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Cost of living in Pyongyang, North Korea compared to Al Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
WARNING! Pyongyang has artificial and unrealistic official exchange rates. You can also get this comparison using the parallel street rate in Pyongyang.
WARNING! This comparison is based on only a few data points. At this point it is only a guess. It is based on 100 prices entered by 11 different people.
These prices were last updated on January 19, 2017. Exchange rate: 0.00417 SAR / KPW *
Do you live in Al Qurayyat? We need your help!
What do you think about this comparison?
Cost of living in Pyongyang (North Korea) is 98% more expensive than in Al Qurayyat (Saudi Arabia)
For example, you would need at least ﷼ 4,957 (1,189,587 ₩) in Pyongyang to maintain the same standard of living that you can have with ﷼ 2,500 in Al Qurayyat.
Recent Prices Added
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- Hourly rate for babysitter services in Vilnius costs €2.32 (about 1 hour ago)
- Basic lunchtime menu (including a drink) in the business district in Darwin costs AU$12 (about 1 hour ago)
- One-way ticket in public transport in Campinas costs R$ 4.20 (about 1 hour ago)
- Public transport in Wichita, Kansas costs $55 (about 2 hours ago)
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Friday, 2 May 2008: 9:30 AM
Floral Ballroom Jasmine (Wyndham Orlando Resort)
We have been making year-round measurements of mass and energy exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize-soybean systems for the past several years. In this conference, we will present the seasonal distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) of these crops during the first five years of our study. The contributions of the growing season ET and "non-growing season" (fall-winter months) ET to the annual total ET will be quantified. The role of surface mulch in explaining the interannual variability of the non-growing season ET will be investigated. Water use efficiency of these cropping systems will be quantified and examined in the framework of Tanner and Sinclair (1983, Efficient water use in crop production: Research or re-search? p. 1-27. In H.M. Taylor et al. (ed.) Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI).
- Indicates paper has been withdrawn from meeting
- Indicates an Award Winner
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Who’s and whose actually follow the same rule as it’s and its. Who’s is always short for who is; whose is the possessive.
Two former workmates taught me a good way to remember this – have you heard of Who’s Who? It’s a British publication that gives basic information about a number of well-known people (you can find out more about it at Who’s Who on Wikipedia). In the publication’s title, Who’s is short for Who is.
My workmates used the phrase “Whose Who’s Who is it?” as a quick check of which one to use. They knew that the book was Who’s, short for who is, so therefore whose meant who did it belong to.
(*thank you to Gabrielle and Mary for teaching me this example in the dim, dark, distant past.)
- who’s = who is
- whose = possessive form of who (“whose is it?”).
For more about apostrophe use (and abuses to avoid), check out my post Using apostrophes.
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Near Whiteville in Columbus County, North Carolina — The American South (South Atlantic)
Millie ~ Christine McKoy
Location. 34° 20.885′ N, 78° 39.527′ W. Marker is near Whiteville, North Carolina, in Columbus County. Marker is on Business U.S. 74/76 just north of Flynn Cemetery Road (County Highway 1715). Click for map. Marker is in this post office area: Whiteville NC 28472, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 5 other markers are within 18 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Whistler’s Mother (approx. 10.2 miles away); Old Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church (approx. 10.4 miles away); a different marker also named Old Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church (approx. 12.4 miles away); White Lake CCC Camp (approx. 13.9 miles away); The Tabor City Tribune (approx. 17.7 miles away).
Categories. • African Americans •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Stanley and Terrie Howard of Greer, South Carolina. This page has been viewed 801 times since then and 9 times this year. Photo 1. submitted on , by Stanley and Terrie Howard of Greer, South Carolina. • Kevin W. was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016.
Editor’s want-list for this marker. A wide shot of the marker and its surroundings. • Can you help?
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The patient is placed supine (face up) on the operating room table with a pillow placed under the knees and proximal things to slightly flex the hips and remove tension off the abdominal wall. If the hernia is lateral to the midline, the patient may have the side that the hernia is on elevated with pillows to facilitate exposure.
Generally, there is one 10 mm port used as the video port and 2 to 4 5 mm ports used to place the operating instruments. Generally the ports are placed in a configuration that fashions a triangle.
The Hasson cannula placement technique is used for both midline and lateral entries. The abdomen is insufflated to 15 mmHg and the camera is white-balanced and anti-fog solution is placed on the end of the camera.
The operating ports are placed under direct visualization after the skin is infused with a long-acting anesthetic and external palpation is performed to ascertain videoscopically that the entry point into the abdominal cavity is not in an area of dense adhesions.
A No. 11 blade is used to make stab wounds in the skin and the trochars are placed bluntly under direct visualization.
Incisional hernias greater than 2-3 cm in diameter
Spontaneous hernias (e.g., umbilical, epigastric, spigelian) greater than 2-3 cm in diameter.
Small hernias less than 2.5 cm (best repaired by primary tissue repair without mesh).
Extremely large hernias with loss of abdominal domain (i.e., bowel is essentially outside of the body).
Presence of extensive, dense intraabdominal adhesions such as seen in repeated abdominal surgeries or peritonitis or peritoneal dialysis.
Inability of patient to tolerate pneumoperitoneum (air placed into the peritoneal cavity to a pressure of 15 mmHg).
Surgical Details of Procedure
1. Selection of the appropriated two-sided mesh to be used to close the defect. Most commonly these meshes have a “bowel side” which is a non-adherent, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material and an “abdominal wall side” that is a polypropylene (Marlex) grid that allows for incorporation and ingrowth of the tissues of the underside of the abdominal wall.
2. The omentum to be dissected away from the hernia sac is grasped with endoscopic forceps and gentle traction is applied.
3. The border between the omentum and peritoneum is incised (cut) using laparoscopic scissors. Use of cautery to incise this tissue is discouraged because of the possibility of thermal injury to the bowel.
4. After each time a segment of tissue is cut, a sweeping motion is performed in the next area to be cut to better visualize the tissue plane.
5. The surgeon proceeds to “spread, cut, and sweep” until the entire junction between the omentum and the hernia sac is incised.
5. In addition to the sweeping motion, to better visualized the tissues, external finger pressure can be placed onto the hernia to “push the hernia into the belly.”
6. After the omentum is completely freed from the peritoneum at the edge of the hernia sac, it is reduced (placed back) into the peritoneal cavity from the hernia sac.
7. The peritoneum in the hernia sac is left intact.
8. The pressure in the abdomen is then lowered from 15 mmHg to 6-8 mmHg for correct sizing of the mesh to be placed. Keeping the intraabdominal pressure at 15 mmHg will result in too large of a mesh being placed with consequent “center sag” plaguing the repair.
9. The surgeon must carefully inspect the perimeter of the hernia sac to insure there is adequate free margins for securing the mesh. The minimum margin needed cirumferentially is 4 cm.
10. Most surgeons use an external marking system to mesh the needed size of mesh.
11. A long needle is placed externally in all four quadrants at the edge of the hernia defect and position is confirmed with the videoscope.
12. The skin sites of the needles are marked with indelible ink and a line on the abdominal wall is drawn to determine the perimeter of the defect and the required size and shape of the mesh.
13. A 4 cm margin is then drawn outside of the externally marked ink lines of the defect.
14. Four sutures are then placed in the dual-sided mesh with two sutures placed in opposite quadrants in a parallel manner (i.e., from the polypropylene side to the PTFE side and then from the PTFE side to the polypropylene side ) and two placed in opposite quadrants in a perpendicular manner (from the
polypropylene to the PTFE side).
15. Many surgeons orient the sutures so that the parallel sutures are placed in the 12 o’clock and 6 o’clock positions and the perpendicular sutures are placed in the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock position.
16. Each suture is tied with the long tails left attached.
17. The dual mesh plug is then rolled tightly with the PTFE on the inside and the polypropylene side on the outside.
18. The rolled up mesh must then be passed into the abominal cavity. There are several ways to do this. One techinque is to remove the camera from the 10 mm video port which is usually in the left or right abdominal position.
19. A grasping forceps is then placed through the video port until it is seem on the outside of the patient.
20. The video port is then removed and the rolled mesh is placed in the grasper’s jaws and pulled into the abdominal cavity.
21. The video port is then replaced.
22. The mesh is then unrolled and the PTFE side is placed toward the bowel.
23. Either the 12 o’clock or 6 o’clock sutture is used to begin to secure the mesh to the underside of the abdominal wall.
24. A No. 11 scalpel is used to create a small skin wound at previously marked skin site of the desired suture.
25. A laparoscopic suturing needle is passed roughly perpendicularly through the abdominal wall and under direct visualization.
26. One of the loose ends of the suture is grasped and pulled out through the abdominal wall and secured with a hemostat
27. Using the same 3 mm skin incision, the laparoscopic suture needle is again passed roughly perpendicularly but is aimed about 1 cm away from the point where the first pass was intended.
28. The suture ends are then tied down firmly into the subcutaneous tissues.
29. Each of the other three previously placed sutures are brought up through the abdomen in a similal fashion.
30. Care must be taken to prevent the polypropylene edge of the mesh from rolling over so that it is exposed to bowel.
31. The mesh is inspected to insure that it lies flat against the inside of the abdominal wall and is slightly loose but not wrinkled.
32. The entire perimeter is now tacked to the inside abdominal wall using endoscopic tacks spaced 1 cm apart.
33. The tacks are placed after the surgeon places external pressure with the fingers pushing down on the outside abdominal wall to provide resistance to the tack applier.
34. Care must be taken so that no gap exists that would allow bowel or omentum to work its way under the edge of the mesh.
35. Most surgeons lavage the abominal cavity with the endoscopic suction irrigator and careful inspection is made for bleeding sites or the presence of bile or succus.
36. The ports are removed under direct visualization and the carbon dioxide in the abdomen is vented with close inspection of the mesh to insure that it is positioned properly on the underside of the abdomen.
37. The fascia opening of the 10 mm port is closed with a 2-0 absorbable suture and the skin is closed with 4-0 monocryl subcuticular stitches.
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Books & Bibles
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Despite professing a dislike of having his portrait taken, John Ruskin's footsteps were dogged by portrait painters, sculptors, caricaturists and photographers from the cradle to the grave and beyond. A thoroughly accessible book it lists and describes some 331likenesses made between 1822 and 1998. The three introductory chapters to this book survey Ruskin portraiture and the portraits, his general physical appearance througout his life, his hands, his mouth, his various illnesses and their effect on his appearance, his clothes, style of dress, size, tailors, their bills, etc. These opening chapters include many descriptions and reminiscences by Ruskin's friends and acquaintances, and those who portrayed him. The principal part of the book deals with the individual portraits, their history, where and why they were made, what Ruskin was doing at that time of his life and what his connection was with the artists in question. He was portrayed so regularly that this section is also effectively a potted Ruskin biography, based on the portraits. A 'catalogue raisonne' of the Ruskin portraits follows where the physical details of the works are listed, together with details of reproductions, exhibitions and provenance.>
Buy John Ruskin: A Life in Pictures by James S. Dearden from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9781841270463 & 1841270466
The team at Christian Bookstore .Net welcome you to our Christian Book store! We offer the best selections of Christian Books, Bibles, Christian Music, Inspirational Jewelry and Clothing, Homeschool curriculum, and Church Supplies. We encourage you to purchase your copy of John Ruskin: A Life in Pictures by James S. Dearden today - and if you are for any reason not happy, you have 30 days to return it. Please contact us at 1-877-205-6402 if you have any questions.
Customer Support: 1-888-395-0572
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Posted on Nov 27, 2008 | Comments 0
A bird’s beak is not only amazingly versatile, but it is also vital for its existence.
In addition to eating, a bird uses its beak for playing, climbing and holding things.
To make sure your bird maintains a healthy beak, you need to give it proper care and grooming.
Here are a few things which can help care for your bird’s beak:
- Provide good nutrition: Nutrition for a bird’s beak varies according to the type and size. Know what type of beak your bird has and accordingly provide quality nutrition to maintain it.
- Supply chewing toys: The more you give your bird to chew, the less the chance of your pet bird getting bored, and consequently the greater its chance of having a well-trimmed beak. Even climbing toys such as chains, ladders and ropes will help your bird’s beak to stay healthy.
- Identify unhealthy shaped beak: Unhealthy shaped beaks take three main forms, namely, overgrown beak, scissors beak and parrot beak. These unhealthy beak shapes form for various reasons. So, if you notice the appearance of these shapes, immediately consult your pet health provider and take necessary steps to ensure the beak grows healthily.
Posted in: BIRDS
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2. Primary responsibilities of a lifeguard include:
3. A child accidentally falls from the deck into the water and is in distress. After you activate the emergency action plan (EAP), what steps should you take next?
4. The size and shape of a lifeguard’s zone should allow them to recognize and reach a victim in the furthest and deepest part of their zone within:
5. While searching your zone, you notice a person motionless in the water. The steps you follow in a water emergency are performed in the following order:
6. While searching your zone, you witness a patron struggling while swimming and then go under water. Which of the following applies?
7. A lifeguard can no longer see some of the patrons at one side of the swimming area from their station because of glare from the afternoon sun. To maintain effective patron surveillance, the lifeguard should:
8. A couple of patrons start running on the pool deck. You blow your whistle to get their attention. Next, you enforce the rules and regulations by:
9. When caring for a suspected head, neck or spinal injury in water, proper manual in- line stabilization is:
10. The objective of the facility safety team is to:
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Since God hath assumed to himself the power and Dominion of the Conscience, who alone can rightly instruct and govern it, therefore it is not lawful for any whosoever, by virtue of any authority or principality they bear in the government of this world, to force the consciences of others; and therefore all killing, banishing, fining, imprisoning, and other such things which are inflicted upon men for the alone exercise of their conscience, or difference in worship or opinion, proceedeth from the spirit of Cain the murderer, and is contrary to the truth; providing always, that no man, under the pretence of conscience, prejudice his neighbour in his life or estate, or do anything destructive to, or inconsistent with, human society; in which case the law is for the transgressor, and justice is to be administered upon all, without respect of persons.
§. I. Liberty of conscience from the power of the civil magistrate hath been of late years so largely and learnedly handled, that I shall need to be but brief in it; yet it is to be lamented that few have walked answerably to this principle, each pleading it for themselves, but scarce allowing it to others, as hereafter I shall have occasion more at length to observe.
It will be fit in the first place, for clearing of mistakes, to say something of the state of the controversy, that what follows may be the more clearly understood.
By conscience then, as in the explanation of the fifth and sixth propositions I have observed, is to be understood that persuasion of the mind which arises from the understanding's being possessed with the belief of the truth or falsity of any thing; which though it may be false or evil upon the matter, yet if a man should go against his persuasion or conscience, he would commit a sin; because what a man doth contrary to his faith, though his faith be wrong, is no ways acceptable to God. Hence the apostle saith, Whatsoever is not of faith, is sin; and he that doubteth is damned if he eat; though the thing might have been lawful to another; and that this doubting to eat some kind of meats (since all the creatures of God are good, and for the use of man, if received with thanksgiving) might be a superstition, or at least a weakness, which were better removed. Hence Ames. de Cas. Cons. saith, The conscience, although erring, doth evermore bind, so as that he sinneth who doth contrary to his conscience, because he doth contrary to the will of God, although not materially and truly, yet formally and interpretatively.
So the question is First, Whether the civil magistrate hath power to force men in things religious to do contrary to their conscience; and if they will not, to punish them in their goods, liberties, and lives? This we hold in the negative. But Secondly, As we would have the magistrate to avoid this extreme of encroaching upon men's consciences, so on the other hand we are far from joining with or strengthening such libertines as would stretch the liberty of their consciences to the prejudice of their neighbours, or to the ruin of human society. We understand therefore by matters of conscience such as immediately relate betwixt God and man, or men and men, that are under the same persuasion, as to meet together and worship God in that way which they judge is most acceptable unto him, and not to encroach upon, or seek to force their neighbours, otherwise than by reason, or such other means as Christ and his apostles used, viz. Preaching and instructing such as will hear and receive it; but not at all for men, under the notion of conscience, to do any thing contrary to the moral and perpetual statutes generally acknowledged by all Christians; in which case the magistrate may very lawfully use his authority; as on those, who, under a pretence of conscience, make it a principle to kill and destroy all the wicked, id est, all that differ from them, that they, to wit, the saints, may rule, and who therefore seek to make all things common, and would force their neighbours to share their estates with them, and many such wild notions, as is reported of the Anabaptists of Munster; which evidently appears to proceed from pride and covetousness, and not from purity or conscience; and therefore I have sufficiently guarded against that in the latter part of the proposition. But the liberty we lay claim to is such as the primitive church justly sought under the heathen emperors, to wit, for men of sobriety, honesty, and a peaceable conversation, to enjoy the liberty and exercise of their conscience towards God and among themselves, and to admit among them such, as, by their persuasion and influence, come to be convinced of the same truth with them, without being therefore molested by the civil magistrate. Thirdly, Though we would not have men hurt in their temporals, nor robbed of their privileges as men and members of the commonwealth, because of their inward persuasion; yet we are far from judging that in the church of God there should not be censures exercised against such as fall into error, as well as such as commit open evils; and therefore we believe it may be very lawful for a Christian church, if she find any of her members fall into any error, after due admonitions and instructions according to gospel order, if she find them pertinacious, to cut them off from her fellowship by the sword of the Spirit, and deprive them of those privileges which they had as fellow-members; but not to cut them off from the world by the temporal sword, or rob them of their common privileges as men, seeing they enjoy not these as Christians, or under such a fellowship, but as men, and members of the creation. Hence Chrysostom saith well, (de Anath.) We must condemn, and reprove the evil doctrines that proceed from Heretics; but spare the men and pray for their salvation.
§. II. But that no man, by virtue of any power or principality he hath in the government of this world, hath power over the consciences of men, is apparent, because the conscience of man is the seat and throne of God in him, of which God is the alone proper and infallible judge, who by his power and Spirit can alone rectify the mistakes of conscience, and therefore hath reserved to himself the power of punishing the errors thereof as he seeth meet. Now for the magistrate to assume this, is to take upon him to meddle with things not within the compass of his jurisdiction; for if this were within the compass of his jurisdiction, he should be the proper judge in these things; and also it were needful to him, as an essential qualification of his being a magistrate, to be capable to judge in them. But that the magistrate, as a magistrate, is neither proper judge in these cases, nor yet that the capacity so to be is requisite in him as a magistrate, our adversaries cannot deny; or else they must say, That all the heathen magistrates were either no lawful magistrates, as wanting something essential to magistracy, and this were contrary to the express doctrine of the apostle, Rom. xiii. or else (which is more absurd) that those heathen magistrates were proper judges in matters of conscience among Christians. As for that evasion that the magistrate ought to punish according to the church censure and determination, which is indeed no less than to make the magistrate the church's hangman, we shall have occasion to speak of it hereafter. But if the chief members of the church, though ordained to inform, instruct, and reprove, are not to have dominion over the faith nor consciences of the faithful, as the apostle expressly affirms, 2 Cor. i.24. then far less ought they to usurp this dominion, or stir up the magistrate to persecute and murder those who cannot yield to them therein.
Secondly, This pretended power of the magistrate is both contrary unto, and inconsistent with the nature of the gospel, which is a thing altogether extrinsic to the rule and government of political states, as Christ expressly signified, saying, His kingdom was not of this world; and if the propagating of the gospel had had any necessary relation thereunto, then Christ had not said so. But he abundantly hath shown by his example, whom we are chiefly to imitate in matters of that nature, that it is by persuasion and the power of God, not by whips, imprisonments, banishments, and murderings, that the gospel is to be propagated; and that those that are the propagators of it are often to suffer by the wicked, but never to cause the wicked to suffer. When he sends forth his disciples, he tells them, he sends them forth as lambs among wolves, to be willing to be devoured, not to devour: he tells them of their being whipped, imprisoned, and killed for their conscience; but never that they shall either whip, imprison, or kill: and indeed if Christians must be as lambs, it is not the nature of lambs to destroy or devour any. It serves nothing to allege, that in Christ's and his apostles' times the magistrates were heathens, and therefore Christ and his apostles, nor yet any of the believers, being no magistrates, could not exercise the power; because it cannot be denied but Christ being the Son of God, had a true right to all kingdoms, and was righteous heir of the earth. Next, as to his power, it cannot be denied but he could, if he had seen meet, have called for legions of angels to defend him, and have forced the princes and potentates of the earth to be subject unto him, Mat. xxvi.53. So that it was only because it was contrary to the nature of Christ's gospel and ministry to use any force or violence in the gathering of souls to him. This he abundantly expressed in his reproof to the two sons of Zebedee, who would have been calling for fire from heaven to burn those that refused to receive Christ: it is not to be doubted but this was as great a crime as now to be in an error concerning the faith and doctrine of Christ. That there was not power wanting to have punished those refusers of Christ cannot be doubted; for they that could do other miracles, might have done this also. And moreover, they wanted not the precedent of a holy man under the law, as did Elias; yet we see what Christ saith to them, Ye know not what spirit ye are of, Luke ix.55. For the Son of Man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them. Here Christ shows that such kind of zeal was no ways approved of him; and such as think to make way for Christ or his gospel by this means, do not understand what spirit they are of. But if it was not lawful to call for fire from heaven to destroy such as refused to receive Christ, it is far less lawful to kindle fire upon earth to destroy those that believe in Christ, because they will not believe, nor can believe, as the magistrates do, for conscience' sake. And if it was not lawful for the apostles, who had so large a measure of the Spirit, and were so little liable to mistake, to force others to their judgment, it can be far less lawful now for men, who as experience declareth, and many of themselves confess, are fallible, and often mistaken, to kill and destroy all such as cannot. because otherwise persuaded in their minds, judge and believe in matters of con science just as they do. And if it was not according to the wisdom of Christ, who was and is King of kings, by outward force to constrain others to believe him or receive him, as being a thing inconsistent with the nature of his ministry and spiritual government, do not they grossly offend him, who will needs be wiser than he, and think to force men against their persuasion to conform to their doctrine and worship? The word of the Lord said, Not by power and by might, but by the Spirit of the Lord, Zech. iv.6. But these say, Not by the Spirit of the Lord, but by might and carnal power. The apostle saith plainly, We wrestle not with flesh and blood; and the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but spiritual: but these men will needs wrestle with flesh and blood, when they cannot prevail with the Spirit and the understanding; and not having spiritual weapons, go about with carnal weapons to establish Christ's kingdom, which they can never do: and therefore when the matter is well sifted, it is found to be more out of love to self, and from a principle of pride in man to have all others to bow to him, than from the love of God. Christ indeed takes another method; for he saith, He will make his people a willing people in the day of his power; but these men labour against men's wills and consciences, not by Christ's power, but by the outward sword, to make men the people of Christ, which they never can do, as shall hereafter be shown.
But Thirdly, Christ fully and plainly declareth to us his sense in this matter in the parable of the tares, Mat. xiii. of which we have himself the interpreter, verses 38, 39, 40, 42. where he expounds them to be the children of the wicked one, and yet he will not have the servants to meddle with them, lest they pull up the wheat therewith. Now it cannot be denied but heretics are here included; and although these servants saw the tares, and had a certain discerning of them; yet Christ would not they should meddle, lest they should hurt the wheat: thereby intimating, that that capacity in man to be mistaken, ought to be a bridle upon him, to make him wary in such matters; and therefore, to prevent this hurt, he gives a positive prohibition, But he said, Nay, verse 29. So that they who will notwithstanding be pulling up that which they judge is tares, do openly declare, that they make no scruple to break the commands of Christ. Miserable is that evasion which some of our adversaries use here, in alleging these tares are meant of hypocrites, and not of heretics! But how to evince that, seeing heretics, as well as hypocrites, are children of the wicked one, they have not any thing but their own bare affirmation, which is therefore justly rejected.
If they say, Because hypocrites cannot be discerned, but so may heretics;
This is both false, and a begging of the question. For those that have a spiritual discerning, can discern both hypocrites and heretics; and those that want it, cannot certainly discern either. Seeing the question will arise, Whether that is a heresy which the magistrate saith is so? and seeing it is both possible, and confessed by all to have often fallen out, that some magistrates have judged that heresy which was not, punishing men accordingly for truth, instead of error; there can be no argument drawn from the obviousness or evidence of heresy, unless we should conclude heresy could never be mistaken for truth, nor truth for heresy; whereof experience shows daily the contrary, even among Christians. But neither is this shift applicable to this place; for the servants did discern the tares, and yet were liable to hurt the wheat, if they had offered to pull them up.
§. III. But they object against this liberty of conscience, Deut. xiii.5. where false prophets are ap pointed to be put to death; and accordingly they give example thereof.
The case no way holds parallel; those particular commands to the Jews, and practices following upon them, are not a rule for Christians; else we might by the same rule say, It were lawful for us to borrow of our neighbours their goods, and so carry them away, because the Jews did so by God's command; or that it is lawful for Christians to invade their neighbours' kingdoms, and cut them all off without mercy, because the Jews did so to the Canaanites, by the command of God.
If they urge, That these commands ought to stand, except they be repealed in the gospel;
I say, the precepts and practices of Christ and his apostles mentioned are a sufficient repeal: for if we should plead, that every command given to the Jews is binding upon us, except there be a particular repeal; then would it follow, that because it was lawful for the Jews, if any man killed one, for the nearest kindred presently to kill the murderer, without any order of law, it were lawful for us to do so likewise. And doth not this command of Deut. xiii.9. openly order him who is enticed by another to forsake the Lord, though it were his brother, his son, his daughter, or his wife, presently to kill him or her? Thou shalt surely kill him, thy hand shall be first upon him, to put him to death. If this command were to be followed, there needed neither inquisition nor magistrate to do the business; and yet there is no reason why they should shuffle by this part, and not the other; yea, to argue this way from the practice among the Jews, were to overturn the very gospel, and to set up again the carnal ordinances among the Jews, to pull down the spiritual ones of the gospel. Indeed we can far better argue from the analogy betwixt the figurative and carnal state of the Jews, and the real and spiritual one under the gospel; that as Mosesdelivered the Jews out of outward Egypt, by an outward force, and established them in an outward kingdom, by destroying their outward enemies. for them; so Christ, not by overcoming outwardly, and killing others, but by suffering and being killed, doth deliver his chosen ones, the inward Jews, out of mystical Egypt, destroying their spiritual enemies before them, and establishing among them his spiritual kingdom, which is not of this world. And as such as departed from the fellowship of outward Israel were to be cut of by the outward sword, so those that depart from the inward Israel are to be cut off by the sword of the Spirit: For it answers very well, That as the Jews were to cut off their enemies outwardly, in order to establish their kingdom and outward worship, so they were to uphold it the same way: but as the kingdom and gospel of Christ was not to be established or propagated by cutting off or destroying the Gentiles, but by persuading them, so neither is it to be upheld otherwise.
But Secondly, they urge Rom. xiii. where the magistrate is said not to bear the sword in vain, because he is the minister of God, to execute wrath upon such as do evil. But heresy, say they, is evil. Ergo.
But so is hypocrisy also; yet they confess he ought not to punish that. Therefore this must be understood of moral evils, relative to affairs betwixt man and man, not of matters of ,judgement or worship; or else what great absurdities would follow, considering that Paul wrote here to the church of Rome, which was under the government of Nero, an impious heathen, and persecutor of the church? Now if a power to punish in point of heresy be here included, it will necessarily follow, that Nero had this power; yea, and that he had it of God; for because the power was of God, therefore the apostle urges their obedience. But can there be any thing more absurd, than to say that Nero had power to judge in such cases ? Surely if Christian magistrates be not to punish for hypoc risy, because they cannot outwardly discern it; far less could Nero punish any body for heresy, which he was uncapable to discern. And if Nero had not power to judge or punish in point of heresy, then nothing can be urged from this place; since all that is said here, is spoken as applicable to Nero, with a particular relation to whom it was written. And if Nero had such a power, surely he was to exercise it according to his judgment and conscience, and in doing thereof he was not to be blamed; which is enough to justify him in his persecuting of the apostles, and murdering the Christians.
Thirdly, They object that saying of the apostle to the Galatians, v.12. I would they were even cut off which trouble you.
But how this imports any more than a cutting off from the church, is not, nor can be shown. Beza upon the place saith, We cannot understand that otherwise than of excommunication, such as was that of the incestuous Corinthian. And indeed it is madness to suppose it otherwise; for Paul would not have these cut off otherwise than he did HymenÆus and Philetus, who were blasphemers; which was by giving them over to Satan, not by cutting off their heads.
The same way may be answered that other argument, drawn from Rev. ii.20. where the church of Thyatira is reproved for suffering the woman Jezabel: which can be no otherways understood, than that they did not excommunicate her, or cut her off by a church censure. For as to corporal punishment, it is known that at that time the Christians had not power to punish heretics so, if they had had a mind to it.
Fourthly, They allege, that heresies are numbered among the works of the flesh, Gal. v.20. Ergo, &c.
That magistrates have the power to punish all the works of the flesh is denied, and not yet proved. Every evil is a work of the flesh, but every evil comes not under the magistrate's cognizance. Is not hypocrisy a work of the flesh, which our adversaries confess the magistrates ought not to punish? Yea, are not hatred and envy there mentioned as works of the flesh? And yet the magistrate cannot punish them, as they are in themselves, until they exert themselves in other acts which come under his power. But so long as heresy doth not exert itself in any act destructive to human society, or such like things, but is kept within the sphere of those duties of doctrine or worship which stand betwixt a man and God, they no ways come within the magistrate's power.
§. IV. But Secondly; This forcing of men's consciences is contrary to sound reason, and the very law of nature. For man's understanding cannot be forced by all the bodily sufferings another man can inflict upon him, especially in matters spiritual and supernatural: 'Tis argument, and evident demonstration of reason, together with the power of God reaching the heart, that can change a man's mind from one opinion to another, and not knocks and blows, and such like things, which may well destroy the body, but never can inform the soul, which is a free agent, and must, either accept or reject matters of opinion as are borne in upon it by something proportioned to its own nature. To seek to force minds in any other manner, is to deal with men as if they were brutes, void of understanding; and at last is but to lose one's labour, and as the proverb is, To seek to wash the black-moor white. By that course indeed men may be made hypocrites, but can never be made Christians; and surely the products of such compulsion (even where the end is obtained, to wit, an outward assent or conformity, whether in doctrine or worship) can be no ways acceptable to God, who desireth not any sacrifice, except that which cometh thoroughly from the heart, and will have no constrained ones: so that men, by constraining force, are so far from being members of the church, that they are made ten times more the servants of Satan than before; in that to their error is added hypocrisy, the worst of evils in matters of religion, and that which above all things the Lord's soul most abhors.
But if it be said, Their error notwithstanding is thereby suppressed, and the scandal removed;
I answer; Besides that this is a method no ways allowed by Christ, as is above proved, surely the church can be no ways bettered by the accession of hypocrites, but greatly corrupted and endangered; for open heresies men may be aware of, and shun such as profess them, when they are separated from the church by her censures; but secret hypocrites may putrify the body, and leaven it, ere men be aware. And if the dissenters prove resolute, and suffer boldly for the opinions they esteem right, experience showeth that such sufferings often tend to the commendation of the sufferers, but never of the persecutors. For such suffering ordinarily breeds compassion, and begets a curiosity in others to inquire the more diligently into the things for which they see men suffer such great losses so boldly; and is also able to beget an opinion, that it is for some good they do so suffer: it being no ways probable that men will venture all merely to acquire fame; which may as well be urged to detract from the reputation of all the martyrs, unless some better arguments be brought against it than a halter or a faggot. But supposing this principle, That the magistrate hath power to force the consciences of his subjects, and to punish them if they will not comply, very great inconveniences and absurdities will follow, and even such as are inconsistent with the nature of the Christian religion.
For First, It will naturally follow that the magistrate ought to do it, and sinneth by omission of hisduty, if he do it not. Will it not then hence be inferred that Christ was defective to his church, who having power to force men, and to call for legions of angels so to do, did notwithstanding not exert that power, but left his church to the mercy of the wicked, without so necessary a bulwark?
Secondly, Seeing every magistrate is to exercise his power according to the best understanding he hath, being obliged so to do, for the promoting of what he in conscience is persuaded to be truth, will not this justify all the heathen Emperors in their persecutions against Christians? Will not this justify the Spanish inquisition, which yet is odious not only to Protestants, but to many moderate Papists? How can Protestants in reason condemn the Papists for persecuting them, seeing they do but exercise a lawful power according to their conscience and best understanding, and do no more to them than the sufferers profess they would do to them, if they were in the like capacity? Which takes away all ground of commiseration from the sufferers: whereas that was the ground which of old gained reputation to the Christians, that they being innocent, suffered, who neither had, nor by principle could, hurt any. But there is little reason to pity one that is but dealt by according as he would deal with others. For to say, They have no reason to persecute us, because they are in the wrong, and we in the right, is but miserably to beg the question. Doth not this doctrine strengthen the hands of the persecutors every where, and that rationally, from a principle of self-preservation: For who can blame me for destroying him that I know waits but for an occasion to destroy me, if he could? Yea, this makes all suffering for religion, which of old was the glory of Christians, to be but of pure necessity; whereby they are not led as lambs to the slaughter, as was the captain of their salvation; but rather as wolves catched in the snare, who only bite not again because they are not able; but could they get force, would be as ready to lead those the same way that led them. Where is the faith and patience of the saints? For indeed it is but a small glory to make a virtue of necessity, and suffer because I cannot help it. Every thief and murderer would be a martyr at that rate: experience hath abundantly proved this in these last centuries; for however each party talk of passively obeying the magtristrate in such cases, and that the power resides in him, yet it is apparent, that from this principle it naturally follows, that any party, supposing themselves right, should, so soon as they are able, endeavour at any rate to get uppermost, that they might bring under those of another opinion, and force the magistrate to uphold their way, to the ruin of all others. What engine the pope of Rome used to make of his pretended power in this thing, upon any pretence of dislike to any prince or state, even for very small heresies in their own account, to depose princes, and set up their subjects against them, and give their dominions to other princes to serve his interest, they cannot be ignorant who have read the life of Hildebrand; and how Protestants have vindicated the liberty of their consciences, after this same manner is apparent. They suffered much in France, to the great increase and advantage of their party; but as soon as they found themselves considerable, and had gotten some princes upon their side, they began to let the king know, that they must either have the liberty of their consciences, or else they would purchase it; not by suffering, but by fighting. And the experience of other Protestant states shows, that if Henry the 4th, to please the Papists, had not quitted his religion, to get the crown the more peaceably, and so the Protestants had prevailed with the sword, they would as well have taught the Papists with the faggot, and led them to the stake: so that this principle of persecution on all hands is the ground of all those miseries and contentions. For so long as any party is persuaded, that it is both lawful for them, and their duty, if in power, to destroy those that differ from them, it naturally follows they ought to use all means possible to get that power, whereby they may secure themselves in the ruin of their adversaries. And that Papists judge it not unlawful to compel the magistrate, if they be strong enough to do it, to effect this, experience shows it to be a known popish principle, That the Pope may depose an heretic prince, and absolve the people from the oath of fidelity: And the Pope, as is above-said, hath done so to divers princes; and this doctrine is defended by Bellarmine against Barclay. The French refused Henry the Fourth till he quitted his religion. And as for Protestants, many of them scruple not to affirm, That wicked kings and magistrates may be deposed, and killed: yea, our Scotch Presbyterians are as positive in it as any Jesuits, who would not admit king Charles the Second, though otherwise a Protestant prince, unless he would swear to renounce episcopacy; a matter of no great difference, though contrary to his conscience. Now how little proportion these things bear with the primitive Christians, and the religion propagated by Christ and his apostles, needs no great demonstration; and it is observable, that notwithstanding many other superstitions crept into the church very early, yet this of persecution was so inconsistent with the nature of the gospel, and liberty of conscience, as we have asserted it, such an innate and natural part of the Christian religion, that almost all the Christian writers, for the first three hundred years, earnestly contended for it, condemning the contrary opinion.
§. V. Thus Athanasius; It is the property of piety not to, force, but to persuade, in imitation of our Lord, who forced no body, but left it to the will of every one to follow him, &c. But the devil, because he hath nothing of truth, uses knocks and axes, to break up the doors of such as receive him not. But our Saviour is meek, teaching the truth; whosoever will come after me, and whosoever will be my disciple, &c. but constraining none; coming to us, and knocking rather, and saying, My sister, my spouse, open to me, &c. And entereth when he is opened to, and retires if they delay, and will not open unto him; because it is not with swords, nor darts, nor soldiers, nor armour, that truth is to be declared, but with persuasion and counsel. And it is observable, that they were the impious Arians who first of all brought in this doctrine, to persecute others among Christians, whose successors both Papists and Protestants are in this matter, whom Athanasius thus reproveth further: Where (saith he ) have they learned to persecute? Certainly they cannot say they have learned it from the saints; but this hath been given them, and taught them of the devil. The Lord commanded indeed sometimes to flee, and the saints sometimes fled; but to persecute is the invention and argument of the devil, which he seeks against all. And after he saith, In so far as the Arians banish those that will not subscribe their decrees, they show that they are contrary to Christians, and friends of the devil.
But now, O lamentable! (saith Hilarius) they are the suffrages of the earth that recommend the religion of God, and Christ is found naked of his virtue, while ambition must give credit to his name. The church reproves and fights by banishment and prisons, and forceth herself to be believed, which once was believed because of the imprisonments and banishments herself suffered. She that once was consecrated by the terrors of her persecutors, depends now upon the dignity of those that are in her communion. She that once was propagated by her banished priests, now banisheth the priests. And she boasts now, that she is loved of the world, who would not have been Christ's if she had not been hated of the world.
The church (saith Hierom) was founded by shedding of blood, and by suffering, and not in doing of hurt. The church increased by persecutions, and was crowned by martyrdom.
Ambrose, speaking of Auxentius, saith thus, Whom he (viz. Auxentius) could not deceive by discourse, he thinks ought to be killed with the sword, making bloody laws with his mouth, writing them with his own hands, and imagining that an edict can command faith.
And the same Ambrose saith, That going into France, he would not communicate with those bishops that required that heretics should be put to death.
The Emperor Martianus, who assembled the council of Chalcedon, protests, That he would not force nor constrain anyone to subscribe the council of Chalcedon against his will.
Hosius , bishop of Corduba, testifies, That the emperor Constans would not constrain any to be orthodox.
Hilariust saith further, That God teacheth, rather than exacteth, the knowledge of himself, and authorizing his commands by the miracles of his heavenly works; he wills not that any should confess him with a forced will, &c. He is the God of the whole universe, he needs not a forced obedience, nor requires a constrained confession.
Christ (saith Ambrose) sent his apostles to sow faith; not to constrain, but to teach; not to exercise coercive power, but to extol the doctrine of humility.
Hence Cypriun , comparing the old covenant with the new, saith, Then were they put to death with the outward sword; but now the proud and contumacious are cut off with the spiritual sword, by being cast out of the church. And this answers very well that objection before observed, taken from the practice of the Jews under the law.
See (saith Tertullian to the heathens) if it be not to contribute to the renown of irreligion, to seek to take away the liberty of religion, and to hinder men their choice of God, that I may not be admitted to adore whom I will, but must be constrained to serve him whom I will not. There is none, nay, not a man, that desires to be adored by any against their will. And again, It is a thing that easily appears to be unjust, to constrain and force men to sacrifice against their wills; seeing to do the service of God there is required a willing heart. And again, It is an human right and natural power that every one worship what he esteems; and one man's religion doth not profit nor hurt another. Neither is it any piece of religion to enforce religion; which must be undertaken by consent, and not by violence, seeing that the sacrifices themselves are not required, but from a willing mind.
Now how either Papists or Protestants, that boast of antiquity, can get by these plain testimonies, let any rational man judge. And indeed I much question if in any one point owned by them, and denied by us, they can find all the old fathers and writers so exactly unanimous. Which shows how contrary all of them judged this to be to the nature of Christianity, and that in the point of persecution lay no small part of the apostacy; which, from little to more, came to that, that the pope, upon every small discontent, would excommunicate princes, absolve their subjects from obeying them, and turn them in and out at his pleasure. Now if Protestants do justly abhor these things among Papists, is it not sad that they should do the like themselves? A thing that at their first appearance, when they were in their primitive innocency, they did not think on, as appears by that saying of Luther; Neither pope nor bishop, nor any other man, hath power to oblige a Christian to one syllable, except it be by his own consent. And again, I call boldly to all Christians, that neither man nor angel can impose any law upon them, but so far as they will; for we are free of all. And when he appeared at the diet of Spiers, before the emperor, in a particular conference he had before the archbishop of Triers and Joachim elector of Brandenburgh, when there seemed no possibility of agreeing with his opposers, they asking him, What remedy seemed to him most fit? He answered, The counsel that Gamaliel proposed to the Jews, to wit, That if this design was of God, it would stand; if not, it would vanish; which he said ought to content the pope: he did not say, because he was in the right he ought to be spared. For this counsel supposeth that those that are tolerated may be wrong; and yet how soon did the same Luther, ere he was well secure himself, press the elector of Saxony to banish poor Carolostadius, because he could not in all things submit to his judgment? And certainly it is not without ground reported, that it smote Luther to the heart; so that he needed to be comforted, when he was informed, that Carolostadius, in his letter to his congregation, styled himself A man banished for conscience, by the procurement of Martin Luther. And since both the Lutherans and Calvinists not admitting one another to worship in those respective dominions, showeth how little better they are than either Papists or Arians in this particular. And yet Calvin saith, That the conscience is free from the power of all men: if so, why then did he cause Castellio to be banished because he could not, for conscience' sake, believe as he did, That God had ordained man to be damned? And Servetus to be burned for denying the divinity of Christ, if Calvin's report of him be to be credited? Which opinion, though indeed it was to be abominated, yet no less was Calvin's practice in causing him to be burned, and afterwards defending that it was lawful to burn heretics; by which he encouraged the Papists to lead his followers the more confidently to the stake, as having for their warrant the doctrine of their own sect-master; which they omitted not frequently to remind them of and indeed it was to them unanswerable. Hence, upon this occasion, the judicious author of the History of the Council of Trent, in his fifth book, where giving an account of several Protestants that were burned for their religion, well and wisely observeth it, as a matter of astonishment, that those of the new reformation did offer to punish in the case of religion. And afterwards taking notice that Calvin justifies the punishing of heretics, he adds, But since the name of heresy may be more or less restricted, yea, or diversely taken, this doctrine may be likewise taken in divers senses, and may at one time hurt those, whom at another time it may have benefitted.
So that this doctrine of persecution cannot be maintained by Protestants, without strengthening the hands of popish inquisitors; and indeed in the end lands in direct popery; seeing, if I may not profess and preach that religion, which I am persuaded in my own conscience is true, it is to no purpose to search the scriptures, or to seek to choose my own faith by convictions thence derived; since whatever I there observe, or am persuaded of, I must either subject to the judgment of the magistrate and church of that place I am in, or else resolve to remove, or die. Yea, doth not this heretical and antichristian doctrine, both of Papists and Protestants, at last resolve into that cursed policy of Mahomet, who prohibited all reason or discourse about religion, as occasioning factions and divisions? And indeed those that press persecution, and deny liberty of conscience, do thereby show themselves more the disciples of Mahomet than of Christ; and that they are no ways followers of the apostle's doctrine, who desired the Thessalonians to prove all things, and hold fast that which is good, 1 Thess. v.21. And also saith, Unto such as are otherwise minded, God shall reveal it, Phil. iii.15.not that by beatings and banishments it must be knocked into them.
§. VI. Now the ground of persecution, as hath been above shown, is an unwillingness to suffer; for no man, that will persecute another for his conscience, would suffer for his own, if he could avoid it, seeing his principle obliges him, if he had power, by force to establish that which he judges is the truth, and so to force others to it. Therefore I judge it meet, for the information of the nations, briefly to add something in this place concerning the nature of true Christian sufferings, whereunto a very faithful testimony hath been borne by God's witnesses, which he hath raised up in this age, beyond what hath been generally known or practised for these many generations, yea, since the apostacy took place. Yet it is not my design here in any wise to derogate from the sufferings of the Protestant martyrs, whom I believe to have walked in faithfulness towards God, according to the dispensations of light in that day appearing, and of which many were utter enemies to persecution, as by their testimonies against it might be made appear.
But the true, faithful, and Christian suffering is for men to profess what they are persuaded is right, and so practise and perform their worship towards God, as being their true right so to do; and neither to do more in that, because of outward encouragement from men, nor any whit less, because of the fear of their laws and acts against it. Thus for a Christian man to vindicate his just liberty, with so much boldness, and yet innocency, will in due time, though through blood, purchase peace, as this age hath in some measure experienced, and many are witnesses of it; which yet shall be more apparent to the world, as truth takes place in the earth. But they, greatly sin against this excellent rule, that in time of persecution do not profess their own way so much as they would if it were otherwise; and yet, when they can get the magistrate upon their side, not only stretch their own liberty to the utmost, but seek to establish the same by denying it to others.
But of this excellent patience and sufferings, the witnesses of God, in scorn called Quakers, have a given a manifest proof: for so soon as God revealed his truth among them, without regard to any opposition whatsoever, or what they might meet with, they went up and down, as they were moved of the Lord, preaching and propagating the truth in maketplaces, highways, streets, and public temples, though daily beaten, whipped, bruised, haled, and imprisoned therefor. And when there was any where a church or assembly gathered, they taught them to keep their meetings openly, and not to shut the door, nor do it by stealth, that all might know it, and those who would might enter. And as hereby all just occasion of fear of plotting against the government was fully removed, so this their courage and faithfulness in not giving over their meeting together, (but more especially the presence and glory of God manifested in the meeting being terrible to the consciences of the persecutors,) did so weary out the malice of their adversaries, that oftentimes they were forced to leave their work undone. For when they came to break up a meeting, they were obliged to take every individual out by force, they not being free to give up their liberty by dissolving at their command: and when they were haled out, unless they were kept forth by violence, they presently returned peaceably to their place. Yea, when sometimes the magistrates have pulled down their meeting-houses, they have met the next day openly upon the rubbish, and so by innocency kept their possession and ground, being properly their own, and their right to meet and worship God being not forfeited to any. So that when armed men have come to dissolve them, it was impossible for them to do it, unless they had killed every one; for they stood so close together, that no force could move any one to stir, until violently pulled thence: so that when the malice of their opposers stirred them to take shovels, and throw the rubbish upon them, there they stood unmoved, being willing, if the Lord should so permit, to have been there buried alive, witnessing for him. As this patient but yet courageous way of suffering made the persecutors' work very heavy and wearisome unto them, so the courage and patience of the sufferers, using no resistance, nor bringing any weapons to defend themselves, nor seeking any ways revenge upon such occasions, did secretly smite the hearts of the persecutors, and made their chariot wheels go on heavily. Thus after much and many kind of sufferings thus patiently borne, which to rehearse would make a volume of itself, which may in due time be published to the nations, (for we have them upon record,) a kind of negative liberty has been obtained; so that at present for the most part we meet together without disturbance from the magistrate. But on the contrary, most Protestants, when they have not the allowance and toleration of the magistrate, meet only in secret, and hide their testimony; and if they be discovered, if there be any probability of making their escape by force, (or suppose it were by cutting off those that seek them out,) they will do it; whereby they lose the glory of their sufferings, by not appearing as the innocent followers of Christ, nor having a testimony of their harmlessness in the hearts of their pursuers, their fury, by such resistance, is the more kindled against them. As to this last part, of resisting such as persecute them, they can lay claim to no precept from Christ, nor any example of him or his apostles approved.
But as to the first part, for fleeing and meeting secretly, and not openly testifying for the truth, they usually object that saying of Christ, Mat x.23 . When they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another. And Acts ix.4. That the disciples met secretly for fear of the Jews. And Acts ix.25. That Paul was let out of Damascus in a basket down by the wall.
To all which I answer, First, As to that saying of Christ, it is a question if it had any further relation than to that particular message with which he sent them to the Jews; yea, the latter end of the words seems expressly to hold forth so much; For ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel till the son of man be come. Now a particular practice or command for a particular time will not serve for a precedent to any at this day to shun the cross of Christ. But supposing this precept to reach farther, it must be so understood to be made use of only according as the Spirit giveth liberty, else no man that could flee might suffer persecution. How then did not the apostles John and Peter flee, when they were the first time persecuted at Jerusalem? But, on the contrary, went the next day, after they were discharged by the council, and preached boldly to the people. But indeed many are but too capable to stretch such sayings as these for self-preservation, and therefore have great ground to fear, when they interpret them, that they shun to witness for Christ, for fear of hurt to themselves, lest they mistake them. As for that private meeting of the disciples, we have only an account of the matter of fact, but that suffices not to make of it a precedent for us; and men's aptness to imitate them in that (which, for aught we know, might have been an act of weakness) and not in other things of a contrary nature, shows that it is not a true zeal to be like those disciples, but indeed a desire to preserve themselves, which moves them so to do. Lastly, as to that of Paul's being conveyed out of Damascus, the case was singular, and is not to be doubted but it was done by a special allowance from God, who having designed him to be a principal minister of his gospel, saw meet in his wisdom to disappoint the wicked counsel of the Jews. But our adversaries have no such pretext for fleeing, whose fleeing proceeds from self-preservation, not from immediate revelation. And that Paul made not this the method of his procedure, appears, in that at another time, notwithstanding the persuasion of his friends, and certain prophecies of his sufferings to come, he would not be dissuaded from going up to Jerusalem, which according to the forementioned rule he should have done.
But Lastly, To conclude this matter, glory to God, and our Lord Jesus Christ, that now these twenty-five years, since we were known to be a distinct and separate people, hath given us faithfully to suffer for his name, without shrinking or fleeing the cross; and what liberty we now enjoy, it is by his mercy, and not by any outward working or procuring of our own, but it is He has wrought upon the hearts of our opposers. Nor was it any outward interest hath procured it unto us, but the testimony of our harmlessness in the hearts of our superiors: for God hath preserved us hitherto in the patient suffering of Jesus, that we have not given away our cause by persecuting any, which few if any Christians that I know can say. Now against our unparallelled yet innocent and Christian cause our malicious enemies have nothing to say, but that if we had power, we should do so likewise. This is a piece of mere unreasonable malice, and a privilege they take to judge of things to come, which they have not by immediate revelation; and surely it is the greatest height of harsh judgment to say men would do contrary to their professed principle if they could, who have from their practice hitherto given no ground for it, and wherein they only judge others by themselves: such conjectures cannot militate against us, so long as we are innocent. And if ever we prove guilty of persecution, by forcing other men by corporal punishment to our way, then let us be judged the greatest of hypocrites, and let not any spare to persecute us. Amen, saith my soul.
Luke 9:55. 56. Matthew 7:12, 13, 29. Titus 3:10. What conscience is. Romans 14:23. i e. As he supposeth. Conscience the throne of God. Matthew 10:16. Matthew 28:18. 2 Corinthians 10:4. Psal. cx. 3. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Object. Answ. Athan. in episl. ad sort. vit. ag. Ibid. Athan. apol 1. de fuga sua, tom. 1. Hil. contra Aux. Hieron. epist. 62. ad The. Amb. epist. 32. tom. 3. Amb. epist. 27. Mart epist. ad Archimand. &c Mon. Eg. in acta concil. Chalced. tom. 2. coac. gen. Hosi epist. ad-- Constit. apud Atb. in Eph. ad solit. vit. tom. 1 Hil. 1. 1. ad Const. Ambr. comm. in Luc. 1. 7. Cypr. epist. 62. Tertul. Apol. c. 24. Id. Apol. c. 28. Idem ad Scapul. c. 2. Luth. lib. de captivitate Babylon History of the council of Trent. Calv. inst. 1. 3. c. 19. sect. 14. Protestant persecution strengthens the popish inquisition. The ground of persecution. What true suffering is. The innocent sufferings of the people called Quakers. Object. Answ. Fleeing in time of persecution not allowed.
What conscience is.
Romans 14:23.
i e. As he supposeth.
Conscience the throne of God.
Matthew 10:16.
Matthew 28:18.
2 Corinthians 10:4.
Psal. cx. 3.
Athan. in episl. ad sort. vit. ag. Ibid.
Athan. apol 1. de fuga sua, tom. 1.
Hil. contra Aux.
Hieron. epist. 62. ad The.
Amb. epist. 32. tom. 3.
Amb. epist. 27.
Mart epist. ad Archimand. &c Mon. Eg. in acta concil. Chalced. tom. 2. coac. gen.
Hosi epist. ad-- Constit. apud Atb. in Eph. ad solit. vit. tom. 1
Hil. 1. 1. ad Const.
Ambr. comm. in Luc. 1. 7.
Cypr. epist. 62.
Tertul. Apol. c. 24.
Id. Apol. c. 28.
Idem ad Scapul. c. 2.
Luth. lib. de captivitate Babylon
History of the council of Trent.
Calv. inst. 1. 3. c. 19. sect. 14.
Protestant persecution strengthens the popish inquisition.
The ground of persecution.
What true suffering is.
The innocent sufferings of the people called Quakers.
Fleeing in time of persecution not allowed.
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Oceana asks DENR to Order Cessation of Renewed Dolomite Dumping on Manila Bay
Press Release Date: April 15, 2021
Civil society organization Oceana is urging the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to immediately order its contractor to stop the dumping of new loads of crushed dolomite on the baywalk area of the Manila Bay.
The group’s call come on the heels of news that a fresh coat of dolomite sand has been placed in Manila Bay early Wednesday morning. Several backhoe operators have been seen pouring and levelling crushed dolomite rocks.
Oceana Vice President Gloria Estenzo-Ramos pointed out that “instead of tending to the flawed beautification project of Manila Bay, the government needs to prioritize the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on its people. What is happening now is appalling. People need to be protected from this alarming fast transmission of COVID-19 and rising number of deaths from the virus. The poor need subsidy because of loss of income and worried that their family will die not only from COVID but from hunger.”
The UP Marine Science Institute, in a statement in September 2020, pointed out that the “dolomite sand will only erode, given the hydrodynamic conditions of the bay. Even with the breakwater off the baywalk area, rising level seas and larger waves during typhoons especially with climate change can penetrate and pound the baywalk area. Continuously replacing the sand will be even more expensive.”
Estenzo-Ramos emphasized that the project is just a “band-aid” solution. “Dolomite dumped in the area from September to December 2020 has already been reclaimed by the sea. From December 2020 to February 2021, this dolomite beach has eroded by at least 300 square meters. They are refilling it again and even extending the area,” she said.
She also demanded that an Environmental Impact Assessment be conducted on the project, despite claims by DENR that will not conduct any such study considering that it is a “beautification project and will be beneficial to the environment.
“What the project contractors are doing is reclaiming parts of Manila Bay. Any kind of land reclamation would result in the large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves beneath the reclamation fill,” Oceana’s Estenzo-Ramos said.
Manila Bay is a Key Biodiversity Area identified by the Biodiversity Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and a sardine spawning ground identified by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources through the National Fisheries Research Development Institute. It is the spawning ground of the Fringescale Sardinella, Sardinella Fimbriata[SJ1] , with high biomass concentration in the Metro Manila area.
Critics and the public have slammed the project, questioning its necessity and costs as the Philippines continues to struggle against controlling the spread of COVID-19.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department of Public Works and Highways have defended their decision to dump crushed dolomite along the Manila Bay shore, saying it serves as an “enhancer” for the beautification project in the area.
Oceana’s Estenzo-Ramos said this million-peso dolomite dumping on Manila Bay will not help solve the root of its environmental problems, which is poor water quality.
“Instead, efforts can be directed to solving the environmental problems, which include: reducing chemical, organic and plastic pollution; installing water treatment facilities; banning the cutting of mangroves, and rehabilitating degraded areas; stopping conversion of mangroves and wetlands through reclamation projects; protecting critical habitats such as mangroves and wetlands and declare them as protected areas; improving management of protected areas such as the Las Pinas Paranaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area, and establishing formally the Fisheries Management Area for a holistic, science-based decision making on fisheries management,” she added.
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A New Random Keys Generator Depend on Multi Techniques
Engineering and Technology Journal,
2015, Volume 33, Issue 3, Pages 427-442
AbstractA stream cipher is a symmetric cipher which operates with a time-varying transformation onIndividual plaintext digits. By contrast, block ciphers operate with a fixed transformation on large blocks of plaintext digits. Where in the operation of Key generator is using the LFSR to generate random keys where the shift register is controlled by an external clock. At each time unit, each digit is shifted one stage to the right. The content of the rightmost stage is output. The new content of the leftmost stage is the feedback bit, st+L.
this paper presents design and implementation system of keys generator with nonlinear random of output keys and large moment bits, this system consists of three part from registers , logical circuits and search algorithm using AI work in parallel time to find the result, the LFSRs in registers part (left and right of system)can generate huge moment of bits and pass in randomness test, those bits by the logical circuit and search algorithm convert from linear to nonlinear to get more difficult in break secret keys, finally, the keys can be used in stream cipher or in block cipher methods.
- Article View: 163
- PDF Download: 56
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Online courses are quickly becoming the preferred way education is delivered to both university and college students as well as for staff in larger organizations. In a fast-paced health care environment, where there are multiple shifts and a variety of disciplines, online learning makes it easier to have personalized education and to stay up-to-date on the latest health care innovations.
“As a leading community academic hospital, continuing education for both clinical and non-clinical staff is a priority for North York General Hospital,” says Jennifer Bowman, Vice President People, Strategy & Clinical Support. “Ensuring education is accessible to and convenient for our staff and physicians supports our vision of excellence in integrated patient- and family-centred care through learning, innovation and partnerships.”
According to Bowman, providing staff with courses that can be accessed anytime and anywhere, keeps staff engaged and prepared with the latest practices to deliver high quality and safe care. North York General offers a variety of online courses including mandatory training which has courses on health, safety and privacy awareness. Clinical staff in different disciplines also stay up-to-date with new practices and procedures by taking specific courses for their area of care. Nurse Educators prepare presentations and quizzes and have them uploaded to their staff’s online learning profile.
“Several years ago it was much more challenging to have staff complete mandatory training or provide departmental education with in-class sessions or on paper,” says Jamie Campbell, Director Organizational Development. “Now we use our online learning management system, called My Learning Edge, which can be accessed from home or in hospital, and as a result we have seen a much higher compliance for mandatory training as well as department specific training.”
Other courses also offered to staff include Microsoft Office programs, a four-course workshop to become a Diversity Champion (training that provides staff, physicians and volunteers to become ambassadors, role models and key resources for staff who want to learn more about Diversity and participate in programs and various initiatives) as well as hospital specific tools. Manager onboarding information can also be uploaded to new employees taking on a managerial role to help them become familiar with hospital policies and procedures and key departments in the hospital.
“We continue to build our online educational resources for our staff and physicians,” Jamie says. “Our priority is to continually enhance our skills and knowledge through life-long learning. Online courses are one way we’re advancing care through teaching and learning.”
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Bouquet bulbs--clusters of bulbs--make an interesting contrast or focal point for yards. Plant the bulbs by color in groups to form a natural bouquet. In each flower bed, make use of both spring and summer bulbs to have continuous color during the blooming seasons. Gardeners can also plant bulbs in mixed color arrangements to add even more variety to the landscape.
Remove compost, debris and weeds from the bouquet bulb flower area. Dig 12 to 18 inches into the dirt and loosen. Add compost, peat or rough organic material if the soil is primarily clay.
Test the soil pH level. Bulbs grow best in soil that is 6 to 7 in pH level. Make the proper adjustments to the soil before planting bouquet bulbs.
Pour bonemeal over the loose dirt (from previous step). For 10 feet of planting area use 2 cups of bonemeal, advises the University of Illinois Extension. Use a till or garden hoe to mix the bonemeal into the soil.
Level the area with a garden rake. Sort the bulbs by their colors. Place bulbs on the ground in appropriate clusters to make the desired bouquet bulb design.
Dig 4- to 8-inch holes to plant the bulbs. Ideally, hole depths should be three times the height of the bulb. Scatter 1 teaspoon of phosphorus into the bottom of each hole.
Place each bulb in a hole with roots touching the base of the hole. Place only one bulb per hole. Use your hand to fill in dirt around the bulb. Leave approximately a quarter-inch of bulb tip or shoot exposed above the hole.
Water the bouquet bulb area until the ground is wet but not overly soaked.
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FCR DNA / CHIC DNA Repository (for healthy dogs, dogs with disease and dogs 11 and older)
The Animal Health Trust (AHT) in the UK where previously collected Flat-Coated Retriever blood samples are stored closed in 2020. All donated samples are currently being stored at the Kennel Club University of Cambridge and remain available for researches.
In an effort to increase the number of DNA blood samples for Flat-Coated Retrievers and make it easier for researchers to obtain these samples, DNA samples will be stored at the AKC Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) DNA repository. The major advantage of using CHIC is that the approval process is streamlined for research funded by either the AKC Canine Health Foundation or the Morris Animal Foundation.
Your participation in this effort is extremely important and we urge everyone to donate their dog’s DNA blood samples, including dogs that have already donated to AHT, to support a healthier future for our Flat-Coated Retrievers.
The FCR Foundation will reimburse $5 of the $20 fee for samples submitted after the 2022 Specialty. For Foundation reimbursement, email firstname.lastname@example.org with your mailing address and attach copies of your vet and UPS / FedEx receipts.
There is a no charge for submitting a blood sample from a dog affected with a health condition that is important to the breed such as cancer, and we strongly encourage owners to submit samples from these dogs.
To participate in the DNA Repository, complete the application and submit it with the completed Health Survey and the DNA samples (kept refrigerated/shipped on cold packs).
Additional information about the CHIC DNA Repository and the necessary forms may be found at https://www.ofa.org/about/dna-repository .
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Dr. Gary Small and Gigi Vorgan’s 2 Weeks To A Younger Brain translates the latest brain science into practical strategies and exercises that yield quick and long- lasting benefits. It will not only improve your memory, but will also strengthen your physical health by reducing your risk for diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.More info →
America's leading authority on alternative and natural health reveals how to protect the brain from the common effects of aging.More info →
Memory is essential. We use it in our daily lives but usually we take it for granted.
Not many individuals comprehend the essential function that memory has in our lives.
But this should not be the case. Having a fantastic memory is vital to our survival.Thus, it is essential that you take steps to better your memory. In this book you will find som great tips for a better memory...
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Since 1882, Labor Day has marked the beginning of September. It is a tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity and well-being of the country. The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated in New York City on Tuesday, September 15, 1882 by the Central Labor Union. In 1894, following the example of 31 states, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year Labor Day in the District of Columbia and the territories.
Among those recognized today are firefighters, emergency medical technicians, police, and other first responders. Many are working emergencies and disasters as you read this. They may be responding to small-scale emergencies or large-scale disasters such as the ongoing fires in Texas or Tropical Storm/Depression Lee and Hurricane Katia. FEMA and sister agencies have had a busy 2011 so far. According to a September 4 AP story, “So far in 2011, the U.S. has had a record 10 weather catastrophes costing more than a billion dollars [each]; five separate tornado outbreaks, two different major river floods, a drought, a blizzard and a hurricane.” Not to mention an earthquake or two, drought and fire.
While Extension and EDEN delegates are not first responders in the sense that firefighters, police and EMTs are, we are there in the aftermath of disaster, working to provide needed education and information to the disaster victims. For some great examples, check out the EDEN website’s topic pages on tornado, wildfire, hurricane, and tsunami. Before disaster strikes, EDEN delegates are incorporating disaster preparedness and mitigation messages in their everyday education work.
Thank you to those who have provided disaster victims with timely information and education; to those who have responded to requests from colleagues for specific information; and thanks to everyone who provides disaster education in times of calm.
Give yourself a pat on the back — and keep up the good work!
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“This might sound like a silly question, but should I post my resume on social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter? I know they’re not really professional, but can it help me at all?”
– Tim Drake
Don’t worry, Tim. It’s actually a very good question to discuss about online networking.
Unfortunately, there is no short answer to this question. Yes, posting your resume on Facebook or Twitter can be helpful for your job search, especially considering employers are sourcing candidates on social networking sites nowadays.
Warning: Not all good things happen in the digital world.
Placing yourself completely out there in the digital world can also eliminate you from the running just as fast as a misplaced tattoo. Recent legislation makes it all so clear: what is online does NOT stay online. As a matter of fact, many companies hire individuals to scour the Internet to better acquaint themselves to their prospective (and current) employees.
Think of it this way, if you were a hiring executive and happened to see inappropriate images or statements from your next interviewee, would that affect the outcome? In terms of your resume, you definitely have the power to present yourself in the most professional manner… always professional.
Control is the keyword here. If you’re going to use your social networking site during your job search, make sure it’s completely professional. Honestly, this is hard for many people. Go ahead and test yourself and check your social networking sites… are there images, texts, or shout-outs which “could” put you in a not-so great light?
According to a recent survey, a whopping 91 percent of Facebook accounts–alone–contain inappropriate information that can be considered a red flag to employers. This includes photos, posts, and even friends.
Do you think you can manage all of your photos, posts, and friends AND keep them strictly professional? If not, then posting your resume on Facebook might not be the best idea.
Twitter, on the other hand, is a little easier to manage than Facebook. People “follow’ others because they’re interested in hearing what they have to say; therefore, if you keep your tweets professional, you will only attract professional followers who won’t be a red flag to your job search.
Keep this in mind: It only takes one bad apple to spoil the bunch.
If this sound overly cautious, it’s because you should be. Social networking sites are a double-edged sword that can hurt you just as easily as they can help you, consider this your final warning!
If you would like our career experts to address specific questions or issues related to your career development and success, reach out by using the comment box.
For those interested in cutting-edge career books to guide you along your journey, visit www.edu-cs.com or go to Amazon and search Danny at ECS for a listing of available material.
Written by Brandon Hayhurst
Got Twitter? Shadow us @dannyatecs
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From inside the virtual world of Second Life, NASA's Learning Technologies Project is reaching out to students and teachers. Second Life is a free, three-dimensional, online community where users can socialize and build custom worlds.
Second Life residents can mingle with scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on Explorer Island, explore the surface of the moon on Lunar Exploration Island and teleport to e-Education Island for free educational resources (and a free virtual NASA mug and t-shirt). Avatars can visit an interactive planetarium with real-time showings of constellations and see a model of the Martian surface that was created using actual NASA data.
NASA's presence in Second Life is just one of several ways the agency's Learning Technologies Project is using cutting-edge technology to help meet NASA's education goals. These goals include attracting and retaining students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, disciplines; strengthening NASA's and the nation's future workforce; and engaging Americans in NASA missions.
NASA Learning Technologies is part of the agency's Education Technology and Products Program, which uses fresh, new technologies to provide NASA content to students and educators. Over the years, NASA Learning Technologies has helped with the research and development of many Web-based tools to present STEM content and now is using interactive environments, virtual worlds and immersive technology. Learning Technologies' current focus is guided by the "NASA eEducation Roadmap: Research Challenges in the Design of Persistent Immersive Synthetic Environments for Education & Training." Written in 2007, the roadmap is a research and development plan for the use of online virtual worlds in education.
One of the highlights of NASA in Second Life is the ability to watch live space shuttle launches. Screens at the islands' outdoor meeting spaces can show NASA video clips or stream live NASA TV. During shuttle launches and landings, Second Life users from around the world gather and watch together.
"A lot of what we do in Second Life is interactions with people," said Daniel Laughlin, a Learning Technologies project manager. "People get a big thrill out of being able to be a part of launches and landings, both with other people and people from inside NASA."
Laughlin added that the virtual experience can feel the same emotionally -- as if the individual is actually there. "It simulates live human interaction," he said.
As it relates to education, Laughlin said anything you can do face to face for education, you can do in Second Life and extend your reach. "If you've got a virtual Educator Resource Center, then an ERC is as close as your computer."
Learning Technologies not only runs e-Education Island, but the team also helps other NASA projects add education and outreach components to their areas in Second Life. These areas include JPL's Explorer Island; Lunar Exploration Island, managed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite missions; the Classroom of the Future's Lunar World; and a student island on the Second Life teen grid, exclusively for 13- to 18-year-olds in NASA's INSPIRE project. INSPIRE stands for Interdisciplinary National Science Program Incorporating Research and Education Experience.
In addition to its work in Second Life, the Learning Technologies team is developing a massively multi-player, online role-playing game for students. The game is called Astronaut: Moon, Mars & Beyond.
Slated for release next year, the game will enable participants to learn and be tested on relevant skills through single-player and team-based missions based on real NASA technologies. Players will interact with NASA digital assets, such as hyper-realistic digital renderings of Mars rovers and telescope images taken of and from space.
The level at which users participate in these missions will depend on age and education, among other factors. While the game has the potential to have a big impact on higher education, students as young as 13 can participate at a level suited to their experience.
The goal of the game is to use an environment where most kids already have experience to expose them to concepts and ideas in STEM. The biggest difference in someone who goes into STEM and someone who doesn't, Laughlin said, is exposure.
"It will expose a lot of young people to the potential career opportunities in science and engineering and open up their minds to career paths that they might not otherwise consider," Laughlin said. "And, it will do it through a medium they are very comfortable with -- the Internet and online gaming."
Today's students are spending a lot of time playing games. The goal of the Astronaut: Moon, Mars, and Beyond game will be to capture some of that time during which students will experience a fun and positive interaction with NASA-based STEM content.
The massively multi-player, online role-playing game, or MMO RPG, format was chosen because of the prolonged interaction with the game, with other players and with the content, Laughlin said. Also, with this format the game can be dynamically updated and customized to add more elements to the areas players use most.
"Most of all, we want to build a fun game so that people want to go home and play the NASA game," Laughlin said. "This game will be fun and challenging, and it will help you learn. ... If there's one thing we've learned from more than 800 pages of public input, it's that this game must be fun if it's going to be of any use for education."
NASA Learning Technologies
NASA eEducation Roadmap: Research Challenges in the Design of Persistent Immersive Synthetic Environments for Education & Training (PDF) →
NASA MMO Game →
Heather R. Smith/NASA Educational Technology Services
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MIAMI COUNTY — The state of Ohio has entered the last two weeks left to get registered to vote for the Nov. 8 Presidential Election. The registration deadline for the election is Oct. 11.
“People should get out and get registered,” Kelly Gillis, chairman of the Miami County Board of Elections, said.
Checking voter registration
The Miami County Board of Elections Office advised residents to check their voter registration status if they have recently changed their name or their address.
People can check on their voter registration status online at:
• Miami County Board of Election’s website at electionsonthe.net/oh/miami
• The Ohio Secretary of State’s website at www.sos.state.oh.us
Currently in Ohio, residents can update their voter registration online, but they cannot register to vote online. Registering to vote online will be available next year.
How to get registered
For now, voter registration forms need to be submitted. Voter registration forms are available to download on the Miami County Board of Elections’ website, the Ohio Secretary of State’s website, and MyOhioVote.com.
People may also use the National Mail Voter Registration form available at www.eac.gov/voter_resources/register_to_vote.aspx.
The Miami County Board of Elections or the Ohio Secretary of State’s office can also mail a voter registration form by request.
According to the Ohio Secretary of State’s website, residents may obtain a voter registration form and register to vote in person at any of the following locations:
• The office of the Secretary of State
• The office of any of the 88 county boards of elections
• The office of the registrar or any deputy registrar of the Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles
• Public libraries
• Public high schools or vocational schools
• County treasurers’ offices
• Offices of designated agencies, including the Department of Job and Family Services, the Department of Health (including the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program), the Department of Mental Health, the Department of Developmental Disabilities, Opportunities for Ohioans with Disabilities, or the office of any state-assisted college or university responsible for providing assistance to students with disabilities
Voter registration forms can also be taken or mailed to the Miami County Board of Elections or the Ohio Secretary of State’s office. The Miami County Board of Elections Office is located at the Miami County Courthouse at 215 W. Main St., Troy, OH 45373. The last day that voter registrations can be received is the 30th day before the election at which you want to vote, or Oct. 11.
Early voting and absentee ballots available
In Ohio, residents do not need to provide a reason to request an absentee ballot. Absentee ballots can be requested online on the board of elections’ website or the Ohio Secretary of State’s office or by contacting the board of elections office.
The deadline to request an absentee ballot is Nov. 5 at noon, which is three days before the Presidential Election. Voters can submit their application any time. If mailed, absentee ballots must be postmarked by Nov. 7, in order to be counted. Voters can also return their absentee ballots in person to board of elections before the close of the polls at 7:30 p.m. on Nov. 8.
Early voting is also set to begin on Oct. 12.
Reach Sam Wildow at (937) 451-3336
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IQ variations across time and space : the why and wherefore?
Mind Hacks has two posts on IQ: one focusing on IQ variants across time and discussing Flynn effect and the other focusing on variation across space (different population groups!) and discussing variation in IQ of identical and fraternal twins and taking help of adoption studies with special focus on economic background of biological and adopted parents.
I’ll discuss the second posting first which is based on this NYT article.
This article mentions a few observations based on meta analysis of data related to twin studies and also a study of adopted children -raised either in environments (adopted homes) that are of same socio-economic status as that of their biological parents or in different socio-economic environments.
Some of these observations are (first six are from adoption studies and the seventh is from twin studies. :
- Children of well-off biological parents reared by poor/well -off adopted parents have Average IQ about 16 point higher than children of poor biological parents
- Children of well-off biological parents reared by well-off adopted parents had average IQ scores of 119.6
- Children of well-off biological parents reared by poor adopted parents had average IQ scores of 107.5 – 12 points lower
- Children of poor biological parents reared by well-off adopted parents had average IQ scores of 103.6
- Children of poor biological parents reared by well-off adopted parents had average IQ scores of 92.4
- In another study, the average I.Q. scores of youngsters (from an orphanage at ages 4-6)placed in well-to-do homes climbed more than 20 points, to 98 – a jump from borderline retardation to a whisker below average , when measured after 9 years of placement in the well-off home. That is a huge difference – a person with an I.Q. of couldn’t explain the rules of baseball, while an individual with a 98 I.Q. could actually manage a baseball team – and it can only be explained by pointing to variations in family circumstances.
- In a meta-analysis, it was found, that among the poorest families , for those twins raised in the poor families, the I.Q.’s of identical twins vary just as much as the I.Q’s of fraternal twins; while in rich families the IQ’s of Identical twins are more identical than is the case for the IQ differences in fraternal twins.
First let us discuss the Twin studies (observation 7). If some trait A is found to co-occur say 80% of the times in identical twins (which have identical genotype) that are raised apart and if the same trait A is only found to vary 40 % of the times in fraternal twins (that have only 50 % of genes in common) that are raised apart; then one can conclude that this trait A is highly heritable and genetics dependent, with environmental influence limited to say affecting only say 20 % variation in the trait.
The premise is that if it is conclusively proved that if two organisms (identical twins) which contain more similar genes (double the number in comparison to fraternal twins) than a control pair of organisms (the fraternal twins); and effect of environment is subtracted (by letting the two organisms live in dissimilar environments – one adopted, while the other in biological home atmosphere); and if it is found that some trait A is found to concur more in these organisms (identical twins) compared to the control pair (the fraternal twins), then that trait must have a genetic component and is heavily influenced by genetic factors as opposed to environmental factors. So far so good.
In the normal twin studies, the adopted twin generally belongs to the same socio-economic status as the one reared by the biological parents.
The normal observation that identical twins belonging to well-off/middle class families have IQ rates similar as compared to fraternal twins, thus indicates that for children from well-off background (biological/adopted), the IQ (observed phenotype) is mostly due to genetic factors (underlying genotype) and environmental factors are not a big determinant.
The paradoxical observation that identical twins belonging to poor families have IQ rates as varying as compared to fraternal twins, should indicate that for children from poor background (biological/adopted), the IQ (observed phenotype) is mostly due to environmental factors and genetic factors (the underlying genotype ) are not a big determinant.
How do we conciliate the two observations. The paradox becomes a non-issue when one shifts focus from either-or thinking in terms of gene-environment influences and moves towards an interactionist view point viz. Nature via nurture as outlined by Matt Riddley amongst others and using genotype-phenotype distinctions. As per this viewpoint, any genotype is a potentiality and only if proper environmental factors are available can it lead to the desired (adaptive) phenotype. In absence of the required environmental factors, the genotype may not lead to the phenotype or may lead to sub-optimal phenotype expression. In a typical example, a fish may not show the color that the genotype codes for, if the environment under which it is developing provides little incentive to exhibit that color for reproductive/survival fitness. In less dramatic example, one may have genotype for having a more than average height, but if proper nutrition during a critical phase of development is not provided, then that height may not be exhibited.
Returning back to our discussion, it is apparent that IQ , though highly heritable ( and being genotype based), remains as a potentiality and only if environmental factors ranging from nutrition to socio-economic factors resulting in environmental influences like number of words exposed during childhood, results in appropriate IQ scores and intelligence (observed phenotype) only when such environmental influences as measured by socio-economic atmosphere during childhood are present during critical stages of development. Thus, while children of and raised by well-off parents could have a high correlation between genotype and phenotype ( and thus show high correlation in IQ across identical twins vis-a-vis fraternal twins), the same would not be true for children of poor parents where environmental factors will limit the observed IQ scores ) and thus, though the genotype of identical twins is similar than fraternal in this case too, the variation would be greater as the genetic influence has been subdued by environmental (negative) influence.
Now to explain the first observation, viz. that children of biological parents have average IQ higher than children of poor/working parents can be explained by the fact, that as a group, the well-off parents would have higher IQ than poor/working parents- as intelligence would be one of the major factors predicting who would be well-off and who would be poor in a fair world. Thus, it is no surprise that their children, would also have higher intelligence as compared to poor children- as the rich parent’s child would on an average get better IQ genes than a poor children would get from its poor (and less IQ) parent.
The observations 2 and 3 taken together corroborate the fact that IQ flowers only under the right environment. When 2 child start with similar average IQ potentialities (as they are from well-off parents), they nevertheless end with different final exhibition of intelligence (as measured by IQ scores) based on the limiting influence of environment on the genes.
The observations 4 and 5 taken together yield to similar interpretations.
The observation 6 is a stark example of how providing a proper environment can lead to drastic improvements in the exhibited phenotype and lead to the phenotype attaining the maximum potentiality present in its genotype.
It is clear that affirmative action is needed to ensure that environmental influences do not lead to sub-optimal flowering of intelligence. These affirmative actions should be based on reducing poverty and focused on that alone. Other options like Mandal commission reservation of jobs (after the child has already got a sub-optimal IQ due to early socio-economic environment) are clearly counter-productive and unfair. Poverty is the only evil to be tackled.
Returning to the first post on Mind Hacks related to Flynn effect,based on this American Scientist article. To me, it seems apparent, that biological evolution is very slow in comparison to social and environmental evolution that we humans have managed to achieve. I believe that based on our current genotypes for intelligence, we have achieved a plateau in terms of providing the maximal socio-economic environmental conditions necessary for full flowering of intelligence. Thus, we seem to be reaching a plateau in terms of increases in IQ score from one generation to the other. The Flynn Effect, in my opinion, was not a change in genotype, but in exhibited phenotypes, due to availability of proper environmental conditions.
For IQ to change within generations due to underlying change in genotype is assuming heavy and continuous selection pressure on those genes responsible for IQ. I believe that IQ (and intelligence) would keep on improving, as it may be part of runaway selection due to other-sex mate preference (reproductive advantage) – like that of evolution of beauty – or peacock’s tail – or it may keep evolving as intelligence does confer survival advantage too, but such increases would not be as dramatically observable as the Flynn effect.
Effecient Related Posts:
- No Related Posts
3 Responses to “IQ variations across time and space : the why and wherefore?”
Additional comments powered by BackType
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Posting basics and getting started
By now you probably are familiar with all the elements of the page so let's get down to the posting.
First of all you can either make a new thread or reply in an existing one. If you choose to make a thread make sure it's something that can get more than just a few replies, something that can generate into a larger discussion, otherwise you're better off by posting in the current numbered thread. For example don't make a thread asking "what interview is this picture from" when it will only get 1-2 replies. You can read more about why you should probably not make a new thread here: >>14
When it comes to making replies one thing to keep in mind is that there is a 20 seconds limit between each post.Using a tripcode
A tripcode is a unique string of characters (such as "!a3dKSVA5Rc") that goes next to your name and serves as your personal ID to make sure no one impersonates you (otherwise anyone can simply use your name). To use a tripcode simply write in the name fields
NAME##PASSWORD (for example "dave##pass123")Referencing/linking to a post or a thread
To reference a certain post simply write in the comment field >>POSTNUMBER (for example >>12345) or click the post id, at the top right side of each post. If you click the post ID, you will not see that quote until you open up for form.
To reference a certain thread use exactly the same syntax as when referencing a post, except that you must use the ID of the first post in that thread (for example >>3
If you want to link to a different board you must use >>>/BOARD/POSTNUMBER for example >>>/offtopic/9Green text
Used mostly for quoting, it can be done by using ">" followed by the text you want, but only at the beggining of a lineUsing markup
Simply use this format:
XXX your text here XXX
Where XXX should be replaced with
'' for italic
''' for bold
** for spoilers
== for headers
– for strikethrough text (double minus)
bare in mind that this only works for a single line of text so if you want to use spoilers for multple lines for example, you'll have to add spoiler tags for each lineDeleting a post
To delete a post (or its image) rollover it and press the "X". This will open up a simple popup.
Sometimes, you might find that you're unable to delete a post of yours. That might happen wheen you clear your cookies, your IP changes or for other various technical reasons. When that happens you can simply ask a mod to delete your post
Now that you grasp the posting basics it's time for you to get started. Here are some steps that you should take:
1) If you want to cut to the chase go to >>>/chloe/
, enter the latest numbered thread (or any other thread that interests you) and start posting.
2) If you want to experiment some more with posting, quoting, deleting your post and so on you can do it in this thread >>3
3) If you want more Chloë pictures to go with your posts go to the reaction pics thread: >>>/chloe/74
4) Tell us your honest opinion about this place >>>/chloe/106
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WearablesDevCon is a conference about wearable technology from March 5 – 7 over in San Francisco.
I’m going to be giving two talks:
A tutorial called “Transitioning from Android to Google Glass” where I will take people from building apps for Android (and mobile devices in general) to Glass.
I’m also going to go in-depth into live cards in my talk “Deep Dive into Google Glass Live Cards.”
I’m really excited about Google Glass. I think it is going to be the premiere wearable general computing platform. I’m also interested in seeing what other wearable technologies are out there. If you’re interested in Wearables, then check out WearablesDevCon. If you use my last name “DELAROSA” as a coupon code, I think you get an extra discount.
My source code is really valuable to me. So I like to secure it as much as possible. GitHub does a good job of securing things on their end. I use SSH to pull and push my code so that it is securely transmitted over the network to my computer.
However, there is still a potential problem with having a single password to log in to the GitHub website. That log in also allows access to your code. If someone wanted to pull from one of my repositories, they would have to have my SSH private key (and password) which is on my computer. If they somehow figured out my password, they could just log in from anywhere. How can I stop that from happening? Obviously, generating a random, unique password using a password generator like 1Password will help. But that isn’t enough, since someone could stand behind you and watch you type it in on your computer or phone, then later impersonate you.
What I need is Two Factor Authentication. This makes it so that an attacker needs both my password AND a physical device (i.e. the phone I carry around.) That device either receives an SMS with a code or has a synchronized authenticator app that generates a code that I enter in my password. It is easy to enable this on GitHub and I recommend that everyone do so.
To enable Two Factor Auth, follow the instructions at: https://help.github.com/articles/about-two-factor-authentication
Note that for ongoing authentication, I personally use Google Authenticator but others like to use Authy. You can also use SMS to get your codes if you prefer.
I have my backup recovery codes stored away in case of emergency. These are useful if you lose your device – you have to make sure these are also kept secure.
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Jeffery L. Wright
Professor Bryan Feuer
23 February 2005
Models and Paradigms
Historically models and paradigms are a set of tools researchers use to recreate the reality of the historical past. Historians believe that models or paradigms help them to understand how a group or groups of people lived in the past. In addition, these models and paradigms also help individuals to act in the real world, helps people realized that are actions have consequence, but can also become problematic because they can obscure the achievements of certain individuals or races while favoring another. In the end, the unconscious past, present and emotional personal experience of the historian can have a huge impact on the historical information presented.
The growing debate today is that most models and paradigms are being considered as objective truth. Objective truths are supposed in some way to be independent of our subjective beliefs and tastes.
Yet this is not always correct. For example, to use a 2005 model to assess educational differences between African Americans and white Americans in 1802 would be invalid, because African Americans were not allowed an education during this time.
These models and paradigms can and often serve many functions. For example, theses models and paradigms can help individuals to act in the real world, help people realize that their actions have consequence but can become problematic because they can obscure the achievements of certain individuals while in favoring another.
Some historians' fear that the danger is placing too much truth behind what is written after the research is completed. The researcher has no way of checking if his/her ideology has blindsided them to a particular point of view. Each person unconscious past, present and emotional state of mind should always be questioned to ensure and honest...
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The chief medical officers in Canada have recently raised questions over the current illicit drug policies. The officers have said that the policies are not effective in reducing the usage of illicit drugs in the regions and therefore changes should be made.
The officers have asked to introduce tougher regulations and taxations to curb the growing menace of illicit drugs. It has come to light that the Federal Government is gearing to locate budget to fund the Bill C-10, in which mandatory minimum sentences for minor drug offences is included.
Nova Scotia's chief medical health officer Dr. Robert Strang said that government is failing in its approach to reduce the use of illicit drugs. While emphasizing over the need to bring regulation and taxation, Dr. Robert Strang said: “For the last decade, Portugal has decriminalized all drug use and they have some of the lowest rates of drug use”.
The officers noted that imprisonment is not an effective way of lowering the number of illegal drug usage. They said that imprisonment only leads to higher cases of HIV and increased the problems of gun violence. It has been recommended that alcohol and marijuana should be heavily taxed so that people could be discouraged from buying them.
- Postage Prices will Decrease from Sunday; USPS not too Happy About It
- Marriott and Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc Shareholders Approve to $14.41 Sales Deal
- UK plan to impose additional tax on sugary drinks
- Obesity during pregnancy may increase risk of very ‘large babies’
- Dropping Sales at Gap’s Key Brands hurt the Company’s Shares
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Whether you’re a vegetarian or vegan, you need to give significant factor to consider to incorporating some type of “Ruff Greens” right into your pet dog’s diet plan. While a lot of pet dogs do not enjoy this very yummy vegan treat, there are a handful of vegan and also vegetarian canine nourishment options out there. Obviously, you must beware about mixing different type of foods in your pet dog’s dishes. Yet if you have the ability to incorporate several of these prominent foods in between meals, you will certainly have a much easier time of preserving proper pet dog nutrition.
What exactly is “Ruff Greens”? Put simply, it’s a cross between beetroot and spinach. It has beet pulp as the main ingredient and also a generous helping of slightly cooked spinach. Because of the beet pulp, it has a lot more full protein than any other non-vegetarian product readily available.
Can you get vegan dog food exterior? Some business do provide non-vegan choices. However, these commonly need some compromise on the active ingredients. If they do not consist of no pet items in any way (which is coming to be increasingly common), you can depend on having the ability to discover a couple of soy items blended into the mix. Even if they do utilize soy, they are most likely going to be completely lacking of any kind of animal products. This is why it is essential to read the tags very carefully.
Why should you even think about vegan dog food? As the popularity of vegetarianism continues to grow, there is a growing passion in this activity within the pet world as well. There are even some manufacturers that have actually gone as far as to create certain dog brands that are exclusively vegetarian. If you appreciate animal legal rights and also want to supply your canine with a quality, wholesome diet, there is no better alternative than vegan dog food. Dog Digestive System Vs Human
What kinds of foods should you be taking into consideration for your vegan pet? Firstly, check the tag. If there is anything that is made with eggs or honey, after that you will wish to miss the item. These products are simply filled with unhealthy fats as well as sugars that are not just poor for your pet dog, yet are totally unneeded. They will not boost your dog’s health and wellness whatsoever. Instead, buy vegan canine food which contains plants-based active ingredients.
The following thing you ought to try to find in vegan pet dog food is sugar. Even though canines enjoy deals with, you can’t rely on them to get their daily need of energy from a treat. You can aid your pet dog remain healthy by providing them with a variety of high-fiber deals with. Some excellent choices consist of Sunflower as well as Carrot Sticks, which are made with peanut butter as well as fresh veggies. There are also a range of nut butters made with rice and oats. These treats will certainly offer your pup energy without packing him up with undesirable fat.
If you intend to give your pet a healthy diet plan, you need to make certain he has accessibility to protein. The good news is, there are a range of excellent sources offered. One superb source of healthy protein is chicken that is cooked and also enlivened. Other great selections include tofu, which supplies a fantastic resource of healthy and balanced protein without all the unhealthy fats. Simply remember that vegan canine food does not always consist of genuine meat, so if you intend to ensure your canine gets all the healthy proteins he requires, make certain you acquire a supplement which contains a selection of healthy and balanced proteins.
With all this details, you must have all the details you need to make an informed decision concerning vegan dog food. If you are just getting going with vegan diet regimens, or if you have actually constantly eaten non-vegan, seek a supplement that uses a variety of high-fiber, top quality grains as well as vitamins. Look for one that uses natural active ingredients and sustains the holistic wellness of your pet. You can discover more about vegan dog nourishment in the short article above. In the meantime, take pleasure in a lot of safe, wholesome foods that promote overall health for you and your pet! Dog Digestive System Vs Human
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There is no record of it ever having rained cats and dogs, but it has rained FROGS. How can this happen?
A whirlwind passing over a river or lake, where frogs mate, may scoop up their fertilized eggs and carry them along in the air for a distance. While the eggs are being whirled along in the atmosphere, they are hatching into tiny, tailed animals known as tadpoles.
Then, when the wind has spent itself, whatever is in the air falls to the earth. In this case, it’s a shower of tadpoles, or baby frogs.
Two other animal storms are on record. In August, 1892, in Padeborn, Germany, there was a snail storm, and in July, 1972, black worms about the size of bees fell from the sky by the thousands over Bucharest, Romania.
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Searching for details:
The author of this page will appreciate comments, corrections and imagery related to the subject. Please contact Anatoly Zak.
Obzor-R satellite to image Earth with radar
To achieve capability to picture Earth's surface in all weather, day and night, the Russian space agency initiated development of the Obzor-R satellite equipped with the high-resolution radar dubbed Kasatka-R ("killer whale"). As of 2016, the first satellite in the Obzor-R series was scheduled for launch in 2019.
Previous chapter: Kanopus
Above: A scale model of the Obzor-R remote-sensing satellite first unveiled at the Paris Air and Space Show in Le Bourget in 2013 showing a phased array imaging radar facing down.
Announced specifications for the Obzor-R satellite:
Origin of the project: MakSat-R
Around 2011, TsSKB Progress started a preliminary development of a radar-carrying satellite originally known as MakSat-R. In March 2012, TsSKB Progress said that a development schedule for the project had been approved, calling for the completion of the preliminary design by May 30. At the time, engineering documentation for the load-bearing structure and solar panels of the satellite was to be completed by the end of June 2012 and for the body of the satellite -- by July 30. It would enable the launch of the spacecraft in 2015. According to NII TP design bureau, the company has been developing radar payload for the MakSat-R satellite since 2009.
The same company previously planned to install a similar device on the radar version of the Resurs-DK spacecraft, with which TsSKB Progress possibly competed in a tender for an early phase of the Arkon-2M project. After Roskosmos gave the contract for Arkon-2M to TsSKB's competition -- VNIIEM -- TsSKB Progress returned with the MakSat-R design customized for the purposes of the Ministry of Defense.
According to industry sources, when later, the Russian space agency initiated the Obzor-R project, the MakSat-R design was to be repurposed again for a "civilian" satellite, while MakSat-R itself would be discontinued. TsSKB Progress apparently conducted the initial development of both MakSat and Obzor projects with its internal funds.
From Maksat-R to Obzor-R
On Dec. 17, 2012, Russian space agency, Roskosmos, solicited bids for a tender to develop the radar-carrying Obzor-R remote-sensing satellite. The new-generation spacecraft aimed to replace the Arkon-2M project, which was canceled in 2012. The agency allocated 3,604,800 thousand rubles ($116.3 million) for three years of development work ending on Nov. 25, 2015. Roskosmos put a deadline for the submission of bids for the tender at Jan. 15, 2013, and planned to choose a winner on January 24.
According to the agency's assignment, Obzor-R was to carry an X-band (phased-array) radar for taking images of the Earth surface through cloud cover or fog abstracting the use of optical imaging systems. Roskosmos expected the spacecraft to provide data to civilian agencies for the purposes of cartography, naval navigation, geological applications, exploration of natural resources and for agriculture. The list of tasks clearly emphasized civilian purpose of the spacecraft, however Roskosmos also stressed the possibility for adding other goals as the project developed.
Roskosmos required the satellite to use GLONASS and GPS satellite data and to fit into the Soyuz-2 launch vehicle based in Plesetsk. The satellite would have to be able to deliver imaging data to ground stations within 12 hours after taking the picture. It would have to be able to revisit imaging area within latitudes from 35 to 60 degrees North in no less than two days. During each orbit around the Earth, the spacecraft would have to be able take images during at least 10 minutes. Ground stations receiving data from the satellite would be equipped with antennas sporting 3.6-meter dishes. Only one or two ground stations would be required to control Obzor-R.
The Obzor-R spacecraft would have to be able to operate in orbit for at least five years and have a total operational life span of no less than eight years. The resolution of the satellite was reported to be as high as one meter.
In the previous decade, several companies in Russia were working on or proposed radar-carrying satellites. They included NPO Lavochkin, VNIIEM, GKNPTs Khrunichev, NPO Mashinostroenia, KB Arsenal, and RKK Energia. According to industry sources, TsSKB Progress in Samara and KB Arsenal in St. Petersburg ultimately competed in the tender in January 2013. TsSKB Progress won the contract despite a lower price offered by KB Arsenal. At the time, the launch of the Obzor-R spacecraft on the Soyuz-2-1b rocket into a terminator-matching orbit was expected in 2015. In March 2013, the head of TsSKB Progress, Aleksandr Kirilin said that the company had been challenged to launch the first Obzor-R satellite by the middle of 2015.
In June 2013, TsSKB Progress presented a scale model of the Obzor-R satellite at the Air and Space Show in Le Bourget. Accompanying description reconfirmed that the launch of the satellite had been scheduled for 2015. No technical specifications for the spacecraft was released at the time.
On July 30, 2013, TsSKB Progress held a meeting of the Chief Designer Council chaired by the head of the company Aleksandr Kirilin to review the preliminary design of the Obzor-R project. Both, developers and potential users of the satellite took part in the event, TsSKB Progress announced on July 31.
According to the company, the participants discussed the status of the preliminary design for the high-resolution radar system, the power supply system and ground-based infrastructure, among other issues. Representatives of the Federal Emergency Service, MChS, and Russian Land-zoning agency, Rosreestr, and "other agencies interested in Obzor-R's data," had confirmed the necessity for the urgent development of the project, TsSKB Progress said.
TsSKB Progress scheduled the formal defense of the preliminary design of the Obzor-R system at the Russian space agency, Roskosmos, in September, the company's press-release announced. According to TsSKB Progress, Obzor-R would have following applications:
In the summer of 2015, the first Obzor-R satellite was finally in production, however, at the time, its first launch had to be postponed until 2018. In September 2016, the RKS corporation released a photo of the Kasatka-R radar being prepared for ground tests before its launch on the Obzor-R satellite then planned for 2019.
According to the company, Kasatka-R will use the so-called Digital Beam Forming, DBF, for a more flexible and efficient imaging of the Earth's surface, allowing to reach a resolution of 0.5 - 0.3 meters.
According to the company, the NII TP research institute, a part of the RKS corporation, made significant progress in the development of the Kasatka-R payload in 2016, including building an experimental prototype of the antenna array and beginning of the work on the radar software. The assembly of the first radar was scheduled to start at the end of the year, RKS announced. Specifically for the Kasatka-R project, NII TP completed the construction of the echoless test chamber.
Read much more about the history of the Russian space program in a richly illustrated, large-format glossy edition:
Next chapter: A project of a satellite with a giant radar antenna
The article and interactive graphic by Anatoly Zak
Photography by Claude Mourier and Anatoly Zak
Last update: September 8, 2016
All rights reserved
The design of the Arkon-2 and Arkon-2M satellites originally proposed by NPO Lavochkin during 2000s. Credit: NPO Lavochkin
A prototype of the Monitor remote-sensing satellite with a radar antenna proposed by GKNPTs Khrunichev. Copyright © 2001 Anatoly Zak
The Sever radar-carrying satellite proposed by KB Arsenal in St. Petersburg to be based on the company's Neva platform. Copyright © 2011 Anatoly Zak
A radar-carrying satellite proposed at RKK Energia. Copyright © 2008 Anatoly Zak
A possible depiction of MakSat satellite. Credit: NII TP
A scale model of Obzor-R satellite presented at the Air and Space Show in Le Bourget in June 2013. Copyright © 2013 Claude Mourier
An Obzor-R satellite as of 2013. Credit: TsSKB Progress
Deployment of the Obzor-R satellite in orbit. Credit: TsSKB Progress via Claude Mourier
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San Diego County, California's Chief Administrative Office's "Initial Report on the March 2, 2004 Primary Election," released on Mar. 8, 2004, stated:
"The Registrar of Voters had the following phone support available to answer questions from the polling places: 11 troubleshooter hotline phones. All poll workers were provided with this phone number; 12 direct lines to recruitment staff that had been working with the poll workers during the weeks and months prior to the election; 38 Registrar of Voters phone bank lines that supplemented the other lines during the peak incident period; 10 dispatch phones for communicating with Supervising Troubleshooters; and 26 Supervising Troubleshooters. Diebold also had 12 staff at the Registrar's office to assist with technical support and to address systems questions. Other Registrar of voters also stepped in to deal with calls and to give instructions.
The Registrar of Voters recruited 26 Supervising Troubleshooters, who were available in the field from 5:30 a.m. until the polls closed on Election Day. These Supervisors were coordinating and working with approximately 200 Rovers who were supplied by Diebold, each assigned to monitor a set of polling places in their designated area. Rovers began making their rounds at 5:30 a.m. as well."
Alice P. Miller, Executive Director of the District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics, stated in her May 5, 2004 testimony before the U.S. Election Assistance Commission:
to the January election, we recruited 'precinct technicians,' a
new pollworker position. We trained these technicians exclusively on
the operation of the DRE. Their presence at the polling place increased
the comfort level of our senior pollworkers."
Cathy Cox, Georgia Secretary of State, explained in her July 2003 report "Touch the Future of Voting: Georgia's Guide to Election Reform":
"On Election Day, the technicians [provided electronic voting machine manufacturer Diebold] were assigned specific duties. First, technicians assisted with the opening procedures in various precincts within their assigned county. Throughout the remainder of the day, Diebold staff roamed each county visiting various precincts to make sure the election processes were progressing smoothly. At the end of the day, technicians provided assistance with poll closing procedures as needed."
The League of Women Voters of the United States stated in its July 2004 report "Helping America Vote: Safeguarding the Vote":
"Model Practices to Ensure Adequate Technical Support to Poll Workers on Election Day:
The District of Columbia Board of Elections recruited, trained and deployed 'precinct technicians' to help poll workers and voters operate new electronic voting equipment. Following a trouble-filled primary in 2002, Miami-Dade County, Florida brought in computer specialists from other county agencies to provide Election Day support to poll workers. Likewise Montgomery County, Maryland, called on county information technology workers to assist at polls on Election Day."
The National Academy of Sciences' 2005 report "Asking the Right Questions About Electronic Voting," explained:
"Help mechanisms can take a variety of forms, and all may be relevant to a given situation. Vendors may provide documentation (e.g., sets of frequently asked questions) to help facilitate problem resolution, provide answers over a help line, or provide in-person support at the polling place. However, consider the following:
For complex systems, documentation cannot be both comprehensive and easy to use. Furthermore, users must generally have some familiarity with the system in order to use documentation effectively.
Though help lines can be quite in effective in resolving simple problems, it is often difficult for a help line specialist to diagnose and provide advice on a more complex problem, especially when the specialist cannot see the station with the problem and the poll worker must describe the problem in words.
In general, in-person assistance cannot be provided as rapidly as when help lines are used (assuming the help lines can handle peak call volumes). Also, though in-person is usually the most efficacious method for problem resolution, it is also the most expensive and generally the least timely (because an individual must be dispatched to the appropriate location).
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of Miami-Dade County [Florida] explained in its Sep. 20, 2002 report "Inquiry Into Circumstances Surrounding the Sep. 10, 2002 Election in Miami-Dade County":
addition to poll workers, county management also arranged for county
personnel to staff the polling precincts to provide support. These
positions were called Troubleshooters, Verification Specialists and
40 county employees served in the capacity of Troubleshooters... From
what the OIG has learned during our inquiry, there just weren't enough
officials developed the position of Back-up Specialist...to offer
professional level support to assist with start-up procedures and data
back-up at each precinct on election day... While this was a valiant
effort by the County Manager's Office, especially with the training
assistance of the ERD [County Employee Relations Department], it was
just too little too late."
The San Diego Union-Tribune ran a Mar. 7, 2004 story by staff writers Jeff McDonald and Luis Monteagudo, Jr. titled "Mishaps Run Deeper Than New Machines," which stated:
one precinct in Encinitas, poll worker Jennifer Hamilton and her
colleagues first encountered trouble 45 minutes before polls were
scheduled to open. When the turned on the device that activates voter
cards, it displayed a Windows software screen - not the screen workers
had seen in training...
used her cell phone to call the county's troubleshooting hotline but
kept getting a busy signal... 'We got no help from the registrar of
voters because we couldn't get trough to the troubleshooting hotline,'
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Posted on March 21st, 2011 at 5:33 PM EST
In Mac OS X 10.6.7, Apple quietly added a definition for the OpinionSpy malware to the Mac OS X quarantine system. Personally, I didn’t think OpinionSpy was much of a threat. I mean, it actually tells you that it is going to install software that will collect your personal information! Although it’s still not clear what information is collected or what is done with that information, it is poor malware indeed that warns you about installing it. Still, it’s best to be cautious about this sort of thing, so I suppose it makes sense to add this to quarantine.
For more information about OpinionSpy, or the current state of Macintosh malware in general, see my Mac Virus Guide.
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Most people don’t associate the glossy photos of beautiful, sustainable showpieces in author Sherri Koones’ books with modular construction.
That’s because factory-built, panelized, structural insulated panels (SIPs), timber-frame, and even metal-frame dwellings, “are virtually indistinguishable from site-built homes,” she told attendees at the recent NAHB Green Building Conference in Raleigh, N.C.
The author of two books on modular construction, including the new Prefabulous + Sustainable, said that homes built off site are “intrinsically green” for many reasons:
--they generate only a small amount of construction waste
--there is little disturbance to the building site
--they are energy efficient and boast a tight building envelope
--they are eligible for points in national green building programs
--subs don’t have to travel to far-away jobsites, saving gas and other transportation costs.
“The plumber and carpenter, instead of traveling across several counties to one or two homes a day, can put in the materials for four houses in one day in one factory,” she explained.
In addition, prefabrication is one of the fastest, least expensive ways to build a green home. A study comparing the construction of identical houses, one site-built with conventional framing, the other panelized, found that the panelized project saved 253 hours of labor and $4,560 in labor costs.
Builders are reluctant to give up their site-built ways, Koones said, but “once they see how quickly and easily prefab houses go up, they’re sold.” “No one I have talked to for any of my books has ever gone back to building on site.”
Co-presenter John Connell, director of design at Middlebury, Vt., prefab builder Connor Homes, offered these tips for green builders and architects considering modular:
--Choose your prefab company carefully and stay close to your market to keep delivery charges down. There will most likely only be a few in your area, so research them in depth. “There’s not going to be endless vendors to choose from,” he said. (To find a vendor, go to the NAHB’s Building Systems Councils Web site.)
--Attend a training program; many prefabricators offer free educational sessions. “If you pay attention to about a half-dozen rules, anyone who knows how to build traditionally can build this way,” Connell said.
--Get to know the production staff at the panelized factory, not just the salespeople. Take a tour of the plant and visit the assembly line on the day of your project’s creation
--Go to a set to observe the project from start to finish. “See how problems are fixed.”
In closing, Connell urged attendees to consider eco-friendly alternatives to site-built dwellings.
“Factory-built homes now can be incredibly beautiful and are the standard now for sustainable homes,” he said. “It’s not that they’re just as good as site built, they’re way better.”
Jennifer Goodman is Senior Editor Online for EcoHome.
Learn more about markets featured in this article: Raleigh, NC.
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Hand of Fire by Judith Starkston
Judith Starkston's debut takes the reader deep into the history and mythology of ancient Greece to tell a story of love and war, mortality and immortality. Hand of Fire is the untold story of Briseis, a woman famed for her love of the half-god Achilles, but whose own history is little-known. As Starkston unfurls the early events of the Trojan War, she gives history new life through Briseis's eyes and offers readers a chance to experience the epic legend from a fresh perspective. The novel follows Briseis through her unfortunate marriage to a harsh prince, the loss of her family and land, and eventually through her complex journey of falling in love with her captor, the fiercest warrior of her peoples' enemy.
While Briseis has come to be familiar in name to many enthusiasts of the Greek mythology, her story is often told only in the shadow of Achilles and the Trojan War. By combining what little is available of this remarkable woman in history and myth with the creative freedom of the novel, Starkston creates a beautiful rendering of Briseis as a fully-realized heroine. The open and emotional narrative, carried on Starkston's smart prose, gives the reader an immediate understanding of Briseis from her young beginnings as a healing priestess, the only daughter among several sons old enough to fight when the warriors of Greece reach Lyrnessos. On her own to chart the territory of marriage to a brutal husband, and then eventually as a princess-turned-captive in the Greek war camps, Briseis is on a constant search for strength. It makes her an ideal character to helm a story steeped in the legend and lore of the Bronze Age, and that's precisely what Starkston delivers.
Not least among the challenges Briseis faces in the Greek camps is the complicated terrain of being in love with a half-god. Starkson’s approach to Achilles rests on the more compassionate aspects of his legend, which makes for a compelling exploration into what could have balanced him as an insatiable warrior and also someone with whom Briseis could fall in love. Other central characters appear, such as Agamemnon, Patroclus, and Odysseus, while Starkston also lends her creativity to the tale in the form of original characters, many of which make up the other women held captive in the war. They all blend together to create a cast that recalls the nuances of the classic legend while also reminding readers how timeless and even modern the emotions behind the story really are.
Hand of Fire is superbly researched and thoughtfully plotted, providing an entertaining escape from the modern world into an unforgettable period of heroes and villains. Through Starkston’s careful attention to detail and her natural inclination for storytelling, she explores the spirit of a courageous young woman whose love empowered the vulnerability of a legendary hero, and whose own valiant pursuit of freedom makes her worthy of a legend all her own.
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Marc Boon, Feb 2008
The goal is to fabricate a single-sided, through-hole printed circuit board (PCB) using the Fab Lab's milling machine: the Roland Modela MDX-20. There are already several published methods to accomplish this, but I developed a workflow that requires less steps to follow, and less software packages to install.
A main objective is to create a workflow that uses free and/or open-source software and will run on Windows, Mac and Linux platforms.
The only software tool I use is the freeware version of the Eagle Layout Editor, a software package for designing electronic circuit schematics and printed circuit board layouts. The freeware version is limited to non-commercial use and to maximum board dimensions of 100x80 mm. The output files of Eagle can directly drive the Roland Modela milling machine.
For a short introduction, watch the 3 minute video of my Fab Lab workshop.
Depending on your platform, the following software has to be installed on your computer:
Eagle 4.16r2 for Windows
Mac OS-X (10.3 or higher):
X11 update for OS-X (might already be installed)
Eagle 4.16r2 for Mac OS-X X11
Eagle 4.16r2 for Linux
As an example project, I use the Micro Silent TV circuit by Tetsuo Kogawa. This is a very simple TV transmitter circuit which will broadcast a composite video signal in the VHF band. Using this circuit, the composite video signal from a camcorder or from the TV-out socket of a pc can be received on a nearby (max. 10m distance) portable TV equipped with an antenna.
Tetsuo Kogawa developed a very simple and effective way to build this or any other circuit, without the need for computers, software or a Fab Lab, but for those of you insisting on using the Fab Lab, follow these steps:
Using Eagle for schematic entry and pcb layout, with design rules for milling with the Fab Lab.
Defining the contours of pcb traces and holes to be milled and drilled.
Using Eagle's CAM Processor to generate output files for the Roland Modela milling machine.
Sending the files to the milling machine, which will fabricate the boards.
Soldering components to the board, hooking up a video source and start broadcasting!
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Welcome to the first posting of “Wednesday Words,” a weekly quote or insight I hope will encourage you in the midst of this chaotic world and provide you with a thought or illustration for preaching or teaching this week. Today’s quote is from James Montgomery Boice:
We live in an age of superficiality and spoon-feeding. Consequently, many of today’s Christians think that all a person has to do to be successful in the Christian life is go to church, pay passing attention to the sermon, have a few Christian friends, and go on about their business as one would without these other elements.
That is why Christians make so little difference in our society. They think like the world, and as a result, they act like the world. Their conduct and the conduct of pagans, apart from the grosser sins, is indistinguishable. What is missing? The missing element is deep, genuine, and persistent meditation on the Word of God. It is only as the Word of God gets into our minds and begins to become part of our normal, day-to-day reasoning and thinking that we begin to act differently and thereby make a difference.
James Montgomery Boice, Joshua (Expositional Commentary), Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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They teaches people to settle for superficial, supernatural non-factors and curtains them to the beautiful actual factors that we possess within grasp. They instructs them to take on power, disclosure and you can believe unlike usually insisting toward proof.”
The sorts of relations that may occur ranging from research and you can faith was in fact classified from the theologian, Anglican priest, and physicist John Polkinghorne: (1) dispute within procedures, (2) independence of the disciplines, (3) talk involving the procedures where it convergence and you can (4) consolidation from one another on you to definitely industry.
Which typology is similar to ones utilized by theologians Ian Barbour and you can John Haught.Significantly more typologies you to categorize that it relationships is available one of many functions out of other research and faith students including theologian and you will biochemist Arthur Peacocke.
Considering Guillermo Paz-y-Mino-C and you will Avelina Espinosa, new historical dispute ranging from development and you may faith try built-in towards incompatibility between medical rationalism/empiricism as well as the religion inside supernatural causation. Considering evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, viewpoints into the progression and you may degrees of religiosity in certain regions, plus the lifestyle off books outlining reconciliation ranging from evolution and religion, mean that people have dilemmas inside the believing both in one big date, thus implying incompatibility. According to bodily chemist Peter Atkins, “whereas faith scorns the power of person comprehension, technology respects it.” Planetary researcher Carolyn Porco means a pledge one to “the brand new conflict ranging from science and you may authoritative religion will come to help you an enthusiastic end if role starred by the technology regarding lifestyle out-of all people is similar played by faith today.”Geologist and you will paleontologist Donald Prothero states that religion is the reason “questions regarding development, age the earth, cosmology, and you may person advancement nearly always trigger People in america to flunk technology literacy tests ferzu compared to the most other regions.” Although not, Jon Miller, which degree science literacy across places, says you to Us americans as a whole try a little way more scientifically literate than simply Europeans therefore the Japanese. Considering cosmologist and astrophysicist Lawrence Krauss, being compatible or incompatibility was an excellent theological question, maybe not a scientific concern. When you look at the Lisa Randall’s consider, concerns out-of incompatibility or else are not accountable, given that by taking revelations one is leaving guidelines off reasoning and therefore are needed to select in the event the discover in reality contradictions anywhere between holding specific beliefs. Daniel Dennett keeps that incompatibility exists as the religion is not tricky in order to a certain part earlier collapses into a number of excuses to possess keeping certain philosophy, from inside the white regarding evolutionary effects.
Predicated on theoretic physicist Steven Weinberg, training cosmology and you may evolution to people will be drop-off its mind-importance from the universe, in addition to their religiosity. Evolutionary developmental biologist PZ Myers’ check is that every experts is to become atheists, hence research should never accommodate people religious beliefs. Physicist Sean Yards. Carroll says one to as the faith tends to make claims that will be supernatural, each other research and you may faith try in conflict.
Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins are openly intense to help you religion just like the he believes it earnestly debauches the medical organization and you will education associated with science. Centered on Dawkins, religion “subverts technology and you may saps the latest intellect”. He thinks that when technology instructors attempt to expound on evolution, you will find violence aimed at them by the parents who’re doubtful as they accept it as true issues the help of its own religion, hence even yet in particular books have seen the phrase ‘evolution’ methodically eliminated. He has did so you can argue the fresh new unwanted effects which he thinks faith has on training out-of technology.
Based on Renny Thomas’ study from Indian researchers, atheistic scientists in the Asia named themselves atheists whilst acknowledging one the life is very much part of tradition and you will religion. Hence, it vary from Western atheists where in their mind following existence from a faith is not antithetical so you can atheism.
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EnvyPak is encouraging users of its 100% recyclable polypropylene products to take the "next steps" to reuse and recycle their products after its initial purpose has been fulfilled.
"Every day, the seemingly small decisions we make to reuse, reduce and recycle can lead to positive environmental impact over time," says Michele Cole, president of EnvyPak.
EnvyPak, based in Marysville, OH, manufactures clear, fully constructed plastic envelopes and clear packaging products from 100% recyclable polypropylene. A biodegradable version is also available.
Cole says, "Good stewardship of our environment is about more than just what materials we use. It's about the responsible decisions we should make after the product's initial purpose has been fulfilled. What are the simple, next steps we can take that add up to make a difference?"
According to EnvyPak, the "Green strength" of 100% polypropylene material is its capacity for re-use as an archival product, can decrease material consumption, save energy and can store important material without damaging the contents. Polypropylene is an strong, durable, archival and common recyclable material.
EnvyPak materials have undergone independent laboratory (PAT) Photographic Activity Tests to confirm no harmful environmental reactions occur with their use. EnvyPak envelopes and packaging products can be re-used as an ongoing storage for photos, papers and other collectibles that require archival-safe protection. Companies that use EnvyPak envelopes for direct mail can also reduce their overall volume of mailings.
"Our customer results have shown that using EnvyPak polypropylene mailers drives engagement and interaction in such a way that companies don't need multiple mailings to get a higher return on investment," says Cole.
For more information, visit www.envypak.com.
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Higher level synthesis (HLS) of an IP block involves taking its high-level design specification –usually captured in SystemC or C++, synthesizes and generates its RTL equivalent. HLS provides a faster convergence path to design code stability, promotes design reuse and lowers front-end design inception cost.
HLS and Mentor Catapult Platform
The current rise in the HLS adoption has been partly attributed to the availability of verification solutions, which facilitate the validation of the generated RTL codes against the high-level reference design. Both design abstractions can be validated through either simulation based verification (such as coverage metric and assertion driven), or formal verification method to check for their equivalencies.
Mentor’s Catapult® HLS Platform provides a complete C++/SystemC verification solution that interfaces with Questa® (or third party simulators) for RTL verification as shown in figure 1. The platform consists of a design checker (Catapult DesignChecks or CDesign Checker), a coverage tool (Catapult Code Coverage or CCOV), a high-level synthesis (Catapult HLS) and a formal tool SLEC HLS (Sequential Logic Equivalence Check).
Logic and Sequential Transformations
During RTL-GDS2 design implementation, timing optimization frequently necessitates logic restructuring and transformation to meet PPA (Power Performance Area) tradeoffs. While critical timing paths can be resolved through the manipulation of logic cone topology –such as buffering, drive strength adjustments, better resource sharing, and an interconnect layer promotion, sequential related design manipulation can provide opportunities for solving critical timing paths that otherwise impossible to tackle. Such design transformation is hardly available in the later stage of gate level timing optimization as it may introduce state changes and complicates the verification tasks.
Several timing driven sequential modifications include pipelining (managing number of stages along data or control paths to meet throughput target); register retiming (shifting register to balance logic cone latency); state recoding in FSM block (such as from binary-encoded to one-hot implementation); and resource scheduling (what-if scenarios to meet optimal area and performance targets).
Furthermore, a number of design refinements might also introduce changes in sequential element count such as a block interface conversion from abstract data types to bit-accurate busses and augmenting test mode operation involving scan path logic insertion.
Designer also run Catapult HLS to generate power optimized verification ready RTL, which involves sequential transformations due to enable manipulation technique (enable extraction or strengthening) –yielding further clock gating that reduces switching activities. Figure 2 shows the additional clock gatings due to sequential analysis.
All of the previously described design changes alter the maps between registers of the two design abstractions, and render traditional combinational equivalence checkers ineffective. Instead, designers could run SLEC HLS to validate between C++/System C to RTL as well as RTL versus RTL (before and after an incremental power optimization).
The Mechanics of SLEC HLS
Unlike the traditional equivalence checker for combinational logic, proving equivalency across two design abstraction such as C++ versus RTL requires a different approach such as identifying the sequential differences. SLEC HLS has advanced analysis that allows designers to explore what-if refinements that normally might trigger traditional equivalence checkers to generate a false positive. It employs a fine-grain partitioning of design sections in order to provide scalability in handling large design codes.
As illustrated in figure 3, fracturing a function to its associated basic blocks, SLEC HLS analyzes and map them to its corresponding control FSM to schedule the dataflow analysis. Comparison is then performed at the interface of these “state-like” basic blocks along the time axis using micro transactions. HLS synthesis provides both basic block boundaries and information about the micro transactions.
Running and Analyzing SLEC HLS Results
SLEC HLS run setup is quite straight-forward and is achieved by black-boxing non-synthesizable design parts including large memory blocks, and specifying the same reset states and sequences usually captured for synthesis. Other design setting such as state correspondence, which reduces verification complexity as well as clocking and port mapping are automatically derived from the high-level reference codes. To improve run time and quality of results, the tool uses function-based partitioned blocks in the form called CCOREs (Catapult C Optimized Reusable Entities) –which are called for multiple times in the design, to perform a hierarchical verification.
At SLEC HLS run completion, there are 3 possible outcomes: a full proof of equivalency, a mismatch, or a partial proof –which indicates that some remaining points in logic being compared needed further analysis. A neat feature of SLEC HLS is when a mismatch occurs. In this instance, it will generate counter example testbenches containing stimulus sequences that designers use to trace design differences. These testbenches include flip-flop initialization values and all primary input stimuli intended to demonstrate the difference –which are simulation ready, and can be used for further analysis with functional verification tool. Subsequent fixes to mismatches may involve source code or I/O cycle/sampling adjustments, constraint changes and a rerun.
In the case of a partial proof, SLEC HLS will generate a formal coverage report that quantifies the exploration of all possible inputs and states, which is helpful to root-cause issues such as dead-code situation. Such information can also be used to identify incorrect assumptions or constraints that were provided to SLEC HLS such as conflicting dual assignments to an input. Hence, adding a formal verification in the flow reduces the need to do full-blown RTL simulation and cutting the overall verification time.
As part of the Catapult HLS Platform integrated verification solution, SLEC HLS provides designers with formal validation of designs across different abstractions (C++, SystemC, RTL) or refinement stages (pre- vs post-power optimization). Such vectorless validation can be used to complement simulations to deliver a more comprehensive verification and reducing the overall efforts and cost.Share this post via:
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In addition to exposing soil to wind and water erosion, tillage can alter the physical structure, distribution of organic matter and biological activity of soil. At the depth where the plow impacts the soil, a layer of soil compaction can develop (a plow pan), limiting water infiltration and plant rooting depth. Under tillage, crop residues, roots and root hairs and their associated fungal hyphae are disturbed and more decomposed in the plow layer. By contrast, when roots, fine roots, and fungal hyphae are not disturbed and decomposed as rapidly, there are more channels that water, air, earthworms, and roots can move through, and soil aggregation is enhanced. Below is a schematic comparing the root zone profile of a conventionally tilled soil to a no-till soil.
Figure 7.2.1.: Steps Toward a Successful Transition to No-Till. Credit: S. W. Duiker and J.C. Myers. 2005 Penn State University.
Watch the three videos below, from USDA NRCS about soil tillage and soil health.
Video: The Science of Soil Health: What Happens When You Till? USDA NRCS (3:05)
- Click for a transcript of the what happens when you till video.
Interviewer: When we use tillage, the soil ecosystem is disturbed on a massive scale. Purdue's Dr. Eileen Kladivko contrasted natural ecosystems with tilled systems, and what we stand to lose when soils are tilled. Eileen: If you think about natural ecosystems, they don't have a tillage implement running through them once a year or a couple of times a year, but nutrients get recycled and trees grow or grasses grow and what's recycling the nutrients are the organisms. And so, part of what we're saying with a with a no-till system, is that if you don't take an implement through there, and you allow the system to kind of come back, that there will be organisms that will do that job for you. They do it differently, obviously than a piece of metal would do it, but they can be very effective. And besides loosening the soil or making burrows, they do some of these other things, like convert nutrients, ok, recycle nutrients, have pathways where roots can grow and then those pathways stay there. You know, if you think about a tillage implement, any root channel from last year in the topsoil, is going to be totally broken up by a tillage implement the next year. If you have a nightcrawler channel, or even if you have a red worm channel, that's part of the red worm channel, it's there and then the roots can follow that and so you can have channel built upon channel, built upon channel. And the nightcrawler channel, you know, maybe a root, maybe a corn root, maybe a cover crop root, will go down that, and the next year another nightcrawler, and so on. So it builds upon itself. Interviewer: Will you explain to us why organic matter decomposes faster because of tillage? Eileen: A tillage operation does a couple things, number one is it opens up aggregates that were otherwise protected. So you're opening up more surfaces for the bacteria to decompose the organic material faster. That's probably the main reason. Sometimes people say well you're putting oxygen in the soil. It's not really so much that, as by breaking up aggregates, you expose the organic matter in the soil to decomposition. Whereas when it's in an aggregated state in the soil, some of that's protected and the bacteria that decompose that organic matter can't get to it. Interviewer: So the tillage actually favors then, say bacteria, that would live in that environment. And that may be what causes the flush of carbon dioxide and nitrates into the soil as well. Eileen: Oh yes, yes, the flush of carbon dioxide is very much related to the tillage, right.
2. Video: The Science of Soil Health: Nightcrawlers and Soil Water Flow. USDA NRCS (3:05)
- Click for a transcript of the nightcrawlers and soil water flow video.
Interviewer: When we get to those dry summer months, good soil hydrologic function is critical. We visited with Purdue University's Dr. Eilieen Kladviko to talk about the remarkable effect that nightcrawlers have on aiding water flow into and through soils. Interviewer: Well you’re a soil physicist Eileen, so we better talk about. Eileen: We better talk about water flow. Interviewer: Let’s talk about that water flow, because obviously water is a free resource to the farmer. Eileen: Right, in general our soils are excessively wet in the spring and that's more of our issue and that's why we use tile drainage (yes) and things like that. But what I'm getting at really is that the nightcrawlers, in particular, can be very important for getting infiltration of water into the soil during the growing season. So when we get those quick thunderstorms in the middle of the summer, we usually want all that water to go in, because that's not when we have excess water. So we want the water to go into the soil, but, but especially with soils that are high silt, sometimes you can get crusting (yes). You have less crusting of course, if you're in no-till (yes). But if you have a lot of nightcrawlers, those deep channels that the night crawlers make can really help get water into the soil profile, where you have a chance for your crop to use it, as opposed to having it run off. You know an extra inch or two of water in a lot of our summers makes a big difference (okay) in yield (yes, yes). And I happen to have a few demonstrations of some night crawlers, if you'd like to see, nightcrawler channels, if you'd like to see. Interviewer: I would love to see. Eileen: So this is, my technician a number of years ago, went out and poured the liquid rubber, latex basically, that you use in in biology classes, on an area where there were some nightcrawler middens (yes). And then he came back a couple days later, after it had hardened, and he carefully dug it out. And you can see, these were nightcrawler channels, all in in this one square foot area Interviewer: one square foot, yeah. Eileen: And you can see that basically those channels are going down, they've broken a little bit now in the meantime, but some of these channels were down three feet deep (okay). And just imagine water flowing across the surface and into these channels, how much water can flow down those big and deep channels (right), and they're very vertical. You can see that there, Interviewer: So you’ve got the vertical flow and then they have the chance to flow laterally as well? Eileen: Oh yes, yes, right. Once the water is down in the soil, it's going to move out from those. Interviewer: This is a fantastic illustration and this was taken on a farm field? Eileen: Yes Interviewer: WelI, I love this, it’s great. Eileen: Yeah right, yes, I think it's a great demonstration of nightcrawler channels.
3. Video: The Science of Soil Health: Compaction USDA NRCS (4:26)
- Click for a transcript of the compaction USDA NRCS video.
Interviewer: You know the plow seems to be symbolic of that can-do spirit that you find in American farmers. And so when you say that there may be better alternatives to tillage for compaction relief, that seems somehow counter-intuitive and almost un-American. I met two guys from Ohio State who use science to put conventional wisdom on its head. Alan Sundermeier: We're trying to tell the farmers that you cannot solve your problems with steel. You know, steel is shiny, you can put your hand on it. You can spend a lot of money on steel. And even with the subsoiler that may have minimal surface disturbance, it's really not solving the problem. You know, we're seeing that soil structure can be better solved by using natural rooting systems to their cover crops or continuous no-till from the cropping systems. And we have some other experiments here that are proving that. We have some compaction plots, comparing subsoil steel versus living cover crops. We're purposely compacting these plots in the fall, under moist soil conditions, by using a grain cart and going back and forth over the plots and forcing that compaction. And then the cover crops are planted, and then we're comparing that to using a subsoiler and our yields are showing better better results with the cover crops. And of course, when you get some heavy rains, you can see standing water problems, you know, that show up between the compaction levels of the plots, also that way. And the cover crops are outdoing the steel. Interviwer: So what's the explanation for these rather surprising results? Jim Hoorman: When, when you look at a soil, you have to look at the components. And the major component of most soil is sand, silt, and clay. Now that makes up about 45% of a really good soil. The other part of the soil, what we tend to forget about, is it should be pore space. Almost 50 percent of a really good soil is pore space. But then the most important part of a soil is the organic matter, that's like your head and your brains. That controls most of the chemical reactions and most of the life is with that organic matter. You know when you start to till a soil, what you do is you burn up the organic matter. So in the last 100 to 150 years, through tillage, we've lost probably at least 60% of our organic matter. Some studies say as much as 80 percent of the organic matter is going right up into the atmosphere. And this is a good area because this was the black swamp in in Northwest Ohio. When the first settlers came here, they said our soil was as black as midnight. And when you look at the soil now, you'll see that it's not as black. It's actually kind of a brown. It's lost its color, so it's lost a lot of its organic matter. I like to tell farmers that a lot of times, when you till the soil, you turn it into cement mix, okay, and so the soil gets very hard and dense. And one of the things that we've learned is, that if I was going to drill into cement, I would start with a small drill and then use a bigger drill to go through it. And so that's what we do with the cover crops. The cover crops actually have very fine roots and they form a small hole and then we follow that with corn and soybeans and those corn and soybeans will follow those same channels down through the soil. And they also follow earthworm holes, because earthworms are fairly big and they're also enriched with nutrients. And so those roots just really proliferate around those earthworm holes and that's how we then can actually loosen the soil up. Is it's the roots that loosen the soil up and give that carbon to the soil and also is a storehouse for all the nutrients in the water. Alan Sundermeier: So a lot of innovation is happening It's really an exciting time because farmers are seeing that there's different ways we can improve our soils by adding cover crops, you know, by not going to steel, by reducing our tillage. A lot of good innovative thinking I think has happened.
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People with disabilities face many kinds of barriers on a daily basis. These can be physical, attitudinal or systemic.
There is a positive obligation on employers to identify and remove barriers in the workplace.
The duty to accommodate requires employers to proactively identify and eliminate rules, policies, practices and standards that have a discriminatory impact. Accommodation means reviewing and revising the rule, policy, practice or standard to incorporate alternative arrangements that eliminate discriminatory barriers.
As well, the employers are required to accommodate individual requests by doing the following:
- explore options for removing those barriers that might affect the person
- requesting accommodation, and provide reasonable accommodation to the point of undue hardship.
Steps for Accommodation
Inform the employer and union representatives of the need for accommodation (on the basis of disability, family status, religion, race, sex, gender identity, etc.).
Provide necessary information related to the accommodation requirement as requested by the employer (i.e. medical restrictions and limitations).
Discuss accommodation options with employer and union representatives and develop a written accommodation plan.
Implement accommodation plan
Review and revise accommodation plan as necessary.
Note that each accommodation case is unique and must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
These steps are a general guide only and may need to be adapted.
The following are some common questions and answers on the Duty to Accommodate. If you have questions that are not answered here, contact your Local or Component for further information.
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The long arm of coincidence and an overload of what seems very like wish-fulfillment mar this potentially moving story of a runaway slave’s northward odyssey, the successor to Durham’s flawed but deservedly praised first novel Gabriel’s Story (2001).
It consists of two parallel narratives. The primary one follows William “Humboldt’s” flight (in 1854) from the Maryland tidewater plantation where he had remained after his pregnant wife Dover was brought by her mistress north, to Philadelphia. Interpolated italicized chapters and passages chart the progress of Andrew Morrison, a Scottish immigrant and hunter hired by William’s owner to retrieve the latter’s “property.” The story is best in the early going, as Durham’s obviously thorough research and deep empathy with his subject create vivid pictures of Morrison’s haunted past and William’s successive ordeals, including incarceration in a slave compound followed by a bloody rebellion during which he escapes again, rescue by a ship whose compassionate captain refuses the demands of Southern slaveholders, and William’s embattled passage to Philadelphia and reunion with Dover. So far, so good—except when characters like saintly fellow fugitive Lemuel and Northern freedman Redford Prince are permitted to lecture us about such issues as the Fugitive Slave Law and the brotherhood of man. And the novel collapses into ludicrous contrivance when Durham (as unsubtly as can be imagined) links the guilty secret in Morrison’s past with William’s clouded paternity and personal history. One understands that Durham’s point is (as Faulkner made clear again and again in his fiction) the degree to which all our histories intersect and are interdependent. But his story’s thrust is so weighted toward melodramatic oversimplification that one thinks, while reading it, less of earlier literary fiction built on similar themes than of the TV version of Roots.
The sheer power of its core material makes Walk Through Darkness intermittently gripping and affecting, but far too much of its content simply defies credibility. One wonders if it’s actually Durham’s first novel.
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As a long haul speculation, real estate is hard to beat. The vast majority thinks about private real estate contributing, purchase a house or unit and leases it out. Many individuals imagine that commercial real estate contributing is for experts with heaps of cash. Obviously it enables a ton on the off chance that you to have a lot of cash or in the event that you have been managing commercial real estate for a long time. However, it is a long way from incomprehensible for learners with constrained cash to begin in commercial real estate. Commercial property covers a wide scope of structures; the most well-known sorts are retail, lodgings, high rises, distribution centers, mechanical structures and places of business. The cash required to purchase commercial property begins from only two or three thousand dollars for a little shop in a poor area up to several millions, or more, for enormous structures in prime areas.
Many individuals believe that they will always be unable to obtain the cash expected to finalize a commercial negotiations. Be that as it may, this is only from time to time an issue. In commercial real estate, loaning depends on the arrangement. On the off chance that the arrangement is acceptable, it is commonly not an issue to get the cash expected to settle the negotiations. On the off chance that the arrangement is not acceptable, you will experience difficulty finding the cash yet this is not really an issue.
So what sort of commercial property are most straightforward to begin with putting resources into high rises is a simple method for beginning in commercial real estate. Downturn or not, individuals consistently need to live some place. Additionally, since you have a great deal of occupants, your income is sensibly protected. It is improbable that 50 occupants will move out the following week. On the off chance that you have a place of business with only a couple of occupants, your income will endure a substantial shot in the event that one inhabitant leaves. Note that you do not deal with the units yourself, you redistribute that activity to an organization spend significant time in property the properties for sale lease northern nj commercial real estate. Since every one of your units are in one single area, the property can be overseen a lot less expensive than if your properties are spread out everywhere throughout the town.
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Krsna Kirtana Songs est. 2001 www.kksongs.org
Song Name: Syama Piya More Ranga De Cunariya
Official Name: None
Author: Mira Bai
Book Name: None
śyāma pīyā more rańga de cunariyā
aisī rangade ke rańga nāhī chūte
dhobiyā dhoye cāhe yeh sārī umariyā
lāl nā rańgāuń maiń harī nā rańgāuń
apane hī rańga meń rangade cunariyā
binā rańgāye main to ghar nahī jāuńgī
bīt hī jāye cāhe yeh sārī umariyā
jal se patalā kaun hai
kaun bhūmī se bhārī
kaun agana se tej hai
kaun kājala se kārī
jala se patalā jñāna hai
aur pāpa bhūmī se bhārī
krodha agana se teja hai
aur ik kalańka kājala se kārī
mīrā ke prabhu giridhara nāgara
prabhu caraṇana meń
hari caraṇana meń
śyāma caraṇana meń lāgī najarīyā
(Refrain): Oh Dearest Loved Syama, Please color our chunaris.
1) Please color the chunaris that they will never fade, no matter if the washer washes it for my entire life.
2) I don’t want it red, nor do I want it green. I want it to the color of You, the color of Syama!
3) Without having it colored, I will not return home, even if I have to wait my entire life.
4) What is the lighter than water? What is lower than the earth? What is hotter than fire? What is the destruction of light?
5) Knowledge (jnana) is lighter than water. Sin is lower than earth. Anger is hotter than fire, and lust is the destruction of light.
6) The Lord of Mira, the courtly Giridhara, feels very close to the Lotus feet of the Lord, Hari, Syama!
This very popular bhajan written by Mira Bai was the second track of the Golden Avatara tape “Bhajan Sandhya” by Anup Jalota. It was rendered in Raga Kirvani in Kaherva Tala.
UPDATED: July 10, 2009
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Many parents think the perfect answer for a great education can be had through home schooling. This might be the truth but you need to be aware of before leaping in head first. The article will provide you with the most helpful home schooling tips around.
Your children will remain focused on their lessons if you offer occasional breaks. They will get burnt out if they are just reading for hours and hours. Let them go outside or vegetate for a little free time to relax. Everyone will benefit from this downtime.
Homeschooling can be particularly challenging for families with a baby or toddler. Try to balance things by dedicating certain times of the day to care for each child. Also find activities that will be appropriate for both children together. Take advantage of the time you have to strengthen your bond with your child.
Do not think textbooks all the only way to learn.Your child should be able to read everything from all kinds of materials like newspapers and comic books. The news of the day can provide for great lessons. It can also work towards developing analytic skills that will benefit them analyzing skills.
Contact the Homeschooling Association in your state to determine which laws and regulations you need to follow. You should also contact your child’s school district to get their name on file as a homeschooler so that you with truancy.
Find out any laws in your state’s laws regarding homeschooling. You can use the HDSLA web page online to learn what is needed in your state laws. You might want to also join a organization for homeschooling organization.The help will be well worth any membership fees.
While you want to protect your kids from negative influences by some children in the public school system, it is necessary to provide external interaction with other children. Plan nights out with relatives and other kids in the neighborhood. Go to a park to let your children to socialize with other children of their age. It’s also important to let your kids join different sports teams and clubs as well.
You need to make sure you’re networking with people who are homeschooling their children.People want to homeschool for a variety of reasons these days. You have a very good chance that you’ll find people that have similar philosophies and goals. Homeschooling groups are also a great ways to obtain information and support if you’re just beginning.
You have to know when you need to throw in the towel and give in. If your lesson plan isn’t working, they will shut down. Look for another method to teach the concept. You could try a tutor, games or even tutors. Pushing them to learn in ways that is not work at all and might even end up frustrating the both of you completely.
More and more parents feel as though homeschooling is the perfect solution. If this is how you feel, you need to be properly informed about homeschooling. This article will provide you with some great information to help you make some informed choices about homeschooling.
Art of all sorts can be used in all lessons. Making craft representations of the subjects of lessons is a great way to learn. They can be creative with sculpture, acting or singing, they are limited only by their imagination. The most effective learning takes place through immersion, so any activities you can build into lesson plans only product better results.
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Bitcoin and the coming "Infrastructure Inversion" - Zurich Meetup March 2016
A talk by Andreas M. Antonopoulos about how new technologies are initially built on old infrastructures until an infrastructure inversion Infrastructure inversion is how new technologies are initially built on old infrastructures until an inversion happens and they replace the old infrastructure.Learn more happens and they replace the old infrastructure. Comparisons to the automobile, electricity and internet explain the concept and predict a similar future for bitcoin and financial infrastructure.
This talk was delivered on March 30th 2016 for BitcoinBitcoin1$ 23,875.780.51%-0.46%5.13%details Meetup Switzerland in Zurich, Switzerland.
7:48 Need reference
28:53 The Red Flag Acts were a series of acts passed between 1861 and 1878
Andreas M. Antonopoulos is a technologist and serial entrepreneur who has become one of the most well-known and respected figures in bitcoin.
He is the author of two books: “Mastering Bitcoin,” published by O’Reilly Media and considered the best technical guide to bitcoin; “The Internet of Money,” a book about why bitcoin matters.
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ERIC Number: ED481909
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 2003
Reference Count: N/A
Curriculum Summary: Grade Five, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 5e annee, 2003-2004.
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 5 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills, physical education, optional subject areas (drama and languages other than English), and supports for learning, such as distance learning and special needs. The summary includes parent information on accessing additional information about the curriculum and learning resources, other languages that may be available at a child's school, and Web sites for additional information on education in Alberta. (HTH)
Descriptors: Academic Standards, Educational Objectives, Elementary Education, Elementary School Curriculum, Fine Arts, Foreign Countries, Grade 5, Health Education, Language Arts, Mathematics Education, Multilingual Materials, Physical Education, Science Education, Social Studies, State Curriculum Guides, State Standards
Learning Resources Distributing Centre, 12360-142 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5L 4X9. Tel: 780-427-5775; Fax: 780-422-9750; Web site: http://www.learning.gov.ab.ca. For full text of English version: http://www.learning.gov.ab.ca/parents/handbooks/summaries. For full text of French version: http://www.learning.gov.ab.ca/french/m-12/parents/Manuel_parents/sommaires.asp.
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom; Multilingual/Bilingual Materials
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Note: For the 2002-2003 English version of the Curriculum Summaries, see ED 470 219. For the 2003-2004 English and French versions of the Curriculum Summaries, see PS 031 636-646.
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When it comes to choosing an insurance company you have to get proper details about them to find someone you can be a queen for a long time. Multiple insurance companies are available throughout the country which makes it difficult to decide on a specific service provider. The first thing to check when looking through the track record of the insurance company is their license.
Make sure they can provide copies of their license so you know if they’re allowed to operate in your state. Considering the price of the group insurance policies is critical and you can shop around to find one that is affordable and within your budget. Getting at least 5 estimates from agents and companies is a great way of assessing the standard price in the industry. The insurance company should have enough financial support to provide the claims you need on time.
Asking for bank records from the insurance companies is needed to make sure they are financially stable. You want an insurance company that has clear processes when given out claims and compensation so do your best to check the track record. Multiple services are provided in the insurance companies and excellent customer support lets you discover everything about them. Consider an insurance company with well-educated representatives who can handle your claims and questions professionally.
People prefer insurance companies that are efficient and quick to give out claims and information. Settling on a specific insurance company will be influenced by your needs and you have to go through their track record. Checking the national claims database is a great way of identifying insurance companies that have complaints and check how they were handled.
Consider doing business with insurance companies that have been around for a long time and it should be comfortable with services provided. Setting up an appointment through emails, in-person meetings and phone calls lets you ask questions about several policies they are advertising. Compare a number of insurance companies before deciding because you have a variety of options in case you want to change your mind.
Speaking to the insurance agent is helpful because they can explain different definitions used in your insurance policy. It is a headache finding the right insurance company but you have to focus on other insurance products they provide. Working with a company gives you an opportunity to access discounts and check the monthly premiums to decide if it is something you can afford. Partnering with an insurance company gives you an upper hand because you might like money for different expenses and they come to your rescue.
Consider the exclusions and endorsements associated with their policy and regular reports should be made on your insurance policy. Companies should have a strong leadership and check if they’re involved with any community development. Finding an insurance company that sells products in your state is helpful plus consider the duration they have been around. Checking the values of the company is needed to see if clients are a priority and read testimonials from different people to see if the claims are processed and cleared on time.
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At the TEDMed conference, Xerox unveiled the results of health care research in mobile monitoring and natural-language processing.
At the TEDMed conference in Washington, D.C, Xerox announced research efforts aimed at digitizing patient information and using natural-language technology to collect unstructured medical data and convert it into formats that can be read by computer applications.
Among the projects Xerox unveiled April 10 is the Digital Nurse Assistant from its Parc
division. Parc is a unit of the company focused on innovation and research. This project involves combining mobile technology with hospital in-room displays to allow caregivers to access and document their work without a workstation.
The Digital Nurse Assistant incorporates contextual awareness to keep caregivers informed of patients' progress, according to Markus Fromherz, chief innovation officer for health care at Xerox.
It also provides the ability for nurses to coordinate tasks in their workflow, such as lifting and washing, as well as collaborating with doctors and physical therapists.
"This is a project where we actually use ethnography early on to shadow nurses in what they're doing," Fromherz told eWEEK.
In another research initiative, Xerox has introduced a new user interface for Midas + Live
. The Midas software family delivers data analytics and case management for hospitals. Midas+Live is a cloud application that allows doctors to link their electronic health record (EHR) databases and monitor changes in patients' conditions, including vital signs such as temperature and blood pressure.
Midas+Live's new interface allows caregivers to track patients' vital data on smartphones and tablets and spot complications in their chronic conditions.
"When you consider that 75 percent of U.S. health care costs go to patients with chronic diseases, using analytics to get ahead of and manage these diseases should be a priority for every hospital," said Tom Simas, managing director for Midas+ solutions at Xerox, in a statement.
Midas+Live allows health care providers to extract data from documents such as EHRs, diagnostic systems and practice-management applications so they can integrate it into a single dashboard, said Fromherz.
The dashboard allows physicians to monitor patients on an entire floor of a hospital all in one view, said Fromherz. The software can apply clinical rules to specify which patients need attention, he explained.
Analytics capabilities in Midas+Live allow doctors to make predictions on patient conditions, Fromherz added.
Xerox launched Midas+Live when it acquired CredenceHealth
on March 21, 2011.
Meanwhile, Xerox also released information on its Fact Spotter text-mining technology, which the company developed at its research center in Europe. FactSpotter's linguistic engine uses natural-language processing (NLP) technology similar to the type Nuance incorporates in IBM's Watson supercomputer
. Xerox's NLP tool allows researchers to query a database using everyday language and enables Midas+Live to incorporate unstructured documents into EHR databases.
"We're expanding the scope of what type of information can be taken in from Midas Live from unstructured to structured information," said Fromherz.
Unstructured data could include dictated doctors' notes, such as physicians' diagnostic interpretations of X-ray and Magnetic Resonance images. "We're using natural-language technology to convert it into structured information," said Fromherz. NLP technology can also be used to extract information on event sequences, such as the effects of medication, he added.
In addition to its research projects, Xerox highlighted how its LiveKey service
allows health care businesses to digitize information using the company's multifunction printers. Health care providers can scan documents and send the information through the cloud to a Xerox facility for coding and processing of claims.
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Every time I throw a glass bottle into the recycling bin, I have the nagging thought that with just a little creativity, I could turn those bottles into something I’d really like to put on display. Unfortunately, that nagging feeling never turned into action — at least not for me. Clearly Etsy seller Tara Ackerman of GreenCycleDesigns has more initiative than I do on most days.
Tara turns used glass bottles and secondhand vases into works of art with nothing but some paint, recycled paper and a bit of imagination. She covers the vases and bottles, often with simple repeating patterns like circles or fleur de lis. The shapes may be simple, but the results are stunning.
Makes me want to head to Hobby Lobby right now for a jar of Mod Podge.
Why It’s Green:
- Bottles and vases are upcycled and reclaimed
- Finished with non-toxic paints and adhesives and recycled paper
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highlights tottenham vs evertonSee All
how to render an image without photoshop
East Kraków region traditional costume - kiereza (1870/1920) The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. Kraków type. Men's traditional folk costume, West Kraków region (1870/1930) The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. A Cracow costume is the only peasants' attire which was promoted to the rank of a Polish national costume. Shop the official Folk clothing site. Discover our latest new arrivals for Mens and Womens. Free Express Delivery. Free UK returns. Free shipping to United States on all orders above $200.00. Free UK shipping on all orders over $185.00. Mens Mens. New Arrivals.
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In Necesse you will find yourself going out for supplies basically the whole time you play. Everything you craft or build is made from materials that you have to go out into the world to collect.
Copper is just one type of metal that is used for crafting in the game. This metal resource is used to build not only tools and furniture but also weapons as well. This guide will show you how to get copper in Necesse and how to make it into bars so you can craft with it.
How to Get Copper in Necesse
Before you can start getting copper, there are a few things that you are going to need first. First of all, copper is located underground. That being said, you will have to build yourself a ladder so you can get beneath the surface of Necesse. The Ladder Down can be crafted from the player’s inventory by using 10 logs.
The Ladder Down can be placed down anywhere on the surface layer of an island to get down into the save system. Place this down anywhere in your settlement and you can start mining!
Next, you’re going to need a tool in order to mine the copper out of the rock. As copper is found in ore form inside caves, you will need to extract it by breaking the rock down. To do this, you are going to need a pickaxe tool. As you don’t have any copper yet, the only type available to you will be the wooden pickaxe. At the start of the game you should have received one for free, otherwise you will have to craft a new one.
Crafting a Pickaxe
To craft yourself a wooden pickaxe, you will first have to create a Workstation. The workstation functions as a place where you can craft many different items. First, craft a workstation by using 10 logs, then place it down.
Interact with the Workstation by using the right-mouse button and find the Wood Pickaxe item. it should be somewhere near the top. By using 8 wooden log you can craft one for yourself!
Now that you have a ladder down and a pickaxe you are ready to go and find some sweet copper to start upgrading to armor and metal weapons!
Where to Find Copper – Exploring Caves
Place the ladder down on the ground and head down by using the right-mouse button on the ladder. After a brief loading screen you will be sent to the next layer down. This is where you will find that sweet copper! Look around in the mines for some copper ore. You can see what you’re looking for in the image below.
Once you have found a copper node like this, equip your pickaxe and start swinging. It will take a few hits to break down a copper rock with a wooden pickaxe so stay at it. Once you break down the copper rocks you will get some copper ore for your troubles. Once you have this, it is time to turn it into copper bars so you can craft with it.
Crafting Copper Bars from Copper Ore
It’s time to melt down that ore and get some usable bars! Because copper tools and armor are all made from bars, there is no reason that you should keep the copper in ore form. There is literally no crafting recipe that includes ore other than bars. Bring all that copper ore back up to the surface as we will be making a forge to craft bars in.
Crafting and Using the Forge
You can’t just smash these ores into a copper bar. For this, you are going to need the forge. You can create a forge by interacting with the Workstation. The forge is crafted by using 20 stone. If you’ve been down below mining copper, you’ve probably picked up a bunch of stone already without realizing it. Right-click the Workstation and find the Forge item.
Once you have crafted yourself a forge, go ahead and place it down somewhere in your village/house. You can not start using it to craft copper bars! The things with the forge it, you will also need a fuel source to keep it hot. Open up the forge menu by pressing the Right-mouse button on it when close.
How to Craft Copper Bars in Necesse
Now that we have the forge crafting menu open, we can craft some copper bars here! To begin with, place some wood on the Fuel slots on the left-hand side of this menu. Don’t worry, you won’t need a lot of fuel. Now that there is fuel in the forge, simply select the ore that you want to create. The copper ore is the orange-looking item in the top there.
You can make single bars by using the left mouse button or you can make as many as you possibly can with your current inventory by holding SHIFT and pressing the Left-mouse button. This will save a lot of time (and finger strength!)
Crafting With Copper Bars
Now that you have yourself a good supply of copper bars, it’s time to put them to use! Copper has a pretty wide functionality in Necesse. It can be used for armor, tools, weapons and even some furniture items. Another important thing to note about copper is, while it may be the first tier of metals that you can craft, you will need copper in order to make another type of metal called a Demonic Bar.
In that case, you will probably want to hold on to all that excess copper you collect. Copper is also primarily used for creating wire for electrical devices. You can automate some things and create switches that control different inputs in Necesse.
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312 pages, colour illustrations
In the age of Big Data, the tools of information visualization offer us a macroscope to help us make sense of the avalanche of data available on every subject. Visual Insights offers a gentle introduction to the design of insightful information visualizations. It is the only book on the subject that teaches nonprogrammers how to use open code and open data to design insightful visualizations. Readers will learn to apply advanced data mining and visualization techniques to make sense of temporal, geospatial, topical, and network data.
Visual Insights, developed for use in an information visualization MOOC, covers data analysis algorithms that enable extraction of patterns and trends in data, with chapters devoted to "when" (temporal data), "where" (geospatial data), "what" (topical data), and "with whom" (networks and trees); and to systems that drive research and development. Examples of projects undertaken for clients include an interactive visualization of the success of game player activity in World of Warcraft; a visualization of 311 number adoption that shows the diffusion of non-emergency calls in the United States; a return on investment study for two decades of HIV/AIDS research funding by NIAID; and a map showing the impact of the HiveNYC Learning Network. Visual Insights will be an essential resource on basic information visualization techniques for scholars in many fields, students, designers, or anyone who works with data.
"In the world of visualization and information graphics, the bibliography about thematic maps and statistical graphs is becoming abundant, little by little. However, studies of how to design network diagrams and conceptual maps are rare, and usually available only through scientific publications. Katy Börner and David Polley's book is the first serious attempt at offering a theoretical and practical introduction to this discipline, aimed not just at specialists, but at any reader, regardless of her or his background. I foresee that it'll become the textbook of choice for many instructors."
– Alberto Cairo, Professor of the Professional Practice at the School of Communication of the University of Miami and author of The Functional Art: an Introduction to Information Graphics and Visualization
"A good visualization is never done easy-peasy; good visualization is a science, a craft, and an art at once. If you want to become a visual data explorer and learn to produce meaningful visualizations, this book is a good guide for such a journey. It is a must-read for students at iSchools and those in the Digital Humanities, and a recommendation for inhabitants of the various interdisciplinary valleys in the science landscape."
– Andrea Scharnhorst, Head of Research at Data Archiving and Networked Services and member of the e-humanities group at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, Netherlands
"In this age of knowledge abundance, policymakers and the public need to quickly understand complex information, and this book takes a giant leap forward in this arena. The knowledge system has become a global enterprise, and it is one that involves collaboration and interdisciplinary linkages. These trans-boundary links require new metrics and the use of new methods of examination and explanation. Katy Börner and David Polley's book creates a map into the new knowledge terrain that we will all be transiting soon."
– Caroline S. Wagner, Milton and Roslyn Wolf Chair in International Affairs; Director, Battelle Center for Science & Technology Policy, John Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State University
"Following in the footsteps of the richly illustrated and highly informative book the Atlas of Science: Visualizing What We Know, Professor Katy Börner and David Polley's new book Visual Insights: A Practical Guide to Making Sense of Data brings theory and practice in seven manageable chapters to both new initiate and engaged user, giving an insightful overview of the field, and making accessible the methods and techniques to empower the reader to become a visualization practitioner."
– George Legrady, Director of the Experimental Visualization Lab and Chair of the Media Arts & Technology doctoral program at the University of California, Santa Barbara
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Katy Borner is Victor H. Yngve Professor of Information Science, Leader of the Information Visualization Lab, and Founding Director of the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center at Indiana University Bloomington. She is the author of Atlas of Science: Visualizing What We Know and Atlas of Knowledge: Anyone Can Map.
David E. Polley is on the research staff at the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center at Indiana University.
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Being a baseball pitcher is widely regarded as one of the most challenging jobs in all sports.
Rarely you’ll find a player in any sport and at any position that has so much impact on the game’s final outcome.
Pitchers are involved in every play and have to face a variety of hitters, each with different strengths and weaknesses.
And, they do all this under a tremendous amount of pressure, as a single mistake can cost their team a game.
So, it’s no wonder that in a sport as obsessed with statistical records such as baseball, perfect game, no-hotter, and shoutout are among the rarest feats accomplished by players.
Being so rare, these accomplishments are often confusing to some of the fans and they have some trouble understanding what each of them means.
To help out, I’ll compare perfect game vs no-hitter vs shutout and explain how they differ.
So, let’s dive in!
In baseball, a perfect game happens when the pitcher completes the game with no batter on the opposing team reaching the base or connecting for a hit.
The perfect game can be described as “27 up, 27 down”, which means that 27 outs were recorded in succession to end a game.
While the pitcher deservedly gets the credit, the perfect game is also an accomplishment of the whole defense.
It implies that the pitcher and the defense haven’t allowed any hits, walks, or hit batsmen, made no fielding errors resulting in an opposing player reaching the base, commented no interference, or uncaught third strikes.
So, it’s a team effort, as one fielder bobbling the ball, dropping the third strike, or overthrowing the first baseman is all it takes to spoil the perfect game.
However, an error that doesn’t result in a runner reaching the base doesn’t ruin the perfect game.
No-hitter in baseball is a game where a pitcher gives up no hits.
Also, known as a no-hit game or no-no (no hits, no runs), it implies that a pitcher (or pitchers) has thrown for 27 outs or 9 innings without allowing a single hit.
A game like this where more than one pitcher took their turn at the mound is known as a combined no-hitter.
MLB used to recognize a no-hitter in less than nine innings or when the first hit occurred in the extra inning, but that changed in 1991.
A no-hitter game doesn’t necessarily mean that the opposing team hasn’t reached the base.
So, the pitcher may give up a run and still record a no-hitter.
On extremely rare occasions, teams have even lost the games even though they had a no-hitter.
In these cases, batters reach base through walks, errors, or hit batsman, for example.
A shutout in baseball occurs when one team fails to score a single run during the entire course of the game.
So, the emphasis is on the runs, giving up walks, errors, or hits, still makes a shutout.
For most of the MLB’s history, shutouts were the result of an effort by just one individual pitcher.
However, with the introduction of pitch counts in the 1980s, single-pitcher shutouts have become increasingly rare.
According to the current MLB rules, a pitcher has to fulfill a couple of conditions to be credited with a shutout.
Firstly, he mustn’t allow any runs during the game.
Furthermore, he must pitch the entire game or enter the contest in the first inning when no opponent has yet made an out.
To be credited with a shutout, a pitcher must throw for nine innings and also the extra innings if a game is a tie.
Perfect Game vs No-Hitter vs Shutout – What’s the Difference?
While a perfect game, no-hitter, and shutout are all admirable achievements, the perfect game is by far the most valued one.
It’s also the one that occurs the most rarely.
As they imply that no opposing player has reached a base or recorded a hit, perfect games are, by their definition, also always no-hitter and shutouts.
They allow almost no room for the mistake by either pitchers or fielders. On the other hand, a no-hitter simply requires the pitcher not to give up any hits.
So, a no-hitter won’t always be a perfect game, nor it will always be a shutout as the opposing team may score in other ways.
Shutouts are the most frequent occurrence of the three and they may come in different forms as long as the opposing team doesn’t score a single run.
Therefore, the large majority of shutouts will be neither no-hitters nor perfect games.
How Often Do Perfect Games, No-Hitters, and Shutouts Occur?
Nothing shows how difficult perfect game is to achieve than the fact that there were only 23 of them in the entire MLB history.
The first one occurred in 1990, while the last perfect game happened almost ten years ago, in 2021.
In addition, the perfect game in the postseason happened only once, way back in 1956.
No-hitters occur more often, although they’re also pretty rare. Since 1876, there were only 317 no-hitters in the league, which makes it about two per year.
The season with the most no-hitters happened rather recently, in 2021, when MLB teams recorded nine of them.
Shutouts in baseball happen much more often than perfect games or no-hitters, although those recorded by a single pitcher are becoming increasingly rare.
Nowadays, approximately 10 to 11% of the games end in a shutout. The player with the most complete shutouts is Walter Johnson with 110.
In a game full of statistics and obsessed with tradition, perfect games, no-hitters, and, to some extent, shutouts are among the achievements that are the hardest to accomplish.
So, when they do happen, they’re among the most exciting and memorable moments for both the players and the fans.
This is what all the young pitchers dream of as they start their baseball careers.
Those that accomplish these feats are highly celebrated and sure to find themselves in baseball history books.
The game that seems to be on its way to becoming a perfect game or no-hitter is truly a once-in-a-lifetime experience and you can feel the excitement and the buzz taking over the team, the crowd, and the announcers.
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If you’ve ever taken a car to a gas station, you’ve noticed multiple octane choices for fuel. Diesel, 87, 89 and 92 octanes are most common at standard American gas stations, but not everyone knows which fuel is right for their car. Reading your vehicle’s manual helps, but have you ever wondered why one octane is better for your car than another? Thanks to our friends at About.com, here’s a brief summary to help you sort out the octane rating puzzle.
What is the octane rating?
The octane rating of gasoline is a measure of that gasoline’s resistance to knocking. A knocking sound occurs when your internal-combustion engine’s gasoline-air mix ignites prematurely instead of burning smoothly and efficiently. The octane rating is determined after a gasoline is compared to isooctane and heptane. The former sits at the high end of the octane scale (100), while the latter has an octane rating of zero (and knocks like crazy). According to About.com, untouched gasoline has an octane rating of about 70 (70 percent isooctane, 30 percent heptane). Lead used to be added to gasoline to reduce knocking, but now that emissions standards require unleaded gasoline in the U.S., more expensive compounds are used to raise the octane rating.
Is higher octane always better?
Older engines that used a carburetor to control the air/gas mix benefited from high octane gas. The introduction of sophisticated electronic fuel injectors in the mid-1980s made going for the higher octane rating unnecessary in most cases. The standard unleaded fuel in the U.S. became 87 octane. This is recommended for most cars because gasoline with too high an octane rating can now damage an engine’s emissions system.
What about mid-grade?
There’s a common misconception in the U.S. regarding standard-, mid- and premium-grade gasoline. There isn’t a clear delineation between 87/89/92 octane ratings and gasoline grades; the categorization varies from state to state. One state may require a minimum octane rating of 92 for premium, while another might allow 90. Check your owner’s manual and watch for the octane rating on the yellow sticker at the pump.
What if your vehicle requires premium?
You no doubt have a high-performance engine on your hands. Instead of passing unburned fuel into the emissions system and catalytic converter (which happens when you use gasoline with too high an octane rating and can produce a rotten-egg smell), a high-performance engine uses the fuel efficiently. If you live in a large city with a low air quality index, reformulated gasoline may be required. This kind of gasoline is oxygen-infused and burns more cleanly. So long as you don’t drive with too little fuel in the tank, you’re less likely to dirty the intake valves and destroy your fuel filter. Nobody wants that.
But lots of people want auto loans[apply_button]
More on the working of the four-stroke engine
Republished by Blog Post Promoter
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https://www.cardealexpert.com/the-expert-explains/octane-rating-gasoline/
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John was born on January 5 1916 as the son of Daniel William and Flora (deceased in 1922) Patrick in the farming community of Indian Head, Saskatchewan.
He en l i s t e d v o l u n t a r i l y a t Calgary on 19 Oct 42. He completed basic t r a i n i n g a t 131 CABTC Camrose, Alberta, and completed his infantry t r a i n i n g a t A.16 CITC during January 1943. On 22 May 43 he arrived i n the UK, and joined 1 C SCOT R on 18 Jun 43, a t Monk’s Common Camp, near Horsham, Sussex. He landed i n Normandy in ‘D’ Coy on 6 Jun 44 during D-Day, and was wounded in the
c r i t i c a l counter a t t a c k at Putot en Bessin, 8-9 Jun 44, and had t o be evacuated t o a h o s p i t a l in England. He came back t o t h e unit on 10 Jul 44 a t Caen, and rejoined ‘D’ Coy t o continue the advance across NW Europe.
John was killed in action on Saturday April 21 1945 age 29 during the first attack of the l i b e r a t i o n of Wagenborgen. He was temporarily buried in Siddeburen and on February 15 1946 reburied in Holten.
His medals were: 1939-45 Star, France Germany Star, War Medal 1945; Defense Medal, CVSM & Clasp.
His name is at the monument in Wagenborgen.
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Video by D.j. Weltch
Story Edited by Ford Fischer
“This is your final notice,” police told a homeless encampment in Philadelphia, promising to force people living on public property to leave as of 9 a.m. Wednesday morning. A coalition of antifa and public housing activists barricaded the camp, preparing to defend it from police.
The city was met with hundreds of activists who set up barricades and hosted a press conference to describe the community to national reporters.
“This is not just a homeless encampment. This is a protest for housing,” said activist Jamaal Henderson. “This is the most disadvantaged and marginalized people in this city calling for this city to provide permanent, affordable, safe and accessible housing for all of its residents.”
“There’s veterans that fought in wars for us, and they’re out here,” said one resident of the homeless camp police said they’d evict. “What about them?”
“Just over 9% of all adults experiencing homelessness in the United States are Veterans of the U.S. military. That means that on any given day, an estimated 40,056 Veterans experience homelessness in America,” says a to this 2018 report by the Trump administration.
“What about the pregnant women? People in hiding? What about all of us? We want to be seen too,” the resident added. “This is our home.”
The city responded by sending clergymen to negotiate with the camp. The clergy were rejected because of their lack of presence throughout the duration of the process.
Ultimately, police backed down.
Leaders in Philadelphia have said they’re not ready to discuss if force will be used to evict people at the three homeless camps in the city after many tents remained at the site past the 9 a.m. deadline to vacate.
“We’re getting together and discussing what various options we have, but I’m not going to tell you exactly what we’re doing today,” Mayor Kenney said.
Ahead of Wednesday’s confrontation between police and activists outside a homeless encampment in Philadelphia, News2Share contributor D.j. Weltch toured the area and spoke to activists and residents.
One volunteer explained that – without help from the city government – participants are able to provide residents with food, water, clothes, laundry service, and medical aid.
The city government says they still intend to dismantle the camp.
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Q: These days everything in the supermarket claims to contain whole grains, from sugary cereals to my favorite chips. How do I know which foods are healthy whole grains?
A: "Whole grain" has become a healthy- eating buzz-phrase, and food companies aren't shy about using it. But some of the products we buy may not deliver the healthful whole-grain goodness we're expecting. And if sugary cereals can tout themselves as a whole-grain food, there's something amiss.
Wheat, rice, barley and oats are all grains used to create bread, cereals and pasta. If those grains are processed heavily before the bread, cereals or pasta are made (such as in white bread or white rice), they're called "refined" grains.
The processing that leads to refined grains removes fiber - and iron and B vitamins - from the grain.
If you see the term "enriched grains" on a package, it means the fiber is still gone, but some iron and B vitamins have been added back.
So what's the best way to identify a healthful whole-grain food? Use the 10:1 rule: For every 10 grams of carbohydrate, there should be at least one gram of fiber. Why a ratio of 10-to-1? That's about the ratio of carbohydrate to fiber in a genuine whole grain - unprocessed wheat.
Let's say the nutrition facts label on a package shows that one serving of a whole-grain roll has 23 grams of carbohydrate. Divide that by 10 to get 2.3. It also has 5 grams of dietary fiber, which is bigger than 2.3. That signals a healthful whole-grain food. (I've put a sample nutrition facts label, along with an explanation of how to calculate the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, on my website.)
Intact grains - wheat berries, oat berries, brown rice and quinoa, for example - are the best source of whole grains. Ground whole grains come next, as long as they still deliver a good dose of fiber. To find those, use the 10:1 carbohydrate-to-fiber rule.
What's the good of eating whole grains? Because they have more vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Even more important, they are digested more slowly.
When you eat a refined grain, there is a sudden surge of sugar in your blood. That stresses your pancreas, which has a hard time making enough insulin to drive all of the sugar into your cells for energy. The excess sugar gets turned into fat.
In fact, people who eat lots of refined grains and few whole grains are more likely to become obese and to develop diabetes and heart disease.
People who eat mainly whole grains and keep their total calories in check are more likely to lose weight. I'm not preaching; I'm giving you advice proven to improve your health.
DR. ANTHONY KOMAROFF is a physician and professor at Harvard Medical School. Go to his website to send questions and get additional information: www.askdoctork.com.
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If your singing sends people scurrying in search of earplugs, you can now blame your ancestors. A new study of musically gifted and tone deaf twins shows your ability to judge musical pitch is largely determined by your genes.
Tim Spector of St Thomas’ Hospital in London and his colleagues hoped to find out whether experience of music or your genetic make-up determines your ability to recognise harmony.
“I guessed there would be a small genetic component but that environment – say having a family environment where music was always played – would be a greater factor,” says Spector.
Peter Gregerson, a geneticist at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York, says: “The twin study is very good and strongly suggests a genetic component to pitch cognition.”
“I don’t find this that surprising, since most people in the population are exposed to a fair amount of music in the general culture and yet there are clearly large differences in people’s ability to appreciate and carry a tune,” he says.
Spector’s team recruited 136 pairs of identical twins and 148 pairs of non-identical twins. Identical twins have exactly the same genes, while fraternal twins share about 50 per cent of their genes, like ordinary siblings.
The twins individually took a musical test developed at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland. They listened to 26 popular tunes, including Silent Night and The Star-Spangled Banner.
Nine of the tunes were played correctly, but the rest contained several bum notes that were one or two semitones off key. The twins had to judge whether each melody was in tune or not, and the researchers totted up their score of correct answers.
The gulf between the high and low scores was enormous. Around a quarter of the listeners scored full marks in the test. But one in 20 volunteers was deemed “tune deaf”, spotting incorrect melodies with an accuracy no better than chance.
“You can’t believe that some people don’t know Yankee Doodle Dandy’s being played so badly,” says Spector.
But the most surprising finding was that identical twins were much more likely than non-identical twins to come up with very similar scores to each other, suggesting your genetic make-up largely determines your ability to perceive pitch. Spector’s team concludes that this skill is roughly 80 per cent hereditary.
He adds that this is a compelling hint that music lessons can’t turn a tone-deaf child into a musical maestro.
“Once you realise that there’s a huge variety in what other people are hearing and that the cause is predominantly genetic, you can see why it’s going to be virtually impossible to change them,” says Spector. “You might be able to influence them a little but you’re never really going to alter that huge difference they started life with.”
Next, Spector plans to find out whether there’s a similar genetic basis for other musical skills, such as perceiving rhythm.
More at: Science (vol 291, p 1969)
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Clutter is a lot like a bad habit: once you have it, it is hard to get rid of. One of the best weapons we have in the battle against clutter is to keep it from getting into our space in the first place. Here are a couple of ideas for stopping the clutter before it gets in.
KEEPING CLUTTER OUT
Erect a Mail Barrier
Paperwork is a common clutter culprit, as it arrives each day in the mailbox. Remember to always sort the mail pile as close to your door as possible, trashing/shredding whatever you don’t need. Common items to pitch include outer envelopes, advertising inserts, and catalogs. Immediately triage the rest into action folders (e.g. “to pay,” “to file,” “to read,” “to respond.”) The key here is to avoid dumping a large pile onto the kitchen counter to deal with “later.”
Keep Sports Gear Out
If you or your children enjoy sports, chances are you’ve got gear. Try to avoid letting this into the house by keeping the bulk of it either in the garage, in the trunk/back of the car, or right inside the entry. Hang sports bags on hooks and remove the clothes that need to be washed, carrying them right to your laundry room. Equipment can also be hung or stashed in a rack.
“Spot” Before You Shop
Often we buy items on the spur of the moment, without having thought through where we will keep them when we get home. From a clutter perspective, this is dangerous. Instead, don’t let yourself purchase anything unless you can identify ahead of time the spot you will put it in when you enter your space.
Beware the “Freebies”
Whether it is a free gift at the makeup counter, free samples from an event, party favors, or a Happy Meal toy, “free” often costs us space. Just because you paid nothing for it doesn’t mean you should keep it. When you get home, look at anything new you’ve walked in with. Unless you love it, let it go.
Don’t Bring It Back
Many of the events and meetings we attend involve paperwork: an agenda, a speaker list, a brochure, etc. Often, we mindlessly pick up the paper at the end and bring it back to our home or office. Instead, before you leave the room, seriously consider if you want/need this piece of paper. If not, toss it into the nearest receptacle before you leave the room.
Even if we don’t buy anything, we may collect items as a result of well-intended gift giving (birthday party presents, grandparent surprises, hostess gifts, etc.) When people bring gifts, they are being generous and thoughtful, so we don’t want to rebuff them. Instead, communicate in advance about your preferences for gifts. Consider stating a “no gifts please” policy on invitations, and speak to family members when a holiday/celebration approaches about alternative ways they can show their affection (e.g. tickets, memberships, “dates out”, etc.)
* * * * *
Once items are in your space, it takes energy to shed them. Be mindful about letting anything in. What are your best tips for keeping clutter out?
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Brining is the process of soaking food in a solution of salt and water. Although a brine only requires salt and water, it is common to add flavouring agents to the brine as osmotic pressure will circulate any solutes in the brine throughout much of the food.
Modern Uses in Home Recipes
Commonly, meat is soaked in a brine solution overnight, then taken out of the brine and roasted or grilled. The result is juicier than without brining. Brining can affect the texture of the meat a little, but the flavor can be much improved.
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WILMINGTON, NC (WWAY) — One Wilmington woman refuses to give up on her dream of seeing her community clean… even after no one took her invitation to be part of picking up litter on Saturday.
At first, Lola James just wanted help clean up her neighborhood. She set a clean-up day, but no one showed up to help. Now, she’s set her sights on a bigger project.
“This is about life. If you don’t try to preserve life, then your life can end very quickly.” James wants to keep trash out of a creek near her home.
Kemp Burdette, the Cape Fear Riverkeeper, agrees there is definitely a lot of work to be done on the creek in the park. “The litter is the thing that, you know, Marine Mammals and turtles and fish and all these things can’t have in the water. They eat plastics and they die, or they get tangled up in plastic things and fishing lines and die. So, we’re getting that big stuff out, but we’re also bringing attention to the fact that we need to do all kinds of things to minimize the effects of storm water.”
He said storm water picks up trash wherever it is and eventually dumps it into the river and our drinking water. Burdette says he saw James’s plea for help here on WWAY and decided to do just that. “She’s the person who really had this idea to get this area cleaned up, but what we can bring is a big email list and people who are used to helping us out and people who expect to come and get dirty cleaning up our rivers and streams every second Saturday of the month.”
James said the whole point is getting the community to realize how important picking up your trash is for our land and water.
The River Watch workday is scheduled for Saturday, May 14th.
For more information about how you can get involved, visit http://www.cfrw.us/.
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How you drive (cautiously, aggressively, or anxiously), your dream occupation (poet, stuntman, Supreme Court justice), what you look for in a mate (stability, spontaneity, a hottie), and even how well you tip at restaurants reveal a lot about your money personality.
A quick 20-question quiz at WIFE.org (Women's Institute for Financial Education) can help you determine whether you're a "hoarder," "avoider," or "splurger."
For example, one question asks: "When tipping in a restaurant, you:
"A. Tip in accordance with the quality of the service. You reward good servers and punish bad ones.
"B. Tip lavishly. You expect to get the best service in the house next time.
"C. Tip well even if the service is mediocre. You don't want to embarrass the server."
Your answers to money- and non-money-focused questions reveal your "Money Style."
Hoarders bask in a growing bank account but are apprehensive about spending money -- even when necessary. If you are a hoarder, learn to take some risks for greater rewards. After all, retirement savings will languish in a stodgy savings account.
Avoiders prefer not to deal with financial issues rather than confront and fix them. They have trouble keeping tabs on their current spending and neglect investing for the future. A bit of financial education (we recommend starting with our 13 Steps) and soul-searching will help. Write down five goals for your near-term future. Yes, right now. Then map out a savings plan (here's help) and start attacking, not avoiding.
Splurgers have a hard time setting limits. Do you find that there's consistently more month left at the end of your paycheck? Don't count on a financial miracle -- winning the lottery, becoming Warren Buffett's long lost relative -- to bail you out. Instead, learn to reward yourself for reaching certain financial goals and invest in your future. And if you need a personal money trainer to keep you on track, consider hiring reinforcements.
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<urn:uuid:5325bfac-27a9-4a55-b54e-55c301c40483>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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Wondering how stablecoins are taxed?
In recent years, stablecoins have become a more and prominent part of the crypto ecosystem. In Q2 of 2021, it was estimated that stablecoins had a stunning
of transaction volume $1.7 trillion.
Right now, you may be using stablecoins such as USDC, Tether, or DAI in your transactions. In this article, we’ll break down how you can report these transactions on your tax return.
What is a stablecoin?
Many crypto investors are hesitant to use cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum in everyday transactions. Many consider these assets to be long-term investments and do not want to spend them, incur capital gains, and miss out on future price appreciation.
Stablecoins were designed to solve this problem and give cryptocurrency users a currency they could use on a daily basis.
Stablecoins are not intended to increase in value over time — instead, they are designed to track the costs of external commodities or currencies. There are currently stablecoins that track gold, oil, and the South Korean Won. However, most popular stablecoins track the price of the U.S. dollar.
How is stablecoin activity taxed?
Despite the fact that stablecoins were designed to be used in everyday transactions, they are not treated differently than any other cryptocurrency from a tax perspective.
Buying a good or service with stablecoin/ trading stablecoin for another cryptocurrency
Using a stablecoin to pay for a good or service or trading it for another cryptocurrency is considered a taxable event.
You will incur capital gains based on how the price of your stablecoins has fluctuated. Since most popular stablecoins are designed to track the price of the U.S. dollar, it’s likely that your capital gain will be close to 0. However, you should report all of these transactions on your tax return.
Trading cryptocurrency for stablecoin
Trading cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin or Ethereum for stablecoin is considered a disposal event. You will incur capital gains or capital losses depending on how the price of your assets has changed since you originally received them.
Receiving stablecoin as a payment
If you receive stablecoin as payment for your goods and services, you’ll be required to report it as ordinary income. Your
on these earnings will vary depending on what tax bracket you fall into for the year. tax rate What if I’m transferring stablecoin between wallets? is not considered a taxable event and should not be reported on your tax return. Transferring stablecoins between wallets How is stablecoin interest taxed?
Many popular crypto applications like
BlockFi and allow users to earn interest in stablecoin. In this case, Celsius will be considered ordinary income and will be taxed accordingly. your rewards How to make filing your crypto taxes stress-free
Whether you’re doing transactions in stablecoins, making trades in Bitcoin, or buying NFTs with Ethereum, one thing remains true: doing your
is incredibly complicated. crypto taxes
can help. Our crypto tax software platform can integrate with exchanges like Coinbase, Kraken, and Gemini to automatically track your cryptocurrency transactions. Once tax season rolls around, you’ll be able to file your return in minutes. CoinLedger Join over 300,000 other crypto investors, and get started with a today — there’s no need to enter your credit card information until you’re 100% sure your transaction history is accurate! free preview report
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IR based security alarm circuit can detect any movement and trigger the alarm. This circuit is very useful in homes, banks, shops, restricted areas where an alert alarm is needed on any movement. This circuit is based on IR sensor where an IR beam is continuously falling on a photodiode, and whenever this Infrared beam breaks, by any kind of movement, alarm is triggered.
IR sensor consist an IR LED and photodiode, in which IR LED emits IR radiation and photodiode detects the radiation. Photodiode conducts current in reverse direction, whenever light falls on it, and voltage across it changes, this voltage change is sensed by voltage comparator (like LM358) and generates output accordingly. [Also check: IR Sensor Circuit]
In this IR based security alarm circuit, we have placed IR LED in front of photodiode, so that IR light can directly falls on photodiode. Whenever someone moves through this beam, IR rays stops falling on photodiode and Buzzer start beeping. Buzzer automatically stops after some time, as buzzer is connected to 555 timer in monostable mode.
This kind of Alarm can also be build Laser light, (like Laser Security Alarm Circuit) but the benefit of using IR sensor is that IR light in invisible while Laser is visible. Although both are useful and have different scope.
- IR pair (IR LED and Photodiode)
- 555 timer IC
- IC LM358
- Resistor 100, 10k, 100k, 330, 220 ohm
- Capacitor 10uF
- Variable resistor – 10k
Circuit Diagram and Explanation
We have used op-amp LM358 in this circuit, LM358 has two voltage comparators inside it, and we have used one comparator here. Non-inverting end (PIN3) of voltage comparator is connected to the Photodiode and inverting end (PIN 2) of voltage comparator is connected to a variable resistor of 10k. Output of the voltage comparator (PIN1) is fed to the Trigger pin of 555 timer. 555 Timer is configured in monostable mode here.
While the IR radiation is falling on Photodiode, the voltage at the non-inverting end (+) of voltage comparator is higher than the inverting end (-) and the output of the comparator is HIGH. And as the comparator output is connected to the trigger PIN of the 555 timer, so the when the Trigger pin 2 is high, the 555 output is low. So during the period when the IR rays falls on Photodiode, the 555 timer output remains LOW. To understand the working of IR sensor with comparator LM358 go through this article: IR Sensor Module Circuit
Now when there is some movement, the falling of IR rays on Photodiode gets interrupted and the voltage at inverting end (Threshold voltage) of voltage comparator becomes higher than non-inverting end, for some moment. This makes the output of comparator LOW and also makes the Trigger PIN 2 of 555 timer LOW. This will trigger the 555 timer, and 555 timer’s OUTPUT goes HIGH and Buzzer beeps for short duration. Duration of the beep can be increased by changing the value of resistor R1 or capacitor C1 (RC network in monostable mode of 555 timer IC). Note that 555 IC gets triggered when Trigger PIN 2 gets LOW.
- Normally the range of IR LED is 2 meter, but it can be increased by using Lens.
- AC alarm can be used in place of Buzzer, by using Relay.
- IR LED and Photodiode must be properly aligned so that IR rays can directly falls on photodiode.
- The sensitivity of the sensor can be changed by variable resistor RV1.
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1. What nationality is Despereaux's mother?
2. How many brothers and sisters are in Despereaux's litter?
3. What does Despereaux have an unusual interest in?
4. What do Despereaux's brother and sister take him to the library for?
5. What does Despereaux do in the library?
6. Who does Despereaux reveal himself to?
7. What does Despereaux say to the Princess before the King makes him leave?
8. Who does Lester call?
This section contains 4,525 words
(approx. 16 pages at 300 words per page)
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Ken Johnson, a member of Covenant Christian Reformed Church in North Haledon, N.J., knows from personal experience the problems unemployment and debt can create in a family. He has been laid off five times in his banking and financial career.
During his first layoff, mortgage payments and credit card debt were burdensome. Once he got another job, he resolved to get his financial life in order and to serve others in a coaching ministry he calls New Hope Financial Fitness.
Johnson teaches four biblical principles: spend less than you earn (Heb. 13:5); avoid debt (Prov. 22:7); maintain liquidity (Prov. 21:20); and set long-term goals (Prov. 16:3).
In his ministry, Johnson meets with people to discuss their concerns, works with creditors to adjust interest rates, and helps clients develop a budget with a goal of financial peace. He believes that making good financial decisions brings balance to life and makes time for what really matters while reducing worry about money.
Bruce and Dee, participants in a small group study at Covenant CRC led by Johnson, said, “We have had our financial ups and downs. What a difference there is in handling struggles when you respond in God’s way!”
Doug Boydston, a deacon at Covenant CRC, said the deacons often refer clients with challenging financial problems to Johnson.
“His advice enables us to provide holistic benevolent assistance, rather than just putting a Band-Aid on a bad situation,” he said.
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This will cause the bulb to blow and can cause the actual socket to corrode. I just want to seal the conduit line which clearly is leaking as i had water coming in the pool today when i had my hose running into my yard where that old pipe was.
Haroldb thanks for the great advice.
How to replace pool light seal. 1) always replace the lens gasket. Open the light fixture and replace the bulb. Please review the product literature or talk to your pool professional.
Such as the steps, skimmer, return, drain and pool light. If there is no transformer or junction box disconnect them at the switch or remove the switch. But with the light completely submerged in water 100% of the time, it doesn't take any more than a speck of dirt to compromise the seal.
There will be excess cable inside the mounting case to enable you to change the bulb at the side of the pool. It is a good idea to put a piece of tape over the breaker to help keep someone from turning it back on. They'd have to dig up my decking to replace old pipe with pvc and do new light and some other electrical work.
I have listed this video below. Leaks in and around the pool light are most often either in the conduit line that the light cord will run through, or are in the plaster and gunite. Remove and replace the broken pool light fixture.
How to replace a pool light gasket. Many bulbs fail because the gasket deteriorates from the heat and harsh pool chemicals. Before you enter the pool with the light out like that go to the transformer or junction box and disconnect the wires then cap them with a wire nut.
I've just cut off the old connection and put the light back in place. Pool light bulb replacement technicians are difficult to find because even the best techs can’t guarantee that the light wont leak. For more advanced pool light leak detection, anderson mfg.
Go by a couple of pool stores and ask, they may have some type of cover. Eventually, all underwater light fixtures will need to be replaced, because the swimming pool water deteriorates the rubber piece that seals the cord entry into the 'can' and/or the lens gasket seals. This series of product cross reference charts is intended to help you find the closest suggested hayward replacement for other manufacturers’ equipment.
Failure to do this will likely result in a leaking seal, letting water get into the fixture. We can replace the bulbs several times, before the fixture will need replacement, as long as we install a new lens gasket each and every time we. Then, instead of a bulb and gasket, you are buying a fixture.
Also if you watch at the 2:20 minute mark of our video on how to replace a pool light you will see a few tips on how to remove the silicone from the light niche. A pool light bulb and fixture should last for several years. The purpose of a gasket in a pool light fixture is to seal the light bulb from the pool water inside the light fixture.
Pool user wrote:let me begin by saying that the most common leaks in the pool light pot are normally not in the pot itself.light pots are made of thick stainless steel and, while it does sometimes happen, they usually do not hole through. Just like any light, the bulb can burn out and will need to be replaced. When mounting the light niche, push it through the wall from the inside out and then once in place you tighten the lock ring on the back of the niche to seal it against the wall.
If the light fixture is corroded or. Instead, you can remove the light housing from the side of the pool, pull the fixture up onto the side of the pool, and change the light bulb there. Remove the light fixture from the mounting case and lift it out of the pool.
My pentair pool light screw came out and i ordered a new screw only to find out the seal ring is stripped out where the screw holds in the pool light and one of the notches at the bottom is broke off. Is it a simple unscrew the 10 screws and replace the seal ring then screw in the pool light? If the biggest problem is the screw tab which holds the fixture in, you could try one of the things in the link below.
Now, to get the light fixture out, you will need to unscrew the small pilot screw that holds the fixture in. First make sure that the breaker, gfci, and pool light switch are all off. So, if you're still unable to convince your wife to haul the tub out to the pool lol.just wipe everything down and clean it up as best you can, and coat that seal with lube.
A pool light fitting is a sealed, waterproof unit within a mounting case. The purpose of a pool light gasket is to protect the light and its surrounding frame from water. Vinyl liner pools have to rule out leaks in the liner, or anywhere the liner was purposely cut;
This is a common problem and this little gadget seems to do the trick. Makes a pool light tester, allowing you to seal up against the pool wall, and add leak testing dye, to watch if it gets sucked out of. Follow the hayward pool light niche installation instructions.
What the pool guy will replace is the entire fixture. The homeowner can install the pool niche into the cutout for the pool light.
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Are you pressed for time and haven’t started working on your assignment yet? Would you like to buy an assignment? Use our custom writing services for better grades. Even if your deadline is approaching fast, our writers can handle your task right when you need it.
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How did revolutionary America see both improvements and limitations in women’s roles and rights?
What were the most important features of the new state constitutions?
What were major arguments in support of the constitution given by the federalist?
What were the ideas and motivation that pushed Americans to expand west?
chapter : What impact did the Haitian revolution have on the united states?
each question is summarizing the chapter. each question should be in separate paragraphs and only of a minimum of 120 words per question it doesn’t need to be much longer than that, yes all of them need to be answered thank you!
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College Students and Recent Graduates
- Prepare for your next opportunity by learning how to apply basic statistics to real business problems.
Those Considering Graduate School
- Strengthen your analytical skills before pursuing an MBA or other graduate program.
- Develop a data mindset to make more informed business decisions and advance your career.
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What you'll learn on this Business Analytics course at Harvard Business School Online:
- Interpret data to inform business decisions
- Recognize trends, detect outliers, and summarize data sets
- Analyze relationships between variables
- Develop and test hypotheses
- Craft sound survey questions and draw conclusions from population samples
- Implement regression analysis and other analytical techniques in Excel
Get more detailsVisit official programme website
- Describing and Summarizing Data
- Sampling and Estimation
- Hypothesis Testing
- Single Variable Linear Regression
- Multiple Regression
Check out the full curriculumVisit official programme website
- 56 days
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Apply and win up to €10000 to cover your tuition fees.
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For millions of New Yorkers the name “Sandy” no long evokes the flaxen haired, shaggy, scrap of a pup out of the Annie cartoons. No, on October 29th the name Sandy became synonymous with one thing and one thing only – a Frankenstorm, that decimated entire neighborhoods, snarled transport for days,
left millions without heat or electricity, and made New Yorkers realize for the third time in a little over decade how vulnerable we are.
Unlike September 11, however, this isn’t a battle we can even thinkof fighting with guns. Unlike the massive 2003 blackout, that spanned 8 states and Canada leaving 55 million people without power, this isn’t a fight we can tackle with stronger infrastructure – in fact Sandy is a symptom of an infrastructure so highly dependent on carbon emitting fossil fuels that it is shifting our weather to make extremes like Sandy the norm.
Just a week after Sandy, New York was hit again by a far less damaging (but unusual for early November) Nor’easter.
New York for all of its 24-hour, New York minute excesses is a city that prides itself on climactic moderation.
We get snow but not too much.
It gets hot but not for too long.
We get storms but not too strong or too frequently.
But as Sandy, the largest hurricane on record to make its way to the Atlantic Ocean, has shown us that era of moderation is over.
It’s not that climate change “caused” Sandy.
It’s that climate change is changing all weather now. And, because the atmosphere is now wetter and hotter than it used to be extreme weather events like Sandy, or the droughts that wrackedhalf of the country this year, are now increasingly commonplace in much the same way that the X-games normalized extreme sports.
This is where white roofs come in.
Solar reflective roofs (like white roofs) are known to reduce the energy a building uses for cooling, reducing the amount of energy and
climate changing gasses flung into the atmosphere.
As author/educator/activist Bill McKibben has been pointing out for years, the key to reducing the effects of climate change is to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
White roofs help us reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. It really is that simple.
You could even say, that white roofs are like a superpower.
And unlike other climate change mitigation effects, painting your roof white is a relatively low-cost (especially if you DIYit), non-technical, high benefit endeavor.
So what are you waiting for? I mean, we’re talking about saving the world here. Or at least New York.
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Learn Precisely Why Extracting Trees Is Very Important For A Home's
Trees are an important part of just about any piece of land. They supply an amazing amount of added benefits, particularly for property owners. Any time a tree might be damaged, dying or perhaps infected, however, it is crucial to eliminate the tree for the safety of the home and also its residents. This should always be done with the help of a professional
delaware tree service
Trees are usually sturdy and able to withstand a lot when they are in good condition, however they start to suffer a loss of that capability once they end up diseased or perhaps damaged. If perhaps a tree might be suffering from anything, this means it is not as secure as it can normally be. A powerful blowing wind could knock down big branches and a large enough storm could cause the complete tree to fall. Dependent on
how close the tree is to the home and also which direction it falls in, it can trigger substantial damages to a home, the inhabitants, or even cars close to the residence. To be able to protect against this, Delaware tree removal will likely be necessary. A specialist can readily remove the tree without the chance of further damage. This makes sure the tree will come down correctly exactly where they would like it to rather than falling whichever way is less complicated when it's pressed down in a major storm.
In case you might have any trees which don't look like they're in good condition or perhaps you've noticed bigger tree limbs falling close to your property, make contact with a professional right now. They can get rid of the tree on your behalf so you do not have to be worried about it falling on your home or perhaps automobiles through the following storm. They're able to give an explanation of the process to you as well as inform you precisely what it really is going to take to completely get rid of the tree and ensure your house is safe from damage.
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If selection methods are invalid, employee selection decisions are no more accurate than decisions based on a toss of a coin. Validity is the degree to which a measure accurately predicts job performance. Selection methods are valid to the extent that predictors measure or are significantly related to work behavior, job products, or outcomes. The process of demonstrating that a predictor is significantly related to a measure of work behavior, job products, or outcomes is validation.
The validation process demonstrates that a significant statistical relationship exists between a predictor and a criterion measure of successful performance on a job. A predictor is any piece of information that can be used to screen applicants. Predictors include information from application blanks (education level, experience, and so on) and reference checks; scores on tests of skill, ability, or aptitude; data from interest and personality inventories; and interviewer ratings of an applicant. Criterion measures are any measures of work behavior, job products, or outcomes that have value to an employer. Job success is an abstract concept that means different things to different employers.
Major Types of Validation
There are three major types of validation used to validate predictors. They are
(1) criterion-related validity;
(2) construct validity; and
(3) content validity.
A predictor has criterion-related validity if a statistically significant relationship can be demonstrated between the predictor and some measure of work behavior or performance. Examples of performance measures are production rates, error rates, tardiness, absences, length of service, and supervisor's ratings. Suppose a department store uses as a predictor for its sales personnel one year of sales experience. To validate this predictor, the employer would have to demonstrate that a statistically significant relationship exists between one year of sales experience and some measure or measures of work behavior or job products, perhaps number of sales and/or low percentage of errors in ringing up purchases.
Instead of directly testing or using other information to predict job success, some selection methods seek to measure the degree to which an applicant possesses psychological traits called constructs. Constructs include intelligence, leadership ability, verbal ability, mechanical ability, manual dexterity, etc.
Constructs deemed necessary for successful performance of jobs are inferred from job behaviors and activities as summarized in job descriptions. They are the job specifications part of job descriptions. Construct validity requires demonstrating that a statistically significant relationship exists between a selection procedure or test and the job construct it seeks to measure. For example, does a reading comprehension test reliably measure how well people can read and understand what they read?
A selection procedure has content validity if it representatively samples significant parts of a job, such as a filing test for a file clerk or a test of cash register operation for a grocery checker. Selection tests that approximate significant aspects of a job are called job sample tests. Job sample tests require applicants to perform certain aspects of a job's major activities, thus demonstrating competence at tasks which are an actual and important part of the job. Significant aspects of a job are determined through job analysis and set forth in job descriptions of jobs. Job sample tests should approximate aspects of the job as closely as possible, since this increases content validity.
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Gauri Tritiya VratDate : | Author : Astrologer Pt Umesh Chandra Pant
Gauri Tritiya Vrat And Puja
Not only one of the most important vrats and festivals, Gauri Tritiya is also the giver of utmost auspicious results. This vrat is dedicated to goddess, Mata Gauri, on Tritiya tithi. Goddess Gauri, the one giving motherly care to the world, is worshipped in many of her divine forms. The same deity also turns divine forms as Durga and Kali, and many other incarnations, to rescue the devotees from the evil forces endangering their peace, prosperity and good luck. The married women, adorned in the best of finery and ornamental attires, worship deity Gauri and lord Shiva, with auspicious puja-materials, to protect the lives of their husbands. This puja leads to betterment and prosperity to these devotees. The vrat is made accomplished with donations given to brahman priests. On the day of Gauri Tritiya, every married woman follows rituals associated with Gauri Tritiya Vrat. This vrat is celebrated on Shukla paksha of Chaitra month; meaning, Gauri Tritiya is a vrat that is observed on third day of Chaitra Shukla Paksha. The rituals mandate that the vrat must be observed with all sanctity, purity and self-restrains.
Gauri Tritiya Vrat And Puja Methods
ollow the rituals, like maintaining purity and self-restrain one day before the vrat. Wake up early in the morning, finish your daily routine like attending washroom etc. Collect puja related materials. Worship lord Shiva and Mata Gauri, with all devotions and sanctity. Or else, get the puja done by a learned priest. Conclude puja with donations made to brahman priests. Take their blessings. Offer your puja to the lord and deity, and beg pardon for any mistake done in the course of doing worship.
Story Of Gauri Tritiya Vrat
Once Lord Shiva, along with his wife, Mata Parvati, set out for a walk. On their way, they came across Narada. They saw some women were observing Gauri Tritiya vrat, with great devotions. They were also offering the blessings of prosperity and good luck. Pleased with their worships, Mata Gauri blessed them good luck. This delayed Mata Gauri somehow, something that the observant Lord Shiva understood, that the vrat was highly secret. Therefore, any woman, who observes this vrat secretly, can attain a husband full of longevity and prosperity. This vrat, since eons, has been treated as the protector of longevity of the husbands of the married women worshiping Mata Gauri. Even today, the popularity of Gauri Tritiya vrat continues unblemished.
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In a humid climate, mildew and mold may buildup on your outdoor furniture. It can grow ugly mold and mildew on furniture and cushions left outdoors with humidity on them as the spores are established in the air. It depends on the material in the cushion when it comes to the cleaning solution you decide to eliminate mold from patio cushions and outdoor furniture. You may use crueler chemicals for plastic and vinyl furniture while special deterrents are required for cloth-type outdoor sofa cushions.
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With rubber gloves worn, oxygen bleach 2 tablespoons, a gentle dishwashing detergent 1/4 cup and mix water a gallon in a bucket to hose down vinyl and plastic padded furniture and outdoor sofa cushion. For stubborn mold stains, wash them in household bleach 1 cup and water a gallon and allow them dry. To help it easy to clean someday and stop filth and stain from sticking to the furniture, rub car polish and paste wax to protect the cushions and furniture.
Create a solution of detergent 2 cups, water 1 gallon, and bleach 1 cup to clean resin furniture. Use a soft-bristled brush to Scrub it completely. The bleach can dull cloth cushions so, unless they are white, do not use the bleach solution. Mix ammonia 1 cup and water 1 cup to clean cloth cushions. Put a white cloth of lint-free into the mixture and blob the moldy part on the cushion until the liquid is engrossed. Recap up to the blemish vanishes and then wash and splotch dry. Dry outdoor sofa cushions under the sun.
Synthetic Outdoor Textiles
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- Special Sections
- Public Notices
We celebrated a very important holiday, Memorial Day, on Monday.
It was a day that meant different things to different people. For many, it was the unofficial start of summer, marked with vacations and cookouts. For others, it was a day of reunion, used to reconnect, reminisce and remember loved ones.
The original meaning of the one holiday we reserve for memory, though, is to honor those who made the ultimate sacrifice to ensure our freedom and our way of life. Those who gave their lives for our country.
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If you are new to the award winning Springfield Sun and wish to get a subscription or simply gain access to our online content then please enter your ZIP code below and continue to setup your account.
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Pineal gland disease
Category: Illness or disabilities
Introduction and description
Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located near the centre of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic bodies join.
In younger people, the pineal gland grows with the baby until he or she is about 1–2 years of age, then remains a stable size thereafter until the person reaches puberty. The gland then grows again in line with the spurt of growth which appears during puberty.
The pineal gland is not isolated from the body by the blood–brain barrier system; it has profuse blood flow, second only to the kidney.
Illnesses and diseases of the Pineal gland
One problem that can occur with the pineal gland is the accumulation of Brain sand. This is described in some detail below. Other problems that can occur with the Pineal gland include Pineocytoma, also known as a pinealocytoma, which is a benign, slowly growing tumour of the pineal gland and the similar condition pineal gland cyst, which appears to be caused principally by parasites.
All disorders of the pineal gland are accompanied by profound spiritual experiences - hallucinations, visions, extraordinary dreams. The connection between the pineal gland and spiritual experience has long been recognised and was deliberately engineered at one time. It was part of the Mystery religions' preparations - although in those days there were nowhere near as many toxins, and other unpleasant things to make it so risky.
Calcification - Brain sand are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus. Concentrations of "brain sand" increase with age, so the pineal gland becomes increasingly visible on X-rays over time, usually by the third or fourth decade. They are sometimes used as anatomical landmarks in radiological examinations. Chemical analysis shows that they are composed of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate. Recently, calcite deposits have been described as well. This means that diet probably plays a big part in producing these deposits, especially one high in Calcium, Magnesium and Phosporus. One of the ways in which people can deliberately cause calcification in order to obtain spiritual experience - dreams etc is via Sexy eating, which adjusts the mineral balance towards these minerals. It is not without its risks, but this is explained.
Other causes - there are also these days, however, other less benign mechanisms by which illness and diseases can result
- Toxins - one known class of toxins which interfere with endocrine function are the Endocrine disruptors but many other toxins are implicated
- Viral infection - of which numerous viruses are implicated. But the following was especially interesting as it showed that just one of the viruses could affect all sorts of areas of the brain and cause brain tumours - not just the pineal gland
A total of 111 fresh brain biopsies from patients with primary brain tumors were examined for JC polyomavirus sequences from the Large T antigen encoding region (LT) and the viral non-coding control region (NCCR). … In the glioblastoma group of 39 patients 48.7% were positive ... Among the astrocytoma group (19 patients) and the oligodendroglioma group (12 patients) 31.6% and 33.3% were also positive. The prevalence of LT genomic sequences among the other groups was as follows: in 2 out of 3 oligoastrocytomas; in 3 out 5 gangliogliomas; in 2 out of 5 meduloblastomas; in 1 out 3 pineocytomas; and in none of the tested 5 ependimomas. PMID: 21739452
Pineocytomas have been induced in a high percentage of hamsters inoculated intracerebrally within 24 hours after birth with particular strains of a human papovavirus. Studies on …pineal tumors have led to important conclusions and implications. Many of the differentiated pineocytoma cells contained organelles and related structures that are characteristic of hamster pineocytes, PMID: 7411135
Virus-like particles were seen in the tumour cells of a pinealoma in a male of 18 years. The particles were dense, spherical or hexagonal in shape, and 100-130 nm in size. They were found in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus. They occurred in aggregates or in isolation. These particles may be ..one of the herpes-, leuro- or arena-groups, especially when judged from their size. However, greater certainty as to their nature is impossible from the morphological evidence. PMID: 941682
- Bacterial infection - again with a number of bacteria as possible candidates. The TB bacteria seems to crop up time and time again in papers
Computerized tomography (CT) revealed obstructive hydrocephalus and a pineal mass in a 14-year-old girl who presented with headaches and a Parinaud's syndrome. …. suboccipital transtentorial biopsy of the lesion revealed it to be a tuberculoma. PMID: 6619942
- Heavy metals - both toxin and heavy metal poisoning may manifest as odd pigmentation and this might be the clue that toxins of one sort or another are the cause
- Parasites - the links here are very clear and there are numerous instances of the problems caused by parasites. But this paper was quite interesing
The distribution of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in the nervous system of experimentally infected Sprague-Dawley rats and BALB/c and deer mice was examined with immunohistochemical techniques. The trypanosomes showed an early invasion in areas lacking a so-called blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier, i.e., in sensory ganglia and circumventricular organs including the area postrema, pineal gland, and median eminence. This distribution of trypanosomes may relate to the origin of cardinal symptoms of the disease, e.g., sensory disturbances, nausea, disturbed circadian rhythm, and neuroendocrinological dysfunctions. Trypanosome infections in rodents may provide a model for studies of how an infectious agent or factors released by the immune response may relatively selectively interfere with these functionally defined regions of the nervous system. PMID: 3216412
- Nutritional deprivation - including mineral imbalance, vitamin imbalance, and other forms of nutritional deprivation.
- Radiation - see the observations for examples.
How it works
As we saw one of the things that can happen to the pineal gland is that it can become ‘calcified’ [see Brain Sand]. A calcified pineal gland does not produce melatonin as efficiently as one which is not calcified. This is possibly why human melatonin production decreases as a person ages.
But if the Pineal gland becomes calcified via Brain sand, there is a high probability the Choroid plexus will also become calcified, which means that the blood brain barrier is compromised. Thus one reason why there are spiritual experiences is that if the blood brain barrier is calcified almost anything in the blood will be able to get straight to the brain and affect it.
This means anything, so it could be everything, from heavy metals to parasites, viruses to bacteria, drugs to pharmaceuticals, which is why so much encephalitis results from the compromising of this barrier.
In this case the experiences are being caused by a form of Brain damage.
Where the Pineal gland is damaged by tumours, cysts or similar, the mechanism is different. One reason is simply that the deformed organ presses on the reticular formation and disrupts the sleep wake cycle.
References and further reading
- Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Jul;2(7):466-8. Calcium-dependent modulation by melatonin of the circadian rhythm in malarial parasites. Hotta CT, Gazarini ML, Beraldo FH, Varotti FP, Lopes C, Markus RP, Pozzan T, Garcia CR. PMID: 1087881
- Int J Neurosci. 1992 May-Jun;64(1-4):217-9. Pineal calcification and its relationship to hallucinations in schizophrenia. Sandyk R, Kay SR. PMID: 1342042
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This vignette tackles the issue of presenting facts (company performance, etc.) in the best possible light - even though the facts might not be as good as presented. Many people can be impacted, especially shareholders.
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This is your resource to memory care in Monroe, MI. Memory care communities offer housing and care for people age 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Memory care empowers seniors who have memory loss to stay as active and engaged as possible, while living in a dignified, safe and secure environment. Our local Senior Living Advisors have local expertise in dementia care in Monroe, MI and nearby cities. After an initial assessment, your advisor will send you a list of memory care facilities that most closely match your loved one's unique priorities for care and living preferences, as well as your family's budget.Memory Care Costs in Monroe, MI
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Facts about Monroe
The official website for the city of Monroe is http://www.ci.monroe.mi.us/.
Monroe is represented by Mayor Robert Clark.
Monroe is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 20,733 at the 2010 census. It is the largest city and county seat of Monroe County. The city is bordered on the south by Monroe Charter Township, but both are politically independent. The city is located approximately 14 mi (23 km) north of Toledo, Ohio and 25 mi (40 km) south of Detroit. The United States Census Bureau lists Monroe as the core city in the Monroe Metropolitan Area, which had a population of 152,021 in 2010. Monroe is officially part of the Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint CSA, and Monroe is also sometimes unofficially included as a northerly extension of the Toledo Metropolitan Area.Settled as early as 1784, Monroe was platted in 1817 and was named after then-President James Monroe. Today, the city is committed to historic preservation of resources; it is remembered for the Battle of Frenchtown during the War of 1812, as well as being the childhood residence of George Armstrong Custer and other members of his family, including his wife Elizabeth Bacon and brother Boston Custer. The city has numerous historic museums and landmarks. Monroe is also the home of the La-Z-Boy world headquarters. The population has declined slightly since its peak in 1970.
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UC Press’ Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies and Editor Melissa L. Caldwell are pleased to announce a new collaboration with the University of London’s SOAS Food Studies Centre. Through this partnership, the Distinguished Lecture Series will serve up a recurring forum for leading scholars, students, journalists, practitioners, and members of the public to engage in critical conversations about the nature of food, the interconnectivity of contemporary food systems, the role of food in daily life, emerging trends in food studies, and contemporary food concerns.
As Gastronomica’s Melissa Caldwell notes, “the Food Studies Centre at SOAS is an international leader in the kind of cutting-edge scholarship on food that challenges and inspires scholars, practitioners, and enthusiasts alike to rethink what they know about food and its significance in the world both past and present. This partnership is an extraordinary opportunity to highlight the most innovative, rigorous, and fascinating research on food and bring it to the Gastronomica readership.”
Included among the first Lectures under this new partnership are “From Arak to Za’atar: Jerusalem and its many culinary traditions,” from famed chef and cookbook writer Yotam Ottolenghi, and “How Grains Domesticated Us,” from James C. Scott, Co-Director of Yale University’s Agrarian Studies Program.
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Penile cancer is treatable and completely curable provided you find it in it’s early stages. Reading this article completely will equip with knowledge enough to detect any abnormalities with/on your penis. Ignoring the symptoms can delay the treatment and will let the cancer progress. Never ignore any lesions (small bumps, swelling or redness etc) on the penis. People who are not circumcised are at higher risk of developing penile cancer than those who are circumcised.
Types of penile cancer
- Squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma – Most common type of penile cancer found in 95% of the patients. This starts in the foreskin due to the accumulation of body fluids in the penis’ foreskin. Occasionally this can be found on other parts of the penis.
- Sarcoma – This type of cancer usually starts or is found in the blood vessels, fat or muscle tissues of the penis.
- Melanoma – Melanin is the pigment that gives colour to the skin in a human. Cancer that starts in these cells is called ‘Melanoma’.
- Basal Cell Carcinoma – This type of cancer starts deep inside the skin and typically doesn’t spread beyond its place of origin.
Causes of Penile Cancer
- As you have read, most of the times, the cancer of the penis is caused by the build up body fluids in the foreskin. If the foreskin is not cleaned properly, they can help in the growth of cancer cells.
- Men aged over 60 are at the risk of developing penile cancer.
- HPV – Human Papilloma Virus is one of the major cause of penile cancer. HPV is a Sexually Transmitted Infection. Antibodies for HPV were found in majority of patients diagnosed with penile cancer.
- Uncircumcised men are at higher risk of acquiring penile cancer.
- Men with weak immune system, especially those suffering from HIV Infection or AIDS.
- Due to medications that are used to treat psoriasis.
Symptoms of penile cancer
Penile cancer typically starts with a small lump or a bump (or sometimes a big sore) on the foreskin of the penis. If you find any bump on the shaft or on any other parts of your penis, you can worry a little less but if you find any lumps on the foreskin of your penis, make sure you get it checked by your sexologist.
Typical symptoms of penis cancer include:
- A lump or rash or a bump on the foreskin of the penis
- Stinky discharge from the foreskin
- Changes in the thickness or colour of foreskin
- A bleeding sore on the penis
- Swelling at the end of the penis
- Lumps (tumors like) growth in the groin area
Thought every lump or bump doesn’t mean cancer. There can be an infection at times. However, it is best if you get it diagnosed by your sexologist.
Diagnosing penile cancer
Your doctor will start with a physical examination of your penis. If he/she suspects that it could be cancer, a biopsy may be done. A biopsy is a simple test in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the affected area and observed under a microscope to detect cancer cells.
If the biopsy reveals cancer, then the next step would be to know how far the cancer has spread in the body. Your doctor may then perform cystoscopy. A Cystoscope is a small tube like device with light and a camera that is inserted from the penile opening into the bladder. This device allows your doctor to look for growth of tumors inside the body. An MRI may also be required to complete the diagnosis. MRI gives a complete picture of the inner parts of the body and enables your doctor to see the spread of cancer.
Stages of penile cancer
Depending on the areas to which the cancer has spread, penile cancer is categorized in to different stages.
Stage 0 – Penile cancer has not spread beyond the place of origin, the foreskin.
Stage 1 – Penile cancer has spread from foreskin to the underlying tissues.
Stage 2 – Penile cancer has spread to the underlying tissues and the blood vessels or the lymph vessels.
Stage 3A – Penile cancer has spread beyond the lymph vessels into one or two lymph nodes.
Stage 3B – Penile cancer has spread to multiple lymph nodes
Stage 4 – Penile cancer has spread beyond lymph nodes to the nearby areas of the body such as prostate, scrotum etc.
Treatment of Penile Cancer
Treatment of Penile Cancer depends on the stage of the cancer. If the penile cancer has not spread to the inner tissues or lymph nodes, non invasive procedures are used to treat it. If the penile cancer has spread to the inner tissues or lymph nodes or if in later stages, then invasive procedures are used.
Non invasive procedures to treat penile cancer:
- Circumcision – a simple procedure where the foreskin of the penis is removed.
- Laser therapy – High intensity laser beam is used to kill the cancer cells in the tumour.
- Chemotherapy – Drugs are administered to kill the cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy – High energy, focused radiation is used to shrink and destroy cancer cells.
- Cryosurgery – Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze the tumours and remove them.
Invasive procedures to treat penile cancer:
Invasive procedures may involve removal of tumour, lymph nodes that are affected and in some cases; even penis may also have to be removed. Surgical options to treat penile cancer include:
- Excisional Surgery – Done under local anesthesia. The affected tissues and tumors will be removed by making an incision. Once the removal process is complete, the incision will be closed with stitches.
- Moh’s Surgery – The aim of this surgery is to remove the least amount of tissues possible. Affected tissue and tumor is removed and examined under the microscope. If the tissues are found to have cancer cells, then more tissue is removed. This process is continued until the tissue removed does not have any cancer cells present.
- Partial Penectomy or Total Penectomy – In partial penectomy, only a part of the penis is removed and in total penectomy, complete penis is removed. In case when complete penis is removed, your surgeon may provide you with option of penis reconstruction surgery.
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- Code: USD
- Country: United States
- Region: North and Central America
- Symbol: $
- Inflation: 3.4%.
- Bank: Federal Reserve Bank
Facts about USD (United States Dollars) and JPY (Japanese Yens)
The U.S. dollar is the official currency of the United States of America. For a long time the dollar has been the mainstay of the global economy and this is the basis for exchange rates and world prices. United States Dollar can also be called greenback, buck, green, dough, smacker, bones, dead presidents, scrillas, paper.
The yen is the currency used in Japan where it is pronounced 'en'. Its symbol is ¥ Latinized, but in Japan is represented by the character 円 (meaning round).
The currency converter from USD (United States Dollar) to JPY (Japanese Yen) is up to date, being -43 seconds ago the last update from The International Monetary Fund.
|Convert USD (United States Dollar)||$ 1||$ 5||$ 10||$ 50||$ 100||$ 500|
|Into JPY (Japanese Yen)||¥ 114.953||¥ 574.7650||¥ 1149.5300||¥ 5747.6500||¥ 11495.3000||¥ 57476.5000|
|Convert USD (United States Dollar)||$ 1,000||$ 5,000||$ 10,000||$ 50,000||$ 100,000|
|Into JPY (Japanese Yen)||¥ 114953.0000||¥ 574765.0000||¥ 1149530.0000||¥ 5747650.0000||¥ 11495300.0000|
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This vocational qualification fulfils the entry requirements for academic and vocational study post-16, and will count as equivalent to one GCSE in the Key Stage 4 performance tables.
You will enjoy this course if you want to study materials in a practical way and understand the working properties of woods, metals and polymers. It will enable you to work in a hands-on way to develop the core skills you need to make high-quality products using woods, metals and polymers.
You will have the opportunity to use traditional skills and also modern technologies.
This Technical Award in Materials Technology will help you develop knowledge, skills and experience that could potentially open the door to a career in related industries.
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When More Than Just Weapons Speak
Lebanese and Israeli bloggers are writing about their experiences and views on the war. They write from bunkers in Israel, high-rise apartments in Beirut, and internet cafes. Often they elaborate not on politics but on the everyday consequences of the war, broken dreams, and their hope for a quick end to the fighting.
Lebanese artist Zena El Khalil, for example, began keeping a blog when Israel started its offensive, describing her feelings every day since the bombing commenced.
Two weeks after the bombing began, her entries expressed resignation and despair. On the second of August she only wrote: "I feel so helpless."
Many Lebanese feel their lives have reverted to the state of things during the civil war, when power outages and long lines at the supermarkets were normal. Zadigvoltaire wrote in his blog about the supply situation in Beirut when the bombings began: "No antibiotics, no electricity, and less and less gasoline."
The blogs often express a conviction that internal Lebanese problems must be put aside in the face of the crisis and a united front maintained against the "enemy.” According to a study by the Beirut Center for Research and Information, 87 percent of Lebanese support Hezbollah’s resistance against the Israeli army.
Growing support for Hezbollah
One of them by the nickname of Gaztastic writes: "Let us Lebanese forget our domestic political problems for the moment and try to unite in order to defend our country… It is time for us to join together and protect our country."
In a blog called Beirut.spring, begun after the murder of former Lebanese prime minister Hariri, Mustapha writes that he understands Hezbollah as his political enemy, but nonetheless as part of the Lebanese political system and thus a part of his country.
On the other side of the conflict, in Northern Israel, people are likewise living in fear of the next missile and the next air raid alarm. After the Israeli army left Gaza and the possibility of a retreat from the West Bank arose, many Israelis began to feel a glimmer of hope for the peace process.
The escalation following the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers came as a shock to many Israelis. One blogger from Northern Israel described his feelings upon his return from a long vacation:
"I left a country that had been relatively quiet… just a month later I have returned to find a country in the grip of drama and tragedy all over again."
Life under constant attack
Similar to their Lebanese neighbors, Israelis living within the reach of the Katyushas describe the fear of living under constant attack.
At kishkushim.blogspot.com, a group of students describes their life in Haifa since the beginning of the attacks. "The sirens sound again and we run out into the hallway, which is the only place in the apartment without a window, wall or door to the outside."
Although politicians on both sides are not talking with one another, the people are starting a dialog. Many bloggers use the internet to communicate with the other side – for Israelis and Lebanese it is the only way to make contact.
"Hello Lebanon, hello Israel," writes Israeli Ben Basat in his blog. "I don’t know what will happen, but we should use the advantages and the power of blogging to create a forum for everyone."
More and more commentary from Israeli bloggers finds its way into Lebanese blogs – and vice versa.
Contact despite the war
One example of the contact being established between the people of both sides is the Israeli-Lebanese blog arabisraelipeace.com, which was initiated by an Israeli and a Lebanese. The site’s purpose is to facilitate an exchange between the two sides and "bring together Arabs and Israelis."
Israeli soldiers also seem to perceive blogs in Lebanon as a source of information. Sachar wrote in a blog: "Hey, I am an IDF soldier stationed at the Lebanese border (…).We can't see all the bombing on Lebanon here from Israel (naturaly we're focusing on bombs at Israel), so you're pretty much updating me on what's going on. (…)I don't want to start arguing about who's right and who's wrong, the finaly word is that it's not right that civilians get hurt in the process, from both sides..”
Because people can write commentary on any entry at a given site, many discussions have been carried out directly between Israelis and Lebanese in which individuals explain their views.
Despite these positive developments within the community of Middle Eastern internet bloggers, it must be remembered that they represent only a small fraction of society. Most bloggers are young, well-educated academics who chat with each other in English. Shiite refugees in emergency shelters who had to leave everything behind are not among them.
Whether or not the bloggers really are who they say they are is another question. Theoretically, anyone can claim to be Israeli or Lebanese in a blog, but no one’s identity cannot be verified.
© Qantara.de 2006
Translated from the German by Christina M. White
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Teens, their devices, and sexual predators it’s enough to strike terror into the heart of any parent. And, with good reason too. Apps on mobile devices are the number one way sexual predators are reaching their victims. However, before your heart starts beating out of your chest keep reading to find out all the ways you can protect your teens.
Apps Are Great And Potentially Dangerous
There is no telling how many new apps hit the stores of devices on a daily basis but it is safe to say the number is greater than ‘a few.’ For the most part apps provide information and entertainment. Social media apps in particular help people connect in new and exciting ways. Unfortunately, they also open up new avenues for sexual predators to groom their victims.
It Is Not Just Stranger Danger You Should Be Concerned With
We all know, and have taught our children from the time they were very young, about stranger danger. Some of the danger parents never consider comes from their own teachers. Technology use is commonplace in today’s classrooms and rightly so. Our teens need to have a solid foundation in learning from and learning with technology. However, technology also opens students to unwanted advances from teachers. Unfortunately it is becoming more and more common for teachers to have inappropriate relationships with students assisted by cellphones, computers, and other mobile devices.
Finding The Balance Between Safety And Privacy
Most parents understand computer monitoring but not enough parents even know they need to monitor their teens’ mobile devices much less how to go to about setting up monitoring apps and programs. Parents before you go on an all-out blitz on the internet searching for the strongest security measures you can find you need to understand most online security experts believe you need to respect your teens’ privacy. Larry Magid who founded SafeKids.com and is co-director of ConnectSafely.org says unless your kids give you a concrete reason to believe they are up to something you should not invade their privacy. Deciding how to strike the balance between your teens’ safety and respecting their privacy can be a delicate proposition.
Useful Monitoring Apps
Malcontents Like Malware Can Be Avoided
Teenagers love social media and predators love social media too. There is no sign either of them are moving on either. As you hand over a device to your teen, you should first know how to use the parental controls for that device. They all have them but too many parents never activate them. Trusting your teens is important and it is a great thing for both of you but remember predators are sneaky. Help your teenagers understand you implementing parental controls or monitoring their devices is because predators are out there waiting for the next unprotected device to come online. If you have Apple products, all the apps are required to have an age rating. Use them. They should be your first line of defense. You should also have frank conversations with your teens about sexual predators. Let them know it is safe for them to come talk to you if anyone contacts them for sex or is making them feel uncomfortable in anyway. Then you need to listen without judgement. By showing your teen it is safe for them to talk to you is as important as the parental controls.
A Few Of The Apps To Watch Out For
- Chat Hoo?
Any of these apps can expose your teenagers to not only sexual predators but pornography. In fact the newest, Periscope which is owned by Twitter, even includes a disclaimer about them not being liable for the content uploaded by users. Teens may not think much of sharing content but in the case of videos and pictures which fall into the realm of pornography they, and you, can be held accountable if the images happen to be of minors. If viewed, shared, and stored those pornographic images of minors could also lead to them being required to register as sex offenders. The legalities are getting murkier and murkier as new apps are being developed. The only way to avoid pornography is to filter it.
Keeping your teenagers safe on mobile devices can seem like a daunting task. However, if you start enforcing that you will be monitoring your teens from the moment they use their first device it will help teens understand better the dangers that those devices expose them too. It may be uncomfortable to talk to your teens about sex, sexual predators, and pornography but in their digital world monitoring mobile devices is entirely necessary for their safety and your peace of mind.
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On July 27, World of Children Award’s team, Changemakers for Children, will run The San Francisco Marathon to raise funds and awareness for children who can't walk or run.
San Francisco, CA (PRWEB) May 29, 2014
Every day, an estimated 93 million children are denied the opportunity to attend school, get a job or lead a self-sufficient life because of their disability. On July 27, World of Children Award’s team, Changemakers for Children, will run The San Francisco Marathon to raise $5,000 for these children, giving them the ability to walk and run for the first time. Team supporters can underwrite the cost of a leg brace ($25), mobility aid ($100), prosthetic limb ($250), or corrective surgery ($500). To learn more, visit crowdrise.com/teamchangemakersforchildren/fundraiser/worldofchildren.
Donations help children like Alex and Maverick, two young boys from Ecuador who were born without one of their legs. They could not stand; they could not walk; and like so many disabled children in developing countries, they could not look forward to a life of independence and opportunity.
Alex and Maverick were fitted with prosthetic limbs, thanks to 2013 World of Children Award Honoree Mead Welles and his program, A Leg To Stand On (ALTSO). Together, Alex and Maverick took their first steps. Then they began to walk. Now, they are not just walking, but running. They are pictured here at the 2nd Annual Jenn Lee 5k Race in Ecuador, a race that raises money and awareness for other people with disabilities.
Funds raised by Changemakers for Children will help children like Alex and Maverick walk and run for the first time. Donations support ALTSO, one of the world’s leading humanitarian organizations that provides care for children with limb disabilities in developing countries.
About World of Children Award
World of Children® Award improves the lives of vulnerable children by funding and elevating the most effective changemakers for children worldwide. Since 1998, World of Children Award has granted more than $6 million in cash grants and program support to 100 humanitarian leaders who are the driving force behind programs serving children worldwide. The organization’s exhaustive research and vetting of individuals has been hailed by leading philanthropic organizations. The media often refers to World of Children Award as the Nobel Prize for child advocacy.
World of Children Award has been featured on The New York Times, The Huffington Post, People, Town & Country, and Harper’s Bazaar. World of Children Award Honorees have also been featured by The New York Times, CNN, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Fast Company Magazine, People, Glamour, TEEN Vogue, TIME for Kids, USA Today and the Christian Science Monitor, among several other national and international media.
Most recently, The Huffington Post named World of Children Award’s Co-Founders, Harry Leibowitz and Kay Isaacson-Leibowitz, one of the United States’ most inspiring “power couples” for their lifetime commitment to improving the lives of vulnerable children around the world.
About A Leg To Stand On
A Leg To Stand On ("ALTSO") is a non-profit organization providing free orthopedic care – including prosthetic limbs, orthotic devices, mobility aids, corrective surgery and rehabilitative care – to children in the developing world. Its mission is to offer children who have lost their limbs in traumatic accidents or suffer from congenital disabilities the physical capabilities to access the opportunities and self-esteem earned through education, work and mobility. ALTSO’s co-founder, C. Mead Welles, was the recipient of the 2013 World of Children Health Award, which includes a grant to fund his work serving children.
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Indonesia's president has said the planned execution of 11 convicts on death row - including two Australian drug smugglers - will not be delayed and warned foreign countries not to intervene in Jakarta's right to use capital punishment.
President Joko Widodo has denied clemency to the convicts despite repeated pleas from Australia, Brazil and France, who have citizens due to be executed soon by firing squad.
"The first thing I need to say firmly is that there shouldn't be any intervention towards the death penalty because it is our sovereign right to exercise our law," President Joko Widodo told reporters on Tuesday.
Many Indonesians were outraged by Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott's request that the country "reciprocate" aid by saving two Australians on death row.
"Let's not forget that a few years ago when Indonesia was struck by the Indian ocean tsunami, Australia sent a billion dollars worth of assistance," the prime minister told reporters last week.
"I would say to the Indonesian people and to the Indonesian government, we in Australia are always there to help you and we hope that you might reciprocate in this way at this time".
Using social media, they have started a campaign to pay back Australia for its assistance after the 2004 tsunami.
#KoinUntukAustralia , or "coins for Australia", has been used more than 52,000 times on Twitter over the past week as Indonesians discuss their coin collection efforts.
The president's statement came after an Indonesian court dismissed a bid by Australian drug traffickers Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan to avoid execution by challenging his rejection of their pleas for clemency.
Sukumaran, 33,and Chan, 31, two members of the so-called Bali Nine, were convicted in 2005 as the ringleaders of a plot to smuggle heroin out of Indonesia.
Most of the 11 prisoners on death row were convicted on drug charges.
Widodo said he took calls from the leaders of France, Brazil and the Netherlands about the death penalty but made no mention of Australia.
Australia has been pursuing an eleventh-hour campaign to save the lives of Sukumaran and Chan - but its efforts have strained the country's relationship with its northern neighbour.
Prime Minister Tony Abbott angered Jakarta last week when he linked Australia's 2004 tsunami aid to the fate of the two drug smugglers on death row - saying that Indonesia should reciprocate the kindness shown.
Australian lawyer Julian McMahon told the Sydney Morning Herald that the bilateral tensions were not helping the two Australian prisoners.
"There is tension in the media about what is being said in both countries," he said.
"A great concern of ours is that things just calm down. That tension is not necessary. And it's not fair to the people involved, it's not fair to people whose lives are the balance.
"It's not fair to the decision makers such as the president who need to make difficult decisions, balancing many issues."
Source: Al Jazeera and agencies
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Instagram Testing new features This alerts the user when a serious technical problem occurs with the service.
Alerts appear as notifications in a user’s activity feed when “people are confused and looking for an answer,” Instagram says. In other words, when the app’s system is serious and has a long plunge like they had last week then they’ll notify us.
Given the turmoil caused when the service goes down, this is a wise feature of Instagram’s parent company Facebook. When Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp and Instagram fail, people often wonder if there is something wrong with their Connect, their Internet or their account.
A small notification to the user, “Don’t worry, it’s not you, it’s us,” will probably save a lot of confusion in the future.
According to Instagram, this feature has been tested in the United States “in the coming months” and could be rolled out even more widely if useful. It’s easy to imagine that Facebook’s most important service, WhatsApp, has similar functionality. For many, messaging apps make up the major modes of digital communication.
In the same announcement today, Instagram also said it will introduce a new tool called “Account Status” that will notify users when content is reported to be inadequate.
“We start by making it easy for people to know if there is a risk that their account will be invalidated,” the company said.
The blog post said:
“In the coming months, we plan to add more information to this tool to better understand how content is distributed and recommended to different parts of Instagram.”
According to user reports on the Web monitoring site Downdetector, several Instagram users had issues earlier on Monday.
The firm also intends to launch a tool that will make it easier for users to determine whether their account is at risk of being disabled.
Following the disruptions, social media has been the subject of memes and jokes on Twitter. It is also dealing with former employee turned whistleblower Frances Haugen’s claim that the business consistently prioritised profit over cracking down on hate speech and disinformation.
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Colorado County, Texas
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Colorado is a county in Texas. It was formed in 1836 (organized 1837) from the following county/ies: Old Mexican Municipality. Colorado began keeping birth records in 1853, marriage records in 1837, and death records in 1903. It began keeping land records in 1824, probate records in 1837, and court records in 1837. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 68, Columbus 78934-0068. On the attached map, Colorado is located at Q13.
For information about the state of Texas see Texas Family History Research.
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(July 16, 2022). William “Poogie” Hart, lead singer of the legendary R&B/soul group the Delfonics, died on July 14 of complications from surgery following a respiratory illness. He was 77.
Hart was the lead singer and one of the founding members of the Delfonics, initially a quartet under various other names consisting of him, his brother Wilbert, the late Randy Cain, and Ritchie Daniels. By the time the group settled on the name Delfonics and had its first hit in 1968, the classic lineup consisted of just the two Hart brothers and Cain (who died in 2009).
The Delfonics out of Philly were highly talented and successful in the late 1960s and early ‘70s, a success owed primarily to the craftsmanship of William Hart and legendary composer/producer Thom Bell, who with Hart wrote the first ten of the group’s 20 R&B chart hits, including their two biggest: “La-La-Means I Love You” and “Didn’t I (Blow Your Mind This Time).” Hart went on to write most of the group’s other hits after they broke ties with Bell in 1971, but none reached the glory of “La-La” and “Didn’t I.”
And while many of the tributes to the late Hart have paid homage to “Didn’t I”—their only song to win the group a Grammy and the only one to receive an official gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America—it was “La-La-Means I Love You,” their first million-seller and biggest hit, that is perhaps their most beloved song and the one whose story is more compelling.
“La-La-Means I Love You,” with the extra hyphen included, was released as a single on Philly Groove Records in January 1968 and made its debut on the Billboard R&B chart just in time for Valentine’s Day. It featured Hart’s signature tenor/falsetto and lyrics that he articulated with a clarity that made them unforgettable and easy to sing along with on first listen. Who could forget that intro: “many guys have come to you, with a line that wasn’t true, and you passed them by”?
A fast riser, “La La” was in the R&B top ten by March and quickly climbing the pop chart as well.
Newcomers the Delfonics were listed among some of history’s most celebrated soul acts in the R&B top ten during that period, including The Temptations, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Sam & Dave, the Impressions, Ray Charles and James Brown.
But there were two other veteran acts in the top ten whose profiles had risen significantly in the preceding twelve months…two iconic soul legends who combined to prevent the Delfonics from getting their first No. 1 hit.
First was one of the greatest soul singers of all time Otis Redding who, just six weeks before the Delfonics released “La-La,” was killed in a plane crash in Madison, Wisconsin.
Redding, who was in the prime of his career at the time of his death, had just recorded “(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay,” a melancholic ballad featuring him crooning against a backdrop of seagulls squawking and waves crashing similar to sounds he’d heard while staying at a houseboat in Sausalito, California during a tour with the Bar-Kay’s (members of which were also on that ill-fated flight).
In the wake of Otis’ death, his record sales skyrocketed. The Stax/Volt label capitalized by releasing “Dock of the Bay” as a single and it quickly became the first-ever posthumous No. 1 song on both the pop and soul charts in March 1968. It was sitting at No. 1 on the soul chart when the Delfonics’ “La-La” moved from No. 6 to No. 2 looking like a sure bet to replace Redding’s classic in the coming weeks.
After the songs held their positions for another week, Otis’ record tumbled to No. 5 leaving the door open for “La-La” to take over the top spot. But another legend of the Memphis Soul variety leapfrogged the Philly trio to get her fifth No. 1 soul chart hit in just over a year, more than anyone had ever amassed on that list in such a short period.
That legend was Aretha Franklin, whose iconic Lady Soul album had already produced huge hits with “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman” and “Chain of Fools.” Its third single, “(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You’ve Been Gone,” moved from No. 3 to No. 1 on the soul chart dated April 6, relegating “La-La-Means I Love You” to its third and ultimately fourth week in the No. 2 position.
Aretha’s profile couldn’t have been any bigger at that point in her career. Like Otis Redding, she had major crossover success with a No. 1 pop hit, in her case a little tune the year before ironically written by the late Redding called “Respect.”
Then, during the same week that Aretha’s rousing powerhouse “Since You’ve Been Gone” replaced Redding’s much calmer “Dock of the Bay” at the top came the assassination of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (April 4). Amidst historic riots and calls for peace in cities across the country, it was none other than Queen of Soul Aretha who famously performed at the slain Civil Rights leader’s funeral on April 9, singing “Take My Hand, Precious Lord” and seemingly capturing the anger, despair and hope of a nation (and Black people in particular) in just a few short minutes.
Aretha’s performance at Dr. King’s funeral was transcendent in its ability to bridge all those emotions while soothing the races—if only briefly. That she happened to also be at the top of the soul chart during that time with the emotionally charged “Since You’ve Been Gone” was a dual fate that no one could’ve imagined only months earlier. No one could’ve toppled her at that point.
Aretha would remain at No. 1 on the Billboard soul list for three weeks, with the Delfonics’ “La-La” stuck at No. 2 for the first two of those. In that third frame (dated April 20), “La-La” slipped to No. 3 while Franklin retained the top spot. Eventually, both records’ popularity waned and they made their inevitable exits from the list.
So the Delfonics and their first single ended up settling for runner-up status behind two of the most important figures in soul music history, iconic Memphis Soul singers named Otis and Aretha whose own chart fates were shaped by historical events that made the Philly-based group’s chances of landing their first chart topper even more daunting. Both Redding and Franklin would eventually be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the two albums from which their blocking No. 1 songs came—Otis’ Dock of the Bay and Re-Re’s Lady Soul—are listed among Rolling Stone magazine’s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
After “La-La-Means I Love You,” the Delfonics would chart 19 more times on the Billboard R&B/Soul chart, with many of their hits crossing over to the pop survey. But none of them would ever come as close to No. 1 as that first hit, not even “Didn’t I (Blow Your Mind This Time),” which peaked at No. 3 soul and No. 10 pop two years later.
“La-La-Means I Love You” remained the group’s biggest hit on both charts with its No. 2 soul peak nearly being matched on the pop chart (No. 5). The group broke up in 1975 (after the hits had dried up) with the two Hart brothers splitting the Delfonics into two factions. Each brother toured under the group’s name using different lineups throughout the ensuing years and decades before reuniting in the 2000s.
William Hart’s brother Wilbert is the lone surviving member of the classic lineup of the Delfonics, whose performance of “La-La-Means I Love You” you can see in the video below.
R.I.P. William Hart (January 17, 1945 – July 14, 2022). You will be missed but your legacy will remain with two of the greatest soul songs of all time, including one that just couldn’t overcome the avalanche of history it faced in the early months of 1968 while being relegated to No. 2.
DJRob (he/him/his) is a freelance music blogger from somewhere on the East Coast who covers R&B, hip-hop, pop and rock genres – plus lots of music news and current stuff! You can follow him on Twitter at @djrobblog.
You can also register for free (below) to receive notifications of future articles.
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Millions of families struggling with the rising cost of living are having to pay an extra £250 a year on fuel bills because of leaky homes, councils have warned.
The analysis by the Local Government Association (LGA) found three million households in fuel poverty in England were paying an extra £250 a year on average as heat is wasted through the walls, roofs and windows of poorly insulated housing.
The LGA, which represents 350 councils in England and Wales, is calling for a redoubling of efforts to insulate all fuel poor homes, which its analysis shows would save millions from energy bills every year.
The demand joins the growing chorus of calls for more Government action on making homes more energy efficient, which – by reducing demand for gas and other fuels – saves on bills, supports security of supplies and cuts carbon emissions.
This week, the independent advisory Climate Change Committee hit out at the “shocking” gap in Government efforts to ensure homes were better insulated, in the face of rising bills.
The advisers called for increased funding for energy efficiency in fuel-poor homes, and policies to incentivise homeowners to improve their properties, and for the Government to work with local councils to deliver retrofits.
Official statistics earlier this year revealed that one in eight homes – some three million households – were in fuel poverty in 2020, even before soaring gas prices took hold.
In England, official statistics now consider a household to be in fuel poverty if their home has an energy efficiency rating of band D or below and their disposable income after housing and fuel costs is below the poverty line.
The LGA analysis, released as local authorities meet for their annual conference in Harrogate this week, suggests that two million homes in fuel poverty will need additional help to implement energy efficiency measures that lift homes up to a rating of band C by 2030.
Councils say the additional help for these homes is needed to hit the Government’s ambition to retrofit 3.1 million fuel poor homes to an energy rating of C by 2030 – almost 900 homes a day this decade.
Focusing on fuel poor homes would save up to £770 million a year from household energy bills by 2030 and save £500 million a year on NHS spending on health problems due to cold, damp and draughty homes, the LGA said.
It would also deliver 670,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide savings a year from 2030.
The LGA said that while the Government has put in a significant package to ease the cost-of-living crisis in the short term, and expanded obligations on energy companies to support energy efficiency measures in poorer homes, paid for on consumer bills, more was needed.
Ministers should consider further investment in energy efficiency, it urged.
The LGA said councils were best placed to deliver programmes to help decarbonise England’s buildings, with local knowledge, experience, trust and partnerships and relationships with residents, and an energy efficiency scheme would create 23,000 skilled jobs across the country.
David Renard, environment spokesperson for the LGA, said: “So many homes are leaking more and more money as energy prices increase.
“This will hit stretched household budgets hard and the public purse, while adding to the climate crisis.
“Investment now will save households further down the line, ease the cost-of-living crisis and mean families have added security and flexibility within their budgets.
“Ensuring homes are well insulated also means fewer people are at risk of the health risks associated with living in cold, damp conditions, and this is work we have to do as part of our drive to net zero.
“Councils are keen to help the Government deliver on this win-win policy and increase the number of buildings insulated by winter.”
A UK Government spokesperson said: “Thanks to Government support, the number of homes with an energy efficiency rating of C or above is at 46% and rising, up from just 13% in 2010.
“We are investing £6.6 billion this parliament to go even further, with planned energy efficiency upgrades delivering savings of £300 a year on average on their energy bills.”
Shadow climate change secretary Ed Miliband said: “Twelve years of failure by the Conservatives to insulate our homes is one of the reasons bills are so high. Too many working people and pensioners live in draughty, cold homes with high heating costs.
“If this Government were serious about cutting energy bills, it could start right now, insulating two million homes this year in order to cut bills, cut imports, and cut emissions. But they are not on working people’s side.
“Labour would give councils the resources they need to deliver the retrofit revolution in their areas. Only Labour can deliver the real long-term plan families need to tackle the cost-of-living crisis.”
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Mount Sinai at Home
The Mount Sinai at Home program is an innovative health care delivery model. We provide medical care in patients’ homes who might otherwise need to be in the hospital, skilled nursing or rehabilitation facility. A team of doctors, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, and other professionals treat and monitor your health during and following an illness or injury.
Mount Sinai at Home, formerly known as Mobile Acute Care Team (MACT), launched in 2014 after receiving a $9.6 million Health Care Innovation Award from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to create a unique “hospital at home” program.
Mount Sinai at Home exemplifies our commitment to providing cutting-edge medicine and creating an innovative health care system that is changing the lives of our patients. The program also illustrates Mount Sinai’s status as a pioneer in the development of new clinical and financial models for patients with acute and sub-acute illnesses.
Advantages of Mount Sinai at Home include:
- Comfort and convenience of quality care in the home setting
- Communication with doctors, nurse practitioners, and nurses face-to-face or via video without ever leaving the home
- A single point of contact available to answer questions and manage care-team communications
- Regular home visits from registered nurses, physical or occupational therapists, and other specialists
Today, we offer the following Mount Sinai at Home programs:
Hospitalization at Home
Our Hospitalization at Home program provides both in-home and video visits from nurse practitioners and doctors who deliver care and respond to emergencies, as well as nurses to provide clinical treatments, and a social worker to coordinate care as needed. Our program delivers and provides medications, routine lab tests, and durable medical equipment and IVs in the comfort of your home. We will also follow you or your loved ones as provided by your health plan following hospital discharge.
Palliative Care at Home
Palliative Care at Home provides specialized in-home care focused on improving quality of life with support available 24-hours a day. Palliative care is a team-based medical specialty which provides an added layer of support to seriously ill patients, their families, and their healthcare providers. Our program provides in home and virtual visits with your care team, symptom management, physical, psychosocial, spiritual, emotional and social service support.
Rehabilitation at Home (RaH)
Rehabilitation at Home (RaH) is designed to provide care following hospitalization for rehabilitation, medical, and nursing services instead of a nursing home stay for qualifying patients. You will receive physician oversight and home visits from nurses who can be scheduled for medically required treatments including IV medications. All patients receive a social work evaluation and follow-up as needed for linkages to community services and care coordination.
Rehabilitative services include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy and are scheduled when necessary. These services are delivered for approximately 15 days with RaH follow up as provided by insurance plan.
A number of studies have shown that Mount Sinai at Home, and the legacy hospital at home models which it was modeled after, is an effective alternative to traditional hospital care for certain conditions.
The program delivers improvements in three key measures:
- Improved outcomes: A critical benefit of the program is comparable or improved patient outcomes across key measures—particularly 30-day emergency room revisits and 30-day hospital readmission rates.
- Increased patient satisfaction: Enrollment in this program leads to improved patient satisfaction—patients simply prefer to be treated in the comfort of their homes.
- Lower cost of care: Another significant benefit of the program is lowering the cost of patient care—both directly and indirectly in terms of cost of stay and length of stay.
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QUEENS CENTERS FOR PROGRESS UNVEILS SCULPTURE
IN HONOR OF JUNETEENTH
Gina Jean-Baptist has been a staff member at Queens Centers for Progress (QCP) for more than 30 years. As a Direct Support Professional, Gina has been working in QCP’s Residential Program making sure the people with intellectual disabilities, whom the agency supports, are well cared for and kept safe.
Gina also has a brother who is a renowned sculptor, Tristan Cassamajor. Gina asked her brother to create a work of art to honor her staff and the individuals in QCP’s programs in celebration of Juneteenth. Her brother happily obliged and on Monday, June 20th at QCP’s Bellerose Campus, the sculpture was unveiled in observance of the recently enacted holiday.
During the brief ceremony, QCP formally unveiled the striking 4-foot-tall artwork, which was carved over a period of 5 days while her brother was in town visiting from Belgium, where he resides. The sculpture is carved in a dark green granite and represents celebration, recognition, and unity for all future generations. During the unveiling, QCP’s Executive Director, Terri Ross, along with Assembly Member David Weprin and Council Member Linda Lee, delivered remarks.
“We are incredibly moved by Gina and Tristan Cassamajor’s gift,” said Terri Ross, “particularly as we celebrate Juneteenth. This stunning piece of artwork will forever remind us of the fight for freedom and inclusion, and that the fight for equality still continues to this day.”
“Tristan Cassamajor is one of the most unique and exciting voices in contemporary monumental sculpture,” reads the Gallery, Maison Gerrard’s website. “His use of African themes juxtaposed with a classical sense of space and traditional sculpting practices creates pieces which are both physically impressive and thought provoking. His career has taken him across three continents, and his work is a fixture in both public institutions and in the private art market.”
The sculpture will live permanently in front of the very house where Gina proudly works within the seven-acre campus.
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As a fifth-generation Oceano resident, Craig Angello walks the lines that mark the controversy over off-roading on the Oceano Dunes.
He's a Dunes enthusiast who has enjoyed the park with his family all his life. His family's business, Angello's ATV Rentals and Service, reaps the benefits from the streams of visitors to the Dunes.
He's also a firefighter with the Oceano Community Services District who has seen the ugly side of the Dunes: the injuries and deaths in horrific all-terrain-vehicle accidents. As a result, Angello has come to know all sides of the arguments about the effect the state park and offroading have on the community — and whether that traffic should be banned from the Dunes. He believes strongly that off-roading should continue.
A promoter of safe riding through his ATV rental business, Angello laments what he says are only a few people riding unsafely, fearing they might spoil the fun for those like him who love and cherish the Dunes and the recreational opportunity there now.
"This has been my playground my whole life," he said. "The big thing for me is it gives a family something to do that's not blah boring. It's not something ordinary."
The past and the future
Angello, 26, fondly remembers picnics on the sand with his family, watching all-terrain vehicles shoot up the sharp face of Competition Hill.
He recalls beautiful moonlit nights riding ATVs with friends as a teenager.
It's a family tradition that predates him. His father, David, used to ride four-wheel-drive trucks on the Dunes. His grandfather did, too.
The Angellos have owned and operated different businesses in Oceano over the years.
"My great-grandfather had a grocery store in Oceano in the 1930s, and we had a TV shop, and a construction company, all of which benefited from the Dunes," Craig Angello said.
But their current ATV rental most closely benefits from the off-road riders. The business serves up to 150 customers a day.
"The off-road riding here is absolutely crucial to our business, and to the others who operate here as well," David Angello said.
If ATV riding were banned at the Dunes, Craig Angello said he'd likely work as a firefighter, a job he currently holds with Oceano's community services district along with his part-time management of his parents' ATV rental.
He said his parents own some real estate they would continue to rent for income.
Without off-roading at the Dunes, Craig Angello said Oceano's overall economy — like his family business — would be ruined.
"I think the town would die," he said. "There might be other new businesses, such as restaurants and such, having to do with walking on the beach or flying kites, but none would last longer than a couple of years. Oceano would turn into a sleepy town of retired people."
Some residents of the town decry the impact of the Dunes and its off-roaders on Oceano — including traffic, trash, parking problems and time the Oceano Fire Depar tment spends helping with emergencies on the sand.
And some of those people continue to push for some of the park's fee revenues that currently go to the state to be diverted to the town.
But Angello said there's no question the 584 county-owned acres of the Dunes should remain a vehicle riding area.
"It would be absolutely ridiculous to close this park down," he said. "So much of the park has already been closed off from the time my dad and grandfather used to ride here."
Keeping riders safe
For now, the Angellos' ATV rental business is booming.
It's one of only about half a dozen at the Dunes contracting with the state; the businesses are deemed concessionaires, and they're allowed to transport the vehicles onto the beach for customers.
The state takes a cut of 5 percent of the business' profit each month or $500, whichever is more, to go toward the park's operational expenses, David Angello said.
"I can't remember the last time we paid the $500," he said.
Craig Angello hopes to help his customers avoid the kind of nasty accidents he has seen on the Dunes — wrecks he says can be avoided if riders are diligent. It's the Angellos' policy to make sure renters receive instruction on proper riding techniques and use of equipment.
As a firefighter for the Oceano Fire Department for the last eight years, Craig Angello said he has responded to the majority of the fatal accidents and those that caused major injuries, such as broken backs.
"I remember (seeing) a 17-year-old who was speeding on the beach plow through a kid and kill him," he said. "That by far was one of the worst I've ever seen."
Often those who get hurt or killed are inexperienced riders, or they're simply behaving recklessly, Angello said. He said a few "bad apples" can spoil Dunes riding for other visitors through negligence.
He added that most people are safe and treat others with respect.
Overall, he views the state park as a good place for families to visit and ride.
"As far as the accidents go, it's all personal responsibility, and some people don't have that," he said. "If people took the time to educate themselves, and parents educated their kids and were responsible, there would be zero accidents."
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by Jeannette Haley
Last month, I wrote about the liberal, tolerant Jesus who is promoted by mainstream churches today. We also discussed a weak Jesus who needs “help” in establishing the kingdom on earth before He can return, as well as the weak Jesus who needed the help of the so-called evolutionary process, in order to bring forth life upon earth. We also discussed how psychology is necessary nowadays to supplement the counsel and power of a weak Jesus.
In this article, we will be examining the popular comedian Jesus, the legalistic Jesus, the sugar-daddy Jesus, and the mythical Jesus—all in light of Scripture.
People love to laugh. You love to laugh, and I love to laugh. There is nothing wrong with that. After all, God gave people a sense of humor. Even animals have a sense of humor as any pet owner will readily confess. So, what is wrong with “funny” preachers and “speakers?” Does God frown on His people having a good time?
The answer to that comes down to why we feel the need to have a “good time,” the reason or motives behind our desire to be humored, and what the Bible tells us about lasting joy. First, most people want to have a good time because, let’s face it; life usually involves stress, hard work, drudgery, disappointments, tragedy, sorrow, loss, and so forth. If life is punctuated by certain events that temporarily provide a “good time,” then people tend to gravitate to those events. The problem is people can begin to live for the highs they get during these “good times.” You find such people swinging like trapeze artists from one good time to another. It can result in being all they look forward to, and what they work and live for, because it provides a temporary fantasy world that blocks out the harshness of reality.
Good, clean humor and comedy can offer temporary relief from stress and built-up tension. Laughter is good for our health. It’s therapeutic. There is no doubt about that. It’s especially good to not take oneself too seriously, and to be able to laugh at oneself. The Bible tells us: “A merry heart doeth good like a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth the bones” Proverbs 17:22. However, there is a “time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance” Ecclesiastes 3:4. In other words, there is a time and a place for laughter. Nevertheless, there is also a time and a place where humor and laughter are not only inappropriate, but of the wrong spirit, and an affront to God.
So, you may ask, what does all this have to do with Jesus? No doubt Jesus was endowed with a sense of humor. The problem is, some speakers, groups and churches promote a comedian Jesus that cheapens, degrades and misrepresents the Son of God. Making light of God’s Word, the gravity of sin, death, judgment, and hell is not only in poor taste, but its underlying attitude is opposed to the very Spirit and nature of our holy God, His Word, and His work of salvation among mankind. This attitude is flippant and worldly, yet people who profess to love Christ swarm to conferences and churches where humor is the main course offered up on the entertainment menu.
I appreciate A. W. Tozer’s honest insight: “I believe current evangelicalism is falling short in its attitude toward God, its attitude toward the world and its attitude toward sin. I have been hurt and shocked continuously by the levity displayed toward God by many supposed followers of Christ. Worldliness has become epidemic in evangelical circles. Although we still condemn worldliness, we have redefined it to mean something different from what it meant a generation ago. We are so afraid of being narrow that we have opened our doors to worldliness. Of course, this leads only to spiritual tragedy for everyone.”
In spite of the modern trend that rides upon the back of cheap grace to make light of the Gospel, Jesus didn’t come to entertain us. Neither did He send the Holy Spirit to be an entertainer in the New Testament church. People whose Christianity is made up of “holy hilarity” need to yank themselves back from the dead-end path they are traveling. James 4:9, 10 says: “Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to heaviness. Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up.”
Real joy comes through right standing and fellowship with God. Psalm 34:18 gives this powerful and wonderful promise: “The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit.” Psalm 51:17 give us this insight into what pleases God: “The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.” Do you want to be a person to whom God looks? If so, consider Isaiah 66:2: “For all those things hath mine hand made, and all those things have been, saith the Lord: but to this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and trembleth at my word.” “. . . rend your heart, and not your garments, and turn unto the Lord your God: for he is gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness. . . .” Joel 2:13.
When it comes to spiritual things, are we silly or sober? 1 Thessalonians 5:6 is a commandment: “Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober.” Then in verse 7, we read: “But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation.” All through the Book of Titus Paul emphasized the need for sobriety to Christian leaders, aged men, young women, and young men. In case you think that Paul was a pickle puss, the Apostle Peter wrote: “Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ” 1 Peter 1:13. “But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and watch unto prayer” 1 Peter 4:7. Plus, we are given this somber warning by Peter in 1 Peter 5:8: “Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour”.
Concerning this latter verse, some of the silly (foolish) false prophets add to God’s word by boasting that Satan may roar, but he “doesn’t have any teeth, so all he can do is gum you.” What foolishness! Any such notion is in direct contradiction to what the Holy Spirit inspired Peter to write. This is just one example of how the hirelings of humor have wrested the Scriptures “unto their own destruction.” (See 2 Peter 3:16.)
Entertainment, fun, humor, and laughter in this world are just that—of this world. It is temporary and soulish. But the joy of the Lord is deep, satisfying and lasting, because it involves both soul and spirit. It is an abiding joy that originates with God and is upheld by His Spirit in love and truth. Psalm 16:11 says: Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fullness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.” What does it mean to be at His right hand? Is this not where the risen Christ is seated? (See Hebrews 1:3)
And, Ephesians 2:5-7 gives this assurance: “Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus: That in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches of his grace in his kindness toward us through Christ Jesus.” We have this promise in Colossians 3:3,4: “For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God. When Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory.” Is this the joy and rejoicing of your heart, or have you settled for flimsy and fleeting entertainment?
Sadly, there are those who are still chained within their dank, dark cells of religious legalism who look to a legalistic Jesus. This Jesus is demanding, unapproachable, and imparts little, if any, life to His followers. He is appealed to through a convoluted structure of traditions, sacraments and doctrines that may temporarily appease the dictates of conscience, but leave the soul lifeless and dry. Somewhere deep inside, there may be a flicker of yearning to know the Living God, but theology has all but snuffed out the flame. Is it really possible to “know Him?”
Tozer wrote: “When the apostle cries ‘That I may know him,’ he uses the word know not in its intellectual but its experiential sense. We must look for the meaning—not to the mind but to the heart. Theological knowledge is knowledge about God. While this is indispensable it is not sufficient. It bears the same relation to man’s spiritual need as a well does to the need of his physical body. It is not the rock-lined pit for which the dusty traveler longs, but the sweet, cool water that flows up from it. It is not intellectual knowledge about God that quenches man’s ancient heart-thirst, but the very Person and Presence of God Himself. These come to us through Christian doctrine, but they are more than doctrine. Christian truth is designed to lead us to God, not to serve as a substitute for God.”
Prisoners of legalistic theology are usually held captive by the powerful twin controllers of guilt and fear. Guilt and fear are powerful weapons in the hands of any Pharisaical institution or leader. Guilt and fear are the pillars under girding cults and false religions. People whose minds have been bent under the double torture of guilt and fear easily succumb to dead religion that presents a Jesus who is impersonal and impossible to please. There is no real assurance of salvation in such a religious setting, yet the fruits coming forth are self-righteousness and pride. Yet, Jesus said: “The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly” John 10:10.
The problem with any legalistic religion or church is that it is idolatrous. True Christianity is replaced by ceremony and formality; self-righteousness is a substitute for holiness; the fruit of the Spirit is superseded by dead works; discernment is trampled under by judgmentalism; truth is held captive to man’s perverted interpretations; the Holy Spirit is ignored and unwelcome; and Jesus is overshadowed by the leadership. To such God says: “Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you, And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty” 2 Corinthians 6: 17, 18.
The early Christians understood self-denial, cross-bearing, the Lordship of Christ, personal sacrifice, and benevolence. They understood true repentance, obedience, and they loved not the world. However, there is a large segment of professing Christians today who seem to thrive on living just the opposite of our Christian forefathers.
Encouraged by a parade of popular self-exalting “television teachers” and writers, the devoted and deluded adherents of these modern charlatans eagerly fall in line for all the “blessings” that are sure to come their way. After all, the Jesus who is being promoted came for the purpose of abolishing poverty and problems. The Jesus these merchandisers of men’s souls peddle isn’t as interested in your soul as he is in your pocket book. Give lavishly to the person promoting the “prosperity doctrine” and you will receive “greater blessings.” Being “positive” is high on the agenda. All you have to do is speak into existence those things that you want. According to these greedy-for-gain fakes, God wants you to be rich, because “you are a king’s kid.”
This sugar-daddy “Jesus” doesn’t require you to deny self or pick up your cross. Nope. In fact, this “Jesus” wants you to make yourself comfortable in the world. It’s all about the here and now, and how you can prosper and live high on the hog.
In fact, you are, according to this philosophy, a “little god.” You can control your reality simply by having faith in your faith, and, as a “little god,” by speaking things into existence. They preach that “gain is godliness.” We’ve all heard their endless line of blarney. The tragedy is, however, countless lives have been spiritually shipwrecked because of these doctrines of demons. People become angry with God when reality turns their make-believe world upside down. Many walk away from the only One who can heal their broken heart and wounded spirit.
God has made it very clear in His Word: “Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world. And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever” 1 John 2:15-17.
Concerning gain and godliness, the Lord says: “Perverse disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is godliness: from such withdraw thyself. But godliness with contentment is great gain. But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows” 1 Timothy 6:5-10.
The “Jesus” of this deceptive, false, self-serving gospel appeals to lust, greed and pride. It is idolatrous, sensual and worldly, and no one can truly be saved by giving in to its “ear-tickling” delusions. The question is, how does a person begin to wade through all of the deceptions being peddled in the name of Christ and Christianity today? The answer is, have a love for the truth (2 Thessalonians 2:10), pray for the gift of discernment, (1 Corinthians 12:10) and seek to know the real Jesus (John 14:6).
Finally, there is the “mystical Jesus.” This “Jesus” fits nicely in with the New Age concept of “The Christ,” and the mind-science version of “The Christ consciousness,” and the Hinduism version of “The Master” or any of the other “Christ’s” neatly packaged and tacked on to mystical religions, cults, movements, and so forth. In this realm, “Christ” is just another god who can be appealed to or worshipped along with any one of the other gods, or philosophies such as Buddhism.
The problem is, the mystical practices of the eastern religions and the occult are being repackaged and peddled to the Church as “Christian.” Space doesn’t permit going into detail about this dangerous infiltration into the Church.
We have briefly looked at some of the popular Jesus’s being presented today, but these are by no means the only false Christ’s on the scene. As in the days of Noah, when he was preparing the ark, men’s imaginations are evil and vain. People want to mentally fashion their own version of Jesus, so that they can deceive themselves into believing that they can have this world and heaven as well. Countless “churched” people are in love with their idea of Jesus. Others are living in blatant sin, yet confessing to be “saved.” All of these people find fault with the real Jesus. In their minds, there is indeed something “wrong” with Him.
Yet, in spite of it all, God still has His remnant. Are you in that number?
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THE NEIL S. SISKIND NATURE PRESERVE
The Neil S. Siskind Nature Preserve (2010-2020) is over 5 acres of environmentally-pristine waterfront land in a magnificent setting along New York’s majestic Hudson River, and exists to impress upon society the value of our natural resources. This precious land preserve is a symbol of the beauty and value of nature all around us. The Preserve includes a variety of species of animal and plant life, and is a precious example of the thoughtful maintenance of New York’s priceless open spaces. The land’s uses are limited to outdoor recreation such as hiking & climbing, and the study of ecology, nature and land use.
See video footage of THE NEIL S. SISKIND NATURE PRESERVE here:
The Neil S. Siskind Nature Preserve, Conservator
“I think having land and not ruining it is the most beautiful art that anybody could ever want.”
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When buying or selling residential property, sometimes you also need to buy more time.
If you're a buyer looking to redevelop a property, you may need time to conduct due diligence or obtain development approval. You don't want to lock yourself in, but you also don't want to let other buyers swoop in and snaffle the property while you're still making inquiries.
If you're a seller, and expect to make a large capital gain on the sale, you may wish to lock in a buyer now but defer your capital gain to a future date.
In these situations, you might consider using an option agreement to protect your position.
What is an option?
Options come in two forms.
A call option gives a potential buyer (called the "grantee") the right to compel a property owner (called the "grantor") to sell the property to the grantee at an agreed price. In the meantime, the grantor must not sell the property to any other person.
A put option is the inverse of a call option; - it gives the property owner the right to compel another person to buy the property at an agreed price.
Options are created by written agreements. Commonly, only a call option will be granted. Sometimes, a put option will also be created by the same agreement, so that either party can compel the other to complete the sale and purchase of the property.
Typically, the grantee of a call option will pay the grantor a non-refundable "option fee" at the time that the call option is granted. The option fee might be, say, 5% of the agreed price. If a put option is also being granted, the property owner will typically pay a nominal option fee, such as $1.
The agreement will specify an "option period" which is the period of time during which the party with the option in its favour may exercise their option. The agreement will also set out the procedure which that party must follow in order to exercise the option.
When and if the option is exercised, a binding contract for the sale and purchase of the property is deemed to have been entered into. Nevertheless, the parties usually exchange formal contracts for the sale and purchase of land at the agreed price, as they would with an ordinary conveyance.
If the option is not exercised during the option period, the option lapses and the parties are freed from their obligations.
Beware of traps!
In New South Wales, strict requirements apply to option agreements in relation to the purchase of residential property. Failure to take heed of these requirements can cause an option agreement to be void or able to be rescinded by the other party. For example:
- the option agreement must include, as an annexure, the full contract for the sale and purchase of land including all the documents prescribed by the Conveyancing (Sale of Land) Regulation 2017 (NSW), such as a planning certificate, sewer diagram and swimming pool certificate of compliance;
- a call option must not be exercisable within 42 days of the date it was granted;
- the parties must execute and exchange separate duplicate option agreements. It is not sufficient for both parties to sign the one document;
- if an option agreement creates both a put and a call option, both options must be given for consideration. It would be prudent for the parties to hand over cheques in respect of each option fee, even if the fee is only a nominal amount, to evidence the giving of consideration; and
- unless the grantee's solicitor gives the grantor a certificate under section 66ZF of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW), or the call option was granted on the same day that the property was passed in at auction, the grantee of a call option will have a cooling-off period of 5 business days.
In addition, the option agreement must be drafted carefully to avoid unintended tax consequences. Depending on how it is drafted, for the purchaser, no stamp duty is payable on the option agreement, but duty is payable on the contract. For the vendor, capital gains tax on the purchase price is not triggered until contracts for the sale and purchase of land are exchanged, although there may be capital gains tax payable on the initial option fee. Hence, if drafted correctly, options can be an advantageous way to commit to a property transaction without incurring immediate tax liabilities.
If you're looking to buy and develop residential property, or to sell your property to a developer, an option agreement may suit your circumstances. You should engage a solicitor to correctly draw up the option agreement and guide you through the process of creating and exercising the option.
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The Career Training division of Continuing Education at Sandhills Community College can help individuals quickly train for a job. In April, students can become certified to inspect motor vehicles under the NC Motor Vehicles Safety Inspection Law.
Successful completion of “Auto Safety Inspection” certifies students to inspect motor vehicles under the NC Motor Vehicles Safety Inspection Law. The prerequisite for this class is a valid driver’s license. Held on Monday and Tuesday, April 12 and April 13 from 6-10 p.m., “Auto Safety Inspection” will cost $75.
This class requires face-to-face interaction CDC recommendations and precautions for a safe environment will be stringently followed. The number of students in a classroom has been reduced to allow for distancing and students are required to wear a face/mouth covering when on campus.
Customized Training for Business and Industry
The Sandhills Community College Continuing Education team can customize courses to meet the specific needs of a business or industry, provide resources to assist in developing new training initiatives, or to maintain and support current efforts. Courses can be held at convenient times for you and your staff at any SCC location, your business, or other convenient locations.
For business classes, contact Lori Degre at firstname.lastname@example.org or (910) 695-3939. For Allied Health and Career Training, contact Sandy Perry at email@example.com or (910) 695-3974, or Jenny Troyer at firstname.lastname@example.org, or (910) 695-3926. For Industrial and Technical classes, contact Ronnie Patton at email@example.com or (910) 695-3925.
Seats are still available for this class. To register, call Continuing Education at (910) 695-3980 between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. Mondays through Fridays. All major credit cards are accepted. Pre-register at sandhills.edu/cereg. Pre-registrations must be made two days before class starts.
There may be funds available to help students pay for Continuing Education courses. Contact Jason Levister at (910) 695-3778 or firstname.lastname@example.org, or Amanda Rovetta at (910) 695-3766 or email@example.com to learn more about SCC Continuing Education scholarships.
Campus Health Precautions
For the continued safety and well-being of students, faculty, and staff, the college has converted as many classes as possible to online or hybrid (online plus limited face-to-face interaction). Additional hand sanitizing stations have been installed on campus and a deep cleaning is being carried out each evening using EPA-approved disinfectants and foggers. A campus-wide sanitizing wipe down of door pulls and light switches is done twice each weekday and the use of water fountains has been discontinued. Service desk shields have been installed in high traffic areas.
Additional Continuing Education classes will begin in May and plans for summer classes are currently being made. The summer semester flightPath will be mailed to all Moore and Hoke County homes in early May and will contain all Continuing Education classes.
Summer semester curriculum (college credit) classes are open to current, returning, and new students. Local students attending colleges outside of the area are welcome to take courses this summer at SCC. Credits can transfer back to the university, saving students time and money. New students can apply online, and an advisor will assist in registering for classes. Current or returning students may register using Self-Service or by meeting with their Advisor.
High school juniors and seniors can take SCC classes at no cost by enrolling in the Career and College Program (CCP). The program has 47 Career Technical pathways, 13 Continuing Education pathways and 54 college transfer courses. High school students can contact their counselor to learn more or go to https://tinyurl.com/4ywka824.More Posts
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This 33-CD set stands as the most complete collection of recordings of Debussy’s music ever made: it comprises all his known works, including four pieces in world premiere recordings which were made especially for this edition. Compiled in collaboration with renowned Debussy expert Denis Herlin (
This 33-CD set stands as the most complete collection of recordings of Debussy’s music ever made: it comprises all his known works, including four pieces in world premiere recordings which were made especially for this edition. Compiled in collaboration with renowned Debussy expert Denis Herlin (responsible for several critical editions of Debussy’s music for Durand, the composer’s publisher), the box comprises recordings carefully chosen for their artistic quality and their authenticity of spirit. They span more than a century, even including recordings made by Debussy himself – he was a superb pianist. Many other distinguished names are among the performers, including a suitably impressive contingent from France.
'The Debussy centenary begins with a fanfare. Warner plumbs the depths of his entire oeuvre on 33 CDs: adding to the cult scores (and versions) a second half of rarities and never-before-recorded marvels. A gold mine!'-Diapason
‘Exhaustive, the sum of the crème de la crème of the discography...THE Debussy box set to have…No richer panorama exists for the melodies (the complete EMI recordings alongside never-before-released treasures unearthed by Denis Herlin for Ligia), the chicest Enfant prodigue (Alagna, Gauvin and Lapointe!), the only complete Martyre de saint Sébastien (Véra Korène in the title-role and Cluytens at the podium), the sole Rodrigue et Chimène in the discography (revived by Nagano), the cantatas for the Prix de Rome that made Hervé Niquet’s reputation, piles of transcriptions for piano and orchestra…’ -Diapason
'Presented chronologically within each genre, it's a scrupulously assembled and documented collection ... As a reference source it is invaluable, especially for tracking down some of the early songs or more obscure fragments of orchestral music... To have all these rarities as well as the masterpieces available in a single package makes it a very satisfying survey.' -The Guardian
‘Two big rival boxes of Debussy CDs have appeared: both are labelled Complete Works, but Warner Classics boasts 33 discs and Deutsche Grammophon a mere 22. Warner’s includes all the extant transcriptions and arrangements alongside the masterpieces, and a thorough exploration of the composer’s very early work which has uncovered two premieres, the Chanson des brises (1882) afor soprano, women’s choir and piano, and Diane au bois, a tantalising, fragmentary mini opera of 1885-7.’ -The Observer ‘The label Warner Classics in January released the first compilation of Debussy’s complete works, a 33-CD set that includes four premiere recordings of vocal music.’-The New York Times
'Hearing him play his own music, even via the old school player piano, is a fitting way to celebrate a singular artist whose influence and inspiration are still very much alive.' -NPR Deceptive Cadence
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Manuel Minagorri worked as a Disbursing Officer with the CRA. Like many CRA employees, he was a refugee himself. In this letter he responds to a request by Mrs. Fern Pence for recollections on his first day in the program. Minagorri explains the uncertainly Cuban refugees faced upon arriving in the United States, and the hope they received from the CRA.
Memories of an Unforgettable Day
The morning of February 27, 1961, had a special meaning for all Cuban refugees. Although the press had announced that the Federal Government had approved a program for economic assistance to the Cuban refugees, none of them knew how long or how was it to be handled. Therefore that morning, many hours before the doors of the Cuban Refugee Emergency Center were open, hundreds of people made a line to wait for their turns to go in to the building.
Each of those persons had a very sad experience to tell. It is necessary to have passed through the sad experience of a refugee to be able to understand how painful it is to know that in our country all human and legal rights of the people have disappeared. To suffer the uncertainty of not knowing if some day there will be an end of the long nightmare of imprisonments and executions. To feel the physical and moral collapse that takes place when a person faces the sudden loss of all that has been accumulated through the long years of work and efforts.
When we opened the doors, we faced a stirring moment.
Although my duty was that of signing and delivering the checks, I could not avoid the fact that some of the clients wanted to tell me about their troubles and then to ask me how they had to return the money received. When I told them that they had no obligation to return it and that it was an assistance from the Government until they could find a job, I could see in their eyes how grateful they felt for this generous action.
I remember a man who told me at the time of receiving his check: “I feel very embarrassed to be receiving a check I have not earned with my work, but my love for my children is larger than my pride; my children have been having one only meal a day for more than two weeks”.
I also remember the case of an old lady—about seventy years old. When I gave her the check and told her she should be receiving a similar check every month, she told me: “My son, I have left my country for the first time and I thought that after loosing [sic] the pension I had in Cuba, I would never have a bed where I could die. I would like to have Mr. Kennedy’s address in order to write him and thank him for the tranquility he has given me for these last days of my life”.
In this way the day was passing—emotion after emotion. All the employees were nervous and rushing in our desire to see all the clients. At noon, I heard by me a noise as if something had fallen on the floor. When I looked, I saw the check protector lying on the floor. When we tried the machine it did not work. On that moment I thought we would have to stop giving the checks on that day but, thanks God, we had with us Mr. Croom and Mr. Kalter, from the State Office, who were supervising the operations of the first day. They went immediately to the store where the machine had been bought and obtained one on loan until ours was repaired.
At the end of the day we were exhausted, but had a great satisfaction, the satisfaction to know that all refugees who had come to our desks were convinced of the great generosity of the American people who not only admitted the refugees in this country, but also guaranteed them the minimums for a proper living while they could find a job.
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THERE were out between Lochaber and Baideanach two shepherds who were neighbours to each other, and the one would often be going to see the other. One was on the east side of a river, and another on the west. The one who was on the west side of the river came to the house of the one who was on the east of it on an evening visit. He staid till it was pretty late, and then he wished to go home. "It is time to go home," said he. "It is not that which thou shalt do, but thou shalt stay to-night," said the other, "since it is so long in the night." "I will not stay at all events; if I were over the river I don't care more." The houseman had a pretty strong son, and he said, "I will go with thee, and I will set thee over the river, but thou hadst better stay."--"I will not stay at all events."--"If thou wilt not stay I will go with thee." The son of the houseman called a dog which he had herding. The dog went with him. When he set the man on the other side of the river, the man said to him, "Be returning now, I am far in thy debt." The strong lad returned, and the dog with him. When he reached the river as he was returning back home, he was thinking whether he should take the stepping-stones, or put off his foot-clothes and take below. He put off his foot-clothes for fear of taking the stepping-stones, and when he was over there
in the river, the dog that was with him leaped at the back of his head. He threw her off him; she leaped again; he did the same thing. When he was on the other side of the river, he put his hand on his head, and there was not a bit of a bonnet on it. He was saying, whether should he return to seek the bonnet, or should he go home without it. "It's disgusting for me to return home without my bonnet; I will return over yet to the place where I put my foot-clothes off me; I doubt it is there that I left it." So he returned to the other side of the river. He saw a right big man seated where he had been, and his own bonnet in his hand. He caught hold of the bonnet, and he took it from him. "What business hast thou there with that?--It is mine, and thou hadst no business to take it from me, though thou hast got it." Over the river then they went, without a word for each other, fiercely, hatingly. When they went over, then, on the river, the big man put his hand under the arm of the shepherd, and he began to drag the lad down to a loch that was there, against his will and against his strength. They stood front to front, bravely, firmly on either side. In spite of the strength of the shepherd's son, the big man was about to conquer. It was so that the shepherd's son thought of putting his hand about an oak tree that was in the place. The big man was striving to take him with him, and the tree was bending and twisting. At last the tree was loosening in the earth. She loosened all but one of her roots. At the time when the last root of the tree slipped, the cocks that were about the wood crowed. The shepherd's son understood that when he heard the cocks crowing that it was on the short side of day. When they heard between them the cocks crowing, the big man said, "Thou has stood well,
and thou hadst need, or thy bonnet had been dear for thee." The big man left him, and they never more noticed a thing near the river.
There is a bogle story in W. Grant Stewart's "Highland Superstitions" (published 1823 and 1851), in which a man is dragged towards a river by a supernatural being, whom he kills with his dirk.
2. I have another story like this, which was sent to me by a young gentleman, a member of the Ossianic Society of Glasgow. It has some likeness to No. 28, The Smith, and is a good illustration of this part of popular mythology. When the people of Kintyre, MUINTIR CHEAN TIREADH were coming home from the northern airt from fighting against Prince Charles, under their chieftain, the man of Skipnish, they were going together, each band that was nearest as neighbours. So one little company staid behind the great band, in CEAN LOCH GILP, Lochgilphead. The one who was hindmost of this company, who was called by the nickname of IAN DUBH MOR, Big Black John, heard an unearthly noise, when he was come in front of a fall that was at
[paragraph continues] A MHAOIL DUBH, on the northern side of TAIRBAIRT CHEANTIREAIDH, Tarbert (which may be rendered Land's-end drawboat.)
He went on, and in a burn below the fall, a terrible being met him; he drew his blade. Said the being to him, "Strike me." "I will not strike, thou monster, " said John; but BRODAIDH MI THU, "I will prod thee."
"Prod me," the being would say. "I will not prod thee, monster, but I will strike thee," John would say.
They fought thus for a great time till the cock crew; and the being said to Ian, "Thou wilt now be going, but before thou goest, take thy choice of the two following things--EALAN GUN RATH NO, RATH GUN EALAIN, speechless art, or artless speech."
John chose speechless art, and so it happened. He was a blacksmith, as skilful as ever drew hammer on anvil; but he was not much better for that; there was no penny he earned that he would not spoil, and that would not go in some way that was not easily explained. As an instance of art, he could mend a saw, though thou hadst a bit in either hand, in such a way that it could not be seen where it was broken; and a gun in the same way. There would be a covering on the smithy windows when he would be mending such things.
Big Black John got great power over witchcraft, BUITSEACHAS, and evil eye.
There was a man in Skipnish who had made money by smuggling, but he began to lose his money, for his malt refused to yield its product, till at last he lost the whole of what he had made; and he was a poor man. He went at last to IONARAIR, Ayr, where John was dwelling at that time. John told him that it was enmity that was doing the ill. He did not learn who was spoiling him. He said to him, "Go home and thou wilt get back the produce of the malt;" and so he did. Each TOGAIL (mashing) he made began to give more than the other, till the produce he got frightened him. He followed on thus till the loss was made up, and after that he got but the usual product.
The following are stories of the same kind. The prevailing notions are, that supernatural beings exist which cannot withstand the power of iron, and that there are men and women who deal with them. These are from Mr. Hector Urquhart, written in English, and given in his own words.
3. One day last week, as I was walking up Glenfyne, I overtook an old man who was carting coals up to the Lodge. "Good
day to you, John." "Good day to yourself," says John. From good days to showery days, I asked John if there was any virtue in iron against witchcraft or fairy spells. "Indeed, and that's what there is," says John. So, when we came to the Lodge, I wrote the following story from his telling:--"On a certain year and me a young lad, all our cows lost the milk, one after one; we guessed what was wrong with them, and my big brother lost no time in going to Appin, to consult the man of the RED BOOK. He no sooner entered his house than the man told him what moved him from home. 'It's your own neighbour's wife,' says he, 'that spoilt your cows; she is this moment in your house, inquiring whether you went from home to-day, and where did you go to; and to make it double sure to you, that it's her who spoilt your cows, she will meet you under the lintel of your door coming out as you are going in. Go you now home, and take a shoe of an entire horse, and nail it to your byre-door; but let no living person know of it.'
"My brother came home, and as the man of the red book told him, this identical woman met him on the threshold as he was going in to the house. I do not know how he managed to get hold of the laird's stallion, but the shoe was nailed on our byre door before sunrise next morning, so our cows had plenty milk from that day forth."
4. "This must be a wonderful book, John," says I; "do you know how this man came to have it? Well," says John, "I'll tell you that."
"Once upon a time, there lived a man at Appin, Argyllshire, and he took to his house an orphan boy. When the boy was grown up, he was sent to herd; and upon a day of days, and him herding, there came a fine gentleman where he was, who asked him to become his servant, and that he would give him plenty to eat and drink, clothes, and great wages. The boy told him that he would like very much to get a good suit of clothes, but that he would not engage till he would see his master; but the fine gentleman would have him engaged without any delay; this the boy would not do upon any terms till he would see his master. 'Well, says the gentleman, 'in the meantime write your name in this book.' Saying this, he put his hand into his outer pocket, and pulling out a large red book, he told the boy to write his name in the book. This the boy would not do; neither would he tell his name, till he would acquaint his master first.
[paragraph continues] 'Now,' says the gentleman, 'since you will neither engage, or tell your name, till you see your present master, be sure to meet me about sunset to-morrow, at a certain place.' The boy promised that he would be sure to meet him at the place about sunsetting. When the boy came home he told his master what the gentleman said to him. 'Poor boy,' says he, 'a fine master he would make; lucky for you that you neither engaged nor wrote your name in his book; but since you promised to meet him, you must go; but as you value your life, do as I tell you.' His master gave him a sword, and at the same time he told him to be sure and be at the place mentioned a while before sunset, and to draw a circle round himself with the point of the sword in the name of the Trinity. 'When you do this, draw a cross in the centre of the circle, upon which you will stand yourself; and do not move out of that position till the rising of the sun next morning.' He also told him that he would wish him to come out of the circle to put his name in the book; but that upon no account he was to leave the circle; I but ask the book till you would write your name yourself, and when once you get hold of the book keep it, he cannot touch a hair of you head, if you keep inside the circle.'
"So the boy was at the place long before the gentleman made his appearance; but sure enough he came after sunset; he tried all his arts to get the boy outside the circle, to sign his name in the red book, but the boy would not move one foot out of where he stood; but, at the long last, he handed the book to the boy, so as to write his name therein. The book was no sooner inside the circle than it fell out of the gentleman's hand inside the circle; the boy cautiously stretches out his hand for the book, and as soon as he got hold of it, he put it in his oxter. When the fine gentleman saw that he did not mean to give him back the book, he got furious; and at last he transformed himself into a great many likenesses, blowing fire and brimstone out of his mouth and nostrils; at times he would appear as a horse, other times a huge cat, and a fearful beast (uille bheast); he was going round the circle the length of the night; when day was beginning to break he let out one fearful screech; he put himself in the likeness of a large raven, and he was soon out of the boy's sight. The boy still remained where he was till he saw the sun in the morning, which no sooner he observed, than he took to his soles home as
fast as he could. He gave the book to his master; and this is how the far-famed red book of Appin was got."
I have heard many old people say that they went from all parts to consult the red book of Appin, though this is the best story I heard about it. You ask if there were virtue in iron; you must know that iron was the principal safeguard against evil spirits, etc., etc.; which I shall show in my next letter on the fairies.
5. The next is from the telling of a dancing master, a north country highlander, and written by my friend Mr. John Campbell of Kilberry, in Argyllshire. The supernatural being described as Bauchan, is probably BOCAN, a little buck, a hobgoblin, a ghost, a sprite, spectre (Armstrong and other Die.); and he seems but a half-tamed specimen of the same genus as the terrible being before described.
COLUINN GUN CHEANN, The Headless Trunk. Coluinn gun Cheann was a very celebrated Bauchkan, who favoured the family of the Macdonals of Morar, for ages immemorial, and was frequently seen about their residence, Morar House; which is situated on the main land, opposite the point of Slaate, in the Island of Skye. Though a protector of the family, he was particularly hostile to the neighbourhood, and waged war, especially with all the strong men he could meet with; for this purpose he particularly haunted the "Mile Reith," or "Smooth Mile," one end of which was not above 200 yards from the Mansion (I know the place well); the other end of the Mile terminated at a large stream, called the River Morar, famed in history for salmon fishing; after sunset, people did wisely to avoid that part, for then the "COLUINN GUN CHEANN" was sure to keep his vigils; and any stray man who passed was sure to become a victim, the bodies being always found dead, and in the majority of instances mutilated also. As he took care never to appear, except to a solitary passenger, it was in vain to send a party against him. He was seldom, if ever, seen by women, and did no harm either to them or to children. Once it happened that a distant relative, but intimate friend of Raasay's, dared his fate, and remained a victim on the ground. This came to the ears of "IAN GARBH, MACGILLIE CHALLUM, RAASAY," "Big John, the son of M'Leod of Raasay;" he was celebrated for his prowess and strength, and never had been vanquished in any fight, though he had tried with the strongest. He told his step-mother of the news he had heard
from the Mainland, and asked her advice, as he usually did, before he undertook any exploit of the kind. She advised him to go, and avenge the blood of his friend. After his preparations were made, and not without a blessing from the Oracle, he set out on his circuitous journey, and met the "COLUINN" after sunset, on the Mile Reith, and a battle did ensue, and I daresay it was a very stiff one. Before sunrise it was necessary for the Coluinn to be off, as he never could be seen in daylight. Whether finding he made no progress discouraged him or not, we can't say, but Ian got the victory. Being determined to get a sight of the Coluinn, and also to prove his Victory to others, Ian tucked him under his arm, to carry him to the nearest light. The Coluinn had never been heard to speak; but being in this predicament, called out, "LEIG AS MI," "Let me go." "CHA LEIG MI AS THU," "I will not let thee go." Leig as mi, he repeated; but still the answer was Cha leig mi as thu. "Leig as mi, agus chan fheachear an so mi gu brath tuileadh." "Let me go, and I shall never be seen here any more." "Ma bhoidachais thu air a leobhar, air a chonail, agus air a stocaidh dhubh, bi falbh.' "If thou swear that on the book, on the candle, and on the black stocking, begone!" After making the Coluinn promise this on his knees, Ian liberated him. The Coluinn flew off, singing the following doleful words--"S fada uam fein bonn beinn Hederin, s fada uam fein bealach a bhorbhan," which we can only translate by--
"Far from me is the bill of Ben Hederin,
Far from me is the pass of murmuring."
[paragraph continues] This lament was repeated as long as Ian could bear, and these words are still sung by women in that country to their children, to the following notes, which tradition says was the very air:--
In the next, from the same source, the same being appears fully tamed; still supernatural, still possessed of extraordinary: strength, but attached to a family, and a regular brownie.
6. In the neighbourhood of Loch Traig, in Lochaber, Callum Mor MacIntosh held a little farm. There were rumours of his having intercourse with a mysterious personage called a bauchan, but of his first acquaintance with him there are no authentic accounts. One thing, however, is certain, that on some occasions he was supernaturally aided by this bauchan, while at others, having in some way excited his displeasure, Callum was opposed in all his schemes, and on several occasions they came the length of fighting hand to hand, Callum never suffering much injury. On one occasion, as Callum was returning from Fort-William market, he met his friend the bauchan within a short distance of his own house, and one of these contests took place, during which Callum lost his pocket-handkerchief, which, having been blessed and presented to him by the priest, was possessed of a peculiar charm. The fight being ended, Callum hurried home; but, to his dismay, found that he had lost his charmed handkerchief, for which he and his wife in vain sought. Callum felt certain he had to thank the bauchan for this mishap, and hurried back to the scene of action. The first object that met his view was the bauchan, busily engaged in rubbing a flat stone with the identical handkerchief. On seeing Callum, he called out, "Ah you are back; it is well for you, for if I had rubbed a hole into this before your return you were a dead man. No doctor on earth or power could save you; but you shall never have this handkerchief till you have won it in a fair fight." "Done," said Callum, and at it they went again, and Callum recovered his handkerchief. Peats were almost unknown at that time, and Callum, when the weather grew cold, took his axe, and felled a large birch tree in the neighbouring forest, the branches supplied wood for the fire for several days, and Callum did not trouble himself to lay in a store nearer hand-when, lo! a snow storm came on, and blocked up the country, so that he was cut off from his supply. There was no means of access to the tree; and careful as Callum's wife was, the last branch was almost consumed,
and the fire burnt low. Up started Callum with an exclamation, "Oh! wife, would that we had the tree I felled in the forest! it would keep us warm this night." Hardly had he spoken when the house was shaken and the door rattled; a heavy weight had fallen near the door. Callum rushed to see what the cause was, and there was the wished-for tree, with the Bauchan grinning at him--"S ma am Bauchan fathast, ged a sgain an Sagart"--(the Bauchan is still kind, though the Priest should burst)--said the wife. On another occasion it happened that Callum left the farm he was in and went to one adjoining which he had taken carrying with him his wife and all his furniture. In the nighttime Callum turned to his wife and said, "Well, it is well we have all with us; only one thing have we forgotten, the hogshead in which the hides are being barked; that we have forgotten" "No matter for that," said the wife; "there is no one to occupy the place yet a while, and we have time to get it home safe enough;" and so the matter rested; but on going round the end of the house next morning, what did Callum see but his own identical hogshead, hides and all. It had been transported the distance of five miles of most rugged, rocky district. None but a goat could have crossed the place, and in the time it would have bothered one to do it, but the Bauchan managed it, and saved Callum a most troublesome journey. If you will go and take a look at it--the spot is there yet--and I would like to see how soon you would manage it, let alone the hogshead.
Poor Callum, however, was obliged, with many of his neighhours, to leave Lochaber; indeed, he was amongst the first embarking at Arisaig for New York. The passage was a tedious one, but it ended at last, and without any particular adventures but on arriving they had to perform a quarantine of many days. On getting pratique, Callum was in the first boat which landed, and happened to have stowed himself in the bows of the boat, and when she grounded, was the first man to jump on shore. Directly his feet touched the ground, who should meet him in the shape of a goat but the Bauchan, "Ha, ha Callum, ha mi sho air thoseach orst." Ha, Malcolm, I am here before thee. Here ends our story; but rumour says that Callum was the better of the Bauchan's help in clearing the lands of his new settlement, and that, till he was fairly in the way of prosperity, the Bauchan abstained from teasing and provoking poor Callum.
The next makes the supernatural beings robbers, and is a further argument in favour of the theory that all these traditions are fictions founded on fact; recollections of wild savages living in mountain fastnesses, whose power, and strength, and cavern dwellings were enlarged and distorted into magic arts, gigantic stature, and the under-ground world. I translate the story from Gaelic, written by Rector MacLean from the telling Of JOHANNA MACCRIMMON in Berneray, August 1859. This woman is a native of Skye, and descended from the celebrated pipers. Her father, grandfather, and uncles were pipers. She learned the story from her grand-uncle Angus MacCrimmon.
7. A gentleman had AIREACH, a herd's dwelling, and he was out in a far-off glen long in the year with his herd women and his calf herd. They had every man they needed, and they were there till the middle of summer was. Then the herd woman said that she must go to seek things that she wanted.
The herd woman went away, and she had a great distance to go before she should reach the farm.
She said to the herd, in spite of the length of the path, that she would try to be back that night. When the evening was coming, the herd was wearying that the herd woman was not coming. Then he put the cattle to rights AGUS BHLIGH E EUD, and he milked them, and there were wild showers of snow in the beginning of the night. He went home when the beginning of night was, and he set in order his own food, after he had taken a thought--DUIL A THOIRT DETH--that the herd woman would not come. He took his foods and he shut the door as well as he could, thinking that no man would come near him that night. He put NA BEAIRTEAN FRAOICHE (the bundles of heather) behind the CÒMHLA (door), 1 and then he sat to toast himself at the fire because the SIDE (weather) was so cold. He was taking his dinner there, when he heard a great TARTAR (noise) coming towards the door. Then he got up from the door with great fear, and he noticed a being striking the door again. He was thinking, and he did not know what to do, that if the door were struck a third time it would be in.
He got up, and the door was struck a third time. Then he crouched in a corner at the lower end of the shealing when he saw the door being driven in.
He did not know now whether he should stay as he was or hide himself. When he noticed the door being pushed in, there came in a beast, and she went up to the fire.
The heather took fire and he saw this nasty beast standing at the fire. And she had a great long hair, and that creature was--A CNAMH A CIR--chewing the cud, as though there were a sheep or a cow. The horns that were on her were up to the top of the shealing. The poor man that was within thought that it was time for him to take his legs along with him, and he went out through the night and the winnowing and snow in it.
He found one of the horses, and he reached his master's house before the day came. Here there he struck in the door of his master furiously, and his master awoke and be went where he was, and he told his master the UAMHAS--terrible wonder that had come upon him since the herd woman left him.
The master went, and the eldest son he had and himself, and they took a gun with them. They went as fast as they could to try to catch the beast to kill her. There was the worth of much money in the shealing, and they thought it a loss that they should want it. Then when they were coming near the shealing the gentleman put a charge in the gun, to be all ready--DEISEAL.--(This word is said to be derived from South--about the old practice being to make a turn sun-wise before doing anything of importance).
They reached the shealing, and they let off a shot in. Though he let off the shot he did not notice a thing, and fear would not let one of them search within. They were thus at the door and they perceived the beast showing herself out. It was hardly that she dragged herself out of the door of the shealing.
There out went they--the gentleman and his son! They went in such a great perturbation, that they did not remember the horses; but they stretched out on foot, fleeing before the beast that was there. What but that the beast followed after them till they reached the house, and they thought she would have finished them before they should arrive. When they reached the farm, one of the gentlemen's men met him, and the gentleman told him that he was almost dead at all events, that
he had hopes of reaching the house, and that he should go to try to meet the beast, and keep her back a space.
The man went to meet the beast that was here, and she full of the snow; and he looked keenly at her. He returned to his master to tell him what sort of beast it was, and he said, "Come out here that you may come and see the beast."
When they went out to see the beast, what was here but the buck goat, full of the snow, and the master was shamed that be should have fled from the like of that beast.
The herd fled by the way of the banks of the shore; when he saw his master running away, and they had no tale of him. Three of the servants were sent about the glen to try if they could find him; and they were not finding him at all.
He was lost thus for three days and three nights, and they had no hope that they would find him for ever. On the third day he was going at the side of the shore, and water-horses and wild beasts coming on land on the shores. What should he fall in with but a dwelling-place there. He went in. There was no man there but a little russet man. The little russet man put welcome on him, and he asked him to come forward-that he was welcome. He asked of the little russet man what was the meaning of his staying in such a place, that there was no man with him.
"Oh," said the little russet man, "it is not allowed me to tell anything."
"I will tell thee," said the herd, "what sent me in here. It is that I fled from UAMHAS--a terrible wonder."
"This is the thing thou shalt do," said the little russet man. "Thou shalt stretch thyself on this bed up here, and thing or thing that thou seest in thy sleep, remember on thy death that thou dost not tell it."
Then when he went to stretch himself in the bed, what should meet him in the bed but the body of a man; and he took to trembling with fear, but he did not move. He thought he would stay as he was; that the dead man was not to touch him at all events. Then he heard great speaking coming towards the house; he was not long so till he noticed a great clatter coming, and what was this but--SEISEAR FEAR (collective singular noun of number, six man)--six men coming in and a cow with them. The master that was over the six, said to the little russet
man, Didst thou see or perceive a man coming this way since early earliness."
"I did not see," said he, "he might come the way unknown to me."
"Shut the door," said the big man, "and all without be they without, and all within within."
Then they put the cow on the fire in a great caldron after they had torn it asunder in quarters. When they had put this on the fire it was not long till they noticed the next clatter, and what was here but another band coming.
What should this band have but another cow flayed, and they had a pit within, and there they salted her. When the flesh that was in the kettle was cooked, they took their supper all together.
The poor man that was here in the bed did not know on earth what he should do for fear. Here when it was coming near on the mouth of the day, the little russet man went out to look what likeness was on the night.
When he came in, said they to him, "What seeming is on the night?" "There is a middling seeming," said he; but it is I who saw the terrible man DUINE FUATHASACH since I went out, as though he were listening to you. I think that it is FHUAMHAIR CHREIG DALLAIG the giant of crag dallag, who is there.
There out went every man of them, and the one that would not wait on his bow he would seize on his sword to kill him.
When the little russet man, who was within, thought that they had hurried well from the house, he said to the one who was in the bed, "Thou one that art up come down as fast as thou didst ever." Then he stretched to the poor man who was in the bed, as fast as ever he did, a stocking full of dollars, and he gave him bread and cheese. "If thou ever didst it, do it now," said the little russet man to the herdsman. The herdsman went, and he reached the house of his master whole and healthy.
The moral of this tale seems to be, that he who runs away from fancied danger may fall into real peril; but what bears upon the theory of the origin of such stories is, that the real peril is from "water-horses" and "robbers," who have a little red (RUAGH) man who plays the part of the enchanted princess, and the friendly cat, and the woman who is the slave of the giants, and the robbers; the character which appears in all collections of popular tales to befriend the benighted stranger, or the wandering
prince. And what is more, the fancied danger was from a creature under the form of a goat. Why a man should be frightened by a goat, appears from the last of following two stories, translated from the Gaelic of Hector Urquhart, and written from the telling of John Campbell in Strath-Gairloch, Ross-shire. He is now (1859) sixty-three.
8. At some time of the world the load of Gearloch TIGHEARNA GHEARLOCH had a CEATHEARNACH, who used to be slaying FUATHAN, bogles, and routing out the spoilers. The name of this stalwart man was UISTEAN MOR MAC GHILLE PHADRIG. Uistean was on a day hunting, and he saw a great wreath of mist above him, and heard the sweetest music he ever heard, but he was not seeing a thing but the mist itself. He cast a shot that was in his gun at the wreath of mist, and the very finest woman he ever saw fell down at his side. He took her with him to his own house, but there was not a word of speech in her; and she was thus for a year with him, and she never saw a thing that she could not do. And Uistean was thus in the mountain as usual slaying the bogles, FUATHAN, and on a day at the end of a year, and he in the mountain, the night come on him as he was coming home. There he saw a light in a hill; he reached where the light was, and he stood in the door, and NA SITHICHEAN, the fairies, were within making music and dancing, and the butler that they had going round about amongst them and giving them the drink. Uistean was looking at this: and the butler said, "It is a year from this night's night that we lost the daughter of Iarla Anndrum, the Earl of Antrim. She has the power of the draught on her that she does not speak a word, till she gets a drink from the cup that is in my hand. And the butler was going round about till he reached where Uistean was, and he gave the CORN (cup) to Uistean. No sooner got Uistean a hold of the cup in his hand than he took his soles out (of that), and they after him. They were here coming close to (shearing on) Uistean, and when they were come within sight of the town the cock crowed. One said, "It is as well for us to return;" but another said, "It is but BOGAG FOGHAIR, a Spring soft one." At the end of a while another cook crowed. "But it is time to return now; this is the black cook of March"--and they returned; but Uistean did not let go the cup till they reached his own house, and till he had given a draught to her from the cup, and as soon
as she had drunk a draught from the cup, she had speech as well as another. And Uistean went on the spot, back with the cap, and he left it on the hill; and when Uistean came back to his own house she told him that she was the daughter of the Earl of Antrim, and that the fairies had taken her from childbed. Uistean gave her two choices, whether would she rather stay by him, or be sent back to Eirinn; and she had rather go home. They went, and when they reached the house of the Earl of Antrim, she stayed in a little house that was near upon the castle for that night, and when they began to give them news, the housewife told them that the daughter of the Earl of Antrim was exceedingly ill, and that there was no leech in Eirinn that could do her good. Uistean said that he was the great doctor of the King of the Gaeldom, and that he would heal her, and that he would not ask payment till she should be healed.
The Earl was right well pleased his like to become about, and it was told to the one who was on the bed, that a great Scottish doctor was come to her town that could cure her. But this did not please her at all, and she would not let him come near her. But Uistean said that he would go there though it was ill with her; and he went where she was, with his naked sword in his hand. She who was in the bed cast an eye on him, and she said, "If I had been to put my thumb on the apple of thy throat on the night that thou wert born, thou couldest not do this to me this day."
And when Uistean went to the bed, she went as a flame of fire out at the end of the house.
Then Uistean gave his own daughter by the hand to the Earl of Antrim, whole and healthy. The Earl of Antrim gave Uistean his two choices, that he should stay with him, or a bag of gold and go home. Uistean took the bag of gold, and he came home; and he began at killing Fuathan, as he was before.
This story joins Fairies and Fuathan, and has many relations in other languages, and the next joins the whole to the French Loup Garou, of which I heard from a peasant in France in November 1859, but the wolf is a goat in the Highlands.
9. Some time after this, word went to Uistean that there was a Fuath on TOMBUIDHE GHEARRLOCH on the yellow knoll of Gairloch, and this Fuath was killing much people, and sending others out of the husk (or the gates) of their hearts, A COCRAIL
[paragraph continues] AN CRIDHE, because no man could take the path after the night or darkness should come.
Uistean came, and on the way at the foot of the knoll Uistean went into the house of a yellow-footed weaver that was living there. Said the weaver to Uistean, "Thou hadst best stop the night."
"Well, I will do that," said Uistean; "I am going to kill the Fuath of Tombuidh to-night."
"Perhaps that is not so easy," said the weaver; "with what wilt thou kill Gabhair Mhoil-Bhui, the goat of Maol-buidh?"
"With the gun," said Uistean.
"What," said the weaver, "if the gun will not suit?"
"If it will not suit," said he, "I will try the sword on her."
"What," said the weaver, "if the sword will not come out of the sheath?"
"Well," said Uistean, "I will try my mother's sister on her."
And on every arm that Uistean named, the weaver laid ROSAD, a spell, but on the dirk which he called his mother's sister the weaver could not lay a spell. Then Uistean went up to the top of the knoll, and on the top of the knoll was a pit in which the goat used to dwell.
She let out a MEIGAID bleat, and Uistean said, "Dost thou want thy kid thou skulker?"
"If I do, I have got it now," said she. Then Uistean laid hands on his gun, but she would not give a spark. Then he laid hands on his sword, but it would not come out of the sheath. "Where now is thy mother's sister?" said the goat.
When Uistean heard this he sprang on the goat, and the first thrust he gave her with the BIODAG dirk, she let out a roar.
"It seems odd to me, poor beast, if I do not give thy kid milk now."
And he did not see the goat any more. Uistean turned back to the weaver's house, and when he kindled a light, he found the weaver under the loom pouring blood.
"If it was thou who madest so much loss on the yellow knoll, thou shalt not get off any farther," said Uistean.
Then he killed the weaver under the loom, and no man was slain on the yellow knoll since then, by the goat or bogle.
These two stories are certain enough. It was by my mother I heard them, and many a tale there is of Uistean, if I had mind of them.
JOHN CAMPBELL, Strath Gairloch, Ross-shire.
10. I have another version of this same tale written by a school-master, at the request of Mr. Osgood Mackenzie. It is in very good Gaelic, but to translate it would be repetition, for it is almost the identical. I do not mention the name of the writer, for it might be displeasing to him. The narrator is Alexander Macdonald, Inverasdale. The goat is called GABHAR MHOR RHIBEAGACH FHEUSAGACH, a great hairy-bearded goat; and the dirk is called CATRIONA PUITHAR MO SHEANA MHATHAIR, Catherine, my grandmother's sister. He finds the BREABADAIR weaver in bed, with a wound in his thigh, and gives him his death thrust there.
I have given these specimens of a particular class of tales which are common enough, as they came to me, because they seem to be fair illustrations of the popular creed as to spirits; and to show that the so-called spirits are generally very near mortal men. My belief is, that bocan, bodach, fuath, and all their tribe, were once savages, dressed in skins, and that gruagach was a half-tamed savage banging about the houses, with his long hair and skin clothing; that these have gradually acquired the attributes of divinities, river gods, or forest nymphs, or that they have been condemned as pagan superstitions, and degraded into demons; and I know that they are now remembered, and still somewhat dreaded, in their last character. The tales told of them partake of the natural and supernatural, and bring fiction nearer to fact than any class of tales current in the Highlands, unless it be the fairy stories of which a few are given under number 28, etc.
105:1 It is quite common in Highland cottages to keep a large bundle of heather or brushwood to stuff into the doorway on the windward side; sometimes it is the sole door.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/pt2/pt222.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00500-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.99151
| 9,585
| 2.265625
| 2
|
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