to experience our achievements (personality-wise) in a full way -- a way we can't given that we're always on the inside looking out. In a lot of ways, this is very Hegelian, though the point Enright is making is psychological NOT ontological.
Ergo, from a transhumanist perspective, we might ask, do we need this aspect of our psychology? If we don't, can we edit it out? If we do, how can we refine or fit it into what we wish to and will become?
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isadora duncan virtual museum
end ` texts `` english ` ðóññêèé
From Event to Monument:
Modernism, Feminism and Isadora Duncan
Many intellectuals and artists who saw Isadora Duncan dance came away believing they had experienced the liberation they longed for in their hopes and dreams for the twentieth century. Duncan returned to the Greek emphasis on balancing ecstasy and harmony and made it "excitingly modern," as one critic put it. Her performances from 1908 and throughout the 1910s excited the imagination of American intellectuals who sought to tear down the barriers of class and sex in order to see their philosophies reflected in a praxis of art and life. Max Eastman, editor of the Masses, wrote, "She was an event not only in art, but in the history of life."1 With their qualities of immediacy and yet recognizable significance, events crystallize moments of consciousness formation - they shock the viewer into a new recognition of identity. Sloughing off the old, embracing the new, Duncan's dances were events through which her viewers recognized themselves as modern. They also were shocking, because Duncan performed the female body differently in a period when the transformation of womanhood was both a source of anxiety and a central element of radical theories of liberation. In this sense, Duncan was an event in the history of women's participation in modernism.
Out of the twentieth century's fragmentation of identity and the division of labor and play into ever smaller pieces, Duncan suggested the possibility of wholeness - the resolution of fundamental dualisms between body and mind, self and world, the individual and social collectivity.2
She accomplished this resolution through a different signification of the
body as female. The heavy layers of Victorian clothing were gone. "She ripped
off all the corsets and let herself go," as one admirer described the sense of
liberation from the prohibition and repression associated with female bodies.3
Duncan was excitingly modern because she changed woman's place in the artistic
process, transforming it from the grounds for representation to an agent of
representation. In doing so, Duncan set into motion a series of dialectical
relations that characterized modernism in the first decades of the century,
thereby revealing the gendered dimension of that dialectic. For a variety of
reasons, Duncan's career reached an impasse in the twenties. This impasse was
emblematic of the pessimism and alienation among intellectuals after World War
I. While Duncan established a new relation of women to artistic production by
using her body as both the medium and the agent of representation, as Duncan
grew older (she died at 50 in 1927), the signs of her body's aging became
correspondingly more noticeable signifiers of her decline. Duncan herself used a
divisive rhetoric of race and nation to attack the changes in modern culture
that increasingly marginalized her. The dialectical interplay of the event of
Duncan shifted to a reifying rhetoric that froze Duncan into a monument. By
interpreting this shift, we can see the contradictions in the desire for
wholeness among cultural radicals after the war and the effects these
contradictions had on the perception of Duncan as an artist, a woman and a
modernist. Duncan's career thus reveals both the connections and the tensions
between feminism and modernism in the early twentieth century.
The Event of Isadora Duncan
"Everything must be undone,"4 Duncan wrote about 1910, playing on the metaphor of loosening the bonds of clothing to express her critique of dominant aesthetics in dance. Unwrapping the garb of culture from her body, Duncan took off shoes, stockings, and corset, all signifiers of constraints on the female body and its expressive potential. Duncan danced in a sheer, short tunic, secured at the breast and hips, and lined with a leotard.5 She believed that her tunic, uncorseted form and bare feet replaced constraint with unity and fusion as the basis for beauty. "It has never dawned on me to swathe myself in hampering garments or to bind my limbs and drape my throat, for am I not striving to fuse soul and body in one unified image of beauty?" she asked in the early 1900s.6 In its signification of transparency, the tunic let the female body be perceived as a unified whole. Her costume also became an emblem of women's emancipation, a radical performance of a woman's body freed from the binding and stifling layers of culture. In contrast to manipulating fashion and appearance to subvert the static perception of gender difference, Duncan sought to reveal an essential body beneath the surface of culture and to mold culture to fit that body. Promoting a universal image of woman-hood, Duncan did not use costume as a form of fashion but as a timeless image that placed her outside the particular and various histories of womanhood.
Isadora Duncan by John Sloan, 1911. Courtesy of Milwaukee Art Museum, Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Donald B. Abert.
In her appeal to universality and timelessness, however, Duncan sought to blur the static image of womanhood into a dynamic, moving performance. Duncan's "everything" was undone through her transformation of the medium of dance. At a Duncan performance, the stage design was simple - a backdrop of long, blue-gray curtains, a carpet and diffuse lighting. When Duncan appeared unassumingly from the shadowy corners of the stage, audiences saw a form of dancing quite different from the rigid commonplaces of the ballet of the period and the displays of sou-brettes at popular revues. Her movements magnified those of everyday life - runs, walks and skips - through which Duncan expressed an unmechanical relation to the world. Duncan also transgressed aesthetic boundaries by performing not to conventional dance music, but to Gluck and Wagner operas, Tchaikovsky and Beethoven symphonies and Chopin concertos. Duncan expressed her dismantling of performance conventions polemically as a rejection of dance altogether. Duncan often and vehemently rejected the cultural connotations of being a dancer, "I hate dancing. I am an expressioniste of beauty. I use my body as my medium, just as the writer uses his words. Do not call me a dancer."7
Duncan's transformation of dance was rooted in her struggle to disarm the power of civilization to dominate and control the body. In using her body as a medium, rather than presenting the female body as something to be assimilated and controlled through the vision of others, Duncan placed the body's development at the center of her social critique. Many radical thinkers had argued in the nineteenth century that civilization crippled rather than encouraged individuals to develop, and Duncan extended that argument by claiming that the individual would find in the body the sources of unity and harmony to counteract the negative aspects of civilization. Duncan tells us in her autobiography that early in her career, she stood for hours in front of a mirror and finally discovered the origin of movement within her body, at the solar plexus, rather than from an exterior source. "I was seeking and finally discovered the central spring of all movement, the crater of motor power, the unity from which all diversities of movements are born, the mirror of vision for the creation of the dance."8 From this central place, movement radiated outward, connecting self and world.
Duncan was an event because her performances suggested - some even said made possible - the experience of coherence and totality. She theorized the coherent self as a way to lighten the pressures of modern life in the first decades of the twentieth century. Coherence meant reuniting the body and the mind, doing away with the split between nature and civilization, and restoring an embodied self lost in the modern world. Duncan also evoked the desire for oneness and wholeness characteristic of appeals to totality.9 In her 1909 essay, "Movement is Life," Duncan wrote,
With the first conception of a conscience, man became self-conscious, lost the natural movements of the body; today in the light of intelligence gained through years of civilization, it is essential that he consciously seek what he has unconsciously lost.10
Civilization repressed the consciousness of the body, but it was only through civilization - and not an attempt to return to the primitive - that the expressive body could be rediscovered. The individual would rediscover an embodied relation to the world through sense - nerves, muscles and perception - but the senses had to be trained. Duncan theorized that if one was trained to make the most of this encounter with the world, then one also had the means to resist the moral and social prohibitions that dominate the body. In theorizing dance as a way to achieve oneness in a primary and uncorrupted relation to the world, Duncan posed her interpretation of Greek civilization against the censorship and constraints with which she associated Victorianism. Duncan thus overturned a central tenet of the nineteenth-century world view by arguing that the body must not be civilized, but rather that the body was the source of civilization. Thus, the body as the medium for self-expression liberated moderns to make and mold civilization, rather than submitting to civilization and its mechanisms of repression.
The shift from repression to self-expression was part of the discourse of personal and social transformation among intellectuals in the early twentieth century.11 Modernists marked their distance from the Victorian world in their embrace of self-expression. While Duncan appealed to a broad audience at the height of her career in the early 1910s, her performances and her persona had special meaning for cultural radicals in America beyond 1908, because they sought to create a coherent ethos of artistic practice, social relationships and political beliefs. Anxious critics saw fragmentation and disorder in the new portrayals of reality in literature and art but many modernists actually desired wholeness in their insistent demands for cultural transformation.12 At the core of the modernist appeal to wholeness before the war was a desire for both boundlessness and integration.13
Cultural radical Floyd Dell shared these desires for collective and personal transformation, and he understood Duncan's ability to represent this dream through a new aesthetic medium: the body itself. He wrote in 1916,
A strange and dark century, the nineteenth!... When I think that if I had lived and died in the darkness of that century I should never have seen with these eyes the beauty and terror of the human body, I am glad of the daylight of my own time. It is not enough to throw God from his pedestal and dream of superman and the cooperative commonwealth: one must have seen Isadora Duncan to die happy.14
In Dell's rhetoric of light and vision, Duncan dispelled the "darkness" of the nineteenth century. Yet she is not one of the philosophers of the metaphysical breakdown that shaped modern consciousness; she embodies those ideas. Through the shock of "seeing" Duncan's body, Dell recognized himself as modern, albeit with a Utopian's sunny view of the twentieth century.
But Duncan's emphasis on liberating the body was shot through with ambivalence about the relationship between modernization and modernity.15
This ambivalence was shared by many cultural radicals who believed that the development of capitalism had established the preconditions for a classless society and sexual equality, but who found themselves rebelling from the iron cage of modernity, especially from the monotony and dullness of all things bourgeois. Since the late nineteenth century in America, intellectuals had worried over how modernization affected the body and the mind; they sought to loosen the bonds of rationalization and repression and to search for self-fulfillment.16 Duncan played upon but did not resolve this ambivalence because she believed that the bonds tying the individual to modernity not only could be loosened but that they could be escaped altogether. Her belief in the essential integrity of the body did not acknowledge the body's mediation by the machines of capitalism, either the assembly lines of industry or the telephones, automobiles and cameras of consumer culture.17
Instead, Duncan laid claim to the possibility of self-fulfillment and a creative and imaginative space in the machine age by evoking a dialectic between the self and the world. For Duncan, an inner self had to be discovered before the world could be reconstructed. "We do not know how to get down to the depths, to lose ourselves in an inner self, how to develop our visions into the harmonies that attend our dreams.... We are always in paroxysms."18 Those who met Duncan consistently point out that she was calm and self-possessed; she moved with a slow grace, and her voice was melodious and soothing.19 Duncan's response to modernization was to emphasize depth and harmony to counteract the corrosive effects of an increasingly accelerated and alienated twentieth-century world, what she called "strident, clamorous dissonance." Duncan's aim was to slow things down, to calm the paroxysms of modern life in the first two decades of the twentieth century.
Inner harmony was one way to break free from the constraints of the social world, but it led to a contradictory way of thinking about the interrelations of self and world. Duncan often said her motto was "sans limites." The desire to be both unified and without limits - both coherent in self and encompassing the world - was for Duncan the "magnetic center" that redefined her relation to self, world and expression. "Often I thought to myself, what a mistake to call me a dancer - I am the magnetic centre to convey the emotional expression of the Orchestra."20 The experience Duncan sought to evoke as the center of movement and music was itself contradictory: her body as a medium for expression led away from the centered self. This contradiction also was rooted in a central dilemma among cultural radicals: how to bridge the demand for self-expression within a social movement that included socialism, feminism, and other collective demands for rights.
Duncan appeared to bridge that tension between individualism and collectivity in her performances. She wanted movement to suggest not individual expression but a collective social presence. Duncan's essays claim over and over that she meant to play upon the individual's access to harmony, but also to make the audience aware of itself as a collective presence reflected in the movements on stage, "call and response, bound endlessly in one cadence."21 Her performances sought to break down the barriers of spectacle and bind the audience and the performer together into a collective event. Like Walt Whitman, whose Leaves of Grass she carried with her everywhere, Duncan wanted her body to "contain multitudes." She expressed collectivity by evoking the impression of a moving chorus rather than the solitary dancer on a spare stage. She claimed,
"I have never once danced a solo."22 Duncan's medium was thus her body, but her theory of expression was not reducible to the body. In suggesting the chorus, she pointed to an arena outside the coherent, solitary self. Her performances also suggested an allegory of revolution, and they could be likened to the dialectical model for socialism and history. Marxist editor Michael Gold wrote in 1929, "She prophesied the future, when in a free society there will be neither money nor classes, and men will seem like gods, when the body and mind will form a radiant unity. Her own mind and body approached that unity."23
In evoking collectivity and a socialist body politic, Duncan distanced herself from individual artistic interpretation, equating her own persona with what she believed were universal feelings and drives. Mabel Dodge Luhan, Duncan's friend and backer during her tours in New York, suggested in her memoirs, "[T]his life she let loose up through her body was not good or bad but merely undifferentiated and voluminous."24 Duncan called this "multiple oneness," and theorized movement as a social force, when she writes:
In order to realise these dreams, a single gesture of appeal will be able to evoke a thousand extended arms, a single head tossed back will represent a bacchantic tumult.... It seems to me that in this music is concentrated the ... whole cry of desire in the world.... I repeat, I do not fulfill it, I only indicate it.25
Duncan's career was constructed around fanning the flame of "desire in the world."
Duncan fanned the flame particularly through her challenge to the categories and conventions of gender. She evoked wholeness and unity as a woman at one with her body through dance. She was effective because women had been associated with the splits, fragmentation and divisions of modernity. Duncan's ideas slide back and forth between the universality of woman and her sense of herself as unique, as a woman apart. This slippery relation produced the dialectical relations between self and world, individuality and collectivity, civilization and nature that surface in her theories. Her performances were powerful because the image of woman as emblem for a transformed modern world functioned on both sides of the dualisms. In this, she argued that she acted as a mirror for others: "Nietzsche says, 'Woman is a mirror,' and I have only reflected and reacted to the people and forces that have seized me."26 But as Duncan also suggests, the process of mirroring was rooted in the belief that she was capable of turning the mirror out upon the audience and projecting an image outside of history by emphasizing her own difference. The ancient Greek motifs in her costume and in her movements signified that outsiderness in their timeless, abstract quality. As Luhan wrote, "She was able to project her vision upon the ether, and others, then, saw as she did."27 Duncan both sought a unified image of woman, which she saw in the strong stances of the classical statues she imitated, and exposed the extent to which contemporary women had been denied that unity in her critique of marriage and other social institutions. A central aspect of Duncan's ability to fan the flame of desire in the world, then, was to "dance the freedom of woman."28
The discourse of women's emancipation thus is central to understand ing Duncan's cultural impact. Tied to the body and subjectivity, women's emancipation was the basis for a new civilization, not a civilizing influence. Duncan's was a heroic theory meant to free women from weakness, dependence, and deformity. In Duncan's critique, women had the most to gain from eradicating the prohibitions associated with Victorianism. Her preeminent concern was with women's control over their bodies as the foundation for expression. She thus opposed marriage, encouraged open sexual expression, and believed in free motherhood.29 Duncan's outspoken critique of marriage and her emancipated lifestyle, however, stood in tension with her view of gender and aesthetics. While she advocated sexual equality and sexual expression in the social realm, Duncan firmly rejected sexuality as a mode of expression in performance, arguing that wholeness and unity could only be experienced when audiences stopped eroticizing the female performer. In representing the female body as a source of wholeness rather than the site of fragmentation, Duncan allied women's emancipation to central ideas of modernism.
Duncan's lecture "The Dance of the Future," which was written in the early 1900s, allows us to look at how Duncan's view of modernity worked with a new definition of womanhood. Duncan composed this essay as a response to critics who attacked the legitimacy of Duncan's redefinition of dance. The rhetoric of the lecture is significant. After moving through two stances that establish the narrator as a figure to be looked at, Duncan reverses that relation, speaking as she herself boldly looks out upon her audience. She ends the speech with a peroration on the ability of woman to dance themselves rather than assigned roles in the trite and eroticized dance repertoire. "She will dance not in the form of nymph, nor fairy, nor coquette, but in the form of woman in her greatest and purest expression."30
Duncan separated her own stance as an artist from the sexuality of female performance through the appeal to a seemingly timeless, abstract hellenism. In doing so, she sought to dismantle the twin discourses that structured the perception of women as hopelessly split between body and mind, intelligence and animality. "She will dance the body emerging again from centuries of civilized forgetfulness, emerging not in the nudity of primitive man, but in a new nakedness, no longer at war with spirituality and intelligence, but joining with them in a glorious harmony." For Duncan, the female body did not represent civilization, but was its source: "the highest intelligence in the freest body!"31 Duncan's superlatives overturned the characterization of women as fundamentally weak and at war with their dual natures. Duncan's fusion of a "new nakedness" from her selective reading of the split between the primitive and the civilized was a central move in the modernist vision of wholeness.32
Duncan's emphasis on the wholeness and unity of her body stands in stark contrast to the depiction of nudity at what is usually considered the inception of modernism in the United States, the Armory Show of 1913. Marcel Duchamp's painting, Nude Descending a Staircase, which became the unofficial emblem of the show, used the conventions of the nude to demonstrate how fragmentation and multiple points of view actually generated a more complete configuration of reality. In contrast to representations of modern life through fragmented images of the female body, Duncan turned such a schema on its head; she used her body to present an image of the whole. Duncan represents the moment when woman breaks free of her status as the sexual ground for modernist representation.
Significantly, most cultural radicals did not talk about the inspiration that they took away from Duncan's performances in terms of an expressive sexuality - even though liberating sex from the repression associated with Victorianism was a pervasive discourse of the period. Rather, Duncan set into motion another dialectical relation: that of women and the perception of gender difference. In fact, many critics emphasized that Duncan's performances were freed from a relation to sex, a freedom they character-ized as androgynous. Carl Van Vechten wrote after seeing her perform in New York, "She called her art the renaissance of the Greek ideal but there was something modern about it, pagan though it might be in quality. Always it was pure and sexless...always abstract emotion has guided her interpretations."33 By evoking ancient statues, Duncan had shifted the emphasis from the female body parts eroticized in her own time to a different image. "Imagine for yourself a woman with a body that suggests the perfection of Greek sculpture, without the slightest resemblance to the modern French figure. . .. Straight, slender as a sapling, robust hips, with legs at once feminine and virile, bust fragile," a French critic wrote.34
Duncan did not resemble the "modern French figure" because the gaze of the viewer shifted from her bust to her powerful legs. To prove the artistic stature of Duncan's work and to undermine the association of Duncan's performances with her famed lifestyle of "free love," her conductor, Martin Shaw, wrote, "There was no sex appeal in Isadora's dancing. 55
Duncan's challenge to gender difference, "her sexlessness," opened up more avenues of interpreting the significance of her work, and reviews of her performances are filled with hyperbole and metaphor. Many cultural radicals saw her performances as moving and visual enactments of theories of freedom and revolution. But in doing so, Duncan's body itself became a metaphor. Painter and sketch artist John Sloan was one of many American artists breaking away from the techniques and subjects of academic, genteel art and moving toward representing life as they found it - on the streets and from the rooftops of immigrant neighborhoods - with a style to depict both the beauty in everyday life and the injustice they saw all around them. Duncan was a special subject for Sloan's painting because she helped him to see in aesthetic terms a new iconography of the body different from both mannered portraits of society women and academic conceptions of the nude. Sloan's 1911 painting of Duncan performing on a darkened stage attempted to capture the event of Duncan in paint. Sloan's broad strokes arrest Duncan in a lyrical moment. Her body is figured with head back and arm flung wide with the fluttering tunic draped lightly and transparently over her body. But as he wrote in 1911, Isadora as she appears on that big simple stage seems like all womanhood - she looms big as the mother of the race. A heavy solid figure, large columnar legs, a solid high belly, breasts not too full and her head seems to be no more important than it should to give the body the chief place.36
Sloan used the rhetoric of universality and a eugenic view of civilization to render Duncan back into the ground for a modernist point of view, an object of representation.
Despite Duncan's ability to disrupt the association of eroticism with the female body, the attempts by cultural radicals to make Duncan into a beacon of feminism and emancipation served to disarm the power of Duncan's intervention. Floyd Dell, for example, recognized himself as modern in seeing Duncan's dancing body. But when he wrote about Duncan as a feminist, he turned attention away from Duncan's disruption of conventions of representing the body as itself a feminist act. He writes:
That women should make so much fuss about getting the vote, or that they should so excite themselves over the prospect of working for wages, will appear incomprehensible to many people who have a proper regard for art, for literature, and for the graces of social intercourse.37
Duncan, for him, represented the leap from political and social agitation to the realm of "truth" and "beauty." "It is only when the woman's movement is seen broadly... that there comes the realization that here is a cause ... from which sincere lovers of truth and beauty have nothing really to fear." To see the women's movement "broadly" for Dell meant to rewrite its history from its roots in the nineteenth century to the re-orientation of American culture signified by the modern movement in art, literature, and philosophy. In doing so, Dell assimilates feminism into modernism. Dell quotes "The Dance of the Future," to make this point, finally concluding that "In any case, it is to the body that one looks for the Magna Charta of feminism."38 Duncan, then, was writing one of the founding texts of feminism with her body; she was a hero, a "world-builder" in her encouragement of women to be that "self-sufficient, broadly imaginative and healthy-minded creature upon whom we have set our masculine desire." While Duncan turned her gaze to the audience and redefined the terms upon which women would inhabit their bodies and thus change the world rhetorically in "Dance of the Future," Dell's appropriation of Duncan's essay reinscribes her performance of womanhood within the terms of masculine desire. In doing so, he re-established her as no threat to those who have a "proper regard for literature and art."
Max Eastman also brought his desire to bear upon his assessment of Duncan. In motion, Duncan was powerful. When she left the stage, however, her stature was literally diminished, he writes:
She was not of heroic size, as you expected after seeing her on the stage, and her body, though comely in a mellow way, was not excitingly beautiful. She had in supreme degree only the powers of expression and motion. Thus her physical presence in private life did not make up, as an Amazon's should, for a certain overriding force in her - a sort of didactic, almost bluestocking assertiveness.. .. She was the most advanced outpost of the movement for woman's emancipation. Her position was not too advanced for me - that is not what I am trying to say. But it was an intellectual position; she was invading a field where serious thinking had been done and some was still to do. 39
Again, Duncan's claim for women's emancipation diverted Eastman's admiration and unleashed a torrent of pejorative labels associated with feminism. Moreover, as soon as Eastman placed Duncan on a frontier of women's emancipation, he reintroduced the split between thinking and the body. Her body was a liberating force, but she could not be taken seriously when she staked out an intellectual position.
Consideration of Duncan thus poses the problem of feminism in relation to the modernist quest for wholeness. Duncan's mode of representing the body appealed to the modernist ideology that sought liberation from social bonds, including those of gender, but modernists were also concerned with the creation of new ideals to counteract the negative aspects of modernity. As in Sloan's painting, the impulse to erase and redraw cultural and aesthetic boundaries met in the moment of watching Duncan perform.40 The problem that surfaces in the modernist impulse expressed by such cultural radicals as Dell, Eastman, Sloan and others is that Duncan's body was mediated by such conventional metaphors as youth, joy, and beauty and as a feminist she was labeled a bluestocking, Amazon, and intellectual invader in order to assert or diminish her power as a women in modernism.
Duncan acted as a metonymy for Utopian aspirations by using her body to
depict a whole, unified world, yet she could not sustain this mö?tonymie
relation. Duncan began to be recognized not as a dynamic event, but as a
monument - an immobile allusion to a lost moment of freedom. Her appeal to
totality was divorced from the moment of performance and began to be expressed
in a shrill nationalism and attack on popular culture. Just as a monument stands
for an abstract thing called the past, the discourse of monumentality separated
Duncan from the present moment of transformation.
The Monument of Isadora Duncan
The end of Duncan's career in the 1920s, indeed, vividly demonstrates and exposes the contradictions in the modernist quest for wholeness and their view of a unified culture. The visual apprehension of Duncan's performing body as the unity of a new definition of womanhood and Utopian aspirations for the twentieth century fragmented as Duncan herself confronted difference and change in modern culture. Duncan saw a widening split between her theory of a whole civilization and elements of popular culture influenced by African-American forms. From the start, Duncan's ideas about civilization had embedded racial theories of evolution that situated the "new" woman in a white, hellenic tradition. She writes in "The Dance of the Future,"
It is not only a question of true art, it is a question of race, of the development of the female sex to beauty and health, of the return to the original strength and to natural movements of woman's body. It is a question of the development of perfect mothers and birth of healthy and beautiful children.41
Duncan's eugenic view was at the root of her belief that the emancipated body would allow women to overcome weakness and dependence. Moreover, Duncan's ideas about harmony required that difference dissolve into "multiple oneness."
While Duncan used a rhetoric of universality in her earlier essays, the implications of her division between the "primitive" and the "civilized" became more disturbing and forceful in her manifestos written in the twenties. Her rejection of the conventions of dance took a new polemical turn when she saw how pervasive the culture of popular dances had become in America in the early twenties. She also began to have qualms about her ability to draw an audience when dance crazes were sweeping the country and capturing the imagination of young Americans. Duncan used a divisive racial rhetoric to criticize the "primitivism" of popular dances and music influenced by African-Americans.42 In attacking popular dances as primitive, not civilized, her rhetoric re-associated dance with race and sexuality. Her later essays also connected her ideas about women to her fear that her conception of dance was being contaminated by popular expression. Her own rhetoric took on a moral, civilizing overtone when she wrote in 1927, If, twenty years ago, when I first pleaded with America to adopt my school and my theories of dancing in all the public schools, they had acceded to my request, this deplorable modern dancing,which has its roots in the ceremonies of African primitives, could never have become dominant. It is extraordinary that mothers who would be intensely shocked if their daughters should indulge in a real orgy... will look on with smiling complacency at their daughters indulging in licentious contortions upon a dance floor, before their very eyes.43
Duncan's protest reasserted the very dualisms she earlier had sought to undo: popular dancing was merely sexual for her. Poet Claude McKay made this clear in describing an argument he had with Duncan in her studio in Nice. "Isadora was ... severe on Negro dancing and its imitations and derivations. She had no real appreciation of primitive folk dancing, either from an esthetic or an ethnic point of view."44 Duncan's belief in a Utopian philosophy of the integration of art and life was in tension with what she saw as the primitive allure of popular culture.
At the same time, Duncan saw that sexuality, not women's control of their bodies, had become central to the discourse of modern culture in the twenties, but she displaced that distinction onto her rejection of "primitivism." Her emphasis on the licentiousness of popular culture reiterated the division between primitivism and civilization. To convey the perils of an identification between dance and sexuality for young women, she writes:
A seemingly modest young girl would not think of addressing a young man in lines or spoken phrases which were indecent and yet the same girl will arise and dance these phrases with him in such dances as the Charleston and Black Bottom, while a negro orchestra is playing Shake that thing/45
Popular culture itself destabilized the essentialized, ideal form Duncan had sought to rejuvenate in her interpretation of the ancient Greeks. The racial signifiers of jazz - the negro orchestra - and popular dances - the Black Bottom - replaced the image of woman as the universal figures in Duncan's rhetoric, but her allusions were highly negative. While her image of the female body freed from its relation to sex and to social constraint had been dynamic and radical, the more this emphasis was displaced in her later rhetoric, the more static her idea of womanhood became.
Further changing her rhetoric of universality, Duncan also began to use nationalism to express her opposition to the direction of youth culture. She wrote in her 1927 autobiography,
It seems to me monstrous that any one should believe that the Jazz rhythm expresses America. Jazz rhythm expresses the primitive savage. America's music would be something different.... America will be expressed in some Titanic music that will shape its chaos to harmony, and long-legged, shining boys and girls will dance to this music, not the tottering, ape-like convulsions of the Charleston.46
Popular dances shook Duncan's philosophy to the core: they challenged Duncan's story of discovering the "motor" of dance in her body at the solar plexus, where the interior center expressed exterior harmony. Instead, popular dances became cultural machines that openly asserted sexuality and accelerated its expression. For all of their loosening of constraint in an expanding consumer culture, they subverted Duncan's emphasis on dance as a productive, generative philosophy of life. For Duncan, popular dances were not universal and had no pretense toward a totality of art and life.
In changing her rhetoric to emphasize her critique of popular culture, Duncan own self-presentation shifted. The dialectic of subjectivity in "Dance of the Future" - the movement from a figure to be looked at to the narrator who looks - hardened into a concrete, stable narrative in such later essays as "I See America Dancing" and in My Life. Not only did Duncan see herself in a battle with popular culture, she herself was attacked during her performances and in the press for her own mode of displaying the body and her lifestyle on her last tour of the United States in 1922-23. In response, Duncan resorted to a nationalist discourse of identity. She began to tell a story about her own origins as an American often, in essays, speeches and in her autobiography, over and against an oppositional culture. She made herself into a symbol of America but asserted that it was an Anglo-Saxon image, emphatically not "primitive," not African. Duncan began to think of herself as a heroic American at the same time that she felt doomed to exile by its dominant culture, and the story produced a stable identity for Duncan in a sea of cultural contention. Her posture became more and more that of a demagogue, her stance rigid with an ideological notion of America as she denounced materialism and prudery.
Cultural radicals responded in kind: they built rhetorical monuments to Duncan that gestured toward a Utopian lost moment but that were not grounded in the conditions of Duncan's career in the changing culture. As if to corroborate Duncan's movement from an abstract collectivity to a rigid Americanism, many writers and artists claimed that Duncan was symbolic of America, and that American ideals would be exhibited by American bodies. Max Eastman wrote, "All the bare-legged girls, and the poised and natural girls with strong muscles, and strong free steps wherever they go - the girls that redeem America and make it worth while to have founded a new world, no matter how badly it was done - they all owe more to Isadora Duncan than to any other person."47 The shift in rhetoric from the transformative event of Duncan to the monumental Duncan thus is central to the interpretation of Duncan's ideas about the expressive body, her role as an artist and to the historical assessment of gender in modernism.
In this context, the division between being a subject - Duncan's control over the process of being both an artist and a woman - and an object of representation - how others described, photographed, and drew Duncan - asserted itself powerfully in the twenties. This division, however, was channeled metaphorically into the perception that Duncan had aged, a convenient discourse but one that had everything to do with a generation's anxiety over the failure of a cultural idea.48 As Duncan entered middle age, she no longer signified an artistic, philosophical, cultural unity to others: instead, her body got in the way of the visual apprehension of her ideas. Critic Andre Levinson wrote in 1929,
The art of Isadora Duncan had aged with her. Those who had not seen her when she was twenty had not seen her. It was at the Trocadero, in May of 1923, that these inexorable ravages were apparent to me for the last time.... How I remember from the upright and noble carriage of her small head, to the torso of a robust amazon.... Yesterday, tortured, I sought those traits in her heavy face, the nape of her neck, and her massive thighs, revealed by an overly short tunic.... The arms, the wrists had lost their suppleness.... [A] single memory stays with me. I see the dancer, again with arms crucified as on an imaginary cross, the body weighed down, knees bent, legs broadly, brutally split apart. Then the head rolls back, the chest follows and the short head of hair sweeps the floor.49
The stream of metaphors that Duncan's performances had generated in the 1910s stopped abruptly in the 1920s. Her tunic no longer signified transparency and sexlessness, and her body referred to nothing but itself. Rather than as symbolic of abstract concepts such as freedom, unity, nobility, or images drawn from "nature," Duncan was described in terms of her bodily parts: legs, breast and hair. Modernists could not watch her without remembering what they had seen years before in her performances, and they could not brook the comparison. To many, Duncan had become monstrous.
But in their desire to hold onto the possibility of cultural transformation, even though it no longer could be produced through the event of Duncan, her intellectual companions used militaristic as well as Utopian imagery in their writing about her. Using his memory of Duncan to explain his own cultural crusade against "puritanism," Eastman cast Duncan in the mold of a militant hero in battle armor, in contrast to the fluidity of the transparent, silky tunics in earlier descriptions. He writes:
America fighting the battle against Americanism - that was Isadora. From that battle incomparable things are to come - things that will startle and teach the world. And Isadora led the way into the fight all alone, with her naked and strong body and her bold character, beautiful as an Amazon. If America triumphs over itself - over its cheap greed and prudery, its intellectual and moral cowardice, it prurient puerile senility - if America triumphs over that, Isadora Duncan will be sculptured in bronze at the gate of the Temple of Man in the new day that will dawn.50
Even as Eastman built a monument to Duncan's struggle against social constraint, the complexities of her ideas and her performances, not just her polemical posturing, were lost. The image of Duncan as a statue occurred frequently in tributes to her, for example, by a gushing admirer in 1920: "No man who lives is great enough to to build a permanent monument to you."51
Duncan grew impatient with those who wanted to memorialize her while she was engaged in an ongoing struggle. She said in 1921, "I know you will put up a monument to me fifty years after my death, but what good will that be? I will then be far away from the agony and struggle and unable to give you a great school and a great idea that you cannot understand or appreciate."52 Making Duncan into a monument was an ideological move that distanced Duncan from an ongoing cultural process and it was a move that was easily codified. Duncan was substituted for that other ideological emblem of freedom, the Statue of Liberty. Victor Seroff, Duncan's companion at the end of her life, claimed, "The time will come when freedom-loving Americans will throw the Statue of Liberty, that symbol of so-called freedom, into the sea, and raise in its place a statue of Isadora Duncan, who was the personification of true freedom and who called for the brotherhood of nations."53 Eastman makes the association even more boldly: "She looked like a statue of real liberty."54 The appeal to a national symbol shifted Duncan from an abstract dialectical notion of self to a concrete, stable one as an "American."
This appeal to a national symbol further separated Duncan's project from a younger generation of modernists who found little to value in Duncan's experiment for their own struggles for self-expression. Margaret Anderson, editor of the Little Review, castigated Duncan's performance because she saw in it both a frightening nationalism and a sentimental portrayal of the body. Anderson turned her experience of seeing Duncan perform into an opportunity to express how her idea of art differed from Duncan's. She used the metaphor of monument-building to establish her critique of sentimentality: "You must not insist to us that Isadora Duncan is an artist. This generation can't be fed on any such stuff. We are tired of that kind of loose valuation. ... Isadora Duncan, as you will know after seeing her once, is a ... monument of undirected adolescent vision, an ingrained sentimentalist."55
Conclusion: The Scarf
Others, however, remembered the significance of Duncan's transformation of gender and the conventions of representation, her stance as both an artist and a liberator. For example, Janet Flanner, who wrote cultural criticism for the New Yorker and paid particular attention to the participation of women in modernist culture, liked Duncan's performances during her later career. Flanner saw the tension between aging and Duncan's aesthetic project, but believed that modernists such as Levinson saw failure in the midst of their own anxiety over the fate of an artist's career. In Flanner's view, the cultural memory of Duncan neutralized her explosive, uncomfortable presence that had opened a trail for women's artistic expression. "Only Isadora, animator of all these forces, had become obscure. Only she, with her heroic sculptural movements, had dropped by the wayside, where she lay inert like one of those beautiful battered pagan tombs "56
The reification of Duncan from an event significant to the history of women
in modernism into a sentimental monument to a lost moment for cultural radicals
can be seen clearly in assessments of Duncan's death. In 1942, Eastman wrote
about his ambivalence about Duncan as a hero of emancipation. "As an aging
woman, she needed a truer and more austere wisdom than she had," he wrote. "She
could not live on gestures any longer.... If the scarf had really been given
life by her dance, it could not have acted more loyally."57 The scarf that
Eastman refers to is the one that broke Duncan's neck when it wrapped around the
wheel of a Bugatti sports car in southern France in 1927. While the cruelty of
Eastman's statement denied Duncan's humanity and his friendship for her, his
statement also referred to Duncan as an image and a character, a symbol of
"Isadora Duncan" in a web of ideas about the meaning of cultural intervention in
American life in the 1910s and 1920s. The scarf acted loyally to the creation of
Duncan into a monument, not to Duncan as an ongoing event. The scarf fluttered
gaily in the wind, dropped into the spinning wheel, was pulled tight.
Dialectical disorder and fluidity in a moment of abandon was pulled tight into a
line of separation in a dualistic framework.58 For Eastman, then, Duncan was
killed by her own contradictions. The ideas that Duncan depicted through her
body were worthy of expression for most moderns - oppression and freedom, the
desire for oneness - but casting the body into a statue reified her ideas,
and has immobilized our perception of Isadora Duncan by making her a legend,
outside of history, obscure and inert.
1. Max Eastman, "Heroism Plus Heroics: Difficulties in Worshiping Isadora Duncan," Heroes I Have Known: Twelve Who Lived Great Lives (New York, 1942), 86. I am grateful to Mari Jo Buhle, Ellen Rooney, Mary Gluck, Gail Bederman, Mary Louise Roberts, Linda Grasso and William Graebner for their comments on earlier versions of this essay. I am especially grateful to Chris Amirault.
2. For a good introduction to the desire for wholeness among American modernists, see American Quarterly (Spring 1987), especially Daniel Joseph Singal, "Towards a Definition of American Modernism," 7-26.
3. Michael Gold, "The Loves of Isadora" The New Masses 4 (March, 1929), 20.
4. Isadora Duncan, "The Dance of the Greeks," in The Art of the Dance, Ed. Sheldon Cheney (New York, 1928), 96.
5. Ann Daly, "Dance History and Feminist Theory: Reconsidering Isadora Duncan and the Male Gaze," Gender in Performance: The Presentation of Difference in the Performing Arts, ed. Laurence Senelick (Hanover, 1992), 239-59. For other descriptions of Duncan's costume, see Norma Adler, "Reconstructing the Dances of Isadora Duncan in the United States," The Drama Review 28 (Fall 1984), 59-66.
6. Franklin Rosemont, ö?d., Isadora Speaks (San Francisco, 1981), 48.
7. Quoted in Rosemont, 53. For a description of Duncan's stage design, music and movement vocabulary, see Daly and Deborah Jowitt, "The Search for Motion," in Time and the Dancing Image (New York, 1988).
8. Isadora Duncan, My Life (New York, 1927), 75.
9. See Martin Jay, "The Discourse of Totality Before Western Marxism" in Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukö?cs to Habermas (Berkeley, 1984), 21-80.
10. Duncan, "Movement is Life," The Art of the Dance, 78.
11. The autobiographies of American intellectuals offer the most compelling accounts of the shift from repression to self-expression as both a subjective and political stance and as one that signified much about women's changing roles. See for example Duncan's My Life and Mabel Dodge Luhan, Intimate Memories, Volume 3, Movers and Shakers (New York, 1936); as well as Joseph Freeman, An American Testament (New York, 1936); Floyd Dell, Homecoming (New York, 1933); Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years' War (New York, 1930).
12. Singal, 14.
13. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of American Culture 1880-1920 (New York, 1981) See also Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cambridge, 1983).
14. Floyd Dell, "Who Said that Beauty Passes Like A Dream?" in Looking at Life (New York, 1924), 48-49.
15. For an account of the different but interrelated meanings of modernity and mod-ernization, see Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982).
16. See Lears.
17. Indeed, Duncan believed that she could preserve an unmediated aura as a performer when that aura was increasingly disappearing from the autonomous work of art. See Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York, 1969). Significantly, while Duncan was photographed extensively by such artists as Arnold Genthe and Edward Steichen, she refused to be filmed by a motion picture camera, believing that the technology distorted her practice as a dancer and distanced her from the audience.
18. Duncan, "Depth," The Art of the Dance, 100.
19. Mabel Dodge Luhan offers a good description of these qualities in Duncan's persona in Movers and Shakers, 320-39.
20. Duncan, My Life, 224.
21. Duncan, "Depth," 99.
22. Duncan, "The Dance of the Greeks," 96.
23. Gold, 21.
24. Luhan, 333.
25. My Life, 136 and 144.
26. Ibid, 323.
27. Luhan, 324.
28. Duncan, "The Art of the Dance," in The Art of the Dance, 62.
29. Duncan's autobiography and the speeches and other writings in Isadora Speaks, ed. Franklin Rosemont, are good sources for Duncan's often impassioned stand for women's liberation.
30. Duncan, "The Dance of the Future" in Art of the Dance, 62.
31. Ibid., 63.
32. Stephen Spender, "The Modern as Vision of the Whole," in Irving Howe, ed., The Idea of the Modern in Literature and the Arts (New York, 1967), 50. See also Wassily Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art (New York, 1977).
33. Van Vechten in Paul Padgette, ed., The Dance Writings of Carl Van Vechten (New York, 1974), 24.
34. Quoted in Paul David Magriel, ed., Isadora Duncan (New York, 1947), 46.
35. Quoted in Francis Steegmuller, ed., "Your Isadora": The Love Story of Isadora Duncan & Gordon Craig (New York, 1974), 386.
36. Sloan quoted in Rowland Elzea, John Sloan's Oil Paintings: A Catalogue Raisonnö? (Newark, 1991), 109.
37. Dell, Women as World Builders (Chicago, 1913), 41.
38. Ibid., 43.
39. Eastman, "Heroism Plus Heroics: Difficulties in Worshiping Isadora Duncan," 73.
40. I have derived this point from Mary Gluck's 1990 graduate seminar on Modernism and Avant-Gardism at Brown University.
41. Duncan, "The Dance of the Future," 61.
42. Duncan, "Music and Dance" in Rosemont, 38.
43. Duncan, "Dancing in Relation to Religion and Love," in The Art of the Dance, 126.
44. Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (New York, 1937), 212.
45. Duncan, "Dancing in Relation to Religion and Love," 125.
46. Duncan, My Life, 341.
47. Eastman, "Isadora Duncan is Dead" The Nation 125 (September 28, 1927), 310.
48. See Kathleen Woodward, Aging and Its Discontents (Bloomington, 1991).
49. Andre Levinson, "In Memoriam," Ballet Review 6 (1977-8), 15.
50. Eastman, "Isadora Duncan Is Dead," 310.
51. "To Isadora Duncan: A Tribute from a Young Student" Touchstone 7 (July 1920), 307.
52. Duncan, 1921 interview quoted in Art of the Dance, 134.
53. Victor Elyitch Seroff, The Real Isadora (New York, 1971), 332.
54. Eastman, "Heroism Plus Heroics: Difficulties in Worshiping Isadora Duncan," 69.
55. Margaret Anderson, "Isadora Duncan's Misfortune," Little Review (April 1917), 7.
56. Janet Flanner, "Isadora (1878-1927)" in Paris Was Yesterday, 1925-1939 (New York, 1972), 28.
57. Eastman, "Heroism Plus Heroics," 70.
58. I am grateful to Chris Amirault for this diagram.
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It happens even before you step on the court.
Upon entering any competition most athletes are proficient in preparing their bodies; Right nutrition, warming up the body/muscles, pre-game skills, etc.; however the pre-game mental warm up and preparation is often lacking or not nearly paid attention to enough. Beach volleyball is unique in the mental aspect and demands upon a player. As you go through a game small errors can lead to rhythm changes, momentum shifts, and possible compounding errors which can quickly lead to a loss that could have been prevented with a couple of quick, in the moment mental adjustments.
These quick adjustments which I call "Resets" actually start before you even step on the court or into competition. To be able to quickly make a mental adjustment in the middle of a match you must first enter the match with a "quiet mind" (clean, blank slate if you will), and deeper sense of self awareness. Much like a computer our brains work on neural pathways and connections. When your computer/brain is bogged down with too many applications (distracting thoughts) running at once, your efficiency to perform tasks (motor planning and executive functioning) become compromised. We know this in the computer world because we start to see error messages. Loading information is slow (buffering), and eventually a crash can happen. When your computer is rebooted and Reset everything runs smoother and more efficiently.
Amazingly, we are able to perform this same action with our brains. Competition can trigger a fear response mechanism which can be translated into fight or flight reaction, which I translate into a pendulum effect of anxiety in the competition world. This anxiety rests upon the "inverted U Hypothesis", which states that one must have the optimal anxiety level to perform in the flow state or the zone. This basically translates into the competitor needing to modulate ones anxiety level so it's not too high and not too low. The other key ingredient to a strong mental game is FOCUS.
SO, how do we attain these two key mental aspects Optimal Anxiety and Focus to RESET? I will list the ingredients much like a recipe:
Diaphragmatic Breathing: in through the nose for a 6-10 count and back down 6-10 count 5-6 minutes. Clear the mind, relax the nervous system. Close to competition 1 hour or less. In competition. This is 1 or 2 deep belly breaths, while incorporating your Reset or Cue word (step 3). There is much more to diaphragmatic breathing, but here is a start
Introduce Visualization: how do you see yourself playing? Set your intention and focus here, zero in on how you will play and what you will do. In the moment see the serve, pass, or shot the way you practice it.
Cue Words/Self Talk: Establish your cue words that you will use in the moment to reset and get you back in the game. Short, specific, direct and impactful statements or words: pass the ball, move your feet, Right Now, Be Aggressive, attack, dig deep, let it go or simply RESET. To make this effective knowing yourself and having Inner Awareness is key.
Posture: project winning positive posture, head up, chest out, NOT deflated or head down. Focused on getting the next point, NOT what is going wrong or not happening or future outcome focused.
In Moment Process Focused: Do NOT think outcome focused--how many points you're down, were going to win, we are too far down, we can't come back. INSTEAD, what do I (we) need to do RIGHT NOW.
Deep Breath: The impact of 1-2 deep breaths can do wonders in saving your game and Resetting.
Intensity level: Understand the moment and energy going on with your team or yourself. Here you are modulating your anxiety and intensity level. Either it needs to go up or down. You will use SELF TALK to adjust this---yelling, screaming, "Let's go", or lower it—"Nice and easy", "one point at a time." Sometimes it just takes ONE BIG PLAY. A big, hit, dig, ace. USE it to carry you through and shift the momentum.
It starts with your breath (1 to 2 deep belly breaths), assess the situation, and pull from your grab of above listed strategies. Use 1, 2 or all of them. Feel what you need. Then implement. You may ask "how do you have time for all this before the other team goes back to serve?" Let's remember the brain is fast "HOW fast"? Well research has shown that the brain processes 20 Million Billion bits of information every second and can process an image in just 13 milliseconds. SO yes you have time between serves to visualize, breathe and RESET before the serve.
The important thing to take away is that RESETING takes practice in your mental preparation well before you even step on the court. It's important to incorporate these strategies consistently and make them a part of your game so it's an unconscious reaction.
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Career and Education Opportunities for Auto Glass Installers in Greensboro, North Carolina
Auto glass installers can find many career and educational opportunities in the Greensboro, North Carolina area. Currently, 470 people work as auto glass installers in North Carolina. This is expected to grow 18% to 550 people by 2016. This is better than the nation as a whole, where employment opportunities for auto glass installers are expected to grow by about 1.8%. Auto glass installers generally replace or repair broken windshields and window glass in motor vehicles.
Income for auto glass installers is about $15 hourly or $32,030 per year on average in North Carolina. Nationally, their income is about $15 hourly or $32,110 per year. Incomes for auto glass installers are not quite as good as in the overall category of Automotive in North Carolina, and better than the overall Automotive category nationally.
There are two schools within twenty-five miles of Greensboro where you can study to be an auto glass installer, among thirty schools of higher education total in the Greensboro area. Auto glass installers usually hold a high school diploma or GED, so it will take only a short time to learn to be an auto glass installer if you already have a high school diploma.
CAREER DESCRIPTION: Auto Glass Installer
In general, auto glass installers replace or repair broken windshields and window glass in motor vehicles.
Auto glass installers decide on appropriate tools and parts in line with job requirements. They also set up replacement glass in vehicles after old glass has been removed and all needed preparations have been made. Equally important, auto glass installers have to allow all glass parts installed with urethane ample time to cure, taking temperature and humidity into account. They are often called upon to prime all scratches on pinchwelds with primer and allow primed scratches to dry. They are expected to remove broken or damaged glass windshields or window glass from motor vehicles, using hand tools to remove screws from frames holding glass. Finally, auto glass installers set up rubber channeling strips around edges of glass or frames to weatherproof windows or to inhibit rattling.
Every day, auto glass installers are expected to be able to see details at a very fine level of focus. They need to twist and stretch their arms and legs to get work done. It is also important that they articulate ideas and problems.
It is important for auto glass installers to cut flat safety glass in line with specified patterns or perform precision pattern making and glass cutting to custom-fit replacement windows. They are often called upon to hold cut or uneven edges of glass against automated abrasive belts to shape or smooth edges. Somewhat less frequently, auto glass installers are also expected to cool or warm glass in the event of temperature extremes.
Auto glass installers sometimes are asked to apply urethane around the perimeter of pinchwelds and dress the remaining urethane on the pinchwelds so that it is of uniform level and thickness. And finally, they sometimes have to remove all dirt and loose glass from damaged areas, apply primer along windshield or window edges, and allow primer to dry.
Like many other jobs, auto glass installers must be reliable and be thorough and dependable.
Similar jobs with educational opportunities in Greensboro include:
- Auto Body Mechanic. Repair and refinish automotive vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames.
- Auto Mechanic. Repair automobiles, trucks, and other vehicles. Master mechanics repair virtually any part on the vehicle or specialize in the transmission system.
- Motorcycle Mechanic. Diagnose, adjust, or overhaul motorcycles, scooters, or similar motorized vehicles.
- Vending Machine Mechanic. Install, service, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, or slot machines.
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES: Auto Glass Installer Training
Forsyth Technical Community College - Winston Salem, NC
Forsyth Technical Community College, 2100 Silas Creek Pky, Winston Salem, NC 27103-5197. Forsyth Technical Community College is a medium sized college located in Winston Salem, North Carolina. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 6,748 students. Forsyth Technical Community College has a less than one year and a one to two year program in Autobody/Collision and Repair Technology/Technician which graduated twenty-seven and four students respectively in 2008.
Guilford Technical Community College - Jamestown, NC
Guilford Technical Community College, 601 High Point Rd, Jamestown, NC 27282. Guilford Technical Community College is a large college located in Jamestown, North Carolina. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 11,289 students. Guilford Technical Community College has a less than one year and a one to two year program in Autobody/Collision and Repair Technology/Technician which graduated zero and twenty-four students respectively in 2008.
Glass Installer: NGA Certification can lead to better visibility, opportunities, and jobs.
For more information, see the National Glass Association website.
LOCATION INFORMATION: Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro is situated in Guilford County, North Carolina. It has a population of over 250,642, which has grown by 11.9% over the last ten years. The cost of living index in Greensboro, 84, is well below the national average. New single-family homes in Greensboro are priced at $140,500 on average, which is well below the state average. In 2008, seven hundred fifty-three new homes were built in Greensboro, down from 1,516 the previous year.
The top three industries for women in Greensboro are educational services, health care, and finance and insurance. For men, it is construction, accommodation and food services, and educational services. The average travel time to work is about 20 minutes. More than 33.9% of Greensboro residents have a bachelor's degree, which is higher than the state average. The percentage of residents with a graduate degree, 10.8%, is higher than the state average.
The unemployment rate in Greensboro is 10.5%, which is less than North Carolina's average of 10.6%.
The percentage of Greensboro residents that are affiliated with a religious congregation, 46.7%, is less than the national average but more than the state average. Muirs Chapel, Mount Tabor Church and Bass Chapel are all churches located in Greensboro. The most common religious groups are the Southern Baptist Convention, the United Methodist Church and the Catholic Church.
Greensboro is home to the Holden Plaza and the English Market as well as Shannon Woods Park and Lake Daniel Park. Shopping centers in the area include Greenbriar Mall, Golden Gate Shopping Center and Carolina Circle Shopping Mall. Visitors to Greensboro can choose from Greensboro Days Inn, Execustay by Marriot and Biltmore Hotel for temporary stays in the area.
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Kai Ryssdal: I was in Indiana for a couple of days the end of last week. Did a lot of driving, saw a whole lot of corn fields. Thing was, a lot of ’em were so dried out and stunted they could have been wheat fields. Not green and tall the way you’d expect this time of year.
The drought that’s hit a huge chunk of the country is doing a number on crops. And consumers are or will see rising prices at the supermarket. What’s not so easy to see is what it’s doing to food banks. From San Antonio, Texas Public Radio’s David Martin Davies has the story.
David Martin Davies: It looks and sounds like a busy loading dock at the San Antonio Food Bank. Forklifts unload trucks and move pallets piled high with processed food. Summer is actually the busiest time for food banks as they deal with kids missing school lunches.
But poke your head in the large walk-in refrigerator and you’ll notice there’s a shrinking supply of fresh greens and vegetables. There are a few cases of bruised green zucchinis, cucumbers and lettuce – but the cold unit is mostly empty and you can blame that on the drought.
Michael Guerra: The drought is turning into a bit of a perfect storm in a bad way for us.
Michael Guerra is the chief development officer for the San Antonio Food Bank.
Guerra: What we are seeing is many farmers struggling. Less water means less produce. Less produce for them means less produce to go into the donated food pipeline.
Last summer — during the heart of the drought in Texas — produce donations were down 20 percent. And $170,000 was spent trucking in the fresh veggies. Expect a repeat this summer. If not, folks go home with just rice, beans, and peanut butter.
Guerra: Good stuff, we know that. But the health implication of not having more produce, fruits, and vegetables in their diet is pretty severe.
And finding local farmers still growing produce is turning into a tough job.
Francis “Country” Moczygemba: My name is Francis “Country” Moczygemba, and I’m the shed manager for the fresh produce program.
Country earned his nickname honestly. He has bushy gray mustache, a big cowboy hat, and hands calloused and nicked up from a lifetime of working the land. He’ll tell you that farming is getting tougher because of the drought, which is in its fifth year in Texas. Country deals directly with the South Texas farmers and he says they are saving their dwindling water for higher dollar crops like cotton, not so much for vegetables.
Moczygemba: Are numbers are starting to diminish on the donated side We’re looking at sourcing from as far away as Arizona and California but our transportation cost are extremely prohibitive, makes our produce extremely expensive.
Up in the Corn Belt, the drought brings more bad news.
Brian Barks: The corn and the beans simply can not take the non-stop oppressive heat.
Brian Barks of the Food Bank of the Heartland in Omaha, Neb., says it’s a drought double whammy. Higher food prices squeeze private donations. And another food source is cutting back — Uncle Sam.
Barks: At our food bank, approximately 25 percent of our inventory comes from United States Department of Agriculture commodities program, and we have seen a significant reduction.
Barks says USDA surplus commodities — staples like peanut butter and corn — will be cut back further as the prices rise. But now with the food bank shelves bare there’s another problem: The drought is an economic downer for America’s breadbasket, driving up demand for food bank services.
Ross Fraser of Feeding America, the nation’s leading hunger relief charity, says the problems are only going to get worse.
Ross Fraser: We’re more concerned for what this means down the road. We know that corn crops, wheat crops, other crops that livestock feed on are way down so we’re worried about dairy prices going up, meat prices going up.
That will mean less supply and more demand for local food banks — run on shoe string budgets, staffed by volunteers, stocked by donations and already stretched to the limit.
In San Antonio, I’m David Martin Davies for Marketplace.
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Rivers flowing from the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding high Asian mountains which support one-third of the world’s population have experienced rapid increases in annual water and sediment runoff since the 1990s, and the volume of sediment washed downstream could more than double by 2050 under the worst-case scenario, a team of scientists has found.
The cause is “amplified warming”: Since 1950, the High Mountain Asia area, or the region of Asia containing five mountain ranges including the Himalaya and Hindu Kush around the Tibetan Plateau, has warmed by about 2 degrees Celsius, twice the amount of warming worldwide. That warming is precipitating more glacier melt, permafrost thaw while annual rainfall is also increasing, the researchers note.
“These findings have far-reaching implications for the region’s hydropower, food and environmental security,” the researchers observe. The findings also highlight the under-appreciated importance of sediment fluxes and have implications for potential changes in the global carbon cycle, they add.
The research, published today in the journal Science, is led by the National University of Singapore and includes three researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder, including Irina Overeem, Jaia Syvitski and Albert Kettner, all researchers in the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Overeem is also a CU Boulder associate professor of geological sciences, and Syvitski is professor emeritus of geological sciences.
The scientists analyzed observational data of runoff and sediment fluxes from 28 headwater basins over the past six decades.
Sediment flux is the mass of sediment that passes through a specific point in a river basin over a given time period, “like truckloads of sand being transported, in this case by water,” Overeem said. Although river runoff, the amount of water entering a river system, and sediment flux are both increasing, they are rising at different rates.
In the river basins the scientists studied, runoff increased by about 5% per decade, while sediment flux increased about 12% per decade.
Overeem explained the variability is affected in two ways: “With glacial melt and permafrost thaw there are new sources of sediment, that previously had been frozen in place in the landscape now can slump into the river. In addition, if more rainfall triggers bigger floods, you suddenly have exceeded a threshold and you can pick up so much more sediment” compared to average conditions. “If you increase the source and the proportion of a couple of these extreme events, you’ll get disproportionally much more sediment. So that is maybe what’s going on in this system.”
River-borne sediment can benefit highly populated areas like Bangladesh, where sediment helps maintain the coastal zone. But in other areas such as Tibet or Nepal, which have hydro-electric power plants, rising levels of sediment can wear out the dams’ turbines and fill reservoirs with sand and silt.
By harming existing or planned hydropower projects and reducing irrigation capacity, rising sediment fluxes can thus “threaten the region’s food and energy security,” the authors write. Additionally, the rising levels of sediment, which can carry nutrients, pollutants and organic carbon, can have implications for water quality and flooding, potentially affecting millions of people.
Research on the High Mountain Asia watershed was facilitated by the area’s unusually good, long-term records of streamflow and sediment flux, Overeem said, adding that datasets of similar quality do not exist for Greenland or the whole Arctic.
In the Arctic, scientists have also recorded increases in water discharge from melting ice and increasing rainfall but have few measurements of sediment flux.
“What is happening on the Tibetan plateau may be happening in the Arctic as well, but we just don’t have enough long records there and observational support to really know that yet,” Overeem said.
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If we were to ask most moms if their children were getting enough physical activity in the day, most would probably laugh and say, "of course!"
But a new study finds that even though about half of teens actually get their exercise in at school, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle leaves many of them short on the exercise and play time scale.
Dr. Abdulla Ghori, a pediatrician at MetroHealth Medical Center said he’s seen a major drop in active kids over the past few decades.
He said, "Over the years with the introduction of many electronic gadgets that are tethering kids down to the couch, the activity is gradually decreasing"
The study, done by Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, found students are actually getting most of their exercise during the school day, but the problem is, it's still not enough.
“They need to burn more than they consume,” Ghori said. “They need to have some kind of a structured 30 to 60 minute physical activity as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics.”
Researchers discovered teens only spent about 39 minutes a day doing some form of exercise and about 42 percent of that was mainly just walking from class to class.
“They’re always wanting to play a game,” said Brian Mahoney, physical education teacher at Roxboro Middle School, about his students. “If I didn't take their iPads away, they would prefer to just sit and look at a screen."
He explained how his main goal is to simply equip students to move better, for longer.
“As a Phys. Ed. teacher we're here to push them to the next level...so it's just a matter of exposing them to certain exercises, exposing them to certain activities...so they can get that information and go with it where they please."
And he's got the right idea, doctors say this time of year can be especially challenging, but finding small things to do, like running up the steps or jumping roping, can make a huge impact.
Ghori added that schools and parents need to make movement for teens more of a priority, and it's not as hard to put into practice as it seems.
He said, “Childhood obesity at this point in time is a public health issue. So there are so many other simple physical activity opportunities that we have in day-to-day life that we are actually missing out on."
The study also found walking to school added an extra 15 to 20 minutes of physical activity for students, however only 15 percent of kids actually do that on a daily basis.
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What does it mean to say that Joseph Smith or anyone else saw God, Jesus, angels, resurrected beings in visions? What can be claimed about deity from them? What kind of knowledge does the visionary possess and how is it acquired? Does it matter whether visions happen in the mind of the visionary while asleep, in a trance, unconscious? If not seen and heard with literal eyes and ears, must visions be discounted as non-factual, a-historical, un-true?
I have very little if any understanding of the several disciplines (e.g. psychology, neurology) that might be drawn upon in order to attempt to answer these questions, questions that have surely been asked before. What I will do is sketch what could be at stake, followed by a few passages from three different authors who have affirmed the truth of visions occurring in the mind alone.
Even in the standard account of the First Vision and of Moroni’s appearances it is suggested that Joseph Smith was not relying on regular sense perception. According to JS-H 1:20, it looks like he had fallen to the ground and suffered a lapse of consciousness: “When I came to myself again, I found myself lying on my back, looking up into heaven.” Indeed, 1:15 could taken as a description of some kind of seizure (there being a long history of associating something like epilepsy with divination). However, it is clearly stated in 1:16 that he was about to succumb “not to an imaginary ruin, but to the power of some actual being from the unseen world.”
The First Vision is then compared to Paul’s vision. And with Paul before a skeptical King Agrippa, the Prophet testifies in 1:25:
So it was with me. I had actually seen a light, and in the midst of that light I saw two Personages, and they did in reality speak to me; and though I was hated and persecuted for saying that I had seen a vision, yet it was true; and while they were persecuting me, reviling me, and speaking all manner of evil against me falsely for so saying, I was led to say in my heart: Why persecute me for telling the truth? I have actually seen a vision; and who am I that I can withstand God, or why does the world think to make me deny what I have actually seen? For I had seen a vision; I knew it, and I knew that God knew it, and I could not deny it, neither dared I do it; at least I knew that by so doing I would offend God, and come under condemnation.
Here, on the one hand, are repeated seemingly unequivocal affirmations of actuality, reality, truth, and knowledge. Yet, nowhere is it claimed that the vision was experienced though physical eyes and ears or that others would have seen and heard the same things, had they been present.
In Paul’s case, witnesses are reported, but they did not see and/or hear what Paul did (even if they did see and/or hear something). Famously, in 2 Corinthians 12:2 Paul frankly admits that he cannot tell whether visionary experience happens “in the body” or “out of the body,” an admission that Joseph Smith also makes in D&C 137:1 (cf. 3 Nephi 28:15).
That the First Vision is compared to Paul’s vision in Luke-Acts is of further significance in that Paul more or less equates his experience with the post-resurrection appearances of the Savior witnessed by Peter et al., despite his vision having happened quite a bit later than theirs (1 Corinthians 15:1-11). It could be argued on theological grounds, then, that the same uncertainty and ambiguity that accompanies the visions of Joseph Smith and Paul also apply to what the original witnesses of the Resurrection saw and heard (and touched).
That ought to do it for what may be at stake. Now for the promised citations.
Having studied in Alexandria under Horapollo (a.k.a. the ‘Soul-destroyer’) and writing as head of the Platonic Academy in Athens, Damascius composed a history of philosophy in the sixth century CE. Of a certain Isidore he says (ed. Athanassiadi, p. 86-97):
When Isidore was awake the ineffable vision disappeared. For it was not bright and profound enough to remain alight and to shine when overshadowed by the rival brilliance of sensible things. But when, paralyzed by sleep, sense perception was no longer active, and the soul stood apart from these things, then, isolated in itself and liberated from all obstacles, the ever-present inner spark of the divine was re-kindled and poured out its light to its full extent until it finally outdazzled the very world of illusion itself.
He therefore talked of the dual nature of divine visions—that which is perceived by the senses when one is awake, and that which proceeds from the imagination when one is asleep—and declared them both truthful (alēthē).
Besides the affirmation in the second paragraph, of note in this passage is the devaluation of matter and sense perception in the first, where they are said to inhibit divine communication.
In his well-known Gifford Lectures of 1901-2, William James argues that “what makes the difference between a sudden convert and a gradual convert is not necessarily the presence of divine miracle in the case of one and something less divine in that of the other.” No, what accounts for the difference in the types of conversion is “rather a simple psychological peculiarity . . . [namely] that in the recipient of the more instantaneous grace we have one of those Subjects who are in possession of a large region in which mental work can go on subliminally, and from which invasive experiences,” like the visions seen by sudden converts, “abruptly upsetting the equilibrium of the primary consciousness, may come.” James thinks that this should cause no consternation to believing Christians, for example, since the origins of religious experiences are not important for judging their significance and value. It is the fruits of religious experiences that are the sole criterion for making that assessment. And “[i]f the fruits for life of that state of conversion are good, we ought to idealize and venerate it, even though it be a piece of natural psychology (Varieties of Religious Experience [New York: New American Library, 1964 reprint], p. 191).”
The operative word in James’ argument about the difference in the types of conversion is the word necessarily. What makes the difference is not necessarily the divine presence. But this does not mean the divine cannot be present. Psychological explanation of sudden conversion does not require God’s non-existence, in other words. James is careful to avoid any such misunderstanding of his argument. So much so that, while he considers sudden conversion impossible in a person of little or no subconscious activity, he makes the following suggestion as to the possible existence of God (p. 194-5):
But if you, being orthodox Christians, ask me as a psychologist whether the reference of a phenomenon to a subliminal self does not exclude the notion of the direct presence of the Deity altogether, I have to say frankly that as a psychologist I do not seen why it necessarily should. The lower manifestations of the Subliminal, indeed, fall within the resources of the personal subject: his ordinary sense-material, inattentively taken in and subconsciously remembered and combined will account for all his usual automatisms. But just as our primary wide-awake consciousness throws open our senses to the touch of things material, so it is logically conceivable that if there be higher spiritual agencies that can directly touch us, the psychological condition of their doing so might be our possession of a subconscious region which alone should yield access to them. The hubbub of the waking life might close a door which in the dreamy Subliminal might remain ajar or open.
So God could exist. But one may need to be irrational if not insane to establish contact with him. This goes hand in hand with James’ understanding that religious experiences are largely the domain of the pathological and neurotic. Though, to repeat, for James, whence religious experiences originate is not important. As he tells his readers in the opening lecture, “you must all be ready now to judge the religious life by its results exclusively, and I shall assume that the bugaboo of morbid origin will scandalize your piety no more (p.35).”
In the last of the lectures, James turns to creeds. He asks whether there is “a common nucleus to which they bear their testimony unanimously.” There is, he says, and it can be divided into two stages, “uneasiness” and the “solution” to that uneasiness. The former, in short, “is a sense that there is something wrong about us as we naturally stand.” While the latter “is a sense of that we are saved from the wrongness by making proper connection with the higher powers.” James explains in more detail that the individual in the second stage manages to identify “his real being with the germinal higher part of himself,” as opposed to the naturally wrong part. In James’ words, this is how it happens:
He becomes conscious that this higher part is conterminous and continuous with a MORE of the same quality, which is operative in the universe outside of him, and which he can keep in working touch with, and in a fashion get on board of and save himself when all his lower being has gone to pieces in the wreck.
According to James this is the thread running through all religious experiences. Without casting doubt on their “enormous biological worth” and the “spiritual strength” that they impart to individuals, he asks whether religious experiences are not “only psychological phenomena.” In other words, “ought we to consider the testimony [borne by the common nucleus of the creeds] true?” Does the ‘more’ really exist, and if it does, what does union with the ‘more’ actually mean (p. 383-5, 389)? James would like to appear to come to the aid of the theologians. He even expresses himself in terms as apparently straightforward as: “God is real since he produces real effects.” However, unless his audience is prepared to worship their own subconscious, his defense of religion may not be very helpful.
Coming to the end of the lectures, it is difficult to resist suspecting that for James an active subconscious is not merely the prerequisite for establishing contact with the possibly existent God or divine. It is the deity proper. That James is in fact saying as much as this is clear from the postscript to his lectures. Discussing the question of God’s existence along the lines of immortality, on the one hand James “leave[s] the matter open,” while at the same time he “feel[s] bound to say that religious experience, as we have studied it, cannot be cited as unequivocally supporting the infinitist belief.” Until God is shown to be infinite or not, in keeping with his emphasis on fruits or results, James offers the following polytheistic theology (p. 395-6):
Meanwhile the practical needs and experiences of religion seem to me sufficiently met by the belief that beyond each man and in a fashion continuous with him there exists a larger power which is friendly to him and to his ideals. All the facts require is that the power should be both other and larger than our conscious selves. Anything larger will do, if only it be large enough to trust for the next step. It need not be infinite, it need not be solitary. It might conceivably even be only a larger and more godlike self, of which the present self would then be but the mutilated expression, and the universe might conceivably be a collection of such selves, of different degrees of inclusiveness, with no absolute unity realized in it at all. Thus would a sort of polytheism return upon us.
The existence of God or the divine, then, as far as James is concerned may amount to the existence of the individual’s subconscious. If larger than the conscious self, this more godlike self might not even be immortal. As fascinating as James’ position is, it seems unlikely that belief in such a God could bring a Tolstoy or anyone else out of melancholy and depression to a more healthy-mindedness.
I have already shown my (schizophrenic) hand with that last sentence. And so I conclude with the authority of authorities, J.K. Rowling. I gather that in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, during an out-of-body experience, the young wizard is told something along these lines by a deceased and ever quoteable Dumbledore: of course it is inside your head, Harry, but why on earth should that mean that it is not real?
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"You're never going to get everything, ever," says Michael Howard, senior security program manager for Microsoft, Redmond, Wash., and the author of several books on secure coding practices.
Long ago, this inability to achieve coding perfection wasn't a huge concern for software creators or end-users. But as clever hackers began exploiting developer miscues for fun and profit, it became increasingly clear that in order to root out security risks, developers had to improve their coding practices.
Over the past several years, many of the software industry's dominant vendors have acknowledged this situation and have put tools in place to minimize the number and severity of flaws.
"I think if you look at what's been going on in the industry, you see a lot more recognition that secure development practices are just as important as the features and functions you offer," says John Heimann, director, security product management, Oracle, Redwood Shores, Calif.
Recognizing the problem is an important step, but it is only the first in the path to shoring up vulnerable code. Though the idea of secure coding is gaining traction, for every Oracle or Microsoft there are many more software vendors out there who have very few development processes in place to ensure the security of their software.
"Software development practices today don't create secure software," Howard says. "If they did, then we would have far fewer security vulnerabilities across the industry. We need to change the process."
Software vendors, however, aren't the only ones that must worry about coding practices. There's also the growing number of in-house development shops that are pumping out web applications with little regard to security testing.
According to David Grant, vice president, marketing, at Waltham, Mass.-based Watchfire, as these shops have grown in size and number they have been unable to keep pace with security best practices. In the past, the most an in-house shop would do is hire one or two security auditors to check the web application during the final stages of the development cycle, he says.
"And that was fine when you're talking about one or two applications over a month, or potentially even a year," he says. "Now what we're seeing is a lot more applications being published and changed. Big companies have hundreds, if not thousands, of these applications going through their shops on a yearly basis. So having two to three specialists doesn't cut it anymore."
These experts agree that in order to successfully build secure code, companies must do several things. First, they have to persuade their bosses that this is a priority. Second, they must provide developers with the right education and tools to understand what secure coding is — and to test for secure coding along the way. And third, they have to change their processes to get developers to write better code earlier in the cycle.
Educating execs and developers
The ultimate goal, say experts, is to have your developers thinking about security throughout the development lifecycle — not just when you get to testing. But before secure code best practices can be put in place, the security crusaders must battle ignorance within the organization — both at the top and the bottom.
The first group of people that must be educated about the ramifications of building flawed applications are the execs.
Once you have executive buy-in, then it is a question of educating the worker bees. The only way to effectively eliminate dangerous code is if the developers know that they're making mistakes.
When Microsoft and Oracle began their secure coding initiatives years ago, one of the first things both organizations implemented was mandatory security education for all developers.
Now all Oracle developers must go though mandatory classes online, and take tests to prove their proficiency in secure coding principles. Similarly, Microsoft employees are required to take a combination of classes taught online and in the classroom.
Once the developers gain a fundamental understanding of application security, there is still the matter of getting them to change their work habits. But even more important than the right code analysis and testing tools are the right processes that tell the developers when and where to use them, Heimann says.
"What you need to do is develop some standards for what being secure means," he says. "That may mean writing your own coding standards or using something put together by The SANS Institute or someone else," Howard says. "You can fix code, but there's more to it than that. It starts tactical and becomes strategic."
One of the most valuable strategic results of Microsoft's Trustworthy Computing initiative, he says, was the development of the Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL). This internal policy guide is the company's strategic roadmap for implementing secure software from the bottom up.
Because code can't be perfect, Howard says Microsoft focuses on two main objectives with SDL: reducing the number of vulnerabilities in the code and reducing the severity of those they miss.
Though the company is still publicly slammed for newly found vulnerabilities, Howard says Microsoft has made tremendous strides in securing its code since implementing SDL four years ago.
Howard is so confident that these SDL strategies work that he's spreading the word of Microsoft's internal secure code practice with a new book, co-written with his boss, Steve Lipner, The Security Development Lifecycle.
According to Howard, the strategies should translate well to any business that develops software. "When we wrote this book we had this overarching goal that it was applicable outside of Microsoft."
Visit www.scmagazine.com/us/podcasts to listen to our podcast with Dr. Brian Chess, chief scientist for the coding analysis company Fortify.
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We introduce the Into Math Graph tool, which students use to graph how “into" mathematics they are over time. Using this tool can help teachers foster conversations with students and design experiences that focus on engagement from the student’s perspective.
Amanda K. Riske, Catherine E. Cullicott, Amanda Mohammad Mirzaei, Amanda Jansen, and James Middleton
Using technology to solve triangle construction problems, students apply their knowledge of points of concurrency, coordinate geometry, and transformational geometry.
Chris Harrow and Lillian Chin
Exploration, innovation, proof: For students, teachers, and others who are curious, keeping your mind open and ready to investigate unusual or unexpected properties will always lead to learning something new. Technology can further this process, allowing various behaviors to be analyzed that were previously memorized or poorly understood. This article shares the adventure of one such discovery of exploration, innovation, and proof that was uncovered when a teacher tried to find a smoother way to model conic sections using dynamic technology. When an unexpected pattern regarding the locus of an ellipse's or hyperbola's foci emerged, he pitched the problem to a ninth grader as a challenge, resulting in a marvelous adventure for both teacher and student. Beginning with the evolution of the ideas that led to the discovery of the focal locus and ending with the significant student-written proof and conclusion, we hope to inspire further classroom use of technology to enhance student learning and discovery.
Barbara M. Kinach
The meaningful use of symbols links context and generality.
John H. Lamb
Vector properties and the birds' frictionless environment help students understand the mathematics behind the game.
Wendy B. Sanchez
Educating students—for life, not for tests—implies incorporating open-ended questions in your teaching to develop higher-order thinking.
Four graphing calculator games to entice your students to learn mathematics.
Jeremy S. Zelkowski
Do you always have to check your answers when solving a radical equation?
Michael Todd Edwards, Suzanne R. Harper, and Dana C. Cox
The Meeting for Lunch problem exemplifies how standards provide more than an outline of daily activities for an entire school year.
Amy L. Nebesniak
When it comes to student achievement, teachers and instruction matter most.
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This set features proof versions of New Zealand’s currency coins, minted to the finest quality proof finish. Collectively the coins feature many well-known New Zealand symbols such as the Māori carved mask, known as a ‘kōruru’ on the 10-cent coin, and the HMS Endeavour, the ship of Captain James Cook, on the 50-cent coin.
As well as the proof versions of New Zealand’s circulating currency coins, the set also includes the 1/2oz silver proof versions of the Maui and the Fish - Te Ika-a-Māui coin set. These half-ounce coins are only available in this set.
The set is issued by NZ Post, the official issuer of New Zealand stamps and commemorative coins; the coins themselves were struck by the Royal Dutch Mint (the proof version of the circulation coins), or B.H Mayer (two two silver half-ounces).
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On Monday a trial begins in a Los Angeles courtroom where plaintiffs will attempt to wipe out long-held and hard-fought workplace protections for hundreds of thousands of California teachers.
Wrongly arguing that such rights “deprive students of their fundamental right to education,” Vergara v. California attacks as unconstitutional current teacher dismissal statutes — statutes which grant teachers due process rights after a rigorous probationary period — and seniority/experience-factored layoff statutes intended to create a fair and workable system when school districts reduce staffing due to budget cuts.
Yet none of the statutes identified in Vergara are depriving students of anything, nor are they violating anyone’s constitutional rights. Years of chronic underfunding, devastating cuts and skyrocketing class sizes may very well be, but fortunately current increases to school funding are starting to turn things around.
But this lawsuit isn’t concerned with school funding, resources, class sizes, training or anything else actually proven to improve the quality of our schools. Instead it’s cynically attempting to use the state constitution as a weapon to strip away rights, rather than to protect them.
Stripping away rights and attacking teachers and labor is really what this is all about. The forces behind Vergara are some of the same corporate education “reformers” who have spent the last decade blaming teachers, attacking unions and undermining public schools instead of addressing actual problems facing California students. Supporters of Students Matter, the organization behind Vergara, are a Who’s Who of privatized charter and anti-union advocates, represented by a high wattage public relations firm tied to Wal-Mart.
The current dismissal system can be made more efficient, but the Legislature, not the courts, is the place to do it. While educators have supported recent efforts to streamline teacher dismissal, the problems Vergara blames on current statutes are in almost all cases tied to sloppy school administration and not to laws which simply give employees facing dismissal a right to be heard and to be protected against arbitrary or capricious treatment.
The same goes for their attack on California’s probationary period. No teacher should pass that period without rigorous observation and evaluation, but if that’s not happening, it’s not the fault of any statute; it’s either the fault of a principal not doing his or her job, or of a school administration stretched too thin. Contrary to the narrative put forth by Students Matter, teachers can still be fired either during or after that trial period.
The “last in, first out” experience-factored layoff system under attack was created to give districts and employees an orderly and non-discriminatory process for cutting staff. It was never intended to be any part of the teacher evaluation system, and for good reason. There is already a process for removing poor performers from the classroom, one Vergara would seek to bypass completely, in essence asking school districts to create a list of “you’re good enough to keep now and for the foreseeable future, but if the budget ax ever falls, watch out” teachers. This is silly and unworkable on its face. What teacher would want to be on a list like that? And more importantly, what parents would want their child assigned to that class? All other things being equal (including credentials and certifications held), experience remains the fairest and most effective tie-breaking determinant of who stays or goes during a layoff. If a teacher isn’t cutting it in the classroom, administrators and school boards should be doing something about it now, not sitting around praying for future budget cuts and layoffs so they can deal with the problem then.
There is a major fallacy driving this case. Vergara falsely argues that our schools are “beleaguered with grossly ineffective teachers,” and that the challenged statutes are the cause. This is utterly untrue. California has some of the best educated, best trained and most dedicated teachers anywhere. Teachers are not the problem, we are the solution.
While steps should be taken to deal appropriately with any teacher who doesn’t fit that description, that number is minuscule and it pales against the larger challenges facing our schools. If Students Matter thinks that obliterating these statutes in question would have a noticeable, much less, significant impact on student achievement, they are both fooling themselves and attempting to fool the public.
Vergara v. California identifies the wrong problems hurting California students, offers up wrong solutions and is using the wrong process to accomplish its stated goals. It would strip away basic rights and fairness from a teaching force still reeling (but starting to rebound, thankfully) from nearly a decade of relentless and demoralizing cuts to classrooms and schools.
It’s time for adequate resources and sensible, research-based reforms, and time to stop blaming teachers. We hope the court will agree.
Lorraine Richards is a high school AP World History teacher and president of the Montebello Teachers Association.
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Removing the Disincentives in Social Security for Long Careers
Implicit taxes in Social Security, which measure Social Security contributions net of benefits accrued as a percentage of earnings, tend to increase over the life cycle. In this paper, we examine the effects of three potential policy changes on implicit Social Security tax rates: extending the number of years used in the Social Security formula from 35 to 40; allowing individuals who have worked more than 40 years to be exempt from payroll taxes; and distinguishing between lifetime low-income earners and high-income earners who work short careers. These three changes can be achieved in a benefit- and revenue-neutral manner, and create a pattern of implicit tax rates that are much less distortionary over the life cycle, eliminating the high implicit tax rates faced by many elderly workers. The effects of these policies on progressivity and women are also examined.
|Date of creation:||May 2007|
|Date of revision:|
|Publication status:||published as Removing the Disincentives in Social Security for Long Careers , Gopi Shah Goda, John B. Shoven, Sita Nataraj Slavov. in Social Security Policy in a Changing Environment , Brown, Liebman, and Wise. 2009|
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.|
Web page: http://www.nber.org
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Martin Feldstein & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2001.
NBER Working Papers
8451, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Butrica, Barbara A. & Johnson, Richard W. & Smith, Karen E. & Steuerle, C. Eugene, 2006. "The Implicit Tax on Work at Older Ages," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 59(2), pages 211-34, June.
- Martin Feldstein & Andrew Samwick, 1992.
"Social Security Rules and Marginal Tax Rates,"
NBER Working Papers
3962, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert Fenge & Silke Uebelmesser & Martin Werding, 2002. "Second-best Properties of Implicit Social Security Taxes: Theory and Empirical Evidence," CESifo Working Paper Series 743, CESifo Group Munich.
- Gary Burtless & Joseph F. Quinn, 2002.
"Is Working Longer the Answer for an Aging Workforce?,"
Issues in Brief
ib2002-11, Center for Retirement Research, revised Dec 2002.
- Gary Burtless & Joseph F. Quinn, 2002. "Is Working Longer the Answer for an Aging Workforce?," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 550, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Jonathan Gruber & David Wise, 1997. "Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Introduction and Summary of Papers by..," NBER Working Papers 6134, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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Fraternities and Sororities Essay
What is fraternity? A fraternity (Latin frater: “brother”) is a brotherhood, although the term occasionally connotes a definite or formal organization and frequently a key society. A fraternity (or fraternal organization) is a great organized culture of men associated collectively in an environment of company and brotherhood; dedicated to the intellectual, physical, and cultural development of its members. 2. Wikipedia A fraternity is a male-only relationship with people who are linked by simply common pursuits of a lot of form yet another.
The most famous contact form in The united states is probably the school fraternity, though it is also feasible to find cultural and a variety of other fraternal organizations around the globe. College fraternities date to 1776, the moment Phi Beta Kappa begun in the United States. Many college fraternities are proven with academic criteria for membership. People that wish to sign up for typically participate in activities that take place over the course of a week at the beginning of a session. Since most colleges having a system have multiple fraternities, these occasions usually happen during the same week for all groups, enabling people to check out all their alternatives.
This period is called “rush week. ” Following rush week, current people of the fraternity decide which new members should be the very best in. Typically, new promises participate in an initiation wedding that has historically been combined with hazing challenges. Due to concerns about the potential risks of hazing that involve dangerous activities and ingesting, many colleges include explicitly restricted it in the interest of student security.
Some colleges have also damaged down on fraternity parties in answer to complaints from other pupils and the surrounding community. Regular membership in a fraternity can consult many positive aspects. It is not rare for these groupings to maintain living quarters and private clubs that are only open to all their members.
Exceptional scholarships can be available, and membership can be utilised for networking which will be valuable later in life. Various people also relish the brotherhood that comes with membership rights. Fraternities in many cases are identified with Greek characters, as in the case of Lambda Chi, a Christian fraternity, and Phi Iota Alpha, a Hispanic fraternity. The letters of reference often stand for the group’s motto.
Due to common utilization of Greek words in their aveu, the tradition is sometimes identified as “Greek, ” as in “Greek life” or perhaps “Greeks” in reference to the members. It is also feasible to use an English name, as in the case in the Skull and Bones, a notorious Yale fraternity. Open public service is often a part of fraternity membership.
They generally include a certain charity or cause inside their mission, with members donating funds or perhaps time to the main cause each year. Associates are sometimes frustrated by the judgmental attitudes of folks outside the Ancient greek system, aiming to their important missions of service and brotherhood to counteract stereotypes about lewd behavior and decadent celebrations. History You will find known cordial organizations which usually existed dating back to ancient Greece and in the Mithraic Insider secrets of old Rome. Similar institutions produced in the late medieval period called confraternities, which were put organizations germane to the Catholic Church.
Several were categories of men and women who had been endeavoring to ally themselves more tightly with the prayer and process of the Chapel. Others were groups of traders, which are more commonly referred to as guilds. These later confraternities evolved into strictly secular intimo societies, even though the ones with religious goals continue to be the format of the modern Third Orders affiliated with the mendicant orders.
The introduction of modern cordial orders was especially active in the United States, where the freedom to associate exterior governmental legislation is specifically sanctioned in law. There are hundreds of cordial organizations in the usa, and at the start of the twentieth century the quantity of memberships equaled the number of adult males. (Due to multiple subscriptions, probably only 50% of adult males hailed from any companies. ) In 1944 Arthur M. Schlesinger coined the phrase “a nation of joiners” to relate to the trend. Alexis sobre Tocqueville also referred to the American reliance about private business in the 1830s in Democracy in America. There are numerous attributes that fraternities may or may not have, depending on their composition and purpose.
Fraternities can easily have different degrees of secrecy, some form of initiation or service marking entry, formal requirements of patterns, disciplinary types of procedures, very varying amounts of true property and assets. Types of fraternities The only authentic distinction between a fraternity and some other form of cultural organization is definitely the implication the members readily associate since equals for the mutually helpful purpose, instead of because of a faith based, governmental, commercial, or familial bond, although there are fraternities dedicated to all these fields. About college campuses, fraternities could possibly be divided into organizations: social, services, professional and honorary. Fraternities can be organized for many uses, including university or college education, work skills, values, ethnicity, religious beliefs, politics, charitable organization, chivalry, different standards of private conduct, asceticism, service, doing arts, family command of territory, as well as crime.
There is alway an explicit goal of mutual support, and while there were fraternal requests for the well-off generally there have also been many fraternities for the people in the reduced ranks of society, especially for national or perhaps religious hispanics. Trade assemblage also grew out of fraternities such as the Knights of Labor. To be able to organize freely, apart from the institutions of government and religion, was obviously a fundamental portion of the establishment of the modern community.
In Living the Enlightenment, Margaret C. Jacobs confirmed the development of Jurgen Habermas’ ‘public space’ in 17th hundred years Netherlands was closely relevant to the organization of lodges of Freemasons. Trade guilds The development of fraternities in England can be traced by guilds that emerged while the forerunners of operate unions and friendly communities. These guilds were create to protect and care for all their members each time when there is no welfare state, control unions or perhaps universal healthcare. Various top secret signs and handshakes were created to act as proof of their particular membership letting them visit guilds in overseas that are linked to the guild that they belong.
In the next three hundred years roughly, the idea of “ordinary” people getting started with together to improve their scenario met with differing degrees of resistance (and persecution) from “People in Power”, depending on whether they[clarification needed] were seen as a method to obtain revenue (taxes) or a risk to their electrical power. When Henry VIII shattered from the Roman Catholic Chapel, he viewed the guilds as proponents of the Pere, and in 1545 expropriate their property. Later, Elizabeth I appropriated apprenticeships far from guilds,[clarification needed] and by the final of her reign most guilds have been suppressed. The suppression of such trade guilds removed an essential form of social and monetary support via ordinary people.
In London and other major urban centers, some Guilds (like the Freemasons and the Odd Fellows) survived by adapting their very own roles to a social support function. Eventually, these groups progressed in the early 18th 100 years into more philosophical companies focused on brotherly love and ethical living. Among guilds that became prosperous will be the Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Foresters. In many cases fraternities are limited to male membership, yet this is not usually the case, and mixed guy and female, as well as wholly woman, fraternities.
For instance , for basic fraternities: the Grande Loge Mixte sobre France, the Honorable Fraternity of Old Freemasons, the Grande Loge Féminine sobre France, the different Orders of Odd Fellows, Fruit Order, Children of Rebekah and the Order of the Eastern Star. University and university fraternities Primary article: Fraternities and sororities in The united states Fraternities include a history in American universities and colleges and type a major subsection of the complete range of fraternities. In The european countries, students were organized in nations and corporations considering that the beginnings in the modern university in the late middle ages, but the circumstance can differ considerably by country.
In the us, fraternities in colleges day to the 1770s, but did not fully believe an established pattern until the 1820s. Many had been strongly influenced by the patterns set by simply Freemasonry. The key difference between the older Euro organizations plus the American companies is that the American student societies virtually often include avertissement, the formal use of significance, and the lodge-based organizational framework (chapters) created from usages in Freemasonry and also other fraternal businesses such as the Strange Fellows and Knights of Pythias. The oldest energetic American college or university fraternity is definitely the Kappa Leader Society founded in The fall of 1825, by Union School in Schenectady, New York, used closely by Sigma Phi Society (1827) and Delta Phi Fraternity (1827) exact same school.
Other fraternities are also called literary societies mainly because they concentrate on the fictional aspect of the business and its part in enhancing public speaking. In Germany the German Student Corps are definitely the oldest educational fraternities. Twenty-eight were founded in the eighteenth century and two of them still exist. 6th. ^ Many collegiate fraternal societies had been founded simply by members of Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, Abovetopsecret. com 7. ^ Klimczuk, Stephen & Warner, Gerald. “Secret Spots, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mystical Sites, Emblems, and Societies”. Sterling Posting, 2009, New York and London. ISBN 9781402762079. pp.
212-232 (“University Top secret Societies and Dueling Corps”).
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From Spaces to WordPress step by step. Adjusting other Settings.
October 6, 2010 5 Comments
5. Adjusting your other Settings.
Because the whole settings area on WordPress is so comprehensive and would need quite as few posts to explain how to adjust each area in detail, I have decided that it might be more prudent to just show a screen grab of those areas that you might need to change to suit you, such as the Writing, Reading, Discussion, Privacy and Sharing areas. My tip is to work your way through each area of settings and see if there is anything that you might not feel happy about. If there is any terminology or settings that you don’t understand, then do get in touch with me and I’ll try my best to help if I can or point you in the direction of where you can get help if not. I need to move onto other areas that ex Spacers are more concerned about such as how to keep in touch with each other on here etc, so this post is just a synopsis of the rest of those settings, and my next posts will be moving onto other areas that Spacers seem more concerned about.
1. These settings can mostly be left at the defaults, but you can specify a default Category if you haven’t assigned one to a post, and also which default Link Category to use for your Link Widget. (If you haven’t made another Link list yet, this won’t apply. Press This allows you to drag the word ‘Press List’ to your browsers Favourites toolbar or into your browsers Bookmarks sidebar, then if you wish to blog about a text article or photo or video that you find on the web, you can simply click on that in your browser. Click on Save Changes.
2. What do you want your readers to see when they first arrive at your blogs Home page? Just a picture? Or perhaps an All About Me page? How many blog posts do you wish to appear on your Home page if you decide to show them and not a static page? You can also set up the contents of your blog feeds here and choose what each feed contains, and lastly you can make your own message to be sent to anyone who subscribes to your blog. Click on Save Changes.
3. These settings cover your Comments. Most choices can safely be left at the default settings, but you can stipulate whether or not someone has to fill in their name and email, or whether or not they should be registered on WordPress.com before they can comment. To change, simply untick or tick the box next to the choice that you wish to change. You can also change the settings for receiving an email whenever someone comments or a comment is held up for your approval, and lastly in this setting you can change what sort of Avatar to display alongside a comment if that person has not yet supplied one. Click on Save Changes if you have made any.
4. Again,this area can usually be left at its default settings by most users.
5. Those of you who prefer to keep your blog private so that you can choose the people who can read it will need to check this area. You can choose to have your blog public (so anyone can read it) but not be available to any search engines. Click on Save Changes when you are finished adjusting these settings.
Email Post Changes
6. These settings are self explanatory. You can change which email to send to whenever a post or page changes and you can also add any additional email address’s here that you wish to use. You can also add different types of posts to notify about such as Pages, Media etc including a Draft post. Don’t forget to save any changes that you make!
I don’t intend to cover the Domains, Open ID or Webhooks here.
Next post, we will move onto Changing our chosen Theme again and also all the different methods of Subscribing to all of your friends blogs so that you can keep track of their posts and also keep in touch on WordPress.com.
If there are any areas that you would love me to cover, then please contact me, either in the Comments area below. Thanks.
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This editorial will appear in tomorrow’s print edition.
A genuinely good idea tends to pop out from among the nondescript crowd of been-theres and done-thats. State Sen. Derek Kilmer’s proposal to create jobs without new taxes looks like that kind of idea.
The Gig Harbor Democrat – an economic development specialist who plays down his Oxford doctorate – knows that government best builds the economy by building infrastructure. Such things as sewers, water lines, highways, ports, schools – the necessary foundations of private businesses.
With tentative support from both Republicans and Democrats in the Legislature, Kilmer is proposing legislation that would – this gets complicated – finance major job-creating projects with bonds backed by tax revenues already flowing into two existing state funds.
The funds pay for major public works improvements and environmental protection projects. They are replenished with taxes collected from utilities, solid waste operations, and companies that market pesticides and other hazardous substances.
Kilmer would divert relatively small side streams from those incoming taxes to finance revenue bonds that would immediately raise hundreds of millions of dollars for projects already planned but not yet funded.
Port improvements and short-line railroads that could expand state exports, for example, or restoration of polluted Tideflats land that companies would love to move into.
The idea would simultaneously deal with multiple issues:
• Unemployment and recession. The construction work would create temporary jobs; more important, the completed infrastructure would help spawn private investment and permanent jobs.
• State debt. Washington’s stricken operating budget is saddled by interest payments to the tune of $1 billion a year. The Legislature cannot afford more general obligation bonds, but Kilmer’s revenue bonds would not impact the operating budget.
• Construction costs. In boom times, when the state can best afford to invest, labor is tight and supplies are expensive. In bad times – when the state can’t afford much – labor is plentiful and costs are lower. The revenue bonds would let the state buy construction when the price is right.
• Interest rates. They are extraordinarily low now; they’ll only get higher as projects wait for conventional funding.
• Long-term jobs. This isn’t spending for the sake of paying construction workers; the idea is to create permanent infrastructure – including classrooms – to help the economy flourish in the future. The immediate construction work is a sweet byproduct, though.
Jobs. No new taxes. Economic stimulus. Historic bargains on construction. It’s hard to see a downside here.
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Functional Committees Role and Responsibilities under Grama Jyothi ProgrammeThe roles and responsibilities of each of the Functional Committees in the preparation of Gram Panchayat Development Plan is given as under:
I. Functional Committee on Sanitation and Drinking Water:
(a) Sarpanch to be the Chairman of the Committee along with members given as above
(b) The committee shall extensively interact with the rural water supply department for ensuring clean and protected water supply and construction of toilets to make the GP open defecation free. The Assistant Engineer of the RWS department shall keep the Panchayat informed of the status and development of the Rural Water Supply in the Panchayats.
(c) It is the primary responsibility of the Gram Panchayat to maintain clean surroundings and supply pure drinking water. These are interlinked and form the foundation for public health and realization of healthy village
(d) Panchayats will have a major role to play under the Water Grid Programme, which envisages tapped water supply to each and every household. Each household must endeavor to pay water charges for the maintenance of the scheme.
(e) Identify and prevent leakage of water at sources, pipes and taps.
(f) The goal shall be to provide Individual House Hold Lavatories (IHHLs) to each house in saturation mode. The sanitation plan shall cover the measures to be taken to make the Gram Panchayat Open Defecation Free (ODF). The Open Defecation Free Plan shall be prepared after a detailed survey of the households.
(g) The Gram Panchayat shall plan for moving towards a clean village through proper Solid and Liquid Waste Management plan. This shall include measures for disposal and treatment of different types waste generated at the village level.
(h) Prevention of water borne diseases. Most of these are either vector borne or water borne. All of these diseases can be easily prevented with proper control on the mosquito growth and preventing the contamination of drinking water sources.
(i) This plan shall include measures for making the village free from all mosquitoes and other vectors which spread communicable diseases and steps to unsure supply of clean Drinking Water throughout the year
There is ample scope for convergence with schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Rural Water Supply and Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
|1||ODF Plan – survey all households to arrive at the number of houses not having toilets||Saturation of houses with IHHLs. Hygienic Village|
|2||Solid and Liquid Waste Management – identify dump yards, arrange for transport of garbage to dump yards through community contributions.||Garbage and dirt free Village. Clean Surroundings|
|3||Mosquito Control – survey of all stagnant pools of waters and drains||Prevention of Fevers like Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis (JE)|
|4||Cleaning and Chlorination of Drinking Water Sources – identify the sources for remedial action||Preventions of Diseases like Diarrhea, Gastro Entritis (GE), Jaundice, Cholera|
|5||Coordinate the implementation of tapped water supply for each household and collection of water charges for its maintenance||Tapped water supply for each household. Water supply on demand. Reduce long effort in collecting drinking water|
|6||Plug leakages in the taps and pipelines||Savings of precious water|
II. Functional Committee on Health and Nutrition:
(a) Women Ward member to be the Chairman along with members of the committee as given above
(b) The committee shall closely monitor and coordinate the work done by the Aasha workers and the ANM. It shall be the endeavor of the committee to access referral services to higher hospitals and arogyasri for major illness.
(c) The Aasha Worker and the ANM shall report to the Functional committee and the Gram Sabha on the status of health issues of mothers, children and adults
(d) The committee shall focus on three aspects of health care namely maternal care, child health and general health and access of health delivery services.
(e) Focus on the Pregnant women –
a. Antenatal care, supply of folic acid and iron tablets;
b. Identification of high risk pregnancies
c. Motivate and ensure institutional deliveries
d. Registration of maternal deaths during pregnancy and up to 42 days of the delivery if any.
(f) Child Health:
a. Identification malnourished children who are born below 2.5 kg weight
b. Review of the anganwadis, care of the malnourished children c. Immunisation of the child
d. Registration of births and deaths among children e. Prevention of child marriages
(g) General health
a. Chronic diseases – such as diabetes, hypertension, TB, Cardiac, leprosy, epilepsy, paralysis, aids, asthma, fluorosis, filaria, Cancer, - take steps for referral treatment/Arogyasri Programme
i. Ensuring 104 services to the gram panchayat
ii. Review 108 services for emergency care and response
iii. Identify and stop brewing and consuming adulterated toddy and illicit liquor (gudumba).
(h) Gram Panchayat to play active role in referral services to Primary Health Canters (PHC) and District Hospital or treatment under Arogyasri
|1||100% Institutional Deliveries||Reduction of Maternity Mortality Rate(MMR)|
|2||100% Immunization of Children||Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate|
|3||Services of 104, 108 and referral services||Timely treatment of Chronic diseases|
|4||100% identify the people with various diseases for remedial action and follow up||Ensuring health care at the village level through 104 services, referral care and linkage with Arogyasri|
|5||Anganwadis monitoring||Nutritious food to Mother and Child|
III. Functional Committee on Education:
Quality of Human resource is a pre-requisite for success of any developmental effort. The goal shall be to achieve 100% enrollment of school going children and bring the dropout rate to zero. It is also important to ensure that all the tenth class children secure better grades for better future. It is also the responsibility of the Gram Panchayat to ensure the functional literacy of all its adult citizens. A Village Education Plan shall cover all the measures contemplated by the Gram Panchayat to achieve Enlightened Village.
1. Ensuring 100% enrolment of children (6-14 years) and retention into schools Government or Private
2. Pre-school education 3-6 year as - ensure that Anganwadis or private nurseries are teaching children under the play and learn method
3. Functioning of the Mid- Day Meal Scheme
4. Quality of education - ensure that children studying in schools are able to achieve the minimum levels of learning
5. Identifying children who need to go to a residential school, Ashram school, hostel, KGBV school etc
6. Identifying the number of illiterates and launching a program for literacy through educated members in the village
|1||100% enrollment of Children (6- 14) and retention of children in schools||Universal Primary Education|
|2||100% enrolment in pre-primary school / nursery (3-6 yrs) – learn by play method||Yearning for education in children|
|Monitoring quality of education – through assessing the minimum levels of learning; quality through grades obtained by children||Better Grades and minimum levels of learning. Creating an interest in education in children|
|4||Monitoring of mid day meal scheme||Health, nutrition, retention of children in school|
|5||Improving Adult Literacy – identify the number of illiterates in the village for taking up literacy program||Enlightened Citizens and rational behavior in the village|
|6.||Ensuring adequate infrastructure for the school building and Anganwadis with toilets and drinking water||Well kept schools and anganwadis|
IV. Functional Committee on Social Security and Poverty Reduction:
1. Preferably a Women SC /ST member to be the chairman of the committee along with other members as given above.
2. The planning process must duly include appropriate initiatives for the welfare of vulnerable, underprivileged and socially backward sections of the society. The plan shall include coverage of all welfare schemes of the Central and State Governments. Plan shall include measures to ensure coverage all eligible beneficiaries under family Benefit Schemes like insurance, Pensions, housing. The Special Component Plan (SCP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) shall be part of the GP Development Plan.
|1||Selection of the poorest of the poor beneficiaries in Gram Sabha||Coverage of only eligible beneficiaries|
|2||Implementation of SCSP and TSP – identify eligible beneficiaries who need to be assisted under the SCSP and TSP||Improved services to deserving section of village|
|3||Skill development for youth – survey and identify the youth who need skill development||Create better opportunities for meaningful jobs|
|4||Plugging leakages in Social Security Schemes||Ensure that the genuine and eligible beneficiary gets the benefits|
V. Functional Committee on Natural Resource Management:
(a) Sarpanch to be the Chairperson of the committee along with members as given above
(b) The committee shall focus on the management of natural resources essential for livelihoods and safe environment. Proper management of precious natural resources is essential for sustainable agriculture and livelihoods. Reckless exploitation of nature has led to degradation of soils, depletion of ground water levels, reduction of tree cover and ultimately to climate change. It is therefore essential to bring the nature back on the track by properly planning for management of natural resources.
(c) Soil and water conservation measures can be planned under Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP).
(d) The committee shall extensively coordinate with the APO’s of EGS and PO IWMP and the Field Assistant and water shed assistant at the village level,
I. Telangana ku Haritha Haaram – village greening plan – 40,000 plants per year for the next three years shall be planned, taken up and protected to ensure higher survival rates
II. Ensure the watering of saplings and survival rates
III. Farm/ bund / block plantations in public lands, tank foreshore areas
IV. Afforestation – avenue plantations on roads
V. Water shed management works – soil and water conservation works (ridge to valley treatment under NREGA / IWMP)
VI. Protecting irrigation tanks that have been desilted under mission Kakathiya.
VII. These measures can be effectively dovetailed with the works taken up under Mission Kakathiya Programme for comprehensive restoration and renovation of traditional water bodies.
VIII. Preparation of shelf of works under NREGA – with focus on natural resource management
|1||Soil Conservation Works||Prevention of Soil erosion|
|2||Water Conservation Works – around I bore wells and tanks W||mproved levels of Ground ater and Soil Moisture|
|3||Telangana ku Haritha Haaram (THH) – planting of 40,000 trees for the next three years and ensuring better survival||Green Village. Better Environment|
|4||Create a shelf of works with extensive coverage of natural resources management and creation of durable assets which will be common use to the Gram Panchayat and the people||Construction of durable assets along with wage generation.|
|5||Ensuring timely payments for nrega wages at the GP level||Facilitates immediate payments|
|6||Undertake construction of Soak Pits||Liquid waste disposal in the village|
|7||Undertake construction of bath cum sanitary toilets 5’ x 7’||Better hygiene and toilet practices|
1. Preferably the Upa-Sarpanch shall be the chairperson of the committee along with members given as above.
2. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for majority of the people and critical link in the production chain.
3. The focus shall be on improvement of production systems and promotion of cost effective practices like use NPM.
4. The plan shall also indicate steps for efficient supply of inputs, credit and post harvesting linkages.
a. Distribution of seed subsidy
b. Maintenance of soil health cards
c. Custom hiring centers and farm mechanization
d. Credit – accessing the VLR and Pavala Vaddi scheme and loan waiver scheme
|1||Production Systems Improvement||Cost effective Farming|
|2||NPM Practices||Protection of Soil Fertility. Uncontaminated Food Chain|
|3||Monitoring of input supply, credit||Minimizing distress|
|4||Post harvest linkages||Remunerative price|
VII. Functional Committee on Infrastructure:
The infrastructure Committee shall prepare and develop the village Infrastructure plan of the Gram Panchayat and shall focus on the maintenance internal roads, drains, street lights and other common assets of the village. Based on the availability of resources new works shall be planned based priority of needs. The committee will have to work in close coordination with panchayat raj roads, rural water supply, CPDCL/NPDCL officials to achieve appropriate and adequate infrastructure for the village.
1. Sarpanch to be the Chairperson of the Committee in addition to members given as above.
2. Some of the activities that the functional committee can aim to achieve are:
(a) Aim at ensuring good internal roads by linking up funds under the PR dept.
(b) Undertake regular patch works and cleaning of the paths with shrubs
(c) Ensure that roads and drains are provided in all SC and ST colonies under SCSP and TSP funds
(d) Ensure that the drains are regularly cleaned
(e) Ensure the construction of soak pits
(f) Ensure adequate number of streetlights that are functioning.
(g) Ensure that all GP building, streetlights and motors are metered to avoid unnecessary billing.
(h) Ensure the savings in electricity by taking up energy efficient devices such as CFL lamps, LED lights, Solar Lights
|1||Maintenance of Roads, Drains, Street lights||Improved Public Convenience|
|2||Collection of Taxes and Non-Taxes||Better service delivery, Regular Payment of Staff salaries|
|3||Proper Maintenance of Street lighting||Public Convenience, Energy Conservation|
|4||Dalith Wada infrastructure plan – CC roads; drains; community halls; drinking water||Improvement in basic amenities under SCSP|
|5||Tandas Development plan & tribal hamlet development plan – cc roads, drains, community halls, drinking water||Improvement in basic amenities under TSP|
All District Collectors and District Panchayat Officers are requested to ensure that Functional committees are constituted in each of the Gram Panchayat and arrangements are made to disseminate their roles and functions and the need to achieve outcomes as envisaged in this G.O. They are also requested to to ensure that the composition of the functional committee and the plan of action, and outcomes and strategy are uploaded on the website at http://tspri.cgg.gov.in all departments are requested to give suitable instructions to their heads of departments to ensure synergy and coordination at the Gram Panchayat level.
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Honeywell DF300 N95 Particulate Disposable Respirator
This flat fold N95Particulate Responsive Mask has a multilayered, multi-layered absorption material to filter up 95% of all airborne particles. It can be re-used and has a latex free woven head strap. The respirator is packaged in 20 boxes. The DF300N95BX is a popular choice among workers across a range of industries.
N95 masks provide a safer alternative than finely weaved cloths that are susceptible to tears. NIOSH certified, the face shield filters 95% of sol. The mask can be used with almost all eyewear because it has a molded nose bridge that reduces the amount of adjustments required for a proper fit. Kimberly-Clark N95 mask has a large breathing chamber, soft foam nose cushions and anti-fogging features.
Honeywell DF300 N95
The Honeywell DF300 N95 mask, a disposable flat-fold respirator, meets all NIOSH safety regulations. The …
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The growing pollution on the city streets due to ever growing numbers of automobiles driven by fossil fuel has sent a word of caution to the environmentalist and the policy planners of the world. This word of caution resulted in the invention of electrical bikes which are being powered by electricity, the cleaner and greener source of energy. It is not only the bike which is turning to pollution free source of energy but almost every sector is yielding for better, cleaner and greener source of energy. If you also want to be a part of this crusade then you can go for fat tire ebike.
What is ebike?
The electrical bike is the better version of bicycles as these are the motorized version of the bicycles. The second most important feature of the e-bike is this that they use electrical energy to provide power to these bikes. Electrical energy is the cleaner and greener source of energy. The bike is known for its high speed which can reach to 40miles/hour which is quite good in city conditions.
Full suspension for dream ride
The full suspension provided to the bike makes the riding on the bike real joy ride. You just forget about the pot holes and the jerks which the uneven road or sudden bumps on the road can bring to you. You just continue to enjoy the dream ride and keeping your spine and other parts of the body free from injuries and jerks. This makes your body free from pain and you do not get the fatigue after a long drive.
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Like it or not, this evolutionary style of development is a fact of life for most software projects. While many software engineering efforts attempt to ignore this fact, preferring to focus on static program specifications and the tools for turning these into correct software, the Gwydion project decided to develop a set of software tools that would be optimized for evolutionary development. Specifically, we decided to combine a high-performance "dynamic" language -- we chose Dylan -- with a "hypercode" development environment. A hypercode system maintains all kinds of knowledge about a software system, including the code itself and all kinds of docuemntation, in a richly inter-linked online form. This makes it much easier for future developers to understand and modify this software system.
In the first phase of our project we collaborated with Apple, Harlequin, and others on the definition of the Dylan language. We developed two implementations of Dylan: Mindy, a very flexible and portable implementation, but with low performance, and d2c, a faster but less portable implementation.
Unfortunately, by the spring of 1996, Apple had dropped all work on Dylan and the implementation effort at Harlequin was running more than a year behind their original schedule. In the meantime, Java had become very popular, occupying many niches that might have belonged to Dylan. After much discussion, we decided to implement our hypercode environment in Java rather than Dylan. The result is a Java development environment that we call Sheets.
The Gwydion Project has been supported by DARPA under the Evolutionary Development of Complex Software (EDCS) program. However, this support has recently been terminated, and the project is now in the process of shutting down. We have put both our Dylan and Sheets implementation into the public domain. Source code is available at this web site. It is our hope that others may pick up this software and carry on our work.
Questions or comments? E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
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Italy's highest court has ruled that the non-biological father of two children born through surrogacy overseas cannot be named as the children's legal parent.
According to The Local, the same-sex couple, who have not been identified, had their children in Canada with the help of a surrogate and an egg donor. Despite both men being listed as the legal parents on the children's Canadian birth certificates, Italy's Court of Cassation ruled that only the genetic father could be listed as the children's legal parent in Italy, overturning a 2017 lower court decision in the couple's favour.
The court said that its decision was made in order to 'protect the dignity of pregnant women and the institution of adoption'. The ruling means that the father whose sperm was not used will have to apply for adoption in order to become his children's legal parent.
Italian laws around the use of assisted conception and surrogacy are some of the most restrictive in Europe. Surrogacy is illegal in the country and while same-sex civil partnerships are now permitted, the legal status of same-sex adoption is unclear. Italian legislation appears to restrict adoption to married heterosexual couples, however, a number of court decisions have permitted same-sex adoption in the child's 'best interests'.
The couple's lawyer, Alexander Schuster, said that since the wording of the decision applies to the non-genetic parent of any child born through surrogacy regardless of sexual orientation, the court's ruling could have wider implications for all Italian couples involved in surrogacy using donor gametes.
Schuster added that any appeal made by the couple to the European Court of Human Rights by the couple would have a 'high probability of success', although it is not clear at this stage if the couple intends to do so.
The European Court of Human Rights has previously criticised the Italian government for removing a child born through surrogacy in Russia from the parents and ordered it to pay compensation.
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Discover why gate valve seat seals are needed and what to consider before ordering replacement parts.
Inner Diameter (ID) and Outer Diameter (OD) face seals used in type FLS gate valves and FLR-R slab gate valves are some of the most commonly replaced parts in this type of valve. These seals sit inside the grooves of the seat and seal on the seat pockets on either side of the valve. They also prevent any contaminants from entering the valve body which otherwise can cause damage and make for much more costly repairs.
Keep reading to learn more about these simple, yet vital valve parts.
Common Gate Valve Seat Seal Sizes and Pressure Ratings
These FLS ID and OD face seals are used in all sizes of valves. The valves range from 1-13/16” to 7-1/16” and require both an ID and OD face seal on each seat in the valve. Face seals from Heshka Oil have been qualified to pressures ranging from 300 PSI all the way up to 22,500 PSI to give you the peace of mind that when you install them in your equipment, they will seal the first time.
Heshka has an extensive stock of ID and OD face seals for the FLS and FLS-R style valves in all sizes.
Materials That Are Commonly Used for Gate Valve Seat Seals
In addition to the multiple sizes, each size can be made from the materials needed for your application. Heshka Oil even has proprietary blends of Teflon and PEEK materials that are tailored to specific operating conditions.
Are you operating in conditions where there is H2S, CO2, brine, acids or other harsh media? As a manufacturer Heshka Oil has a material solution for you. Our face seal assemblies for the FLS series come standard with a Carbon Moly filled PTFE Jacket with a Cantilever Spring in either 300 Series Stainless or Elgiloy.
If your application accepts the more cost effective Glass Fiber Moly PTFE, we also have these in stock on the shelf and ready to ship!
Buying Gate Valve Seat Seals on Their Own or in a Kit
If you’re looking for FLS Gate Valve ID and OD face seals, whether Teflon or Peek, you don’t need to look any further than Heshka Oil! We keep stock in all different sizes of ID and OD face seals because we know how important they can be to our customers’ projects. ID and OD face seals also come in both our major and minor repair kits for FLS and FLS-R style valves.
Call us today to speak to one of our experienced sales reps or visit our website to buy gate valve seat seals directly from www.heshkaoil.com.
Save Time and Money - Buy Gate Valve Seat Seals Online!
Want to know more about the oil and gas equipment you rely on? Check out the Heshka Oil blog to get information on how parts work, their design and what you need to consider before placing an order.
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Friday, May 10, 2013
CINCINNATI – To celebrate Bike to Work Day, bicycle commuters can ride free on Metro, the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) or Clermont Transportation Connection (CTC) on Friday, May 17, when they transport their bikes on the easy-to-use bus bike racks.
Bike racks are located on the front of all Metro, TANK and CTC buses and can be used at all bus stops including Government Square downtown. Each bike rack can accommodate two bikes. For safety reasons, bikes are not allowed on-board buses unless they can be folded and stowed under a seat.
Metro and TANK will also be at the Bike to Work Day Celebration on Washington Park on May 17, from noon to 1 p.m., to demonstrate the ease of biking and riding buses. Visit http://www.queencitybike.com/ for information on Cincinnati Bike Month activities.
Metro and TANK were recognized as “Bike Friendly Destinations” for providing advocacy and infrastructure improvements to support bicycling for employees and riders in 2011 and 2012. The 2013 Bike Friendly Destination Awards will be given out on May 30.
“All Metro buses have bike racks, and many bike riders use our service every day,” said Terry Garcia Crews, Metro’s CEO and General Manager. “We hope that Bike to Work Day encourages even more bike riders to use public transportation while still enjoying the benefits of cycling.”
“TANK’s bike racks have been very popular,” said Andrew Aiello, TANK’s General Manager. “It’s a win-win for people who want to commute part of the way on bike and finish the trip on transit.”
About Metro, TANK and CTC
Metro is a non-profit, tax-funded public service of the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority, providing about 17 million rides per year. Metro’s website is www.go-metro.com.
The Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky is an integral part of the Northern Kentucky community, serving Boone, Campbell, and Kenton counties as well as downtown Cincinnati for more than 30 years. Nearly 4 million passengers each year rely on the more than 100 TANK buses throughout the region to get them where they need to be. TANK is on the web at www.tankbus.org.
CTC is the primary provider of public transportation in Clermont County. Founded in 1977 as CART (Clermont Area Rural Transit), CTC has continued to evolve and now offers three fixed routes in addition to its Dial-A-Ride services. Visit CTC online at http://ctc.clermontcountyohio.gov.
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Posted on June 19, 2016 by Matt Pressman
Could you drive 80 days around the world in a Tesla? That's the plan according to the folks at 80eDays* in which “El Duro” will mark their second event to showcase the future of electric cars. This follows their first electric vehicle challenge held back in 2012. The innovator behind 80eDays, Rafael de Mestre, organized the event in order to demonstrate that electric vehicles (EVs) can be a sustainable means of long distance travel. He wants to prove EVs can travel across any country through all types of terrain and climates.
Above: One of the teams participating in 80eDays, Team Belarus (Source: 80eDays*)
The event just started on June 15th in Barcelona, Spain. And the goal of 80eDays is to have all participants drive their electric car around the world passing preset points in key cities in 80 days or less. The teams will take photos of their electric cars at famous landmarks like the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, the Golden Twin Towers in Kazakhstan, the Empire State Building in New York and the Hollywood sign in Los Angeles. After this is completed, we'll have to wait a few years for the follow-up third 80eDays event in 2020.
The 80eDays route covers harsh driving conditions on difficult roads in extremely hot weather. These conditions combined with driving 25.000 km (15,500 miles) in 80 days will provide the teams with one of the most difficult tests for electric vehicle travel to date. With the conditions along the way being highly unpredictable, each team will need to constantly reassess their route to plan for EV charging while obeying whatever traffic rules apply locally. After reviewing the teams participating, it appears that nearly all participants are driving an electric vehicle from Tesla Motors [NASDAQ: TSLA]. Most are driving in the Tesla Model S but a few participants are driving in the original Tesla Roadster. Scroll down below to check out a sampling of the 80eDays participants...
Above (from top to bottom): Some of the teams participating in 80eDays including Team Austria, Team China, Team Czech Republic, Team Germany, Team Italy, Team Switzerland, and Team USA (Source: 80eDays*)
All 80eDays participants have set out to emphasize the importance of protecting the environment and providing a green future for generations to come. To that end, in order to help offset greenhouse gases produced from the event, the participants will plant trees along the route and will be taking water samples for future analysis and comparisons. The trees planted and charging locations used in the 2016 event will be visited later to verify the sustainability of these projects. In addition, the water samples taken during the 2016 event will be compared with future samples in the upcoming 2020 event, providing insights into the progress being made in carbon reduction.
Hats off to Rafael and all the 80eDays teams participating around the world to spread the word about driving electric.
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Hakea laurina (Pin-cushion Hakea) is one of the most admired native plants of south-western Australia, and is grown in quantity in Australia and other countries. In Italy and America its uses include street and hedge planting.
In the Australian National Botanic Gardens it is grown singly as a shrub or small tree reaching 5 m. The best specimens are in open beds of light soil, watered but well drained. In full sun the species forms an upright shrub with a compact, rounded head, flowering freely and evenly each year on the well-ripened wood. Specimens 20 years old in light shade are rather slender and sparse and in this position they do not flower well or regularly. Others, starved in early years, are smaller and have never flowered.
The general impression is of bold and handsome foliage, slightly blue-green, though closer inspection shows that the foliage is blemished at various times of the year with fungus spots. The simple and shapely leaves are widely spaced and wave and curl attractively. They are up to 15 cm long, thick and smooth, with rows of prominent veins. The species is frost tender in the new tip growth made during autumn and some of this is generally lost each winter, unless sheltered by trees. As a precaution, young plants may be covered nightly during winter till about 1 m high.
As early as December tiny new flower buds can be seen, becoming fat and pointed by autumn and covered with ornamental scales, whitened by coverings of fine hairs. In good years they are packed in tight clusters on ripe wood,. nestling among the leaves yet not hidden. Flowering starts towards the end of April, is at its best in July in a mild winter and ends towards the end of August, although in an extremely cold winter flowers are held back and reduced in size. The rounded pin-cushion flower heads are soft cardinal or cherry red, with projecting long styles, white to pale pink on aging. A faint, pleasant scent can be detected and bees have been seen visiting the flowers.
The bright, sturdy globular flower-heads up to 5 cm across, in the middle of a cold winter, on a shrub easy to obtain and grow, make this a good choice for one of the basic plants in a new garden. There are several other hakeas with globular flower heads, but less easy to obtain.
Seed is occasionally found here and is the means of raising young plants, which may also be obtained from nurseries dealing in native species. Almost any garden soil is suitable as long as it is lime-free. Staking is advisable, as plants are weakly rooted and do not hold well in all soils or in exposed positions. At about 1.5 m high a well-grown specimen is heavy and may lean badly.
Root-rot fungus may cause severe die-back of branches, but plants have been known to recover after drying out. Moderate pruning and shaping may be done as required and short stems of flowers may be cut for indoor decoration.
Based on text by ANBG staff (1972)
Name meaning: Hakea laurina
Hakea - after Baron von Hake, 20th century botanist;
laurina - laurel-like, of the leaves
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Source: National Mastitis Council
Each year, test-day data from all herds enrolled in Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) somatic cell count (SCC) testing in the United States are examined to assess milk quality on a national basis.
During 2012, the SCC in DHI herds averaged 200,000 cells/ml. This compares to 217,000 in 2011; 228,000 in 2010; 233,000 in 2009; 262,000 in 2008; and 276,000 in 2007.
National average test-day herd SCC has declined every year since 2005, and every year except one since 2001.
Forty-two states had lower average SCC than reported the previous year; five states had higher averages. A few Mexican herds tested through the US system were included for the third time.
Variation among states remains large. State average SCC generally was lower than the national average for mountain and western states, and often higher for a few southeastern states. Differences between adjacent states were substantial, which suggests that factors such as mastitis control practices and genetic selection are impacting state differences.
The current federal SCC regulatory limit in the US is 750,000. In many other major dairy countries, the SCC limit is 400,000.
The overall percentage of herd test days that exceeded 400,000, 500,000, 600,000, and 750,000 during 2012 were 12.0%, 6.1%, 3.3% and 1.5%, respectively, which was lower for all levels than during 2011. The 1.5% of 2012 DHI herd test days that were higher than the present legal limit for bulk tank SCC in the US may overestimate the percentage of herds that shipped milk exceeding the legal limit because milk of cows treated for mastitis is excluded from the bulk tank even though included in DHI test data. The percentage of herd test-days that exceeded the legal limit also would have been higher than the percentage of herds that were rejected from the market because market exclusion only occurs after repeated violations.
As herd size increased, milk yield generally increased and SCC decreased. During 2012, the average test-day SCC in herds with fewer than 50 cows was 200,000 compared to 222,000 in herds with 100 - 149 cows; 195,000 in herds with 500 - 999 cows; and 168,000 in herds with over 3,000 cows.
The typical seasonal pattern was also evident. Average SCC increased from May through August and declned quickly from September through November. The lowest average SCC was in November and December.
Click here for report details, including individual state averages and history since 1995.
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A Fairer Way to Fast-Track Trade Deals
The Obama administration wants a renewal of its congressionally granted authority to get fast-track legislative treatment of trade agreements. Michael Froman, the president’s nominee for U.S. trade representative, said in confirmation testimony that he'll be back to ask for it soon.
That power, known officially as trade-promotion authority, began in 1974 when the U.S. joined the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade talks -- but it expired in 2007. It allowed the executive branch to negotiate trade deals and prevented Congress from filibustering or amending them, requiring an up-or-down vote after no more than 20 hours of debate.
The U.S. is now working on two trade deals of historic size -- one with the European Union, another with an assortment of Pacific-Rim nations. The Obama administration says it needs the authority to strike good bargains.
Is that right? The case for trade-promotion authority should be considered separately from the case for liberal trade. Free traders and trade skeptics alike are apt to bundle the two issues together. Whatever you views on liberal trade, the case for fast-track deserves consideration on its merits.
The best argument is that breakthrough deals -- ones with sensitive concessions on both sides -- become all but impossible without it. Imagine you’re a negotiator from a foreign country. You might be prepared to yield on some issues, such as a tariff that enjoys wide popular support at home, but only if you get something significant in return. What you won’t do is make concessions and then let the other guy back out of his side of the bargain. That's the risk when Congress is allowed to amend negotiated agreements.
There are arguments against fast-track authority, too. It limits congressional input on the content of trade agreements, and it tilts the balance of legislative power in favor of those who gain from liberal trade and away from those who might be injured by it. These are fair points, but both can be addressed while restoring authority.
Congress isn't looking to negotiate the agreements themselves -- what its members want is a voice early in the process. Under the old authority, congressional hearings about the treaty happened late and outside the legislative process. In a new authority, relevant committees could be given automatic hearings whenever the president notifies Congress of his intention to begin negotiations, with regular meetings to follow.
To encourage policies that mitigate the impact of trade agreements, a new trade-promotion authority could provide for a similar up-or-down vote on an associated domestic-policy bill. This would have to exclude tariff or other trade measures but could include, for instance, an expanded Trade Adjustment Assistance Program, which provides aid, re-training and career counseling to displaced workers. The package would equalize the leverage of trade and labor interests.
Trade promotion authority is an essential tool -- there's no other way to get round the commitment problem it addresses. But linking fast-track authority to trade-adjustment policies would give even better results.
(Evan Soltas is a contributor to the Ticker. Follow him on Twitter.)
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Median household income climbed for the ninth consecutive year in the United States in 2019, hitting an all time high of $65,712. Rising incomes were the story in much of the country, as 40 states reported a statistically significant increase in median income between 2018 and 2019, and none reported a decline.
Still, some parts of the country did not benefit from rising incomes. Though few in number, there are a handful of cities where the income that the typical household earned in 2019 was thousands of dollars lower than the previous year.
Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey, 24/7 Wall St. identified the cities where incomes have declined the most. We included all 121 cities, villages, and unincorporated places that reported a statistically significant change in median household income in our analysis. The places on this list are the only ones to report a decline in income. Supplemental data on unemployment and poverty also came from the ACS.
Median incomes declined in the cities on this list likely due in part to rising unemployment. In each of the seven cities where incomes fell in 2019, the annual unemployment rate climbed over the same period. Of course, the 2019 unemployment rate does not account for the current labor crisis driven by the COVID-19 recession. As a result, many residents of these cities are likely struggling financially even more in 2020. Here is a look at the cities with the worst COVID-19 unemployment crisis right now.
Despite breaking from the national trend and reporting lower incomes in 2019, the cities on this list are not necessarily poor areas. In fact, the typical household in five of these seven cities still has a higher income than the typical U.S. household.
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Politics is a very complex subject; it is both an art and a science. Moreover, it is one of the most difficult areas of study. However, some people venture in political science dissertation topics as it is both challenging and relevant. Below are some political science dissertation topics suggestions that may help you out in your study:
- Title: “A study of the socio-political implications of exchanging armed troops with
Exchanging armed troops is purely a political act between allied countries. However, this may have socio-political implications which can extend to affect international relations. The aim of this study is to determine both the domestic and international effects of this political act, including but not limited to: country’s image and reputation, political ties and economic conditions.
- Title: “The efficacy of trade and commerce as a mode of settling territorial disputes
among East Asian countries.”
Territorial disputes can easily ignite war; not only among the concerned countries but also among its allies. This is very timely as there are already growing tensions between various East Asian countries staking their territorial claims. This could vastly affect already established territorial delineations. There is a pressing need to find effective ways to help resolve such disputes. Trade and commerce are just a few possible aspects in fostering international peace and unity.
- Title: “Political and economic reform: Its possibility in the aftermath of war.”
After every war there is a recovery period. This is one of the few political science dissertation topics that have a very positive outlook on the aftermath of war. This study looks on the possibility of political and economic reform in the post-war period.
- Title: Political transition: The social and economic effects of moving on from one
regime to another.”
Political transition is no joke. It requires a lot of change and reform in the political structure as well as the political approach in sustaining a country after a drastic change in its leadership. This is more potent in some countries which have been under the rule of a single leader for a long time. This political transition can vastly affect both the social and economical approach in the system and affairs already established by the former regime.
- Title: “A comprehensive analysis of the risks involved in privatization of
government-owned and controlled corporations.”
The privatization of government-owned and controlled corporations is often inevitable for its survival. In some cases when the government has insufficient funds to sustain an agency, privatization is the only option. While this enhances the participation of the private sector in political affairs, it carries risks that may or may not be detrimental to the development of a country.
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In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Burmese had built a reputation as one of the most militaristic of the peoples of southern Asia. They had sacked the Thai capital, caused grief to the Indian Mughals and had seen off the Chinese. In 1824, their great commander, Mahabandula, had sworn to bring the governor general of India back to Mandalay in silver fetters. Lord Amherst had not made that journey, however, and the Burmese had been sharply defeated in three major wars. The final one, in 1886, had seen the end of Burma's independence and its last monarch packed off into exile near Bombay. After 1886, the British did not recruit ethnic Burmese into their forces, as they had the Sikhs of the Punjab when they were conquered fiercely to resist British occupation for much longer than the Sikhs. Later, all sorts of pseudo-anthropological arguments were used about their unfitness. Burmese Buddhists, the British said, regarded soldiers as beings 'not very high on the human scale' because they took life. They, like the Bengalis, were supposedly 'effeminate' and could not take extremes of heat and cold.SOURCE: Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan, by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper (Penguin, 2004), pp. 82-83
This was all nonsense, as some British officials realized. A small company of Burmese sappers had done exceptionally well in the Mesopotamian campaign during the First World War where it had been 125 degrees in the shade. They also took the cold of the North West Frontier uncomplainingly. The basic reason that the British did not maintain the slightly increased percentage of Burmese recruits after 1918 was that Indians and recruits from the Burmese minorities were cheaper. All this meant that the vast majority of 'Burmese' in outfits such as the Burma Rifles and the Burma Frontier Force were Kachins, Shans, Karens like Smith Dun, or else locally resident Indians and Gurkhas. There were hardly a thousand ethnic Burmese officers or NCOs under arms in 1940. This stored up huge problems for the British in the Second World War. When the Japanese offered young Burmese military training, they leapt at the opportunity. It was a matter of pride as well as politics. How could the Burmese be a people if they did not have an army?
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Books can have a profound effect on people, but it is rare to hear one acting in a viral way in such restricted communities such as prisons.
Matthew Hahn, playwright
I first heard about a copy of the complete works of William Shakespeare known as the ‘Robben Island Bible’ when a good friend was reading Anthony Sampson’s wonderful biography on Nelson Mandela in 2002. I was fascinated by the story and found online the subsequent article that Sampson wrote ‘O, what men dare do’ in the Observer from 2001.
The book’s owner, South African Sonny Venkatrathnam, was a political prisoner on Robben Island from 1972 to 1978. He asked his wife to send him a book of Shakespeare’s complete works during a time when the prisoners were briefly allowed to have one book, other than a religious text, with them. The book’s ‘fame’ resides in the fact that Venkatrathnam passed the book to a number of his fellow political prisoners in the single cells. Each of them marked his favourite passage in the book and signed…
View original post 410 more words
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16-2-1935 – 13-1-2016
A protégé of John Gielgud – and a theatre-school classmate of Alan Bates, Albert Finney and Peter O'Toole – Brian Bedford shared their artistic gifts but not their celebrity, probably because he performed only occasionally in movies and on TV. A dapper, handsome man with a comfortingly resonant speaking voice, British-born Bedford was an understated and perhaps undersung star. However on stage, he became a stellar portrayer of the princes, kings, fops and faded aristocrats of Shakespeare, Molière and Chekhov.
His stage career – in England, in the United States (off-Broadway as well as on) and in Canada, where he was a mainstay at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival for nearly four decades – had few equals. Playing comedy or tragedy, pathos or hilarity, Bedford was known for controlled and layered performances, and for finding the depth and subtlety in monumental characters, from King Lear to Tartuffe.
He won only one Tony Award, in 1971, for playing Arnolphe in Molière's School for Wives but he did it against formidable competition – Gielgud and Ralph Richardson were among the other nominees. Bedford, who has died of cancer at age 80, appeared in 18 Broadway productions, earning his seventh Tony nomination in 2011 for his drag performance as Lady Bracknell, Oscar Wilde's social arbiter in The Importance of Being Earnest.
Bedford was also a director, staging more than 20 shows at Stratford, but he craved performing most of all. "I'm most alive when I'm acting," he said. "I can't deny it, it's where I belong." A student of theatre history, Bedford played not just the roles that the great writers wrote, but performed one-man shows about the writers themselves. And for an actor known for interpreting classic works, his background might be considered surprising. Bedford was born in the mill town of Morley, near Leeds and Bradford, in Yorkshire — "a pretty awful place," he recalled in 1971, comparing it to Lawrence, Massachusetts, another city that played a grim role in his family history. "Only much dirtier. Chimneys belching smoke night and day."
His father, Arthur, was a postal worker; his mother, the former Eleanor O'Donnell, was a factory weaver. Two of his three older brothers died of tuberculosis. Some time after Bedford left home and began his acting career, his father took his own life. "Suicide runs in the family," said Bedford. "My father's brother also committed suicide. He got a girl into trouble when he was 22, and in order to save face for both families, he emigrated to America, took a boat to Boston, went to a tiny place — Lawrence, Massachusetts — booked into a hotel and shot himself."
The austerity of his upbringing fostered a lively fantasy life. "I used to spend all my time pretending to be a radio," Bedford said. He attended a Roman Catholic school in Bradford but left at 15, working in a warehouse by day and performing in amateur theater at night. At 18, he auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and joined a generation of actors who came of age at a turning point on the British stage, when realism displaced escapism, class conflict and the lives of young people in hardscrabble circumstances became central subjects. In the movies, Bedford appeared in Grand Prix (1966) with James Garner, and as Clyde Tolson, associate director of the FBI, in Nixon (1995), whose title role was played by his fellow Briton Anthony Hopkins. His best-known film role may be the voice of the title character in the Disney animated feature Robin Hood (1973), who was portrayed as a fox. On television he made occasional guest appearances on prime-time series, including Ben Casey, Judd for the Defence, Murder, She Wrote and Cheers.
In 1975, after his debut performance at Stratford as Malvolio in "Twelfth Night," the festival became his artistic home. He performed in more than 50 productions there, taking on many of his grandest and most celebrated classic roles.
In 2013, illness forced Bedford to withdraw from a Stratford production of The Merchant of Venice. "We were hoping he would bounce back," director Antoni Cimolino said. "He was a great actor. You could feel he was a theatre animal — he had such a sense of ease. He was like a fish in water on that stage."
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THE LANDSCAPE-HYDROLOGICAL DISTRICTING OF TERRITORY OF THE SUMY REGION.
In the article is set the landscape-hydrological organization of territory of the Sumy region. By means of cluster analysis the basic landscape-hydrological systems – landscape-hydrological areas have been highlighted selection of is based both zonal and azonal factors. Established and described the hierarchical structure of the hydrological systems of region (zone-province-district, there are three levels of landscape-hydrological differentiation – zonal, provincial and district and as a result, made the landscape-hydrological districting of region. The hierarchical structure of hydrological systems in the region (zone-province-district) was established and described, three levels of landscape and hydrological differentiation – zonal, provincial and district was established. The result of the study was landscape and hydrological zoning of the region. Within the region, mixed-forests landscape-hydrological zone (LHZ), including within the boundaries of the Sumy area is included the Desna-Polissia-Left-bank landscape-hydrological province (LHP), and forest-steppe landscape-hydrological zone were highlighted. Moreover, the latter should be divided into two landscape-hydrological subzones moist forest-steppe and forest-steppe with insufficient moisture. Such division is made by us based on the fact, that the landscape-hydrological districts, relating to the northern part of the zone, for example, the Kleven-Esman district, are differ significantly increased conductivity. Thus, the wet forest-steppe landscape-hydrological subzone within the boundaries of the area is includes Seym-upland landscape-hydrological province, and the insufficient moisture forest-steppe landscape- hydrological subzone unites Upper-Psel-Vorskla-Right-bank uplands and Seym-Sula-Psel-Vorskla of Prydnieprovska lowland landscape-hydrological provinces. Relating to the Sumy region landscape-hydrological districts (LHD), isolated by us within these provinces is distributed within the past follows. Desna-Polissia Left-bank LHP is included Znob-Shostka-Ivotka LHD of Novgorod-Siversky Polissia; Seym Upland LHP – Kleven-Esman LHD of glacial part of the Hlukhiv plateau; Upper-Psel-Vorskla-Right-bank Upland LHP – Syrovatka-Sumy-Boromlya outside Glacier LHD; Seym-Sula-Psel-Vorskla LHD of Prydnieprovska lowland is included two landscape-hydrological districts: Ezuch-Tern-Romen LHD of glacial part of the Poltava plain and Okhtyrka-Bratenitsa-Grun outside Glacier LHD of Poltava plain.
Keywords: landscape-hydrological districting, landscape-hydrological typology, landscape-hydrological systems.
- Antipov A. N. Landshaftnaja gidrologija: teorija, metody, realizacija / A. N. Antipov, O. V. Gagarinova, V. N. Fedorov // Geografija i prirodnye resursy. – 2007. – #3. – S. 56–66.
- Antipov A. N. Landshaftno-gidrologicheskaja organizacija territorii / A. N. Antipov, V. N. Fedorov – Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN, 2000. – 254 s.
- Vodnij і melіorativnij fondi Sums’koї oblastі : Dovіdnik. – Sumi, 2006. – 128 s.
- Grebіn’ V. V. Gіdrologo-gіdrohіmіchne rajonuvannja: іstorіja ta suchasnij stan / V. V. Grebіn’ // Gіdrologіja, gіdrohіmіja і gіdroekologіja. – 2001. – T. 2. – S. 83–93.
- Grebіn’ V. V. Propozicіі shhodo shemi landshaftno-gіdrologіchnogo rajonuvannja teritorіі Ukraіni / V. V. Grebіn’ // Gіdrologіja, gіdrohіmіja і gіdroekologіja. – 2009. – T. 17. – S. 26–39.
- Grebіn’ V. V. Suchasnij vodnij rezhim rіchok Ukraіni (landshaftno-gіdrologіchnij analіz) / V. V. Grebіn’. – K.: Nіka-Centr, 2010. – 316 s.
- Kuzin P. S. Klassifikacija rek i gidrologicheskoe rajonirovanie SSSR. – L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1960. – 455 s.
- Neshataev B. N. Regional’nye prirodno-territorial’nye kompleksy Sumskogo Pridneprov’ja / B. N. Neshataev, A. A. Kornus., V. P. Shul’ga // Naukovі zapiski SumDPU іm. A. S. Makarenka. Ekologіja і racіonal’ne prirodokoristuvannja. – Sumi: SumDPU іm. A.S. Makarenka, 2005. – S. 10–31.
- Shema gіdrologіchnogo rajonuvannja Ukraіni / L. G. Budkіna, L. M. Kozіnceva, S. P. Pustovojt, V. G. Kelembet // Geografіchnі doslіdzhennja na Ukraіnі, Vip. 1. – K. : Nauk. dumka, 1969. – S. 157–172.
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When is cup feeding appropriate?
Most are ready to start learning to use a cup by 6 to 12 months of age. The baby should be able to sit up well without support before you begin weaning. Encourage your baby to give up the bottle when he or she shows any of these signs: Shortens his or her breast-feeding time.
Is it bad to bottle feed a newborn?
It’s absolutely OK to pump your breast milk and give it to your baby in a bottle. Pumping is a great way to provide your child with your breast milk without putting them to the breast.
Is the best method of feeding for newborn?
Breast milk is the ideal food for babies — with rare exceptions. If breast-feeding isn’t possible, use infant formula. Healthy newborns don’t need cereal, water, juice or other fluids.
Can babies have formula in a cup?
Can you put formula in a sippy cup? Putting formula in a sippy cup is totally fine. The transition to a sippy cup can begin after your child reaches 6 months of age. Using sippy cups promotes good oral hygiene and prevents speech issues that could develop.
Is it OK to feed baby with syringe?
You can give your breast milk using a small, 1ml (millilitre) sterilised syringe or a sterilised feeding cup, depending on the amount of milk you are giving your baby.
Do babies drink faster from breast or bottle?
During the first 3 to 4 months of life, after swallowing, an inborn reflex automatically triggers suckling. 5 Milk flows more consistently from the bottle than the breast (which has a natural ebb and flow due to milk ejections, or let-downs), so babies tend to consume more milk from the bottle at a feeding.
Why do doctors say no to bottle feeding?
Why do doctors advise you to avoid the bottle? Infections. Despite the best of sterilisation methods, the risk of a bottle-fed baby catching infections like diarrhoea is three times and respiratory infections is five times higher than a breastfed baby.
What happens if I don’t breastfeed for 3 days?
By the third or fourth day after delivery, your milk will “come in.” You will most likely feel this in your breasts. You will continue to make breast milk for at least a few weeks after your baby is born. If you don’t pump or breastfeed, your body will eventually stop producing milk, but it won’t happen right away.
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Thousands of homes were affected by power outages after strong storms rolled through the region last week. Fallen trees on power lines were mostly to blame, but with the lights out, residents were unsure of what to do.
So they called 911.
The Montgomery County Department of Public Safety handled over 7,000 911 calls during that storm, which lasted about an hour, according to Cheltenham Township Police
Due to the high influx of emergency calls, the department says that emegency crews were not able to respond to all of them.
Cheltonham Police took to their facebook page to clarify what constitutes as a 911 emergency.
"You should refrain from calling 911 to report only power outages or to ask when power will be restored. The 911 call takers & dispatchers do not have access to that information nor can they expedite power being restored."
The Cheltenham Township Police Department reminds citizens to call 911 for any police, fire, or EMS events during a storm. Fallen trees, flooded roadways, telephone poles on fire, and fallen wires are all reasons to call 911.
If you experience a non-emergency power outage, call PECO at 1-800-841-4141.
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My talk at BSides Philly on December 3 is called “Hacking the Human: Social Engineering Basics,” and it’s about providing a social engineering foundation for people to adapt to their individual situation and needs. “Teach a man to fish” and all that, you know?
Over the course of the talk I reference many thinkers, philosophers, psychologists, and even spiritual leaders who have noticed similar patterns or rehashed similar points throughout history.
It starts with the simple proposition that our world is not a meritocracy; it’s not based on fact, merit, or objective reality. Worse yet, truth can even frighten, anger, or disenchant people.
As a result, one of the most successful methods to use is abusing self-interest. This idea has been repeated by the likes of Blaise Pascal and Robert Green of “48 Laws of Power” fame. We also have an internal narrative, or “inner story,” that we tell ourselves to make the cruel/impersonal nature of the universe easier to deal with. Learning this “inner story” is immensely powerful.
Next, we have “wearing masks,” AKA creating a new “face” to disassociate yourself from a situation. It’s a bit like spinning up a new virtual machine of yourself. This has some nuances and dangers to it but with the basics in place, we can move on to the ancient art of storytelling as explained by Kindra Hall and Dan Harmon. I’ve found Dan’s circular model to explain not only good story-telling but also most communication ranging from presentations and conference talks to sales pitches.
After being able to tell effective stories, we look to Stanislavsky’s “method acting” for advice on blending in and OSINT techniques. This happens through meticulous people watching and practicing in “downtime” where we can fail with fewer consequences. Continuing the theme of OSINT, we then look to perception and peripheral vision skills/training and abusing the information age with sites, such as Glassdoor, Spokeo and Data.com.
With all of that groundwork in place, the next step is being able to gain trust. This is achieved with Dr. Arthur Aron’s method of using mutual vulnerability to foster closeness.
Finally, we come to examine the inherent nature of change and coherence in our world along with various ways to abuse our natural processes for learning/decision making through USAF Colonel John “40 second” Boyd’s OODA loop.
This talk is a slightly trimmed version of my blog series on the topic, which can be found here.
About the Author: Dave Comstock is a Sys/Net admin, infosec noob/junkie, lock sports enthusiast, and social engineering for funsies. Tech junkie since the days of ribbon cables, anti-static wrist guards, and running games like Tetris and Qbert from the DOS prompt. Social Engineer since before I knew the proper term with my favorite pastime being playing “games” with people to see what I could do or get away with.
Editor’s Note: The opinions expressed in this guest author article are solely those of the contributor, and do not necessarily reflect those of Tripwire, Inc.
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Locating Nonprint Collections
Overview of the Nonprint Collections
Photographs, film, videotapes, posters and memorabilia provide a rich visual record of the history of labor and radical politics. Much of this visual material doesn't just supplement information in manuscript collections and papers--it can also provide evidence that is not available in written sources.
Photographs: Tamiment has close to 1 million photographs documenting a wide range of subjects including union organizing, the workplace, the shop floor, the changing nature of work, strikes, rallies, demonstrations, progressive political campaigns, socialists, communists, anarchists, and members of other leftist organizations. They also depict working class resorts, summer camps, New York City street scenes and architecture. Photographs from the collection are often used in films, television programs, books, exhibits, and websites. They have also been displayed at both union gatherings and academic conferences.
A small but growing number of these photographs have been digitized and are on display through the Tamiment website. These include the United Automobile Workers of America, District 65 Photographs Collection in ARTstor (available to NYU-affiliated researchers only); images within the finding aid to the Fifteenth International Brigade Photographic Unit Photographs Collection, which document participation by American volunteers on the side of the Republican government in the Spanish Civil War; and photographs featured in online exhibits via the Tamiment website. Some, but not all, of these digitized images may be reproduced.
Graphic Materials: The Library has a poster and broadside collection of more than 2,000 items, a number of original paintings and drawings, several thousand original pen and ink political cartoons, and more than 6,000 political buttons, as well as t-shirts, picket signs, banners, bumper stickers and other artifacts.
A selection of 1,500 of posters from Tamiment's graphics collection have been digitized and are on display in ARTstor (available to NYU-affiliated researchers only). Selected posters are also featured in online exhibits via the Tamiment website. Some, but not all, of these digitized images may be reproduced.
Moving Images: Hundreds of video documentaries and feature films dealing with labor history and radical politics have been acquired through funding by the Jacob Blaufarb Endowment and the New York State Council on the Arts, as well as by direct donation. Videotapes cannot be borrowed but may be viewed at the Avery Fisher Center (Bobst Library, 2nd floor). A catalogue of these titles may be consulted at the Library. Among these works are two videos produced by Tamiment Library itself, drawing from two of its most important collections: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: The Rebel Girl and They Were Not Silent: The Jewish Labor Movement and the Holocaust.
The Library also holds more than 40 hours of archival film footage (including out-takes and unedited footage) which are described in a finding aid to the collection. These materials may be screened for research purposes, and some of them may be licensed. More archival film footage is available for research purposes only (contact Nonprint Archivist for information on these materials, which are described in an offline database). The collections also include several hundred hours of film that are part of the Library's Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives and Communications Workers of America collections, a small portion of which is available for research, but not for licensing.
Locating Nonprint Collections
Finding Aids - Researchers should consult the list of finding aids describing processed nonprint collections on the Tamiment Library's website. See the sections on Photograph and Nonprint Collections and ALBA Audio Visual Collections. Researchers may request materials from the processed nonprint collections in person any time the library is open.
Digitized Images - At present only one of the guides allows direct online viewing by all researchers of actual images in a collection: the Fifteenth International Brigade Photographic Unit Photograph Collection (ALBA Photo 011). Researchers affiliated with New York University may also view more than 1,500 posters from Tamiment's collections, as well 5,600 black and white photographs from the labor union District 65/UAW's collection through the ARTstor website at: http://library.artstor.org/library/welcome.html, under "Browse -- Institutional Collections - "United Automobile Workers of America, District 65 Photographs" Collection - Part I: Negatives" and "Tamiment/Wagner Poster and Broadside Collection." Researchers not affiliated with NYU may view these images while onsite at Tamiment only.
Un-Published Finding Aids - Certain nonprint collections have unique finding aids available in the library. For example, a guide to the political buttons collection in the Tamiment Library is available to onsite researchers. It contains photocopies of the entire collection, divided by subjects and organizations. Researchers wishing to view original buttons instead of their photocopy surrogates must make an appointment with the Nonprint Curator. All 512 drawings in the Laura Gray Cartoons collection (Graphics 13) have been copied and researchers may browse through the copies arranged in binders.
Un-Processed Collections - Many additional nonprint materials reside in un-processed collections in Tamiment for which only an internal database, a printed draft guide, an inventory, or no guide at all may exist. These collections may be open for research by appointment. To learn if any unprocessed nonprint collections contain materials relevant to your research please contact Tamiment's Curator of Nonprint Collections. The Curator can also provide researchers with the proper forms of citation for nonprint materials (which are as necessary for nonprint primary sources as for text documents) in the Tamiment Library's collections. While most materials are available for research, not all may be published, due to copyright considerations.
Cataloged Collections - To find cataloged nonprint collections, try a Basic search in BobCat on Author/Creator, Subject, or a term Anywhere in the Record. Limit your results to the Tamiment Library's holdings by selecting NYU Bobst Tamiment/Wagner from the list of libraries at NYU. If an electronic finding aid is available, follow the link for additional information on the collection.
Using Nonprint Collections
Researchers must obtain a Tamiment Library card before using nonprint materials. To get one, fill out a registration form at the Reference Desk and present a photo ID. Then, request materials using an archival request form.
|home | about the library | collections overview | research guides | collections list/finding aids | programs | online exhibits & public history | NYU Libraries | New York University|
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Peach crop may have been cut by three-fourths by freeze
Writer: Robert Burns, 903-834-6191, email@example.com
COLLEGE STATION – What some have termed “crazy weather” appears to have cut potential peach yields by three-fourths or more in the major production areas of the state, said a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service horticulturist.
Unseasonably warm weather punctuated by late freezes in the Central Texas, North Texas and Rolling Plains regions has knocked back the peach crop considerably, said Dr. Larry Stein, AgriLife Extension horticulturist in Uvalde who works mainly with pecans, fruits, grapes and vegetable crops.
“We’ve definitely had some damage,” Stein said. “A lot of fruit has been lost, but there are still some peaches around.”
The damage varied by peach variety and growing sites, he said.
“At the best sites, (on higher ground) the cold air drained away, and in a lot of those instances there are a few peaches scattered around,” Stein said. “And it was also variety driven. Certain varieties — Redglobe was one — seemed to fare better than others.”
Two-minute MP3 Audio of Texas crop, weather for April 16, 2013 Two-minute MP3 Audio of Texas crop, weather for April 16, 2013
It’s hard to estimate the total damage as there are so many large and small producers growing different varieties on various kinds of sites, he said.
“We all hesitate to put that number out there, but I’d say the amount of crop we have (left) is about 20 to 25 percent.”
The good news is that the remaining crop should be of excellent quality — large and of good flavor — because of the thinning by the freeze, Stein said.
“And because we may be going into a droughty time, maybe having a short crop during a drought will be a silver lining as the trees won’t be as stressed.”
Of course, some peach-growing areas dodged the freeze, Stein noted. For instance, East Texas orchards were largely spared.
“It just depended upon where that cold air settled,” he said.
The High Plains and South Plains also received hard freezes, but there are few peaches grown in that area. There are some apple orchards there, but because apples do not bloom as early as peaches they should recover, he said.
More information on the current Texas drought and wildfire alerts can be found on the AgriLife Extension Agricultural Drought Task Force website at http://agrilife.tamu.edu/drought/ .
AgriLife Extension district reporters compiled the following summaries for the week of April 8-15:
Central: Some producers were waiting for warm days to start planting sorghum. Pastures were green with winter grasses. However, native grasses were slow to green up due to cool temperatures. Soil-moisture levels were very good, but stock tank levels were low due to minimal runoff. Late freezes and frost damaged peach and vegetable crops throughout the region. Corn emergence was strong, and grain sorghum was just beginning to make stands. Neither corn or sorghum showed much lasting damage from the freeze. Livestock were in good condition.
Coastal Bend: The northeast part of the district improved from recent rains. Pecan trees were beginning to bud. Grain sorghum and corn looked good in that area. Some replanting of cotton had to be done due to soil crusting. Lack of rain in the western part of the region slowed growth and development of crops. High winds further dried out soils.
East: Much needed rain, from 0.18 inch to 2 inches, accompanied a cold front that passed through the region. The cooler temperatures slowed forage growth, and high winds reduced soil moisture. Wildfire danger was low. Pastures looked good, supplying better grazing for livestock. Most producers were able to stop feeding hay. Ponds were full. Producers were applying herbicides to control spring weeds. Vegetable planting slowed. Spring calving waned, with most spring calves already on the ground gaining weight. Bulls were turned out for rebreeding. Feral hog damage was reported in pastures, lawns and fields. Tent caterpillars were reported in many tree species.
Far West: The region had high winds, with temperatures ranging from below freezing to the high 80s. Red-flag warnings for wildfire continued to be posted for the entire area. More westerly counties got from 0.1 to 0.9 inch of rain. Pecan trees were budding, and watermelon growers began planting. Some alfalfa producers took their first cuttings of the season; others were two to three weeks away. Mesquite came out of dormancy, and more annual weeds were sprouting.
North: Soil-moisture levels ranged from short to surplus. Some areas got as much as 1 inch or more of rain along with colder weather. Back-and-forth cool/hot/cold/warm days stressed plantings. Runoff from the recent rains was beginning to fill ponds. Winter pastures and wheat were doing well thanks to the weekly rains. Wheat was heading. Ryegrass and clover pastures were thriving. From 25 to 100 percent of sorghum was planted and 90 percent of soybeans. Most cattle producers fed hay for the last time this year as pastures were coming on. Livestock were improving. Fly populations were increasing. Feral hog damage was reported.
Panhandle: After unseasonably warm weather, a hard freeze hit much of the region. The freeze certainly reduced wheat yields and may have wiped out entire fields in some cases. Wheat producers were in a wait-and-see mode, with more freezing temperatures expected this week. Insect pressure also increased from green bugs, mites and Russian wheat aphids. Cold temperatures continued to delay corn planting in some areas. Cotton planting was expected to begin in a couple of weeks with sorghum following a week later. Pastures began to green up, but without more moisture, grasses were not expected to last long. Stocker cattle were being placed on wheat to be grazed out. Some areas were reporting heavy lice infestations on cattle. Most livestock remained in fair to good condition.
Rolling Plains: A recent cold snap dropped temperatures below freezing. Combined with the damage received from a freeze at the end of March, the most recent freeze will greatly diminish this year’s wheat yield potential. Trees were also showing signs of freeze damage. Fruit trees and ornamentals took the hardest hit. Pastures were not spared from damage either, with grass turned dull green, brown or black from damage. Young mesquite trees that were already budded out also showed signs of damage. Along with freezing temperatures, some counties received as much as 2 inches of rain. Another freeze was forecast for April 18. Leaf rust was reported in fields along the Red River. Livestock were in fair to good condition. Cotton farmers were bedding up fields and applying pre-emergence herbicides. Some producers who believed they had glyphosate-resistant weeds last year were applying yellow herbicides (dinitroaniline) before planting. Strawberries re-bloomed after the last freeze and berry development was proceeding well. Pecan nut casebearer traps were in place in anticipation of earlier-than-normal activity. The peach crop was expected to be light this year due to freezes in the mid 20s on March 25-26 during the bloom stage. Some later varieties still had some unopened blooms that were expected to produce a few peaches.
South: The region’s northern counties received scattered showers, but not enough rain to substantially improve rangeland and pastures. Soil-moisture levels remained short to very short as the drought continued. Where there was irrigation, growers began planting cotton and continued watering corn, wheat and potatoes. Rangeland and pastures in some areas were somewhat improved, but many livestock producers continued culling herds because of poor forage availability and the need to lessen feeding expenses. In Duval County, for example, cattle were being sold off on a weekly basis. Rangeland conditions were so poor there that livestock producers have had to continually provide large amounts of supplemental feed. Row-crop conditions in Jim Wells County were very poor. Many fields did not have any soil moisture for seed germination. Hay has been reported to only be available from outside the area, and then at a cost of $80 for a 1,000-pound round bale. In Maverick County, temperatures dropped into the mid-50s as a result of a cool front moving into that area with winds at about 60 miles an hour — adding stress to crops. In Zavala County, livestock producers reported some native grasses greening up but not enough to provide grazing. In Hidalgo County, the sugarcane harvest was completed, harvesting of citrus and vegetables continued, but row crops were in very poor shape. In Starr County, some onion producers continued harvesting, while others were waiting for better market prices. In Willacy County, planting of row crops was at a standstill. Many crops will not be planted there this year due to the severe drought. Those that have been planted were generally stressed. Even sorghum looked terrible.
South Plains: Most counties reported freezing temperatures. Lows on April 10-11 reached the low 20s, with below-freezing temperatures lasting 10 hours or more. As a result, there was additional freeze damage to wheat that was already damaged by a hard freeze the last week of March. More freezing temperatures were forecast for April 18. Topsoils were extremely dry except where producers began pre-plant watering. Farmers continued preparing fields, with many starting to pump water in order to have enough soil moisture to plant. Herbicide and fertilizer applications were ongoing. Pastures and rangeland needed rain. Cattle were mostly in fair to good condition.
Southeast: Rainfall varied from zero to as much as 5 inches in some areas. Most of the region could use more moisture. Montgomery County had lows in the 40s that slowed forage growth, and from 0.2 to more than 1 inch of rain. Parts of the county remained dry. In Burleson County, fluctuating temperatures limited warm-season forage growth. Corn and sorghum crops in that county were established and growing. Heavy rain in Chambers County benefited pastures and crops but delayed planting of rice. Fort Bend County had temperatures in the low 50s and high 80s along with scattered showers. Galveston County had severe weather with hailstorms.
Southwest: Conditions continued to deteriorate with warm and dry weather. Some areas received early April showers, others received little to no rain. Corn and grain sorghum were emerged. Wheat and oats headed out, and fields under irrigation looked very good. Cotton growers were preparing fields for planting. Livestock producers continued feeding hay.
West Central: Warm, dry, windy days with cool nights continued to be the norm. Some counties reported scattered rain with hail and sleet, but no substantial crop damage was reported. Soil-moisture levels further declined. The dry conditions limited small grain and sorghum planting. Winter wheat and oats started to head. Some wheat fields were zeroed-out by crop-insurance adjusters. Weed and insect control was under way. Rangeland and pastures greened up with forbs and grasses, which provided much needed grazing. Livestock producers continued supplemental feeding of cattle. Stock-water tank levels were very low. Pecan tree bud break started, and growers were preparing to fertilize orchards.
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Confronting Climate Instability: Health Consequences and Healthy Solutions
Mar 23, 2009
from 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM
|Where||Foster Auditorium, 102 Paterno Library|
|Add event to calendar||
Climate change has direct and indirect consequences for human health. Heat waves affect health directly and are projected to take an increasing toll in developed and underdeveloped nations. Climate restricts the range of infectious diseases, while weather affects the timing and intensity of outbreaks.
Underlying many of these changes is the finding that, in the last half century, the world ocean has accumulated twenty-two times the amount of heat than has the atmosphere. Ocean warming is accelerating the global hydrological cycle, melting ice and leading to greater evaporation over some land areas, intensifying droughts, and heavier downpours elsewhere. Extreme weather events can create conditions conducive to "clusters" of infectious diseases.
Excess carbon dioxide itself carries health consequences. Ragweed grown in elevated carbon dioxide levels produces pollen disproportionate to its stem growth. Climate change is also affecting human health indirectly, by encouraging the spread of pests and diseases among livestock, wildlife, agricultural systems, forests and coastal marine life. Moreover, the exploration, extraction, mining, refining, transport and combustion of fossil fuels harm health and the environment, especially in developing nations.
On the other hand, clean energy solutions can stimulate business opportunities and job creation. And all proposed technologies must also be examined as to their health and safety, and environmental impacts, and the economic feasibility and benefits. Life cycle analyses can help separate those technologies that are "no-regrets" – and can be invested in today – from those that require further study.
With the proper financial incentives and the dismantling of "perverse" ones, the clean energy and technology transition can improve public health, help stabilize the climate and become the engine of economic growth and poverty alleviation in this 21st Century.
Paul Epstein, M.D., M.P.H.
Associate Director, Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School
Paul R. Epstein, M.D., M.P.H., is Associate Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment at Harvard Medical School (http://chge.med.harvard.edu) and is a medical doctor trained in tropical public health. Paul has worked in medical, teaching and research capacities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and has published widely on the topics of tropical medicine and climate change and human health. He has worked with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to assess the health impacts of climate change and develop health applications of climate forecasting and remote sensing.
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The world is saved. Now there’s a website that teaches you how to recycle your sex toys to save the planet.
Let’s just let SexToyRecycling.com speak for itself, because lord knows we couldn’t come up with anything nearly this creative:
Recycling your sex toys is just one way you can combine your passion in the bedroom with your love for the environment. Here are some other ecologically responsible alternatives.
Glass or metal sex toys are eco-friendly, durable, and often beautifully designed. Their production process is relatively non-toxic and has little environmental impact, and they will outlast their rubber counterparts many times over. Other accessories like paddles are available in recycled rubber and sustainably harvested, ecologically treated wood.
You can decrease the use of petroleum and its derivatives by using organic lubes and massage oils. Also, when buying lingerie or fetish wear, avoid petroleum derived synthetic materials like polyester and nylon in favor of natural fibers such as cotton and silk. If you have a battery-powered vibrator, buy a set of rechargeable batteries; standard batteries contain extremely toxic and corrosive chemicals.
If you need a sex toy there may be one closer than you think, in your refrigerator or around the house. Fruits and vegetables like bananas and cucumbers make a simple and inexpensive substitute for a dildo. Many common items like electric toothbrushes or hairbrush handles can also be used for pleasure. And with a little imagination and ingenuity, you can create improvised sex toys and give a second life to materials like plastic bags, shampoo bottles, toilet paper tubes, and rubber gloves.
The website’s “About Us” page is even more enlightening:
Our vision was inspired by an open trash bin full of discarded sex toys. Dildos, vibrators, and anal toys – an entire collection – had been thrown away with other rubbish. What a waste. What if there was some way to recycle sex toys that people didn’t want any longer? This is how the idea for Sex Toy Recycling was born.
WTF? What kind of neighborhood do they live in where the trash bins are full of discarded sex toys?
Sign us up. Because we’re really eager to use someone stranger’s discarded anal toy.
(To tell the truth, we’re not even sure what an anal toy is, but we suspect that the asses who run SexToyRecycling.com are intimately familiar with the subject.)
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Active Directory is a critical technology holding literally billions of identities around the world. Solutions to ensure AD is backed up and - should there be a breakdown - recoverable are essential to any business continuity strategy. To that end, CionSystems Inc. released “CionSystems Active Directory Recovery,” a web based, easy-to-use and affordable solution that offers quick, granular restoration of individual objects and attributes, as well as multiple domain recovery. ADR offers automated recovery of an entire domain to a point in time before the change occurred. IT Administrators can eliminate downtime by automating tasks and choosing from flexible recovery options to prevent loss of productivity when a disaster strikes.
More info: CionSystems
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Discover Sheling in China
Sheling in the region of Jilin Sheng is a place located in China - some 597 mi or ( 961 km ) North-East of Beijing , the country's capital .
Local time in Sheling is now 05:54 PM (Thursday) . The local timezone is named " Asia/Harbin " with a UTC offset of 8 hours. Depending on your mobility, these larger cities might be interesting for you: Yuquan, Wuchang, Shenyang, Sanchahe, and Qitamu. When in this area, you might want to check out Yuquan . Are you looking for some initial hints on what might be interesting in Sheling ? We have collected some references on our attractions page.
Videos provided by Youtube are under the copyright of their owners.
Interesting facts about this location
Willow Palisade (Chinese: 柳條邊, Liutiao bian) was a system of ditches and embankments planted with willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing Dynasty during the later 17th century.
Located at 44.48 126.52 (Lat./Long.); Less than 20 km away
Fate is a town within the county-level city of Shulan, in the north of Jilin Province in Northeast China. It is located on the right (eastern) bank of the Songhua River, 45 kilometres west of downtown Shulan, and 75 kilometres north of the prefectural capital of Jilin City. According to the local government, the town occupies 146.98 square kilometres; its population is 38,105, most of which (35,654) is rural population. It was formerly organised as a township (法特乡).
Located at 44.52 126.43 (Lat./Long.); Less than 22 km away
Information of geographic nature is based on public data provided by geonames.org, CIA world facts book, Unesco, DBpedia and wikipedia. Weather is based on NOAA GFS.
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The extortionist wanted his demand taken seriously, but apparently did not want to hurt anyone.
So when he slipped jars of marmalade laced with rat poison into supermarkets in Lubeck earlier this year, he attached labels that read: ''CAUTION: POISON.''
Last month, prosecutors in Lubeck charged a 48-year-old architect with trying to extort $600,000 from the marmalade maker, Schwartauer Werke.
In one of the oddest crime waves that Europe has seen in years, Germany has become engulfed in extortion attempts by people who threaten to poison products and scare away millions of dollars in sales.
The police estimate that there have been 120 cases in the last year, with 2 or 3 new ones every week. Nestle's German subsidiaries are receiving about a dozen threats a year. Supermarket chains, food producers and cosmetic companies have all been targets. Many have fought off more than one attempt.
''I am sorry to say that Germany is the world leader in this type of crime,'' said Klaus J. Ruthe, a partner at Control Risks International, an industrial security firm.
German consumer-products companies are starting to use tamper-resistant packaging but many products remain exposed. Nestle and other companies have organized response teams for dealing with threats as soon as they develop.
This crime wave seems to be dominated by nervous amateurs rather than hardened felons. About two-thirds of the extortion attempts stop after the first threatening letter. Extortionists who have tried to ratchet up the pressure by placing poisoned products in supermarkets have sometimes warned companies where to look for them.
Arrests and convictions are continuing, but few of the suspects arrested in the past year have had the usual criminal backgrounds. Police officials described several as bankrupt businessmen and one as a law student.
''These are people who aren't comfortable with causing physical harm,'' said Jurgen Schmidt, the head of criminal investigations in Gifhorn, a small city in Lower Saxony, who has dealt with three cases in the last six months. ''With extortion, you don't have to threaten the people personally. It's a form of criminality that doesn't require a professional.''
Because a handful of poisonings could be enough to cause panic and cost a company millions of dollars in lost sales, individuals with few resources have the power to make a real threat. But most of the schemes collapse when it comes to collecting actual money.
''Anybody can write a letter or make a phone call,'' said Isabella Holper, a spokeswoman for Maggi G.m.b.H., a subsidiary of Nestle that makes packaged soups and other products. ''But the police tell us that, if it comes to a transfer of money, they can catch them every time.''
The police and industrial security consultants advise companies to play along with extortionists, though always in collaboration with the police, in order to elicit clues about their identities.
Beiersdorf AG., a cosmetics company in Hamburg that makes Nivea skin-care products, used negotiation and stalling tactics against extortionists who had threatened to contaminate Nivea products if the company refused to pay about $500,000. Company officials notified the police, but began to communicate with the extortionists by posting messages through classified ads in a newspaper.
As negotiations about payments dragged on, the blackmailers sent 13 letters and made more than 50 phone calls from Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. In mid-March, they mixed chemical solvents into one of the company's hair-gel products and slipped samples into a supermarket in Mainz. They warned the company where to look and nobody was injured.
On May 18, the Hamburg police apparently traced a call to a telephone booth in Venlo, the Netherlands. There they arrested two men and charged them with trying to blackmail Beiersdorf. The two men have denied the charges and are now in jail awaiting trial.Continue reading the main story
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A FORMER colleague took a risk this week with an article on signs with grammatical errors.
Focusing mainly on missing apostrophes – and ignoring the erroneous A in the name of my home village in a sign opposite the office – it really is poking the bear.
Readers do not need much excuse to point out errors or call an article’s news worthiness into question, so putting your head above your parapet and highlighting any grammatical faux pas is asking for criticism of any mistake, imagined or not.
Once received a letter listing 10 errors in an article (among many others, the writer explained). Had to resist the temptation to write back and explain he was wrong on all but one of them and could easily have made a longer list of errors from his letter.
Was not as slow pointing out errors – grammatical or factual – in my years as a sub, but then that was my job. Until a couple of weeks ago.
That job included stewardship of the office style guide – we did not have a physical one like the ones waved at me by subs as a young reporter, but a series of weekly emails running through common errors (how to refer to a councillor tops the list), spelling issues and settling debates.
Often two options are both right but the house style is to stick to one for the sake of consistency.
It may come as a surprise, but this blog has its own style guide, tucked away in a corner of my mind. Which has the advantage of being endlessly flexible so when the need arrives, the rules can be bent to suit the needs of the blog.
Which it really needs to be for this stretch of the A-Z journey through my iPod.
One of the simple rules is to avoid the first person wherever possible. It will come as a shock to a couple of ex-colleagues whose (lengthy) pieces were littered with I this, I that. Gave up counting in one opening paragraph when it reached double figures, all of which were subbed out.
Have broken that rule a couple of times in posts but they were personal tributes. It would have been odd to write them any other way.
And for the next few paragraphs, will have to break that rule again or this post will become impossible as it takes in the very long run of songs beginning with I (by far the most common opening word of this entire, expanding journey).
This section takes us from a second outing for The Stone Roses’ debut album finale to First Aid Kit.
There has been, seemingly inevitable at the moment, a fair amount of The Beatles with I Am The Walrus (twice) and I Feel Fine (three times) as well as, less inevitably, a blast of The Stones, although this was a rather different version of (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction – bereft of chorus – by Cat Power.
The Clash popped up once with I Fought The Law, but with two different versions by Joe Strummer, while there were welcome visits from the Arctic Monkeys ( I Bet You… can probably work that one out), Sun Kil Moon (I Can’t Live Without My Mother’s Love), Idlewild (I Don’t Have The Map), The House of Love (I Don’t Know Why I Love You) and Altered Images (I Could Be Happy).
There was (probably, it was a while ago, been a bit busy) screaming along to I Bleed by Pixies, who provided a very welcome soundtrack in session on the radio while cleaning my flat ahead of moving out. Very jealous of anyone seeing them in-store at Spillers in Cardiff.
As a believer in coyotes and time as an abstract, always great to hear I Believe by REM from Life’s Rich Pageant – probably edging ahead of long-time favourite Reckoning as my favourite REM album.
They have featured quite heavily as my musical intake has embraced the ability to raid the whole of Apple’s library since the decision was finally made about whether to upgrade my iPod for travelling.
The trusted Classic will add overlanding around South America to Africa on its list of places visited but this time merely as a back-up to a new Touch with instant access to a huge selection of music new and old (been adding a load of vintage stuff ahead of departure).
It is not perfect. Much prefer the wheel control than everything having to be touchscreen digital, the battery life seems shorter and it does not give updates on tracks in the collection – or exactly how many hundreds of I songs we have to wade through – but getting used to it.
And have plenty of time to do just that over the next 31 weeks as the A-Z journey goes into hibernation while travelling.
It became clear very quickly in Africa that keeping the A-Z going alongside blogging from on the road was too much to ask – I blog because I am travelling, not the other way round (to break the rules one more time).
The travel pieces (starting tomorrow from Heathrow. Probably) may well take a diversion into what is soundtracking the trip, but the A-Z is taking a few months off.
This time by design, not just because I have put it off. Again.
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Did you know that shea butter really comes from nuts that grow in trees indigenous to West Africa? Boy, do I learn something new here everyday! On the topic of beauty buys that give...
Did you know that shea butter really comes from nuts that grow in trees indigenous to West Africa? Boy, do I learn something new here everyday! On the topic of beauty buys that give back, enter: Out of Africa. This lu line of all-natural products made from unrefined shea butter delivers long-lasting moisture to skin like no other. It’s all due to the fact that Out Of Africa uses 100% all-natural, hand-made shea butter. Victor Lulla, entrepreneur and creator of Out of Africa partnered up with soap maker Gilles Adamon in Benin, West Africa to launch the line two years ago. Victor informed me that most products on the market that contain shea butter, only really have a miniscule amount, not nearly enough to deliver the skin quenching benefits of pure unrefined shea butter. Victor Lulla is also very passionate about improving the lives of children and people in West Africa. Through his project called School Children Unite, 3 percent of all Out of Africa sales will benefit children in Benin, West Africa thus improving education, poverty, health, and the economy. The company has also created stable jobs for women of Benin.
For more information on Out of Africa’s wonderful products and the company’s mission, check out outofafricashea.com
-RUNA BHATTACHARYA, Beauty & Health Intern
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 14/9/2011 (1955 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Canada and its international aid organizations are asking Canadians to dig deep to help aid people in East Africa as the worst famine in six decades continues to take its terrible toll.
Canadians have donated $35.8 million so far to various agencies which qualify for government matching funds through Ottawa’s East Africa Drought Relief Fund. But that matching fund window is closing fast.
Donate by midnight Friday and the government will match your donation, dollar for dollar, doubling the impact of your money. (It’s important to know however that the charity you donate to will not get a matching donation from Ottawa, instead the same amount will go into the East Africa Drought Relief Fund and Ottawa will administer that fund as it sees fit.)
UNICEF estimates a child is dying of hunger every six minutes. That is 250 children every day. More than 13 million people are affected by multiple years of drought and the effect of ongoing conflicts.
The photos are heartbreaking. People are fleeing their homes looking for food. Refugee camps are overflowing.
Aid agencies are scrambling to help but don’t have the money they need to do all that is needed.
Save the Children Canada for example wants to provide help and programming for kids under five but so far can only afford to provide it to kids under three.
International Cooperation Minister Bev Oda has acknowledged concerns the funds are being diverted away from those who need it but said what that means is we just need to be smarter and more diligent about how the aid is distributed.
Not donating anything doesn’t help.
The political mess there can’t be ignored but the people in the refugee camps are not to be blamed. They are simply starving to death as a result.
In 2010, Canadians donated over $100 million to help the victims of the earthquake in Haiti. Last fall we donated nearly $50 million to help people affected by major floods in Pakistan. Both were eligible to receive matching funds from Ottawa.
Canadians are generous and need to be generous again.
On the web: East Africa Drought Relief Fund
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Microsoft Helps Produce Pants That Charge Smartphones
Forget smartwatches and fitness trackers. Microsoft's foray into wearables involves a pair of trousers that can charge Lumia smartphones.Microsoft is taking an unconventional approach to wearable tech compared to its rivals. Google has Google Glass, the company's app-enabled smart glasses technology. Samsung offers the Galaxy Gear 2 smartwatch, which links with the company's smartphones. Apple, meanwhile, is rumored to be gearing up to for the release of a fitness and health monitoring "iWatch," possibly as soon as this fall. Rather than launch a new wearable tracker or smartphone companion, Microsoft is taking its cues from the world of fashion and teaming up with a clothing designer to produce pants that can wirelessly charge smartphones. As it turns out, it's not the company's first brush with the stylish industry. "We have a proud history of working within fashion, having previously collaborated with Bruce Weber and David Bailey, as well as recent partnerships at New York and London Fashion Week," Adam Johnson, marketing director for Microsoft Mobile in the U.K. and Ireland, said in a statement.
The company collaborated with British designer A. Sauvage for the world's first pair of wireless charging trousers, according Microsoft. The garment features inductive charging technology from the Nokia DC-50, a device that tops off compatible Lumia smartphones using the Qi wireless charging standard. Microsoft acquired Nokia's hardware unit for $7 billion in a deal that closed nearly eight months after it was first announced on Sept. 2, 2013.
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The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures today announced Vienna in Hollywood, six weeks of programming comprising a symposium and film series that explores the large community of predominately Jewish, Austrian-born film artists and professionals who helped shape the films and industry of classical era Hollywood. This series is presented in collaboration with the University of Southern California (USC) Libraries and the USC Max Kade Institute, with support from the Austrian Consulate General in Los Angeles.
In the early 20th century, the nascent film industry in Hollywood was largely built by Jewish immigrants from Eastern and Central Europe, including many Austrians from regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the 1920s, Austrian artists including actor-director Erich von Stroheim and composer Max Steiner came to the US seeking better opportunities in the American film industry.
A much larger wave of mostly Jewish émigrés arrived in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s largely due to Nazi persecution in Germany and the Anschluss in Austria. These Austrian émigrés included directors Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Fred Zinnemann, and Otto Preminger, actors Hedy Lamarr, Peter Lorre, and Paul Henreid, producers Eric Pleskow and Sam Spiegel, screenwriters Vicki Baum, Gina Kaus, and Salka Viertel, as well as composers Erich Wolfgang Korngold and Ernest Gold. These artists, along with many other émigrés who worked as writers, composers, actors, producers, cinematographers, talent agents, costume designers, and production designers, had a profound impact on Hollywood. The Academy Museum’s six-week Vienna in Hollywood series presents and contextualizes the work of these groundbreaking artists.
Bill Kramer, Director and President of the Academy Museum, said, “During the classical Hollywood era, so many beloved films and so many components of the movie industry were developed and shaped by Austrian émigrés, including Erich von Stroheim, Max Steiner, Vicki Baum, Fritz Lang, and many others. The Academy Museum is deeply committed to scholarly and dynamic explorations of film history. We are thrilled to be presenting the work and vision of these groundbreaking film artists and professionals who are a core part of our cinematic history.”
Doris Berger, Senior Director of Curatorial Affairs at the Academy Museum, said, “Many are familiar with the fascinating story that Jewish immigrants from Eastern and Central Europe were the founding fathers of Hollywood in the early 20th century. It is a privilege to collaborate with colleagues from USC and the Austrian Consulate to spotlight the lesser-known film and cultural history of the significant contributions of Austrian émigrés to the look and sound of classic era Hollywood.”
Paul Lerner, Professor of History at USC and Director of USC’s Max Kade Institute for Austrian-German-Swiss Studies said, “The Max Kade Institute is thrilled to partner with the museum and USC Libraries for this wonderful series of events on the unique Austrian contributions to Hollywood cinema and Austrian and American cross-cultural cinematic currents. Vienna in Hollywood perfectly embodies the Institute’s founding mission of documenting the lives and work of German-speaking émigrés and exiles in Southern California, those predominately Jewish refugees from Nazi-controlled Central Europe who shaped the landscapes and cultures of Los Angeles in the 1940s and beyond.”
The initiative launches on December 10, 2021, with Vienna in Hollywood: The Influence and Impact of Austrians on the Hollywood Film Industry, 1920s–2020s, a two-day symposium organized by the Academy Museum, the University of Southern California (USC) Libraries, and the USC Max Kade Institute, with support from the Austrian Consulate General in Los Angeles.
Panels will take place at both USC (December 10) and the Academy Museum (December 11) and will feature a robust lineup of international scholars, filmmakers, artists, and programmers. Panels include Composers and their Legacies; Women Writers and Exile Networks; Vienna Film Exiles Below the Line; Directors; Wien Kultur; and Vienna and Hollywood Today. Click here for more information about the symposium.
On December 11, the Academy Museum will launch a six-week film series called Vienna in Hollywood: Émigrés and Exiles in the Studio System, which runs until January 31, 2022. This series explores the work of Austrian-born Jewish film artists who made their way to Hollywood during the classical Hollywood era—many escaping persecution from the Nazi party and rising anti-Semitism in Europe.
The series opens with perhaps the most iconic émigré production of them all, a film about transit papers and escaping Fascism, Casablanca. Directed by Hungarian-born Michael Curtiz, scored by Austrian-born composer Max Steiner, and starring a pair of screen icons both from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, Paul Henreid and Peter Lorre, the film is presented in a vintage nitrate print courtesy of the Museum of Modern Art and will be the first nitrate print publicly screened at the Academy Museum.
Other artists and films presented as part of the series include directors Max Reinhardt (A Midsummer Night’s Dream), Josef von Sternberg (Dishonored), Billy Wilder (Sunset Blvd., A Foreign Affair), Fritz Lang (Hangmen Also Die!), Otto Preminger (Whirlpool) and Fred Zinnemann (The Search), composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold (The Adventures of Robin Hood) and screenwriter Salka Viertel (Queen Christina). This series also showcases lesser-screened gems that feature the talents of exiles in various roles in front of and behind the camera, including The Girl Downstairs (starring Franciska Gaal), The Garden of Allah (the debut role for Tilly Losch), Hotel Berlin (written by Vicki Baum), and Dorothy Arzner’s big city melodrama Dance, Girl, Dance (also written by Vicki Baum). This film series is programmed by Bernardo Rondeau with thanks to Doris Berger, and notes by Kiva Reardon, Bernardo Rondeau, and Robert Reneau. A selection of the films follows below.
Sat, Dec 11 | 7:30pm | David Geffen Theater (DGT)
Everybody comes to Rick’s Café in Casablanca—for drinks, gambling, intrigue, Sam’s (Dooley Wilson) piano, and most importantly, exit visas. The romance of Hollywood’s classical era is central to this seminal film, full of iconic stars including Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, and Habsburg Empire émigrés Paul Henreid and Peter Lorre. Émigré Michael Curtiz’s Oscar®-winning direction of this Best Picture winner is as elegant as the endlessly quotable dialogue is witty, and (another émigré) Max Steiner’s nominated score incorporates the unforgettable “As Time Goes By.”
Director: Michael Curtiz.
Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Paul Henreid, Claude Rains.
1943. 103 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm nitrate.
Sun, Dec 12 | 2pm | Ted Mann Theater (TMT)
“People come, people go. Nothing ever happens” laments the hotel’s bitter resident Dr. Otternschlag, but in this glamourous Best Picture-winning classic, the “people” include such cinema legends as Greta Garbo, John Barrymore, and a young and vibrant Joan Crawford, and the “nothing” includes burglary, murder, romance, and a dying man’s final wish. Austrian writer Vicki Baum penned the original, best-selling novel (Menschen im Hotel) before moving to Hollywood to launch a successful screenwriting career.
Director: Edmund Goulding.
Cast: Greta Garbo, John Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Wallace Beery.
1932. 115 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Sat, Dec 18 | 2pm | TMT
A group of top Hollywood stars took a rare venture into Shakespeare with this lavish filming of The Bard’s classic romantic fantasy, starring James Cagney as Bottom, Olivia de Havilland as Hermia, and a 14-year-old Mickey Rooney as Puck. A Best Picture nominee, the film is a collaboration between Max Reinhardt, a visionary of the Austrian theater, and German-born director William Dieterle. Hal Mohr’s luscious cinematography and Ralph Dawson’s editing both received Oscars®. Austrian composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold adapted the music of Mendelssohn for the film’s score. Sherry Shourds also received a rare write-in nomination for the short-lived category of Best Assistant Director.
Directors: Max Reinhardt, William Dieterle.
Cast: James Cagney, Joe E. Brown, Dick Powell, Jean Muir.
1935. 132 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Sat, Dec 18 | 7:30pm | TMT
A household name of the Austrians in Hollywood cohort is director Josef von Sternberg, who is also known for his collaborations with German American icon Marlene Dietrich. Working with the star for the third time, here von Sternberg sets his tale in his native country. Dietrich plays a Mata Hari-like secret agent, who, under the orders of the Austrian Secret Service in the early days of WWI, is sent on a deadly mission to spy on the Russians.
Director: Josef von Sternberg.
Cast: Marlene Dietrich, Victor McLaglen, Gustav von Seyffertitz, Warner Oland.
1931. 91 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
The Garden of Allah
Sat, Dec 18 | 9:30pm | TMT
The Garden of Allah was producer David O. Selznick’s first complete Technicolor saga. Set in the picturesque deserts of Northern Africa, the film tells the story of two wandering foreigners who find each other during a moment of personal crisis. Each cast against type—Marlene Dietrich is a wealthy, pious woman on a pilgrimage to the Sahara while Charles Boyer is a tortured Trappist monk escaped from his monastery—they embark on a romantic quest, albeit one marred by gibberish “Arabic” and a cast of supporting characters chiefly in brownface. Recipient of a Special Award for its color cinematography, this three-strip tour de force also features the unforgettable Hollywood debut of the Austrian-born ballerina-turned-actress Tilly Losch as a sensual café performer.
Director: Richard Boleslawski.
Cast: Marlene Dietrich, Charles Boyer, Basil Rathbone, C. Aubrey Smith.
1936. 80 min. USA. Color. English. 35mm.
Sun, Dec 19 | 2pm | TMT
An actress in Austria and Germany, Salka Viertel joined her husband in his move to Hollywood in 1928 and took up screenwriting under contract at MGM. There, she worked predominantly on Greta Garbo’s films, contributing to the scripts for the actress’s most famous sound film roles including Anna Karenina (1935) and Queen Christina, in which Garbo plays the regent of Sweden. A biographical drama (only the third feature film to be photographed in three-strip Technicolor), the film follows the historical figure’s choice between her country and her heart when she falls for a Spaniard.
Director: Rouben Mamoulian.
Cast: Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Ian Keith, Lewis Stone.
1933 . 99 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
The Adventures of Robin Hood
Sun, Dec 26 | 2pm | TMT
Errol Flynn steals from the rich, woos the lovely Olivia de Havilland, battles the intrigue of Claude Rains, and clashes swords with Basil Rathbone in this lighthearted, swashbuckling, eye-popping Technicolor classic, which received three Oscars and a Best Picture nomination. Austro-Hungarian Michael Curtiz—whose peerless eye for staging is unmistakable—shared the directing credit with William Keighley, while Austrian Erich Wolfgang Korngold won an Oscar for one of cinema’s all-time greatest adventure scores.
Directors: Michael Curtiz, William Keighley.
Cast: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains.
1938. 104 min. USA. Color. English. [Format TBD].
Dance, Girl, Dance
Tue, Dec 28 | 7:30pm | TMT
A best-selling novelist in Austria, Vicki Baum emigrated first to New York then to Hollywood in the early 1930s, where she worked at MGM and Paramount. Several of her stories and novels were transformed for the screen, including Dance, Girl, Dance (and Hotel Berlin and Grand Hotel, which screen in this series). Directed by Dorothy Arzner, the comedy-drama stars Lucille Ball and Maureen O’Hara as out-of-work dancers who turn to burlesque to make ends meet. A flop on its release, it has since gained critical recognition for its subversive take on the male gaze.
Director: Dorothy Arzner.
Cast: Maureen O’Hara, Louis Hayward, Lucille Ball, Virginia Field.
1940. 90 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
The Girl Downstairs
Tue, Dec 28 | 9:20pm | TMT
Set amidst the upper crust of Berne, Switzerland, this screwball comedy finds playboy Franchot Tone posing as a chauffeur to gain access to the mansion of his love interest (Rita Johnson). Part of his plan involves seducing “the girl downstairs”—farm girl turned maid, played by Austro-Hungarian Franciska Gaal. Helmed by prolific studio director Norman Taurog, this rarely screened madcap film is one of Gaal’s final starring roles.
Director: Norman Taurog.
Cast: Franciska Gaal, Franchot Tone, Walter Connolly, Reginald Gardiner.
1938. 77 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Sun, Jan 2 | 2pm | TMT
Five-time Olympic gold medalist for the United States, swimmer Johnny Weissmuller was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in what is now Romania. Immortal as the loin-clothed Tarzan in this early sound adaptation of Edgar Rice Burroughs’s iconic series, Weissmuller has a unique nemesis in this, his seventh film as the Ape Man: the Nazis. Directed by Austrian-born William Thiele, Tarzan Triumphs find the Third Reich descending on the lost jungle city of Palandrya and enslaving its people. Will Tarzan and his menagerie of animals come to the rescue?
Director: William Thiele.Amm
Cast: Johnny Weissmuller, Johnny Sheffield, Frances Gifford, Stanley Ridges.
1943. 77 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Hangmen Also Die!
Mon, Jan 3 | 7:30pm | TMT
The killing of Nazi Reich-Protector Reinhard “Hangman of Europe” Heydrich by members of the Czech underground in Prague inspired this fictionalized retelling, which went into production only four months after the assassination. Produced and directed by Austrian Fritz Lang, it doubles as a nail-biting thriller and a complex moral drama; German theater legend Bertolt Brecht cowrote the film’s story, and Austrian composer Hanns Eisler received an Oscar nomination for his brief but dramatic score.
Director: Fritz Lang.
Cast: H.H. v. Twardowski, Brian Donlevy, Walter Brennan, Anna Lee.
1943. 131 min. USA. B&W. English, German. DCP.
Sun, Jan 9 | 2pm | TMT
Based on the novel by Vicki Baum (who also penned Dance, Girl, Dance and Grand Hotel), Hotel Berlin unfolds in a heavily bombed Berlin during the last days of WWII. The high-end hotel has become a crossroad for Nazis, an escaped prisoner, civilians, and spies alike. In these close quarters, tensions erupt as the characters seek a way out as Allied planes fly closer. The film stars Austrian-born Helmut Dantine (also seen in Casablanca).
Director: Peter Godfrey.
Cast: Faye Emerson, Helmut Dantine, Raymond Massey, Andrea King.
1945. 98 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
The Search preceded by Forbidden Passage
Sun, Jan 16 | 2pm | TMT
Winner of four Academy Awards® and working across several genres, director Fred Zinnemann’s films include A Man for All Seasons (1966), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), and Oklahoma! (1955). Zinnemann was interested in fusing documentary and fiction; in the case of The Search he returned to Europe for the first time since emigrating to film the story of a son and mother searching for each other in a postwar ravaged Europe.
The Search plays with Zinnemann’s Academy Award-nominated short film Forbidden Passage, about a father who illegally enters the United States.
Director: Fred Zinnemann.
Cast: Addison Richards, Wolfgang Zilzer, Hugh Beaumont, George Lessey.
1941. 21 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Director: Fred Zinnemann.
Cast: Montgomery Clift, Aline MacMahon, Wendell Corey, Ivan Jandl.
1948. 105 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
A Foreign Affair
Sat, Jan 22 | 2pm | TMT
Austrian Billy Wilder returns to Europe for this black comedy set in postwar Germany. Featuring sequences shot in the actual ruins of Berlin, this Hollywood take on the rubble film (Trümmerfilm) finds straitlaced Iowa congresswoman Jean Arthur on a fact-finding visit to the American Occupation Zone where not everything is as it seems. As she becomes entangled in a love triangle involving the slippery Captain John Pringle (John Lund) and his German paramour, cabaret-singer Marlene Dietrich in her classic maneater mode, Wilder creates a riotous, decadent panorama of a world caught between the past and the future.
Director: Billy Wilder.
Cast: Jean Arthur, Marlene Dietrich, John Lund, Millard Mitchell.
1948. 116 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Sat, Jan 29 | 2pm | TMT
Gene Tierney reunites with her Laura director—Austrian-born Otto Preminger—for this entrancing noir. Tierney plays the brooch-snatching wife of famous psychiatrist Richard Conte from whom she keeps her kleptomania a secret. She is lured by astrologist-turned-hypnotist José Ferrer for a cure and slowly becomes ensnared in a sinister plot out of her control. This twisty thriller from one of classic Hollywood’s most boundary-pushing producer-directors is also an incisive look at the mental and emotional toll of modern life.
Director: Otto Preminger.
Cast: Gene Tierney, Richard Conte, José Ferrer, Charles Bickford.
1950. 97 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Mon, Jan 31 | 7:30pm | TMT
Classic 1950s Hollywood crashes headfirst into the wreckage of silent cinema in this witty, haunting, and pitiless look at the perils of stardom. Gloria Swanson made herself a legend all over again in her Oscar-nominated role as the unforgettable Norma Desmond, William Holden (also nominated) is the perfectly charming and cynical hack writer Joe Gillis, and Austrian director Erich von Stroheim plays the heartbroken butler. Arguably the crowning achievement of producer-director-screenwriter Billy Wilder’s career, the film features an unsettling, Oscar-winning score by Franz Waxman, won Best Art Direction and Best Story and Screenplay, and was nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards.
Director: Billy Wilder.
Cast: William Holden, Gloria Swanson, Erich von Stroheim, Nancy Olson.
1950. 110 min. USA. B&W. English. 35mm.
Click here to view the full program online.
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WikipediaRead full entry
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
The members of the genus Rhinoceros are the one-horned rhinoceroses. The word "rhinoceros" is of Greek origin; "rhin" meaning "nose", and "ceros" meaning "horn". The genus contains two species, the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus). Although both members are endangered, the Javan Rhinoceros is one of the most endangered large mammals in the world with only 60 individuals surviving in Java (Indonesia). A fossil jawbone of an extinct species, Rhinoceros philippinensis, was found in the Philippines.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhinoceros.|
|Wikispecies has information related to: Rhinoceros|
|This article about an odd-toed ungulate is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Monday, September 8th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
Would eating less margarine reduce the divorce rate in Maine? Could we increase the number of graduate engineering degrees by upping mozzarella consumption? Some correlations are ridiculous, which is exactly the point of the very clever web site “Spurious Correlations."
In K-12 education, though, the link between parent involvement and student achievement makes intuitive sense, and it is backed by extensive research. According to Education Week, multiple studies have shown that "students with involved parents” get better grades and test scores and are more likely to go to college.
You don’t need to convince parents that what they do matters. Nearly 8 in 10 say that parents are more important than schools in determining whether children learn. Teachers are on board too. The vast majority say they’d rather work in a school with strong parent support and good student behavior than in one where they could earn more money.
Tuesday, July 29th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
“We, as a country, are just spread way too thin to get involved in anything else . . . “
“I understand the need for world order . . . but it just seems like whenever there is a huge international crisis, the United States is always the first one to run out and open [its] mouth . . . “
“I think we really should focus on this country. We are in such trouble ourselves.”
U.S. Marine Corps via Flickr
This is a sampling of comments from focus groups exploring American attitudes on foreign policy and on the crisis in Ukraine in particular, conducted this spring (before the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17) by the FDR Group and the Kettering Foundation. National polls over the last few years pick up responses similar to those captured above.
According to the Pew Research Center, for example, 8 in 10 say the U.S. should “concentrate more on our own national problems” and “not think so much in international terms.” More than half of Americans want the country to “mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own .”
Tuesday, June 10th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
Except for kids themselves, just about everyone wants children to eat more fruits and vegetables. Even so, there’s plenty of disagreement about what government can or should do to make that happen.
For First Lady Michelle Obama, federal standards for more nutritious school lunches help “parents who are working hard to serve their kids balanced meals at home and don’t want their efforts undermined during the day at school.” But for critics, these standards are a costly and counterproductive example of government interference. They ask why “the federal government should make these decisions rather than parents, students and local school officials.”
The school lunch dispute is one of several that have emerged when governments -- federal, state, and local -- move beyond their traditional role of providing nutrition education and try to take stronger steps to combat the country’s rising obesity rates.
What’s Government’s Role?
Thursday, April 17th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
Bill Gates and the U.S. Army back it, along with a whole slew of educational associations, business leaders and think tanks. And despite the partisanship we often see in politics today, the development and adoption of the new, voluntary Common Core learning standards in literacy and math got off to an amazing start. Set in motion in 2009 by an alliance of Republican and Democratic governors, Common Core standards were quickly adopted by 45 states and the District of Columbia.
Cyrus McCrimmon/ Denver Post/ Getty Images
So how did an idea that started off with such impressive support become so controversial?
A wide range of critics, including some parents, teachers, education experts, Tea Party activists and liberal groups have begun pushing back against the Common Core — or at least the way it’s being implemented. One state, Indiana, has already dropped the standards, and other states are considering doing so as well.
In surveys, most people seem open to the general idea of national standards and guidelines for learning. A 2010 study from Public Agenda showed that about 8 in 10 parents see having national standards in math and science as helpful. A new survey from the education reform group Achieve shows that 69 percent of voters support implementation of Common Core when presented with a description of it. And support is even stronger among African-Americans, Hispanics, and "public school moms."
But the Achieve study also exposes a fault line. Just 16 percent of voters have read or heard "a lot" about the Common Core; and, among those who have, about 4 in 10 oppose it. Analysts at Achieve say the growing controversy is "leaving a more negative 'impression' among voters." Surveys from Education Next-Harvard PEPG showed that the percent of people opposed to the Core nearly doubled between 2012 and 2013.
A closer look at public and parent thinking suggests some additional reasons why the Common Core hasn’t been attracting more robust support. Consider:
Tuesday, March 11th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
What does it mean when fewer than 1 in 5 Americans say they are satisfied with the federal government? Over the last few years, survey researchers have fielded dozens of questions that seem to show the public’s contempt for the federal government.
In a Pew poll last year, just 12 percent of Americans said they were “basically content” with the federal government, while 30 percent were angry about it, and 55 percent were frustrated. Just 19 percent of the public says it trusts the government in Washington to do what is right most of the time. It’s a stunning number. When Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy were in office, that number was above 70 percent.
But if so many Americans are so dismissive of government, then why were so many of us appalled by the government shutdown last fall? Is this just further proof that Americans will happily indulge in anti-government rhetoric, but that they really like government and what it does for them? Or are there more complex and consequential questions lying beneath the surface—questions that deserve much more careful analysis and discussion?
Here is a quick tour of some of what lies beneath.
- People’s exasperation with government seems to be earnest, and it certainly warrants attention; but it doesn’t apply to all parts of government equally. True, approval ratings for Congress are in the basement, and the President and Supreme Court get lackluster ratings as well, but agencies like the CDC, FBI and NASA are viewed favorably by about 6 in 10 Americans. Meanwhile, the military has been one of the country’s most trusted institutions for more than a decade. The “government” is a multi-faceted endeavor, and Americans give different parts of it very different grades.
Thursday, January 16th, 2014 | JEAN JOHNSON
How many experts view rising health care costs.
(Via IMDB, Copyright 1981 - Lucasfilm, Ltd.)
Remember Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, running away from an enormous boulder, glancing over his shoulder, racing to avoid being crushed? For the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), health care is the boulder that could devastate the federal budget if we can’t figure out better ways to contain rising costs. Many experts see this issue as one of, if not the, most urgent budgetary threats we face.
The federal government spent roughly a trillion dollars on health care in 2013, including Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program. With an aging population, more of us will be on Medicare. Due to The Affordable Care Act (ACA), more people are being covered by Medicaid and receiving government subsidies to buy their own insurance. According to the CBO, rising health care costs will "pose a challenge not only for the federal government’s two major health insurance programs, Medicare and Medicaid, but also for state and local governments, businesses, and households."
There has been some good news lately -- health care costs haven’t been rising as quickly as in the past, and there’s vigorous debate among policy wonks over why this is happening and whether costs could start rising more quickly again. The White House Council of Economic Advisors, for one, believes that some reforms in the ACA are helping slow the growth in costs.
But health care costs are still rising -- by 3.7 percent in 2012.
Polls repeatedly show broad support for "reducing health care costs," and on the face of it, people do seem to grasp that the U.S. spends an awful lot of money on health care.
Tuesday, December 3rd, 2013 | JEAN JOHNSON
Welcome to Beyond the Polls, our regular commentary on what Americans are thinking about pivotal issues our country and communities face. Each month, we offer a second look — a deeper look — at public opinion. We try to put survey results in context and enrich them by drawing on our extensive experience listening to citizens in both research and community settings over the years.
Our aim is to explore and understand the hopes, values, concerns, and priorities people bring to today’s issues — the public questions and controversies we think about every day. Just as important, we want to juxtapose the views that polling typically captures with what happens to those views when citizens have a chance to absorb and weigh different options for addressing issues and hear what other citizens have to say about them.
So what led us to develop Beyond the Polls? Here is some of what’s behind the series:
Tuesday, December 3rd, 2013 | JEAN JOHNSON
It’s reasonably clear that younger and older Americans think differently about tattoos. And maybe there’s a divide over e-mail versus texting. But now that Congress and the President are resuming talks about long-term federal budget issues, proposals to reform Social Security to stabilize its costs are back on the table.
In contrast, opinion leaders like Paul Krugman and Senator Elizabeth Warren say we should expand Social Security, arguing that current retirement policies will leave too many Americans living in poverty in their later years.
So that raises a question: Are the views and preferences of younger and older Americans really at odds when it comes to Social Security? What do polls show, and what happens when Americans of all ages have a chance to talk together about this issue?
The answers to these questions will be important for us to explore as we and our elected officials discuss and negotiate solutions to the issue of Social Security.
A quick glance at some recent polling does seem to show some wide gaps among the generations:
Thursday, October 17th, 2013 | JEAN JOHNSON
While we have avoided an unprecedented federal default for the time being, the debt ceiling matter hasn’t been resolved. We could be right at the brink again in just a matter of months. Pundits and politicians from both parties lean on recent polls to demonstrate why their perspective is the one that the American public supports. But have a majority of Americans actually made up their minds about the debt ceiling? This is an issue where a single survey finding taken at face value or in isolation can be misleading.
What polling really reveals is that members of the public are still wrestling with the debt ceiling dilemma. Public opinion on this issue is still "mushy" – a term used by Public Agenda’s founder Daniel Yankelovich to describe poll findings that aren’t stable because people are still absorbing new information and ideas, grappling with trade-offs and unsure what they really think. When opinions are still mushy, survey results can fluctuate dramatically. Once people become more realistic and settled in their views, public opinion tends to be remarkably steady over time.
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Low credit can suck. Especially when you are in urgent need of money. Credit bureaus and banks could reject all your applications leaving you helpless. But not anymore. There are loans subject to your payroll known as payday loans. What are payday loans? Good question, read on to find out more.
What are Payday Loans?
When the bank and credit unions can’t help you, lenders can. Payday loans are short term loans offered by approved lenders. These lenders can offer a specified amount for the loan together with the terms of the loan.
The loans are unsecured; therefore, they don’t require collateral in case of bad debt. They do need some bank statements to approve any loans by your payroll.
How do They Work?
Payday loans are quite simple. The first step is to search for a lender like payday loans Canada. From there, the process of application begins.
There are certain requirements needed to be eligible for a loan. They include:
● You have to be above the age of 18.
● You must reside within the country of application.
● You must have a source of income that is stable. An amount that can be specified.
● Proof of financial statements.
● Must have an active bank account.
Lenders could do a hard sweep to check that the papers are true and credible. After much deliberation, an application decision will be made on whether it was approved or denied.
Upon approval, loan documents will be sent out for your signature. It will be the binding contract between you and the lender. Any alteration in this contract will be regarded as a breach of contract.
That could lead to prosecution and lawsuits filed against you. Under the documentation, the lender will note all the details regarding the loan the interest rates and repayment terms.
Depending on the amount of the loan, the repayment period could be long or short. An extension period could also be included as discussed between you and the lender.
Once the documents are signed and seen, the money will be credited to your stated bank account in a day or two. The fact that payday loans are connected to your payroll. Your lender could ask you to write a post-dated cheque.
This cheque should total the amount of the loan and the interest to ensure that when the repayment date arrives, there shall be no hiccups. This post-dated check is to be deposited to be a bank on the same day you are to expect your payroll.
Since the dates will coincide, the payment will be valid and be deposited back to the lenders’ account.
Reasons People Take Payday Loans
There are many reasons why people take out loans from the bank, credit unions, or lenders. These reasons explain why they have become more common.
● Easy to Acquire
It’s no lie that getting a loan off a lender is much simpler than getting a loan from a bank. The process is less complex, and communication is smoother due to lack of tight laws.
● Can be Dispatched to Individuals With Low Credit
Having a low credit can limit you from various financial services. Loans are only accepted under certain conditions, if at all rendered in the first place.
● No Savings – No Problem
Saving can be difficult, especially if you live hand to mouth. The amount you receive as income, less tax, can be devastating once you realize your expenses take over 80%. That is how payday loans work; they save you on a rainy day.
The market for payday loans has rapidly increased over the years. Lenders see this as a lucrative form of passive income. This means that there is a ready market for them.
Reasons Not to Take a Payday Loan
It is highly advised not to take these types of loans for various reasons. Read further to know why payday loans are bad.
The High Rate of Interest
Payday loans have incredibly high-interest loans. If you were to sign off on an agreement with a lender without reading the fine print, you could incur an interest payment of over 300%. Unlike banks that charge you under 10%.
The Recurring Effect
Once you begin to borrow the payday loans, the urge to borrow after you have repaid your loans will still be there. It will be a cycle of borrowing until you decide to put an end to it.
More often than we accept, there are illegitimate lenders who pose as authentic lenders. They could damage your credit and cause more frustration and grief than before.
Payday Loan Laws
Legally, there are states that don’t allow payday lending. For example, within the USA, the following states are not allowed to have payday lending services.
● New York
● North Carolina
● West Virginia
● South Dakota
● New Jersey
● Vermont, among others.
These states claim that they have extremely high rates and they have predatory practices. Stepping against these laws could lead to legal action against you.
How to Avoid Taking Payday Loans
Loans are supposed to be taken on a rainy day. When you are between a rock and a hard place. Probably not an everyday affair. So how can you avoid this endless cycle of borrowing?
Create a Culture of Saving
Every penny you set aside could aid you one day. Cumulatively the money you spare after you have paid your expenses can go a long way to avoid these high-interest rates.
Seek Other Alternatives
There are other ways you can seek financial assistance besides using payday loans. Ever heard of peer to peer lending or 401K loans? They are also a great way to borrow a loan without incurring high repayment rates.
Evaluate the Necessity
There are certain considerations to look out for before you take up a payday loan. If at all, there is no emergency or its not the only alternative, then avoid taking the loan.
Stilling wondering about what are payday loans and if they’re right for you? Subscribe to our site or email us so that we can guide you on these payday loans.
They don’t have to be a burden to you. There are other ways to overcome the burden of debt and break the borrowing cycle.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) projected on Thursday that the number of COVID-19-related deaths on the African continent will drop by about 94% in 2022 compared to the previous year.
In Africa, 2021 was the deadliest year of the epidemic, with COVID-19 being the seventh leading cause of death, just behind malaria.
“Our most recent analysis indicates that the expected number of deaths in the African region would decrease to approximately 60 per day by 2022… We lost an average of 970 persons every day last year “Director of WHO Africa Matshidiso Moeti addressed a virtual news conference.
The WHO attributed the disparity in numbers to higher immunisation, stronger pandemic response, and natural immunity from previous outbreaks.
COVID mortality rates in Africa have varied. In part due to co-morbidities that raise the risk of death, richer countries and southern African states have around double the mortality rates of poorer nations in other areas of Africa, according to a WHO report.
According to the estimate, around 23,000 deaths are anticipated by the end of the year, assuming present variations and transmission patterns remain unchanged.
The data suggest that just one out of every seventy-one COVID cases are registered in Africa and that about one out of every three deaths had been overlooked.
Early on in the pandemic, it was difficult for African nations to obtain COVID medicines because wealthy nations hoarded available doses. However, many African nations are now well-supplied with vaccines but are having problems distributing them. The causes include reluctance and logistical considerations.
Africa had recorded over 11.8 million confirmed COVID infections and over 250,000 deaths by the end of May.
“The task is not yet complete. Every time we take a moment to relax, COVID-19 reemerges. The threat of new variations persists, and we must be prepared to deal with this persistent menace “Moeti delivered the briefing’s opening remarks.
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ATMEGA328 (more flash and ram memory)
Blue power LED is on the top
A0-A7 pins compatible with Arduino Stamp and Pro Mini
Two layers PCB
Easier to hack the Eagle file
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).
Arduino received an Honory Mention in the Digital Communities section of the 2006 Ars Electronica Prix. Credits
Arduino Nano overview:
Arduino Nano is a surface mount breadboard embedded version with integrated USB. It is a smallest, complete, and breadboard friendly. It has everything that Diecimila/Duemilanove has (electrically) with more analog input pins and onboard +5V AREF jumper. Physically, it is missing power jack. The Nano is automatically sense and switch to the higher potential source of power, there is no need for the power select jumper.
Nanos got the breadboard-ability of the Boarduino and the Mini+USB with smaller footprint than either, so users have more breadboard space. Its got a pin layout that works well with the Mini or the Basic Stamp (TX, RX, ATN, GND on one top, power and ground on the other). This new version 3.0 comes with ATMEGA328 which offer more programming and data memory space. It is two layers. That make it easier to hack and more affordable.
You end up paying less with Nano than Mini and USB combined!
Operating Voltage (logic level) 5 V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12 V
Input Voltage (limits)
Digital I/O Pins
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
32 KB (of which 2KB used by bootloader)
0.70 x 1.70
Automatic reset during program download
Power OK blue LED
Green (TX), red (RX) and orange (L) LED
Auto sensing/switching power input
Small mini-B USB for programming and serial monitor
ICSP header for direct program download
Standard 0.1 spacing DIP (breadboard friendly)
Manual reset switch
The Arduino Nano can be powered via the mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.
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Morning Minutes: Nov. 5
Word of the Day
Kismet KIZZ-met (noun) Fate - www.merriam-webster.com
Website of the Day
Art Garfunkel official website
Today is Art Garfunkel’s birthday (he was born in 1941). You can visit Garfunkel’s official website and find a complete list of albums, tours, books, writings and more information revolving around Garfunkel. Find the lyrics to your favorite songs or read the timeline of his life and career.
Number to Know
1605: Year when Guy Fawkes attempted to carry out the Gunpowder Plot and blow up the English Houses of Parliament. Tonight is marked as Guy Fawkes Night in England and several other countries.
This Day in History
Nov. 5, 2009: Army Major Nidal Malik Hasan allegedly kills 13 and wounds 30 at Fort Hood, Texas, in the largest mass shooting ever at a U.S. military installation.
Today’s Featured Birthday
Musician Art Garfunkel (69)
“Remember, remember the fifth of November,
The Gunpowder Treason and Plot,
I know of no reason
Why the Gunpowder Treason
Should ever be forgot.” – Traditional rhyme for Guy Fawkes Night
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4 steps to make coffee less bitter
1. Medium roasted coffee has less soluble solids, a higher acid content, and a potent aroma when compared to darkly roasted coffee. All of these factors are known to reduce perceived bitterness.
2. Decaffeination slightly reduces the perceived coffee bitterness.
3. Allowing the coffee to soak in fresh water for approximately twenty-four hours after the fermentation process–as is done in Kenya–is said to reduce coffee bitterness.
4. Brewing via a drip system reduces coffee bitterness relative to French press or other soaking methods, but this is likely due to the decrease in soluble solids, which is positively correlated with bitterness.
5. A coarser grind reduces coffee bitterness. However, the proper grind size should always be used to ensure proper extraction.
Visit the link to know more on why does coffee taste bitter?
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Just like humans, dogs sometimes need to be treated for illnesses and injuries.
Launched in 2007, Pet Blood Bank UK is the only charity that provides a canine blood bank service for all veterinary practitioners across the UK. Similar to the human blood service, dog owners kindly bring along their much loved canine companions to give blood at one of Pet Blood Bank's many sessions across the country.
We were able to speak to superstar doggy blood donor Amy the Greyhound (and her pawrents, Emily and Robert) about Amy's selfless donations.
Could you introduce yourselves?
Hello, we are Emily and Robert, and we adopted Amy our retired Greyhound one and a half years ago.
In an earlier life, Amy was known by her racing name Gone Girl, winning races at Sheffield Racing Track.
At the ripe age of 3, Amy ran her last race due to breaking her leg on the track. We adopted her a couple of months later and she has made a full recovery. You would never guess she had a broken leg when she runs after squirrels!
How did you and Amy find each other?
After reading online about how well behaved and calm Greyhounds are, we travelled up to Sheffield to look at adopting. We walked a number of male dogs (originally our preference), and were given Amy by chance. We knew after a few moments that she was the one for us. The following weekend we brought her to our forever home.
How did you find out about dog blood donation?
We first saw a sign in our local vets about dogs donating blood, whilst taking Amy for her booster jabs. After a bit of research, we signed her up as Greyhounds are known for being great donors.
Fantastic! Whereabouts does Amy go to give blood?
We go to our local vet at Scarsdale Veterinary Centre. Amy has given blood twice since August 2018.
Is there any additional information that any potential doggy blood donors might need to know?
I believe that dogs need to be over 25kg to give blood, so even as a smaller female Greyhound Amy is around 29kg!
At first we were worried about how she would be whilst giving blood and post treatment, but it didn't bother her at all. She gets a full health check-up and blood analysis at each session so we get peace of mind that she's healthy. We get to help other dogs who might need a blood transfusion and it only takes 20 minutes every few months.
Finally, does Amy get a post-donation reward?
Of course! Just like us humans, Amy needs some energy after giving blood so is given food straight after donation, a goodie bag and her choice of a toy. On Amy's first donation, she was also gifted with a bandana to show off her life-saving abilities!
View this post on Instagram
First Time Lifesaver 💉❤️ . . . @petbloodbank #petbloodbank #firsttime #brave #giveblood #blood #lifesaver #retiredgreyhoundtrust #amy #gonegirl #exracer #houndsofinstagram #greys #greyhoundsofinstagram #greyhoundsmakegreatpets #greyhoundrescue #45mphcouchpotato #sighthound #doglove #dogs #greyhound #retiredgreyhound
An average of five sessions are run weekly throughout veterinary practises and kennels, with over 10,000 registered with the charity. Last year, Pet Blood Bank sent out over 5,000 units of blood and as transfusion medicine advances, the demand continues to grow.Every unit of blood can help to save four other lives, helping to save thousands of lives every year.
If you think your hound could be a lifesaver, please go to www.petbloodbank.org to find out more information about donations near you.
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Financial Aid Overawards
Federal regulations require colleges to consider all educational financial assistance to be calculated in determining student eligibility. Financial assistance includes but is not limited to grants, loans, scholarships, waivers, fellowships/assistantships, work study, specific Veteran educational benefits, and similar programs used to cover postsecondary educational expenses. When a student receives more aid than his/her financial need or the cost of attendance, the result may be an overaward.
Overawards must be resolved and may result in funds being returned to an aid program and a student owing the University money.
The Financial Aid Office typically adjusts overawards for students who are over need and for those students who exceed their cost of attendance prior to aid being disbursed.
If, however, a student receives additional resources after all awarded aid is disbursed, we will adjust aid as necessary in order for a student to remain best eligible for each aid program awarded.
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Growing up in South Central Los Angeles, Franklin "Ron" Weaver knows what effect gangs had on his old neighborhood, the education system and the social services. His own family has also been deeply impacted, losing several members to gang violence over the years.
"There is not one single variable that created this issue," he said. And there isn't a simple solution for solving it either.
According to Minority Services Director Lonnie Jackson of the Oregon Youth Authority, there has been an increase of violent attacks on youth and guards at state facilities that they believe are gang involved. In response, the authority has named Weaver as the gang management coordinator and is strengthening treatment regiments and tracking capabilities and are working to create a safer environment for all youth at the facility.
"Sometimes, what happens in the community trickles down to the facility," he told The Skanner News.
Weaver is helping develop a system that is tailored to a gang-involved youth's special needs. Much like the programs that target youth in custody for arson, sex crimes, or drug and alcohol problems, Weaver said these youth – Black, Hispanic, White, rural and urban -- all share similar characteristics.
"We have to understand that it's about reformation," he said. "These are people from the community and these are people that are going to return to the community. Who do we want to return, someone who's been caged like an animal?"
Or do people want someone returning who's had an opportunity to learn to survive in the outside world without resorting to robbing, solving problems with violence or dealing in prohibited items? While many gang-involved youth don't see a value on education – they do see the value in survival, Weaver said.
The new program's will encourage gang-involved youth to take a "holistic look at gangs" says Jackson, not just the part of gang life these youth find glamorous.
Currently, the agency doesn't track the education, employment or recidivism status of those youth they know or suspect of being in a gang. Jackson said the new system will work with the Juvenile Justice Information Center to track recidivism rates, placement and activities of gang-involved youth.
Weaver stressed that the system will not alienate those youth who are in a gang.
"We don't want to re-ostracize the ostracized," he said.
Gang membership typically affects mostly minority youth – primarily African American and Hispanics. Weaver said about 30 percent of his incarcerated youth are gang members, but "100 percent are affected by gangs."
Jackson says the disproportionate level of minority youth at the facility contributes to the increased level of gang membership within the walls of state youth facilities. Hispanics make up 27 percent of youth inmates; Blacks make up 12 percent.
A lot of what the program delivers is a message of hope, says Jackson.
But in a down economy, when it's hard enough to find a job when you've got a college degree and no criminal history, it can make it difficult to convey a sense of trust in the system to an already disaffected youth, he acknowledged.
"We don't blow smoke at them," he said. "We give them straight talk. It's going to be difficult."
He says developing the skills necessary for success in society – social skills, life skills – can be done, but it takes a lot of individual commitment. Both Jackson and Weaver say it's also going to take something more. It's going to take a community-wide commitment.
"We have to do things to create opportunities with businesses and employers," he said.
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Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis called the right to be left alone the "most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by a free people." It would even be fair to say that without the right to be left alone no other rights exist.
Amendments one through ten of the Bill of Rights are essentially an enumeration of the ways that government is obligated to leave people alone. This is most explicitly true of the First Amendment which definitively sums up areas of human life into which government under no circumstance may trespass on.
Unlike other amendments, the territory that the First Amendment deals with is intellectual and spiritual, the world of ideas, the realm of faith and the defining right of political advocacy. The freedoms of the mind, heart and voice are the most essential of freedoms because they free us to be individuals. They allow us to have our own values. Without these freedoms, no society is free.
Those who sought to undermine these "Freedoms from Government" did so by offering alternative "Freedoms of Government." Countering the Founding Fathers' DMZ's of self-determination, they promised freedom from social problems. A second Bill of Rights would offer the freedom from fear and want. Instead of a liberation from government, the new rights would trade social benefits for freedoms. A right would not mean a zone of freedom from the government, but a government entitlement.
The Orwellian inversion of rights has meant that civil rights perversely take away rights. No sooner is a right created than it is used to deprive other people of their rights. Instead of rights freeing people from government repression, they act as a means of government repression. Freedom is treated as a limited commodity which, like wealth, must be redistributed to achieve maximum social justice.
The right to be left alone, freedom of speech and conscience, have taken a back seat to the redistribution of freedom. Government rights violate individual rights by compelling everyone to participate in the process of distributing entitlements.
A wedding photographer in New Mexico was ordered by a court to participate in a gay ceremony violating both her First Amendment rights to Freedom of Religion as a Christian and her right to Freedom of Speech as an artist. A baker in Colorado was ordered to make a gay wedding cake or face penalties ranging from fines to a year in prison. The ACLU is after even bigger game suing Catholic hospitals for not engaging in abortion contending that patients are being deprived of their rights.
The fundamental issue in all these cases is whether our rights are defined by the ability to be left alone or by the opposing ability to compel others to do what we want them to. Is the right to force someone else to participate in your wedding or perform your abortion more compelling than the right to opt out of being forced to engage in behaviors that violate your deepest religious convictions?
America is a nation founded by religious dissenters. Its founding documents, from the Declaration of Independence to the Constitution and its Bill of Rights make the moral case for dissent. The Declaration of Independence begins by setting out a moral case for separation, for the divorce of authority, based on the moral principle of individual freedom. It makes government conditional on liberty, rather than making liberty conditional on government.
Today the national establishment is intolerant of dissent. It traps the current of freedom in dams of entitlements. It pits the right to be against the right to receive and makes certain that the right to receive, not only the property of others, but their very conscience, mind and liberty, always wins out.
The United States is following the European course of rendering the distinction between the state and the church irrelevant by making the state into the church and mandating that everyone worship it. As in 19th century Europe, deliberate clashes are being stirred up between the values of the state and religious values for the purpose of demonstrating that the values of the state are supreme.
The expansion of state power is rapidly becoming limitless. The old legal justifications that linked Federal intervention in civil rights to interstate commerce and public accommodation have given way to a redefinition of any and all establishments as public accommodations. Courts argue that once an individual begins to sell a product or service, he loses access to all his Constitutional freedoms.
The core issue transcends the hot button social issues such as gay marriage and abortion embraced by the elites of a permissive society and addresses the deeper inversion of rights that is at the heart of the problem.
Cases like these show that the issue is not rights, but control. If the only way to obtain what you call your rights is by compelling someone else to give up theirs then what you are really demanding is not a right, but a means of imposing your values and your convictions on someone else. And that is not a matter of civil rights. It is an ideological and religious war with government siding with whoever has the most money to invest in strategic campaign contributions for the culture war.
Individual rights exist in the empty spaces that government is forced out of. Government rights however do not exist until everyone is forced to provide them. That is true of the redistribution of wealth and property, but it is even truer of the redistribution of freedom and the confiscation of conscience.
Whatever right government has to the seizure of wealth, it has none to the seizure of conscience. If there is any place that the government has no right to intrude, not in the name of social justice or political correctness or the progressive utopia awaiting us on the other side of the regulatory mirror, it is the territories of the First Amendment, sacred not only in idea, but also in practice.
There can be no faith, no ideas and no individuality without the First Amendment. Without the right to be left alone in your beliefs, your values and your convictions, there can be no other rights and the very notion of rights, no matter how often it is used to describe everything from free health care to gay marriage, cannot exist.
And it is into this sacred territory that the judicial activists of gay marriage have dared to intrude.
Rights can either be defined by the virtue of the individual in his liberty or the virtue of the government in its authoritarianism. But it cannot be defined by both. Either you have the right to be free or you have the right to the property and the service of another human being. The choice is the fundamental one between freedom and slavery.
Social justice denies the virtue of freedom, it rejects the possibility of self-determination without external intervention, it dismisses the idea that people can be free without a system of redistributing freedom from the oppressors to the oppressed so that the oppressed become the new oppressors. It rejects any alternative to entitlements as entitlement and any alternative to privilege as privilege.
The moral argument for freedom is the self-organizing principle of individuals. The moral argument for compulsion is that the system is superior to individuals. The left has chosen central planning in human rights as it has in every other area of life. It believes with the paradoxical perversity of doublethink that freedom can only come from government because only a central authority is qualified to provide the equal distribution of freedom within carefully planned limits.
This abrogation of freedom is the logical end result of the left's entire pattern of reasoning which rejects the individual for the collective, the working man for the planner and the people for the ideological expert. These forms of repression are expressions of its rotten notion that the left may do anything and everything in the name of freedom except actually allow the people to be free.
Without the right to be left alone, there are no other individual rights. Without individual rights, there is no such thing as a free society.
Every group is sooner or later faced with choosing whether it wants to win a final conclusive victory over its enemies or whether it wants to be free. The tyrannical choice is tempting, but it unleashes a cycle of conflict and repression that can only end with extermination. And once that choice is made, the formerly oppressed forfeit all their moral authority as they abandon freedom for tyranny.
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problem 1: describe the Concept of Conventional File Processing with and illustration in detail. Illustrate the pros and cons of it.
problem 2: Illustrate the differences between Sequential; Indexed Sequential and direct access File organization.
problem 3: What are the tools of Oracle? Compare and Contrast SQL and PL/SQL. As well describe the given DDL commands.
a) CREATE FROM
b) DROP TABLE
c) ALTER TABLE
problem 4: How do you map the Conceptual Data Model into Relational Data Model?
problem 5: What do you mean by recovery? What are the different remedies taken for recovering the database? Describe.
problem 6: What are the Costs and advantages for developing and implementing a database?
problem 7: Illustrate the terms File, Field, Record, Primary Key and Secondary Key in brief with an illustration.
problem 8: Describe One-to-Many recursive association and Many-to-Many recursive associations.
problem 9: What do you mean by Tree data structure? Describe the logic for the construction of the B-Tree.
problem 10: Describe Hierarchical Data Model with a neat block diagram.
problem 11: Describe UNIOUN and MINUS commands of interactive SQL with an illustration.
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“A resilient supply chain is as much about being able to fight recovery battles in the here and now, as about being able to secure a strategic advantage in times of crisis that competitors won’t have the ability to replicate.”
David Irvine, MD, Siecap.
WHERE TO PUT YOUR FOCUS
The high-risk reliance of global supply chain on a few critical nodes, single sources of supply, tiny tier 3 producers or rational jurisdictional behaviour has been significantly elevated in the public consciousness as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Yet warnings relating to the fragility of the global supply chain were apparent long before January 2020. The 2011 Japan earthquake and its disruption to tier 2 automotive suppliers had ramifications all the way to Detroit and Cologne. Cyclone Debbie in March 2017 significantly impacted coal production in the Bowen basin and drove a significant and lasting spike in metallurgical coal prices.
The 2019 disruptions by the Iranian government to the tanker trades in the Gulf drove a corresponding spike in crude oil prices. Perhaps these were not of the scale of COVID-19, but each in its own way flagged how exposed a global trade-based economy such as ours is.
The collective failure to plan for a major global disruption event, and more specifically how to structure supply chains to respond, has been a failure of emphasis for many. This now demands the need for change, by giving greater weight to the design of resilient supply chains.
Refocusing on supply chain resilience will serve not just as a key risk management strategy but will assist organisations in meeting their legislated obligations in other business critical areas.
A live example of this is the 2018 Modern Slavery Bill and the approaching September 2020 deadline for organisations to provide their initial set of Modern Slavery Statements indicating the way they will address modern slavery risks in their supply chains and operations’
“COVID 19 is proving to be the black swan event that is demanding organisations reconsider and reengineer their supply chains for greater resilience.”
David Irvine, MD, Siecap.
THE 2020 SUPPLY CHAIN LANDSCAPE
Our supply chain operations have evolved significantly over the last thirty years. First, as tariff barriers were eliminated, then following the 2001 admission of China to the WTO, and more recently the increasing series of bilateral regional trade agreements that have been put in place with Australia’s major trading partners. These have transformed the way we source, manufacture and deliver. These impacts have been most evident within manufacturing, with a sector decline from 14% of GDP in 1990 to around 6% today. This decline has been driven by businesses moving operations offshore or shifting to global sourcing. Parallel to these shifts, the role of the supply chain has become more critical. In addition, rapid improvements in communication and technology enable the provision of the support needed for the further incorporation of emerging sourcing points.
However, this changing environment brings added risks arising from the need to accommodate international jurisdictional complexity and counter seasonal challenges in the context of our sub scale market and global economic pressures. And while it is true that businesses have in many ways adapted to these challenges, it has largely been a response borne of short-term necessity and often developed through a narrow prism of internal need. After all, who really had the time to sit back and take a whole-of-system view of how the risks would combine and magnify in an exponential manner?
In response to our own observations and what our clients are relaying, Siecap has formed a view of five trends that demand focus, given their potential to further shape supply chains over the next five to ten years. Recent circumstances have reinforced the relevance of these trends and the elevated urgency to develop appropriate strategies:
- Service and Resilience
- Ecommerce and M-Commerce
- Blockchain, Data Management & Analytics
- Sustainability and Assurance
5 SUPPLY CHAIN TRENDS
THE NEED FOR VISIBILITY WITHIN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
The common thread between the now heightened requirement for Service/Resilience (1) and Sustainability & Assurance (5) is the need for visibility across the layers of an organisation’s supply chain.
This means knowing; -
- where goods and materials are coming from,
- who is making them,
- who they in turn are reliant upon, and
- what conditions are associated with their production?
These are all core questions needing answers. Indeed, recent events have exposed how little is understood about these questions within the global supply chain. The focus on low cost sourcing has gone hand-in-hand with a limited understanding of supply chain risks. This is illustrated in the findings of a worldwide survey conducted by freight company Geodis. It indicated that only 6% of companies have full visibility of their supply chains despite their high dependency on global suppliers.
In 2019 Siecap worked closely with Australia’s leading Agricultural Chemical company to develop a solution for a comprehensive global visibility platform. At its core, this platform will provide the capability of tracking, in near real time flows, the supply and regulatory risks associated with the company’s domestic manufacturing and distribution business.
Responses to these five trends necessitate additional outlays, but consumers, it appears, are prepared to bear the costs, particularly regarding sustainability and assurance. MIT researchers have found that consumers are willing to pay 2% to 10% more for products that are associated with greater supply chain transparency. This is significant, particularly when failure to achieve such transparency comes with a devastating impact on the most vulnerable participants or communities connected to global supply chains.
- the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh killed over 1,100 people and severely affected mass market clothing retailers;
- the use of Rohingya slave labour in the Thai seafood industry and the deforestation and destruction of habitat in Malaysia and Indonesia reflect negatively on the moral integrity of global supply chains.
The legislative response to such horrific events and practices has seen the Modern Slavery Act 2018 being passed in Australia. It is designed to cast a spotlight on these practices and drive their elimination.
Essentially, a company must now describe:
- its structure, operations and supply chains;
- the potential modern slavery risks in its operations and supply chains; and
- the actions taken to address the risks, including due diligence and remediation
|The common thread and first step for creating an assured and resilient supply chain is understanding an organisation’s operation. This can be achieved through increasing visibility and using the resultant understanding to determine risk exposure.|
THE EFFECTS IN HEIGHTENING FOCUS
The effects of virus containment measures have led to industrial production in China declining by 13.5%. According to Dun & Bradstreet, this has directly impacted five million companies globally through their chain - based suppliers. The production disruption has been immediate and devastating.
This disruption has upturned the key supply chain pillars of supply and demand management and is at a level beyond the previous contingency measures businesses have developed. Companies are now urgently focusing on better understanding their supply chains’ risk areas as they strive toward building more resilient and assured supply chains.
IN THE SHORT TERM
When restating a business’s purpose, a good start is keeping front and center that the design of any supply chain starts with the end in mind and the nature of the markets to be serviced. The ability to set and deliver a repeatable service promise is the success measure. At its core ‘the promise’ consists of two elements ‘availability’ and ‘delivery’ with the third element ‘recovery’ being triggered as ‘necessary’.
This is taking the form of a reconfirmation of purpose as they undertake longer term restructures.
- Availability: Ensure Availability of the required products, in the right place at the right time
- Delivery: ensure the network structure and transport operating model is set up to achieve the required lead times
- Recovery: as acting quickly to respond to the effects of supply disruptions. This may include finding alternative suppliers, extending lead times, suspending or limiting new customer orders, renegotiating customer contracts
|However, operational recovery alone does not provide for a long-term solution and indeed may not always be effective in terms of service or cost. This is where the fourth pillar ‘resilience’ comes into play|
BUILDING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE
A LONG-TERM STRATEGY
Resilience is about developing strategic contingency plans. These plans would be identified through gaming potential scenarios and then used to develop effective countermeasures to mitigate the risks that can threaten your business.
Supply chain resilience as a concept is not new, with companies like Pepsi Co, and Procter & Gamble successfully implementing such strategies since 2012. Toyota has invested significantly in supply chain resilience by collaborating with its partners and creating supply chain maps that visualise the networks for each of its product components. If disaster strikes, the company can quickly identify which components are at risk and therefore trigger plans to reduce dependence on the impacted provider.
Even well-prepared companies can be at risk if they do not formulate a whole-of-network view. Recent events have led to the realisation that a resilience strategy that may be no different to your competitor’s may not afford the anticipated degree of protection. Indeed, this realisation may be the most important first step you can take on the journey to building supply chain resilience.
This is reinforced by a recent study by the Henry Jackson Society that identified that ‘Australia is strategically dependent on China across 595 categories of goods. This compares to the US at 414 and Britain at 229’.
The Siecap view is that supply chain resilience is underpinned by three critical elements.
1. SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPARENCY & RISK
Supply chain transparency is considered the most important factor in achieving supply chain resilience. It is all too common that companies who sell finished goods only have information on production and shipment schedules relating to their Tier 1 suppliers. This leaves them significantly disadvantaged if the lower tier suppliers fail or the company losses access to them.
In an everchanging environment, supply chain transparency provides the required information about various entities including inventory, forecasting, logistics, transportation, and distribution. It elevates the understanding as to the risks posed to your supply chain. The benefits of achieving this supply chain transparency include:
- Performance and Compliance Improvement: greater visibility over your supply chain may help you identify opportunities to reduce lead time, boost efficiencies or reduce waste
- Risk Reduction: thorough understanding of your supply chain can help identify issues early, so that action can be taken
- Quality control: Changes or improvements may add value to the end product or ensure it meets the standards expected.
To achieve visibility companies must:
- recognise the process of their supply chain;
- identify the primary functions of their supply chain;
- figure out the secondary and supporting functions of their supply chain;
- frame risks around key categories, products, geographies, jurisdictions and business models; and
- develop a mechanism to dynamically track and review flows and the risks associated with those flows.
Achieving supply chain transparency gives organisations the capability to identify areas of material, resource and reputational risk and avoid such traps as being complicit with supporting modern day slavery.
|“Supply and demand disruption can come in many forms with the ‘lean’ supply chain highly exposed to risk”.|
2. OPTIONS & SUPPLY CHAIN AGILITY
Only once visibility and risks have been documented can options to mitigate supply shocks be developed for testing, evaluation and execution. What COVID-19 has demonstrated is that these options should consider key areas such as:
- supply diversification;
- investment in emerging providers;
- bringing back onshore critical functions; and
- investing in technology and analytics.
Traditional supply chain network flows and functional capability must be challenged through rigorous scenario testing. What this also means is the incorporation of cost-based risk overlays to ‘lean’ supply chain and ‘just-in-time’ inventory management solutions that have been exposed by the crisis.
Supply chain agility is about a company’s having the ability to thrive in a changing and unpredictable business environment. To achieve supply chain resilience, a company must develop a supply chain that incorporates networks capable of rapidly responding to changing conditions.
In order to achieve this, businesses must:
- identify or develop alternate suppliers and duel/multi-sourcing options;
- foster flexible manufacturing that can produce multiple products;
- adopt a more risk-based approach to holding and staging of inventory across the network;
- embrace technology in developing systems to capture events and respond swiftly; and
- build access to on-ground intelligence that can interpret events and initiate the appropriate response to unfolding situations.
Achieving supply chain agility allows companies to quickly minimise risk through the diversification of their supply base. Sectors such as pharmaceuticals or agricultural chemicals that rely heavily on raw material inputs from China immediately felt the impacts of COVID-19 supply disruption. Spreading raw ingredient production to other countries will successfully mitigate trade based risk exposure.
3. SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION & CONTROL
By establishing collaborative partnerships, organisations can work together during catastrophe and mitigate risk. Organisations can achieve this by:
- enhanced integrated business planning, achieved by collaborative planning through all tiers of the supply chain to communicate more meaningful information more readily;
- matching customer demand and supplier capabilities through collaboration; and
- accessing supply chain demand, supply and inventory data and capacity constraints across the network.
If companies cannot sell inventory due to a global softening of demand, it will tie up working capital in holding and handling inventory. Through supply chain collaboration, companies can better understand inventory requirements through periods of prolonged product disruption. This will assist them to consider risks, not just costs.
Supply chain control is an organisation’s ability to change policies throughout the supply chain to react to changes in the market. By being able to execute change, companies can prevent disruption due to regulation, legal and social issues. In order to achieve this companies, need the ability to:
- develop products with appropriate levels of safety stock that is continually aligned to the realities of supply and demand;
- protect end-to-end product flow;
- establish adequate regulatory controls;
- develop key performance metrics, data capture and management systems to report on the attainment of the measures;
- Increase capability and control of internal processing and value add tasks through automation and high-tech manufacturing
The federal government has established the COVID-19 Coordination Commission to identify how business, including manufacturing, can thrive in a post-COVID-19 world.
Mr. Neville Power, the executive chairman of the National COVID-19 Co-ordination Commission, told Sky News “the sector must embrace high tech, flexible manufacturing that is modern and attracts a sort of investment we need."
"In the early days, post pandemic, we will have a low dollar, disrupted supply chains which create opportunities for local manufacturing"
COVID-19 has been the black swan event that has shone a spotlight on the innate weakness contained within today’s offshore supply chains. This exposure should provide the impetus to apply an organisations energies to address these long-term structural weaknesses. By developing ‘resilience’ capability as opposed to ‘recovery’ skills, companies will no longer be corralled by the limitations of the trend to ultra-lean practices that have driven global supply design over the past two decades. Mapping supply chains, achieving visibility, costing, developing agile options and collaborating with others will allow organisations to ride out the shocks of the future.
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In 2009, the Edward W. Hazen Foundation adopted a new mission statement making structural racism the central framework and focus of our work and identified the following goals to guide the Foundation through 2014.
Hazen’s grant programs during this period have supported community organizations engaged in organizing for education justice and youth organizing on a range of issues, including education, immigration, juvenile justice, and LGBTQ rights. In addition to direct financial support, Hazen has created a capacity building initiative to increase the effectiveness of grantees’ racial justice analysis, internal training, and organizing campaigns. The Foundation also actively and intentionally engages with peer foundations and the broader philanthropic sector to increase support for the fields of education and youth organizing and for grantmaking that explicitly addresses race.
The Foundation is focused on collective action because the change desired is structural, not solely individual, although individuals involved in the work often undergo personal transformations as they experience agency and dispel the sense of alienation and powerlessness often associated with life in politically and economically weak communities. Patient, sustained support for the long, hard work of building a constituency that has been able to analyze their lived experiences and develop the social cohesion and legitimacy to wield power effectively has led to the creation of policy solutions such as an opportunity for undocumented students to access postsecondary education and achieve citizenship, or the DREAM Act; protections for LGBTQ youth of color in police proceedings including street stops and end “Stop and Frisk” policies; a statewide program to develop teachers for hard to staff schools from among community residents; and federal, state and local policies to end the disparate imposition of punitive school discipline practices that drive young people of color out of school.
Understanding that all people have multiple aspects of their identities, both as they assert themselves in the world and as perceptions of them affect responses by others and policies that impact them, the Foundation believes that it is critical to consider the intersections of race, gender and gender identity, age, and other factors in analyzing conditions and seeking change. Economics, a factor that also intersects with race, contributes to privilege or disadvantage, and so the Foundation supports organizations that seek to develop solutions that target the particular conditions confronting poor people of color, without expecting economic conditions to be a proxy for race. While economic conditions track closely to race, unless the racially inequitable underpinnings of our system of laws, policies, and practices are explicitly considered, no strategy will break the cycle of poverty.
Therefore, the Foundation assists grantees and the fields of youth organizing and organizing for educational justice in increasing their ability to analyze conditions and policies and develop campaigns and strategies that address root causes of structural racism and, as appropriate, account for the distinct impacts of gender and gender identity, disability, immigration status, economic class, and other factors.
It has also become clear that changing public policies will not in and of itself create the shift in conditions affecting young people of color and their communities. Systems and structures that block opportunity and uphold inequity for whole subgroups of people both shape and reify cultural norms rooted in racial bias. For example, Hazen grantees and others involved in immigration reform and justice for undocumented residents have successfully shifted the perception of undocumented students (Dreamers) from a drain on society to societal assets for whom public policy is a barrier to their achieving their aspirations and contributions to society. In New York Hazen grantees involved in pushing back on “Stop and Frisk” procedures have exposed the fallacy that unprovoked stops routinely result in disarming young men with guns, but rather rarely contribute the goals of safety and undermine respect and justice. Further work is necessary in order to aggregate such victories into a new set of societal norms that drive policy and behavior and to build the communications capacity to articulate and disseminate them.
During 2014, Foundation staff and consultants completed a review of the progress towards Hazen’s strategic goals. Their key findings include:
Further, the Foundation looked to data emerging from a review of six years of grantmaking and capacity supports provided through the national funding collaborative, Communities for Public Education Reform, and a scan of youth organizing completed by the Funders Collaborative on Youth Organizing, concluding that:
For the coming five year period, Hazen has reaffirmed its commitment to the mission and focus on support for grassroots organizations that develop the capacity of adults and young people to generate sophisticated analyses of their experiences living in a society shaped by structural oppressions and to identify issues central to that oppression, build power, and strive to change them. Looking to incorporate what we have learned over the past four years and to respond to the evolving work in the field, the Foundation has established the following goals for 2015 through 2019.
Knowing that social change requires a powerful constituency committed to advocating for justice, Hazen will continue to focus grant resources predominantly on grassroots organizations and activities that directly support their efforts. The Foundation will make 1, 2, and 3 year grants to organizations that are engaged in organizing for education justice and youth organizing, specifically those with a structural approach to dismantling racialized policies and advocating for just solutions to inequity. The grantees will be selected from among the Foundation’s current group of core grantees, but not exclusively so, nor will all current grantees continue to receive support. While there was great benefit to the previous strategy of sustained funding over four years, the decision limited greatly the number of organizations receiving grants and provided no point of entry for new work. By staggering the grant periods, the Foundation hopes to be able to provide funds to a broader range of organizations over the five years.
The Opportunity Fund will make some resources available for additional activities such as convening, alliances, research, and communications. We anticipate some growth in budget over this period and so the Foundation’s ability to provide this support will increase as they become available.
Hazen will continue to screen all its investments for social, environmental, and governance standards. However, in an effort to ensure that all of its assets are used to their greatest advantage in pursuit of the mission, the Foundation will commit up to $1 million or a maximum of 5% of the corpus to impact investments that directly address the challenges affecting youth and communities of color, specifically investments that:
Finally, Hazen has long embraced its role as an advocate for the work of our grantees but also the larger fields of organizing for education justice, youth organizing, and racial justice. The review of the past four years also made clear that the Foundation’s efforts have contributed to the development of these fields, increasing support from the philanthropic sector and policy makers, and expansion of activity on the ground, but that there is room for growth of Hazen’s communications capacities in service of the mission. Therefore, as resources are available, the Foundation will seek opportunities to bring forward its experience as a funder of organizing for racial justice and that of the grantee community.
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System and Electronics Technologies to Support Automotive Society in Era of Revolutionary Innovation
Aiming at Environmental Harmony and Improvement of Safety and Comfort
Energy and Electronics Technologies for Realization of Environmentally Friendly Automotive Society with Safety and Comfort
Toshiba has been contributing to the expansion of an environmentally friendly automotive society through the development of driving systems with energy management technologies and electric motors for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, in addition to the construction of clean energy generation plants such as nuclear power plants, photovoltaic power generation systems, and so on, as well as power management systems such as smart grids. With the aim of realizing advanced vehicles offering enhanced safety and comfort, we are also developing a broad variety of technologies ranging from social infrastructure systems and equipment, including intelligent transport systems (ITS), roadside telecommunication systems, and transportation control systems, to advanced semiconductors, parts, and materials for onboard products.
Advanced Technologies Supporting Drive Systems for HEVs and EVs
ARAKI Kuniyuki / ONO Motoharu / YUKI Kazuaki
In recent years, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have become a focus of expectations as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles that can play a significant role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Toshiba has been developing and releasing motors and inverters for automotive use as well as motor control technologies since its introduction of the world’s first commercialized HEV electric drive system in 1991. We are now expanding our product lineup to key devices that form the heart of the electric drive system with the addition of power modules for the inverters, and batteries. We are also engaged in the research and development of core technologies to realize the next-generation electric drive system, with the aim of optimizing the entire system.
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
OZAKI Nobuyuki / MIYAMORI Takashi / TANIGUCHI Yasuhiro
National projects and legislation related to the construction of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are being implemented in Japan, the United States, and Europe, with the aim of widely disseminating ADAS in order to realize safer and more secure driving. To prevent accidents between cars and pedestrians, it is necessary to provide early pedestrian crossing information at intersections from the driver's point of view by alerting drivers through the collaboration of roadside and onboard equipment.
Toshiba has been promoting the construction of onboard ADAS consisting of sensors, an image- and signal-processing unit, a display control unit, and displays, based on its key technologies such as image-processing large-scale integrations (LSIs).
Software Technologies Supporting Automotive Electric and Electronic Systems
YAMAUCHI Nobuyuki / FUKAYA Tetsuji / KOMORI Seiji
With the expanding use of in-vehicle electronics and electroactuation in recent years, built-in software technologies have become increasingly important. A software platform with portability and efficiency is key to improved productivity. In control units such as application domains of an automotive powertrain, the best use of hardware intellectual property (IP) is essential to elicit real-time performance. At the same time, in multicore platforms such as an automotive information system, implementation of the optimal cost-effective solution is a strong requirement. In recent software development, conformance with international standards is also required based on a preliminary investigation of the system architecture.
Toshiba is promoting the development of functional safety systems according to the AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 26262 standards.
Battery Installation Type Charging System for Electric Vehicles Providing Advantages for Both EV Users and Electricity Customers
ENDO Tamotsu / FUJIWARA Jun / ISHIURA Ryoichi
Both the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems using natural energies, and the realization of smart grids to maintain the balance between energy supply and demand, are essential for the achievement of a low-carbon society.
As an application of electricity storage systems, which will play a critical role in the construction of the future social infrastructure, Toshiba has developed a prototype battery installation type charging system incorporating the following technological advancements: (1) the SCiBTM battery with excellent life performance and high safety, (2) a high-speed charging function for EVs, (3) a control function for the stabilization of output fluctuations in accordance with the widespread dissemination of PV power generation systems, and (4) useful functions for customers, such as a peak cut function, utilization of nighttime power, and an emergency power supply.
Practical Realization of ITS Spot Services
SHIBATA Yasuhiro / NAKAGAWA Atsushi
Research aimed at the development of intelligent transport systems (ITS) spot services, the so-called Smartway, for practical use has continued since FY2004. The installation of roadside units to provide vehicles with various types of information, mainly along national highways in Japan, began in FY2010 following proof tests conducted from FY2006. Information-provision services, including road traffic and safe driving information, are expected to be available in the winter of FY2010.
Toshiba has developed dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) wireless communication equipment for ITS spot services, based on both DSRC technologies acquired through development of the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system and image-processing technologies acquired through research and development of the Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System (AHS). Further growth of ITS spot services is expected, due to the extensibility of the system.
Automotive Semiconductor Technologies Contributing to Eco-Friendliness, Safety, and Convenience
ITO Kenji / YAMAKAWA Isao / ARAKAWA Norimasa
Semiconductors for automotive use are not only essential for basic vehicle functions such as driving, turning, and braking, but have also become necessary to satisfy growing requirements for eco-friendliness, safety, and comfort in recent years.
In response to the changing needs of automotive markets, Toshiba has been consistently engaged in the development of leading-edge semiconductor technologies that can contribute to environmental preservation and improvements in safety and comfort. These technologies include metal-oxidesemiconductor
field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for a broad range of automotive applications, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for lighting, microcontroller units (MCUs) for motor control, BiCD process and functional safety technologies, graphic- and image-recognition technologies to meet new safety requirements, and voice synthesis and communication technologies for enhanced convenience.
TFT-LCD Technologies for Automotive Use Supporting Evolution of Vehicles
GOHARA Yoshihiro / KONDO Junji
The use of thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) in automotive applications has been expanding due to changes required for a broad array of functionalities ranging from mobile navigation to rear seat entertainment (RSE), and more recently, automotive safety equipment including instrument panels and rearview mirrors. Furthermore, TFT-LCDs with an input function, as typified by the touch panel, to achieve a human-machine interface (HMI) for driver assistance are expected to serve as effective information terminals.
In response to these changing needs of the automotive market, Toshiba Mobile Display Co., Ltd. has been consistently developing advanced TFTLCD technologies for automotive use.
Low-Power Automotive HID Lamp and Technologies for LED Interior Lighting
DEGUCHI Makoto / OKI Masahiro / SHIRAISHI Hiromitsu
Before the full-fledged arrival of the new era of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), lighting products with both advanced performance and originality for automotive interior and exterior applications are required.
To meet these requirements, Harison Toshiba Lighting Corporation has been making continuous efforts to develop and commercialize distinctive next-generation lighting products utilizing its own technologies and experience in automotive lighting applications. These products include a lowpower mercury-free high-intensity discharge (HID) headlamp offering safety, eco-friendliness, and comfort, and a broad range of light-emitting diode (LED) interior lighting products that optimally match individual vehicle model designs, taking advantage of our optical design capabilities to realize advanced lighting quality and value-added functions.
Material and Component Technologies Contributing to Expansion of Automotive Society
NABA Takayuki / YAMADA Taiju / SATO Akira
Various functional materials and components including semiconductors are required for the power electronics systems that are essential for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Furthermore, new functional materials are beginning to be applied to the improvement of user-friendliness and comfort in vehicles of all types.
Toshiba Materials Co., Ltd. is promoting the development of state-of-the-art automotive functional materials and components based on its advanced level of technological potential, including highly reliable substrates for semiconductors providing high strength and high thermal conductivity, high-sensitivity amorphous thin antennas for smart keys, and the RENECATTM high-activation photocatalyst with high reactivity under visible light.
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Intestinal bleeding: Introduction
Intestinal bleeding: A condition characterized by the bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Intestinal bleeding is available below.
Symptoms of Intestinal bleeding
See full list of 12
symptoms of Intestinal bleeding
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Intestinal bleeding:
- Colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing
- Fatigue: Related Home Tests:
Wrongly Diagnosed with Intestinal bleeding?
Intestinal bleeding: Complications
Review possible medical complications related to Intestinal bleeding:
Causes of Intestinal bleeding
Read more about causes of Intestinal bleeding.
More information about causes of Intestinal bleeding:
Disease Topics Related To Intestinal bleeding
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Intestinal bleeding:
Intestinal bleeding: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Intestinal bleeding
Unnecessary hysterectomies due to undiagnosed bleeding disorder in women: The bleeding disorder
called Von Willebrand's disease is quite common in women, but often...read more »
Chronic digestive conditions often misdiagnosed: When diagnosing chronic symptoms
of the digestive tract, there are a variety of conditions that may be...read more »
Intestinal bacteria disorder may be hidden cause: One of the lesser known causes of diarrhea
is an imbalance of bacterial in the gut, sometimes called intestinal imbalance.
The digestive system contains a variety of ...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely
to cause some level of diarrhea in patients.
The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria,
but can also kill the "good" bacteria in the gut.
This...read more »
Food poisoning may actually be an infectious disease: Many people who come down
with "stomach symptoms" like diarrhea assume that it's "something I ate" (i.e. food poisoning).
In fact, it's more likely to be an infectious diarrheal...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the
more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed
(it can, of course, also fail to be diagnosed...read more »
Celiac disease often fails to be diagnosed cause of chronic digestive symptoms: One of the most common chronic digestive
conditions is celiac disease, a malabsorption disorder with a variety of...read more »
Chronic digestive diseases hard to diagnose: There is an inherent
difficulty in diagnosing the various types of chronic digestive diseases.
Some of...read more »
Read more about Misdiagnosis and Intestinal bleeding
Intestinal bleeding: Research Doctors & Specialists
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
- Digestive Health Specialists (Gastroenterology):
- Blood Health Specialists (Hematology):
- more specialists...»
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Hospitals & Clinics: Intestinal bleeding
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures
for medical facilities in specialties related to Intestinal bleeding:
Hospital & Clinic quality ratings »
Choosing the Best Hospital:
More general information, not necessarily in relation to Intestinal bleeding,
on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Intestinal bleeding: Rare Types
Rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories:
Evidence Based Medicine Research for Intestinal bleeding
Medical research articles related to Intestinal bleeding include:
Click here to find more evidence-based articles on the TRIP Database
Intestinal bleeding: Animations
More Intestinal bleeding animations & videos
Research about Intestinal bleeding
Visit our research pages for current research about Intestinal bleeding treatments.
Intestinal bleeding: Broader Related Topics
Types of Intestinal bleeding
User Interactive Forums
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Intestinal bleeding, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Contents for Intestinal bleeding:
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I am proud to announce stable release of JDBM2 key-value database. It is similar to BerkleyDB Java Edition, but is free as beer and under Apache 2 license. JDBM2 provides 'java.util.Map' stored on disk.
Unlike others key-value databases JDBM2 really focuses on simplicity. It have transactions, btree+hash indexes, soft object instance cache and space efficient serialization. All this packed into 140 KB jar without any dependencies.
JDBM is old project, it started in 2000. Version 1.0 was released in 2005 and was stable release for next five years. This version started 8 months ago, and contains many improvements. Huge thanks to original JDBM 1 developers: Alex Boisvert, Bryan Thompson, Kevin Day, Elias Ross and Cees de Groot.
JDBM2 is fully transactional. Changes can be reverted before commit. If program crashes before commit, all changes are rolled back. JDBM2 have only single transactions, so there is no locking and concurrent modifications.
Space efficiency was huge priority in JDBM2 development. There are dozens of tricks for better storage use. For example BTrees have delta key compression, numbers are packed, record offset are minimalized. There is also space efficient serialization for most java.util.* and java.lang.* classes. On top JDBM2 have on demand defragmentation.
JDBM2 also have soft object instance cache. All fetched object are cached using soft reference. If free heap memory runs low, garbage collector can dispose cached objects. Big care was taken to keep cache overhead low.
java.util.Map view. Original JDBM has two indexes: BTree and Hash with custom API. JDBM2 adds java.util.SortedMap and java.util.HashMap views on top. There are also secondary maps which corresponds to foreign keys from SQL.
There are dozens of other improvements. Most notably number of object instances created inside JDBM2 is now very small, to reduce GC trashing.
JDBM2 was developed as embedded storage for astronomical desktop application. It is used to store millions of stars in display them in real time. Hopefully you find it useful same way author did.
blog comments powered by Disqus
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The Team America Challenge is alive and well at LUNAR as five bay area high schools use our launch facilities to prepare and qualify their entries for the challenge. During the last few weeks of the challenge, LUNAR has made its launch facilities and volunteers available to any teams who need to test and certify their creations.
The Team America Challenge is a competition for high school rocketry teams nation wide. The object is to design and build a two stage rocket that launches two raw eggs to exactly 1500 feet and returns them to the ground unbroken. They must do all of this in about 6 months. This would be a challenge for experienced rocketeers but these teams are building such a rocket as their first rocket.
The challenge is sponsored by the National Association of Rocketry (NAR) and the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA). The challenge has a total of about $50,000 in prizes for the winning schools. See the NAR Team America Challenge page or the AIA Team America Challenge page for complete information.
The list of qualifiers for 2001-2002 is available on the ATA pages.
NASA also has a Team America Challenge page with some additional prizes for the winners.
Start planning for the 2002-2003 challenge.
LUNAR is supporting any team in the area who would like to try to qualify. For the last few weeks of the challenge, LUNAR has scheduled 4 launches a week at our launch facilities for teams to test their systems. LUNAR volunteers have used up a lot of their vacation time to be on hand to run the launches and help with the testing. LUNAR has paid the usage fees for Robertson park and obtained all the licenses and permits necessary for these special launches at no cost to the teams.
AHS - Aptos High School
ARHS - Alum Rock High School
ECHS - El Cerrito High School
FHS - Folsom High School
LCHS - Laguna Creek High School
LGHS - Los Gatos High School
NMHS - Newark Memorial High School
SHP - Sacred Heart Prep, Atherton
SVHS - Scotts Valley High School
DHS - Davis High School
DHS/EJH - Emerson Jr. High School
PicturesSome of these pictures are from 3/6 and some are from 3/9.
|NMHS SHP FHS ECHS LCHS AHS
From Lee Teicheira The Team America Challenge is alive and well in LUNAR Land! Today was near perfect weather for a launch and the TAC teams used it to good advantage. Although I failed to take an accurate count, I am pretty sure that all of the teams on the list showed up and flew. Also present were a number of LUNAR members, both advising and flying. Thanks to all! Today, there were 4 or 5 official qualifying flights that I know of. I signed off on 2 for Laguna Creek High School and 1 for Newark Memorial High School. Charles Winter signed for flights from one of the schools he is working with. More info coming. The scoring for these flights is pretty straight forward. The score is the sum of 1 point per foot that the 1500 foot target altitude was missed by (in 5 point increments, the resolution of the official altimeter) plus 50 points for a cracked egg (not leaking) and/or 100 points for a leaking or broken egg. Lower is better with "0" being perfect. Newark Memorial High School has 2 teams with 2 very different approaches to this task. One team is lead by Brent Williams and Matt Chapmen. Their rocket , which stages a single D-12 to an E-9 launched and staged successfully, but appears to suffer from marginal thrust and velocity at liftoff resulting in a rather low trajectory and scrambled eggs. The second NMHS team is lead by Aaron Bence, Allison Baumann, and Louela Arzadon. Their rocket, which flys with composite motors in both stages, launched and staged successfully! Good Job team! Today, they achieved an official score of 385. Their altitude of 1315 was an excellent effort, but unfortunately, deployment problems resulted in both eggs being returned broken. Laguna Creek High School has one team that logged 2 qualifying flights today. Team members are Heiesung (James) Kim, Jessica Handcock, Hoi-Leong (Thomas)Wong, Jashua Michael Hanson, Kyle Jewhurst, and Laine Walker-Avina. Their rocket, which stages a 4 motor D-12 cluster to a single E-9 sustainer, had several successful flights today, including the 2 official qualifying flights. This team has really done their homework, so to speak, with lots of trial flights and the data to go with them, right down to weighing the motors in an attempt to get consistent total impulse from the 5 black powder motors. They were rewarded with a best official flight of 1490' and 2 unbroken eggs for a total score of 10. This flight will probably earn the team an invitation to the fly-offs in Virginia. Way to Go!! This flight was their second official attempt of the day, following a first attempt that went to 1615'. After the first flight, one of the team members entered the flight data into a hand held computer, performed a regression analysis on all of their data and determined that another 25 grams of weight was necessary to hit the target altitude of 1500'. They achieved 1490'. NASA, are you paying attention? I have some Flight Engineer candidates for you! GOOD JOB! to all the teams that participated today. This is not a simple engineering task, even for an experienced rocketeer. These kids, err, rocket engineers are a part of our future, and it's looking good!!!
|ECHS SVHS SHP|
All content is the responsibility of LUNAR. If you have comments or suggestions regarding these web pages, please contact the
Copyright © 1992 - 2022 LUNAR
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SANTA CLARA, Calif., Oct. 11 /PRNewswire/ -- Osel Inc., the Bacterio- Therapeutics Company, has enrolled the first subjects into its Phase 2/3 clinical study for the prevention of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea (AAD). The initial Phase 2 part of this Phase 2/3 study is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study to be conducted at 12 U.S. study sites, and will enroll 600 subjects requiring antibiotic therapy for the treatment of infection. The study is designed to show efficacy and safety of Osel's CDACTIN-O therapeutic product. CDACTIN-O was in-licensed from Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. of Japan, where it is marketed under the name MIYA-BM(R) as an oral therapeutic drug product. Osel has exclusive rights to commercialize the product in North America and Europe.
MIYA-BM(R), an oral tablet, was approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is used for the indications of C. difficile associated disease (CDAD) and the larger market of antibiotic associate diarrhea (AAD). "Osel, with our partner Miyarisan, has worked quickly and effectively with the FDA to get to this point in our development program in only five months. We have a uniquely effective working relationship, between our two companies located on two continents, like none I have seen in my 30 plus years in this industry" said Osel President, Ralph Levy.
"This product complements our current portfolio of drug product candidates as it is also a commensal live bacterial product for the treatment of infections for which no optimal treatment exists today. Billions of dollars are expended in the treatment of, and extended hospital stays resulting from, these infections," reiterated Mr. Levy.
The active ingredient of CDACTIN-O is a specific, proprietary strain of C. butyricum, which has been shown to prevent as well as treat the antibiotic- induced gastrointestinal disorders, AAD and CDAD. It has been used safely and effectively in thousands of patients, from pediatric to geriatric, for these indications for years in other countries, including Japan. The product is manufactured by a proprietary process at Miyarisan's state-of-the-art biological manufacturing facility located in Nagano, Japan.
The study will examine efficacy and safety of CDACTIN-O when given to outpatients undergoing antibiotic therapy regimens of beta-lactams or cephalosporins for the treatment of infection. Our goal is to show that CDACTIN-O prevents AAD, including the more severe CDAD. Osel will follow this Phase 2 part of the study with parallel Phase 3 studies, one in patients treated with beta-lactams, and the other with cephalosporins.
Mr. Levy also said, "I am pleased to state that not only did Osel's current investors increase their funding of the company for this trial, but our partner Miyarisan also made an equity investment in Osel, which further confirms the promise of the work we are doing, and the continued support for it." Masayuki Uchida, Miyarisan's president said, "I am delighted to hear that Osel has entered into the Phase 2 part as planned, and we promise to make our best efforts continuously to support them toward our shared goal. I truly look forward to further developing our fine relationship, which has worked very effectively, to the mutual benefit of our organizations."
The incidence of AAD ranges from 15-25% of subjects receiving the antibiotic families to be utilized in this study. The more severe form of AAD, CDAD, typically extends patients' hospital stays 8 to 20 days, resulting in higher medical care costs and a higher risk of acquiring other types of nosocomial infections. Treatment for AAD is limited because there are no approved therapies available apart from discontinuation of the inciting antibiotic and supportive care. Discontinuation of antibiotic therapy is effective in only 15% of patients. Toxigenic C. difficile is responsible for 20% to 30% of AAD cases. This organism is the causative agent for pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially life threatening condition, and the most common intestinal tract infection in adult hospitalized patients. Diarrhea and colitis of CDAD are mediated by two toxins produced by toxigenic C. difficile strains. CDAD is currently treated with metronidazole or vancomycin. Although these antibiotics effectively kill C. difficile, they also disrupt the protective gut flora, leading to relapses. Recurrence of CDAD from re-infection with C. difficile is a major medical problem in the hospital setting (Osel's next venue for studies), and occurs in 15% to 20% of patients within 30 days of discontinuing antibiotic therapy.
Osel, Inc. is the leading company in the emerging field of Bacterio- Therapeutics. The company's business is based on exploiting recent scientific discoveries demonstrating the central role of naturally occurring mucosal bacteria in the maintenance of health and the prevention of disease. Osel currently has its LACTIN-V product candidate in Phase 2 trial in the U.S. for recurrent bacterial vaginosis (RBV)and RUTI indications. Osel's mission is to harness the protective properties of these specialized non-pathogenic bacteria as a basis for a series of innovative products initially targeted for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts.
Contact: Ralph Levy
President, Osel Inc.
Phone: 408-986-0012, ext. 206
Cell : 415-699-0135
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Amidst the flashing neon lights and blaring pop music, the audience hoots and cheers loudly as girls in short skirts and bikinis emerge on the stage from a cloud of smoke. They twirl around poles, kicking their heels and swinging their legs, still managing to flash a playful smile as they hang suspended in mid-air. This is what a Taiwanese funeral looks like.
The strippers are simply doing their job of entertaining the dead and helping loved ones overcome their grief. They are integral to the healing process for bereaved families and their performance is part of a larger cultural trend that places an emphasis on happiness and celebration, even in death.
This may seem like a lame excuse that men tell their wives in order to get permission to watch the funeral striptease (who hasn't heard the classic "The strippers are just trying to appease the spirits. You know grand uncle would have wanted that.") With all due respect to the dearly departed, the whole affair can be quite comical. For one thing, funeral strippers travel around rural areas in Taiwan on "electric flower cars" (Taiwan has a lot of strange vehicles to offer). To the unfamiliar eye, they resemble a traveling circus troupe. The electric flower cars are convenient because they serve as a mobile stage, in addition to acting as fast get-away cars in case the strippers encounter a brush with the law.
The practice of funeral stripping is deeply rooted in Taiwanese culture. According to anthropologist Mark Moskowitz, accounts of women stripping at temples date back to the 1800s. However, due to government censorship, the media did not start reporting on the practice until the 1980s. The increase in media publicity coincided with the time when mafia bosses who ran Taiwan's nightclubs had also took over the mortuary business. Apparently, one of the mafia chiefs came up with the idea of combining the two businesses in order to maximize profits. From then on, the practice started to gained notoriety, spurring government backlash against it. Politicians decried moral depravity and criticized the practice for being lowlife and disgraceful. As a result, funeral strippers were pushed out of urban areas and into more rural settings.
While government officials may have a problem with funeral stripping, far from seeing it as inappropriate or offensive, it has evolved into a highly popular and accepted practice in Taiwan. In the seven years that I lived there, I could never tell the difference between the weddings and funeral processions that always seemed to take place in the Daoist temple in my neighborhood. Both were loud and boisterous and involved marching bands, drummers, and scantily-clad women. While in some cases, the funeral strippers may smother their breasts in the faces of male onlookers, often times, the striptease is devoid of strong sexual connotations. Rather, it is meant to celebrate the beauty of life and to cheer up the bereaved family.
Since the practice is technically illegal, not much has been written about the girls themselves aside from Mark Moskowitz's interview in the Taipei Times. In it, he talks about how the girls, who start dancing as young as 16, are required to undergo rigorous training before earning the title of funeral stripper. Moreover, they don't see themselves as being exploited or objectified. But rather, they do it as a means to earn a living and also out of passion for performing. I agree with Chloe Cross from Vice that as long as no one is forcing the girls to strip and both sides are having a good time, then this practice shouldn't be a problem.
I've previously written about how Taiwanese culture places a huge emphasis on being happy and how this pursuit of happiness manifests itself in various forms, from singing garbage trucks to Hello Kitty airplanes. Funeral stripping simply fits within the wider context of this bubbly and lively culture which looks for a silver lining even during the gravest situations. Although it may be difficult to wrap our minds around the whole concept of funeral stripping, it simply highlights the cultural relativity of everyday matters. On the other hand, I'm sure that all the Barney Stinsons and Charlie Harpers in the world would greatly approve of such a tradition.
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You can't rightly expect a driver to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to fuel economy. It takes a huge amount of discipline to stay on top of the driving, but given the right tools, even a mediocre driver will do reasonably well.
Schneider National does a lot
of evaluating before including a component as part of a fuel-efficiency spec.
In February, during the annual meeting of the American Trucking Associations' Technology & Maintenance Council, Steve Duley, vice president of purchasing at Schneider National, shared some of that company's fuel conservation strategies.
To a fleet with 10,000 company-owned power units and 13,000 drivers, fuel costs are second only to safety. Duley told attendees that the 2002 to 2010 emissions cycles cost the fleet dearly in fuel economy.
"Going into the first round of emissions reductions in late 2002, we were averaging the best fuel economy we had ever seen," Duley said. "Between then and 2010, we dropped about 5%, but we have that back now with the 2010-generation engines, and we're pretty happy about that."
Duley explained that historically, Schneider's cost portfolio per power unit has run about 60/40, with cost of ownership and maintenance accounting for about 40% of the trucks' lifecycle costs and fuel accounting for 60%. Today, he says, it's about 80/20."Fuel costs have always been the critical factor for tractor specs and supplier selection decisions," he says. "While emissions changes drove rapid acceleration in equipment ownership and maintenance costs, increases in fuel prices have made the fuel impact even more significant."
Schneider is constantly testing and evaluating emerging fuel-saving technologies and won't spend a dime on stuff that doesn't produce a return. Some of the returns are small indeed - less than 1% - but even in those cases there's some positive impact.
In addition to the obvious things, here's some of what Schneider has settled on as proven fuel-saving specs:
- 13-liter engines
- Smaller cab, shorter BBC
- Aluminum wheels, components, frame
- Reduced fuel / DEF capacity
- Tag axles with traction control
- Fixed fifth wheel to minimize trailer gap
- Horizontal exhaust
- Fuel-efficient tires
- Aerodynamic wheel covers
- Aerodynamic mirrors
Schneider also uses engine electronics to limit road speed to 60 mph (down recently from 63 mph), and it limits nonessential idling.
Emerging technologies currently or soon to be evaluated include:
- Side skirts on van trailers
- Additional electric auxiliary cooling units
- Predictive cruise control
- Tire inflation/monitoring
- Trailer skirts, tails
- Driveline parasitic losses/
- 5W30, 10W30, synthetic engine lubes
- Lower axle ratios and integrated drivetrain for lower engine speeds From the June 2012 issue of HDT
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InsideFlyer.com [English] United States InsideFlyer.uk [English] United Kingdom InsideFlyer.de [German] Germany InsideFlyer.no [Norwegian] Norway InsideFlyer.se [Swedish] Sweden InsideFlyer.dk [Danish] Denmark InsideFlyer.nl [Dutch] Benelux
Discussion in 'Newbies' started by jt58203, Apr 25, 2012.
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I'm trying to learn the terminology, can someone please explain what a DO is? As in meet up? Thanks.
Pretty much. Just a meet up/gathering at a certain location.
yes, another term for a meet up. If you were to double-click the word "DO", you'll see a definition of the term from our dynamic glossary. Hope this helps and certainly hope we see you at one or many!
It comes before Rei and Mi.
DO = a deer, a female deer
So it has nothing to DO with Mountain Dew
read recently on a twitter feed:
If you could bottle and sell failure I bet it'd taste a helluva lot like Mountain Dew.
That's funny. Wonder how they would describe diet Mountain Dew!
Welcome to MP jt58203!
Welcome to MP!
I'm yet to attend my first MP Do.
Wish I didn't live so far away
Well you can get miles as you go to various do's...a great way to meet other people on this board.
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Your browser does not support this video.
MVC 4.0, Part 04: Working with Data
with expert James Curtis
If you need user input or output you will be working with Data. This course will start with making Models in the Entity Framework. Then you will learn about HTML helpers and what they can do for your views. Then you will be shown how to create Forms in MVC and explore the life cycle of posting changes.Course Outline
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Hebrew - online newspapers
About Hebrew: The Hebrew language is a west Semitic language. It is belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. In the history, Hebrew is regarded as the language of the Hebrews/Israelite. The United States is the 2nd largest Hebrew speakers country. Most of these speakers came from Israel. Arabic is a modern Hebrew language and it is one of the official languages of Israel. The Hebrew alphabet consists of 22 letters and the language is read from right to left.
|➠ Arena Globes||➠ Fax 4x4||➠ Ice||➠ Iton Tel Aviv||➠ Kabbalah Leam||➠ Kan naim||➠ Kol Hakfar||➠ Kol Hasharon||➠ Maariv||➠ Makor Rishon||➠ Megafon News||➠ News Israel||➠ Raanana Shelanu||➠ Rotter||➠ Sikurmemukad||➠ The Epoch Times||➠ Walla||➠ Ye'diot Achronot||➠ Yedioth Haifa||➠ Yesha News|
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The Bothy Band
The Bothy Band was an Irish traditional band from the 1970s, one of the most prominent from the roots revival of that era. Its members were:
- flute and tin whistle;
- uillean pipes and tin whistle;
- bouzouki, guitar, and production;
Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill
- harpsichord, clavinet and vocals; and
Mícheál Ó Domhnaill
- guitar and vocals. The initial lineup had
on fiddle as well as
Tony Mac Mahon
Read more about The Bothy Band on Last.fm
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Flirtic.com – a new social network for flirting and meeting new people!
It's the best place for meeting interesting people with matching interests. Take quizzes, meet new friends, flirt, date and have fun!
Terms of Service
Copyright © 2017
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The Würth Foundation
The Würth Foundation was founded by Reinhold and Carmen Würth in 1987. It is a civil law foundation based in Künzelsau, Germany, and promotes charitable and benevolent purposes.
The Foundation currently has a total capital of EUR 12.6 million. The Würth Foundation promotes numerous projects in the fields of art and culture, research and science, education and training, as well as projects furthering the integration of migrants and refugees. The activities are supported by the German Würth Group companies, in particular Adolf Würth GmbH & Co. KG.
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This article was published as part of the Logan & Partners and qLegal series, which showcased practical and helpful insights on a variety of legal topics. qLegal is a pro bono law clinic at Queen Mary University of London that works with entrepreneurs and start-up businesses.
Spain’s Implementation of the Omnibus Directive – Key Things E-commerce Businesses Should Know
In our series on the implementation of the Omnibus Directive in Europe, we highlight how the major EU member states are implenting this New Deal for eConsumers in their national laws and how it will impact you in your online business. The new EU provisions brought by the Omnibus Directive aim to harmonise the protection of consumer rights across the EU, particularly by adapting them to the digital market.
In a previous article, we provided comments on the French implementation of the Directive. Here, we focus on the Omnibus Directive’s implementation in Spain.
Spain implemented the Omnibus Directive provisions into national law through the Royal Decree-Law 24 of 2 November 2021 (the “RD-L 24/2021”). The RD-L 24/2021 introduces different changes in the Consumer Protection Act, the Unfair Competition Act and the Act on Retail Trade. So, to help you prepare for the new regulations, we have put together the main changes that have taken place.
Unfair commercial practices and consumer contracts.
The Omnibus Directive strengthened protection of consumer interests infringed by unfair commercial practices. In the same sense, the newly created provisions of Spanish legislation follow the same approach. Consumers are now provided with a more appropriate level of protection against unfair commercial practices, as follows:
- Consumer reviews: online consumer reviews will only be allowed if done by the consumers who bought or used the services or products in question. E-commerce businesses that use false reviews to boost their business will risk being accused of unfair practices, because the practice will be considered misleading.
- Rankings for online platforms: online businesses must inform customers about any paid ads that may have contributed to a product or service review or rating. Additionally, they must communicate the criteria used to rank the reviews and ratings. This new obligation will affect not only e-commerce businesses, but also search engines platforms where you can search for products and services such as flights, hotels, etc.
- Prohibition of “ticket bots” to buy tickets for resale: if event tickets were bought using specialised software (e.g., through internet bots that may prevent normal purchases by the public), sellers will not be able to resell them. This is now seen as an unfair practise.
- Clarification of product quality: if a product differs significantly in composition or characteristics from a product marketed in another Member State, online businesses will not be able to market those products as identical. This is also considered an unfair practise.
- Identity of online sellers: e-commerce businesses must explicitly display the identity of a seller who offers a good or service online, whether a company or an individual (i.e., a non-trader), according to the seller’s own declaration. They will also need to state the legal consequences and obligations associated with third-party sellers, and whether consumer legislation will be applicable.
Sanctions and consumer remedies in Spain
The RD-L 24/2021 also introduced a new classification of infringements and quantification of penalties. It has established new rules for consumer law infringements, including seriousness levels for the infringements and the related penalties.
Companies can face fines for offences, depending on whether their violation is minor, serious or very serious. To achieve better protection of consumers, sanctions must consider the gravity and nature of the unfair commercial practice, the damage suffered and any other relevant circumstance, such as the trader’s misconduct or a contract’s infringement. The newly created General Register of Consumer Infringements and the relevant Spanish Autonomous Community will issue any other necessary information on sanctions.
The new sanctions are mainly administrative and are as follows:
- From €150 to €10,000, for a minor offense, or 2 to 4 times the illegal gain
- From €10,001 to €1000,000, or 4 to 6 times the illegal gain
- From €1000,001 to €1,000,000, or 6 to 8 times the illegal gain
If the infringement concerns other Member States, the maximum fine would be 4% of the company’s annual turnover in that state. Alternatively, a maximum fine of €2,000,000 can be issued. In Spain, the “Ministry of Consumer Affairs” (Ministerio de Consumo) has the power to enforce such sanctions.
Furthermore, Spanish consumers will now be able to end agreements and claim compensation for 20% of the original price. A price reduction of 10% of the actual price will be available to consumers who face a minor infringement. For offenders, the seriousness of the offence may be scaled down for any of the following conditions:
- The consumer hasn’t yet started legal proceedings;
- The violation has been properly corrected;
- The consumer did not suffer direct damage; and
- The offender voluntarily compensated the consumer for any illicit gain.
All in all, we can see that the RD-L 24/2021 incorporated a series of changes into Spanish law. There are new examples of misleading practices, as well as new obligations and sanctions affecting online platforms that offer products or services to Spanish consumers.
How can Logan & Partners help?
Compliance with the new legislation requires a detailed assessment of the scope of new legislation, and an analysis of the measures put in place by the business in Spain and others EU Member States, if applicable. If you have any questions, please contact us as our e-commerce team can help you with this and other matters.
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We all know that cells are the fundamental unit of life. The cell is the structural and building block of life. All living organisms in this universe are made up of cells. They are either unicellular or multicellular. This lesson mainly deals with the structure and cells present in both plants and animals. Here, we learn how a plant cell is entirely different from an animal cell. We also learn about the cell structure, size, shape and organelles present in it. Each cell organelle has its own characteristic behaviour and function. The whole biology of an animal or plant is determined by its cell.
Download PDF Of Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 2 Fundamental Unit Of Life – Cell
Access Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 2
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
|Organisms are always unicellular||Organisms are always unicellular and multicellular|
|Nucleus is absent||Nucleus is present|
|Cell division takes place through binary fission||Cell division takes place through mitosis|
|DNA arrangement is circular||DNA arrangement is linear|
|Example: Bacteria, Blue-green algae||Example: Plant and animal cell|
2. Write down the differences between organ and organelle.
|These are the parts of a body||These are the parts of a cell|
|These are found in multicellular organisms||These are found in unicellular organisms|
|These are macroscopic in nature||These are microscopic in nature|
|Example: Brain, Heart, Lungs||Example: Cytoplasm, mitochondria|
3. Write down the differences between the nucleus and nucleoid.
|A nucleus is a membrane-bound structure in which eukaryotes store their genetic materials.||Nucleoid is a particular area in which prokaryotes store their genetic materials.|
|Contains many chromosomes.||Contains one chromosomes|
|It is a spherically shaped organelle.||It is an irregularly shaped organelle.|
|Nucleoplasm and Nucleolus are present in the nucleus.||Nucleoplasm and Nucleolus are absent in the nucleoid.|
4. Mention differences between light microscope and electron microscope.
|Light microscope||Electron microscope|
|Uses light as an illuminating source||Uses electrons beam as an illuminating source|
|Both live and dead specimen can be seen||Only dead and the dried specimen can be seen|
|It has low resolution||It has high resolution|
5. Give a brief account of the discovery of the cell.
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The term cells was first coined in 1665 by a British scientist Robert Hooke. He was the first person to study living things under a microscope and examined a thin slice of cork under a microscope and observed honeycomb-like structures. Robert Hooke called these structures as cells.
6. Describe the proteins of the plasma membrane.
There are two types of proteins molecules are found in the plasma membrane:
(i) Intrinsic proteins -They completely cover the lipid bilayer.
(ii) Extrinsic proteins – These occur either on the outer surface or on the inner surface of the lipid layer.
7. Enumerate functions of the plasma membrane.
- The plasma membrane forms a barrier between the cell organelles from the outside environment.
- It allows only certain molecules to pass through it.
- It facilitates communication and signaling between the cells.
8. Give an example of diffusion across the plasma membrane.
In unicellular organisms like Amoeba, gaseous exchange takes place through the process of diffusion.
9. Set up an experiment to demonstrate osmosis.
1. Take three raisins and weigh them on the common balance. Let this value be W1.
2. Keep these raisins in a bowl containing water for 2 hours.
3. Take the raisins out of the water and gently dry them with the help of blotting paper.
4. Weigh the soaked swollen raisins again on the common balance. Let this value be W2.
The soaked swollen raisins (W2) weigh more than the dry raisins (W1). This is because the raisins absorbed water by the process of endosmosis.
10. Write down the differences between diffusion and osmosis.
|This occurs in all mediums – Solid, Liquid and gas.||This occurs only in the liquid medium.|
|Do not require a semipermeable membrane.||Requires a semipermeable membrane.|
|The flow of particles occurs in all the directions.||The flow of particles occurs only in one direction.|
11. Write a note on endocytosis.
Endocytosis is defined as the process of trapping a particle or substance from the external environment by engulfing it. Endocytosis is of two types viz phagocytosis, also known as cellular eating and pinocytosis, also referred to as cellular drinking. There are three types of endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis, 2. Pinocytosis and 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
12. What would happen when eukaryotic cells are placed in hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions?
When eukaryotic cells are placed in the following solutions the changes observed are as follows:
- Hypotonic Solution: The water moves from a region of low osmolarity to a region of high osmolarity. In this case, since the extracellular fluid has low osmolarity, the water would rush into the cell. The cell would then expand and eventually lyse or burst.
- Hypertonic Solution: In this case, water will leave the cell since the cell has a lower osmolarity than the extracellular fluid. As a result the cell would shrink in what is called plasmolysis.
- Isotonic Solution: The osmolarity of both fluids is equal. As such, though water diffuses in and out, there is no net change in the volume of the cell.
13. Name the following:
(a) Smallest cell organelle
(b) Largest cell organelle;
(c) ER studded with ribosomes
(d) Functional segments of the DNA molecule.
(b) Plastid in plants and Nucleus in animal cell
(c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains a ribosome attached to its surface
14. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Chromoplast and chloroplast
(b) Ribosome and centrosome
|Chromoplasts are plastids and contain carotenoids||Chromoplasts– is a name given to an area for all the pigments to be kept and synthesized in the plant.|
|They lack in chlorophyll||They have a high concentration of chlorophyll|
|Chromoplasts may develop from green chloroplasts. Chlorophyll and thylakoid membranes disappear and carotenoids are accumulated, e.g. during ripening of fruits||Chloroplast has a structure called chlorophyll which functions by trapping the solar energy and used for the synthesis of food in all green plants.|
|Helps in protein synthesis||Plays major role in cell division|
|Found in both plants and animals||Found in only plants|
|Ribosomes are scattered everywhere inside the cell||Centrosome found inside nucleus only|
15. Write the main differences between plant and animal cells.
|Plant cell||Animal cell|
|Cell wall is present||Cell wall is absent|
|Nucleus lies on one side of the cell||Nucleus lies on one center of the cell|
16. What will happen in a cell if its nucleus is removed? Give reasons in support of your answer.
If the nucleus of a cell is removed the cell will not be able to carry out its vital functions and will die.
17. Explain why do spinach looks green, papaya yellow and edible part of watermelon red?
Spinach is green because of the presence of green pigment chlorophyll. Papaya is yellow because of the presence of caricaxanthin. The edible part of a watermelon is red in color because of the presence of lycopene which is a red pigment.
18. Write down two main functions of
(a) Endoplasmic reticulum
(a) Endoplasmic reticulum
- It plays a major role in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids.
- It produces transmembrane proteins and lipids for its membrane and for many other cell components including lysosomes, secretory vesicles, the Golgi apparatus, the cell membrane, and plant cell vacuoles.
- Intracellular digestion
- Removal of dead cells
19. Name the following
(a) The cell organelle which synthesizes protein.
(b) The type of plastid which stores food.
20. Lysosomes are known as suicide bags.” Why?
Lysosomes are known as suicide bags of the cell because they contain lytic enzymes capable of digesting cells and unwanted materials. When lysosomes burst, the lytic enzymes within the organelle spill all over the cell, rupturing the cell membrane or cell wall, inducing the death of the cell.
Also, visit Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 Biology to get complete solutions for all chapters.
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An article in (The Economist 2010-11-25) noted that Canada had survived the global financial crisis better than many other developed countries: Canadian banks and public finances are sound, and the economy recovered quickly and strongly from recession.” However, in the same article it was noted that “Canada ranks 22nd-worst out of the 31 countries in the OECD, in terms of child poverty. More than 3m Canadians (or one in ten) are poor; and 610,000 of them are children. (The Economist 2010-11-25).” This timeline of selected events related to child poverty in Canada attempts to trace the social history and compile reliable references on the successes and failures, progress and stagnation on the path to the eradication of child poverty in Canada.
Reverse chronological order
2012 The Innocenti Report uses Statistics Canada ‘s Survey on Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), 2009 for the 2012 report.
“Survey on Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) is a panel survey run by Statistics Canada. It is the country’s primary source for income data, and includes
information on family situation, education and demographic background. The survey is representative of all individuals living in Canada, excluding residents of
the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, as well as residents of institutions and persons living on Indian reserves. Overall, these exclusions amount to less
than 3% of Canada’s population. Report Card 10 uses data from the 2009 round of the SLID, with income poverty data referring to the year 2008. More information can be found at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca
2011-11-24 “Dream No Little Dreams Conference” co-hosted by the YWCA of Calgary and the Action to End Poverty in Alberta initiative, organized to build momentum for coordinated action to end poverty in Alberta held in Calgary, AB. This conference focuses on strategic action to create a provincial poverty reduction strategy in Alberta. See also (CBC. As child poverty spikes, conference aims for solutions.”
2011-11 Public Interest Alberta, the Alberta College of Social Workers, and the Edmonton Social Planning Council published their report entitled “In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.” The publication contributes to the ongoingCampaign 2000 project.
2011-11-23. Armine Yalnizyan of Policy Alternatives published the report entitled “Twenty Years of Campaign 2000 – What Now?”
2010-11 Canada survived the global financial crisis better than many other developed countries: Canadian banks and public finances are sound, and the economy recovered quickly and strongly from recession (The Economist 2010-11-25).”
1990-2010 Canada has enjoyed long periods of steady growth (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010-11 Canada ranks 22nd-worst out of the 31 countries in the OECD, in terms of child poverty. More than 3m Canadians (or one in ten) are poor; and 610,000 of them are children (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010-11 Campaign 2000 reported that child poverty is now as bad as it was in 1990 (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010-11 Food Banks Canada reported that 900,000 Canadians rely on food handouts, up by 9% on last year (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010 Canada has about 300,000 homeless people (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010 British Columbia, one of the richest Canadian provinces has one of the highest rates of child poverty (10.4%) after taxes on family income.
2010 Some Canadian provincial governments, including those of populous Ontario and Quebec, have launched poverty-reduction programmes; many include attempts to prod or help people back into work (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010 Newfoundland financed poverty eradication programs through its royalties from oil and mining and successfully has cut its poverty rate in half (to 6.5%) (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2010 The only strategy acceptable to Stephen Harper’s Conservative administration to respond to poverty is “the sustained employment of Canadians”. (The Economist 2010-11-25).
2009-12 The Subcommittee on Cities, The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology published a report entitled “In From the Margins: a Call to Action on Poverty, Housing and Homelessness.” described as “an excellent roadmap for poverty reduction.” One of the 72 recommendations towards the eradication of child poverty was to increase the National Child Benefit to reach $5,000 by 2012 [Recommendation 34].
“Through a myriad of expert witnesses, site visits, roundtables and most importantly, testimony from those living in poverty and homelessness, we are saddened to report that far too many Canadians living in cities live below any measure of the poverty line; that too many people struggle to find and maintain affordable housing; and that an increasing number of Canadians are homeless. And despite the thoughtful efforts and many promising practices of governments‘, the private sector, and community organizations, that are helping many Canadians, the system that is intended to lift people out of poverty is substantially broken, often entraps people in poverty, and needs an overhaul . . . [We] believe that eradicating poverty and homelessness is not only the humane and decent priority of a civilized democracy, but absolutely essential to a productive and expanding economy benefitting from the strengths and abilities of all its people. (Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology. 2009-12. “In From the Margins: a Call to Action on Poverty, Housing and Homelessness.” ).”
2009 According to the most recent data available in 2011, in Alberta there was a dramatic spike in child and family poverty. The “Alberta child poverty rate was 9.3% using LICO, compared to 12.8% using LIM. . . . (In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.”
2009 “Disparities between families are growing. Between 1989 and 2009, after accounting for inflation, the yearly income of the poorest 10% of Alberta families with children increased by only $4,682. The yearly income of the richest 10% of families with children went
up $156,403. Average yearly family incomes went up $35,088 (In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.”
2009 “In Alberta, the effectiveness of government income transfers in lifting children above the poverty line has increased over the years. In 1989, only about 25% of children were lifted above the poverty line. By 2009, this had increased to 44%. . . [However] In 2009, the Ontario government doubled the Ontario Child Benefit to $1100 per child, with a scheduled increase to $1310 by 2013.23 The Alberta government’s stronger financial position should allow it to introduce an Alberta Child Benefit at least equal to Ontario’s (In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.”
2008 When Canada entered the brutal recession there were c. 3 million Canadians living in poverty using the standard measure, Statistic Canada’s after-tax low-income cut-off (LICO) (Yalnizyan 2010-06-21).
2008 Witnesses at the senate inquiry on poverty, described challenges of raising children in poverty, and of increasing earnings in the labour market without affordable care for children that also contributes to their development and preparation for school (Yalnizian, Browne, Battle, Issue 4, 28 February 2008). The same witnesses emphasized that a small universal contribution to families with young children, like the current Universal Child Care benefit, was not sufficient to purchase childcare (GC 2008-06-08).
2007 The child poverty rate in Canada was still 11.7%. Canada experienced a 50% real increase in the size of its economy from 1989 to 2007.
2007-06-14 Michèle Thibodeau-DeGuire, President and Executive Director, United Way of Greater Montreal, Evidence, SAST, 1st Session, 39th Parliament, 14 June 2007: “If people cannot have affordable housing, they will be in a horrible mess. Most of their money will go toward rent. They cannot feed themselves properly. How will they be able to help their children through school with the stress they live with?”
2007-11-26 Campaign 2000 released their national annual report card on poverty in Canada entitled “It Takes a Nation to Raise a Generation: 2007 Report Card on Child & Family Poverty in Canada.” Despite a growing economy, soaring dollar and low employment, 788,000 children (1/8 of Canadian children) live in poverty. Ontario remains the “child poverty capital,” with 345,000 children living in impoverished conditions.”
2007-11-26 Almost 30 per cent of Toronto families – approximately 93,000 households raising children – live in poverty, compared with 16 per cent in 1990. [The Mercer annual Cost of Living Survey of 143 major cities around the world measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location, including housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods, and entertainment. In 2006, Toronto was ranked as the most expensive city in Canada, just slightly ahead of Vancouver.] Since 2000, the city has seen a net loss of jobs, many of them well-paying and unionized, while elsewhere job creation is on the rise. At the same time jobs have been replaced by temporary, part-time and contract work that offer no job security, benefits or eligibility for employment insurance. As a result, an alarming number of households are in deep financial trouble as seen by an increase in the number of evictions, family debt and bankruptcies since 2000, a year when the crippling recession of the 1990s had clearly eased in the rest of the country, the report says. From 1999 to 2006, landlord applications for eviction due to nonpayment of rent climbed from 19,795 to more than 25,000. Also, the number of people receiving credit counselling in Toronto has almost doubled in the past six years to an average of 4,534 per month. Not surprisingly, the number of moneylending outlets has increased almost eightfold since 1995 to more than 300, largely concentrated in the low-income neighbourhoods. United Way of Greater Toronto. 2007. Losing Ground: The Persistent Growth of Family Poverty in Canada’s Largest City, (Monsebraaten and Daly 2007-11-26 ).
2007-05-09 The former Ontario premier Bob Rae was one of four panellists at at the Toronto Star-sponsored forum on the growing income gap held at the St. Lawrence Centre and attended by 250. Rae argued that, “We now have to restore and renew our commitment to help people in difficult times [to invest] in affordable housing, child care and education” [. . .] Rae noted that Canada is the only government in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development that doesn’t have a national housing policy, and that’s reflected in the country’s poverty figures. Economist Yalnizyan, research director of the Toronto Social Planning Council remarked that “Income inequality is the second inconvenient truth in our society. [G]overnments need to act now – not only to tackle poverty, but to ensure everyone is benefiting from a healthy economy (Monsebraaten and Daly 2007).” Stop picking away at the edges of poverty, say forum speakers, and take a leaf from Ireland’s comprehensive plan.
2007-05 A study by economist Yalnizyan was released by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, showing a widening income gap in Ontario. “40 per cent of Ontario families have seen no gain in real income – and often a loss – compared with their predecessors 30 years ago. The richest 10 per cent, meanwhile, have seen their incomes soar. And even though Ontario parents are better educated, they spend more time working than the previous generation did, the study says (Monsebraaten and Daly 2007).”
2007-04 Ontario’s provincial budget “put poverty reduction on the agenda with a new Ontario child benefit for all children in low-income families – not just those on welfare. And it outlined a plan for raising the minimum wage to $10.25 by 2010, from $8 today (Monsebraaten and Daly 2007).”
2007-03 The Ontario Child Benefit, announced in the March 2007 Ontario Budget, pledged $2.1 billion over the first five years to help low-income families support their children (UWGT 2007:73).
2007 The federal government introduced a non-refundable child tax credit which provides income tax savings of up to $300 for children of all ages to tax-paying parents (Senate of Canada 2008-06-08).
2007 In 2007 Report Card on Child Well-being in Rich Countries: The most comprehensive assessment to date of the lives and well-being of children and adolescents in the economically advanced nations. builds and expands upon the analyses of Report Card No. 6 which considered relative income poverty affecting children and policies to mitigate it. Report Card 7 provides a pioneering, comprehensive picture of child well being through the consideration of six dimensions: material well-being, health and safety, education, family and peer relationships, subjective well-being, behaviours and lifestyles informed by the Convention on the rights of the child and relevant academic literature.” UNICEF. 2007. “Report Card on Child Well-being in Rich Countries.”
2007-11-12 Ligaya, Armina. 2007. “The debate over Canada’s poverty line.” CBC News On-line. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/economy/poverty-line.html November 12. “[C]hild poverty numbers have not budged at all since 1989 when Canadian parliamentarians stood up and promised to do their best to eradicate it within a decade. Even today, 11.7 per cent of children under 18 are living below the low-income cut-off line.” There are now record numbers of tenants being evicted from their homes and a rising dependency on food banks (Shapcott cited in Ligaya 2007).
2007 “Jean Swanson, co-ordinator of the Carnegie Centre Action project in the heart of Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, said restricting access to employment insurance and welfare only punishes the poor. The poverty activist said she has watched Canada’s homeless epidemic multiply what she says is 10-fold over the last decade (Ligaya 2007).”
2006 Newfoundland announced a strategy to become the province with the lowest poverty rate by 2016.
2006 20,900 Canadian children used food banks, double the number in 1989.
2006 The Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB) was added, with payments of monthly instalments of $100 for every child under the age of 6 (regardless of parental income) (Senate of Canada 2008-06-08).
2006 The net worth of the lowest quintile fell to a negative net worth from zero while national net worth grew 2.8% in the last quarter of 2006. Less than 10% of families who hold at least 53% of total Cdn. net worth ($4.8 trillion) (Drummond and Tulk, 2006).
2006-11-24 CBC news summarized details from the Campaign 2000 (2006) National Annual Report on Child Poverty with the headlines “Aboriginal children are poorest in country: report: B.C. and Newfoundland have highest rates; Alberta and P.E.I. have lowest rates.” November 24, 2006. One aboriginal child in eight is disabled, double the rate of all children in Canada; Among First Nations children, 43 per cent lack basic dental care; Overcrowding among First Nations families is double the rate of that for all Canadian families; Mould contaminates almost half of all First Nations households; Almost half of aboriginal children under 15 years old residing in urban areas live with a single parent; Close to 100 First Nations communities must boil their water; Of all off-reserve aboriginal children, 40 per cent live in poverty.
1999-2005 Considerable wealth was accumulated in Canada between 1999 and 2005. In 2005 net worth increased by 41.7% to nearly $1.5 trillion (US?). The most recent Statistics Canada report revealed today that the Canadian national net worth reached $4.8 trillion by the end of the third quarter. While in terms of an economist’s algorithm this translates into an average of $146,700 per person. In reality only the a tiny number of Canadian households benefited. “The gain in net worth resulted from an increase in national wealth (economy-wide non-financial assets) as well as a sharp drop in net foreign debt. National net worth grew 2.8% in the third quarter, the largest increase in more than two years (Statistics Canada 2006)”.
2005 According to Stats Canada the disparity between the top income-earning category and the lowest was $105,400 (Shapcott cited in Ligaya 2007). Statistics Canada income figures showed 788,000 children were living in poverty in 2005, a rate of 11.7 per cent.
2005 41 per cent of all low-income children lived in families in Canada where at least one parent had a full-time job (Campion-Smith 2007).
2004 Childhood poverty in the United States is among the highest in the developed world (Rifkin ED 2004: x).”
2004 Since 2004, the 25 countries of the European Union (EU) have been developing a new statistical data source, known as Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). EU-SILC aims to become the reference source of comparative statistics on income distribution and living conditions within the EU. A primary purpose of EU-SILC is to monitor the common indicators (the so-called Laeken Indicators) by which the EU has agreed to measure its progress towards reducing poverty and social exclusion. EU-SILC therefore replaces the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) which was the main source of such data from 1994 until 2001 (for the then 15 Member States of the EU). Designed to fill some of the acknowledged gaps and weaknesses of the ECHP, EU-SILC collects every year comparable and up-to-date cross-sectional data on income, poverty, social exclusion and other aspects of living conditions – as well as longitudinal data on income and on a limited set of non-monetary indicators of social exclusion. The first EU-SILC data for all 25 Member States of the current EU, plus Norway and Iceland, should be available by the end of 2006. The first 4-year longitudinal data on ‘those at-persistent-risk-of-poverty’ will be available by the beginning of 2010. In addition to populating these core indicators, each round of EU-SILC also gathers data on one particular theme – beginning in 2005 with data on the intergenerational transmission of poverty.
2002 Quebec introduced anti-poverty legislation. The “Province of Quebec and Ireland have tackled poverty head on, with impressive results that show poverty reduction can be achieved against planned goals (UWGT 2007:73).”
2002 Of all the world’s wealthy nations it was only in the United States that the majority (58%) claimed that cared more about personal freedom to pursue goals without government interference than play an active role in society so as to guarantee that nobody is in need? (Rifkin ED 2004:379) .”
2001 Over 653,000 Canadians were earning wages that classified them as “working poor” (and 1.5 million people were directly affected, one third of them children under the age of 18) (Senate of Canada 2008-06-08).
2001-05 The National Council on Welfare using the LICO claimed that 5 million Canadians are living in poverty.
2000-12 Laurel Rothman, the National Coordinator of Campaign 2000 wrote a Letter to the Editor entitled “Richer, poorer” to the National Post in response to their editorial dismissing Campaign 2000’s annual report card (Rothman 2000).
2000-12-06 A letter entitled “No surplus for kids” by Pedro Barata, the Ontario Coordinator of Campaign 2000, was published in the Toronto Star. Barata asked, “Why is it that Ontario was one of only two provinces where since 1996 poor families fell deeper below the poverty line?” or, “Why does Ontario have the highest monthly fees for child care in Canada?”
2000-06-01 Innocenti Report Card. Issue No. 1. The first Innocenti Report Card presents the most comprehensive analysis to date of child poverty in the nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Whether measured by relative or absolute poverty, the top six places in the child poverty league are occupied by the same six nations – all of which combine a high degree of economic development with a reasonable degree of equity” In the league table of relative child poverty, the bottom seven places are occupied by the Canada (15.5%), Ireland (16.8%), Turkey, United Kingdom, Italy, the United States (22.4%), and Mexico (26.2%). In the league table of absolute child poverty, the bottom four places are occupied by Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland.” “The countries with the lowest child poverty rates allocate the highest proportions of GNP to social expenditures (Figure 8). Differences in tax and social expenditure policies mean that some nations reduce ‘market child poverty’ by as much as 20 percentage points and others by as little as 5 percentage points (Figure 9).”
2000-12-05 The editorial in the Toronto Star dealt with child poverty in Canada.
2000-11-24 The National Post published an editorial dismissing Campaign 2000’s Annual National Report Card on Child Poverty in Canada (Rothman 2000).
2000 Almost 1 in 5 children still living in poverty in Ontario.
2000 “In the absence of an official poverty line in Canada, Campaign 2000 ascribes to the position held by most Canadian social policy organizations studying the issue and by UNICEF. UNICEF uses a relative measure of poverty to describe those whose material, cultural and social resources are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life where they live (Rothman 2000).”
2000 Table 1. shows the percentage of children living in ‘relative’ poverty, defined as households with income below 50 per cent of the national median. Using this standard of relative poverty countries at the bottom of the list included Canada (15.5%), Ireland (16.8%), Turkey, UK, Italy, USA (22.4), Mexico (26.2%), . Innocenti Report Card. Issue No. 1. (UNICEF 2000)
1990s “The recession of the 1990s generated a much bigger escalation of poverty [than the 1980s], both in magnitude and duration, because a protracted period of job loss ran into the scaling back of unemployment insurance and social assistance by federal and provincial governments [tough-love approaches] (Yalnizyan 2010-06-21).”
1990s “The growth in the number of low-income families in the City of Toronto in the 1990s was alarming, soaring from 41,670 at the start of the 1990s to 84,750 by the decade’s end. The factors that contributed to this change are well known – the deep recession in the early 1990s, corporate downsizing, the rise in precarious employment, decreased access to Employment Insurance, reduced welfare payments, and the barriers that skilled immigrants faced finding work for which they were qualified (UWGT 2007:40).”
1998 The National Child Benefit Supplement was added to the CCTB to provide increased benefits to all low-income families including those without taxable income.
1997 Senator Ermine Cohen wrote a report on child poverty in Canada, entitled “Sounding the Alarm: Poverty in Canada.”8 “It was intended to ―revisit the commitments made in the 1971 Croll Report and to evaluate progress a quarter-century later. Her report provided useful snapshots of poverty experienced by those who were working and those who were not, among over-represented groups including Aboriginal peoples, people with disabilities, youth and seniors. She considered the role of the labour market, our international obligations, and more themes that emerged again in our study. Harshly critical of our ―tax and transfer‖ system, the report called for changes, as did the Croll report before it. Too few have been implemented SSCSAST 2009-12. p. 24).”
1996 The number of Canadians living under the low-income cut-off after taxes was 11.6 per cent in 1980, according to Statistics Canada, far lower than the 1996 peak of 15.7 per cent (Yalnizyan cited in Ligaya 2007).
1995-2005 The national Irish government set firm targets, created timetables and reported annually so the public could easily see progress being made against poverty. In this way they reduced poverty from 15 per cent to 6.8 per cent (Yalnizyan in Monsebraaten and Daly 2007).
1995 The World Summit for Social Development was held in Copenhagen. The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action was adopted. The Copenhagen stressed the urgent need for countries to deal with social problems such as poverty, unemployment and social exclusion (Symonides 1998). This was the largest gathering ever of world leaders. The declarations, programmes included a pledge to put people at the centre of development, to conquer poverty, to ensure full employment, to foster social integration (Development 1995).
1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. “At this conference it was recognized that extreme poverty and social exclusion of vulnerable groups persisted and inequalities had become increasingly dramatic in spite of economic development. At this conference the term sustainable development referred to “economic development, social development and environmental protection as interdependent and mutually reinforcing components (Symonides 1998:3).”
1991 Canada experienced a transformational recession for the labour market and began emerging from that only in 1997 (Yalnizyan cited in Ligaya 2007).
1989-11-24 The child poverty rate in Canada was 11.7%. On November 24, 1989, the House of Commons unanimously passed a resolution to seek to achieve “the goal of eliminating poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000 (Campaign 2000 ).”
1989 The Canadian Parliament unanimously supported a resolution to eliminate child poverty by 2000.
1988 The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, located in Florence, Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen the research capability of the United Nations Children’s Fund and to amplify its voice as an advocate for children worldwide.
1980s and 1990s Single mothers, disabled people, aboriginal Canadians and immigrants suffered cuts in welfare payments (which are too meagre to keep someone above the country’s de facto poverty line) when governments, both federal and provincial, cut public spending to restore fiscal health (The Economist 2010-11-25).
1981-82 Canada experienced a transformational recession for the labour market and it took the country about eight years to climb out of the rut (Yalnizyan cited in Ligaya 2007).
1980 The number of Canadians living under the low-income cut-off after taxes was 11.6 per cent in 1980, according to Statistics Canada, far lower than the 1996 peak of 15.7 per cent (Yalnizyan cited in Ligaya 2007). “In 1980, the disparity between the top income-earning category and the lowest was $83,000, according to Statistics Canada. By 2005, that gap had reached $105,400 (Shapcott cited in Ligaya 2007).”
1971Senator David Arnold Croll, PC, QC published his influential “Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty” (Croll Report) which began with the words “the poor do not choose poverty. It is at once their affliction and our national shame. The children of the poor (and there are many) are the most helpless victims of all, and find even less hope in a society where welfare systems from the very beginning destroys their chances of a better life.” The report moved the Trudeau government to triple family allowances in 1973 and institute the Child Tax Credit in 1978. Aside from his work on poverty, he was also responsible for Senate reports on aging. In 1990 in recognition of his contributions, he was sworn into the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada, an honour usually given only to federal cabinet ministers.
1950 [In 2000] despite a doubling and redoubling of national incomes in most nations since 1950, a significant percentage of their children are still living in families so materially poor that normal health and growth are at risk. And as the tables show, a far larger proportion remain in the twilight world of relative poverty; their physical needs may be minimally catered for, but they are painfully excluded from the activities and advantages that are considered normal by their peers (UNICEF. 2001. Innocenti Report Card. Issue No. 1.).”
Note: In 2011 Canada still does not have an official poverty line although most data on poverty is presented using the uniquely Canadian Low Income Cut-off (LICO) After-Tax Measure, which is based on a complex calculation.1. The major weakness of LICO as a measurement tool is partly that since 1992, LICO has only been updated for inflation and not other changes in the expenditure pattern of Canadian families. Statistics Canada has no plans to update LICO (In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta. Campaign 2000 is considering transitioning from LICO to the Low Income Measure (LIM) (After-Tax) starting in 2012. LIM, is based on 50% of median family income, is a more easily understood measure. LIM is updated every year. LIM is used internationally while LICO is only used in Canada. As shown on Chart 1, in their report, “in the 1990s LICO poverty rates were higher than LIM rates. In the 2000s LICO rates have been consistently lower. In 2009, the Alberta child poverty rate was 9.3% using LICO, compared to 12.8% using LIM (In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.”
Bibliography and Webliography
Battle, Ken. 2008-01. “A Bigger and Better Child Benefit: A $5,000 Canada Child Tax Benefit.” Caledon Institute. Ottawa, ON p.3.
The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology. 2009-12. “In From the Margins: a Call to Action on Poverty, Housing and Homelessness.” Subcommittee on Cities. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.
The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology. 2008-06. “Poverty, Housing and Homelessness: Issues and Options.” Subcommittee on Cities. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.
Public Interest Alberta, the Alberta College of Social Workers, and the Edmonton Social Planning Council. 2011-11. “In This Together: Ending Poverty in Alberta.” Edmonton, AB. ISBN 978-0-921417-60-6.
Atkinson, A. B. Macroeconomics and the Social Dimension.
Barata, Pedro. 2000-12-06. “No surplus for kids.” Letter of the Day. Toronto Star.
Bradshaw, J. and Mayhew, E. (eds.) 2005. The well-being of children in the UK, Save the Children. London.
Campaign 2000. 2006. “Oh Canada! Too Many Children in Poverty for Too Long.”
Campaign 2000. 2007. “It Takes a Nation to Raise a Generation: 2007 Report Card on Child & Family Poverty in Canada.”
Campion-Smith, Bruce. 2007. “Ontario leads in child poverty.” Feature on Poverty. Toronto Star. November 26.
CBC. 2006. “Aboriginal children are poorest in country: report: B.C. and Newfoundland have highest rates; Alberta and P.E.I. have lowest rates.” November 24, 2006.
CBC. 2007. “Child poverty rates unchanged in nearly 2 decades: report.” November 26.
CBC. 2011-11-24. “As child poverty spikes, conference aims for solutions.”
Drummond, Don & Tulk, David (2006) Lifestyles of the Rich and Unequal: an Investigation into Wealth Inequality in Canada. TD Bank Financial Group.
The Economist. 2010-11. “The persistence of poverty amid plenty.” The Economist.
Ligaya, Armina. 2007. “The debate over Canada’s poverty line.” CBC News On-line. November 12.
Marlier, E.; Atkinson, A.B.; Cantillon, B.; Nolan,B. 2006. The EU and social inclusion: Facing the challenges. Policy Press: Bristol.
Mcquaig, Linda. 1995. Shooting the Hippo: Death by Deficit and Other Canadian Myths. Toronto, Viking.
Mcquaig, Linda. 1998. The Cult of Impotence: Selling the Myth of Powerlessness in the Global Economy. Toronto, Penguin Books.
McMahon. Fred. 2000. “The true measure of poverty.” Op-Ed. Peterborough Examiner on ?
Monsebraaten, Laurie; Daly, Rita. 2007. “In search of a poverty strategy.” Toronto Star. May 09.
Monsebraaten, Laurie; Daly, Rita. 2007. “Toronto families slip into poverty.” Toronto Star. November 26.
Richards, John. Reducing Poverty: What has worked, and what should come next.
Rifkin, Jeremy P. 2004. The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream. Jeremy P. Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-345-9
Rothman, Laurel. 2000. “Richer, poorer.” Letter to the Editor. National Post. Toronto. December.
Rothman, Laurel; Shillington, Richard. 2000. “A place for every child: building an inclusive society.” Peterborough Examiner. December 7.
Statistics Canada. 2006. “National balance sheet accounts: Third Quarter”. Press Release. Ottawa, ON. December 15, 2006.
UNICEF. 2001. Innocenti Report Card. Issue No. 1.
UNICEF. 2007. “Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries: The most comprehensive assessment to date of the lives and well-being of children and adolescents in the economically advanced nations.” Innocenti Report Card 7, 2007. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence.
United Way of Greater Toronto. 2007. Losing Ground: The Persistent Growth of Family Poverty in Canada’s Largest City.
Yalnizyan, Armine. 2010. “Canada’s Poverty Hole: New income data suggests troubling poverty trends are unfolding in Canada.” National Office. June 21, 2010
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Approximately 3 billion people worldwide play video games and about 74% of households in the U.S. have at least one family member who plays video games (1). Furthermore, roughly 76% of Americans under 18 and 67% of adults play games, while 7% of people older than 65 play video games.
With the increasing popularity of video gaming, it’s no surprise that gamers have become more competitive. This has led to “eSports” (i.e., electronic sports), a form of competition using video games (2). Taking the form of organized, multiplayer video game competitions, by the late 2000s live streaming saw a large surge in popularity in eSports through spectatorship of professional gamers (3,4). Then, in October of 2017, the International Olympic Committee lent legitimacy to video gaming by acknowledging the growing popularity of eSports, concluding that competitive eSports could be considered as a sporting activity (5).
The dietary supplement opportunity
In consideration of the rise of eSports, not to mention the sporting desire to achieve your personal best in the game of your choice, this all presents an opportunity to develop dietary supplement formulas for gamers. The goal of such formulations would likely be to improve gamers’ concentration, endurance, accuracy, decision making, and reaction time—as well as providing them with protection against harmful blue light (more on this later). So now, let’s look at those nutraceuticals that have been studied in human clinical research for these purposes.
Inositol-enhanced arginine silicate
A double-blind placebo-controlled study (6) examined the effect of an inositol-enhanced arginine silicate oral supplement (nooLVL, 1500 mg + 100 mg of additional inositol) on cognitive performance and energy in eSport gamers. Sixty healthy men and women who spent 5 or more hours a week playing video games were randomly assigned to take the supplement or placebo for 7 days. On day 1 and 7, before and 15 minutes after dosing, subjects completed the following cognitive tests:
- Trail Making Test (TMT) – Measures visual attention and task switching.
- Stroop Test – Measures selective attention capacity and skills, and processing speed.
- Profile of Mood States (POMS) Questionnaire – Measures mood by focusing on tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment.
Subjects then played a video game for 60 min. Immediately after, cognitive tests were repeated. Self-reported energy levels increased, anger decreased, and TMT test errors decreased in the supplement group compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Fatigue, TMT score improved in the supplement group compared to baseline (p < 0.05). After 60 min of gaming, supplementation decreased Stroop Test errors and TMT time (p < 0.05). These data appear to support the use of inositol-enhanced arginine silicate in eSport gamers looking to improve their accuracy, decision making, and reaction time during gaming.
Aronia melanocarpa extract
An open label study (7) was conducted to investigate the effects of a proprietary Aronia melanocarpa extract (BrainBerry) on self-assessed cognitive performance and mood in young, healthy female and male amateur gamers. Participants took part in three gaming sessions at the end of which they had to fill out an online questionnaire to rate their perceived gaming skills, mood, and sleep quality. The first gaming session was played without any supplement intake (baseline). On the second trial day the 7-days supplementation began with a daily dose of one Aronia extract effervescent tablet (65 mg Aronia extract 9.17 mg caffeine, 2.9 mcg vitamin B12). The same questionnaire was completed after acute and following 7 days of supplementation. Results were that a significant improvement in perceived eye-hand coordination, focus, energy, concentration and reaction time scores were observed following acute and 7-day ingestion of Aronia extract in comparison to baseline. Differences in perceived multi-tasking ability and happiness scores were also significantly (P < 0.05) increased after 7-day Aronia extract supplementation compared to baseline.
In conclusion, short-term administration of Aronia extract resulted in significant beneficial effects on self-assessed cognitive performance and mood during a video-gaming session. This is the first study to demonstrate acute & short-term improvement in eye-hand coordination, focus, energy, happiness following supplementation with a clinically validated Aronia extract. It should be noted that no negative impact was recorded on quality of sleep, fatigue and anxiety. This data suggests that Aronia extract could be a meaningful addition to any dietary supplement that aims to improve gaming performance in a natural way.
Lutein and zeaxanthin
Digital devices, such as video display terminals on computers (monitors), projects a wavelength of light called blue light which penetrate deeply into the eye, and has great potential to damage retinal tissue by inducing free radicals, etc. (8-11). Research indicates that headache, eye fatigue and other indications of eye strain are associated with the daily use of video display terminals on computers and other electronic devices, and are common with 3 or more hours/day of exposure; and such exposure is common. In fact, 30% of adults spend more than half their waking hours (more than 9 hours) using a digital device, 50% of Americans use digital devices more than 5 hours a day, and 70% use two or more digital devices at the same time.
Research (12) has shown that the following values of symptom prevalence were found in women and men, respectively who had extended daily exposure to blue light: eye strain 50.7% and 32.6%, disturbed visual acuity 38.3% and 21.2%, mucosal dryness and eye burning 46.5% and 24.2%. Such visual health related symptoms in adults and children resulting from blue light digital exposure is now referred to as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) (13). Clearly, gamers are at high risk for CVS.
The good news is that supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin isomers can provide substantial protection against blue light damage. These carotenoids are located in the eye—specifically the macula region of the retina. Because these carotenoids are yellow, they selectively absorb high-energy blue light, effectively protecting the retina region from the light spectrum that can cause tissue damage, and limiting the ability of light to generate free-radical oxygen and inflammation. Essentially, they act as primary filters of high-energy blue light. You might think of them as an internal pair of sunglasses for your eyes.
Multiple studies (14-18) have demonstrated that a specific blend of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (Lutemax 2020) reduced headaches, eye fatigue and eye strain, improved visual performance and total antioxidant potential, reduced psychological stress and improved sleep quality. Doses used in these studies ranged between 10-20 mg of lutein and 2-4 mg of zeaxanthin.
Video gaming/ eSports has become a prevalent activity amongst Americans, and many gamers may wish to improve concentration, endurance, accuracy, decision making, and reaction time—as well as gain protection against harmful blue light. Supplementation with inositol-enhanced arginine silicate and a proprietary Aronia melanocarpa extract, as well as lutein and zeaxanthin, may help gamers to achieve those goals. Dietary supplement brand owners would do well to consider a gaming supplement as a potential addition to their product line.
Related: Naturally Informed Education: E-Sports & Gaming
Nutritional Keys to Mentally Sharper & Stress-Free!
- Gaming Statistics. TrueList. 5/24/22. Retrieved June 22, 2022 from https://truelist.co/blog/gaming-statistics/#:~:text=Over%20227%20million%20people%20in,than%2065%20play%20video%20games.
- Hamari J, Sjöblom M. What is eSports and why do people watch it? Internet Research.2016; 27 (2): 211–232.
- Tassi, Paul (20 December 2012). “2012: The Year of eSports”. Forbes. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- Ben Popper (30 September 2013). “Field of Streams: How Twitch Made Video Games a Spectator Sport”. The Verge. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- Grohmann, Karolos (28 October 2017). “E-sports just got closer to being part of the Olympics”. Reuters. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- Tartar JL, Kalman D, Hewlings S. A Prospective Study Evaluating the Effects of a Nutritional Supplement Intervention on Cognition, Mood States, and Mental Performance in Video Gamers. Nutrients. 2019 Oct; 11(10): 2326.
- Proprietary Aronia berry extract improves acute and short-term gaming performance in a young, healthy gamer population: study report. BioActor B.V. Brightlands Health Campus Gaetano Martinolaan 85, 6229GS Maastricht, Netherlands. Unpublished. March 29, 2021: 19 pgs.
- Tosini G, Ferguson I, Tsubota K. Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. Mol Vis. 2016 Jan 24;22:61-72.
- Wu J, Seregard S, Algvere PV. Photochemical damage of the retina. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep-Oct;51(5):461-81.
- Algvere PV, Marshall J, Seregard S. Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006 Feb;84(1):4-15.
- Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). 2012. Health Effects of Artificial Light. Accessed from http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_035.pdf.
- Kowalska M, Zejda JE, Bugajska J, Braczkowska B, Brozek G, Malińska M. [Eye symptoms in office employees working at computer stations]. [Article in Polish] Med Pr. 2011;62(1):1-8.
- Akinbinu TR, Mashalla YJ. Impact of computer technology on health: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Medical Practice and Review. 2014;5(3):20-30.
- Stringham JM, O’Brien KJ, Stringham NT. Macular carotenoid supplementation improves disability glare performance and dynamics of photostress recovery. Eye Vis (Lond). 2016 Nov 11;3:30.
- Stringham NT, Holmes PV, Stringham JM. Supplementation with macular carotenoids reduces psychological stress, serum cortisol, and sub-optimal symptoms of physical and emotional health in young adults. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Feb 15:1-11.
- Contrast sensitivity – Accepted (IOVS) in press
- Stringham J. Effects of three levels of lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density, psychological stress levels, and overall health. Nutritional Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Georgia. Unpublished. 2016:17 pgs.
- Stringham JM et al. Short-term macular carotenois supplementation improves overall sleep quality. ARVO 2016 Annual Meeting Abstracts
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Ms L came to see me reluctantly. Her parents had made an appointment with the Eating Disorders Clinic without her knowledge.
She discovered she would be seeing a psychiatrist only that morning and, naturally, she was very angry when she came into the consultation room.
She kept silent for quite a while. It was only with much persuasion that she relented to speak. But she soon broke into tears.
Ms L was 16 years old when, at a festive gathering, some of her relatives said she had put on weight. She became conscious of her appearance and tried to lose weight.
Over the next few months, she went on a strict regimen of eating less and exercising more. She felt good about herself only when she lost weight.
Her diet subsequently changed to one which comprised only vegetables and fruit. She refused to take any form of carbohydrates or meat.
She thought that eating meat and fried food would make her fat.
Ms L also became more active, running at least an hour a day, in addition to her physical education lessons in school.
Her parents noticed the drastic weight loss and her mood changes.
Their attempts at encouraging her to eat more and exercise less were often met with anger. She often left the dining table in tears whenever her parents encouraged her to eat more. She would sometimes keep to herself at home.
She could not stop the punishing exercise regimen and extreme dieting. She was afraid that if she stopped exercising and ate more, she would gain a lot of weight.
She also lost sleep over her O levels. She was tired on most days and lost interest in most things.
Once a syndrome that was associated with the affluent West – affecting women in particular – eating disorder is a growing phenomenon in Asia, such as in Malaysia, Hong Kong, India and Singapore.
A 2006 study showed that 7.4 per cent of young Singaporean women with a mean age of about 16 years were at risk of developing an eating disorder.
Another study in 2005 examining the clinical characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa found that school and work stress were common factors that brought on the illness.
Most people with this condition also suffered from depression, the study found. In fact, it was reported that the symptoms of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa here were not very different from their Western counterparts’.
In a 2015 study here which compared the clinical profile of patients with those in the 2005 study, patients were found to be suffering from more severe forms of anorexia nervosa.
They tend to have a lower body weight and body mass index (BMI). Mood disorder was also a common psychiatric condition.
More than a quarter of the patients also had medical complications such as bradycardia or a weak heartbeat, low bone density and electrolyte abnormalities or an imbalance of minerals in the body.
This study showed that from 2003 to 2010, the number of new cases of anorexia nervosa increased by 115 per cent.
The reluctance to seek treatment is not uncommon.
We took several sessions to build a rapport with Ms L. She later revealed that she was worried that poor sleep and difficulty in concentration were affecting her studies.
She did not understand that her poor diet was taking a toll on her physical and mental health.
She was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and major depressive disorder, and was admitted to hospital for a short period.
Her weight was dangerously low, her periods had stopped and she was suffering from low heart rate and low blood pressure.
Even when she was in hospital, she needed persuasion and encouragement to eat more.
The first few days in hospital were tough for her.
Fortunately, with reassurance from our multidisciplinary team, comprising a dietitian, nurses and therapist, as well as support from her parents and younger sister, Ms L was finally able to start eating normally again and her physical health soon improved.
Her state of mind also became better. As her self-esteem improved, she stopped feeling guilty about eating and she was no longer fixated about body-image issues such as size and shape.
Her body was able to start recovering after she stopped her punishing exercise regimen.
She began to sleep better and was able to concentrate on her revision for her O levels.
After she was discharged from hospital, she continued with family-based therapy and outpatient monitoring. (Family- based therapy is an intensive form of therapy which involves the family as a unit, with the aim of restoring weight and re-establishing normal eating for a young patient with anorexia nervosa).
Happily, she passed her examinations and was enrolled into the junior college of her choice.
Family-based therapy is the mainstay of outpatient treatment for younger patients with anorexia nervosa. Other forms of treatment include nutritional rehabilitation to normalise eating patterns by supporting patients with exposure to their feared foods, encouraging them to eat a greater variety of foods and using different methods of food preparation.
For some patients, individual psychotherapy and art therapy sessions may help.
We generally do not rely on medications to treat anorexia nervosa unless the patient is suffering from other psychiatric conditions such as depression or anxiety.
Anti-depressants can be considered, but underweight patients are more prone to side effects such as hyponatraemia (abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood) and gastrointestinal disturbances. Hence, such prescriptions are given with much caution.
Ms L recovered without the need for medication. As she sought help early, her symptoms were not so entrenched. Her family was supportive, providing her with comfort and reassurance.
Such support is important as it strengthened her determination to overcome her problems during the months of treatment.
She was discharged well from the clinic after a year of treatment.
This article was originally published in The Straits Times.
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A DISCOVERY made on the borderline between the Comitium and the Forum, on June 15, 1899, has set the archæological world astir, and given rise to a much debated controversy. To make the matter clear to the reader, I must go back to the very beginning of the present campaign of exploration, which will remain memorable forever in the archæological records of Rome.
The reason why the exploration has proved so successful must be found in the fact that former excavations—those included in which I have had a personal share, since 1871—have seldom reached the deepest levels. As soon as a paving-stone, or a brick or marble floor was found, whether imperial, or Byzantine, or mediæval, it did not matter, we were made to stop, without trying to ascertain whether older and more important relics were concealed in the lower strata. I do not mean to say that the surface ruins ought to be sacrificed to the requirements of a deeper exploration, because no archæologist in the world, however great his fame and his independence, has the right to break one single link in the chain of chronology of superposed structures, every one of which has an equal claim to existence: but there are gaps and free spaces enough between the surface ruins to allow occasionally the search to be carried down to the virgin soil.
When the space between the temples of Julius Cæsar and of Castor and Pollux was cleared away in 1882, we gave up the search at the level of the street pavements, dating from the sixth or the seventh century after Christ. Six years later Professor Otto Richter was enabled to discover the remains of the triumphal arch of Augustus, only nine inches below the line at which we had stopped in 1882.1
In 1879, when the new boulevard Principe Eugenio was laid open across the old Licinian Gardens, between the so-called Minerva Medica and the Porta Maggiore, we came across a section of the palace of Gallienus, which had been excavated by Piranesi, about a century before. Piranesi, and his associate Belardi, having reached the level of the drains, considered their task finished, and turned the spade to a more promising spot; and yet far below those drains lay buried nine columbaria, rich in cinerary urns, inscriptions, paintings, statuary, and objects of value, which I have illustrated in the “Bullettino archeol. comunale” for 1880.2
The present exploration of the Forum and neighboring sites has been undertaken, therefore, with the view of reaching the early imperial, the republican, the kingly, or even the prehistoric strata, wherever it was possible to do so without special injury to the later and higher structures. The results have been quite satisfactory, as I shall have occasion to prove more than once in the following pages. The one which comes within the scope of the present chapter is the discovery of the cenotaph (sepulcrum inane) and national monument (heroon) of Romulus, the founder of the City. It took place under the following circumstances:—
The area of the Comitium is, or rather was, separated from that of the Forum by a mediæval road leading up to the arch of Severus, so negligently paved with blocks of silex that the grooves of cart-wheels with which they are marked appear sometimes perpendicular to the line of the road. The embankment, moreover, on which they are laid is made up of loose earth and bricks and stumps of columns, and even inscribed pedestals, one of which, bearing the name of the emperor Constantius, and the date 356–359 A.D., was found September 1, 1803, “sub silicibus viæ stratæ per arcum Severi.”3 In trying to ascertain how far and how deep the area of the Comitium—which is paved, like that of the Forum, with slabs of travertine—extended under this late road, Commendatore Boni, who is in charge of the excavations, discovered on January 10, 1899, an enclosure twelve feet long, nine feet wide, screened by a marble parapet on three sides, and paved with slabs of the blackest kind of Tænarian marble.
In estimating the value of this discovery we must bear in mind two facts. The first is that the Forum, the Comitium, the Sacra Via, and the surrounding edifices were seriously injured or completely destroyed by the fire of Carinus, 283 A.D., the damages of which were made good by Diocletian, who rebuilt the Basilica Julia, the Forum Julium, the Græcostasis, and the Senate House; by Maxentius, who rebuilt the temple of Cæsar, the Regia, the Porticus Margaritaria, and the temple of Venus and Rome, and by the S.P.Q.R., which “(templum Saturni) incendio consumptum restituit,” as the inscription on the pronaos asserts. We therefore see the Forum and the Comitium not as they were seen and described by the classic writers of the Republic and of the early Empire, but as they were manipulated and rearranged by Diocletian and Maxentius after the disaster of 283.
Now, as among the many acres of public squares, or streets, or sacred enclosures, or courts laid bare at Rome, Ostia, Tusculum, Præneste, Tibur, Cures, Veii, not an inch of black flooring has ever been found, this small corner of the Comitium, “stratum lapide nigro,” unique in its kind, must have a special meaning. Considering, furthermore, that ancient writers mention the existence of a Black Stone in this identical spot, we cannot help connecting the find with their testimony, and we come to the conclusion that we actually behold one of the most famous relics of the early days of Rome. Of course we are not sure whether the black slabs are the identical ones set up in the Comitium at the time of the Kings; I believe they are not: but what we know for certain is that when Diocletian repaved the Comitium in 284, slightly raising its level, he thought it necessary to perpetuate the memory of the place by paving with Tænarian marble a small enclosure in front of the Senate House, making use probably of the same slabs which had marked the spot since the time of Augustus or Domitian.
So far so good. The difficulties begin when we endeavor to find out why the “lapis niger” was set up in the Comitium, and what its meaning was. Ancient writers agree on one point, that it was an enclosure sacred to the memory of the dead, but they vary as to its significance. Sextus Pompeius Festus, a Roman grammarian of the second century, whose treatise “De verborum significatione” is abridged from a greater work on the same subject by M. Verrius Flaccus, another celebrated etymologist of the time of Augustus, says: “The Black Stone in the Comitium marks a place of ill omen, destined as a grave to Romulus, although the hero was not actually buried there: others say that either Faustulus, the Palatine shepherd, or Hostilius, the grandfather of King Tullius,” lies buried there instead of Romulus. The text of M. Terentius Varro, whose vast and varied erudition in almost every department of literature earned for him the title of prince of the Roman men of letters, is lost, but what he thought about the Black Stone is told us by three commentators of Horace.4 Varro thought it marked the tomb of Romulus, the founder of the City, because, he says, “two stone lions have been erected to guard it, like that of a hero; and because funeral orations in honor of great men are still delivered from the Rostra close by.” Dionysius speaks of one lion as being still visible in his days. Lastly, we hear that those stones of ill omen marked the spot where Romulus had been cut to pieces (discerptus) by the mob. Speaking of this conflicting evidence, in the sitting of the Reale Accademia dei Lincei of January 22, 1899, I remarked that the fact of the enclosure and of the black floor having been reconstructed at so late an age, by Diocletian or Maxentius, in preference to many other landmarks of this famous district, shows how essential it was in the mind of the Romans to perpetuate the tradition. Considering, therefore, that the place has not been disturbed since the fall of the Empire, it was easy to ascertain, by tunnelling the ground at the proper level, whether anything remarkable was buried under that floor, like an earthen jar, a stone coffin, or some other relic from the prehistoric age.
Nearly five months elapsed before the exploration could be carried through: but we did not lose much by waiting. First to appear was a grave (fossa) once guarded by two great stone lions: the lions have disappeared, but their oblong pedestals are almost intact. A sacrificial stone is laid over the grave or cenotaph, while on the right side of the lions stand upright in their original position a conical pillar, and a pyramidal stone covered with Greek letters of archaic type. Back of this monumental group, the various parts of which are so intimately connected with one another, a raised platform was found, 3.44 metres long, 1.60 metres wide, so similar to the Argæan altars of the Cermalus and of S. Martino ai Monti, that it was undoubtedly intended for a similar use. I confess that in my long experience of Roman excavations I was never more impressed than at the sight of this venerable monument raised in honor of the founder of the City not long after his death, a simple and yet not inelegant work of an Etruscan stonecutter of the time of Servius Tullius. The various parts of the group, the lions, the pillar, the stele, and the altar have all been purposely injured and mutilated by the violence of man. The pillar and the stele are broken off at about one third of their original height; the plinth of the left lion is half destroyed, half moved out of place. The whole group was found imbedded in a layer of sacrificial remains, from fifteen to twenty inches thick, such as charred bones of victims (young bulls, sheep, goats, swine), small vases, clay disks representing cakes, figurines cast in metal or cut in bone, pieces of “æs rude,” and so forth. It has been said, but we have as yet no official confirmation of the fact, that the layer contained also two or three small chips of the black flooring itself, which must have been broken and split by the same hands by which the Comitium was reduced to a heap of smouldering ruins.
Whose hands were they? There seems to be but one answer to the query. We behold the palpable, the speaking evidence of the storming and sacking of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C. Whether the senators and the patricians, who had deemed it inconsistent with their dignity to abandon the City and their duties by an ignoble flight, were actually murdered here, as stated by Plutarch (Camill. 21), or in the vestibules of their houses, as stated by Livy (v. 40), or whether they were murdered at all, is still a matter of discussion; but the incident of the centurion, related by the same historian (v. 50), certainly refers to the place now excavated. While the senators were assembled on the site of the Curia Hostilia to discuss the proposal of emigrating to Veii, and the people crowded around to learn the result of their deliberations, a company of soldiers happened to cross the Comitium, and the centurion, whether by chance or by design, gave the command, “Ensign, fix the standard here: hic manebimus optime!” Senators and plebeians accepted the omen, and the emigration to Veii was unanimously negatived. Now one of their first thoughts in undertaking the reconstruction and the reorganization of the City was to purify it from the profanation it had suffered at the hands of the barbarians. “Senatus consultum factum,” Livy says, “fana omnia, quod ea hostis possedisset, restituerentur, terminarentur, expiarenturque: expiatio eorum per duumviros quæreretur.”5 The purification was the more necessary for the Curia and the Comitium, as they were both consecrated places.
It was suggested at first that the layer of votive offerings by which the Heroon is enveloped is not the result of sacrifices performed here for a certain number of years or of centuries, but the outcome of the purification made after the retreat of the Gauls. The analysis of the single objects, however, has proved that they are not contemporary, not even approximately so; but that the formation of the heap must have required several centuries.
In studying the group constituting, as it were, the national monument to the founder of the City, we must take into consideration its various parts, viz., the cenotaph guarded by the lions, the sacrificial stone, the pillar, the inscribed pyramid, the altar, and the wells or receptacles for votive offerings which are to be found by scores in the neighboring district.
First as to the tomb. In the early days of Rome, when the population was still dwelling within the limits of the Palatine hill, the mundus or round pit that marked the centre of the consecrated space was obviously in the centre of the hill itself, at the intersecting point of the two meridian lines, the cardo and the decumanus. Its location was indicated by a heap of stones, which in course of time took the shape of a square altar, named the Roma Quadrata, a venerable relic preserved through the lapse of centuries to the end of the Empire. Had the Latin element of the population determined to raise a memorial to its leader, apart from their neighbors, the Sabines and the Etruscans, they would no doubt have located it at their own mundus, viz., at the Roma Quadrata. The monument we have found, however, has a much higher signification: it is the joint offering of all the elements of the Roman population dwelling on the Septimontium, after their amalgamation into one body by Numa and Servius. Its site, therefore, was selected outside the boundaries of the Sabine, the Aboriginal, the Etruscan, and the Latin sections, occupying respectively the Quirinal, the Capitoline, the Cælian, and the Palatine hills; and the monument rose, as it were, on neutral or common ground, in the hollow space between those heights, where the bartering trade between the various tribes had already given rise to a rudimentary Forum.
According to the Roman legend, Romulus and Tatius, after the mediation of the Sabine women, met on the spot where the battle had been fought, and made peace and an alliance. The spot, a low, damp, grassy field, bordering on the marshes of the lesser Velabrum, and exposed to the floods of a local stream, named (probably) Spinon, took the name of Comitium, from the verb coire, to assemble. Other reasons justified the selection of the site. Here was the Volkanal, where business of state between the two kings, Romulus and Tatius, and their councillors had been transacted for a while; and here was the stone hall, or Curia, where the meetings of the Senate of the federal or amalgamated city were henceforth to take place. Here ran a stream of living water, with which, on the commemorative feast of the hero, the flamen could purify himself before offering the sacrifice. For this reason, and also because of the thought that life is like the water of a river that flows into the sea of eternity and disappears, memorials to heroes were raised in preference along the banks of rivers. Thus Æneas was buried on the river Numicius, at the foot of the hills of Lavinium. Romulus, on his part, had his memorial both on the river which ran through the heart of the Etrusco-Sabino-Latin Rome, and in the Agora or market-place, which, according to a tradition dating as far back as Theseus, was the place of honor in Argæan and Pelasgic cities. The location, in fact, was so happily selected that the centre, the ὀμϕαλὸς, the umbilicus Romœ, was never shifted from this spot, even when the population rose to one million, and the great city expanded miles away from the original nucleus on the Palatine.
The Heroon sacred to Romulus, the protecting genius of the City, became an object of popular worship, and propitiations were offered and sacrifices performed at its altar, especially in troubled or dangerous times. For this purpose a fossa or receptacle was always attached to the Heroon, to which the victim was brought, and where it was slain so that its blood might flow inside, and give joy and satisfaction to the spirit of the hero and appease his wrath. The mysterious and irresistible power of the same spirit was symbolized by one or two lions,—an Oriental conception which, from immemorial times, had been popular in the Ægean islands, in Greece, and in Italy. I need hardly quote the well known instance of Leonidas, in whose memory a lion was raised on the hillock in the pass of Thermopylæ, where he and his gallant followers had made their last stand. Varro, speaking of the lions of Romulus, uses the expression, “sicut in sepulchris videmus” (as we see in other [heroic] tombs).
I am not sure whether the sacrificial stone which we see still lying over the fossa, between the pedestals of the lions, is the original one, or whether it is a restoration after the invasion of the Gauls. In either case, it must certainly have witnessed some extraordinary and blood-curdling scenes. There is no doubt that the small figurines of clay, bone, bronze, and amber found in the layer of votive offerings are real ν εκρῶν ἀγάλματα—images of the dead—indicative of human sacrifices. They represent a stiff, naked human figure with the arms stretched close to the body, without any sign of life, very different, therefore, from the figurines found in or near the temples of the gods, which appear full of life and brightness.
It is true that only bones of young animals have been found in the sacrificial strata; but it is not improbable that—under exceptionally anxious circumstances—human victims were slain over this stone, and human blood was made to flow into the cenotaph below. We must not forget that Numa Pompilius, or whoever first organized Roman worship and dictated the code of Roman religion, was imbued with the dark and cruel principles of the Sabine belief, which Livy (i. 13) calls “sad and awe-inspiring.” If the great Æneas himself had endeavored to assuage the wrath of Pallas with human blood, the descendants of his race might equally well have resorted to the same means of propitiation when the interests, nay, the very safety of the Commonwealth were at stake. Roman writers assert, it is true, that Druidic rites were excluded from the national religious code after the time of the Kings, but we know that on more than one occasion cruel deeds were perpetrated. A man and a woman were immolated in the Forum Boarium after the battle of Cannæ; and although Livy gives the excuse that the immolation was against the law,—minime romano sacro,—still we have reason to suspect that exceptions to the rule were not infrequent. A Senatus-consultum was actually passed as late as 96 B.C. forbidding ne homo immolaretur. And to what purpose? Not speaking of what continued to take place in certain savage countries, nominally subjected to the Empire, like Armorica and the Cottian Alps, human blood was shed in the Campus Martins at the time of Cæsar, and human victims were slain at the old federal temple on Monte Cavo and in Diana's grove at Nemi, under the Empire. The Christian apologists, Justin, Tatian, Minucius Felix, Tertullian, Lactantius, and Prudentius are unanimous in attributing the deed to the pagans. Perhaps they exaggerate; perhaps their complaints have no more ground to stand upon than those which are repeated in our own days against the Russian or the Hungarian Jews; but I am not speaking of the third or fourth century after Christ. I am speaking of the early days of the City, when the people had not yet developed the wonderful practical sense of a later age, when little value was attached to human life, and when religion had not yet lost the ferocity common to uncivilized races. Why should we find in Rome so many substitutions for a regularly recurring human sacrifice if it had not been actually practised in bygone times? We find them in the ver sacrum when the firstborn of a tribe was devoted to a god, and sent out from the City; we find them in the Lupercalia when the young men were smeared with the victim's blood; we find them in the spilling of the blood of a gladiator at the feriœ Latinœ on the Alban hills. These rites were meant to perpetuate the cruel tradition in a mysterious and attenuated form. Every year, in the month of June, when the fishermen of the Tiber celebrated their gathering, live fishes were offered to Vulcan as substitutes for human souls (pro animis humanis). The Vulcanal was the scene of another strange performance on the feast day of Maia, the wife of Vulcan, when heads of garlic and of poppies were offered to her in substitution for infants, whose sacrifice, tolerated by the Kings, was only abolished by Brutus after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the month of May rush-puppets resembling men, tied hand and foot, were cast into the Tiber from the Sublician bridge. As a last instance I quote the fate of Mettus Curtius, and his leaping into the chasm, the edges of which closed over him like the lid of a grave; because, considering the fact that the plague was raging in Rome at the time, his action must be interpreted as a human sacrifice, as a self-immolation.
Considering all these things, we cannot behold these figurines of men stiff in the rigidity of death, or wound up in bands like mummies, without a certain emotion, connected as they are with the severe and melancholy practices of early Sabino-Roman worship. The sacrificial layer of which they form part contains other objects of interest, which are now exhibited in a room on the Sacra Via, near the remains of the arch of Fabius.6 Numerous above all are the fragments of black ware which was never used for the necessities of life, but made expressly for funeral purposes. The goblets and cups are never whole, being represented, as a rule, by one single fragment, in accordance with another ritual practice significant of the end of the funeral banquet.
These vases are either of buccaro (black clay) or of local imitation of buccaro; a few other fragments belong to Greek pottery which must have been imported into Rome by the way of Etruria. The cut on page 19 represents a piece of a Chalcidian amphora, with the figure of Dionysos riding a donkey, and holding the drinking cup with the right hand, in a style which is peculiar and characteristic of the end of the seventh and of the beginning of the sixth century B.C. This piece was found nearer to the bottom than to the surface of the votive layer. Taking, therefore, the end of the seventh century as the beginning of the formation of the layer, we are sure that the hero-worship, in this rude primitive form, lasted for a long time, because other fragments of Attic pottery have been picked up near the surface which date from about 550 B.C. I do not mean to say that the practice of offering ex-votos was given up at that date; on the contrary, we have reason to believe that it was continued as late as the burning of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., and even later, but the upper strata have disappeared in the general wreck of the Comitium, together with the lions and the upper portions of the pillar and the pyramid. When the damages of the wreck were made good, the Senate House rebuilt, the Comitium restored to its original design, its level raised by about three feet, and the Heroon concealed for the first time under a flooring of black stones, regular wells were provided all round, so that the votive offerings would no longer be cast loose and spread all over the place, but put down in regular and duly consecrated receptacles. The number of these votive wells known to us is constantly increasing: probably there were as many as there were tribes in Rome, viz., thirty-five. Some are diamond shaped, some trapezoid; but the majority are square and about four feet deep. Unfortunately they have been found empty, or, to speak more exactly, filled only with mud and fine earth, that had filtered through the interstices of the lid with which their openings were sealed when the Forum and the Comitium were raised to a still higher level. One of these sacred wells appears in the plan of the Heroon given above (p. 9).
The sacrificial layer contains a great variety of objects: some of personal wear, like fibulæ and clay beads; some connected with the pleasures of life, such as dice and astragaloi. No trace of coined metal has been found, but only bits of copper or bronze, the analysis of which has not been published yet. I believe that when the Forum was raised to its highest level, about the time of Sulla or of Cæsar, the contents of the wells were spread over and around the Heroon. No wonder, therefore, that the layer should contain objects pertaining to the last century of the Republic.
Pillars, according to Servius, are another characteristic mark of the graves of heroes. The one discovered near the pedestal of the west lion—overthrown by the Gauls so that only its lowest section is left standing to tell the tale—is slightly tapering in shape. Without borrowing from Greece and Sicily instances of this architectural device to honor and perpetuate the memory of great men, we find in the Forum itself parallel cases in the Columna Mænia, in the Columna Julia, in the grave of the Charioteer, and in the naval pillar of Duilius. The fate of the Charioteer is told by Dionysius. He was struck by lightning while racing in the Circus, and his remains were interred at the foot of the Janiculum; but mysterious events began to spread such terror in the neighborhood that the Senate ordered the body to be removed to the Vulcanal, where a column with the effigy of the deceased was raised over the grave.
When the partisans of Cæsar, the first deified Roman of historical times, determined to consecrate the spot where his body had been cremated, at the east end of the Forum (just as the opposite or west end was sacred to the memory of the founder of the City), they saw no better means of carrying out their design than the raising of a column of Numidian marble, twenty feet high, inscribed PARENTI PATRIÆ (to the Father of the country).
The pedestal of this column is still to be seen in a semicircular recess in front of the temple of Cæsar, as shown in the illustration below.
The interest of this beautiful chain of discoveries culminates in the inscribed stele or pyramid, still standing, after twenty-five centuries, on the identical site where one of the Kings had set it up, near the place of assembly of the Elders. The inscription was engraved by the stonecutter while the block lay horizontal, running first from the right to the left, and going on backwards and forwards like the plough in the wheatfield (βουστροϕηδόν). This very early style of palægraphy, not uncommon in Greece, was unknown to the Etruscans, Umbrians, Oscans, and also (we believed) to the Latins. It appears in a few inscriptions from Picenum and Marsica, lands inhabited by a rough and uncultured race, which followed early traditions and habits to a very late period. Considering that the βουστροϕηδόν was in use only during the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., and, furthermore, that the words of the inscription are separated by three vertical dots,—a mode of punctuation which dates also from the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth century,—we are entitled to believe that the stele must belong to the same age.
It seems that the primitive Romans became acquainted with the Greek (Doric-Corinthian) alphabet, not by the way of Cumæ, as was thought at first, but by the way of Cære. From Cære, likewise, came the alphabet in use at Veii, a splendid specimen of which was discovered in my presence at Formello in 1878, engraved on a buccaro vase7 now in the collection of Prince Chigi. In fact, the Romans borrowed from Cære not only the fifteen or sixteen letters of their early alphabet,8 but also their religious institutions (Cœremoniæ ceremonies). The stele of the Comitium leaves no doubt on this subject: it proves, moreover, how exact are early Roman annalists and historians—whose authority it has been the fashion to deny, and whose word it has been the fashion to disbelieve—when they speak of the laws of the Kings and of public treaties engraved on wood or stone in a language that could be understood no more. Polybius (iii. 22) mentions this fact apropos of the convention, signed Anno Urbis 245, between the Romans and the Carthaginians.
Dionysius (iv. 26) describes a bronze stele of the time of King Servius Tullius upon which archaic Greek letters were engraved. Livy (xl. 29) says that the volumes found in Numa's coffin in the field of L. Petillius were written in Greco-Latin characters. Pliny (xvi. 87) describes a venerable oak in the Vatican district, believed to be older than Rome itself, to which a label written in Etruscan letters was nailed, declaring the tree to be a sacred object. Tacitus himself compares the lettering of these ancient records to the oldest Hellenic specimens of handwriting.
All these invaluable documents perished in the Gaulish fire of 390 B.C. “Parvæ et raræ per eadem tempora literæ fuere,” Livy says, vi. 1, “quæ in commentariis pontificum aliisque publicis privatisque erant monumentis, incensa urbe (a Gallis) pleræque interiere.”9This rough block of stone, discovered June 15, 1899, is the only one, as far as we know, that partially escaped destruction in that great catastrophe. It contains a pontifical law, which is at the same time a royal law, specifying the ritual of certain public sacrifices, in the dialect spoken in Rome towards the end of the seventh century before Christ. It appears as if Livy must have had this stele before his eyes, or fresh in his memory, when he wrote the well-known passage (i. 20): “Numa Pompilius selected a high priest, and gave him a sacred code, in which the ritual of sacrifices was specified, what victims ought to be slain, on what days of the year, at what temples,” etc. The whole inscription of the stele is summarized in Livy's words: quibus hostiis (FORDAS, SORDAS) quibus diebus (EIDIASIAS, NOUNASIAS) ad quœ templa (SAKROS SESED, SAKROS SED).10 The document abounds in words—abounds, in comparison with the total—which do not appear in the Latin language: another proof of remote antiquity, because, as Horace expresses it, “words are formed and die out like the leaves of the tree,” but the years in the life of words are centuries!
Professor Ceci reads the inscription and supplies the missing words as follows:—
“Quoi ho(rdas veigead, veigetod) sakros sesed. Sor(das sakros sed. Eid)iasias regei lo(iba adferad ad rem d)evam. Quos re(x per mentore)m kalatorem hap(ead endo ada)giod, ioux menta capia(d) dota v(ovead. Ini)m ite ri k(oised nounasias i)m. Quoi havelod nequ(am sied dolod malo)d, diove estod. (Qu)oi voviod (sacer diove estod).”
“Whoever wants to immolate pregnant cows [fordas], he should do it by the shrine. Pregnant sows should be immolated away from the shrine. The ritual cakes used in sacrificing should be brought to the rex sacrorum at the time of the full moon.11 Whoever wants to immolate pregnant cows or sows, having obtained leave from the rex sacrorum through the kalator, must take the auspices, and present his votive offerings. The same rules must be followed when sacrifices are performed at the first quarter of the moon [the Nonæ of later times]. Whosoever disregards the sacred laws concerning the auspices and the votive offerings, let him be sacred to Jupiter” (which means that he may be killed with impunity).
Professor Ceci ends his report with this remarkable sentence: “I shall not say that the discovery of the stele marks the ‘bankruptcy’ of the modern hypercritical school, especially German, but one thing is certain: the discovery will shake the faith of the many who have sworn blindly by the word of Niebuhr and Ihne and will revive the hopes of the few who trust to the authority of Livy, and believe in the historical value of early Roman traditions.”
These words, the reader may well imagine, have occasioned a great outcry on either side of the Alps, for the hypercritical school counts many adepts in Italy, even more “negative” than their ultramontane teachers; they remind us of certain adepts of the Wagnerian school, who, in their attempt to follow in the wake of the great master, have gone to extremes unknown to him, and have produced lacerating sounds instead of harmony.
A just and impartial account of the controversy over Ceci's publication has been given by Giacomo Tropea, professor of ancient history in the University of Messina;12 another by Raffaele de Cara, in the last two volumes of the Civiltá Cattolica. We do not know whether Professor Ceci is right or wrong; but his interpretation of the stele has nothing to do with the main question at issue. The date of the monument does not depend exclusively upon the meaning of the words inscribed on it; but it can be determined from other points of view, such as that of its topographical surroundings and of its depth below the level of the republican and imperial fora. The Heroon occupies the level trodden by human feet in the valley of the Forum at the time of the Kings when the greater part of the space between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills was a swamp fed by the unruly river, which drained the valley of Quirinus, the Subura, the Carinæ and the Argiletum, and by copious local springs. Now the first thought of the dwellers on the Palatine, as soon as they had joined hands with the Sabines of the Quirinal, and made one city out of the various tribal settlements of the Septimontium, was to drain the land which they had selected for their market, and where they were wont to assemble on election days. The scheme, according to tradition, was carried into execution by the elder Tarquin, who lined the banks of the stream (Spinon?) with great square blocks of stone, leaving a channel about five feet wide so as to prevent the spreading of flood-water, and to provide the low-lying district with a permanent outlet. The increase of the population, the development of public and private constructions, the expansion of traffic soon made it necessary to cover the channel and make it run underground. This second step was taken under the rule of the second Tarquin, as described by Livy in chapters xxxviii. and lvi. of the first book. We need not, however, depend upon the testimony of ancient writers in ascertaining the chronology of these undertakings, so essential to the welfare, nay, to the very existence of a city, especially when the city occupied the centre of “a pestilential region.” That the Cloaca Maxima was built and vaulted over at the time of the Kings, before the middle of the third century of Rome, by Etruscan masons and Etruscan engineers, is a fact absolutely unquestioned in the mind of any one acquainted with the hydrography, geology, and archæology of Rome and Etruria. Now when the Heroon of Romulus was put up in the Comitium within a few feet of the Cloaca Maxima, this last was still an open channel without a roof! The level of the Heroon is three or four feet lower than the vaulted ceiling of the cloaca, which must have run in its turn two or three feet below the level of the ground.
The arguments which the hypercritics bring forth, in their attempt to break this chain of evidence, are rather vague and frail. They insist on the fact that the stele must have been inscribed and set up in the Comitium after the retreat of the Gauls, 390 B.C.; and that it is, therefore, a much later legend than that engraved on the votive vase of Dvenos,13 because the plinth of the lions and the sacrificial stone were cut by a workman acquainted with the value and the use of the Attic foot; and as this standard measure was unknown in Rome before the time of the Decemvirs (451–449 B.C.), the Heroon must be a work of that comparatively late period. This argument is a favorite one with the skeptical school, as it gives them the means of denying and upsetting not only the history but the topography of Rome for the first three centuries of its existence. In fact, the Romans being an ignorant, barbarous, wild race, the like of which, according to the skeptics, could hardly be found now in the central wilderness of New Guinea, how could they be supposed to have lived in a city built in harmony with the rules of civilization? Down, therefore, with the walls of the Palatine city, with those of Servius Tullius; down with the Prison of Ancus Marcius, with the Cloaca Maxima of Tarquinius Priscus, with the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus of Tarquinius Superbus! All these landmarks of the early days of Rome must be later than the Decemvirs, because their builders knew the existence of the Attic foot! And when I announced in 1882 the discovery of Antemnæ, as that of a settlement contemporary with the foundation of Rome, I must have been laboring under a delusion, because the stones with which the walls of that place are built measure exactly two feet in height!
It seems hardly credible that such theories can be advanced in the presence and in the light of so many discoveries by which the fundamental truth of Roman tradition is amply justified. From the earliest days the Romans borrowed masons and stonecutters from their immediate neighbors, the Etruscans of Veii,14 just as they had borrowed from the Etruscans of Cære their ceremonies and their alphabet, from the Etruscans of Vulci their vulcani or coppersmiths. If we find a similarity between the Attic, the Etruscan, and the Roman foot in those remote days, the reason is evident; the fundamental principles of their architecture and metrology descend from a common source. The prehistoric fortified villages, known by the name of Terramare, discovered by Pigorini in the valley of the Po and of its affluents, were also designed and built by engineers familiar with the principles of the “agrimetatio” on the basis of the foot (.297 metres). For all purposes let me repeat that the use of the Attic foot, as far as the Heroon Romuli is concerned, has been ascertained only in connection with the plinth of the pedestals of the lions (which measures .29 metres in height) and with the sacrificial stone (which is one foot thick, and two and a half feet long). All the rest seems to be cut at random.
This affair of the Attic measure finds its counterpart in another statement of the negative school, that the laws of the XII. Tables are also a product of the time of the Decemvirs, because we find used in them the word pœna, which must have been imported from Greece (ποινή) by the Decemvirs themselves!
To conclude. Since the discovery of the Heroon Romuli in the Comitium and of the archaic stele,—whatever the meaning of its legend may be,—the history of ancient Rome cannot longer be written in the distrustful spirit of the hypercritical school. The future rests with our conservative party, of which I was a convinced member even at a time when it required a certain amount of courage to be recognized as such and to meet the accusation of credulity, when a lecturer could not name the founder of the City as a man who had actually existed, without blushing before his audience. As Professor Otto Schmidt remarks in the “Neue Jahrbucher f. Deutsch. Liter.” (Leipzig, 1900, p. 52): “Whoever is conversant with recent German literature on the history of Rome will acknowledge that the conservative party is gaining ground every day. The future is in the hands of the conservatives.” It seems to me rather a good turn of fortune that while our opponents were proclaiming the Forum not older than 400 B.C., that dear old place should reveal to us the most convincing proof of its remote antiquity.
The tradition about the grave of Romulus never died out in Rome; it was kept alive in the Comitium by outward signs long after the original monument had been concealed from view under a flooring of black stones. In fact, we find it confirmed by imperial authority, in the most solemn form, at the beginning of the fourth century after Christ, when Maxentius raised, in front of the Senate House, the pedestal inscribed:—
MARTI • INVICTO • PATRI ET ÆTERNÆ VRBIS SVÆ CONDITORIBVS!
(“To Mars the invincible father, and to the founders of his eternal City!”) This pedestal, discovered November 12, 1899, dates probably from 312 A.D. It seems that at the beginning of that eventful year, Maxentius, having declared war against Constantine under the plea that he had caused the death of his father Maximianus, not only made elaborate preparations to stop the advance of Constantine's army, but endeavored also to propitiate the gods in his favor, those especially to whom the welfare of the City was entrusted. It is necessary to remember that when Diocletian divided the Roman empire into two parts and four sections, and gave them up to his colleagues, Maximian, Galerius, and Chlorus, besides his own leading share,—and when Nicomedia was chosen as the capital of the eastern, and Milan of the western empire, Rome, the glorious City which had ruled the world for centuries, was reduced to the rank of a provincial town.
After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, May, 305, Galerius and Chlorus became emperors (Augusti), while Severus and Daza were raised to the rank of Cæsars. The presence of so many barbarians at the head of the state exasperated the army; revolutions and civil wars broke out in Brittany, in northern Italy, and in the East, with the result that, three years later, in 308, the number of rulers had increased to six, the last comers being Constantine son of Chlorus, and Maxentius son of Maximian. Maxentius had a true Roman heart. In spite of the anxious political situation which gave him no peace and no rest, he tried to revive in Rome the tradition of its old greatness, and to emulate the Emperors of the golden days in the magnificence of his structures. I shall describe in the next chapter his reconstruction of the Clivus Sacræ Viæ, which he transformed from a narrow irregular lane into a great avenue sixty-seven feet wide, lining it on one side with the Porticus Margaritaria, on the other with the Heroon of his son Romulus and with the Basilica Nova. In the outskirts of the city he transformed the old Triopium of Herodes Atticus, described in “Pagan and Christian Rome,” p. 287, into an imperial suburban residence, adding to the accommodations of the place a circus, a palace, a basilica, and a family mausoleum. He considerably improved his own family estate at the fourteenth milestone of the Via Labicana, changing it from a farm into a villa. I visited this delightful corner of the Campagna, now called San Cesario, in the course of last winter. The villa rivals in extent that of the Quintilii on the Appian Way, while it surpasses it in natural beauty, with its well-wooded and well-watered dales, winding among vine-clad hills, with the mountains of Præneste for a background, shaded by olive groves, and crowned by the Pelasgic fortress of Castel S. Pietro. Here two pedestals were found in 1705, dedicated by Valerius Romulus, one to his father Maxentius “patri benignissimo pro amore caritatis eius,” one to his mother Valeria Maximilla “matri carissimæ pro amore adfectionis eius.” These terms of filial devotion and endearment were not dictated for appearance, nor intended to be read by outsiders; therefore they speak the truth, and give us a glimpse of the intimate life of the happy trio in their peaceful retreat on the Via Labicana, which they had enriched with a magnificent collection of works of art. The many specimens of statuary, and the set of portrait-busts found by the present owners of the estate, have just been sold to a dealer, and dispersed among various collectors on either side of the Atlantic.
If we add to the list of these works the restoration of the Appian Way from Rome to Brindisi, of the road to Laurentum, and of several aqueducts, we must admit that very few Emperors have done as much, in the space of four years, as Maxentius did between April 21, A.D. 308, the date of his accession to the throne, and October 27, 312, the day he was drowned in the Tiber while retreating from the battlefield of Saxa Rubra. The pedestal lately found in the Comitium testifies to the true Roman spirit of Maxentius, in his attempt to relieve the fortunes of his dear city. Another inscription found in the Forum, which begins with the words, “censuræ veteris, pietatisque singularis, domino nostro Maxentio,” seems to allude to this tenacity of purpose for the preservation of its historical greatness against the attempts of Diocletian and his colleagues.15 He raised the pedestal to Mars, to Romulus and Remus, because he knew that under the flooring of black stones, near by, there lay deep underground the cenotaph of the founder of the City, of the son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, whose name he had given to his own son. And to make the connection between the old and the new monuments more evident, he selected for the dedication of this last the anniversary day of the foundation of the City, the glorious Paliliæ, April 21: “Dedicata die XI Kal. Maias!”
In the legend of his coins Maxentius always addresses Rome as the “æterna urbs sua,” and speaks of himself as the “conservator urbis suæ.” These coins show on the reverse the figure of Rome seated on a throne in her own temple on the Summa Sacra Via, on the pediment of which we see the infant twins sucking the wolf. Even more interesting from the point of view of the last discoveries is a medal described by Eckhel,16 in which the figure of Mars appears in company with that of the wolf and her nurslings. These facts and these considerations give weight to the conjecture that the pedestal of Maxentius did not support a statue of Mars, but the bronze wolf now in the Capitoline museum.
The origin of this celebrated work of art is rather obscure. It seems that in the old days of Rome there was a statue of Atta Navius on the steps of the Curia on the left, marking the spot where the miracle-working augur, challenged by Tarquin, had cut the whetstone with a razor. A fig-tree close by was held in veneration, first, because it had been struck by lightning and made sacred, and again because it symbolized the Ruminal tree, under the shade of which the wolf had tendered maternal care to the twins. In fact, the people believed it to be the original one, transported from the Velabrum to the Comitium by a prodigy. It seems that two bronze images of the wolf had been placed under the fig-tree at different times: the first by Atta Navius himself, and this one probably perished in the Gaulish fire; the second in B.C. 295, by the brothers Cnæus and Quintus Ogulnii, who devoted to its casting the fines collected from the usurers. Ancient writers mention a third wolf, also cast in bronze and gilded, placed somewhere in the Capitol; and because this last was struck by lightning, under the consulship of Cotta and Torquatus, B.C. 64, many antiquarians have identified it with the one now exhibited in the Palazzo de' Conservatori, which shows the right hind leg split open as if by a stroke of some kind. However, this cannot be the case, because Cicero and Dion Cassius distinctly state that both the beast and the infants were wrenched from their stand and melted;17 and besides, the existing replica has never been gilded.
Can we then identify it with the original placed by the brothers Ogulnii in the Comitium? Helbig says no, and I beg leave to quote at length the statement he makes in vol. i p. 460 of his “Guide to the Collections of Classical Antiquities in Rome,” first ed., 1895. “The she-wolf of Rome was conceived of by ancient artists in two different ways. The usual mode represents her suckling the twins and turning her head to look at them. More rarely she is seen without the twins, and in a threatening attitude, as, for instance, on the denarii of Publius Satrienus [p. 37]. The Capitoline wolf reproduces the latter motive. With flashing eye and gnashing teeth she menaces an approaching foe. The terror-striking effect of the head was enhanced by the glittering enamel of the deeply incised pupils, a fragment of which still remains in the right eye. If we may assume that the development of early Roman art was parallel with that of Etruria, we may ascribe the execution of this work to the fifth century B.C. In any case, we must reject the hypothesis that it is identical with the she-wolf which the Ædiles Cnæus and Quintus Ogulnius erected by the Ficus Ruminalis in 295 B.C. with the money paid in fines. At that epoch the Romans were masters of Campania, and had there become familiar with both Hellenic and Hellenistic art, and hence it seems incredible that in the year 295 B.C. so archaic a work as the Capitoline wolf could have been publicly installed in Rome.” Helbig's difficulty may be obviated by supposing that the artist was commissioned by the Ogulnii to reproduce the lost original of Atta Navius, rather than to model a new figure.
Again, we cannot agree with Helbig as regards the origin, or rather the discovery, of the Capitoline bronze. “The basilica of St. John Lateran,” he says, “was entirely rebuilt under Pope Sergius III. (904–911) after its destruction by an earthquake in 896. It would appear quite natural that a desire should then have arisen to adorn the piazza in front of it with the emblem of Rome. As the sculptors of the time were incapable of producing a statue in any degree satisfactory, search was made for some ancient work of the kind. The she-wolf was then discovered, lying ruined and forgotten, perhaps in the cellars of some pagan temple, and was entrusted to a coppersmith near by, to be patched up for its position in front of the Lateran.”18 These conjectures would be acceptable if the wolf were the only work of art cast in metal collected by the Popes round their episcopal palace: but besides the wolf, there was the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius; the Camillus, known in the middle ages by the name of La Zingara or the Gypsy, from the supposition that the right hand was stretched forward for purposes of palmistry; the Boy extracting a thorn; the colossal head of Nero; the hand of another colossal statue; the bronze globe, etc., all of which were removed to the Conservatori palace at the time of Sixtus IV. (1471). All these celebrated bronzes cannot have been found “in the cellars of some pagan temple” at the time of Sergius III., viz., after Rome had been pillaged by the barbarians and by her own citizens a hundred times at least, and after even the roofs of old buildings had been stripped of the bronze tiles. The Lateran collection must have been formed long before the tenth century, when bronze works of art were still plentiful.
The wolf, at all events, is mentioned long before the time of Sergius III. Benedict of Mount Soracte speaks of the institution of a court of justice “in the Lateran palace, in the place called the Wolf, viz., the mother of the Romans,” as an event of the beginning of the ninth century. Trials and executions at the Wolf are recorded from time to time until 1438. The illustration on p. 39 refers to the cruel punishment of Capocciolo and Garofolo, on September 12 of that year, for having stolen certain precious stones from the busts of SS. Peter and Paul, which were then kept in the ciborium or canopy of Urban V. above the high altar of the Lateran. Capocciolo and Garofolo, who were beneficiaries of the chapter, had their right hands cut and nailed at the Wolf, before they were themselves nailed to the stakes and burnt alive. The scene of their execution, and that of their accomplice, Nicola da Valmontone, who as a canon of the same chapter was only hanged on a tree, was painted on the wall of the transept by order of Cardinal Angelotto de Foschi. The original was destroyed by Clement VIII. in 1587, but a copy is preserved in the archives of the chapter, from which my illustration is taken.
I have no doubt myself that the wolf, kept from immemorial times at the Lateran, is the very one that Maxentius replaced on the newly found pedestal, after the fire of Carinus, by which the Curia and the Comitium were so seriously damaged. But whether I am right or not in my belief, whether the wolf or any other image stood on that pedestal, its connection with the Heroon of Romulus is evident; and we cannot read without emotion this last appeal of a true and brave emperor to the founders of his dear city at the moment he was going to face Constantine on the field of battle. Really, between this unfortunate prince, Roman to the core, and his antagonist, who was going to abandon the glorious city for Constantinople, we cannot help siding with the first; we cannot help wishing that the battle of Saxa Rubra had had a different issue.
The grave of Romulus the founder of the City, at one end of the Forum, and the memorial of Romulus the son of Maxentius, at the other, mark the beginning and the end of the history of classic Rome.
The floor of the Comitium in front of the Senate House, a perspective view of which is reproduced (page 41), may be called an historical and topographical palimpsest. We can see at a glance several pavements at various levels, each one retaining traces of the special treatment to which the Comitium was subjected at that particular period of its history. Thus, in the last floor but one we perceive signs of a line of columns (A, A´) running parallel with the front of the Curia at the foot of the steps (B, B´), which were inclosed and separated from the public section of the Comitium by a bronze railing or transenna (C C´). A gutter (D D´) runs along the transenna, to carry off the rain-water from the enclosure. And when all these things were finally covered by a stone floor (E, E´), a beautiful fountain was set up in front of the main door of the Curia, and the gutter was utilized to lay the lead pipe which carried the water for the jet.
Nothing is left of the fountain except the lower basin (F F´), which collected the drippings from the tazza above, and the foundations of the octagonal pedestal which supported the tazza. The history of the tazza is at all events very interesting.
First of all, the setting up of this fountain in the last days of classic Rome belongs to a cycle of works carried on in the Senate House and its neighborhood at the beginning of the fifth century, when the principal hall was restored by the prefect Næratius, and the Secretary's offices by the prefect Flavius Annius Eucharius. Both edifices must have been damaged by the Goths of Alaric in 410. The fountain was not made for use here, but was removed to the Comitium from some other place. Its mouldings are too graceful, and the cutting of the slabs too neat to be attributed to a stonecutter of the fifth century. It seems, in fact, that when the basin was lifted to its new level or moved to its new place, the workmen marked its eight marble segments with the first eight letters of the alphabet so as to avoid any difficulty in rejoining them. The B and the F can still be seen at the joints of the second and sixth segments.
The fountain lasted for a long period, probably until the cutting of the aqueducts by Vitiges, for the surface of the basin was worn out by the dripping of the tazza, and a thick line of lime deposit was formed around the rim. At all events, this was not the only fountain of the Comitium: there was another into which the water flowed from the urn of a recumbent River-god known, since the early middle ages, by the name of Marforio (Martis forum).
This loquacious and sarcastic River-god has had the fortune, in common with the Nile and the Tiber now in the Piazza del Campidoglio, of having never been buried and removed from sight since the downfall of Rome. We can follow his career before and after the Norman pillage of 1084, which marks the first disappearance of the Forum and the Comitium under a bed of rubbish. The so-called Anonymus of Einsiedeln saw it near the church of S. Martina (the Secretarium Senatus) before the pillage; and it is constantly mentioned in the Guide-books for pilgrims, or Mirabilia, of a later date. When Giovanni Ruccellai visited Rome in the Jubilee of 1450 he was struck at the sight of the colossal figure of Marforio, and so was Nicholas Müffel of Nuremberg, who followed Frederick III. in his visit to Nicholas V. in 1452. They both speak with admiration of the “gran simulacro a giacere,” and they both mention the tazza of granite into which he used once to pour water. This feeling of admiration lasted all through the sixteenth century. Speaking of Michelangelo's David, Vasari says: “It stands foremost among all ancient and modern works of statuary, and neither the Marforio, nor the Tiber and Nile of Belvedere, nor the Horse-tamers of the Quirinal can bear comparison with it.” The same genial biographer relates of Baccio Bandinelli, that finding himself one morning in the workshop of Girolamo del Buda, while the adjoining Piazza di S. Apollinare was covered with a sheet of snow, the young artist modelled with it a Marforio, eight cubits long, which was a marvel to behold.
The original statue was removed from the site of the Comitium at the time of Gregory XIII., and after many wanderings was given a resting-place in the Piazza del Campidoglio, on the side facing the Palazzo dei Conservatori, where the Museo Capitolino now stands, and while old Marforio was thus joining company with the Tiber and the Nile, which Michelangelo had already located on the south side of the same piazza against the steps of the Palazzo del Senatore, the granite tazza was left abandoned near S. Martina until 1593. On October 22 of that year the city magistrates obtained from Cardinal Alessandro Farnese a piece of ground near the “three columns” of Castor's temple, where the basin was set up and furnished with three jets of the Felice water which Pope Sixtus V. had just gathered from the springs of Pantano. It was finally removed to its present site, between the Horse-tamers in the Piazza del Quirinale, by Pius VII. in 1817. (See page 49.)
Marforio's position amongst the loquacious statues of Rome is not prominent like that of Pasquino, his duty being confined to answering his friend's sallies, not to originating them. However, “a neat repartee maketh glad the heart of the utterer.” We have seen what the career of the River-god was, after the water ceased to flow, from the urn on which his elbow rests, into the fountain of the Comitium. Pasquino's origin is altogether obscure. This battered torso, this mutilated fragment of a group considered to represent Menelaus supporting the dead body of Patroclus, seems to have been discovered by Francesco Orsini while building his palace in the region of Parione; and when the palace—demolished by Pius VI. to make room for his own Palazzo Braschi—was rented by Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa, towards the end of the fifteenth century, the torso was set upon a pedestal with the inscription: “I owe my existence to Oliver Caraffa: A.D. 1501.” How was it, then, that the almost shapeless fragment became the greatest object of curiosity in Rome? According to Castelvetro's version, it derived name and notoriety from a sharp-tongued and witty tailor named Pasquino, who kept a shop opposite the Orsini palace, and whose sallies against the Pope, the Cardinals, and the Court were widely circulated and vastly appreciated in Rome. Others substitute for the tailor a barber gifted with the same satirical propensities. We owe to Count Domenico Gnoli the revelation of the truth.19
On April 25 of each year, being the feast day of St. Mark the Evangelist, a procession used to start from the church of S. Lorenzo in Damaso and pass in front of the Pasquino and the Orsini palace, where the officiating priests rested on a certain stone bench, decked for the occasion with tapestries and evergreens. Cardinal Caraffa, considering that Pasquino was not fit to witness such a holy scene in his battered condition, caused him to be restored in plaster and dressed up for the occasion, the type and the costume changing every year. Thus between 1501 and 1507 he became in turn Saturn, Jupiter, Minerva, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, and Neptune; he became Arpokras in 1508, Janus in 1509, Hercules in 1510, “Mourning” in 1511, and so on. The disguises were chosen in connection with the greatest or latest event of the year; for instance, “Mourning” in 1511, on account of Cardinal Caraffa's death; Hercules killing the Hydra in 1510, on account of Julius II.'s victories over the Venetians, etc.
The care of arranging Pasquino's disguises was entrusted by Cardinal Caraffa to a certain Donato Poli, a lecturer on geography in the university or “studio,” as it was then called; a man deformed in appearance, surnamed by his pupils “Diciamo, diciamo” (Let us say, let us say), because he repeated these words with every utterance; but otherwise a good and serviceable friend, with longing aspirations for the heights of Parnassus. Donato took advantage of the festival of St. Mark to promote emulation among his pupils, causing them to compose Latin or Italian elegies, epigrams, and mottoes which were pasted on Pasquino's pedestal. The custom met with such favor, first with the students, later on with the many poets of the court of Leo X., that the number of verses rose from a few scores in 1501 to three thousand in 1509. Jacopo Mazochio, the enterprising manager of the university press, at once saw his chance of making a profit out of this competition; but, as the show lasted only a few hours, because the papers were removed as soon as the procession had passed, and as many fought for the privilege of reading and copying the epigrams, Mazochio's reporters had a difficult time in accomplishing their task. His pamphlets, published year by year under the title, “Carmina quæ ad Pasquillum fuerunt posita in anno—,” have become exceedingly rare, only the editions of 1509–1514, 1521, and 1525 having come down to us. The others were probably lost in the Sacco di Roma.
A perusal of these pasquinades show them to be mostly the work of inexperienced and silly boys; they never deal with politics or religion. Those, therefore, who have spoken of Pasquino as waging a fierce war against the Popes, as being imbued with a spirit of rebellion and reform, and thrusting the darts of satire against the members of the Curia, are altogether mistaken. The only strokes of license to be noticed in these early pasquinades are directed against professors of the university obnoxious to students, such as Augusto Baldo from Padua, and his assistant Basilio Calcondila, who occupied the chair of Greek. The celebrations were interrupted in 1517 by the sad end of their founder, Donato Poli, who was killed with a hammer by his own valet for the sake of the few florins he had saved out of a scanty salary of 150 florins a year. The place of protector of Pasquino had been taken by Cardinal Antonio del Monte after the death of Caraffa, and the directorship of the competition was given to Decio Sillano da Spoleto after the murder of Donato. The institution collapsed altogether with the Sacco di Roma. As long as Pasquino was left free to speak, no harm was done; but when the reaction against the reform broke out under Adrian VI. and Paul IV., Pasquino became in some measure the anonymous organ of public opinion, and part of the social system of Rome. It is related that Adrian VI. attempted to stop his career by ordering the statue to be burnt and thrown into the Tiber, but one of the courtiers, Ludovico Suessano, saved him by suggesting that his ashes would turn into frogs and croak more audaciously than ever.
Pasquino was not the only statue patronizing poetry in Rome. There was another one quite celebrated at the time, now almost lost in oblivion, the Sant' Anna of Jacopo Sansovino, classed by Vasari amongst the masterpieces of Italian art. The statue, which stands now in the church of S. Agostino, on the second altar at the left, had been originally set up against the third pilaster of the nave on the same side of the church, below Raphael's fresco representing the prophet Isaiah and two angels holding a tablet. Both painting and statue had been made at the expense of Johann Goritz of Luxembourg, the Coricius of contemporary humanists, whose garden, on the slope of the Capitoline hill towards Trajan's forum, planted with lemon-trees and full of antiques, was the rendezvous of the learned men of the age. Every year, on the feast day of Sant' Anna, Coricius's friends would place by the statue in S. Agostino, or hang to the lemon-trees of the garden, odes and sonnets in praise of their kind host, which he collected and brought home for remembrance. In the tenth year after the first keeping of Sant' Anna's day, the bundle of MSS. was stolen by Blosio Palladio, while Coricius was asleep, and printed as a surprise to him (1524) under the title of “Coryciana.” It contains contributions from one hundred and thirty poets; among the names I notice that of Ulrich von Hutten, the author of the incendiary epigrams to Rubiano on the state of Papal Rome, who afterwards became one of the leaders of the Reformation in Germany.
Poor old Coricius! His end was nearly as cruel as that of Donato Poli. During the fearful sack of 1527 he saw his house and his dear garden wrecked by the lansquenets, and his money stolen, while he was nearly beaten to death. Fleeing from the accursed city towards his native land, he died at Mantua from grief and exhaustion.
Richter, Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. vol. iii. (1888), p. 99; Antike Denkmäler, 1888, p. 14; Bull. arch. comunale, 1888, p. 167; Thédenat, Le Forum romain, p. 180.
Page 51, pl. 2, 3. Compare Corpus Inscr. vol. vi. part ii. p. 976.
Corpus Inscr. vol. vi. n. 1161: “under the paving-stones of the road which passes through the arch of Severus.”
Porphyrion in Horace, Epod. xvi. 13; the Scholiast of Cruyg, ibid., and the anonym of Cod. Parisin. 7975.
“It was decreed by the Senate that all sacred places which had been occupied [and profaned] by the enemy should be rebuilt, purified, and their limits marked out; and that special magistrates should be selected to carry out the decree.”
A special museum for the antiquities of the Forum will shortly be established in the ex-convent of S. Francesca Romana, by the Temple of Venus and Rome.
Moulded in black clay, dull, not shiny.
According to Iginus, Carmenta transferred to Latium only fifteen letters, while Plutarch asserts that sixteen were in use at the earliest epoch. Compare Bréal, Sur les rapports de l'alphabet étrusque avec l'alphabet latin, in Mém. Société Linguistique, Paris, viii., 1889, pp. 129–134. Lenormaut, Mélanges d'archéol. et d'hist., 1883, p. 302.
“Literature was then in its infancy: the rare and simple documents of those early days, such as the pontifical records, and public and private deeds, were lost, save a few exceptions, in the Gaulish fire.”
Compare Livy, v. 52, where Camillus speaks of the sacred laws, stating the days as well as the places chosen for the performing of sacrifices. Dionysius (ii. 73, 74) says that Numa's legislation on religions matters was collected in eight volumes, as many as there were priestly colleges.
The Idus, in the later sense of the word, indicates the 13th day of the month, except in March, May, July, and October, when it fell on the 15th; but originally it indicated the full moon, from the Etruscan verb “iduare,” to divide, because the full moon divides the lunar months.
La stele arcaica del foro romano: Cronaca della scoperta e della discussione, May to December, 1899. Messina, D' Amico. Compare, also, Von Duhn, Fundumstände und Fundort der ältesten lateinischen Steininschrift am Forum Romanum, a reprint from the Neue Heidelberger Jahrbücher, July, 1899.
The votive vase of Dvenos, with its remarkable archaic inscription, was discovered in 1880 in the foundations of the Villa Huffer, on the south slope of the Quirinal, near the church of S. Vitale. No satisfactory interpretation of the text—edited first by Heinrich Dressel in Annal. Instit., 1880, p. 158—has been given yet. At all events, it was the oldest known Latin inscription before the discovery of the stele.
The connection between the two cities was so close that the bank of the Tiber, opposite the Palatine hill, was named RIPA VEIENTANA.
Corpus Inscr. Latin. vi. 1220, 31394.
Doctrina numm. viii. p. 56. Cohen, Monn, imper. vi. 28.
Cicero, Catilin. iii. 7; De divinat. i. 13; ii. 20. Dion Cassius, xxxvii. 9.
Helbig thinks that the wolf “has been most barbarously treated by a stupid restorer.”
Gnoli, Domenico, “Le origini di Maestro Pasquino” in Nuova Antologia, January, 1890.
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<urn:uuid:f735bbb0-e2de-4cc8-a066-f7363de69ff9>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/new-tales-old-rome/chapter-1-new-discoveries-forum
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00675.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96822
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|
Clinical experience, performance in final examinations, and learning style in medical students: prospective study.
pp.345 - 350.
Objective: To assess whether the clinical experience of undergraduate medical students relates to their performance in final examinations and whether learning styles relate either to final examination performance or to the extent of clinical experience. Design: Prospective, longitudinal study of two cohorts of medical students assessed by questionnaire at time of application to medical school and by questionnaire and university examination at the end of their final clinical year. Subjects: Two cohorts of students who had applied to St Mary's Hospital Medical School during 1980 (n=1478) and 1985 (n=2399) for admission in 1981 and 1986 respectively. Students in these cohorts who entered any medical school in the United Kingdom were followed up in their final clinical year in 1986-7 and 1991-2. Main outcome measures: Students' clinical experience of a range of acute medical conditions, surgical operations, and practical procedures as assessed by questionnaire in the final year, and final examination results for the students taking their examinations at the University of London. Results: Success in the final examination was not related to a student's clinical experiences. The amount of knowledge gained from clinical experience was, however, related to strategic and deep learning styles both in the final year and also at the time of application, five or six years earlier. Grades in A level examinations did not relate either to study habits or to clinical experience. Success in the final examination was also related to a strategic or deep learning style in the final year (although not at time of entry to medical school). Conclusions: The lack of correlation between examination performance and clinical experience calls into question the validity of final examinations. How much knowledge is gained from clinical experience as a student is able to be predicted from measures of study habits made at the time of application to medical school, some six years earlier, although not from results of A level examinations. Medical schools wishing to select students who will gain the most knowledge from clinical experience cannot use the results of A level examinations alone but could assess a student's learning style.
|Title:||Clinical experience, performance in final examinations, and learning style in medical students: prospective study|
|Open access status:||An open access version is available from UCL Discovery|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care > CHIME|
Archive Staff Only
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2039/
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If you're primed for a juicy turkey burger, don't let a lack of a barbecue or a grill deter you. Turkey burgers cooked in a skillet on the stove top are just as good. Add extra flavor with spices and flavorings, then top the cooked burgers with onions, lettuce and your condiments of choice. For healthy turkey burgers, look for white meat turkey burger that is at least 90-percent lean. A turkey burger made from dark meat often contains high levels of calories and saturated fat.
Place the turkey burger in a large mixing bowl. Add extras to suit your preferences, as ground turkey made from white meat tends to be drier and less flavorful than ground beef. Add spices such as sage, thyme, chili powder, red pepper flakes, minced garlic or a small amount of hot sauce, mustard or Worcestershire sauce.
Mix the turkey burger with a wooden spoon, or with clean hands. If you don't like the stickiness of ground turkey, use a pair of unused kitchen gloves. Mix the ingredients completely, but don't handle the meat more than necessary, as too much handling makes the meat even stickier.
Form the turkey burger mixture into evenly-sized patties. Place the patties on a piece of wax paper or plastic wrap until you're ready to cook.
Cover the bottom of a heavy skillet with cooking oil, about 1 tbsp. For healthier burgers, use oil such as olive oil or canola oil. Heat the skillet on a burner turned to medium-high.
Place burgers in the hot oil. Don't overcrowd them, as you need room to insert a spatula to flip the burgers.
Cook each turkey burger until the first side is browned, about two minutes. Flip the burger, then cook the second side.
Use a spatula to transfer the turkey burgers to a baking pan. Test the burgers with a meat thermometer. To be safe, the center of each burger must register at least 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
Remove the burgers if the thermometer indicates that the meat is done.
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<urn:uuid:14314ccd-d9ce-4afb-a099-9c998d914767>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.livestrong.com/article/467345-how-to-cook-a-turkey-burger-on-the-stove/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00399-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.920233
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Alcoa Oil & Gas, an Alcoa (NYSE:AA) business, will supply 5,300 meters (17,400 feet) of Aluminum Alloy Drill Pipe (AADP®) to Fugro McClelland Marine Geosciences of Houston and Fugro Singapore PTE, LTD for use in offshore geotechnical survey drilling projects. Fugro McClelland Marine Geosciences is a world leader in marine geophysics and seafloor mapping in support of resource development, engineering and scientific projects. Fugro will use Alcoa’s 5-inch diameter AADP® for global, offshore, geotechnical surveys in water depths ranging up to 3,000 meters (1.8 miles). These surveys are a critical first step in determining whether a site is geologically suitable for a particular application, such as construction of offshore oil and gas drilling or production platforms. Alcoa’s drill pipe is composed of high-strength, aluminum alloy tube connected by a proprietary thermal joining technology, which enables conventional steel tool joints to be used with an aluminum alloy pipe body. This innovative coupling of aluminum and steel provides a strong yet lightweight solution for deep water drilling resulting in increased cost efficiencies. “We decided to use Alcoa Aluminum Alloy Drill Pipe because it is approximately half the weight of steel, allowing us to double our offshore operating depth,” said Ken Taylor, Operations Manager, Fugro McClelland. “Another factor in our decision was Alcoa’s status as a worldwide leader in aluminum, which can support our efforts with advanced metallurgical technology and innovation.” Alcoa produces the aluminum tubes at its Lafayette, Indiana, facility. “Fugro’s decision to use Alcoa’s AADP for such a critical application is a testament to our core value proposition, which is to extend the drilling range of existing assets,” said Jay Grissom, Marketing Director of Alcoa Oil & Gas. Alcoa’s AADP® was also successfully used in complicated deep water drilling applications by Brunei Shell Petroleum Co. Sdn. Bhd., offshore Seria, Brunei, to a total depth of 7,485 meters (4.6 miles) in about 60 meters (197 feet) of water. About Alcoa Oil & Gas Inc. Alcoa Oil & Gas Inc. (“AOG”) is a division of Alcoa, the world’s leading producer of primary and fabricated aluminum, as well as the world’s largest miner of bauxite and refiner of alumina. The company produces lightweight, high-strength aluminum alloy drill pipe in 4-1/2”, 5”, 5-1/2”, 5-7/8” and 6-5/8” diameters. In addition, AOG manufactures subsea riser components and assemblies, casing, core barrels and down hole tubular products, conveying pipe, extruded tubing and shapes, and offers large-scale closed-die forging capabilities.
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<urn:uuid:26d7cc47-dc47-48b2-b5a8-e542ae871d09>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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https://www.thestreet.com/story/11814414/1/alcoa-aluminum-alloy-drill-pipe-aadp174-selected-by-fugro-for-offshore-drilling-projects.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00518-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.91113
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| 1.609375
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Social Work Students Build Community Ties in Dominica
By: Sydney Palese
Posted: May 7, 2013
Grace Carpenter and Christine Zampini spent their spring break surrounded by fellow college students, locals and beautiful beaches. While their break may sound like your classic college vacation, it was anything but.
The two senior social work majors decided to ditch the idea of spending their final spring break with their usual group of friends, and instead opted to lead an alternative spring break trip to the village of Paix Bouche in Dominica.
Carpenter and Zampini made the decision to lead the trip when Dr. Karen Ford approached them about the opportunity at the beginning of the fall semester.
“Karen’s been boasting the fact that [the social work department] has been going since 1999,” said Zampini. “I thought ‘Sweet, alternative spring break trip, let’s do it.’”
Intent on orienting their participants with the culture of Dominica, Carpenter and Zampini took their group to a performance by the Paix Bouche Jing Ping band in Transitions. The band, known for playing music commonly associated with the “old culture” of Dominica, played instruments like the “boom-pipe” and “scraper rattle” along with the accordion and drums to make music, which Zampini described as “Caribbean.”
Preparation was a huge component of the trip. First, Zampini and Carpenter, along with Dr. Ford, had to choose nine participants from a pool of applicants to form the group. Once the team was in place, they held class every Tuesday at 9 p.m. all the way up until their trip.
According to Carpenter, the class talked a lot about the poverty in Dominica, and how the culture was formed. They mentioned that the term they used to describe the employment status in Dominica was “underemployment” as opposed to “unemployment” because while many people have jobs, there isn’t enough to pay for what they need. Another issue the class discussed was the effects of technology and westernization on the rural and community-based culture.
“A lot of the youth want to sit at home and watch television or be on the Internet,” said Zampini. “The older generation talked about that a lot.”
In addition to teaching their group about the socioeconomic factors of the country, they also had to do fundraising to keep costs low for the trip. They did a letter writing campaign, set up and broke down the Convocation center and sold T-shirts that read “Social Workers do it in the Field.”
Once most of the preparations were finished, the group was ready to experience a week of service in a foreign country with one golden rule set in place by Ford, Carpenter and Zampini: Expect nothing and be flexible.
This rule would become imperative when immersed in the culture “where there is no stress and no one pays attention to time.” She recalled an instance where she and another participant, Marybeth Fox, were having lunch with a professional from the area. Late into their lunch, he realized that he had a meeting at 1:30 p.m. and despite already being 30 minutes late, didn’t go. “In America, we would have thrown away our food and ran,” said Zampini.
They said that the relaxed nature of the country has a lot to do with the people’s general happiness, where they don’t worry as much or get as stressed and anxious. The culture also relies on the strength of the community, which Dr. Ford has established a relationship with over the years.
“As a community focused social worker you do not make progress without forming strong and authentic relationships,” said Ford. “In Paix Bouche that was easy to do. Folks are welcoming and genuine.”
With the help of the community in Paix Bouche, Zampini and Carpenter were able to set up housing and coursework for the week from another country.
“It takes the organizing committee a lot of time and energy to organize the infrastructure for us - housing and getting the JMU supplies out of storage and to the house, transportation, food etc.,” said Ford. “Our respectful relationship is critical to honoring the hard work they do for us so we can have a good cultural and educational experience.”
Once there, people from around the community also helped to provide food. The team ate meals made from breadfruit (which Zampini compared to a potato), beans, rice, chicken, fish, passion fruit, mango, pineapple, and fresh-squeezed grapefruit juice.
Zampini said a common saying about people in Dominica is that “they might not have money, but you never go hungry.”
The community of Paix Bouche also helped out when some of the participants, including Ford, fell ill during the week. One of the local men, Gervin Honore, 22, made ginger tea to help alleviate the sickness. Many of their neighbors also stopped by to check in on the group throughout the week. Zampini said the community impact was phenomenal.
On Monday and Tuesday of the week, the group shadowed an area of social work in which they were interested. Because the trip was class-based, the participants were required to write a comparison paper after the trip on whatever fields they liked.
They took the opportunity to explore the beautiful island on Wednesday. Though the day was planned around site-seeing, they said the driver would often offer to take them to other parts of the island they may not have known about.
On Thursday, the group did community service. They helped paint garbage receptacles and visited a primary school, where they watched the children’s morning announcements.
To supplement their daily activities, Carpenter and Zampini also challenged the group to engage in nightly reflections. The leaders asked the group to consider a “What – So What – Now What?” model of reflection. They divided up the week into thirds and first asked what the implications of their social issue was, why it is important and what they can do once the trip is over.
These cultural experiences, along with the strong ties formed with the community of Paix Bouche, have Carpenter and Zampini planning a follow up trip this summer after they graduate.
“We really established relationships,” they said. “It was genuine love, everyone cares for everyone, everyone loves everyone”
|
<urn:uuid:a24fe715-7a86-4978-908b-fa15e113b94b>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.jmu.edu/socwork/features/dominicatrip.html
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|
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|
Eighty Percent Of Cities Studied In Developing Nations Use Untreated Wastewater For Irrigation: And FDA Is Surprised About Salmonella Contaminated Peppers
Jalapeno Peppers and Salmonella: What's the Root Cause?
US print media continue to mince words about the summer-long, Mexican peppers linked, salmonella outbreak. What makes the general reluctance to 'tell it like it is' especially galling is that everyone knows it is best not to drink the tap water in Mexico. This is not some politically incorrect condescension: every tourist book warns visitors to avoid the water and salad greens or unpeeled fruits and vegetables because they might be 'washed' with contaminated water. Washington Post documented the facts about the recent Salmonella outbreak - and the bureaucratic (FDA) reaction. Mexican peppers posed problem before outbreak
Food and Drug Administration officials insisted as recently as last week that they were surprised by the outbreak because Mexican peppers had not been spotted as a problem before. But an Associated Press analysis of FDA records found that peppers and chilies were consistently the top Mexican crop rejected by border inspectors for the last year.It is not just a food quality issue for US citizens. Mexicans suffer disproportionately from water borne disease. Sometimes the root cause is failed wastewater treatment, as in this case: Water-borne transmission of chloramphenicol-resistant salmonella typhi in Mexico. From the summary:
Since January alone, 88 shipments of fresh and dried chilies were turned away. Ten percent were contaminated with salmonella. In the last year, 8 percent of the 158 intercepted shipments of fresh and dried chilies had salmonella.
In mid 1972 an outbreak of typhoid due to a chloramfenicol resistant strain of Salmonella typhi occurred in a small village in central Mexico. 83 cases were recorded, with 6 deaths. The highest attack-rates were for the age-groups 1-14 and 45 and above. Most patients lived in an area of the village with the highest population density and the lowest income levels, close to an irrigation canal which traverses the village.
One outbreak is not a trend, of course, but the irrigation canal is the substantive point.
Here's the overview. The Mexico Secretariat Of Health reported in Children’s Health and the Environment in North America - A First Report on Available Indicators and Measures Country Report: Mexico, that:
Diarrheic illnesses persist as a serious problem among the child population. These diseases are transmitted by contaminated food and by drinking water. Data from 2003 indicate that 95 percent of drinking water is disinfected, although in that year, 17 percent of the population did not have water of appropriate bacteriological quality. Although national sewer system coverage and access to drinking water have increased significantly over the last 20 years, in 2000, one of every four inhabitants lacked sewer system access and one in ten lacked household potable water. In rural areas, the lack of access to both services continues to be a major problem.US FDA Act Surprised about Peppers and Salmonella
US FDA food safety experts act surprised that crops grown in Mexico are occasionally contaminated with salmonella bacteria? They shouldn't be surprised at all. When protracted drought strikes, as it certainly has in Northern Mexico, farmers can be expected to use the water resources available to them: wastewater discharges tend to have steadier flows than natural streams, under drought conditions. There is a strong potential for use of untreated wastewater for irrigation.
Many of the major cities in developing countries are using untreated or partially treated wastewater to irrigate nearby farmland, according to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)...Wastewater, mainly produced in cities, is directly used to solve the shortage of irrigation water in many developing countries. The IWMI says that wastewater irrigation occurs on around 20 million hectares of farmland across the developing world.Via::SciDev.net, Wastewater 'widely used' in urban agriculture, report finds
The authors of the report surveyed 53 cities across Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. They found that over 80 per cent of the cities studied used untreated or partially treated wastewater for agriculture.
International Water Management Institute (WMI) has positive designs for managing wastewater to make it safe for irrigation. See the report Recycling Realities: Managing health risks to make wastewater an asset here for details (pdf file download).
Reality Check Vacation For FDA Bureaucrats and Reporters
A field trip might clear things up about the import pepper patch. Let's send a delegation of FDA "food experts" and newspaper "food reporters" on all-expense-paid-trips to rural Mexican farm country to observe some produce exporting farms. Taxpayers might benefit if they foot the travel bill for this road trip on the condition that the "experts" drink only unfiltered tap water and eat a salad every day. Those able to return to their jobs immediately afterward can keep their positions.
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<urn:uuid:c32027cc-f06b-4944-9bc9-950fa131d96f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/eighty-percent-of-cities-studied-in-developing-nations-use-untreated-wastewater-for-irrigation-and-fda-is-surprised-about-salmonella-contaminated-peppers.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00480-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.952206
| 1,023
| 3
| 3
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The biosphere also known as the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth, a closed system, and largely self-regulating
What Keeps the Biosphere Going?
Solar energy keeps the Biosphere going. It comprises 99.98% of the total energy supply of the Biosphere. Earth receives about 47% of the total Solar energy reaching the atmosphere.
What is Photochemical Process?
The process by which the Solar energy is transferred to molecules is called the Photochemical process.
What is the Total Amount of Nitrogen Required an Anually by the Biosphere?
The total amount of Nitrogen required annually by the Biosphere is about 1050 million metric tonnes.
Which is the Most Important Photochemical Process of Biosphere?
Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process of Biosphere. Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants manufacture food by the help of green pigments called chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight. They manufacture food in the form of carbohydrates.
How Dose the Carbon Move From Plants and Animals to Ground?
When plants and animals die, the carbon that makes in their bodies, woods and leaves moves in the ground as they decay. Some of them get buried miles underground and become fossil fuels after millions and millions of years.
How Dose the Carbon Move From the Atmosphere to Plants?
In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to Oxygen in a gas called Carbon dioxide (CO2) with the help of the Sun, through the process of photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to make plant food from Carbon.
What is Nitrogen Fixation?
Nitrogen, as it is present in the atmosphere, cannot be used by the higher organisms. It has to be fixed, that is, incorporated into a chemical compound. Nitrogen, in other words, has to be converted into ammonia or amino-acids, so as to become useful for plants and animals.
How is Oxygen Important?
Oxygen supports life and it also plays a vital role as a building block of practically all vital molecules, accounting for about a fourth of all the atoms of living matter.
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<urn:uuid:c358747f-a56a-430c-935f-eff03ac876cf>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://englishfortourguide.com/2019/08/28/biosphere/
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en
| 0.953424
| 451
| 3.609375
| 4
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Alvarado score, acute appendicitis, systematic review
The Alvarado score can be used to stratify patients with symptoms of suspected appendicitis; the validity of the score in certain patient groups and at different cut points is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the discrimination (diagnostic accuracy) and calibration performance of the Alvarado score.
A systematic search of validation studies in Medline, Embase, DARE and The Cochrane library was performed up to April 2011. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the score at the two cut-off points: score of 5 (1 to 4 vs. 5 to 10) and score of 7 (1 to 6 vs. 7 to 10). Calibration was analysed across low (1 to 4), intermediate (5 to 6) and high (7 to 10) risk strata. The analysis focused on three sub-groups: men, women and children.
Forty-two studies were included in the review. In terms of diagnostic accuracy, the cut-point of 5 was good at 'ruling out' admission for appendicitis (sensitivity 99% overall, 96% men, 99% woman, 99% children). At the cut-point of 7, recommended for 'ruling in' appendicitis and progression to surgery, the score performed poorly in each subgroup (specificity overall 81%, men 57%, woman 73%, children 76%). The Alvarado score is well calibrated in men across all risk strata (low RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28; intermediate 1.09, 0.86 to 1.37 and high 1.02, 0.97 to 1.08). The score over-predicts the probability of appendicitis in children in the intermediate and high risk groups and in women across all risk strata.
The Alvarado score is a useful diagnostic 'rule out' score at a cut point of 5 for all patient groups. The score is well calibrated in men, inconsistent in children and over-predicts the probability of appendicitis in women across all strata of risk.
Medicine and Health Sciences
Ohle R, O'Reilly F, O'Brien KK, Fahey T, Dimitrov BD. The Alvarado score for predicting acute appendicitis: a systematic review. BMC Medicine. 2011;9:139
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<urn:uuid:ce6758be-8506-4f76-9d22-6d2ce6f158b3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://epubs.rcsi.ie/gpart/18/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
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|
Want to grow food year-round? Cultivating mushrooms at home is one of the best ways to get started!
Entering the world of mycology can sometimes be perceived as overwhelming and inaccessible, but it need not be so! Come join us on November 9th as Jonah Neumark teaches the basics of growing oyster mushrooms indoors.
Growing oyster mushrooms is an exciting option for those striving to eat fresh and local, year round, with minimal space!
The workshop will include theoretical information on mushroom care, and will guide you in making an oyster mushroom kit that you can bring home and enjoy the harvests.
$25.00 - RSVP Required.
Date and Time
1455 de Maisonneuve West, 13th floor
13th floor (take elevator to 12, then stairs to 13)
Montreal, Québec H3G 1M8
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<urn:uuid:88b4c204-a03f-444e-b267-98c6a2e501b4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.eventbrite.ca/e/mushroom-cultivation-at-home-tickets-27713378461
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en
| 0.887112
| 183
| 1.945313
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The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -the Spanish acronym is CEPAL- was established by Economic and Social Council resolution 106(VI) of 25 February 1948 and began to function that same year. The scope of the Commission's work was later broadened to include the countries of the Caribbean, and by resolution 1984/67 of 27 July 1984, the Economic Council decided to change its name to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); the Spanish acronym, CEPAL, remains unchanged.
ECLAC, which is headquartered in Santiago, Chile, is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of Latin America, coordinating actions directed towards this end, and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world. The promotion of the region's social development was later included among its primary objectives.
In June 1951, the Commission established the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves the needs of the Central American subregion, and in December 1966, the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, ECLAC maintains country offices in Buenos Aires, Brasilia, Montevideo and Bogotá, as well as a liaison office in Washington, D.C.
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<urn:uuid:60d6e9fa-59b0-43b9-8ab3-1ff2ad2b5aba>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.cepal.org/en/about
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en
| 0.968088
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With just over 3,000 inhabitants, this small island archipelago in the South Atlantic recently made it back into the headlines, as Argentina and the U.K. dispute sovereignty issues surrounding oil exploration by a British firm.
Known in English as the Falkland Islands and in Spanish as Las Malvinas, we want to look at why this little-known place brought two influential nations to war in 1982 — a conflict that now threatens to reignite.
Martin Savidge hosts Juanita Brock and Professor Maria Victoria Murillo to discuss:
- Falklands history: 1982 war, Argentinian claims, British control
- Current dispute: Nationalism, oil resources, trade relations
- U.S./Big Picture: Hillary’s visit, Latin American diplomacy, American intervention
Maria Victoria Murillo is a professor of Latin American politics at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. She has done fieldwork in Argentina, Chile and Venezuela.
Juanita Brock is bureau chief for the Falkland Islands News Network, which is a part of the South Atlantic Remote Territories Media Association. She resides in Stanley, the capital city.
Host: Martin Savidge
Producer: Ben Piven
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K-12 Mobile Learning Tools
What is this? Instapaper is a great tool that can be used anywhere and for all ages. For all those times you read something and exit out of it, or are researching for a paper and you cannot quite remember the article. Instapaper is an app where it allows you to store and save the webpages, articles, books on kindle. It connects with other apps and allows for an organized option to study, research, and manage your time in a more efficient way.
How can it be used? Instapaper can be used anywhere at anytime. When teachers assign readings, research project or a paper and you are busy doing an assignment and don't have time, but won't remember the website or article; this app allows you to save it and come back to it later. This app is easy and accessible all you have to do is bookmark the link and revisit the site at anytime. Also once it is saved it allows for a more convenient way to access what you had saved from say the beginning of the year to study for a final exam instead of trying to find it all over again! It can be used on all forms of technology. (Phone, computer, tablet)
What is this? Dragon Dictation is a voice recognition application it allows you record what others (or yourself) are saying into the app and it instantly estimates what was said and texts it into context for you. From notes, to reminders, to lectures, to emails, blog posts or status updates on your iPad, iPhone or iPod touch.
How can it be used? Dragon Dictation can be used by all students, this app also incorporates the needs of students who have disabilities making it an easier way to take notes and slow it down for students who may struggle when taking notes in class. It also is a hands free option when on the move and don't have the time to write/type something down. Great for little reminders and notes that will make a students or teachers life much easier.
What is this? Quickoffice is a google app that allows you to open and access any Microsoft Office file and edit on the go for those last minute changes.
How can it be used? Quickoffice can be used by teachers and students whether it is for a presentation, assignment, or research paper everyone uses Microsoft Office in some way. This app allows you to pull up your work and edit it whenever you want. Last minute touches, or changes to a huge presentation without having to wait to get to a computer can be crucial.
What is this? Mobl21 is a great mobile learning app that benefits students, teachers and institutions. It gives valuable information accessible to anyone at anytime. You have the option of collaborating with other users/groups or just on your own. Some of the few options that Mobl21 provides is: interactive media, study guides, flashcards, quizzes and personal learning tools! This one app connects multiple means of education that benefits people all over the world.
How can it be used? Mobl21 can be used by teachers and students it has many different uses, like previously stated you can use it to study with flashcards or take a quiz or just for your own personal learning. The tool is simple and easy to navigate through. Great tool for students who need to study and great tool for teachers to get ideas for their lesson plans. One example would be you have a Bio Unit exam coming up, this site allows for flashcards to either be made or already has some that you could also use!
What is this? TED is world connecting app. It connects all of the world's most powerful, influential, and fascinating people all by videos being recorded and posted to this application. Very interesting and topical conversations at your fingertips!
How can it be used? TED can be used by anyone! It allows for teachers and students to incorporate it into their everyday use. This is more an information app something that can be used in a "current events" unit for social or going over a topic in english for a paper. These riveting talks keep you up to date with what is going on in the world and the opinions of different people. It is a way for the world to connect and communicate without a face to face encounter.
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Looking to start a small business this year? Well, it’s already May. What’s holding you back? Maybe you’ve already started a business but you haven’t had as much success as you know your company is capable of. Thankfully May 2015 is Small Business Month in Charlotte and there are numerous events to help you succeed whether you’re a brand new entrepreneur or a seasoned small business owner.
What is Small Business Month?
Charlotte is a hub for small businesses in the United States and it’s only getting better. In order to join the rest of the nation in recognizing small businesses, Mayor Dan Clodfelter has declared May to be Small Business Month. There are countless events geared towards aiding entrepreneurs and small businesses as well as awards, seminars, and celebrations to make the most of honoring the backbone of our country. Here are a couple of the best events this month:
Simple Steps for Starting Your Business #1 Start-Up Basics
This is a two-hour seminar that takes place at Packard Place in Charlotte on May 19th from 5:45pm to 7:45pm. This seminar helps you to evaluate whether or not your idea can be turned into a feasible business and also to help with the basics of developing Marketing and Business Plans. A workbook is also provided during the course which will give more extensive information on plans, implementation, and funding. For more information please contact Charlotte SCORE’s Bill Gill at 704-344-6576 or you can also visit the main page here.
Simple Steps for Starting Your Business: SCORE and the Library
The South County Regional Library will be jumping on the bandwagon of informative events for Small Business Month as well. On May 19th from 5:30-7:30pm the library will be hosting a free seminar to help with developing your business, writing an effective business plan, and how to use SCORE and other support services. The seminar will also illustrate how the free library research services will help you to collect excellent information on competitors, potential clients, supplies, and any other important market or small business data. Simply register here to get started.
Small businesses are what drives our great nation. If you’ve been thinking about taking the plunge into entrepreneurship but haven’t been sure where to start, the events of Charlotte’s Small Business Month can help give you the tools and confidence to make your idea a reality!
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