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Soaring prices not seen since before Generation Z and millennials were born has many of them canceling travel plans and seeking second jobs, according to data exclusively obtained by The Post.
Of the 1,038 interviewed, 67% said the cost of fuel was their top worry and 52% said it was inflation — dwarfing concerns over COVID (24%) and career advancement (11%). About 18% registered concern about violence/terrorism/war.
“I was already spending every dollar I made before inflation so now I’m having to cut bigger costs like travel because it’s too expensive,” Henry, a 25-year-old Manhattan resident who did not want his last name use, told The Post.
“I’ve had to cancel trips this year because of flight prices — and with gas I can’t go on road trips,” he added.
The data paints a grim financial picture for the younger generation as worries over a possible recession loom amid cuts in consumer spending and the GDP shrinking. According to recent reports, at least half of Gen Zers and millennials say they live paycheck to paycheck.
More than 50% of those under 40 said they are canceling travel plans because they can’t afford trips they previously planned, according to the survey.
More than a third — 42% — of those in Generation Z say they are going so far as to apply for second jobs to defray the cost of their summer plans.
Still, almost 60% concede they just can’t make the number work — and won’t be able to take a vacation as a result.
It’s not just summer vacation plans taking a hit, three-quarters of Gen Z and Millennials say they are concerned they don’t have enough money to keep getting by — paying for rent and other necessities.
NYC resident Isabelle, also 25, told The Post she wants to save money but isn’t in a financial position to pad her bank account.
“My spending has gone up right alongside inflation,” she said.
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A politician is searching information and eventually a support to present his future electoral proposals and he calls to other party member. This person recommends him two civil servants, one is a leader of trade union and the other occupied a nominative post working of the other political party. Funny isn't?
First of them, he's done harassment to a woman, used her signature to falsify some papers. What kind of morale has this person?
The other person, due of his lack of experience in human resources, only two years in charge of a medium organization, he's proposed himself to the politician like an expert and capable to make proposal about the human resources in one of biggest city council in Spain.
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A major challenge in microarray and, in general, in any genome-scale experiment is to provide a functional explanation that links the results found at molecular level to the macroscopic observation or to the hypothesis that generated the experiment. This is commonly achieved by means of ‘functional enrichment’ analysis that first selects genes of interest based on the experimental values (e.g. genes differentially expressed between patients and healthy controls) and then studies the enrichment in functional terms (e.g. gene ontology —GO— annotations) in them (Al-Shahrour et al., 2004; Khatri and Draghici, 2005). Conceptually newer approaches avoid the first step of gene selection, where much information is lost because the functional interactions between genes are ignored (Dopazo, 2006), and directly focus on functionally related blocks of genes. Thus, functional profiling methods such as GSEA (Mootha et al., 2003) or FatiScan (Al-Shahrour et al., 2005) report blocks of genes belonging to different functional categories (GO, KEGG pathways, etc.) displaying a cooperative significant over- or under-expression when comparing two classes of microarray experiments. Genes can be grouped in many different ways that contain some biological or functional significance by using different repositories or information sources. To this end information coming from GO, KEGG pathways, Swissprot keywords, chromosomal position, Interpro functional motifs, transcription factor binding sites, etc. has been used for the functional profiling of microarray experiments (Al-Shahrour et al., 2006).
Text-mining methods (Krallinger and Valencia, 2005) offer the possibility of extracting different functional aspects of the genes beyond the ones covered by the ‘traditional’ repositories (GO, KEGG, etc.) that can be further used for functional profiling purposes. We present two tools that use functional terms (essentially chemical and clinical terms) obtained using text-mining techniques which can be used within a statistical framework that covers both types of tests previously mentioned: tests of functional enrichment in pre-selected sets of genes (Marmite tool) or tests for blocks of functionally related genes (MarmiteScan tool).
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Ridges are present on the fingernails either in vertical position or horizontal. It is one of the nail abnormalities that occur due to old-age. In medical terms it is called “Onychorrhexis” which is marked by long lines running vertically on the nails. Aging is one of the important factors that cause ridges on fingernails but it may also occur due to prolonged intake of medications. Ridges are nothing but parallel lines running from the bottom of the finger to the tip or from one side to other. However presence of vertical ridges is not a symptom of any serious issue. Very often, these ridges follow specific pattern. Some people confuse Beau’s lines with ridges which is caused by infection or malnutrition.
Old-age is the main reason for the formation of ridges on fingernails. It can also occur due to reduced metabolism, shortage of minerals and certain vital nutrients. Sometimes, ridges are caused due to mal-absorption of nutrients indicating that your nails are not strong. Presence of ridges on fingernails is indicative of poor absorption of nutrients in the body and you can resolve this problem by visiting your doctor.
If the nails are subjected to injury or trauma it can cause ridges.
If the body lacks moisture, then it is indicated in the form of ridges. Living in hot climatic zone can be the cause of dryness which may result in ridges on nails. If you find any sudden changes in nail structure and color it can be due to cardiovascular or circulatory problem. Deficiency of vitamin A can cause nail ridges.
Long lines run vertically on the fingernails forming ridges and can be seen by close examination of the nails.
Treatment for ridges on fingernails depends on the causative factor. If there are ridges due to lack of moisture, you need to drink plenty of water. For curing dryness, you can massage the nails and apply moisturizing cream on it every day. If the underlying cause is respiratory problem your doctor will take necessary tests for monitoring your heart and lung functions. Nails can change in color and become bluish green if there is heart problem or due to presence of toxic substances like arsenic in blood. It can also change color due to psoriasis and hence treatment lies in identifying the real cause.
Very often, taking nutritious food will improve the condition and reduce the ridges formed on fingernails. In case the ridges are running horizontally, then it can be due to serious health issue of your body. Increasing the intake of vitamins and protein can help you to overcome the vertical ridges on fingernails.
Pictures of Ridges on Fingernails :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Ridges on Fingernails
Regularly massage the nails with moisturizing lotion or oil to prevent dryness. Drink plenty of water to keep your body well hydrated. You can also try using nail ridge fillers to keep your nails smooth and soft.
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Voices in the Fan
It’s common for people hear things that go bump in the night. But have you ever heard country and western music coming from an inanimate object? Community Voices producer Renee Wilde shares her close encounter of another kind, along with an interesting way to use a potato.
Okay, true story: I used to lie in bed at night trying to fall asleep. On warm nights the windows would be open, and sometimes I could hear the faint strains of country music. The sound was low and muffled, just on the verge of being loud enough to recognize, and then there were other times when I could hear a low voice talking. The result was that I would lay in bed at nights driving myself crazy trying to make out the words to the songs or understand what the voice was saying. Many nights I would go to the window and try to figure out where these annoying sounds were coming from, but I never heard anything other than the typical night sounds of the little marsh behind our house. One night I swear I went to that window thirty times.
This went on and off for a few weeks before I realized that those sounds weren’t coming from outside the house. These voices appeared to be coming from the fan.
The moment I figured this out, my first impulse was to run downstairs, grab my husband and make him listen to the fan. This thought was immediately followed by the realization that if he didn’t hear them, there was a pretty good chance that those voices may very well be in my head and not in my fan.
So after many sleepless nights laying in bed listening to the voices, I worked up a theory; I figured the fan was transmitting a signal from a local radio station, obviously country and western, and the reason that it didn’t happen every night, or even every week, was that there needed to be a significant amount of moisture in the air in order to conduct the radio waves.
Now this sounded totally plausible to me, and yet, I continued to keep the talking fan to myself, just on the off chance that I might be more crackpot than scientific genius. Then one day I’m listening to Car Talk on the radio. The caller is telling a folkloric story about how his dad had lost the antenna off his car during a long trip and a mechanic told him to stick a potato on the broken stub:
“Don’t ask me how it works or why it works, except for the fact that the potato somehow conducts electricity and what your antenna is picking up is the electromagnetic radiation that comes out of the antenna of the radio station.”
Immediately, this potato story somehow legitimizes my theory on the voices coming out of my fan and I’m thinking something similar to this potato/antenna thing is what’s happening with my cheap box fan.
Armed with this new scientific potato evidence, I finally get brave enough to tell some one about my talking fan. I go to my better half and I lay the whole story out. When I get through with the potato/antenna, he looks over at me and says he heard it too.
One day at work I relayed this all to my co-worker Steve, and before I could even ramp up to the great potato/antenna theory, Steve’s typing into his I-phone. He turns it around to face me and he says two words, “auditory hallucination”. Apparently if you type the words “hearing voices from a fan” into your favorite search engine, you come up with lots of people having similar experiences to mine.
But I’m not buying the auditory hallucination theory, Steve, and here’s why: I first started hearing the voices at our old house. Since then, we have moved across the state and into another old farmhouse that doesn’t have air-conditioning. I brought that fan with me, and I put it into the bedroom window of the new house. Immediately started playing country music at night and talking to me in that low murmuring voice, and my husband hears it too. So we can’t both be having the exact same hallucination, can we?
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Ivory Coast is teetering closer and closer to a return to civil war, as Laurent Gbagbo continues to cling to power nearly four months after a presidential election that the United Nations and much of the international community say he lost to rival, Alassane Ouattara.
Thousands of pro-Gbagbo youth waited outside army headquarters in Abidjan Monday morning to join the nation's military, which has been involved in heavy fighting with forces loyal to Mr. Ouattara.
They are responding to a call to enlist from Charles Ble-Goude, leader of militant group The Young Patriots, who has been accused of inciting attacks against civilians and U.N. peacekeepers.
Addressing a Young Patriots rally Saturday, Ble-Goude asks the youth of the country if they are ready to join the army to serve their country to which the crowd responds, shouting "We want to free Ivory Coast!"
The United Nations says 30 civilians were killed in a mortar attack Thursday on a market in Abobo, a pro-Ouattara neighborhood of Abidjan that has become a focal point of violence.
U.N. Human Rights chief, Navi Pillay, says those shelling attacks by forces loyal to Gbagbo may amount to crimes against humanity.
Gbagbo's government denies any involvement in that attack, saying the United Nations mission in Ivory Coast is not credible because it is backing pro-Ouattara rebels.
The United Nations says 435 people have been killed and another 450,000 forced from their homes since the crisis began.
Thousands fleeing the violence in Abidjan gathered at its main bus station Sunday. Weighed down by suitcases full of whatever belongings they could carry, many had to push and shove their way onto crowded buses.
Standing in a bus shelter, civil servant, Adama Diawara, says they are leaving Abidjan now. He says with the mortars falling on them, on their roofs, day and night, they don't know what to do. He says they are tired and the international community must help them.
Ticket sellers were taking advantage of the situation by buying up bus tickets and then charging double.
Aicha Diabate says they've been waiting since the day before yesterday and only just managed to get a ticket for 2 a.m. She says now they cannot get into the bus to Bouake because people who do not have tickets are paying the driver extra to get on.
The heaviest fighting has taken place in Abidjan, but clashes have also taken place in the country's troubled West, where northern rebels loyal to Ouattara have pushed south.
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|View Our Catalog||Inner Lives of Deaf Children|
While many researchers focus on the educational development of deaf children, precious little time has been devoted to studying the child’s social development and “self-concept.” Conducting interviews with seven deaf children between the ages of 7 and 10, author Martha Sheridan offers a fresh look at the private thoughts and feelings of deaf children in Inner Lives of Deaf Children: Interviews and Analysis.
“What does it mean to be a child who is deaf or hard of hearing?” Sheridan asks in the beginning of her study. She turns to Danny, Angie, Joe, Alex, Lisa, Mary, and Pat for the answer. The author selected the children based on their unique cultural background and conversed with each child in his or her preferred method of communication. Her procedure remained consistent with each: in addition to standard questions, Sheridan asked each child to draw a picture based on their life and then tell a story about it; next, she showed them pictures clipped from a magazine and asked them to describe what they saw.
The results proved to be as varied as they are engaging. Angie, an adopted, profoundly deaf, ten-year-old girl who communicates in Signed English, expressed a desire to attend a hearing college when she grows up, while also stating she hopes her own children will be deaf. Joe, an African-American, ten-year-old, hard-of-hearing boy, drew pictures of deaf people who are teased in public school, reflecting his own difficult experiences.
Sheridan draws upon her tenure as a social worker as well as her own experience as a deaf child growing up in a hearing family in analyzing her study's results. “From listening to the voices of these children we learn that they do not always see themselves, their lifeworlds, and their experiences as researchers have traditionally described them,” she writes. “These children have strengths, they have positive experiences, and they enjoy positive relationships.” With evident devotion to her subjects, Sheridan renders Inner Lives of Deaf Children an enlightening read for parents and scholars alike.
Martha Sheridan is Professor, Department of Social Work, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC.
ISBN 978-1-56368-289-6, 1-56368-289-3, 6 x 9 paperback, 256 pages, footnotes, bibliography, index
To order by mail, print our Order Form or call:
TEL 1-800-621-2736; (773) 568-1550 8 am - 5 pm CST
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Out! You are now in Auschwitz-Birkenau (TELEGRAPH UK) Neil Tweedie 01/27/05)
DAILY TELEGRAPH Articles-Index-Top
As the world gathers to mark the liberation of the Nazi death camp, a
survivor walks where his parents perished and tells his story to Neil
A momentary encounter saved David Herman from the gas chamber. It was
April 1944 and the goods wagon in which he had existed for six days
was finally at rest.
Neither he nor the 3,000 other Jews with him had much idea about
their destination. The night was bitterly cold and silent, except for
the barking of unseen dogs. Then the door slid back.
"Out!" shouted the SS men. "Out, fast!"
Like a flock of sheep terrified by a predator, the old and young, the
strong and weak remained huddled together; as if stillness might yet
save them. The Germans ordered in men in prison uniform armed with
One shouted: "You are now at Auschwitz-Birkenau."
The prisoners lashed out all about them and, finally, the human cargo
began to move. Some fell and were crushed by the weight of the
panicking mass behind.
The thugs were Sonderkommando, inmates who enforced the will of the
Germans in exchange for privileges.
David Herman was 16 and he was about to see the last of his mother.
As she was pushed away from him she said: "I have lived my life but
you are young. Take care of yourself."
Unlike the naive, she knew what was coming. In a moment she was gone,
lost in the throng.
A Sonderkommando hissed: "How old are you?"
"Say you are 18 and that you have a trade."
It was good advice. David was judged sufficiently old and useful
enough to live.
Then he was alone again. His mother, father, two brothers and sister
had been on the train but were now gone, eaten up by the darkness.
Today, he is 77, a father and grandfather, and back at Auschwitz.
Grabbing the barbed wire that once imprisoned him, he said: "It is a
great achievement to hold this. Once it was electrified. People threw
themselves at it when they could bear no more."
Mr Herman is one of the survivors attending a ceremony today marking
the 60th anniversary of the camp´s liberation by Soviet forces.
The great and the good will be there, including the presidents of
Russia, France and Israel, and the chancellor of Germany. But the
world´s attention will focus on the survivors, those who escaped the
most monstrous killing machine devised by mankind.
The snow was a foot deep at Auschwitz-Birkenau yesterday as Mr Herman
and two friends, both inmates of the camps, revisited their past.
An unrelenting easterly wind penetrated even the thickest clothing as
they laboured through the drifts.
"It is as unreal today as it was to me then," said Mr Herman.
"How could one believe such things were happening? To me it was like
a dream. In only a week I had gone from living with my family to
living in Auschwitz." The original Auschwitz – Auschwitz I – was a
relatively small-scale affair, a proving ground for methods employed
on an industrial scale at nearby Birkenau – or Auschwitz II.
Birkenau was the real killing factory. Some 1.1 million human beings
met their end in this dark corner of southern Poland. The vast
majority were Jews, but many others died, condemned by their lack of
Aryan perfection – gipsies, homosexuals, Russian PoWs and other "sub-
Mr Herman´s mother, Rachel, was one of them. As far as he knows, she
was sent straight to the gas chamber following her arrival. The old
and the young rarely survived initial selection. Any form of weakness
The SS was only interested in fit adult males and females who might
be worked to death in the service of the Reich.
Mr Herman has two abiding memories: of his mother´s face when he last
saw her, and of the great burial pit of the dead when the scale of
the slaughter at Birkenau temporarily overwhelmed the capacity of its
"There were three beds to each bunk and five people to each bed in
the blocks and I chose the top one when I arrived," he explains.
"I could look out through a gap in the wood and there was the pit.
They had Russian prisoners of war dumping bodies in it, wheeling the
corpses in carts. It was a scene from a dream, the worst dream."
The Herman family´s journey to Auschwitz began in 1939 when Hungary,
an ally of Nazi Germany, was allowed by Hitler to annex a portion of
eastern Czechoslovakia which now lies in Ukraine. It contained their
family home in the town of Mukacevo.
The Hermans were wealthy, owning a brick factory established near the
town in the 19th century. Mr Herman´s father, Hugo, was a farmer.
Life for the young David was good. He was nicknamed Babu because,
following his birth, his older brother ran down the street
proclaiming: "Babu! I have a new babu!"
He remembers no anti-Semitism under Czech rule, and his family
prospered. But the skies darkened with the arrival of the Hungarians.
"They brought in teachers who incited the children to attack the
Jewish children. My father protested to the headmaster but he ignored
him." In 1943, the 20,000 Jews in the area were herded into a ghetto.
The Hermans, who lived in a spacious apartment within its limits,
played host to 24 other people.
"There were 15 kids in the house. We had the time of our lives living
in the loft.
"The mothers found it very hard having to share a kitchen but we
thought it was great fun. They whispered about dark things but we
were too busy to be scared." There would be time enough to be scared.
By March 1944, Hungary was under direct German control.
Faced with the advance of Soviet armies in the east and the threat of
an Anglo-American invasion in the west, the Germans devoted their
resources to wiping out the Jews of Hungary.
The project resulted in Auschwitz´s busiest period.
Within three months, 437,000 Hungarian Jews were transported to the
camp – three quarters gassed on arrival.
The inhabitants of the Mukacevo ghetto were among them.
The call to get ready was sudden. SS men flooded the ghetto ordering
all families to be ready in half an hour. They were to deposit all
valuables and take only one bag each and some cooking utensils.
They were going east, the Germans said, to new lands for farming.
Then the train came, 30 wagons between two engines. His father was
anxious to be on the first train to stake his claim to a decent plot
He was reassured by an SS officer visiting the factory that day. He
was later identified as Adolf Eichmann, the principal technician of
the implementation of the Final Solution.
"My mother made sure she had a full range of dishes so that we could
eat kosher," said Mr Herman. Such dishes lie in vast piles in the
museum at Auschwitz now, a reminder of that cruel fiction.
The six days packed into the train wagons were terrible. Everyone had
The suffering for most ended swiftly and terribly in the gas
chambers. The Germans used Zyklon B, a cyanide-based fumigant which
cuts off the oxygen supply in the blood, suffocating the victim.
David Herman did not spend too long in Auschwitz but he remained
there long enough to see his father.
"It was the second or third day and I was doing the soup run for my
hut and there behind the fence in another compound was this man
looking at me. He was strange but somehow familiar, and then I
realised that he was my father. He was, like me, shaven all over. I
had never seen him without a beard.
"He looked so sad, and then he raised his hand and gave a little
wave. Then a guard pushed him on. I never saw him again."
After a few weeks, David was ordered to Buchenwald concentration camp
in Germany to join the Nazi slave labour system.
He spent the rest of the war trying to stay alive while suffering
injury, serious illness and Allied bombing. But he survived,
discovering in 1945 that, against all odds, all of his siblings were
Vrumi, the youngest of the four, had jumped from the train and, due
to his age, should have been gassed. But an SS officer adopted him as
his servant. Mr Herman was, in time, reunited with his sister Manci,
who had been taken to Sweden, and the oldest of the children, Szruli.
With Vrumi, Mr Herman was eventually taken to Britain. In 1947, Manci
visited the two, their first meeting since that night at Auschwitz.
It was from Vrumi that Mr Herman learned of his father´s death. A few
months after his arrival in Auschwitz he had a hernia and, being
judged unfit for work, was gassed.
Somehow, despite the horrors of his early years, David Herman built a
life. He became a designer of fur coats and a successful businessman.
Auschwitz may have been liberated but not his mind. "I remember it
every night," he says. "It is always there." (© Copyright of
Telegraph Group Limited 2004. 01/27/05)
Return to Top
MATERIAL REPRODUCED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
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Cassandre's funny little man is one of the icons of all poster art. This is the third panel of a series, where he gets progressively more sure that Dubonnet is the drink of choice. The first panel, after first sip, says "Dubo" (Dubious); the second after a pleasant buzz, is "Dubon" (Good); and the third, after enough to know, says the drink is for him.
The Dubonnet man appeared first in 1927 and continued to be used in different scenes on fans, store displays, posters of all proportions - and even as huge handpainted billboards that can still be seen in Paris today - seventy years later!
Cassandre burst on the Paris scene in the mid '20s and was soon recognized as the father of a new, Machine Age poster style. Strongly influenced by modern art developments in Paris, his posters shocked the public with their dynamic spatial arrangements and abstract geometry. His travel posters for Normandie, Étoile du Nord and Nord Express, all created in the late '20s and early '30s, are among the most recognized posters ever. In 1936 he was honored with a one-man show at the Museum of Modern Art. [The most complete Cassandre show ever recently closed at the Suntory Museum in Japan.].
This poster reveals Cassandre's brilliance as a product advertiser. A loveable Everyman composed of brilliant Art Deco angles and detail, the Dubonnet man became an expression of an age.
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| 2
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The aim of this study was to produce novel water-soluble and thermally stable chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with different levels (1%, 1.2%, 1.4% and 1.5%) of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil (EO) using ionic gelation method and to determine their characteristic properties. NP samples with diameters ranging from 140.25 nm to 237.60 nm were obtained at pH levels of 4.5, 6.0 and 10.0. Zeta potential values of the NPs were found to be negative (-7.54 to -21.12 mV). Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was in the range of 35.07-40.70%. EO loaded NPs exhibited strong antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and DPPH scavenging activity dependently to the concentration of EO encapsulated. SEM images demonstrated the spherical shapes of the chitosan NPs. In conclusion, summer savory EO loaded chitosan NPs that were highly adapted to excessive environmental factors such as acidic pH and high temperature and with high bioactive properties were successfully fabricated convenient for future food processing and packaging applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:3caf250e-c041-4500-9599-280f596c2744>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/yayin/6d43840b-dbf3-48c8-99d4-d7ee12767eb7/development-of-chitosan-nanoparticles-loaded-with-summer-savory-satureja-hortensis-l-essential-oil-for-antimicrobial-and-antioxidant-delivery-applications
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00666.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942662
| 290
| 1.65625
| 2
|
In other words...
It's not looking good: Not tonight. Maybe next week? Be seeing you.
When you only have 160 precious characters with which to write your messages, vowels, spaces and other dispensables are done away with, hence gibberish such as thnx4urmsgcul8r.
Acronyms are dead useful, provided of course the other person is in on your code. See if you can guess what these beauties mean. They get progressively harder...
1. Oh my God
2. Laughing out loud
3. Speak to you soon
4. At the end of the day
5. Ha ha, only kidding
6. Frankly I couldn't care less
7. Don't go there girlfriend
8. From the bottom of my heart
9. Rolling on the floor laughing
10. Jumping up and down like a monkey
|
<urn:uuid:4acbbd28-062a-4621-acc6-fc0078c88efe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.wewomen.com/be-in-love/text-messages-dating-and-relationships-d30707c377098.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.849348
| 186
| 1.75
| 2
|
MK Yehudah Glick (Likud) petitioned the High Court of Justice on Tuesday to lift an 18-month-old ban precluding Israeli lawmakers from visiting the Temple Mount, ahead of the Jewish holiday of Passover.
The petition asked the court to issue a decree nisi (conditional court order) instructing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to refrain from giving the police “any operational orders in general and any relating to the Temple Mount in particular that would restrict freedom of movement or worship there.”
In addition, Glick asked the court to order police not to accept operational orders from the prime minister or the public security minister that would prevent Knesset members from visiting the Temple Mount or that would discriminate against MKs regarding freedom of movement and worship at the site.
Glick’s petition states that it was submitted “to do away with the… unprecedented phenomenon in which members of the Knesset have been barred from the Temple Mount for more than a year while every other citizen, resident, or tourist has been able to visit the holy site without any disturbance or problem.”
The security establishment reported a significant increase of about 40 percent in the number of Jews visiting the site recently. However, security officials also expressed serious concern about allowing politicians to visit the Temple Mount prior to the holiday of Passover, which begins on April 10.
Yesterday, Netanyahu announced he would consider removing the ban after a string of Jewish spring holidays, including Passover, Israel Independence Day, and Jerusalem Day, which will mark the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the city. The ban will continue until after the Jewish holiday of Shavuot and the Muslim month of Ramadan, which runs this year from late May to late June, at which time a new assessment will take place then and should the security establishment permit it, the ban will be lifted.
Although Jews can visit the Temple Mount at proscribed times, Jewish prayer on the site is strictly prohibited for political and security reasons. In October, 2015, Netanyahu banned all Israeli politicians from visiting the site in order to reduce tensions with Jordan and to contain violence in Judea and Samaria and eastern Jerusalem.
Source: Israel in the News
|
<urn:uuid:373b2c89-eb77-4ede-867a-7e985e43bf05>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://beitemet.com/netanyahu-may-lift-temple-mount-ban-on-lawmakers-after-holidays/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00070.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954313
| 451
| 1.859375
| 2
|
Adjuvant Allogeneic Tumor Cell Vaccine With Metronomic Oral Cyclophosphamide and Celecoxib in Patients Undergoing Resection of Sarcomas, Melanomas, Germ Cell Tumors, or Epithelial Malignancies Metastatic to Lungs, Pleura, or Mediastinum
During recent years, the cancer-testis (CT) antigens (CTA) have emerged as attractive
targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas malignancies of diverse histologies express a
variety of CTAs, immune responses to these antigens appear uncommon in cancer patients,
possibly due to low-level, heterogeneous antigen expression, as well as immunosuppressive
regulatory T cells. Conceivably, vaccination of cancer patients with allogeneic tumor cells
expressing high levels of multiple CTAs in combination with depletion of T regulatory cells
will induce broad immunity to these antigens. In order to examine this issue, patients with
sarcomas, melanomas, germ cell tumors, or epithelial malignancies metastatic to lungs,
pleura or mediastinum will be vaccinated with irradiated K562 erythroleukemia cells
expressing GM-CSF (K562-GM) following thoracic metastasectomy. Vaccines will be administered
in conjunction with metronomic oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg PO BID x 7d q 14d), and
celecoxib (400 mg PO BID). Serologic responses to a variety of recombinant CTAs will be
assessed before and after vaccination.
-To assess the safety of K562-GM allogeneic tumor cell vaccines in combination with oral
metronomic cyclophosphamide and celecoxib in patients undergoing thoracic metastasectomy.
- To ascertain if K562-GM cell vaccines induce immunity to CTAs in patients following
- To examine if oral metronomic cyclophosphamide and celecoxib therapy diminishes the
number and percentage of T regulatory cells and diminishes activity of these cells in
patients with resected thoracic metastases who are at risk of recurrence
- Patients with histologically or cytologically proven sarcoma, melanoma, or epithelial
malignancies metastatic to lungs, pleura or mediastinum who can be rendered no clinical
evidence of active disease (NED).
- Patients must be 18 years or older with an ECOG performance status of 0 - 2, without
evidence of unstable or decompensated myocardial disease. Patients must have adequate
pulmonary reserve evidenced by FEV1 and DLCO equal to or greater than 30% predicted;
pCO2 less than 50 mm Hg and pO2 greater than 60 mm Hg on room air ABG; and be on no
immunosuppressive medications except inhaled corticosteroids at the time vaccination
- Patients must have a platelet count greater than 100,000, an ANC equal to or greater
than 1500 without transfusion or cytokine support, a normal PT, and adequate hepatic
function as evidenced by a total bilirubin of < 1.5 times upper limits of normal. Serum
creatinine less than or equal to 1.6 mg/ml or the creatinine clearance must be greater
than 70 ml/min/1.73m(2) at the time vaccination commences.
- Following recovery from thoracic metastasectomy, patients with NED or MRD will be
vaccinated via deep subcutaneous injection with 1x10(8) irradiated K562 GM-tumor cells
periodically over 6 months.
- Vaccines will be administered in conjunction with metronomic oral cyclophosphamide and
- Systemic toxicities, and immunologic response to therapy will be recorded. Pre and post
vaccination serologic responses to a standard panel of CT antigens as well as cell
mediated responses to epigenetically-modified autologous EBV-transformed B and
autologous tumor cells (if available) will be assessed before and after vaccination.
- Numbers/percentages and function of T regulatory cells in peripheral blood will be
assessed before, during, and after vaccinations.
- Patients will be followed in the clinic with routine staging scans until disease
- As the exact set of comparisons and analyses to be performed will be determined
following completion of the trial, and will be based on limited numbers of patients,
the analyses will be considered exploratory and hypothesis generating rather than
- Approximately 25 patients will be accrued to this trial.
Allocation: Non-Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety Study, Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
To assess the safety of K562-GM allogeneic tumor cell vaccines in combination with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide and celecoxib in patients undergoing thoracic metastasectomy.
David S Schrump, M.D.
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
United States: Federal Government
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike||Bethesda, Maryland 20892|
|
<urn:uuid:b8b5e0e0-7338-450e-adb3-00553b017e92>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-trials/NCT01313429/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00093-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.811799
| 1,094
| 1.554688
| 2
|
In this paper, we explore the concept of identity. We do this by suggesting that one's identity self-concept is multi-dimensional (personal, social, & cultural). Before examining the question in the title, we distinguish between these constructs. We then describe social identity theory and illustrate its utility by examining Navajo high school students' positive and negative ability beliefs about school and how social identity theory might explain the results. We conclude by pointing to the need for more research in this important area of study, particularly in terms of the need for similar research with other cultural groups.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License.
|
<urn:uuid:bea2902c-68ec-4b6c-b32d-16e4c62d0c71>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol3/iss1/5/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915079
| 143
| 2.265625
| 2
|
The way you plan your investments right now can determine your tax burden for years or decades. Tax-efficient techniques can help you effectively invest your resources and improve your overall wealth management strategy. While many people focus on how much an investment earns, it’s equally important to pay attention to how much you spend on taxes each year. In some cases, efficient tax management will bring in significantly more net profits than the most profitable investment.
When you work with a tax-efficient investment firm, you can learn how to save on taxes. You can mitigate your exposure to current and future taxes by using intelligent investment strategies. Because of this, you can end up building more wealth over time. If you want to save for a loved one’s inheritance or donate some of your wealth, you can use these goals to save money on your tax return. Read through the article to improve your knowledge on tax-efficient investing.
What Is Tax Efficiency?
Tax efficiency is an important part of wealth management. Right now, the top income tax bracket is 37 percent. For most people, the capital gain tax rate works out to 15 percent. Whether you live off of a retirement account or employment income, these taxes can significantly impact your bottom line.
With tax efficiency, you can learn how to legally pay the least amount of taxes possible. This technique follows applicable laws to reduce your tax burden. For example, some people can reduce their tax bills by opening a 401(k) plan, an individual retirement account (IRA), or a similar tax-deferred account.
Other than tax-deferred accounts, there are different ways to reduce your tax bill each year. For example, municipal bonds are exempt from federal taxes. Additionally, tax-efficient mutual funds entail a lower tax rate than standard mutual funds.
Why Is Tax Efficiency Important?
If your goal is to increase your net worth, wealth management and tax efficiency are incredibly important. Taxes reduce the amount of money that you get to keep. This has an immediate impact on your bottom line in the short term.
Unfortunately, high taxes can have an even larger impact on your long-term wealth accumulation. When you pay your taxes each year, you can no longer invest those funds. Because of this, you lose out on the dividends and interest those funds would’ve earned. To maximize your returns and increase your overall net worth, you need to learn about tax-efficient investing.
When you work with a financial advisor, you can learn about different investment accounts. In general, you’ll be able to invest in taxable accounts or tax-advantaged accounts. While each account type has advantages and disadvantages, tax-advantaged accounts will lead to a lower tax bill now or in the future.
Taxable Investment Accounts
If you invest with a stockbroker, your brokerage account is likely taxable. While a taxable account doesn’t help you defer taxes, it’s easy to invest in different financial vehicles. Unlike a 401(k) plan or IRA, you can invest as much as you want and withdraw your profits without paying a penalty fee.
Even though taxable accounts involve taxes, there are still techniques that can help you reduce your overall tax bill. Typically, you have to pay capital gains tax on your earnings if you have held the investment for a year or more. This tax rate will be 0, 15, or 20 percent. If you only hold the investment for less than a year, you have to pay taxes based on your ordinary income tax bracket. In most cases, this means your short-term investments will involve a much higher tax bill than long-term investments.
To really reduce your tax bill, you should use tax-advantaged accounts. These accounts involve deferring or exempting your taxes. Traditional IRAs and 401(k) plans are good examples of tax-deferred accounts. When you put money in these plans, you can generally deduct the contributions from your taxes for an instant tax break. Eventually, you end up paying taxes on the money you withdraw when you retire.
A tax-exempt account works in the opposite direction. Instead of deferring taxes on your contributions, you can avoid paying taxes on your withdrawals. When you contribute to a Roth IRA or Roth 401(k), you use after-tax dollars. Because you pay taxes on your contributions, you get to withdraw funds without paying taxes after you retire. If you expect your income to be higher after you retire, tax-exempt accounts are generally a good idea.
How Can You Reduce Your Taxation Level?
There are many ways you can save on taxes by changing your overall investment strategy. Other than focusing on long-term capital gains, you can create an irrevocable trust to reduce your tax bill. You can also buy tax-exempt bonds or tax-efficient mutual funds.
Long-Term Capital Gains
One of the key ways you can achieve tax efficiency is by waiting a year to sell your stocks after you buy them. If you sell them in less than 12 months, your profits will be taxed like normal employment income. You can also reduce your overall tax bill by balancing your current gains with previous capital losses.
An irrevocable trust is helpful for estate planning, so it’s a popular wealth management service. You no longer own your assets when you put them into an irrevocable trust. Once they’re in the trust, the decision is irreversible.
In essence, an irrevocable trust allows you to remove some of your assets from your estate. This means that you’re no longer responsible for paying taxes on the trust’s assets. Because of this, you can use irrevocable trusts when you want your loved ones or a charity to inherit your estate.
Tax-Efficient Mutual Funds
A tax-efficient mutual fund is a good option if you don’t have a tax-advantaged account. These mutual funds are taxed at a lower rate than standard mutual funds. Normally, this is because they create lower capital gains and dividends than standard accounts. Often, tax-efficient mutual funds are invested in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or index funds.
Municipal bonds are the main example of tax-exempt bonds. As long as you invest in a municipal bond, you don’t have to pay federal taxes on it. Because of this, municipal bonds may be a more profitable choice than corporate bonds.
How Can a Financial Advisor Help?
Many financial advisors focus on figuring out which stocks and bonds are the most profitable investments. Among affluent investors, it’s essential to get a financial advisor who knows how to reduce tax bills. Tax-efficient strategies help maximize the amount of money you get to keep each year, which can improve your overall net worth. When you work with an advisor specializing in tax efficiency, you can enjoy some of the following benefits.
- You can figure out tax-efficient strategies for estate planning.
- The advisor can discuss opportunities that can help you boost your return without adding any additional risks.
- You can avoid having a surprisingly horrible tax bill at the end of the year.
- Tax-efficient strategies can help you reduce your tax bill over the long run.
If you invest without considering the tax consequences, your investments may lose you money. You have to think about the total ramifications of each investment. The right advisor understands tax strategies, so they can tell you which investments will pay off the most. They can help you manage risk and avoid unnecessary taxation in the future. When you create capital gains each year, your advisor can help you figure out the best way to mitigate the tax implications.
How To Get The Most Out Of A Financial Advisor?
To get the most out of working with a financial advisor, you should be prepared to share your financial information. This includes your income, debts, investments, and expenses. You should also have a good understanding of your financial goals and communicate these to your advisor.
Your financial advisor can help you create a plan to achieve your goals. They can also give you advice on how to reduce your overall taxation level. However, they can’t do everything for you. Ultimately, it’s up to you to make the decisions that will affect your finances.
Remember that you’re the one in control of your money. A good financial advisor will give you advice and guidance, but they won’t make decisions for you. You should be comfortable with the risks you’re taking and your choices. You need to be able to trust your advisor and feel like they have your best interest in mind.
Nesso Wealth – Get Reliable Help With Your Wealth Management
By building a financial plan with your advisor, you can create intelligent, long-term decisions about your financial future. Whether you want assistance with wealth management or retirement planning, financial advisors can help. At Nesso Wealth, you can learn about the best financial strategies for your unique situation.
Based out of Connecticut, Nesso Wealth is known for making complex financial topics simple to understand. Clients can learn how to plan for retirement, reduce their tax burden, and manage their investments. In addition, Nesso Wealth can help with estate planning and overall financial planning. To learn more about tax-efficient strategies, reach out to Nesso Wealth today.
|
<urn:uuid:873f2e5d-4ba1-43a2-899e-79d290d5f6ee>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://nessogroup.com/financial-planning-tax-efficiency-explained/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00276.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941513
| 1,940
| 2.109375
| 2
|
Ibuprofen-packing pain meds could lower Alzheimer's risk
Posted May 9, 2008
Over-the-counter pain relievers that contain ibuprofen could lower a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to a recent study.
Study participants who took the drug daily for five years had a 40 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's, doctors said.
"The longer you were on ibuprofen, the odds-ratio of developing Alzheimer's disease decreased," said Dr. Angela Scicutella, with the Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New York City.
Ibuprofen is found in such drugs as Advil and Motrin.
The study found that a second pain reliever, naproxen, also reduced the risk but not by as much.
Doctors said ibuprofen might work to lower the risk of Alzheimer's because the drug reduces inflammation. In the brain, inflammation can cause a plaque substance to build up and possibly lead to Alzheimer's.
Researchers said previous studies of ibuprofen's effect on Alzheimer's have yielded conflicting results, but the most recent study is the longest one of its kind.
Amelia Tirado said the study results are encouraging, since she already she takes ibuprofen daily for arthritis.
"That sounds pretty good for me, because I need it," Tirado said.
About 10 million baby boomers are projected to develop Alzheimer's in the coming years.
Doctors cautioned they can not recommend prescribing ibuprofen to prevent Alzheimer's.
"Certainly, we are not at a point now where we would advocate that," Scicutella said.
Researchers said they will continue to study ibuprofen as a treatment of Alzheimer's and as a means to better understand the causes of the disease.
Doctors also warn that over-use of ibuprofen has been associated with kidney disease. Consult your doctor before taking any medications.
|
<urn:uuid:2210ea9e-ea1e-4eae-854a-64d8e7aee024>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.wral.com/lifestyles/healthteam/story/2861203/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960495
| 399
| 2.09375
| 2
|
Here in Val in Real Life Land, the outdoor lifestyle— camping, hiking, geocaching, and such—is so normal to us that I forget how completely odd and unachievable it seems to some. I honestly do forget that there are kids out there who’ve never been camping for even one night, much less a weeks at a time.
Some people actually think we’re nuts for taking adventures like this. Of course we think they’re nuts for not doing it. Hey, maybe we’re all nuts. But for us, the opportunity to explore the outdoors is synonymous with freedom. I think for the uninitiated it may be synonymous with vulnerability or fear of the unknown.
Either way, if you’ve never done it before but you’re intrigued by the notion, doing your homework is important. Like anything new, a little up-front education greatly improves your experience by simply avoiding some common mistakes or misconceptions about what to expect.
8 Tips on getting started
Rather than give you an exhaustive guide, I’ll just throw out some general pointers as you plan your first adventure. This is geared towards the aspiring car camping family (as opposed to RVs, teardrops, or backpacking) since that’s what I know best with kids in tow. Other camping styles are very different beasts in terms of getting started and require different advice. So for you car camping wannabes, here goes:
- Keep it simple! Don’t try to bring all the comforts of home, you’ll just be frustrated trying to deal with unnecessary fluff. The point is to get away from all those complications, isn’t it? So don’t overdo it by trying to create a home-away-from-home. Make the most of the change in scenery and let camping be different from your day-to-day life. Not to mention, anything you pack for the trip has to be unpacked when you return. Don’t make more work for yourself, it takes the fun out the whole process.
- Make a checklist. You don’t want to forget something crucial. We’ve done it, it stinks. Until you’ve got your camping groove down-pat, your list is the ticket to a smooth journey.
- Stay local. For your first adventure, you’ll be doing enough just to get the whole family out of the house so keep the drive time short. Plan on rolling into your site with plenty of time to set up camp and get dinner completed before dark. Also, I highly recommend state and national parks over commercial campgrounds as a general rule here in the U.S. There are some very nice private campgrounds but by-and-large I find the state and national parks to be more peaceful, provide easy access to trails and educational programs, and to be less expensive.
- Quality gear is key. Do not skimp. This is your home for the duration of your trip! If your gear sucks, so will your trip. For example, if your sleeping bag doesn’t keep you warm and you spend the night shivering and sleepless, you won’t have fun and you’ll probably never go camping again. But don’t blame a bad experience on the destination if your gear is what fails you. With that in mind, quality gear can be expensive. If you’re just starting out it makes a lot of sense to rent and borrow whatever you can, not only from an expense standpoint but also to get a feel for the ins-and-outs of different gear before you invest. It’s always better to rent or borrow quality gear than to own inferior products.
- Know your gear. Always test your gear before you’re on your trip. You don’t need the surprises of missing or malfunctioning pieces when you’re miles from anywhere to fix the problem. That can ruin a trip. You also don’t want to be struggling with learning how to use equipment under the pressure of getting camp set up or dinner made.
- Don’t be afraid to get dirty. But keep the dirt out of your tent. Getting dirty is one of the joys of camping, especially for the kids. But keep the dirt out of the tent if you want to sleep. Grit in your sleeping bag makes for a very uncomfortable night. Make sure everyone is brushed off or wiped down for a good night’s sleep. Bring something to use as a doormat as well as teach the kiddos the butt-in-feet-out trick. Just have them sit inside the door of the tent but leave their feet outside while they take off their boots and brush off excess dirt. (But don’t leave boots outside since creepy crawlies often decide to make it their home for the night. Designate a spot inside the tent near the door to stow them, as dusted off as possible.)
- Get the kids involved. In other words, put them to work. Even little campers can have jobs and they typically relish the chance to help. It fosters independence and problem solving. Plus they usually love to be involved. The excitement of camping seems to bring out the best in kids when the parents stay relaxed and flexible.
- Go with friends. Not only is camping together a great friendship experience but buddying up on supplies can save space and sharing meal prep duties between families reduces work for everyone.
The wisdom of experience
I wish I could say we had all this figured out from the start but alas, it took us many years to find our camping groove. A lot of this seems like a no-brainer but you’d be surprised by the mistakes even experienced campers make.
This isn’t an exhaustive everything-you-need-to-know list but keeping these things in mind can be the difference between a frustrating, miserable trip and igniting your family’s passion for the outdoors. It’s a short step outside of your comfort zone into a whole new world. Enjoy!
|
<urn:uuid:92ead70d-6bbf-45cb-bf9d-a38764876134>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://valinreallife.com/car-camping-101-getting-started/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00067.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948879
| 1,277
| 1.640625
| 2
|
Piper the Border Collie has a bone to pick with any birds trying to disrupt flights at a Northern Michigan airport.
Four times a week, the pup works 10-hour shifts - with plenty of breaks - to protect the runway at the Traverse City Airport.
While birds might seem to be no match against an airplane, bird strikes can cause fatal accidents and irreversible damage to aircrafts by colliding with the windshield or being sucked into the engine.
So Piper's main role is to run up and down the fields towards flocks of birds in order to scare them away. He's often seen wearing a ski mask to protect him from the debris, "MutMuffs" to protect him against the sound and boots to shield his paws from the hot tarmac.
But other times, he goes to work in nothing but his beautiful black and white coat.
"Most of K-9 Piper’s training revolved around obedience and off leash control," owner and trainer Brian Edwards writes on the Airport K-9 website. He also mentions that, while Piper knows to stay away from planes, he is unafraid of them, making him the perfect member of the team.
Since last year, Piper has been temporarily reassigned to Chief Morale Officer after being injured on the job. He fractured his paw and was briefly in a cast.
Only a handful of airports in the United States use dogs to keep wildlife away. Most airports use sirens and traps, but Cherry Capital Airport writes on its website that "dogs are one of the most effective methods of wildlife mitigation at airports."
|
<urn:uuid:f2a9c441-2cc4-41cc-aa72-37cbd686ad13>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/14897-piper-the-border-collie-keeps-airport-safe-by-patrolling-the-runway
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00531-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976231
| 324
| 1.921875
| 2
|
Omaha, NE – Significant changes are coming in October to the Women, Infants and Children program.
WIC was created in 1974 as a supplemental nutrition program for pregnant women and those with young children. Through WIC, participants receive vouchers to buy essentials such as milk, bread, eggs and cereal. Starting in October, WIC participants can also receive vouchers for fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grain bread and cereal, canned beans and canned salmon.
The changes ensure more women and children are getting essential vitamins and minerals in their diets, according to Kathy Blanke, WIC Coordinator for Douglas and Sarpy Counties. The changes to the WIC food package mean a reduction in the amount of milk, cheese, and eggs participants can buy through the program. Whole milk will no longer be an option, but soy milk will be.
|
<urn:uuid:a60b7e65-f038-4074-a327-83be4b0525b6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://kios.org/post/changes-coming-wic-program
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945749
| 171
| 2.171875
| 2
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Stream, Download and Share
This Daily News Story from PBS NewsHour Extra was created on November 11th, 2013.
On Veterans Day, most Americans think of the men and women in uniform. But military life also has a huge effect on their children.
© 2017 PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation.
All rights reserved.
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1. a. Discuss current factors that influence the public’s image of professional ? b. How can you as a nurse/student nurse, tell members of society what professional nurses do?
2. a. What advantages do women have in nursing? b. What advantages do men have in the ? c.What are the risks of being gender exclusive?
3. a. Discuss present trends associated with the profession of Nursing. b. What do you think the profession of Nursing will look like in 10 years from now?
Added to cart
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So you’ve decided to open your own business.
And why not?
You’re super talented; you know what you offer and who needs it the most. You have positioned yourself to take over the world one sale at a time. You know you need some sort of capital investment to start, but did you know that there are four types of investment capitals required in order to be a successful entrepreneur?
First is physical investment, which really is the most obvious. Investment in the form of money, technology, products and services before you begin is crucial. In order to effectively produce whatever you sell, you must decide if you need to rent or purchase an office space, inventory to create your masterpieces or even staff to assist. This is the one most entrepreneurs are familiar with because it’s something that you must think about before you even open your doors (virtually or otherwise).
Secondly is emotional investment, and this one most entrepreneurs don’t really get until they actually start running the business. Things will happen that will cause to you question every single decision you’ve made or you might be bombarded with negativity from friends or family who just won’t get what it is you’re doing. You have to be emotionally equipped to handle it all. It’s up to you to stay motivated and dedicated and go back to why you started your business in the first place. Do whatever it takes to stay the course and remain positive, and keep your mind centered.
One thing that can really help you stay focused leads me to the third type of investment which is relationship investment. Lean on likeminded persons who can help you on your journey. Go to them for support because only they can understand what you’re truly dealing with on a daily basis and solicit help from persons who have been through what you’re going through now. Relationship investment can also extend to the connections you form with your customers. Bonding with your clients though your willingness to serve can ensure that you create and maintain loyal customers for your business.
Lastly is intellectual investment which basically means you have to invest in yourself. Keep learning, growing and evolving by developing your unique skills and talents. Stay abreast of current trends in your industry and continue to look for ways to sharpen your skills and improve your knowledge. Give yourself the competitive advantage by ensuring you remain an expert in your field.
If you agree with the above, let me know in the comments below and be sure to share woth your other business besties on your social media platforms.
For more free training and advice on how to promote your business, join my private Facebook group The New SMS: Strategic Marketing Specialists and meet other entrepreneurs and business owners like yourself who are investing in themselves on a daily basis. Just follow the link: https://www.facebook.com/groups/thenewsms/
Plus feel free to head over to www.carlimedia.com to book your free consultation for a little one on one action how to promote your business the right way.
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HAG manufactures office chairs are fully adjustable for comfort. Individuals that sit in an office chair for several hours a day realise the importance of a chair that supports their back and adjusts in seat height and depth, arm height and width and lumbar support. An office chair that is not adjusted correctly for each occupant can create aching muscles and joints at the end of the day. HAG office chairs are fully adjustable in each area from a sitting position.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Sit in the HAG office chair and reach down with the left hand to locate the seat height adjustment handle next to the seat. Slightly rise up from the chair to remove weight from it and pull the handle up. The seat rises up. Tap the handle down with weight in the chair to lower the seat height.
Place one hand on each side of the seat from a sitting position. Push the button on each side simultaneously and slide the seat forward or backward to adjust the seat depth.
Press the button on the inside of an armrest. Pull the armrest up or down to adjust the height. While depressing the button move the armrest outward or inward to adjust the width.
Grasp the handle underneath the chair and pull it out to decrease tilt resistance. For each of the five settings that the handle pulls out it applies less tilt resistance for the chair to tip farther back.
Grasp the two handles on each side of the bottom of the seat with each hand. Press both handles in at the same time and slide the lumbar back support up or down to position it in the most comfortable area on a back.
Tips and warnings
- Lower armrests allow a HAG office chair to slide closer under a desktop.
- Tilt resistance will lock by adjusting it to the desired position and then pulling the handle underneath the left side of the chair outward.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for
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King Mohammed VI Endorses New Instances For Moroccan Judaism
Rabat, July 14 (TNA) King Mohammed VI on Wednesday approved a reorganization of the Jewish community in Morocco, a "component" of national culture. The go ahead came at a meeting of the council of ministers that he exceptionally chaired at the Royal Palace in Rabat.
At the end of this council, Interior Minister Abdelouafi Laftit presented to the monarch new measures concerning the organization of the Moroccan Jewish community, according to a statement by the spokesman for the Royal Palace, Abdelhak Lamrini.
These measures -- "developed, in accordance with the high royal instructions" -- "consecrate the Hebrew tributary as a component of Moroccan culture rich in its multiple tributaries," emphasizes the statement issued by the official agency MAP.
The Moroccan Jewish community, presently estimated at 3,000, remains the largest in North Africa, despite a massive departure to Israel after the creation of the Hebrew State in 1948.
Present since ancient times, reinforced in the 15th century by the expulsion of Jews from Spain, this community reached 250,000 souls in the late 1940s. The new provisions were developed following consultations with representatives and personalities of the Jewish community, according to the royal statement.
They establish a National Council of the Moroccan Jewish Community, responsible for "managing the affairs of the community and safeguarding the heritage and cultural and religious influence of Judaism and its authentic Moroccan values".
They also provide for the creation of a Commission of Moroccan Jews Abroad that "works to consolidate the ties of Moroccan Jews established abroad with their country of origin, strengthen their religious and cultural influence and defend the supreme interests of the Kingdom".
The approximately 700,000 Israelis of Moroccan descent have often maintained very strong ties with their country of origin. Finally, a Moroccan Judaism Foundation is created whose "missions are to promote and watch over the Judeo-Moroccan intangible heritage, to safeguard its traditions and preserve its specificities".
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Dear growers of cabbage, chard, and kale; winter CSA subscribers; healthy eaters; gluten-free-ers; parents who pack lunches; potluckers; vegetarians, meat eaters; locavores; who-cares-avores; carnivores, omnivores with dilemmas; omnivores without dilemmas; people who eat while driving; triathletes who eat while biking; couch potatoes, and anyone else I have not called out who is human and eats:
I have an amazing finger food for you. Dolmas are incredibly delicious edible packets of spiced rice and/or meat that are packable, portable, and extremely healthy. They're so good, they taste bad for you, but they're not. The aspect of this food I find absolutely unbelievable, astonishing, really, is that it gets kids to eat kale.
I brought a platter of dolmas to a party recently. On the suggestion of an Iraqi friend, I'd wrapped them in local kale, chard, and cabbage instead of grape leaves. A pack of kids dismounted the trampoline, ran to the buffet table, offered quizzical looks and some shrugs, and then devoured the dolmas like they were cupcakes. I would not be surprised if in 20 years kale dolmas finally redeemed McDonald's from the entire 20th-century health debacle. They would come in a hot little collection like nuggets, with a yogurt dipping sauce — their first ever with no sugar in it!
What you know of dolmas from the store, tangy cold little green cylinders stuffed in a deli container, is about one one-thousandth of their potential. I'm not exaggerating. The best kind are home-cooked, steaming hot, and served on a platter or big board for family and friends. Grape leaf wrappers are great, but large local edible leaves are phenomenal! So this is what to do with all that winter CSA chard, kale, and cabbage! The fillings are different for every family. One Iraqi friend fills hers with ground beef, rice, cinnamon, nutmeg, paprika, coriander, black lemon, cumin, garlic, onion, and tomato paste. Another Iraqi friend uses Madras curry powder, lemon pepper, turmeric, tomato paste, and salt. My daughter's favorite is the clean, bright, vegetarian version that my Lebanese friend told me about: rice, dried mint, dried dill, and salt. In addition to being wrapped with leaves, dolmas can also be made by stuffing de-cored vessel-like vegetables or fruits like bell peppers, tomatoes, and eggplants. All these varieties are cooked the same way: submerged in water with lots of lemon juice and salt, which is the key to the tangy flavor that everybody loves.
The name "dolma" comes from a Turkish verb meaning "to stuff" and it makes sense that a Turkish word would stick even though dolmas are native foods in something like 20 different countries. Indeed, I think the people of the Ottoman Empire, were responsible for spreading the food far and wide during the 600 years they ruled from the Mediterranean Sea, down to North Africa, up through the Balkans, and east to Asia and Russia. This was about the time Christopher Columbus was setting sail. But who was the Nobel-deserving genius who figured out how to make vegetables taste good? I'm guessing a humble home cook living around 1000 BC in what is modern-day Iran. If it wasn't her, it was someone else. Dolmas are kale's destiny. And because 20 years is just too long to wait for you to get them in the drive-thru, you should cook a pot of them this weekend.
Lindsay Sterling wants to be paid a million dollars if McDonald's suddenly decides to put dolmas on the menu. Also, she created it first: "McDolmas," copyright Lindsay Sterling 2011. For more on dolmas, visit ImmigrantKitchens.com.
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I think it’s important to look at different perspectives on everything and most especially the Bible. It’s not that I think what I’ve been taught is wrong, but sometimes the other traditions have a useful perspective, and occasionally I find that the most accurate description of a biblical truth is somewhere in the middle of two extreme positions.
And, of course, we have to know what other people believe to know what and why we don’t believe.
To that end I have in my library some diverse Bible study resources including the Africa Bible Commentary, a Roman Catholic commentary, some rather liberal (even skeptical) works, and now an Orthodox Study Bible (full disclosure: a review copy).
What do I think of the Orthodox Study Bible?
Let me first say that I’m not qualified to say whether this is a good study Bible for those of the Orthodox tradition. My interest in it is, as I said above, as a tool for getting a different perspective and maybe learning something about Orthodox thought.
I’ll leave it to the reader to look at the official list of “features” of the Orthodox Study Bible, but I want to highlight some that grabbed me.
First, the commentary notes include quotations from the church fathers – including Athanasius, Irenaeus, and John Chrysostom. Second, it has an index of the notes by topic. Third, it has quite a few beautiful photographs of Christian art with … an eastern influence. Fourth, it includes a modern translation of the “deuterocanonical” books.
First and foremost, the notes and articles present, as I understand it anyway, a good picture of the Orthodox perspective – e.g., their views on justification, deification, and Mary.
This study Bible is also very good at showing connections between the OT and NT. The commentary is often devotional as well as informative. Finally, it sees Christ and/or the Trinity in everything in the OT.
It sees Christ and/or the Trinity in everything in the OT; sometimes it seems to be a bit of a stretch. It also sees an apologetic for the Orthodox Church in strange places (e.g., Leviticus 10).
The OT translation is occasionally a little odd (NT is NKJ, OT is a new translation based on the LXX), and the OT chapters are occasionally numbered (Psalms) or ordered (Jeremiah and Malachi) differently than what we in the West are used to. Finally, the notes and articles occasionally present protestant views in ways I felt was not entirely accurate in the process of trying to refute them.
So what do I think of the Orthodox Study Bible?
I would certainly never recommend that anyone have this as their sole study Bible, but I think it would be a useful addition to the library of any who are interested in examining varying perspectives on the Bible.
Rating: Well worth reading (3 ½ stars)
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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: Apache OpenNLP 1.5.2
- 12-14-2011, 10:00 AM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2011
- Rep Power
Apache OpenNLP 1.5.2
Apache OpenNLP is a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking, parsing, and coreference resolution. These tasks are usually required to build more advanced text processing services.
This release contains a couple of new features, improvements, and bugfixes. The maxent trainer can now run in multiple threads to utilize multi-core CPUs. Configurable feature generation was added to the name finder. The perceptron trainer was refactored and improved. Machine learners can now be configured with many more options via a parameter file. Evaluators can print out detailed evaluation information.
URL: Apache OpenNLP - Welcome to Apache OpenNLP
- By Eimo in forum New To JavaReplies: 8Last Post: 11-29-2010, 07:04 AM
- By madhu_sushmi in forum Advanced JavaReplies: 0Last Post: 03-05-2010, 07:00 PM
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- By Java Tip in forum Java SoftwareReplies: 0Last Post: 07-29-2008, 04:22 PM
- By Java Tip in forum Java SoftwareReplies: 0Last Post: 07-11-2008, 02:45 PM
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From our continental correspondent – Comics for coexistence
“Bad hijab day” – if there’s one thing that made me cough up my tea from laughing, it’s this concept from a short strip by German cartoonist Soufeina Hamed (I sympathise, I’ve often had “bad bandana days” – Joe).
Hamed is a 24-year old student from Osnabrück in Germany who has been making comics for quite a while now, first with typical big-eyed manga artwork, but lately in a more personal style, not unlike the art found in many alternative, autobiographical comics. She is also a young Muslim woman who freel wears a hijab as part of her religion.
Since this is still predominantly regarded by many in the West as a symbol of the oppression of women by Islam (leading to actual state legislation on religious apparel in public spaces in France), Hamed uses her comics to explain what Islam means to her, and how we should learn to see beyond our differences in order to notice our similarities.
In some of her comics (such as the Wiggle Wisaal story), she explains the basic premises of Islam in a way that children can understand, but other strips focus on more unexpected aspects of Muslim life (see the “bad hijab day”), or questions of identity that stem from living as a Muslim in a Western country.
Hamed’s comics have been covered quite extensibly by local news media, and she even had her work mentioned in the Women in the World Summit. She regularly gives comics workshops in schools, which she also uses to answer questions about her faith and way of life, and to stimulate tollerance and coexistence.
Comics-wise, I think Hamed’s still looking for a consistent voice to combine with a broader story. But when she finds it, the result will be a graphic novel of considerate import, mark my words, a creator to keep an eye on. Meanwhile have a good browse through her Deviant Art page which is full of some great strips and one-off pieces to make you smile and, often, to make you think.
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In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw an American Bison in 8 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists.
The images above represents how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved.
Below are the individual steps - you can click on each one for a High Resolution printable PDF version.
At the bottom you can read some interesting facts about the American Bison.
Make sure you also check out any of the hundreds of drawing tutorials grouped by category.
How to Draw an American Bison - Step-by-Step Tutorial
Step 1: Make a big, poofy q-shape. Add a triangle on top for a horn, and two curved lines that end in a sharp point for a second horn on the side.
Step 2: Give it a face! Draw a curve just under the middle of the first shape, and a downward-pointing triangle under the tail of the q, connected to it by a curve. Add a triangular, zig-zagging chin underneath.
Step 3: Add a zig-zagging line that goes behind the head and then turns down beneath it and back up for the hair.
Step 4: Draw two rectangles beneath the hair; add wavy lines on the sides and a horizontal line on the bottom of each.
Step 5: Draw a curve next to the hair, with a little downward-pointing triangle under it, for the lower body.
Step 6: Draw a line from the top part of the hair that ends in an S-shape.
Step 7: Draw two curves that end in straight lines between the tail and lower body for the hind leg.
Step 8: Add two straight lines next to the hind leg for a second hind leg. Done! You can color it light to dark brown.
Interesting Facts about the American bison
The American bison is a very iconic animal of the Great Plains and is the heaviest of all land animals that can be found in North America. This animal is deeply rooted into the history of the United States. This large animal used to have the largest range of all of the North American herbivores but now the free range herds of bison are only on one percent of the land that they use to call home.
Did you know?
Did you know?
- The famous hump on the back of the bison is made of muscle which is supported by the creatures extra-long vertebrae, which is used to help the animal be able to use its head like a plow through the snow
- There is only one place left in the united states where the bison live and have always lived since the beginning of their time, dating back to prehistoric times, which is the Yellowstone national park
- The thick, shaggy coat is important to the animal because it keeps it warm and is so well insulated that when snow settles on the back of the animal, it won’t always melt
- Being the largest land mammal in the North America, the adult male American bison grow to be 1.8m tall and weigh around 1 ton!
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South America doesn't have an overwhelming number of countries, so there is no excuse for not knowing all the countries on the South American Map. Learn the South American and Central American countries with this South America Map game.
|South America and Central America Map Quiz||Teachers: South America Map Exam in .PDF|
|South America Capitals Map Quiz click here. Europe Map Quiz click here. North America Map Quiz click here. Africa Map Quiz click here.|
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Stuck on your essay?
Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up
Word Count: 1,912
Many people wonder why the assassination of former President John F Kennedy is still questionable For those who have not closed the books on this mystery there are many reasons why Those who were alive on November 22 1963 still remember exactly where they were and what they were doing It seems as if the whole country froze the day the President was assassinated and this is why people still talk about it and will continue to do so There are many questions that have yet to be answered files that have not been opened and supposed lies that have been made Some believe that the government is hiding information from the American people I became interested in the assassination of John F Kennedy after watching the Oliver Stone film JFK It is true that some of the material in the movie is controversial but a lot of the information is based on real reports New government documents have also been released that reveal more information that was not known thirty years ago The following information supports my belief that the death of President John F Kennedy was not the result of a lone gunman but the result of a conspiracyThe Warren Commission consisted of seven men chosen to investigate the assassination of JFK They concluded that the shots were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald from the 6th floor window of the Texas School Book Depository in DallasGrunwald 34 Some say that the purpose of the Warren Commission was for damage control on the United States International Image In the Commission Howard Brennan a witness to the assassination said that he saw Oswald firing a rifle from the Book Depository He concluded that Oswald was standing in the window and was able to estimate his height and weight from that However Brennan failed to pick Oswald out of a lineup at Police Headquarters and was only able to identify his corpse as being the man
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| 0.987669
| 445
| 2.359375
| 2
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Just how to Improve Your Work Related Writing
»Imagination is more essential than understanding. Your purpose would be to create the composition readable. Txt or read on the web for free Connectives which might be used within an article or. Vocabulary here may not suggest vernacular, maybe not that books doesn’t preserve or renew dialect, but the emphasis ought to be on its being capable to retain expressions which were utilized a huge amount of decades again for generations however unborn. In the IELTS check, moment administration is a crucial component and hence portion of your preparation must focus how you’re going to direct your period within the assessment. Awful writing is just like a computer software which does not functioning properly. While you might be at the similar IELTS level you’ll have distinguishing strengths and weaknesses. I did not observe your reply to any one of these questions! Doing training exams is inadequate.
In such a circumstance, difficulty of the fee-gain analysis’ level may be very high.
I volunteered to be given a few sessions. Therefore if you’re a level 5 student, it’sn’t feasible that you am going to have the ability to locate a 7 within 10 weeks. If you wish to earn advancement, notably in a brief time period you should join a course or use a tutor. Simple writing is neat, apparent. This Five- paragraph Essay really isn’t the only form of the characteristic post, definitely, however this is actually the simplest approach to begin it’s furthermore the easiest. If you wish to down load a copy of the statement, please simply click here. This enlightening article uses the common Philosophical significance of the’ complete’.
Dirty servings may possess microorganisms and viruses, as well as being annoying for your pet.
Left dangling, one ought to never utilize a compound. This means of substantiation is called EVIDENCE. It needs to have one notion that’ll easily connect to the next section this is the Human Body. In the occasion your intention within the Opening will be to set them in suspense, then you may delay the crucial assertion of your own feature article until the following paragraph roughly. As several skilled authors frequently take advantage of the last piece of something special sentence to expose the succeeding one, often it fails for many less- experienced writers. That’s why you always must utilize the best / brilliantly writing checker it’s potential to find to make certain the many favorable outcomes. Your write may make the entire procedure several more manageable. Notice, for instance common issues with educational composing. If you prefer to be secure, begin a new subject right in the paragraph where it is going to be produced.
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Jonathan Harker's Journal Continued
When I found that I was a prisoner a sort of wild feeling came over me. I rushed up and down the stairs, trying every door and peering out of every window I could find, but after a little the conviction of my helplessness overpowered all other feelings. When I look back after a few hours I think I must have been mad for the time, for I behaved much as a rat does in a trap. When, however, the conviction had come to me that I was helpless I sat down quietly, as quietly as I have ever done anything in my life, and began to think over what was best to be done. I am thinking still, and as yet have come to no definite conclusion. Of one thing only am I certain. That it is no use making my ideas known to the Count. He knows well that I am imprisoned, and as he has done it himself, and has doubtless his own motives for it, he would only deceive me if I trusted him fully with the facts. So far as I can see, my only plan will be to keep my knowledge and my fears to myself, and my eyes open. I am, I know, either being deceived, like a baby, by my own fears, or else I am in desperate straits, and if the latter be so, I need, and shall need, all my brains to get through.
I had hardly come to this conclusion when I heard the great door below shut, and knew that the Count had returned. He did not come at once into the library, so I went cautiously to my own room and found him making the bed. This was odd, but only confirmed what I had all along thought, that there are no servants in the house. When later I saw him through the chink of the hinges of the door laying the table in the dining room, I was assured of it. For if he does himself all these menial offices, surely it is proof that there is no one else in the castle, it must have been the Count himself who was the driver of the coach that brought me here. This is a terrible thought, for if so, what does it mean that he could control the wolves, as he did, by only holding up his hand for silence? How was it that all the people at Bistritz and on the coach had some terrible fear for me? What meant the giving of the crucifix, of the garlic, of the wild rose, of the mountain ash?
Bless that good, good woman who hung the crucifix round my neck! For it is a comfort and a strength to me whenever I touch it. It is odd that a thing which I have been taught to regard with disfavour and as idolatrous should in a time of loneliness and trouble be of help. Is it that there is something in the essence of the thing itself, or that it is a medium, a tangible help, in conveying memories of sympathy and comfort? Some time, if it may be, I must examine this matter and try to make up my mind about it. In the meantime I must find out all I can about Count Dracula, as it may help me to understand. Tonight he may talk of himself, if I turn the conversation that way. I must be very careful, however, not to awake his suspicion.
Midnight. — I have had a long talk with the Count. I asked him a few questions on Transylvania history, and he warmed up to the subject wonderfully. In his speaking of things and people, and especially of battles, he spoke as if he had been present at them all. This he afterwards explained by saying that to a Boyar the pride of his house and name is his own pride, that their glory is his glory, that their fate is his fate. Whenever he spoke of his house he always said "we", and spoke almost in the plural, like a king speaking. I wish I could put down all he said exactly as he said it, for to me it was most fascinating. It seemed to have in it a whole history of the country. He grew excited as he spoke, and walked about the room pulling his great white moustache and grasping anything on which he laid his hands as though he would crush it by main strength. One thing he said which I shall put down as nearly as I can, for it tells in its way the story of his race.
"We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, aye, and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come. Here, too, when they came, they found the Huns, whose warlike fury had swept the earth like a living flame, till the dying peoples held that in their veins ran the blood of those old witches, who, expelled from Scythia had mated with the devils in the desert. Fools, fools! What devil or what witch was ever so great as Attila, whose blood is in these veins?" He held up his arms. "Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race, that we were proud, that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back? Is it strange that when Arpad and his legions swept through the Hungarian fatherland he found us here when he reached the frontier, that the Honfoglalas was completed there? And when the Hungarian flood swept eastward, the Szekelys were claimed as kindred by the victorious Magyars, and to us for centuries was trusted the guarding of the frontier of Turkeyland. Aye, and more than that, endless duty of the frontier guard, for as the Turks say, 'water sleeps, and the enemy is sleepless.' Who more gladly than we throughout the Four Nations received the 'bloody sword,' or at its warlike call flocked quicker to the standard of the King? When was redeemed that great shame of my nation, the shame of Cassova, when the flags of the Wallach and the Magyar went down beneath the Crescent? Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground? This was a Dracula indeed! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother, when he had fallen, sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them! Was it not this Dracula, indeed, who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkeyland, who, when he was beaten back, came again, and again, though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered, since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph! They said that he thought only of himself. Bah! What good are peasants without a leader? Where ends the war without a brain and heart to conduct it? Again, when, after the battle of Mohacs, we threw off the Hungarian yoke, we of the Dracula blood were amongst their leaders, for our spirit would not brook that we were not free. Ah, young sir, the Szekelys, and the Dracula as their heart's blood, their brains, and their swords, can boast a record that mushroom growths like the Hapsburgs and the Romanoffs can never reach. The warlike days are over. Blood is too precious a thing in these days of dishonourable peace, and the glories of the great races are as a tale that is told."
It was by this time close on morning, and we went to bed. (Mem., this diary seems horribly like the beginning of the "Arabian Nights," for everything has to break off at cockcrow, or like the ghost of Hamlet's father.)
12 May. — Let me begin with facts, bare, meager facts, verified by books and figures, and of which there can be no doubt. I must not confuse them with experiences which will have to rest on my own observation, or my memory of them. Last evening when the Count came from his room he began by asking me questions on legal matters and on the doing of certain kinds of business. I had spent the day wearily over books, and, simply to keep my mind occupied, went over some of the matters I had been examined in at Lincoln's Inn. There was a certain method in the Count's inquiries, so I shall try to put them down in sequence. The knowledge may somehow or some time be useful to me.
First, he asked if a man in England might have two solicitors or more. I told him he might have a dozen if he wished, but that it would not be wise to have more than one solicitor engaged in one transaction, as only one could act at a time, and that to change would be certain to militate against his interest. He seemed thoroughly to understand, and went on to ask if there would be any practical difficulty in having one man to attend, say, to banking, and another to look after shipping, in case local help were needed in a place far from the home of the banking solicitor. I asked to explain more fully, so that I might not by any chance mislead him, so he said,
"I shall illustrate. Your friend and mine, Mr. Peter Hawkins, from under the shadow of your beautiful cathedral at Exeter, which is far from London, buys for me through your good self my place at London. Good! Now here let me say frankly, lest you should think it strange that I have sought the services of one so far off from London instead of some one resident there, that my motive was that no local interest might be served save my wish only, and as one of London residence might, perhaps, have some purpose of himself or friend to serve, I went thus afield to seek my agent, whose labours should be only to my interest. Now, suppose I, who have much of affairs, wish to ship goods, say, to Newcastle, or Durham, or Harwich, or Dover, might it not be that it could with more ease be done by consigning to one in these ports?"
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Each week, residents of Islamabad call in to Nadeem Kashish’s radio show to vent frustration with the problems bedeviling Pakistan’s capital: a lack of running water; chronic electrical outages; soaring rent prices. On air, Kashish’s voice crackles with energy, imploring listeners to vote and hold politicians accountable on their campaign promises. But the program has been flooded in recent weeks by a new kind of call: Well-wishers ring in to congratulate the 35-year-old transgender woman on her bid to take the political reins of the capital — a coveted constituency where she will face off against several political heavyweights.
“I am running against big names like Imran Khan and former Prime Minister Shahid Abbasi, and I’m not considered a real threat,” Kashish, who is running as an independent in Pakistan’s nationwide elections on Wednesday, tells TIME. When she’s canvassing voters door-to-door, some jeer and poke fun at her appearance; she has close-cropped hair, sometimes wears lipstick, and does not conform to gender binarism. “People hear about my election run and think it’s a joke, they just start to laugh,” Kashish says, imitating her critics with a high-pitched chuckle.
Kashish, whose family disowned her at a young age, is an unconventional politician. She lives in a group home of transgender people in one of Islamabad’s grittiest slums, Mohallah Noori Bagh, Bari Imam. Kashish is one of a handful of transgender candidates stepping up to run for public office. The Muslim-majority country of 207 million gave transgender citizens the right to vote in 2011, and this week will see three transgender candidates running for seats in the National Assembly, as well as two others for seats in provincial legislatures.
Advocates estimate that Pakistan’s transgender community numbers half a million, though official census figures count them at 10,000. South Asian society has traditionally viewed the hijras or khwaja siras, as they are sometimes known locally, with a mixture of veneration and suspicion; believed to have mystical powers, many people fear their curses but invite them to bless childbirth and marriage ceremonies. During colonial rule, the British enacted the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871, which branded hijras and other social minorities as threats to public order and morality. Members of the marginalized group have historically been relegated to begging — even today, it is not uncommon to see trans men and women panhandling at stoplights in major cities.
The transgender community has made tremendous strides in terms of legal rights in post-Independence Pakistan, though they still face discrimination, harrassment and societal exclusion. A 2009 Supreme Court verdict officially recognized the rights of those identifying as third gender, and in May, the National Assembly passed a landmark Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act enshrining basic rights and outlawing harassment and discrimination. But a string of killings just this year underscored the violence and discrimination still faced by the trans community. This month, a transgender citizen was shot dead at a wedding in the eastern province of Punjab, while in March another was murdered by motorcyclists in an apparent hate crime in the frontier city of Peshawar. The TransAction Alliance, a Pakistani trans-rights organization, has reported more than 50 such deaths in the last three years.
“Until you can influence the laws, you are their slaves — you are following rules and laws set by someone else,” says Nayyab Ali, a 26-year-old transgender candidate running in her hometown Okara, a city in Punjab, the country’s most populous province. Running on the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Gulalai party ticket, Ali is one of the few transgender candidates representing a political party; most have shied away from trans candidates, viewing them as novelty runs that attract attention but yield few votes. Ali, who was attacked with acid by a previous boyfriend, is hopeful that she can advance transgender, minority and human rights. “We are not just the voice of the transgender community, we are also the voice of women and minorities,” she says. “If you want a real change, vote transgender.”
Activists say there are still barriers even getting the community to the polling stations, despite at least 25 transgender people serving as election observers. Separate male and female polling stations lead some to fear harassment if they are seen to be entering the “wrong” station. Others stay away because they lack identity cards listing them as being transgender, despite recent electoral reforms promising expedited documents. Moreover, many transgender people are registered to vote in home districts from which they have been ostracized.
“This is everyone’s story,” says Kashish, whose own family banished her from their home in Multan, seven hours away by road from Islamabad. But while she may not be welcome in her own home, Kashish has found a place in the lives of her listeners — even if elections don’t end in her favor. “My voice has traveled far, it’s reaching the whole world,” she says. “This is my victory; if you go in front of people and show your character, they will accept you.”
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Political Science Essay
Does this Political Science Essay assignment look familiar? Many professor’s assign topics just like this and our writers custom write each one.
This essay should include an extremely brief history and 90% analyzing of the question of using notes, lecture notes and readings ONLY - no outside information. At least 10 sources needed.
The Essay Question Instructions:
Write an essay on ONE of the two questions below. Your essay should be approximately 1400 words. You should use lectures and assigned course readings only; do not reference outside sources. Include citations where appropriate and a bibliography with your essay.
1. Extremist violence is often portrayed in the media as carried out by irrational actors brainwashed by ideology and lacking a real logic or goals. Yet many political scientists argue that, to the contrary, terrorism is a calculated strategy toward clearly definable goals. Consider the use of extremist violence in the Arab-Israeli conflict since the signing of Oslo I in 1993. What is the strategic logic of those who carry it out? What do they hope to achieve? Have they been successful?
2. Several types of negotiations have been attempted to advance peace between Palestinians and Israel. An incremental approach was taken in the Oslo process, during which the parties adopted a series of piecemeal agreements with the aim of eventually resolving all outstanding issues. A comprehensive approach was adopted at Camp David II, when negotiators attempted to reach a peace deal that would resolve all issues at once. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these negotiation styles (incremental and comprehensive)? Which more effectively advances the peace process, and why?
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Mark 10:17-52 Intense Loyalty
This text is about the coming to grips with what God wants from us, what His claim is on our lives. We’ve talked about the fact of the Kingdom; that this kingdom was a declaration of doom to all other authorities. Herod wasn’t stupid for having all the babies killed. Jesus really is a threat. But He is a completely different kind of threat.
Jesus began by discussing marriage and family and children. This is Jesus’ call to discipleship. If you will be citizens in my kingdom, don’t divorce your wives. Jesus in effect says: Love them, bear with them, forgive them, and lead them sacrificially, as I am leading you. Next, you need to get off your high horse. You are not special. You need to come as children recognizing your weakness, recognizing your ignorance, and cling in faith to what has been revealed. And don’t get proud about that either. This prohibition by the disciples reminds us of their prohibition of the rogue exorcists in 9:38. If they are not against me, they are for me, Jesus has said. And the parallel here is quite strong. While children certainly are descended from Adam and bear those signs, they are some of the quickest to believe and obey. Relatively speaking, they follow with much more ease than a 60 year old man, set in his ways. Children are not obviously against Jesus; therefore they are “for” Him, especially if their parents are bringing them. While nothing is ever guaranteed by the parents’ faith, the family is the normal means of nurturing faith (1 Cor. 7:14ff).
The Rich Man
The rich man comes running (v. 17). While some have wanted to say that Jesus use of the law here is only in order condemn or convict the man, Jesus does not question the man’s response, but rather “loved him” (10:21). What we might notice is that all of the law that Jesus quotes is largely our duty towards our neighbor. The final test is whether the man will follow the law in terms of duty toward God. God doesn’t ask everyone to sell everything and follow Him. But sometimes he does.
Jesus explains to the disciples how difficult it is for rich people to enter the kingdom. This is astonishing to some degree simply because the OT speaks about how material prosperity is normally a blessing from God for obedience (Gen. 20:14-16, Josh. 22:7-8, Ps. 112:1-3, Prov. 3:16, 8:18, 14:24, Is. 61:6). Of course there are just as many passages speaking about the potential dangers of riches, but the disciples’ reaction is forgivable if only for the fact that this man was a covenant keeping Jew. He was faithful; he showed himself to be wise and honest. These characteristics would seem to imply that his riches were a blessing from God (and perhaps they were!). But all of our possessions are God’s. Everything we have is a gift to be used for how ever long God deems right. Our attitude must always be that of Job (Job 1:21). This is why we tithe; this is why we keep the Lord’s Day. We give these tokens back to God in recognition that it is ALL His.
Notice that Jesus calls the disciples “children”. This is particularly significant given the fact that Jesus has said that all of his disciples must become like little children (v. 15). Notice also that Jesus gives a rather silly example of how difficult it is for rich people to enter the kingdom. A camel going through the eye of a needle is quite humorous, and something that children would most likely enjoy. Of course, Peter points out that they have given up everything, and Jesus assures Him that this is right and good, and that they will be repaid everything along with persecutions and eternal life (v. 29-30).
The Road to Jerusalem
Here Jesus repeats for the third time what His plans are concerning dying and rising again. This is the first time He is not greeted with outright confusion or rebuke, but the response is still less then brilliant. James and John ask to be seated on His right and left hands in His glory. And of course Jesus’ response is to ask whether they have been listening. Do they know what His “glory” is going to be? They say yes, but the reader is left wondering. And given what we know, we understand that Jesus’ “right and left” point at least immediately to those who will be crucified with Him. But Jesus does not deny their request outright, he rather reminds them once more that service is the way to greatness (vv. 42-45). Notice too, that Jesus uses the word “ransom”. The same word is used in the Septuagint throughout the Old Testament to refer to the redemption of people and lands that were in some way enslaved or “owned” by someone else. This is the way the disciples are to rule in the Kingdom of Jesus: they are to give their lives as ransoms. They are to imitate Jesus, redeeming many from slavery.
The chapter ends with Blind Bartimaeus. This story has several connections with what has occurred over the entire chapter. First, Bartimaeus means “son of Timaeus” and “Timaeus” means something like honor or riches. In particular though, the root of this man’s name can refer to “something purchased”, or the “price of someone or something”. And given what Jesus has just said, that He plans to be a “ransom” for many. Bartimaeus is immediately held up as a shining example. Bartimaeus is “son of a slave”. This of course seems all backwards. The Kingdom is for citizens, right? Who are these citizens? Jesus is teaching his disciples to expect that the kingdom will be filled with these rejected, outcast, and enslaved ones. Secondly, notice Batimaeus’ manner. He just starts yelling. He begins yelling at the top of his lungs and the people standing around him are incredibly embarrassed. But he keeps yelling. He has no self-image that he is trying to protect. He has heard that Jesus is coming, and that is all he needs to know. So he yells, and he keeps yelling. Bartimaeus is acting like a small child. He knows what his problem is; he knows that he is completely helpless; and so he cries out to Jesus without another care in the world. Finally, remember that Bartimaeus threw aside his garment and then stood up and approached Jesus. Bartimaeus was a beggar, and it is more than likely that this cloak was everything that Bartimaeus owned. And he knew that nothing else mattered. In contrast to the rich man, Bartimaeus gave up everything he had to follow Jesus. Jesus declares that it is Bartimaeus’ “faith” that makes him well. And while he is completely free to go or do whatever he wants, Bartimaeus decides to follow Jesus on the road to Jerusalem (10:52 cf. 10:32-34) which shows us that he understands.
Conclusion and Application
God calls us to intense loyalty: all that we are and have must be placed in the service of the King. We live in the monarchy of King Jesus. And as we give all of it up to Him, He gives it all back to us (v. 29-30, cf. Achan: Josh. 6:19, 8:2). Living by the law of first fruits is practical Postmillennialism.
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29 No. 2
|Where 2B &Y
||Announcements of conferences, symposia, workshops, meetings, and other upcoming activities.
26–30 November 2008
is known about the physicochemical and biological interfacial
interactions at the molecular level in the rhizosphere. The
dynamics, transformations, bioavailability, and toxicity of
metal pollutants, anthropogenic organics, and essential elements
should be influenced enormously by the chemistry and biology
of the rhizosphere. Therefore, the research on this subject
matter should be an issue of intense interest on a global
scale for years to come. It is for this reason that a symposium
Interactions and the Impact on the Transformation and Fate
of Nutrients and Pollutants in the Ecosystem
will be held 26–30 November 2008 in Pucón, Chile.
The symposium, which is IUPAC sponsored, will be the fifth
in the series on Interactions of Soil Minerals with Organic
Components and Microorganisms of Commission 2.5 Soil Interfacial
Reactions of the International Union of Soil Sciences.
The objective of this symposium is to provide a forum in which environmental chemists and mineralogists, environmental microbiologists, ecologists, toxicologists, and soil scientists can interact, gain state-of-the-art knowledge, and identify gaps in the field. This symposium should advance the environmental chemistry of soil interfacial reactions in the rhizosphere and the subsequent development of innovative management strategies to sustain environmental quality, ensure food security and safety, and encourage ecosystem health on a global scale.
See Mark Your Calendar for contact information.
last modified 16 April 2007.
Copyright © 2003-2007 International Union of Pure and
Questions regarding the website, please contact [email protected]
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HonorLock is a premium proctoring platform designed to prioritize prevention over detection. HonorLock is easy to use for faculty and students and is provided at no cost to students.
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Getting Started with HonorLock in Blackboard
Getting Students Started with Honorlock
Start by Offering a Practice Exam: It is recommended that you set up a practice exam for your students to use HonorLock in a low pressure environment, here is a link to instructions: https://honorlock.kb.help/faculty-exam-configuration/create-a-practice-exam-in-blackboard/
Access Codes: It is important that you do NOT edit the Access Code that’s set when you enable an assessment with Honorlock. Editing or removing the access code could prevent students from entering the assessment or it could allow them to enter the assessment without proctoring. For additional information about access codes, please refer to this article.
Support: Honorlock support is available 24/7/365 for you and your students. Students are encouraged to reach out to Honorlock Support via LiveChat by clicking on the chat bubble at the bottom right of any Honorlock enabled assessment.
Images: If you’re going to include any images or diagrams within your assessment, please ensure that you have granted your students permission to those files.
Browser Guard: If students are required to access an application outside of their exam, such as Microsoft Word or Excel, Browser Guard will need to be disabled for your assessment.
Whitelisting URLs: If you would like to allow your students to reference a website during the exam, you have the ability to whitelist specific URLs. Please keep in mind, the more granular the website URL, the better control over what content is able to be accessed by your students.
Chrome: Chrome is the only browser that Honorlock supports. Please encourage your exam takers to use Chrome when taking all assessments.
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Just like every chef, every bartender must know each and every ingredient behind the bar. And Spirits Explained by Mark Ridgwell provides a comprehensive understanding of how each of the major spirits categories is produced. From the principles of distillation and a discussion on how to taste spirits, this book also supplies the background and history behind the origins of vodka, gin, tequila, genever, rum, brandies, liqueurs, eaux-de-vie, flavoured white spirits, and the entire range of whiskeys. Complete with quizzes that reinforce this wealth of spirits knowledge, Spirits Explained provides professionals with the perfect revision tool in preparation for the WSET Spirits certification. Consumers of spirits will find this book to be an invaluable source for appreciating the world of spirits from a qualitative-not quantitative-vantage point. An essential book that belongs on the reference shelf of everyone and anyone who works with or enjoys spirits, Spirits Explained is a classic whose time has come.
„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.
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P.L. 112-76, The Fallen Heroes of 9/11 Act (6 wiki edits)
- This item is from the 112th Congress (2011-2012) and is no longer current. Comments, voting, and wiki editing have been disabled, and the cost/savings estimate has been frozen.
H.R. 3421 would award Congressional Gold Medals in honor of the men and women who perished as a result of the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.
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One of the jewels in the crown of Sussex heritage is Horsham Museum & Art Gallery under the passionate leadership of its curator Jeremy Knight.
It has been my pleasure to work with Jeremy over many years, supporting both him and the museum. Over recent years Jeremy and his team have delivered a number of exhibitions worthy of national attention and this latest show ‘Japanese Treasures: Cloisonné Enamels from the V&A’ is very much of that calibre.
Japan was a society closed to the outside world for almost all of its Edo period (1600-1868) but American gunboat diplomacy by Commodore Perry in 1854 opened Japan to trade with the outside world.
The Japanese were determined not to be a subjugated nation and during the Meiji period (1868-1912) they embarked upon a commercial and manufacturing revolution. Alongside this, Japan promoted herself through her cultural heritage at the international trade expositions which proliferated after the British Great Exhibition of 1851. Japan first exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1867. On display was the brilliance of Japanese craftsmanship, including cloisonné wares.
The majority of the cloisonné on display at Horsham has been generously given to the V&A by Edwin Davies, CBE, together with funding to enable the collection to travel and be exhibited. Such acts of patronage in our contemporary age deserve to be celebrated. The exhibition features examples of the very finest quality by leading makers like Namikawa Yasuyuki (1845-1927).
Enamel is a vitreous substance like glass, which is bonded to a metal surface under heat. Cloisonné describes a particular decorative process where enamel is poured into compartments, known as cloisons, formed of a network of metal bands. The tops of the bands remain exposed, dividing one area of colour from another. It is thought that cloisonné arrived in China from Byzantium in the 14th century. The renaissance of the technique in Japan came in the early 1800s and developed quickly. By the 1870s the Japanese were able to produce wide areas of colour and intricate decorative motifs.
Many western travellers visited the studios of the cloisonné manufacturers. Among them was Sussex author Rudyard Kipling, who in his book From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches wrote of his visit to Namikawa Yasuyuki’s studio in the late 1880s: “It is one thing to read of cloisonné making, but quite another to watch it being made. I began to understand the cost of the ware when I saw a man working out a pattern of sprigs and butterflies on a plate about ten inches in diameter. With the finest silver ribbon wire, set on edge, less than a sixteenth of an inch high, he followed the lines of the drawing at his side, pinching the wires into tendrils and the serrated outlines of leaves with infinite patience… With a tiny pair of chopsticks they filled from bowls at their sides each compartment of the pattern with its proper hue of paste… I saw a man who had only been a month over the polishing of one little vase five inches high. When I am in America he will be polishing still, and the ruby-coloured dragon that romped on a field of lazuli, each tiny scale and whisker a separate compartment of enamel, will be growing more lovely.”
To find out why Namikawa Yasuyuki’s work is still so revered today, I turn to Toovey’s Oriental works of art specialist Tom Rowsell, who comments: “His technical ability and artistic sense for decoration, proportion and the form of the object is extraordinary. Take the signed vase and cover shown, finely decorated with flowers, trailing stems and floral mon on vari-coloured vertical cartouche panels. The decoration is perfect for the size and shape of the vase, which is only 10cm high.”
Turning his attention to a later piece by Namikawa Yasuyuki, the 9cm-high vase also shown, Tom enthuses:“By the 1890s he was producing dark grounds, which required a much higher level of technical skill than the yellow and green grounds. I think the way the butterfly hovers above the purple and yellow flowers on that midnight blue ground is brilliant and the drama of the dark ground is heightened by the silver mounts.”
Both pieces went under the hammer in specialist Oriental sales at Toovey’s, realising £4,000 and £1,700 respectively.Toovey’s and I are really delighted to be supporters of this exhibition - the cloisonné on display is exceptional. It is a testament to Jeremy Knight’s skills and Horsham District Council’s support for the museum that we have this national exhibition here in West Sussex. ‘
Japanese Treasures: Cloisonné Enamels from the V&A’ at Horsham Museum and Art Gallery runs until 22nd September 2013 and entry is free. I hope it will excite you as much as it has me. For more information visit www.horshammuseum.org
Rupert Toovey is a senior director of Toovey’s, the leading fine art auction house in West Sussex, based on the A24 at Washington - www.tooveys.com - and a priest in the Church of England Diocese of Chichester.
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Jamini Mohan Mahanty is out for a morning walk every day. At 91, he is hale and hearty. A resident of Jharbagda village in Purulia district, West Bengal, Mahanty thanks the “green mountain” in his village for having added some extra years to his life.
“I could have died long ago but the green mountain has given me a fresh lease of life. It has made the environment clean and pollution-free. It really energises my soul to see birds chirping and rabbits hiding in the bushes. I come inside the forest everyday to have a brief rendezvous with nature,” he said, while resuming his walk with the help of a stick.
A few metres away, the mountain stands tall covered with extensive greenery and rich in biodiversity. The mountain exemplifies the collective efforts and hardships of the villagers. As they were grappling with depleting groundwater levels, harsh summers and trouble accessing firewood for fuel, the villagers realised that their pressing problems could only be solved by nature. Over the years, deforestation for firewood had depleted the green cover and the villagers decided to regreen the mountain.
Over nearly 20 years the community has transformed a barren mountain and its adjoining land, into an evergreen man-made forest.
Tapas Mahanty, a resident of Jharbagda in India’s eastern state, recollects the time, two decades ago, when extreme summers and water shortage made life difficult for the then 30,000-odd people residing across 20-21 villages surrounding the mountain. “We were facing severe water scarcity woes because of depleting groundwater levels. Women had to walk for around a kilometre to arrange drinking water as men were out for work. There were often skirmishes and fights over sharing of water at the village taps. It disturbed the harmony of the village,” she said.
Apart from water woes, life also became difficult because of strong winds in summers that spread the heat from the barren mountain. “There was no green cover that could have obstructed the flow of hot and humid winds. Soil erosion from the mountain during rains dirtied the ponds and also affected the farming. It became difficult to live in the villages located close to the mountain and people began to think of migration,” she added.
Long walk for firewood
Another major problem that villagers, especially the women faced was the near absence of firewood as there were hardly any trees, “We had to walk for three to four kilometres for firewood and the entire day was lost in the travel. It was also risky and cumbersome for the women to walk for such a long distance carrying the firewood on their heads. Besides, some couldn’t afford the money required to buy firewood for fuel,” said another villager.
Villagers realised that turning the mountain green could save them from the torment of inclement weather coupled with water shortage issues. But it was easier said than done as the mountain spread across 376 acres of land and required extensive labour and funds for plantations.
An NGO involved in nature conservation came to their rescue. The Tagore Society For Rural Development (TSRD), a non-profit engaged in rural work, agreed to do the plantation work on the entire stretch while the community was given the responsibility of maintaining and protecting the green cover. “A group of villagers contacted us and told about the problems they were facing. We were overwhelmed by their passion to grow a forest. We then decided to do the plantation,” said Prahalad Chandra Mahato, 70, senior employee of the NGO.
Subsequently, in 1999, a village committee involving 60 members of Jharbagda village of Manbazar-1 block was formed for plantation at a community land of around 300 acres.
Another 67 acres of land was added in 2001 when four villages, Kumardih, Birsinghdih, Cheliama and Radhamadhobpur, also joined hands. Committee members went up to 90. Villagers named it Makino Raghunath Mountain in memory of two environment enthusiasts, Saiji Makino, a Japanese professor who taught at Visva Bharati University at Bolpur Santiniketan and was involved in creating awareness about plantation among the locals and Raghunath Mahanty, a well-known local resident.
Under a Japanese government-supported greening initiative, the plantations began in 1999 and continued till 2002. “During the course of three years, over 326,000 trees of 72 varieties including fruits, medical herbs and timber wood were planted in the mountain stretch and the adjoining land. Labourers were employed for plantation but villagers also worked voluntarily as they were passionate and wanted to mitigate the crisis,” added Mahato.
The stretch turned green within a few years
Within a span of a few years, the landscape, starting with five villages started changing. “The first visible sign was the easy availability of firewood for fuel. The dried leaves that fell from the trees were collected by us and used as fuel. It not only saved us from the ordeal of walking for several kilometres but also reduced our expenditure on buying wood for fuel. It encouraged us to protect the forest and shoo out anyone trying to destroy it,” said Kalyani Mahanty, 40, a homemaker in Jharbagda.
The forest also led to an increase in the groundwater level and brought down the constant quarrels among villagers, “The groundwater level that had depleted to 40-50 feet (and went down even more in summers) became normal and was available at 15-20 ft. The easy availability of water brought peace to the village,” she added.
The dense green cover also ensured the presence of biodiversity and elephants began to traverse the forest that was once barren, “We first noticed the movement of elephants in 2005. There was a sense of jubilation among villagers. There were also a constant sighting of snakes and other animals. Birds are now regular here,” said Bikash Mahanty, 40, who resides at the neighbouring Radhamodhobpur village.
The dense trees have also brought down the mercury level in villages and have made the air cooler during summers, “It is comparatively cooler due to the presence of trees. We often sit under the shade of trees during summers and even spend our evenings here. The trees have also prevented soil erosion and farming is not getting hampered due to the mud carried by the rainwater from the mountains,” he added.
Villagers have repeatedly turned down the requests to turn the forest into a picnic spot. “The tourism would no doubt help in promoting the place and also open new avenues of employment but it would do more harm by destroying the environment. Tourists will ignore all norms and use of plastic and other items would destroy its natural beauty. We have ignored the repeated plea to turn this into a tourist spot,” said Dwija Pada Mahanty, the former village head of Manbazar gram panchayat.
Trenches being dug to store rainwater
The state government in collaboration with TSRD is now digging trenches down the mountain to stop the wastage of rainwater and to make the soil nutritious, “The water in the trenches would make the soil nutritious while the overflowing water would be stored in a nearby pond and used for farming. It would also recharge the groundwater,” said Badal Maharana, 43, team leader, Ushar Mukti project, TSRD Purulia Unit.
He further said that around 1.5 feet deep trenches have been dug up in 50 hectares of land after the start of the work last year.
“The trenches would certainly help in storing the rainwater and would be used for multiple purposes. We are also trying to make it an animal corridor to facilitate their movement but the presence of habitation near the forest is a hurdle to the plan. The efforts of the villagers stand as a classic example of how environment conservation is vital for the survival of every individual,” said Niladri Sarkar, Block Development Officer (BDO), Manbazar-1 block in Purulia district.
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ECSE 581: Observation, Assessment and Wonder in Autism Intervention
In this course, students and instructor together examine the complex and at times perplexing presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in young children. Students examine the ways in which children with ASD might be viewed through the eyes of parents, peers, and naive, untrained persons. They review the classification categories used in special education in New Jersey and survey other classification/diagnostic systems that address ASD. They survey screening and assessment instruments and learn to assess each child's individual profile by considering their visual-spatial abilities, tactile sensitivity, auditory/language processing, motor planning and play. Students also examine the sociocultural factors of observation and assessment, as well as differences in observation and assessment methods across environments (i.e. home, school, clinic, community). In keeping with bio-psycho-social perspective, students evaluate transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to assessments within play-based activities.
Prerequisites: ECSE 580 may be taken as prerequisite or corequisite.
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A Short History of Peanut Butter
Today is National Peanut Butter Day. When I think of peanut butter, I always think of George Washington Carver. While he didn’t created peanut butter, he taught the farmers to rotate their crops. There was an overabundance of peanuts which, as they say, necessity is the mother of invention.
Before we get to the modern history of peanut butter, let’s talk about who ate it first. That was the Aztecs and the Incas. They ate peanut butter back as far as 1,000 B.C. Later in America, peanuts were not eaten by humans. They were used as feed. Until…
Enter Marcellus Gilmore Edson in Canada who patented a machine for making peanut butter from roasted peanuts. To give it a good consistency, he added sugar.
In the U.S., George Bayle of St. Louis produced and sold a peanut butter paste snack food.
John Harvey Kellogg – yes, of Kellogg’s cereal – got a patent for a peanut paste from boiled peanuts. They were used in his Health clinics. The Patent was for a health food.
Joseph Lambert and Dr. Ambrose Straub, who worked for Kellogg, created a peanut butter making machine.
Joseph Rosefield, a chemist, develops the first peanut butter that didn’t separate by adding hydrogentated oil.
Joseph Rosefield licenses his process to the company who made Peter Pan peanut butter.
Joseph Rosefield starts making his own brand of peanut butter, “Skippy.” He further developed both a smoother peanut butter and also created the first “chunky” style by adding back chipped peanuts.
Proctor and Gamble
Health Benefits and Issues
Today we know, as did John Harvey Kellogg, that peanuts are high in protein, vitamins
Another known issue with peanuts and peanut butter is the peanut allergy. Many people are allergic to peanuts.
And then there’s the mold/fungus. Dr Weil states that Aflatoxin is a carcinogen produced by certain strains of the mold Aspergillus flavus an A. parasiticus that grow on peanuts stored in warm, humid silos. Dry Roasted peanuts are free of this mold.
So the healthiest peanut butter is??
The healthiest peanut butter would be raw peanuts that have been soaked overnight, roasted, then ground into peanut butter. You probably won’t find this in a store, but you can find a recipe on Whole Natural Life’s Website.
What is your favorite way to eat peanut butter?
Some people love peanut butter any way they can have it. Others like it on toast, maybe a peanut butter cookie, but that’s about it. What is your favorite way to eat it? Do you have any favorite recipes?
Enjoy some peanut butter today. Make some with your kids. Or make some peanut butter cookies.
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Part 1 of this post proved very popular on Facebook. If you haven’t read it yet, head on over to get caught up. Lots of good questions and discussion. In light of that I thought it might be a good idea to flesh out some of the ideas in that post and try to answer any questions that arose.
What should be obvious from part 1 is that evil is a complex subject. For sake of clarity I am using evil as a catch all for everything bad that is in the world. I base this on the statement God repeatedly makes in Genesis after creating stuff: “Everything is very good.” For me that means that if something is bad then it isn’t a part of the original creation. Jumping off on this, I think that our theologising is misguided when we start from the concept of original sin since Adam and Eve were created with original righteousness. So my conceptualisation of evil includes death, sin, suffering, sickness, injustice, rebellion, and self-righteousness/self-trust and anything that causes these things.
I actually expected most of the comments to be about structural evil since that is a huge topic in the church today. However, as it turned out, most comments related to personal evil and natural evil.
Any discussion of evil has to start with Genesis 3 where we see the story of Adam and Eve’s sin in the garden of Eden. It’s interesting to look at the three types of sin that are talked about in this passage.
Personal Evil. We begin with the curses that are placed upon Adam, Eve, and the serpent for their personal sins. It is important to point out however, that even though Adam, Eve, and the serpent sinned personally, the bible treats their personal sin differently that our personal sin because their personal sins had an effect on everyone else.
As Saul Samante asks, “Is it safe to conjecture that these three evils are not really separate entities but deeply connected with each other? Let me put it this way: Personal evil (Adamic sin), gave rise to cosmic and systemic evils. Prior to the fall, everything was perfect and harmonious. After the fall, cosmic harmony disintegrated and human structures or systems became oppressive.”
Romans says that death entered through Adam’s sin. This is significant for the rest of our conversation because a large part of our understanding of natural evil is connected to death. We will expand on this below.
Structural Evil. We also see Adam’s sin as it affects his family namely Eve and their unborn children. So here we see that Adam’s personal sin has an effect upon the structures of the day, in this case family but of course eventually expand on to become greater structures in society. As Mike Swalm points out,
“Your examples of systemic evil, for instance, could they stem from some of the systemic curse language (your desire will be for your husband and he will rule over you/enmity between woman and serpent etc)?”
Mike is on the right track. The language used in these two phrases is significant in that we see linguistic parallels between this passage and the account of Cain’s sin a few chapters later. Take a look:
In Genesis 3:16 God says to Eve, “Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.”
In Genesis 4:6, God says to Cain, “But if you do not do what is right, sin is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it.”
These simple words set the stage for the battle of the sexes. They set up a struggle of evil desires that each party will have as a result of sin. The woman will desire to control her husband in the same way that Cain’s sin desired to rule over him. On the other hand, the husband response is to rule over his wife.
Of course God had already told us what the relationships should be: a “helper who is right for him,”taken not from his head nor from his feet but from his side. It is a statement of equality, of companionship, of working together, of partnership.
Natural Evil. We also see in the in the curse on Adam that his curse will impact the ground or the environment around him and this is a curse as it exists upon the natural world. Whereas prior to this the ground would give up its riches willingly to him, after the sin he would have to work for these riches with the sweat of his brow and his work would be less than productive.
Lex Ely Aspiras asks, “In natural evil, what makes natural phenomena evil? It is easy to understand that when people suffer because of typhoon Ondoy, this indeed is evil. Somewhere in the world, a storm is raging without affecting any human being, is this also evil? An earth-size storm is raging in Jupiter for centuries, is that evil? Sunspots adversely affect life on earth, are sunspots evil? Beyond earth’s atmosphere up to the edge of the observable universe, everything appears anathema to life as we know it, is this “everything” evil?”
We saw above that Romans says that death entered through Adam’s sin. This is significant because a large part of our understanding of natural evil is connected to death. It seems that prior to Adam’s sin, there was no death. That means that because death is a direct result of sin that things that cause death are also a part of the evil that pervaded the universe after Adam. Following this along further, events that seem normal in today’s world — typhoons, earthquakes, floods, pandemics — may have existed in the past but they certainly didn’t cause death.
One question we need to ask is, “What is the cause of these weather patterns?” Certainly they are natural but are there also other causes for them? The Bible pretty explicitly says that some weather patterns such as storms, pandemics, and famines can be caused by sin. I have written about that here.
There is actually some evidence that weather patterns prior to the flood were different that the weather patterns we have now. Genesis 2:5-6 says there wasn’t any rain but that a mist or underground water watered the earth. This seems to imply that the rains that came before the flood were something unique and unknown during those days. All that to say that storms may not have existed prior to Adam’s sin.
Where do the Spiritual Powers fit into all of this? Another aspect of evil emerged from the online discussion, particularly by Rei Lemuel Crizaldo and Rene del Barrio. “What about,” some asked, “The evil associated with spiritual powers?” We do see within the story the reality of spiritual powers because the serpent, who we later discover is the Satan, is in fact a spiritual power. Because of the curse we see that his power is limited through this encounter because he can no longer walk upright but must crawl on the ground dragging his belly. The question remains as to where these spiritual powers fit into today’s world.
Ultimately the question associated with this is, “Is Satan responsible for causing some of the evil in the world, too?” Many stories of people’s encounters with spiritual evil exist. I have heard stories of people being freed from spiritual oppressions that have caused mental illness and even death. The Bible also has countless examples of Jesus freeing people from unclean spirits. It cannot be denied that spiritual powers exist and are active in the world.
One thing the Bible does say about spiritual powers, however, is that their power is limited. Statements like “Don’t give the devil any opportunity to work,” “Resist the devil and he will run away from you,” and “Put on all the armor that God supplies” mean that it is within human power to not be overcome by Satan.
Jesus, in the direct context of a discussion of whose power he is using — Satan’s or God’s — says that he needs to “tie up the strong man.” The strong man in this case is the devil.
The Book of Revelation speaks of the end of all kinds of evil, including the end of rebellious spiritual powers — Satan ends up cast into the bottomless pit and the lake of fire. Evil is eventually eliminated from creation and we get a glimpse of what life will be like without any evil.
So it seems that if we give permission or opportunity for these powers to exert themselves then they will. And it appears that if we do not give permission or opportunity then these powers cannot act.
So what then of Job? While it is true that God and Satan do have a conversation or two about Job it’s also important to note that it is in fact God who brings up the subject, not Satan. God clearly lays out the rules of engagement for how Satan is to tempt Job and in the end it is God who is glorified, and Job who is vindicated. Satan is by no means the hero of the story. Also note that Job’s trials were implemented through structural evil (bandits & enemies attack on his flocks), natural evil (a windstorm destroys his kids’ house, fire falls from heaven and consumes his flocks, and boils cover his body), and personal evil (Job prayed for them that God would forgive any sins his kids may have committed). So the tripartite theology of evil is even seen here.
Feedback is always welcome.
Sharing is what friends do.
Image by Joao Tzanno on Unsplash.
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We recommend all adult pets receive annual examinations and that senior pets receive a thorough physical examination every 6-12 months. During these examinations, we will assess your pet's body condition and make dietary and exercise recommendations to help your pet maintain its ideal body weight. In addition we will carefully assess the health of your pet's teeth and gums, as dental disease can be a significant problem for senior pets (read more information regarding dental care for your pet). We will also update you pet on any vaccinations he/she may require.
We love puppies and kittens, and can't wait to meet the newest addition to your family. Please bring your new pet in for an office visit as soon as you can after you bring him/her home.
Click here if you have a new puppy
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Vaccination is a key component of disease prevention in your pet, and both dogs and cats need annual vaccinations. At your pet's annual checkup, we will discuss the vaccinations with you and innoculate your pet. For more information please visit our vaccinations page.
Even healthy pets are at risk of acquiring an infection with parasites. Common parasites are heartworm, fleas and ticks. Most of these are easy to prevent and we recommend that pets are kept on heartworm and flea prevention all year round. We also recommend pets be given a seasonal tick prevention (Early Spring through Late Fall). Annual testing for heartworm disease in dogs is highly recommended. In accordance with the Center for Disease Control (CDC), we recommend twice a year fecal or stool checks for intestinal parasites for both dogs and cats. We carry a variety of the highest-quality parasite preventatives available. They come in monthly chewable tablets or topical solutions. All of these preventions are easily administered to your pet and go a long way in keeping your pet healthy.
Common parasites are: heartworm, fleas, ticks and intestinal worms. Many heartworm preventative medicines and flea protection products also protect your pet from intestinal worms. Your veterinarian will discuss these products and their treatments with you at your pet’s annual exam.
Please give us a call today so that your pet will be protected.
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BeschreibungComputational Intelligence: Principles, Techniques and Applications presents both theories and applications of computational intelligence in a clear, precise and highly comprehensive style. The textbook addresses the fundamental aspects of fuzzy sets and logic, neural networks, evolutionary computing and belief networks. The application areas include fuzzy databases, fuzzy control, image understanding, expert systems, object recognition, criminal investigation, telecommunication networks, and intelligent robots. The book contains many numerical examples and homework problems with sufficient hints so that the students can solve them on their own.
InhaltsverzeichnisAn Introduction to Computational Intelligence.- Fuzzy Sets and Relations.- Fuzzy Logic and Approximate Reasoning.- Fuzzy Logic in Process Control.- Fuzzy Pattern Recognition.- Fuzzy Databases and Possibilistic Reasoning.- to Machine Learning Using Neural Nets.- Supervised Neural Learning Algorithms.- Unsupervised Neural Learning Algorithms.- Competitive Learning Using Neural Nets.- Neuro-dynamic Programming by Reinforcement Learning.- Evolutionary Computing Algorithms.- Belief Calculus and Probabilistic Reasoning.- Reasoning in Expert Systems Using Fuzzy Petri Nets.- Fuzzy Models for Face Matching and Mood Detection.- Behavioral Synergism of Soft Computing Tools.- Object Recognition from Gray Images Using Fuzzy ADALINE Neurons.- Distributed Machine Learning Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.- Machine Learning Using Fuzzy Petri Nets.- Computational Intelligence in Tele-Communication Networks.- Computational Intelligence in Mobile Robotics.- Emerging Areas of Computational Intelligence.- Research Problems for Graduate Thesis and Pre-Ph D Preparatory Courses.
PressestimmenFrom the reviews:
Most complete book on computational intelligence.
"The book Computational Intelligence: Principles, Techniques and Applications by Dr Amit Konar provides comprehensive and excellent coverage of current topics in computational intelligence. ... the book is highly suitable for use by pre-Ph.D. students, researchers, as well as practitioners in science and engineering. ... The book cites numerous references at the end of each chapter." (Steve C. Chiu, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol. 18, 2008)
Untertitel: Principles, Techniques and Applications. 1st ed. 215 fig. , 13 tab. CD-ROM. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Springer-Verlag GmbH
Erscheinungsdatum: April 2005
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Distance from Canton, MS to Vicksburg, MS is 63Miles or 101 Km. You can get this distance about 1 hour 7 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 53 Miles or 85 Km, You can get this distance about 36 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 2.92 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Canton, MS and Vicksburg, MS is $6.63.
During the route, an average car will release 57.21 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Canton, MS is 32.6126067, -90.0367507 and coordinates of Vicksburg, MS is 32.3526452, -90.8778821
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The Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology (NIMET) is a university-wide institute administered by the Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering. Research in fields that study, engineer, or apply nanoscale breakthroughs at UF has grown in multiple disciplines across the entire campus and now involves over 280 faculty and staff in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, engineering, food/agricultural sciences, and more
NIMET serves to enable and support research and educational activities at the University of Florida in all fields of nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. In addition, NIMET facilitates the collaborative engagement needed to develop and adapt nanotechnologies for novel medical, engineering, scientific, and agricultural applications.
- Learn about nanoscale science and technology and why it offers exciting possibilities for the future
- Explore research activities and educational opportunities in nanoscale science and technology
- Find links to user facilities at the University of Florida that support research on nanoscale science and technology
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https://www.eng.ufl.edu/nimet/
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|York Regional Road 56|
City of Toronto|
Region of York
|South end||St. Clair Avenue (Continues as Keele Street)|
Black Creek Drive|
Albion Road / Walsh Avenue
|North end||Highway 9|
Weston Road is a north–south street in the west end of Toronto and western York Region in Ontario, Canada. The road is named for the former Village of Weston, which was located near Weston Road and Lawrence Avenue West.
In the south, Weston Road begins at St. Clair Avenue opposite the north end of the southern leg of Keele Street. The southernmost 55 metres of the street north of St. Clair, where the roadway diverted to the west off its straight baseline, was formerly a part of Keele, which officially breaks here and is cut off from its northern section. Weston Road formerly began at the diversion, but this stretch of Keele St. was redesignated as part of Weston Rd. in 2006. Weston Rd. then travels diagonally across the general arterial road grid in a northwesterly direction to Highway 401, passing through Mount Dennis at Eglinton Avenue, and Weston north of Lawrence Avenue. North of the 401, it becomes a normal grid road and runs parallel to Highway 400 to Steeles Avenue and into Vaughan in York Region.
Most of Weston Road is a four-lane principal arterial road through residential areas, except for the northern section which is mostly industrial. The speed limit south of Finch Avenue is 50 km/h (30 mph), which increases to 60 km/h (35 mph) between Finch and Steeles.
North of the Toronto city limits at Steeles Avenue, Weston Rd. enters York Region, where it is designated as York Regional Road 56. It passes through the two western municipalities of York Region, Vaughan in the south and King in the north. The speed limit through the urbanized parts of Vaughan is 60 km/h (35 mph), while the limit is 80 km/h (50 mph) in rural Vaughan and King Township. The northern terminus of the road is at Highway 9 in the Holland Marsh.
Weston Road was first laid out in the first decade of the 1800s to connect Dundas Street to the village of Weston. This followed the route of what is today Old Weston and (west of Watts Avenue) Rogers Roads, then the route of the current Weston Road north to Weston. The old routing was renamed in 1948. Between 1810 and 1820, it was extended north to Vaughan Township by following Sixth Line West. In 1841, the route was bought by private interests and it became the "Weston Plank Road", a toll road of planks. The Weston Plank Road extended from Dundas Street north to Musson's Bridge over the Humber, where Albion Road began. The company built its headquarters at St. Phillips Road and Weston Road. The building exists today at 2371 Weston Road. In 1846, the Weston Plank Road Company built Albion Plank Road from Musson's bridge northwest to Clairville where one could continue north to Bolton via Indian Line. In the 1850s, the roads were assumed by the township and its municipalities.
Additionally, there are two bypassed "Old Weston Roads"; the first being located in the environs of the southern terminus. It begins as a minor stub running north from intersection of Dundas and Dupont Streets, and breaks at the Canadian Pacific tracks, which were bridged until the 1970s. It resumes just south of the western terminus of Davenport Road, widens to four lanes, passes through the neighbourhood of Silverthorne, and ends at Rogers Road, the westernmost section of which also formed part of the original Weston Road, before the construction of the new Weston Rd. course south of Rogers Rd's present terminus.
The second is located in Vaughan, just north of Steeles Ave, and was created when a jog was eliminated in the 1990s. It lies just east of the linking segment where it continues south as Signet Drive (built as a southerly extension of the offset York Region section), and ends at a T-intersection with Weston Rd. two blocks north of Steeles.
Two bus routes serve Weston Road: 89 Weston (serving the stretch from Albion Road to St. Clair Avenue West, then via Keele Street to Keele subway station) and 165 Weston Road North (serving from Steeles Avenue West to the stretch from Albion Road, then via Wilson Avenue to Wilson station and York Mills station). One express bus route serve Weston Road: 989 Weston Express (serving between Keele station and Steeles Avenue West).
North of Steeles Avenue, York Region Transit route 165 Weston serves Weston Road, running from Pioneer Village station to Major Mackenzie Drive in Vaughan.
The road is mentioned in Toronto native Drake's 2016 song "Weston Road Flows", and his 2018 song "God's Plan".
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Saudi Arabia may review ban on girls' school sports
King Abdullah pushes cautious social reforms improving women's rights in the face of conservative resistance
Abdullah’s moves to liberalise Saudi Arabia have faced opposition from powerful clerics and their supporters. Photograph: Hassan Ammar/AFP/Getty Images
9 April 2014 - Saudi authorities have been asked to consider lifting a state school ban on sports for girls, according to the official SPA news agency.
Under a strict interpretation of sharia law, Saudi women are banned from driving and must gain formal permission from a male relative to leave the country, start a job or open a bank account. But King Abdullah is pushing cautious social reforms improving women's rights in the face of conservative resistance.
SPA said Saudi Arabia's Shura Council, which advises the government on policy, had asked the education ministry to look into including sports for girls in state-run schools with the proviso that they should conform to sharia rules on dress and gender segregation.
Women were included in its Olympic team for the first time only two years ago.
Although the council's decisions are not binding, they are seen as important in Saudi Arabia because it is the only official forum in which new laws and government policy on sensitive social issues are publicly discussed.
Members who supported the decision pointed to an increase in obesity-related illnesses in Saudi Arabia, particularly among women.
Those who opposed the decision said there were many schools that were not equipped to allow for girls' sports. Some members also questioned whether physical education lessons had decreased obesity in boys.
A year ago, King Abdullah appointed 30 women to the 150-member chamber for the first time.
The world's top oil exporter has maintained an official ban on sports classes for girls in state schools under pressure from religious conservatives.
A ban on sports in private girls' schools was officially lifted last year, though some of those schools had already been providing physical education classes.
When women were included for the first time in the Saudi Olympic team at the London 2012 Games, the move won support from many of its citizens, but it also prompted some to criticise the morals of the two female athletes, a runner and a judoka, on social media.
Abdullah's moves to make it easier for Saudi women to work and study alongside men, and to promote more tolerant views of other religions have faced opposition from powerful clerics and their supporters, who fear the kingdom is losing its Islamic values in favour of western idea
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Nadel Architects designed the new, world-class Dalian Sports Center, a massive 203-acre sports and entertainment complex located at 699 Lan Ling Rd., Ganjingzi District, Dalian, China on the Liaodong Peninsula adjacent to Korea.
The $1.5 billion project is the initial seed of urban development in the area. In addition to five major sports venues, the complex includes a 30-story, 440-room, 5-star Kempinski full-service hotel and conference center and a 40,500-square-meter athletes’ training facility and office building for coaches.
The sports complex, which hosted the China National Games upon completion of construction in September 2013, is designed to meet Olympic standards. The center is one of the only sports facilities in the world where all venues of this scale are incorporated on one site.
Venues include a 61,000-seat soccer stadium, an 18,000-seat indoor arena managed by AEG, a 9,600-seat tennis stadium, a 5,000-seat natatorium, a 3,000-seat baseball stadium, a comprehensive training and sports research facility as well as living quarters to accommodate athletes.
All photos: courtesy Nadel Architects
The city of Dalian prides itself as a “city of sports” with a specific reputation for being the “home of track and field,” “home of swimmers,” and the “city of soccer” in China.
Designed to accommodate numerous music concerts, sporting events, cultural and family events year-round, the new facility will not only serve as a regional sports center–propelling Dalian's world famous athletes to the forefront of training and international competition–but will also serve as an international tourist destination, entertainment venue and spiritually meaningful place to exercise, meditate and enjoy nature.
“In my 50-year career, this is the most remarkable project in which I’ve ever been involved,” said Herb Nadel, FAIA, founding principal of Nadel Architects. “I am terribly proud and excited to witness our team’s innovative design become a reality. Seeing this incredible center completed and built to world-class design standards is a true honor.”
Reinforcing the cohesiveness of the city's masterplan, the team, directed by Michael Hwa, planned the new year-round sports complex to connect residential neighborhoods with entertainment, retail and office space. The Dalian Sports Center creates a link through the heart of the city's newest development zone, becoming an anchor for the community and catapulting the city into a modern and connected city of the future.
Conceived as a “sports artery,” Dalian Sports Center incorporates an “S” shaped pathway as the main link between facilities during competition events. The pathway acts as a gently curving spine, crossing the site and connecting all the major venues like tendons connecting the muscles of the athletes.
Creatively blending landscape and the human form, the design effectively connects each of the sporting venues not only to each other, but also to the city's transportation infrastructure and to the community as a whole.
“The genesis behind the dynamic design of the facility was to capture the awe-inspiring speed, graceful lines and kinetic movements of competing athletes,” said Nadel. “Our design has connected the movement of the buildings with the muscles of the athletes – long graceful curves and lines – all providing a visual flow that captivates each person as they move through the complex.”
The main entrance to the sports center is a large, welcoming urban plaza that can accommodate up to 150,000 people. The cleverly landscaped plaza provides an immersive experience to the visitor through a necklace of intimately scaled spaces for relaxing, reading, meditation, tai chi, walking and enjoying music among seasonally changing gardens.
To conserve and reclaim water, these gardens have been ecologically engineered and terraced like traditional rice fields, flourishing year round with a variety of native plants and flowers.
The largest structure within the complex is the elliptical-shaped, 61,000-seat outdoor stadium, designed to accommodate soccer matches and other international sports competitions. Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)–a transparent polymer popularized by Beijing’s Water Cube in the 2008 Summer Olympics–was used for the “skin” of the outdoor stadium due to its versatility.
The sophisticated material is lighter weight, transmits more light, insulates better and has a lower installation cost than glass or plastic. The stadium’s ETFE cushions, which are shades of white, grey and blue during the day, are illuminated with LED lights at night, displaying custom color patterns to represent the competing teams or to symbolize a particular event.
During winter, Dalian faces challenging weather and snow, requiring great ingenuity on the part of Nadel’s project team in the stadium’s design and materials used. To tackle this challenge, Nadel used Building Information Modeling (BIM) software to innovatively design, research and test the stadium exterior’s steel frame with a custom drainage system covered with a membrane of 2,745 ETFE cushions.
Adjacent to the outdoor stadium along the “S” pathway is the 18,000 seat indoor arena whose exterior features supple arching lines, representing an athlete’s muscles wrapping around a strong core. Managed by AEG, the indoor arena is used for an array of entertainment and sporting events including basketball, volleyball, table tennis, badminton, fencing, gymnastics, weight lifting, wrestling and martial arts, as well as a variety of music concerts.
The design of the natatorium was inspired by the waves of the sea. The natatorium boasts 5,000 spectator seats; a 10-lane, 50 meter pool for swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo competitions; a diving pool with 0.6, 2.6, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 meter diving platforms; an 8-lane, 50 meter warm up pool; and men’s and women’s locker rooms.
The 9,600-seat tennis stadium was designed to be both large and intimate, with every seat close to the action providing an unobstructed view of each event. The "seating bowl" of the arena sits within a live landscaped trellis structure, which embraces the spectators in field of green and light mirroring traditional European tennis venues and complementing the year-round landscaping of the “S” shaped pathway.
Nadel’s design team worked on a fast track schedule to complete the sports center in time for the 2013 China National Games. Nadel’s unique approach to the design and construction process allowed the entire project team to work together and develop an efficient timetable. The result is a facility that was completed under a tight deadline, without sacrificing the integrity of the design.
“This new facility is truly the architectural heart of the district, setting a benchmark for future developments that will serve the community,” said Nadel.
Joining Nadel on the project was Andrew Wolff, AIA, LEED® AP, senior designer; John Yang, project manager; and Michael Hwa, project director as well as a large team of designers and production staff.
The 203-acre sports and entertainment complex features several areas for events and activities, including:
- 61,000-seat soccer stadium
- 18,000-seat indoor arena
- 9,600-seat tennis stadium
- 5,000-seat natatorium
- 3,000-seat baseball stadium
- 30-story, 440 room, 5-star Kempinski Hotel and media center
- 40,500-square-meter training and support research facility with 4 levels of athletic training space and 6 levels of office space for coaches
About Nadel Architects
For the past 40 years, Nadel Architects has provided comprehensive services ranging from architectural design, master planning and feasibility studies to complete interior design, planning and programming. Nadel is ranked among the largest architectural firms in the world (#60 per Building Design+Construction, Giant 300 list, 2012).
The company has completed more than 80,000 residential units, 30 million square feet of retail space, 600 office buildings, numerous hotels and resorts, and a variety of public and educational institutions, which have received more than 75 awards for design excellence. Headquartered in Los Angeles, the firm has designed a variety of projects located around the globe. For more information, please visit www.nadelarc.com.
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<urn:uuid:518b84f8-55f4-4e0c-890e-e0bda9da7e3a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://www.bdcnetwork.com/first-look-nadels-15-billion-dalian-china-sports-center
|
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|
en
| 0.945015
| 1,777
| 1.601563
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|
An annual ritual held every January that involves a prayer to Magbabaya for the preservation, protection and proper use of the 7 most important things on earth, land water, tree, fire, air, sound and beliefs and traditions.
A prayer usually held in March asking Magbabaya to provide rain to nourish the field for crop planting.
A ceremony asking permission from Magbabaya to plant crops.
A ceremony asking Magbabaya for the crop protection.
Thanksgiving for the blessings from Magbabaya.
Welcome statement or words of praise honoring a guest, visitors, friend and usually done in para-poetical/musical version. The statements are expressed in high words of Higaonon/Bukidnon language and can be understood only by experts.
A ritual of the whole place for thanksgiving to the Almighty for a peaceful year. Also request for good health. Usually held on the month of October or year end. This is a happy festival through singing and dancing.
A gathering and ritual of all medicine men to drive away causes of sickness and illnesses. Usually held when there is an epidemic. This is done through offering of foods, animals, fruits, tobacco and manna.
An offering of the Deities upon entering an unknown place, especially forested areas. This is done when somebody asks for permission to enter a forest or cave to gather fruits, cut trees known to be inhabited by spirits. The ritual involves offering of food, wine and tobacco.
An offering of food by family to ascertain the cause of illness of the family member.
Yearly worship of every family to thank God (Magbabaya) for all the graces and blessings. A swine or native chickens are offered during the thanksgiving.
Nine-day worship to heal a sick person. The worship is done through singing and dancing. The datu chants prayers while bae's reply would be in the form of dancing (dugso dance). A pig or 5 native chickens are sanctified on the 9th day of worship.
Worship practiced yearly at the river bank. The worship calls on Bulalakaw - the goddess of the sea for a whole year of good health, productive livelihood and safety. Each family involved in the worship brings one native chicken which is cooked in the worship area.
This ritual will need a chick endowed with beads (Logbak) and a piece of glass plate. These materials will be buried on the ground with the plate already broken. The purpose of this ritual is to drive away evil and bad omen.
Prayer for a mother who is about to deliver a baby.Prayer for a healthy baby and for the mother not to experience severe pain during delivery. This ritual will need four chickens and one egg.
Worship done before and after planting for the good harvest. It needs 3 chickens with feathers colored white, red and yellow.
Yearly practice to thank the goddess of the land for his bountiful abundance bestowed to the people. A chicken is to be sacrificed by each family involved in the ritual.
A practice given to a newly wed couple or to a visitor to welcome them. A chicken is used in this ritual.
This root crop will be submerged to a boiling kettle murmuring the name of the suspected theft
Sliced 7x7 to be eaten by the suspect. If the suspect won’t feel itchy, he is not guilty.
- Hot Iron
This very hot iron will be held by the suspect, if doesn't get burn, then he is not guilty.
Magahat or Mangayao
Person or group of persons seek justice through killing anyone (IP's or not) who entered in the area declared to be within the Magahat area.
Has to be done irregularly depending on the emergency cases like life and death. It has to be performed for the procurement of all sorts of sickness and diseases that devastate people's lives, animals and plants especially the locusts.
A ritual executed in the sacred places like tombs of the valiant and well respected spiritual leaders and tribal leaders as well.
A thanksgiving ritual for the good harvest and continual protection for the new products to come.
Is a word of mouth released by an angry man through "cursing" that cause misfortunes to the people involved as death of the whole tribe, or family and relatives.
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<urn:uuid:b238895d-9cb3-427b-a7b2-b6732e006415>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.bukidnon.gov.ph/home/index.php/about-bukidnon/history-arts-and-culture/cultural-practice
|
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|
en
| 0.940015
| 907
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Themes in The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter
It pains the speaker to see the symbols of time passing. In this stanza, we're able to definitively establish a timeline for the speaker, placing her husband's departure in March, five months before August, when summer gives way to fall. In this time, two seasons have passed; a garden has grown; and the speaker has spent much time staring at the river, awaiting her husband's return. It's unclear if he'll ever come back.
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<urn:uuid:c229b62f-7fa6-495a-ac99-3562e5014aac>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://www.owleyes.org/text/river-merchants/analysis/themes
|
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|
en
| 0.969389
| 103
| 2.453125
| 2
|
Gallup opinion polls conducted following North Korea’s third nuclear weapons test found that approximately 64% to 66.5% of South Koreans believe South Korea should develop an independent nuclear weapons capability. They want the capability to defend against North Korea if the United States unexpectedly withdraws its security commitment to South Korea (New York Times).
The United States is fully committed to the defense of South Korea, and North Korea is well aware of this fact. For this reason, South Koreans should not be overly concerned with the latest North Korean antics. The United States stands firmly with its ally South Korea.
Nevertheless, South Koreans are understandably uncomfortable having an unpredictable and highly belligerent nuclear-armed neighbor to the North. South Korean nuclearization would be a major blow to nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The nonproliferation regime works because member countries show self-restraint by not developing independent nuclear weapons. Rather, they entrust their defense to a close security partnership with the United States, NATO, and other friendly alliances.
If the strength of the alliance is not apparent to the voting population of a non-nuclear country — in this case South Korea — then it is incumbent upon the stronger member of the alliance to take greater measures to display that commitment. These measures should include improved specification of treaty obligations, greater numbers and quality of forces deployed to South Korea, higher levels of South Korean inclusion and diplomatic collaboration in U.S. foreign policy decision-making, and improved diplomatic relations overall through improved trade relations. Deepening all facets of the relationship between South Korea and the United States will enhance the trust required for South Koreans to place the security of their nation in the hands of the United States.
Not taking proactive measures to improve the trust of South Koreans in the United States risks nuclearization of South Korea, which by example, will exponentially increase the risk of further global WMD proliferation. South Korea is a highly respected member of the international community. South Korean nuclearization will erode the taboo against proliferation, making it seem a respectable option for many small and medium-sized nations. We cannot afford the increased risk of nuclear war that this entails.
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<urn:uuid:d30483be-0630-44ce-947f-3c993d41d3d6>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.canalyt.com/category/surveys/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00474.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944811
| 437
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Missions That Changed the War: Doolittle Raid
- Genre: Special Interest-War
- Release Date: 2/19/2013
Narrated by Gary Sinise. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and began taking our island bases in the Pacific, Americans were hungry for a way to strike back. That’s when Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle hatched an audacious plan to bomb Japan’s capitol Tokyo using carrier-launched B-25 bombers. Learn about it with this comprehensive documentary that includes original footage and interviews with the surviving crewmen. 2 DVDs. 2012/color/176 min/NR/widescreen.
|Run Time:||176 minutes|
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<urn:uuid:f18ecdcd-7f14-49d9-98fa-1d84d108b58c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.ccvideo.com/missions-that-changed-the-war-doolittle-raid/054961875894
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May 4, 2011
NASA Space Images App, Website Broaden Cosmic Horizons
Professional and amateur space aficionados are in for a treat with the new Space Images Version 2 app, created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena Calif. The free app is now optimized for iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch and Android, and is also available online.
The app's higher-resolution images and improved user interface allow galactic admirers to zoom in on and rate their favorite images and share photos from NASA/JPL spacecraft with their friends on Facebook and Twitter.The Space Images app uses an intuitive category-selection tool. People can see the initial batch of images, showing galaxies, stars, the sun and planets "“ including Earth and dwarf planets "“as well as videos and editor picks. In the videos tab, users can see footage compiled by active NASA/JPL spacecraft and watch movies about astronomy and various space missions. Additional images will be added in coming months.
The app release is coupled with the launch of a Space Images website (http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages), which pulls in ratings from the app and allows users to create an account and photo albums, as well as download wallpapers. The website also includes an extensive collection of images in an easy-to-browse and interactive format.
After its release in January 2010, the original version of Space Images was selected as an iTunes "Staff Favorite," became a top app in the App Store's Education category, and reached over half a million downloads. The app has been praised for its extensive and stunning image collection and for its educational uses.
Visit http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/apps/spaceimages/index.cfm to download Space Images free. Stay informed about the latest science and space news from JPL by signing up for text news alerts at http://www.facebook.com/NASAJPL (click on the "Text Alerts" link on the left column) or by texting JPLNEWS to 67463 (message and data rates may apply). JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
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How to Use Remote Desktop With a Router
|Published:||Nov 7, 2005|
|Author:||Michael E, Callahan|
This question submitted by Ian McNaulty, Trevor Baines, Anna Reagan, Alma Millen, Carl Pommerenke and numerous others
Over the last few weeks we've been looking at the ins and outs of utilizing Remote Desktop that comes with Windows XP. Setting this up correctly will allow you to access your home computer from work, your work computer from home, and lots more. If you missed either of those earlier articles you can find them below and catch up.
Today we're going to take a quick look at using Remote Desktop if your computer accesses the Internet through a router. When you use a router you have to let Remote Desktop get through, otherwise you won't be able to get access. So, even if you've done all the things we talked about in the first two articles, if there's a router in your network, you need to pay close attention to this.
For starters, Remote Desktop requires the use of port 3389. This port will need to be forwarded from the router to the computer. Also, under Internet Information Services, accessed when you set up Remote Desktop, there is a TCP Port section. This defaults to port 80. Assuming you didn't change this port you need to make sure that your router is passing things through these ports - 3389 and 80, to Windows. You'll also have to make sure that things can pass through the Internet Connection Firewall.
To go in and manually configure ports is relatively easy. Click on My Network Place and you should see an option for View Network Connections. You can also get to this point by just right-clicking on the My Network Places icon and selecting Properties. Find the network connection you use for accessing the Internet and click Properties here as well.
Now you'll see a tab that says Advanced and you'll want to click on that. That done, click on Settings. Now just click Add and you'll be able to add a port. In the name/IP Address field put 127.0.0.1. You can also type in a description that means something to you in the description field. You'll also note fields for Internal port and External port - in general, these will hold the same number. Add one of the ports, like 3389 and indicate that it's TCP. You're done. To add other ports just go back and click Add again.
I'd suggest that you consult the documentation and help for you router when you're making changes to that. I'd also recommend that you do screen captures of your existing settings before you make any changes. That way, should something go wrong, you'll be able to get your router back on track. I hope this segment answers all the questions about utilizing the Remote Desktop feature of Windows XP. If not, write me and let me know.
I'd like to thank Ian McNaulty, Trevor Baines, Anna Reagan, Alma Millen, Carl Pommerenke and numerous others for asking this question.
If you have a question on how to do something on the computer you can submit it via e-mail by clicking HERE. You will not receive a reply, but all topics will be considered.
Michael E. Callahan, known around the world by the trademarked name Dr. File Finder, is regarded as the world's leading expert on shareware. Dr. File Finder works with software programs and developers full-time, and in the average year he evaluates 10,000 programs. Since 1982 he has evaluated over 250,000 software and hardware products. Mr. Callahan began evaluating software online in 1982 and no one has been at it longer. He currently works doing online PR and marketing for software companies, and is the Senior Content Producer for Butterscotch.Com.
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The Game Changers Network was looking for innovative and attractive ways to involve studentsin the project activities. We invited all partners to a remote game: „Detectives around Europe” (The Game Changers Guide) . We proposed a game within the project. The „pandemic game” was supposed to be a background for student`s work on political and democratic issues.
In this phase, we first created a guide to virtual game: Virtual misssions Political detectives and open school scene were changing rapidly: the political detection scene was moving into a global virtual scene. Student team acted as politics take place in the global virtual world, including through social networks.
During game, the students teams will be completing by each other completing six different task while „travelling around Europe” (on Google My Maps. Students will be encouraged to get to know each other, work togheter, cooperate. This will happen especially during three online meetings. In every location, students will have one month tho complete one task.
How did we prepare remote game?
- We prepared game board on Google My Maps –Detectives
2. We created the politics detectives scenario with mechanic and rules of the game
3. Then we prepared The Game Changers Guide for students: Detectives around Europe with the tasks.
Ideas for the tasks for students included:
- Icebreaking – making a video. The first task was to keep the students motivated and engaged by getting to know the team members better. Team members presented themselves, but impersonating a chosen character from the political scene. Students were asked to make a video presenting membersof their teams to other project partners.
• The power of the school council – making a presentation (video/ ppt/ digital storytelling). Students were asked to imagine that the school council in their school has unlimited power and can make any change they want. The task for students was to make a presentation about how the school from their dreams would look like.
• Getting to know project partners’ countries – making a presentation (video/ ppt/ digital storytelling/ etc.). Students were asked to become tourist guides and to present their home countries to others. Based on this, teams should prepare some questions about their countries and other teams will have to answer the quiz correctly in order to collect points.
• Other country in my homemaking a video. Students were asked to choose one country they got interested in during the previous task and to organize their every – day activities as if they were living in this country.
• Dealing with fake news – creating a post on Instagram. Students were asked to find out differences between real and fake news and create some news themselves.
• Hearing (in court) – discussion online. Students were asked to discuss climate change. Teams will be informed what roles they will be playing during the hearing (judge, jury, attorney, prosecutor, witness, accused). They will have to preapre to play they role beforehand. The hearing should take place online.
At this stage, students held dialogues with members of the local community, diverse range of community actors (for example, an interview with the mayor) including politicians, political parties, alternative groups, citizens, and individuals associated with perceived community probles, i san essential component of student detective work.
EP member: join Future of Europe
The Game Changers Network had a fruitful discussion with the member of the European Parliament, Maria Spyraki, about open schooling in secondary school and how it could contribute to engaging youth in politics, democracy, and EU values. Maria Spyraki congratulated the Game Changers Network and inited join the Future of Europe platform. Thos meeting was organized by PLATON M.E.P.E (Greece). This meeting was a unique possibility to present Game Changer project at the international level and to engage young students in
politics based on their own interests.
Discussion and debating
In the project we created a guide with tips for students to help them understand how to have discussions and conduct debates. The school – Osnova sola Staneta Zagarja Lipnica (Slovenia) ran a school parliament in which students discussed and debated important issues concerning the school, projects and world challenges.
To be able to understand that in practice and to inspire ourselves to be deep thinkers, school partners organized the oxfrod debates under different topic: “Women are Better Politicians than Men” and also young students were beginning to explore complex global topics such as African migrants coming to Europe.
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If you take a break from the bike trail at Bill Baggs State Park at the southern tip of Key Biscayne and look southwest, you can see Stiltsville dotting the horizon. Stiltsville is a “neighborhood” of seven houses that emerge from shallows of Biscayne Bay on concrete and wood pilings with a history that goes back all the way to the early 1930s and, like many of Miami’s other architecturally unique structures, has been subject to the whims of both nature and man.
Stiltsville is for Miami locals what the Statue of Liberty is for New Yorkers: You know it’s there, but you’ve probably never actually been, (unless you have a boat). In the case of Stiltsville, however, the prominently placed “No trespassing” signs on the structures are foreboding enough to keep you away.
The best way to experience this only-in-Miami oddity (unless you have a friend with a boat who is also a history buff) is to book passage on HistoryMiami’s Stiltsville Cruise tour, with host Dr. Paul George, local historian and professor of Social Science at Miami-Dade College and general knower of all things Miami.
Among the facts about Miami that he fires off during the two-hour tour: Key Biscayne used to be a stop on the Underground Railroad where abolitionists would take fleeing slaves to the Bahamas; FDR was almost assassinated at a rally in Bayfront Park and that the Rickenbacker Causeway is named after Eddie Rickenbacker, the famed President of Eastern Air Lines who survived a plane crash and was adrift at sea for 24 days during WWII (two separate incidents). Oh, and Richard Nixon was down in South Florida a lot in what was referred to as the “Winter White House,” a bay front house on Key Biscayne where it is possible that some of the masterminding behind the Watergate break-in happened.
The first Stiltsville house was built in 1933 by a fisherman called Crawfish Eddie to sell chum. Many speculated that he opened it to sell liquor during Prohibition, which ended the same year, but that is likely not the case, though Dr. George admits that it would have been a great spot for it. After Crawfish Eddie set up shop, others followed.
Local bigwigs got in on the fun and started to create their own invitation-only private clubs at Stiltsville, including Commodore Edward Turner, who built the Quarterdeck Club in 1940 and charged a membership fee.
At its height in 1960, there were 27 houses in Stiltsville. Soon the infamous Bikini Club, which was a run-aground ship, joined the neighborhood. Girls in bikinis could drink for free and the tales of wild parties and shenanigans were the stuff of legend, though they likely pale in comparison to a Columbus Day regatta party.
Stiltsville was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy in 1965, by early 1992 there were only 14 structures in the area. Only seven survived Hurricane Andrew. No permits were ever granted for new construction, so these seven are it.
The owners of the Stiltsville homes are now called “caretakers” and they are the only ones allowed to access the properties, and some of them do visit their houses. They are not allowed to add on to the houses, but they can improve and fix them. According to Dr. George, the first thing the caretaker would need to do if they wanted to spend the weekend in the house is clean the salt.
For someone else to use the property, it would mean going through the Biscayne National Park service, because the stretch of water was added to that park and is under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.
The tour, which is always a sold-out affair, takes off from Bayside on one of the Island Queen boats. Tours take place monthly and can be purchased at HistoryMiami’s website.
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An all-in-one navigation toolbox.
"The Complete On-Board Celestial Navigator combines all the tables and almanac data needed for navigation at sea in one compact, durable book!
Specifically designed for the occasional, unpracticed celestial navigator, this single convenient book contains all the essential tables, astronomical data, and explanations for predicting and reducing observations made at sea, to find your position and bearing quickly and easily in a pinch:
a book on astronomical navigationa nautical almanac good for 5 yearsworldwide sight-reduction tablesa star finder
It also provides numerical examples to illustrate the methods and tables described.
Everything you need but the sextant.
Still a source of pride and respect, the ancient skill of celestial navigation has reliably guided seafarers for centuries. When voyaging far beyond landmarks, when your electronic navigation fails, "steering by the stars" can guide you safely to your destination.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
"A practical, convenient, and economical solution for the mariner who wants a backup system to GPS that contains all the essential instructions and data." Foundation for the Art of Navigation
Your All-in-One Navigational Toolkit
The ancient skill of celestial navigation has reliably guided seafarers for centuries and is still a source of pride and respect among mariners. In this era of electronic navigation, it remains the perfect backup system, enabling you to determine your position if the GPS malfunctions or your boat loses electrical power.
Specifically designed for the novice or rusty celestial navigator, The Complete On-Board Celestial Navigator replaces $300 worth of guides and almanacs traditionally required by celestial navigators, and includes a star finder; a five-year nautical almanac (2003 - 2007) for determining precise star, sun, moon, or planet locations at the time of sighting; and sight reduction tables for crunching the numbers and producing a fix anywhere in the world.
"The only complete self-contained work available. When your electronic navigation fails, 'steering by the stars' will guide you safely to your destination." Sydney Afloat (Australia)About the Author:
Dr. George G. Bennett is the owner and director of CN Systems, which produces navigational calculator and computer software. The former head of the School of Surveying, Faculty of Engineering, at the University of New South Wales, Australia, he holds graduate degrees in surveying and geography. He has written extensively on geodesy, navigation, and surveying in international journals. An elected Fellow of the Institution of Surveyors and the Institute of Navigation, he has served as a visiting scientist at Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office at the Royal Observatory. He has sailed in nine Sydney - Hobart races as a navigator and has taught navigation at the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia and the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 1999. Spiral-bound. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # SONG0070071101
Book Description TAB Books Inc; Spiral edition. Paperback. Book Condition: New. In Stock , Brand New , Usually Dispatched within 1-2 Business Days , Safe Packing : Shrink Wrap + Bubble Wrap for more safety , Shipping Service : Priority ( Expedite ) Shipping : Ships By Courier Company Like DHL , TNT , FedEx , . Free Tracking Number for Priority ( Expedite ) Shipping Service , Please Note : Courier Company does not generally deliver to PO Boxes or APO addresses , Standard Shipping Services : Ships By airmail , Excellent Customer Services , Customer Satisfaction Guaranteed , Ships from UK Warehouse or Maybe from Our Oversease Warehouse ( uae warehouse or iran warehouse ) , without any changes in Shipping Rates. Bookseller Inventory # 0070071101--89
Book Description International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 1999. Spiral-bound. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0070071101
Book Description International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 1999. No binding. Book Condition: New. New item. Bookseller Inventory # QX-225-10-2838002
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Dionysius Melander was appointed with Bernhard Algesheimer by the city council of Frankfurt, Germany, as the first Protestant preachers, under the pressure of the uprising of the citizens on 20 April 1526. For a decade the two preachers were very successful and influential, since they had the guilds on their side. "What the preachers ordered was done," writes Scheffers Kreinchen in a contemporary chronicle (Dechent, 125). This was demonstrated in the first of a long series of requests presented to the city council concerning the Anabaptists. When Anabaptists began to preach outside the city walls in 1528, the two pastors demanded that the council suppress them; the council complied with the edict of 24 March, 1528, which forbade giving them shelter or lodging. This position was still in force in 1704, for when some Mennonite refugees from Switzerland wanted to settle in the city in that year, they were refused, "after they had in a discussion clearly expressed their doctrine" (Dechent, 114).
A presumptuous attitude on Melander's part led to the hostility of wide circles toward him, especially of the colleagues who had for years supported him but now accused him of moral lapses. In February 1535 he requested his release. The council consented, giving him through Wolfgang Capito a testimonial of honorable life and conduct (Dechent, 144). After Easter, Melander left Frankfurt and entered the service of Philipp of Hesse, who had heard him preach at the Marburg disputation, and now appointed him court preacher.
In this new position Melander again came into contact with the Anabaptists. Characteristic of his attitude at this time was his opinion on measures passed by the government council on 7 August 1536, when he said that the populace must be urged to reform its conduct; offenses must be punished, "in order that the Anabaptists may not take from us an excuse for setting up a new church" (see Hesse). He incidentally gave the Anabaptists a good testimonial in stressing that they, the preachers, must clean their own house in order to deprive the Anabaptists of a pretext for leaving the established church. The government really made an effort "through positive work to remove the foundation from the accusations of the Anabaptists and to remove existing offenses by suitable measures. Clearly and plainly Bucer expressed this in a letter written to Philipp in Wittenberg on 17 November 1538" (Diehl, 5). This positive work was to be accomplished through the church discipline of Ziegenhain published in 1539, which Melander helped to draw up (Thudichum, 595), and in connection with this, also a result of dealings with the Anabaptists, the Order of Confirmation which led to the introduction of confirmation in all Protestant countries.
There is no record of any further efforts made by Melander to suppress the Anabaptists. He died on 10 July, 1561 in Kassel at the age of 75 years.
Dechent, H. Kirchengeschichte von Frankfurt am Main seit der Reformation. Bd. I. Leipzig and Frankfurt, 1913.
Diehl,W. Zur Geschichte der Konfirmation. Giessen, 1897.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 69.
Hochhuth, K. W. H. "Mittheilungen aus der pro-testantischen Secten-Geschichte in der hessischen Kirche." Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie. 28 (1858).
Thudichum, Fr. Die deutsche Reformation 1517-1517. Bd. II. Leipzig, 1909.
Cite This Article
Hege, Christian. "Melander, Dionysius (1486-1561)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 19 Jan 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Melander,_Dionysius_(1486-1561)&oldid=111077.
Hege, Christian. (1957). Melander, Dionysius (1486-1561). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 January 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Melander,_Dionysius_(1486-1561)&oldid=111077.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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by Stephen Lendman
Slowly things are coming to a head. America, Israel, rogue NATO partners, and regional despot allies are itching for a fight with Syria. Russia and China stand firmly opposed.
On February 3, Reuters headlined, "UN council to vote on Syria resolution Saturday," saying:
Britain's UN mission said the "UN Security Council is set to meet 9:00 a.m. Saturday. Plan is to vote on Syria resolution."
Reuters said "(o)ther missions confirmed the announcement."
On February 3, Deputy Foreign Minister Gannady Gatilov said resolution revisions were "not enough for us to be able to support...."
Qatar Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani accepts no further draft resolution changes, saying:
"The version which we have is the minimal which we can accept."
On February 4, Lebanon's Al-Manar satellite TV (Lebanese Media Group Company, Beirut) reported Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying:
"If they (the West) want yet another scandal on the Security Council for themselves then we cannot stop them."
At issue is an expected Saturday Security Council vote Russia opposes. Lavrov added:
"The draft does not suit us at all and I hope that is is not put to a vote."
Russia's views are well known. "There can be no doubt about the sense and the objectivity of (its) amendments. I hope that a prejudiced approach does not prevail over common sense," Lavrov stressed.
On February 4, AP headlined, "Russia warns UN vote on Syria will end in scandal," saying:
Interviewed on Russian state television, Lavrov was blunt, saying Russia's prepared to use its veto.
Calling the current Syrian resolution draft unacceptable, Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Gatilov said:
"Some of our concerns and the concerns of those who think the same as (we do) have been taken into consideration, but all the same (it's) not enough for us to be able to support it in this form."
At issue is what major media scoundrels ignore - a Western-backed externally generated insurgency responsible for most violence.
Washington plans regime change in Iran and Syria. At issue is replacing current leaders with pro-Western ones. Syria's target one to isolate Iran. Escalated measures against Tehran will follow.
Strategy involves whatever it takes to achieve longstanding objectives, including war. Pressure's building. Expect it perhaps later in 2012.
Meanwhile, conditions in Syria keep deteriorating. Under attack, its currency lost half its value. Ordinary people suffer most. Hunger and severe privation threaten. Escalated violence promises worse, including full-blown Western-backed war.
To achieve unchallenged Middle East hegemony, including control of its oil and gas resources, Washington won't quit until the entire region burns.
In 1970, Richard Nixon ordered making Chile under social democrat Salvador Allende "scream." Seventeen reign of terror Pinochet years followed.
Middle East plans today are worse, including full-blown war for control. Expect it, with or without Security Council help. Hardball Washington tactics don't compromise.
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at email@example.com.
Also visit his blog site at sjlendman.blogspot.com and listen to cutting-edge discussions with distinguished guests on the Progressive Radio News Hour on the Progressive Radio Network Thursdays at 10AM US Central time and Saturdays and Sundays at noon. All programs are archived for easy listening.
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Poverty is a massive, multi-faceted problem that no single organization can solve on its own. This is why GK works with all sectors and industries without judgment, harnessing the innate goodness of those who often want to give but do not know how, or have not found an organization that they can trust. Our experience has shown that there is no absence of caring and generosity in the world – people are simply looking for credible organizations. Gawad Kalinga strongly believes in the power of collaboration, and this is why it provides partners with opportunities to help.
Gawad Kalinga works to unleash the potential and capacity of all individuals and organizations to participate in the great task of nation-building. Creative leveraging also allows us to multiply resources given by our partners. A dollar donated for the materials to build a house triggers a counterpart value in “sweat equity” from the beneficiaries, professional services from volunteer architects and engineers, and dedicated community organizing and program implementation by the Caretaker teams. This initial contribution also inspires many others to do their parts. We estimate that every dollar given for GK translates to four dollars delivered to the poor because of GK’s ability to leverage your contribution with other resources that are triggered once you give.
CSR, THE GK WAY
With partners from the business sector, Gawad Kalinga sees Corporate Social Responsibility as a vehicle for nation building and a stimulus for economic growth. Done through the GK way of sharing and caring, CSR translates to social justice: sheltering the homeless, feeding the hungry, building productivity and creating abundance for all.
Through the GK way, CSR resources are not mere dole-outs but are matched with the sweat equity of the community and the time and talents of our volunteers. For some partners, it becomes not just a matter of funding, but of sustained volunteerism usually led by their top management team. They not only give support to GK programs but also consistently champion the communities that carry their corporate branding not only at the gates but also in the grateful hearts of the residents. The new bottom line then becomes profit with a bigger social conscience.
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Former South African president, Nelson Mandela, passed away last night and respects are being paid across the Midlands.
- A book of condolence has been opened for Nelson Mandela at Leicester Cathedral.
- Coventry Cathedral has opened a Book of Remembrance for Nelson Mandela in the new Cathedral and have placed a small memorial in the Ruins for people to pay their respects.
- Birmingham City Council has revealed that anyone wishing to pay tribute to former South African president Nelson Mandela can do so by signing a book of condolence at the main entrance of the Council House in Victoria Square.
- Flags are also being flown at half mast in Nottingham and Derby.
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As the disease COVID-19 spreads across the planet, scientists continue to combat the novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) on all fronts. But viruses are fickle, mutating to ensure their survival as they hop hosts. Genomic mutations and natural selection could reduce the effectiveness of a potential vaccine for the novel coronavirus, and different sequence variations and strains of the virus are continuously being reported in databases like GISAID.
To stay a step ahead of the virus, an interdisciplinary team of UC Davis researchers will use mathematics, data science and experimental biology to predict potential mutations of the novel coronavirus. The proposed research was recently funded by a $200,000 RAPID grant from the National Science Foundation.
Coronaviruses are characterized by spike proteins that line the exterior of each virus, giving it a crown-like (the “corona”) appearance. These spike proteins act like keys, allowing the virus to infect human cells via the ACE-2 receptor, which lies on the surface of the target cell. As the coronavirus spreads, spike proteins accumulate mutations, potentially providing the virus with new keys to hijack human cells.
“By using a combination of data science, mathematics and biophysical methods, we aim to predict the sequences of the spike protein that are most likely to expand the host range of the virus and to increase its virulence,” the researchers said.
Mimicking virus evolution
The UC Davis team consists of Javier Arsuaga, professor of nolecular and cellular biology and of mathematics; Raymond Rodriguez, professor emeritus of molecular and cellular biology; and Mariel Vazquez, professor of mathematics and of microbiology and molecular genetics, and faculty director of the CAMPOS program.
The crux of the research revolves around developing algorithms that mimic the evolution of the virus. Aided by mathematical descriptions of the data and by molecular modeling, the research team will predict potential mutations of the virus while also providing insights into its fitness and transmission probability.
“The proposed work has important implications in many areas including determining the origin and evolution of the virus, design of vaccines and of antiviral medications, and in social policy since low (or predictable) mutation rates would make the reactivation of the economy and social life easier,” the team said. “The latter is particularly important because we might see a surge of COVID-19 in the fall of 2020.”
Seed support for this project was provided by the UC Davis Center for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research (CeDAR).
Andy Fell, News and Media Relations, 530-752-4533, firstname.lastname@example.org
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The Treaty of Toyohara is a treaty.
- China will make Tibet an independent country, but still under the Chinese sphere of influence.
- China and Japan will stop the invasion of Mongolia and Russia.
- The Soviet Union will get control of Inner Mongolia and Manchuria.
- The Soviet Union will withdraw from North Korea and parts of China.
- Japan will get the Kuril islands, Komandorski Islands and the rest of the Karafuto prefecture.
- China will get the rest of Indochina.
USDR: (representing all Republics affected)Tao64
Empire of Japan: WILDSTARSKAORI
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Meditations for travelers
By Robin Loving Rowland
A Little Book of Prayers and Meditations for Travelers by Mireille Grovier reminds us that, as Robert Louis Stevenson is quoted as saying, “There are no foreign lands. It is the traveler only who is foreign.”
Other quotations from Blake, Goethe, Emerson, Wordsworth, Longfellow, the author, and others, bring the reader wisdom and peace for our travels – whether they are from our armchairs or via supersonic means.
“This little book is … dedicated to travelers worldwide in the hope that … they will bring a message of peace and love that transcends hate and violence to the people and the lands they visit,” says Grovier.
“Life is a journey and our living it a process. How we value the process and grow from the lessons the journey offers is the measure of the people we eventually become. Mireille Rita Grovier’s A Little Book of Prayers and Meditations for Travelers is a handy little ‘carry-on’ guide for life’s journey. It offers the weary traveler sustenance, encouragements, insights and wisdom so that the experience of the journey, whether real or metaphoric, can be best processed and understood by the traveler,” said the Rev. Drs. Tom and Cynthia Lynch of the International academy of Interfaith Studies.
“Ms. Grovier’s book presents a gracious blend of … spirit-prompted and spirit-prompting poems … by … authors whom I admire. I should think it would provide inspiration to eager travelers and encouragement to those who travel more reluctantly. The illustrations complement the text in a gentle and affirming manner,” said Rev. Michael Long, former rector of St. Paul’s Church.
“A Little Book of Prayers is a great blessing of comfort and inspiration for anyone traveling and for those quiet moments at home when connecting to our inner Spirit is so important,” said Rev. Nancy Anderson, Religious Science Minister Emeritus, Friends of Unity.
The book draws on various faith traditions including Christian, Chinese, Jewish, English, Austrian, Scottish, and those from the Philippines. It is illustrated with original art, and it reflects the author’s travels around the globe. It is available from Amazon.com. May it be a welcomed traveling companion.
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Affordable Housing, Secure Housing, and Community Based Gentrification
Gina Curry is a believer that families need affordable and safe housing. As a young person from Baltimore suburbs Gina’s family struggled at times with consistent housing. Those childhood experiences can be traumatic for families and children. Lack of secure housing can bring developmental issues that lead to life journey struggles.
As a constituent service representative for Senator Tim Kearney, Gina learned the difficulty to find emergency housing for individuals and families in Delaware County. Affordable housing for non-emergency families in Delco seems almost impossible. Affordable housing efforts can take two to three years of delay before housing needs are met. Many feel that our communities believe gentrification is the process for change.
Gina and her husband are also real estate investors. She believes that through creative financing, real estate development grants, and home ownership preparatory training, affordable housing does not have to be life long. Gina also believes that by initiating more Landlords relationships with groups like Community Action Agency. With strategic representation from State Reps, Senators and Municipal leaders families we may find paths to home ownership which can reduce the need for long term affordable housing.
Economic Development is a community plan of action that needs leaders to find strategic initiatives to these problems. The goal is to provide affordable housing, secure housing, and community based gentrification as a plan that can work together from the same side of the coin.
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Liturgy and the Disquieted Soul
“Come to me, all of you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take up my yoke and learn from me, because I am lowly and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light.” (Matt. 11:28-30)
Speaking to Jesus' famous words in Matthew 11:28, John Calvin writes that, "Christ stretches out his hand to all the afflicted ... [He] included all, without exception, who labour and are burdened, that no man may shut the gate against himself by wicked doubts."
Calvin did not deny that Jesus had those who laboured under the law in mind, but neither did he limit Jesus' call to those alone. Instead, writes Calvin, anyone weighed down by the burdens of life is invited to find "rest" in Christ (Gk. anapauō).
Acknowledging the Disconnect
While the idea of finding rest in Christ is appealing to many, it may be a difficult concept to apply for some, especially those new to the faith and/or those who who are in the midst of suffering, or caught up in a pattern of sin.
How can I rest in someone I cannot see or touch or smell in any natural or immediate sense, represents a question on the minds of at least a few for whom rest seems distant. What at first strikes the heart as a passage that holds out tremendous hope, comfort, and care, winds up feeling to some like another impossible Christian calling.
Where then, or how, are Christians to find this rest of which Jesus speaks?
While the question's answer may well be found in any number of contexts, perhaps there is no greater intended place of rest in Christ for our present day than the Lord's Day gathering of saints for worship. In this setting, unlike any other, the elements of song, prayer, the preaching of the word, and the administration of the sacraments come together for God's glory and our joy.
Jon D. Payne, in his book on worship, writes, "On the Lord’s Day we are provided a preview of our heavenly rest as we set aside our common earthly labors, a foretaste of the great wedding feast as we come to the Lord’s Table (see Revelation 19:6-10), and an anticipatory, forward-looking experience of eternal fellowship with God and His glorified people" [emphasis added].
But, is this rest to which Jesus calls his people being found in the church during Lord's Day worship services? Do the forms, styles, and liturgies employed on Sunday, across the broader American evangelical landscape, foster rest in Christ for disquieted souls, or is something much less than that being served? Are the people able to anticipate the calming effects of particular liturgical elements of historic church worship, or, are their minds unnerved by what innovation they might soon witness?
There may well be no way to defintively answer these questions. From one congregation to the next, the answers may change. But, there does seem to be common ground in many of our churches, big and small, concerning liturgical flow and devices used to construct Lord's Day worship. Unfortunately, for many (though not all), it would appear that there is a disconnect between the rest Jesus calls us to and the nature of worship practices employed on Sunday in many evangelical worship services.
What's Guiding Our Sunday Worship?
Instead of rest, many worshippers on Sunday are met with services that are as sensual as the most raucous of concerts and performances. That is, the service itself is designed to agitate the senses, and in so doing, to stir up the hearts and minds of participants to euphoric emotional conditions. Sophisticated lighting, fog machines, fragrance enhancers, concert style musical performances, and inspirational talks (over/against expository preaching) are combined in the most extreme examples for no other purpose than to whip a large crowd up into an earthly frenzy.
Sadly, these instances do not culminate in a hope-filled heavenly feast with family at the Lord's table, but with the "oohs" and "ahhs" that come after watching a fantastic sporting event or theatric production.
The question I'm seeking to investigate and promote reflection upon is whether the common practices witnessed in evangelical worship at large promote and serve the "rest" of the soul to which Jesus calls his people, or has a much different concern become the guiding light?
For the majority of those in attendance, the status quo is all well and good. But, what about those who enter the worship service carrying life altering burdens, like cancer diagnoses or spousal abuse? Or, what about those who struggle with sensory processing disorders that make bright lights and gut-shaking music not comforting, but unsettling?
Where is the "rest" for these?
It would be easy to dismiss these concerns out of hand as representative of a minority that can surely go elsewhere to find their needs met, but is that approach in keeping with Paul's instruction to the church in places like Philippians 2:3-4:
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility consider others as more important than yourselves. Everyone should look out not only for his own interests, but also for the interests of others.
In a brief, introductory way, I'm seeking to introduce the idea that, in fact, the church's liturgy and practice in the Lord's Day worship service has everything to do with ministering the "rest" of Christ Jesus to all the flock, and that the emotionally-spiritually hurting and "least of these" who suffer from natural, physical disorders of the body ought to be taken into serious account.
In other words, the worship service has everything to do with soul care, even if soul care is not its primary function, but an outflow or result of worshipping the triune God in spirit and truth (John 4:23-24).
While it may be exciting to draw a crowd through pragmatic means approved of by church growth experts, is that what the widow, walking into a worship service without her husband for the first time in fifty years, needs most from her church? Will she find rest in her Savior in the company of her heavenly family, or will the nature and tone of the service be found to her in utter disjunction with the present condition of her soul?
It may be that Alistair Begg has commented on these issues better than anyone: Knowing vs. Feeling in Worship.
Rest or Recreation?
My hope for this post is not to thrust a particular form or style of worship on this or that church, but to provoke a conversation of sorts among some who may not have well considered why the liturgy and forms of evangelical worship at large may not (always) well serve the actual emotional-spiritual needs of the flock. While there are many theological reasons for considering liturgy and practice, my concerns here are for the practical outcomes of our choices. As a biblical counselor, I always point my counselees to the church and to Lord's Day worship as primary means of care.
But, sometimes, I cannot help but wonder, to what am I sending them?
For final clarification, I want to say that none of what I'm suggesting is meant to lead the church into a boring, lifeless form of worship. Worshipping the living God in spirit and truth should never suffer such a fate. But, I suspect that the most common assumptions in the pulpit and pew concering what properly constitutes Lord's Day worship have been shaped less by Scripture (and perhaps church history), and more by cultural preferences and modern church growth strategies.
Anecdotally, I want to know: Does the one struggling in their attempts to flee porn addiction need a time to confess their sin and receive assursance of pardon in the worship service prior to the Lord's Supper (if it's even offered), or do they need a litany of "exciting announcements" of events that will be held at the church next week?
Our biggest fears and greatest concerns are made evident in our most common practices.
These are hard questions for some to hear, but we are in desperate need of reminding that the worship service is not a time to market the church's community service. There are more appropriate avenues for those announcements.
On Sunday, the sick need a hospital that administers the hope of the cross, not a variety show that appeals to our carnal pleasures.
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Everybody spring cleans. But nobody does it like Vermonters. We take that art to a whole new level and actually spring clean our entire state.
It's a tradition called Green-Up Day, and we've done it every year since 1970. On the first Saturday in May, you fall out of bed, drag a comb across your head, find your way downstairs, and go round up the neighbors. Somebody runs to the town green to pick up big green garbage bags provided for the event, and when they get back, we all walk along the roadsides, into the fields, and through the woods stuffing those bags full of all the trash and litter we can find.
Once we've cleaned up our own little corner of town, we drop the bags off at the nearest intersection, and they're picked up by local waste companies for free. Voila. The entire state cleaned in a single morning.
Green-Up Day is all kinds of good things wrapped up in one. It brings neighbors together for a good common cause and reinforces a vital sense of community that often continues at barbeques and other festivities afterward. It also shows what happens globally when everyone acts locally. I'll clean up my road, you clean up yours, and together we'll have the whole county spiffed up in just a few hours. With everyone doing a little, we end up doing a lot.
Without much fuss or hoopla, Green-Up Day is a homegrown grassroots idea that works, and there's no reason it can't work everywhere else. Aside from buying the bags and wrangling some in-kind donations from local waste haulers, all you need to do is spread the word and spend a few hours on a designated Saturday to don a pair of work gloves and take a nice walk. It can also be done any time of the year.
It's a community-wide day of concrete action that makes a meaningful difference that everyone can see. Your state doesn't need mountains or lakes or quaint rural villages to be as pretty as Vermont. It just needs someone like you to get everyone together for a little cleaning in the great outdoors.
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Since Marxism is a materialistic school, it of course emphasizes the materialistic notion of thought and knowledge. This is made clear in the following texts from Marx, Engels, Georges Politzer and Roger Garaudy, respectively:
Thought is inseparable from thinking matter. This matter is the substance of all changes. (p. 372)
Regardless of the apparent superiority of our consciousness and thought, they are nothing but a bodily or material organic product - this being the brain.
It is necessary that any driving force in people passes through their brains. This is true even of food and drink which begin by a sensation of hunger or thirst. This sensation is also felt in the brain. The influences of the external world on a human being are expressed in his brain, where they are reflected in the form of sensations, ideas, motives and intentions.
The natural sciences show that a deficiency in the development of the brain of a certain individual is the biggest impediment in the face of the development of his consciousness and thought. This is the case with stupidity. Thought is a historical product of nature's development to a high degree of perfection represented in the sense organs and nervous system of the living species, especially in the highest central part which rules the whole organic being, i.e. in the brain.
The material formation of thought presents us, as we will see, with proofs that deserve to be believed and accepted.
The philosophical notion of knowledge is not the only notion of knowledge (p. 373) worthy of research and study, for knowledge is the meeting point of many [types of] research and studies. Every scientific discipline has its own notion that treats one of the many problems concerning knowledge, and one aspect of the secrets of the intellectual life whose mysteriousness and complexity make it exciting. Behind all these scientific notions lies the philosophical notion in which conflict between materialism and metaphysics arises, as mentioned earlier. The present issue, therefore, is the subject of different types of philosophical and scientific discussions.
Many writers and researchers fell into error [by] not distinguishing between the aspects on whose scrutiny and analysis scientific studies must concentrate and the aspect in which philosophical consideration must have its say. On the basis of this error, the materialistic claim was established, this is the claim which asserts that knowledge in the philosophical notion of metaphysics is incompatible with knowledge in the scientific notions. We have already seen how Georges Politzer attempted to prove the materiality of knowledge from a philosophical point of view by means of pieces of evidence drawn from the natural sciences. Others also made the same attempt.
For this reason, we find it necessary to determine the philosophical position with regard to this issue, so that we can thwart the attempts seeking to confuse the philosophical and the scientific fields, and to charge that the metaphysical explanation of knowledge is on the opposite side of science and that it rejects the scientific truths and assertions.
That is why we will isolate [our] general position regarding knowledge and shed some light on the various kinds of scientific research that will determine the points of difference between us and materialism in general, and Marxism in particular, as it will determine the aspects that scientific studies can take up and explore; so that this will make it clear (p. 374) that such studies cannot be considered in support of materialism in the intellectual battle it fights against metaphysics for the purpose of establishing the most complete philosophical notion of knowledge.
We have already remarked that the aspects of knowledge touched upon or treated by those scientific studies are many, owing to the relation of the sciences to the various aspects of knowledge, rather due to the fact that a science has a variety of scientific schools, every one of which investigates knowledge from its own specific point of view. Physical and chemical researches, for example, explore certain aspects of knowledge. Physiology has its own share in exploring knowledge; also psychology, with its various schools, including the schools of introspectionism (al-istibtaniyya), behaviorism, functionalism (al-wazifiyya), and so on. Every one of these schools studies a various aspect of knowledge. After all of this, the role of philosophical psychology emerges to treat knowledge from its own perspective. It investigates whether knowledge in essence is a material state of the nervous system or a pure spiritual state.
In what follows, we will clarify those various aspects to the extent needed to light up the path of our investigation, and to show our position regarding materialism and Marxism.
Knowledge on the Level of Physics and Chemistry
On their own level of research, physics and chemistry treat the physical and chemical events that often accompany the acts of cognition. These events are exemplified in the reflection of light rays from visible things, the influence of those electromagnetic vibrations on a healthy eye, the chemical changes that occur (p. 375) because of this, the reflection of sound waves from audible objects, the chemical particles that issue from odoriferous and flavored things, as well as other similar physical stimuli and chemical changes. All such events fall in the domain of the scientific application of physics and chemistry.
Knowledge on the Level of Physiology
In light of physiological experiments, a number of events and processes that occur in the sense organs and in the nervous system, including the brain; were discovered. Even though such events are of a physical and chemical nature, as are the above processes, nevertheless, they are distinguished from those processes in that they occur in a living body. Thus, they have a certain relation to the nature of living bodies.
By means of such discoveries, physiology was able to determine the vital functions of the nervous system and the role that its various parts play in the acts of cognition. Thus, according to physiology, the brains are divided into four lobes: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. Each of these lobes has its specific physiological functions. The motor centers, for example, are in the frontal lobe. The sensory centers, which receive messages from the body, are in the parietal lobe. The same is true of the sense of touch and that of pressure. As for the specific centers of taste, smell and hearing, they are in the temporal lobe; while the visual centers are in the occipital lobe. There are further details [of the brain].
Usually, one of the two main physiological procedures, ablation (al-isti'sal) and stimulation (at-tanbih), is used to obtain physiological information about the nervous system. (p. 376) In the former procedure, various parts of the nervous system are ablated. Later, a study is made of the changes in the behavior that occur as a result of this ablation. In the latter procedure, on the other hand, specific centers in the cortex of the brains are stimulated by electrical means. The sensory or motor changes that result from this are then recorded.
It is very clear that by means of their scientific tools and experimental methods, physics, chemistry and physiology cannot disclose anything other than the events and contents of the nervous system, including whatever processes and changes it undergoes.
However, the philosophical explanation of the reality and essence of knowledge is not the prerogative of these sciences, since they cannot prove that such particular events are the same as the knowledge which we have as a result of our own experiences. The indubitable and indisputable truth is chat such physical, chemical and physiological events and processes are related to knowledge and to the psychological life of a human being. They play an important role in this sphere. However, this does not indicate the soundness of the materialistic claim that insists on the materiality of knowledge. There is a clear difference between knowledge as something preceded or accompanied by preparatory processes on a material level and knowledge as something that is in essence a material phenomenon or a product of matter at a specific stage of growth and development, as the materialistic school asserts.
The natural sciences, therefore, do not extend their study to the philosophical field - that is, the field of investigating knowledge in its reality and essence. Rather, they are negative in this respect. This is so in spite of the fact that the school of psychological behaviorism attempted to explain knowledge and thought in light of physiological discoveries, especially the conditioned reflexive act whose application to the psychological life leads to a purely mechanical view of mankind. This will be discussed later. (p. 377)
Knowledge in Psychological Research
Psychological research that addresses psychological problems and issues divides into two branches. One of them is the scientific research that constitutes experimental psychology; the other is the philosophical research for which philosophical psychology or the philosophy of psychology is responsible. Psychology and philosophy each has its own methods and procedures for research and exploration.
Psychology begins where physiology stops. Thus, it studies and scrutinizes the mental life and its psychological processes. In its practical studies, psychology employs two main procedures. One of them is introspection, which is used by many psychologists. In particular, this procedure is a distinguishing mark of the school of psychological introspectionism which adopts subjective experience as an instrument for its scientific research, and which advocates feeling as the subject of psychology. The other procedure is objective experience. Lately, this procedure has occupied the most important position in experimental psychology. Its importance was particularly emphasized by behaviorism, which considers objective experience as a basic constituent of science. Because of this, behaviorism claims that the subject of psychology is external behavior, since it is the only thing to which outward experience and objective observation can be applied.
The facts addressed by psychology are chose that can be disclosed either by introspection or by outward experience. As for those facts that lie outside the limits of experience, they cannot be the subject of experimental psychology. This is to say that this school of psychology extends just as far as the experimental field extends,. and ends where this field ends. There, the philosophy of psychology begins, where the experimental science stops, as (p. 378) psychology begins its scientific march where physiology stops.
The most basic function of the philosophy of psychology is to endeavor to disclose those facts that lie outside the scientific and experimental field. Philosophy pursues this [end) by admitting the psychological postulates given by experimental science, and studies them in light of general philosophical laws. With the guidance of such laws, philosophy gives the scientific results a philosophical interpretation, and posits a more profound explanation of mental life.
Thus, the relation between psychology and the philosophy of psychology is analogous to the relation between the experimental natural sciences and the philosophy of such sciences. The natural sciences investigate the various phenomena of electric currents and fields, electric exhaustion and velocity, as well as other physical laws of electricity. The different phenomena of matter and energy are also studied along the same lines. The nature of electricity and that of matter or energy, on the other hand, are the concern of philosophical research. The same is true of mental life. Scientific research takes up the psychological phenomena chat fall in the sphere of subjective or objective experience. Discussion of the nature of knowledge and the reality of the internal content of the mental processes is entrusted to the philosophy of psychology or philosophical psychology.
In light of this, we can always distinguish between the scientific and the philosophical sides of the issue. Following are two examples of this, drawn from the subjects of psychological research.
The first is mental dispositions concerning which both the philosophical and the psychological sides meet. The philosophical side is represented in the disposition theory (nazariyyat al-malakat) that asserts that the human mind is divided into powers and numerous dispositions for various kinds of activities. These powers and dispositions are exemplified by attention, imagination, memory, (p. 379) cognition, will and similar features. This idea falls under the scope of philosophical psychology. It is not a scientific idea in the sense that it is 'experientially scientific'. This is because whether experience is subjective, as is introspection, or objective, as is scientific observation of the external behavior of others, it cannot scientifically disclose the multiplicity or unity of dispositions; for neither the multiplicity of mental powers nor their unity can be subjugated to experimentation, regardless of its kind.
The scientific side of the disposition issue, on the other hand, points to the theory of formal training in education. This theory states that mental dispositions may be developed as a whole and, without exception, by training in one subject matter and one kind of facts. This theory has been admitted by a number of educational psychologists who accept the disposition theory that prevailed in psychological thought up to the nineteenth century. They assumed that if a disposition is strong or weak in a certain individual, it is also strong or weak in every area [in that individual]. Clearly, this theory is subsumed under the scope of experimental psychology. It is a scientific theory, since it is subject to the scientific criteria. Thus, it is possible to try to find out how memory is influenced in general by training in memorizing a certain subject matter. With this, it becomes possible for science to assert its judgement in light of experiments of this sort. Subsequently, the scientific result of the experiment is presented to the philosophy of psychology, so that this philosophy may study, in light of philosophical laws, the philosophical significance of this result and its meaning of the multiplicity or unity of dispositions.
The second example is drawn from the heart of the subject matter under consideration. It is the act of visual perception. This is one of the main subjects of research in both scientific and philosophical fields alike.
In scientific research, a sharp debate (p. 380) between the associationists (al-irtibatiyyin), on the one hand, and the defenders of the doctrine of shape or form (the Gestalt), on the other hand, centers on the explanation of the act of perception. Associationists are those who consider sensory experience as the only foundation of knowledge. As chemists analyze chemical compounds into their primitive elements, associationists analyze the various mental experiences into primary sensations linked and composed by instrumental and mechanical processes, in accordance with the laws of association. There are two aspects to this theory of association. The first is that the source of the composition of mental experiences is primary sensations, or simple ideas that are apprehended by the senses. The second is that this composition occurs mechanically and in accordance with the laws of association.
The first aspen has already been studied in the theory of knowledge when we discussed the primacy source of human conception and the empirical theory of John Locke, who is considered the founder of the school of associationism. There, we concluded that the source of some units of conception and rational thought is not the senses. Rather, such units are produced by the positive, efficient activity of the soul.
The second aspect, on the other hand, was addressed by the Gestalt school that rejected the analytic approach to a study of the conscious states. It responded to the mechanical, associationistic explanation of the acts of knowledge by insisting that it is necessary to study every experience as a whole, and that wholeness is not just the melting or composition of sensory experiences. Rather, it has the nature of a dynamic rational order that is in keeping with certain laws.
After having clarified the above two tendencies, let us see their scientific explanation of the act of visual perception. In light of the associationistic tendency, it is said that the image of a house, for example, that is formed on the retina is transported to the brain part by part. There, in a specific part of the brain, an image is found that resembles the image that occurs on the retina. The mind is then activated and supplies this brain image with ideas from previous experiences in the mind chat are mentally associated with a house. This is accomplished in accordance with the mechanical laws of association. (p. 381) The result of this is rational knowledge of the image of the house.
In light of the shape or form tendency, on the other hand, knowledge from the very beginning is dependent on things as wholes and on their general forms, since there are primary shapes and forms in the external world that correspond to the shapes and forms in the mind. Therefore, we can explain the order of mental life by the order of the laws of the external world themselves, and not by composition and association. A part in a form or a whole is known only in accordance with the whole, and is changed in accordance with the changes of the form.
We give the name 'scientific explanation' to the explanation of such a visual perception, since it is included in the experimental field, or organized observation. Hence, knowledge of the form and the change of a part in accordance with the change of the farm are empirical. That is why the Gestalt school proved its theory by experiments chat show that human beings do not only perceive parts. Rather, they perceive something else, such as the shape or the tune. All putts may come together without chat shape or tune being perceived. Thus, the form reveals all the parts. We do not wish at this point to elaborate the scientific explanations and studies of the act of visual perception. Rather, the above presentation is intended to help us determine the position of the philosophical explanation that we attempt to give such an act.
With respect to this, we say that after all those scientific studies, the mental perception of the visual image raises a question for both the Gestaltists and the associationists alike. This question concerns the image that is grasped by the mind and chat is funned in accordance with the mechanical laws of association, or in accordance with the laws of shape or form: 'What is the essence of such an image, and is it a material or an immaterial image?' This basic question forms the philosophical problem that philosophical psychology must study and address. Materialism and metaphysics respond to this question (p. 382) by two contradictory answers.
By now, it is very clear that scientific psychology (experimental psychology) cannot insist on the materialistic explanation of knowledge in this area, and cannot deny the existence of anything in the mental life which lies outside matter, as the materialistic philosophy does; for psychological experiments, whether subjective or objective, do not extend to this mental field.
Knowledge in the Philosophical Sense
Let us now begin our philosophical study of knowledge, after having clarified its significance and relation to the various practical studies, in accordance with the philosophical method of psychological studies. This method can be summed up, as mentioned, in the adoption of scientific truths and experimental postulates, and in the discussion of these truths and postulates in light of the laws and principles accepted in philosophy, so that one can infer a new truth behind the truths already discovered by experiments.
Let us take the mental perception of a visual image as a living example of the general mental life whose explanation is the subject of disagreement between metaphysics and materialism. Our philosophical notion of knowledge is based on the following: (1) the geometrical properties of the perceived image; and (2) the phenomenon of stability in the acts of visual perception.
I - Geometrical Properties of the Perceived Image
in the former, we begin from an intuitive truth which we draw from our daily lives and various ordinary experiences. This is the truth that the image given to us (p. 883) by the mental operation of visual perception involves the geometrical properties of length, width and depth and appears in various shapes and volumes. Let us assume that we visit a garden that extends for thousands of meters, and that we cast one glance at it by means of which we are able to perceive the garden as one solid whole in which there are date palms, ocher kinds of trees, a large water pool, flowers and leaves bursting with various forms of life, chairs placed in order around the water pool, nightingales, as well as other kinds of birds singing on tree branches. The issue that faces us with regard to this beautiful image that we fully grasp in one glance is this. What is this image that we grasp? it is the same as the garden and its objective reality as such? Or is it a material image in a specific material organ of our nervous system? Or is it neither this nor that, but an immaterial image that resembles the objective reality and speaks of it?
An ancient theory of vision advocated that the garden in its external reality is the image that is represented in our mental perception. This theory assumed that human beings perceive the very objective reality of things due to the fact that a certain kind of light rays emitted by the eyes fall on the visible object. But this theory was dropped from philosophical consideration early on. The reason is that the deception of the senses that makes us perceive certain images in certain unreal forms proves that the perceived image is not the same as the objective reality. If this is not so, (the question arises as to) what the objective reality perceived in the deceptive sense perception is. This theory was later discarded from science, for science proved that light rays are reflected on the eye from visible things, and not vice versa; and that we have nothing from visible things other than the rays that are reflected on the retina. Science even proved that our vision of a thing may occur years after the destruction of that thing. For example, we do not see Sinus in the sky !p. 884) except when the light rays it emits reach the earth a number of years after they had been emitted from their source. They fall on the retina of the eve; thus we say that we see Sirius. But these light rays that lead to our seeing Sirius give information about Sirius as it was a few years earlier. It is possible that Sirius had disappeared from the sky a long time before we saw it. This is a scientific proof that the image we now perceive is not the same as Sirius soaring in the sky -that is, as the objective reality of that star.
It remains for us to consider the last two assumptions. The second assumption, which states that the perceived image is a material product in the perception organ of the nervous system, is the assumption that determines the philosophical doctrine of materialism. The third assumption, on the other hand, which states that the perceived image or the mental content of the act of perception cannot be material, but is a form of metaphysical existence outside the material world, is the assumption that represents the philosophical doctrine of metaphysics.
At this point of the discussion, we can consider the materialistic assumption as completely improbable. The reason is that the perceived image with its volume, geometrical properties, and extension - lengthwise and widthwise - cannot exist in a small material organ of the nervous system. Even if we believe that light rays are reflected on the retina in a certain form, and are then transferred in sensory nerves to the brain where an image resembling that which occurs on the retina is produced in a specific area of the brain, nevertheless, the material image is other than the mental image. This is because the latter does not have the same geometrical properties that the perceptible image has. As we cannot take down on a small, plain piece of paper a photograph of the garden that we perceive in one glance equal to the garden in width, form and extension, (p. 385) so also we cannot take down on a small portion of the brain a mental or a perceptual picture of this garden that resembles the garden in width, form and geometrical properties. This is so because the imprinting of a large thing on a small thing is impossible.
Therefore, it is necessary to suppose the following. The perceived image, which is the real content of the mental operation, is a metaphysical form that has an immaterial existence. This is all that is meant by the metaphysical, philosophical notion of knowledge.
Here it may occur to some minds that the issue of perceiving an image with its shapes, volumes, dimensions and distances was responded to by science and treated by psychological research, which showed that there are a number of visual and muscular factors that help us grasp these geometrical properties. The sense of sight does not grasp anything other than light and color. The grasping of the geometrical properties of things is dependent on the link of the sense of touch to specific movements and sensations. If we free the visual sensation from all other sensations, we will see nothing but spots of light and color. Moreover, we will not be able to perceive shapes and volumes. We will be unable even to distinguish between a circular thing and a cubic thing. This is because the primary qualities and forms are objects of the sense of touch. By repeating the touch experiment, a conjunction is produced between those tactile qualities and a number of visual sensations, such as specific differences in light and visible colors, as well as a number of muscular movements, such as the movement of adapting the eye to seeing proximate and distant things, and the movement of the meeting of eyes in the case of visual perception. After this conjunction occurs, we can dispense with the tactile sensations in the perception of shapes and volumes, due to the muscular sensations and movements that are associated with them. If, subsequent to this, we see a circular body, we will be able to identify its shape and volume without touching it. We do this by depending on (p. 386) the muscular sensations and movements that have been associated with the tactile objects. This is how we finally perceive things with their geometrical properties: that is, not merely by the visual sensations, but by vision accompanied by other kinds of sensory movements that have acquired a geometrical significance because they were associated with the tactile objects. However, habit prevents us from noticing this.
We do not wish to study the theory of muscular and visual factors from a scientific point of view, for this is not the concern of philosophical inquiry. Let us, therefore, admit it as a scientific postulate and assume its soundness. This assumption does not change our philosophical position at all. This must be clear in light of the above delineation of the philosophical inquiry in psychological research. The theory is tantamount to the assertion that the mentally known image - with its geometrical properties, length, width and depth - does not exist due to a simple visual sensation only. Rather, its existence is the result of cooperation with other visual sensations and muscular movements that had acquired a geometrical significance by means of their relation to the sense of touch and their conjunction with it in repeated experiences. After admitting this, we face the very first philosophical question - namely, that which concerns the mental image that is formed by the visual sensation plus other sensations and movements: 'Where is this image? Is it a material image existing in a material organ? Or is it a metaphysical image fret from matter?' Once again, we find ourselves required to adopt the metaphysical point of view. The reason is that this image with its properties and extension of thousands of meters cannot exist in a small material organ, as it cannot exist on a small paper. Therefore, it must be an immaterial image. This is with respect to the phenomenon of the geometrical properties of the known mental image.
II - Stability in the Acts of Visual Perception
The second phenomenon on which our philosophical notion can rest (p. 887) is the phenomenon of stability. By this phenomenon we mean that the known mental image is inclined to stability and does not change in accordance with the changes of the image which is reflected in the nervous system. If, for example, we place a pencil at a distance of 1 meter from us, a specific light image will be reflected from it. If we double the distance separating us from it and look at it at a distance of 2 meters, the image it reflects will be reduced [in size] to half what it was in the first case. This is in spite of the fact that the change in our perception of the volume of this pencil is minimal. This is to say that the mental image we have of the pencil remains stable in spite of a change in the reflected material image. This is clear evidence that the mind and its knowledge are not material, and that the known image is metaphysical. It is clear that this philosophical explanation of the phenomenon of stability is not incompatible with any scientific explanation of it that may be offered in this respect. Thus, you may be able to explain this phenomenon on the ground that the stability of known subjects in its various manifestations is ascribed to experience and learning. Similarly, you may, if you wish, say in light of scientific experiments that there are determined relations between stability in its various manifestations and the spatial organization of the external subjects that we know. However, this does not solve the problem from a philosophical point of view, for the known image, which does not change in accordance with the material image but remains stable as a result of a previous experience or due to specific spatial arrangement, cannot be the image that is reflected on the matter of the nervous system from objective reality. The reason is chat such a reflected image changes in accordance with the increase in distance between the eye and reality, while that known image is fixed.
The philosophical conclusion we draw from this discussion is that knowledge is not material, as materialism claims; for the materiality of an object is one of two things: it is either that that object is essentially a matter, or that it is a phenomenon existing in a matter. Knowledge is not essentially a maser, nor is it a phenomenon existing in, or reflected on, a material organ, such as the brain; (p. 888) for knowledge is subject to laws different from the laws to which the material image that is reflected on a material organ is subject. Knowledge primarily possesses geometrical properties, and secondarily possesses stability, something that no material image reflected on the brain possesses. On the basis of this, metaphysics holds that the mental life, with its knowledge and images is the richest and most superior form of life, since it is above matter and its qualities.
But the other philosophical issue stemming from the previous issue is that if the knowledge and images that form our mental life are not in a material organ, then where are they? This question called for the discovery of a new philosophical truth: namely, that such images and knowledge come together or move successively on the same level - that is, the level of thinking humanity. This humanity is not at all material, such as the brain or the medulla. Rather, it is a certain level of immaterial existence that a living being attains through his development and completion. Thus, the knower or thinker is this immaterial humanity.
In order to make the evidence for this point very clear, we must know that we face three positions. One of them is that our knowledge of this garden or of that star is a material image existing in our nervous system. We have rejected this position and given reasons for its rejection. The other is that our knowledge is not material but immaterial images that exist independently of our existence. This is also an unreasonable assumption. If these images were independent of us, what is our relation to them then? Further, how do they become our knowledge? If we eliminate both of the above views, the only remaining explanation of this will be the third position: namely, that knowledge and mental images are not independent in existence from a human being, as they are not independent states or reflections in a material organ. Rather, they are immaterial phenomena subsisting in the immaterial side (p. 889) of a human being. Therefore, the immaterial or spiritual humanity is that which knows and thinks; it is not the material organ that does this, even though the material organ prepares the cognitive conditions for a firm relation between the spiritual and the material sides of the human being.
The Spiritual Side of a Human Being
At this point, we reach an important conclusion - namely, that there are two sides to a human being. One of them is material; it is represented in his organic composition. The other is spiritual or immaterial. The latter is the playground for mental and intellectual activity. A human being, therefore, is not just a complex matter; rather, his personality is a duality of material and immaterial elements.
This duality makes it difficult for us to discover the kind of relation or link between the material and the immaterial sides of a human being. We know first of all that the relation between the two sides is solid, so that each of them constantly affects the other. If, for example, a person imagines that he sees a ghost in the dark, he experiences a shudder. Also, if a person is made to speak publicly, he starts to perspire. Further, if any of us begins to think, a certain activity occurs in his nervous system. This is the influence of the mind or soul over the body. Similarly, the body has its own influence over the mind. If old age creeps upon the body, the mental activity is weakened. Again, if a wine drinker indulges in drinking, he may see one thing as two. How then can each of the body and the mind affect the other if they are different and have no quality in common? The body is a piece of matter that has its own qualities of weight, mass, shape and volume. It is subject to the laws of physics. The mind or soul, on the other hand, is an immaterial existent that pertains to a world beyond that of matter. Taking into consideration this gulf that separates the two sides makes it difficult (p. 390) to explain their mutual influence. A piece of stone can crush a plant in the soil, since both are material; and two pieces of stone can touch and interact. However, one must give some explanation as to how two beings from two (different] worlds can touch and interact. Most likely, the [difficulty of giving such an explanation] delayed modern European thinkers from adopting the notion of dualism, after they had rejected the ancient Platonic explanation of the relation between the soul and the body as a relation between a driver and the chariot he steers. Plato thought that the soul is an old substance free from matter and exists in a supernatural world. Later, it descends to the body in order to manage it, as a driver gets out of his home and enters the chariot in order to steer it and manage it. It is clear that Plato's explanation of this pure dualism or gulf that separates the soul and the body cannot explain the close relation between them that makes every human being feel that he is one, and not two, things that came from two different worlds and then met.
The Platonic explanation remained incapable of solving the problem in spite of the revisions made in is by Aristotle, who introduced the idea of form and matter, and by Descartes, who introduced the theory of parallelism (nazariyyat al-muwazana) between the mind and the body. This theory states that the mind and the body (the soul and the matter) move along parallel lines. Every event occurring in one of them is accompanied by a parallel event in the ocher. This necessary accompaniment between mental events and bodily events does not mean that either of them is a cause of the other. The mutual influence between a material thing and an immaterial thing makes no sense. Rather, this necessary accompaniment between these two kinds of events is due to the divine Providence that has willed the sensation of hunger always to be accompanied by the movement of the hand for reaching the food, without this sensation being a cause of this movement. It is clear that this theory of parallelism is a new expression of Plato's dualism and gulf that separates the mind and the body. (p. 891)
The problems resulting from the explanation of the human being on the basis of a union of soul and body led to the crystallization of a new inclination in European thought for explaining the human being on the basis of one element. Thus, materialism in philosophical psychology developed to assert that a human being is nothing but matter. Similarly, the idealistic tendency was generated; it tended to give a spiritual explanation of the whole human being.
Finally, the explanation of the human being on the basis of the two elements the spiritual and the material, found its best formulation at the hand of the Muslim philosopher Sadr al-Muta'allihin ash-Shirazi. This great philosopher apprehended a substantial movement at the heart of nature. This movement is the most primary source of all the sensible movements that occur in nature. It is the bridge that ash-Shirazi discovered between matter and soul. Matter in its substantial movement pursues the completion of its existence and continues its completion, until it is free from its materiality under specific conditions and becomes an immaterial being -that is, a spiritual being. Thus, there is no dividing line between spirituality and materiality. Rather, they are two levels of existence. In spite of the fact that the soul is not material, yet it has material relations because it is the highest stage of the completion of matter in its substantial movement.
In light of this, we can understand the relation between the soul and the body. It seems familiar that the mind and body (the soul and the matter) exchange influences, since the mind is not separate from matter by a wide gulf, as Descartes imagined when he found it necessary to deny their mutual influence and to assert their mere parallelism. Rather, the mind itself is nothing but a material image made superior by the substantial movement. Further, the difference between materiality and spirituality is just a matter of degree, as is the difference between intense heat and lower heat.
But this does not mean chat the soul is a product of matter and one of its effects. Rather, it is (p. 392) a product of the substantial movement which does not proceed from matter itself. The reason is that every movement is a gradual emergence of a thing from potentiality to actuality, as we learned in our discussion of development according to the dialectic. Potentiality cannot bring about actuality, and possibility cannot bring about existence. Therefore, substantial movement has its cause outside the matter that is in motion. The soul that is other than the material side of a human being is a product of this movement. As for this movement itself, it is the bridge between materiality and spirituality.
The Conditioned Reflex and Knowledge
Our disagreement with Marxism is not limited to its materialistic notion of knowledge, for even if the philosophical notion of the mental life were the main point of disagreement between us, we also remain in disagreement with it regarding the extent of the relation of knowledge and consciousness to social circumstances and external material conditions. Marxism believes that the social life of a human being is what determines for him his conscious thoughts, and that such thoughts or ideas develop in accordance with the social and material circumstances. But since these circumstances develop in accordance with the economic factors, the economic factors, therefore, are the primary factors behind the intellectual development.
Georges Politzer attempted to establish this Marxist theory on the basis of a scientific principle. Thus, he established it on the basis of the conditioned reflexive action. In order for us to have a good grasp of his view, we must say something about the conditioned reflexive action. This kind of action was discovered by Pavlov when he once tried to collect a dog's saliva from one of the [dog's] saliva glands. He prepared a certain apparatus for this purpose. He then gave the dog food to make him salivate. He noticed that the saliva began to flow from the trained dog before the food was actually placed in his mouth. (p. 398) This was only because the dog saw the plate of food, or sensed the approach of the servant who used to bring the plate of food. It is clear that the appearance of a person or his footsteps cannot be considered a natural stimulus for this response, as is the placing of food in the mouth. Indeed, these things must have been associated with the natural response during the long course of experimentation; so that they came to be used as initial signs of the actual stimulus.
According to this, the excretion of saliva when placing food in the mouth is a natural reflexive action produced by a natural stimulus. As for the excretion of saliva when the servant approaches or is seen, it is a conditioned reflexive action produced by a conditioned stimulus used as a sign of the natural stimulus. Were it not for its being conditioned by a natural stimulus, it would not cause a response.
Due to similar conditioning operations, living beings acquired their first system of signs. In this system, conditioned stimuli play the role of indicating natural stimuli, and eliciting the responses appropriate to the natural stimuli. After that, the second system of signs came into existence. In this system, the conditioned stimuli of the first system were replaced by secondary signs of themselves that they have conditioned in repeated experiences. Thus, it became possible to elicit the response or the reflexive action by means of the secondary sign, due to the fact that this sign had already been conditioned by the primary sign. Similarly, the system of primary signs made it possible to elicit the same response by means of the primary sign, due to the fact that this sign had already been conditioned by the natural stimulus. Language is considered the secondary sign in the system of the secondary signs.
This is the theory of Pavlov, the physiologist. Behaviorism exploited this theory. (p. 394) It claimed that mental life is nothing more than reflexive acts. Therefore, thinking is composed of internal linguistic responses evoked by an external stimulus. This is how behaviorism explained thought as it explained the dog's act of secreting saliva when heating the footsteps of the servant. As the secretion is a physiological reaction to a conditioned stimulus that is the servant's footsteps, so also is thought a physiological reaction to a conditioned stimulus, such as a language, for example, that has been conditioned by a natural stimulus.
But it is clear that the physiological experiments on the conditioned reflexive action cannot prove that the reflexive action is the essence of knowledge and the real content of the acts [of knowledge], since it is possible that knowledge has a reality beyond the limits of experimentation.
Add to this that in adhering to the view that thoughts are conditioned responses, behaviorism destroys itself and eliminates [its] power to disclose the objective reality and value, not only of all thoughts, but also of behaviorism itself, since it is a notion subject to the behavioristic explanation. This is because the behavioristic explanation of human thought has its significant influence on the theory of knowledge, the determination of the value knowledge, and the extent of the ability of knowledge to disclose reality. According to the behavioristic explanation, knowledge is nothing but a necessary response to a conditioned stimulus. This is exemplified in the flow of saliva from the dog's mouth in Pavlov's experiments. Knowledge, then, is not the result of evidence and demonstration. Consequently, all knowledge becomes an expression of the presence of a conditioned stimulus of it, and not an expression of the presence of its content in external reality. But the behavioristic notion itself is not an exception to this general rule and is not different from all other ideas in being influenced by the behavioristic explanation, the reduction in its value, and the inability to be a subject of inquiry in any foam. (p. 895)
However, the truth is exactly the opposite of what behaviorism intended. Knowledge and thought are not, as behaviorists claim, physiological acts reflecting conditioned stimuli, as is the excretion of saliva. Rather, the very excretion of this saliva indicates something other than a mere reflexive reaction; it indicates knowledge. This knowledge is the reason why the conditioned stimulus evokes the reflexive response. Knowledge, therefore, is the reality behind the reactions to conditioned stimuli, and not a form of those reactions. We mean by this that the dog's excretion of saliva at the occurrence of the conditioned stimulus is not a mere mechanical action, as behaviorism holds. Rather, it is the result of the dog's knowledge of the significance of the conditioned stimulus. The servant's footsteps accompanied by the arrival of food in repeated experiments began to indicate the arrival of food. Thus, the dog came to realize the arrival of food when hearing the servant's footsteps. Hence, he excreted his saliva in preparation for the situation whose approach was indicated by the conditioned stimulus. Similarly, the infant appears relieved when his nurse prepares to nurse him. The same thing happens when he is informed of her arrival - if he comprehends language. This relief is not a mere physiological action resulting from an external thing associated to the natural cause. Rather it is the result of the infant's knowledge of the significance of the conditioned stimulus, since he then prepares himself to nurse and feel relieved. That is why we find a difference in degree of relief between the relief caused by the natural stimulus itself and the relief caused by the conditioned stimulus. This is because the former is an authentic relief, while the latter is the relief of hope and expectation.
We can prove scientifically the inadequacy of the behavioristic explanation of thought. We can do this by the experiments on which the Gestalt doctrine in psychology was based. These experiments proved that it is impossible for us to explain the essence of knowledge on a purely behavioristic basis, and as a mere response to material stimuli whose messages are received by the brain in the form of a number of separate neurological stimuli. (p. 396) Rather, in order for us to give a complete explanation of the essence of knowledge, we must accept the mind and the positive, active role it plays behind the neurological reactions and responses that are evoked by stimuli. Let us take sense perception as an example. The Gestalt experiments have proved that our vision of the colors and properties of things depends greatly on the general visual scene we encounter and the background surrounding those things. Thus, we may see two lines as parallel or as equal within a group of lines that we encounter as a situation and as a whole whose parts are held together. Then within another group, we see them as not parallel or unequal. This is because the general situation that our visual perception encounters here is different from the previous situation. This shows that our perception is first concentrated on the whole. We visually perceive the pares in our perception of the whole. That is why our sense perception of the part varies in accordance with the whole or the group including it. Therefore, there is an order of the relations among things that separates things into groups, determines the place of everything in relation to its specific group, and develops our view of a thing in accordance with the group to which it belongs. Our knowledge of things within this order is neither subject to the behavioristic explanation, nor is it possible to say chat it is a material response or a bodily state produced by a specific stimulus. If it were a bodily state or a material phenomenon produced by the brain, we would not be able to perceive things visually as an orderly whole whose parts are linked in a specific manner, so that our perception of such parts would be different when we perceive them within other relations. This is because all that reaches the brain in knowledge consists of a group of messages divided into a number of separate neurological stimuli that come to the brain from the various organs of the body. How then can we know the order of relations among things, and how is it possible for knowledge to be concentrated first of all on the whole, so that we do not know things except within a firmly knit whole, instead of knowing them in isolation, as they are transported to the brain? How would all of this be possible had there not been an active, positive role (p. 397) played by the mind behind the reactions and divided bodily states? In other words, external things may send different messages to the mind. According to behaviorism, these messages are our responses to external stimuli. Behaviorism may wish to say that such responses or material messages that pass through the nerves to the brains are by themselves the real content of our knowledge. But what would behaviorism say about our knowledge of the order of relations among things which makes us perceive first of all the whole as united in accordance with chose relations, even though this order of relations is nothing material that can produce a material reaction in the thinker's body, or a specific bodily response or state? Thus, we cannot explain our knowledge of this order, and consequently our knowledge of things within this order on purely behavioristic grounds.
Marxism adopted Pavlov's theory and drew from it the following conclusions. First, consciousness develops in accordance with external circumstances. This is because it is the product of conditioned reflexive actions that are evoked by external stimuli. Georges Politzer makes the following point:
By this method, Pavlov proved that what primarily determines the human consciousness is not the organic system. But, on the contrary, this determination is made by the society in which human beings reside and by the knowledge that human beings acquire from this society. Therefore, the social circumstances in life are the real organizers of the mental, organic life.
Second, the birth of language was the fundamental event that transported (p. 398) human beings to the stage of thought. This is because the thought of a thing in the mind is the mere result of an external conditioned stimulus. Therefore, it would not have been possible for a human being to have a thought of anything were it not for the fact that some instrument, such as language, played the role of a conditioned stimulus. The following is a passage from Stalin:
It is said that thoughts arise in the soul of a human being before they are expressed in language, and that they are produced without the instrumentality of language. But this is completely erroneous. Regardless of what the thoughts that arise in the human soul are, they cannot be produced or directed except on the basis of linguistic instruments. Language, therefore, is the direct reality of thought.
We differ from Marxism with regard to both points. We do not admit instrumentality in human knowledge. Thoughts and knowledge are not mere reflexive reactions produced by the external environment, as behaviorism claims. Moreover, they are not the product of such reactions that are determined by the external environment and chat develop in accordance with this environment, as Marxism believes.
Let us clarify this matter by the following example: Zayd and 'Amr meet on a Saturday. They converse for a while, and then attempt to separate. Zayd tells 'Amr the following: 'Wait for me at your home next Friday morning.' Then they separate. Each of them attends to his usual life. After the passage of some days, the time comes to make the visit. Each of them remembers his appointment and understands his position differently from the way the other understands his position. 'Amr remains at home waiting, while Zayd leaves his home setting out to visit 'Amr. What is the external conditioned stimulus that caused (p. 399) different understanding in each of them, a few days after the previous meeting, and at this specific time? If previous conversations were sufficient for the present stimulation, why then do these two individuals now not remember all the conversations they had exchanged? Further, why do those conversations not play the role of stimuli and causes?
Another example is this. You leave home after having put a letter in your briefcase. You are determined to deposit this letter in a mailbox. While on the way to school, you see a mailbox. You realize immediately that it is necessary to deposit the letter in it and, thus, you do so. Later, you may come across many mailboxes that do not at all attract your attention. What is the stimulus that causes your realization when you see the first mailbox? You may say that the cause is the sight of the box itself, since you have conditioned it by the natural stimulus. It is, therefore a conditioned stimulus. But how can we explain our unawareness of the other boxes? Further, why does the conditioning disappear when our need is met?
In light of the above examples, you know that thought is an efficient, positive activity of the soul, and not something at the disposal of physiological reactions. Similarly, thought is not the direct reality of the cause, as Marxism claimed. Rather, language is an instrument for the exchange of thoughts. But it is not itself what forms thoughts. That is why we may think of something, yet make a long search for the appropriate word to express it. Again, we may think of a subject at the same time at which we are conversing about another subject.
In our detailed study of historical materialism in the work Our Economics, we offered an extensive criticism of the Marxist theories of human knowledge, [in particular,] the relation of knowledge to social and material conditions and the explanation of knowledge on the basis of economic conditions. Similarly, we studied in detail the Marxist view that asserts that thought is produced by language and is dependent on language. For this reason, we now consider that what appeared in the first edition of the present book to be sufficient as a recapitulation of our detailed study in the second series, Our Economics. (p. 400)
Therefore, social life and material conditions do not mechanically determine people's thoughts and conscious feelings by means of external stimuli. Indeed, a human being may freely shape his thoughts in accordance with the community and environment, as the school of functionalism in psychology asserts, from its influence by Lamarck's theory of evolution in biology. As a living being organically adapts in accordance with his environment, so also does he ideationally adapt in the same way. However, we must know the following. First, such adaptation is a part of the practical thoughts whose task is to organize the external life. But it cannot be a part of the reflective thoughts whose task is to disclose reality. Hence, logical and mathematical principles, as well as other reflective thoughts, proceed from the mind and are not shaped in accordance with the requirements of the social community. If this were not so, every truth would be destined to absolute philosophical doubt. This is because if all reflective thoughts were shaped by certain factors from the environment, and if they were to change in accordance with those factors, then no thought or truth would escape change and replacement.
Second, the adaptation of practical thoughts by the requirements and conditions of the community is not mechanical. Rather, it is freely chosen. It grows out of human free motives that lead one to create a system that is in harmony with one's environment and community. With this, opposition between the school of functionalism and the school of instrumentalism in psychology is completely eliminated.
In Our Society, we will study the nature and limits of this adaptation in light of the Islamic notions of society and the state, because this is one of the main issues with which the study and analysis of society are concerned. In that study, we will treat in detail all the points that are briefly mentioned in the present discussion of knowledge.
Our final appeal is for gratitude to God, the Lord of the universe!
- THE END -
Author's Notes to Part Two, Chapter Five
al-Maddiyya ad-Dialaktikiyya wal-Madddiyya at-Tarikhiyya, p. 19.
Ludwig Feuerbach, p. 57.
Ibid., p. 64.
Al-Maddiyya wal-Mithaliyya fi al-Falsafa, pp. 74-5.
Ma Hiya al-Madda, p. 32.
Al-Maddiyya wal-Mithaliyya fi al-Falsafa, pp. 78-9.
Ibid., p. 77.
Translator's Notes to Part Two, Chapter Five
Introspectionism is a school advocating reflection on, or subjective observation of the mental processes and states. Watson's behaviorism was a rejection of introspection. It viewed the conscious states only in terms of observable data.
Functionalism is a tendency in psychology asserting that mental processes, thoughts, sense perceptions and emotions are adaptations of the biological organism. Among the exponents of this tendency are: W. James, C.T. Ladd, C.S. Hall, J. Dewey and J.R Angell.
Associationism is a tendency insisting that all mental states are analyzable into simple elements. Locke is a forerunner of associationism in psychology.
In German, Gestalt is 'shape' or 'form'. The Gestalt school in psychology was founded in Germany around 1912 by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. It interprets a person's experience in terms of organized wholes. It is through the whole that the parts acquire their existence and character. Without the whole, the parts do not exist. This is a clear rejection of the associationist's analytic tendency or atomism.
This ancient theory of vision was held by Empedocles.
Plato, Phaedrus, 246 a6ff.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (1744-1829). He is the founder of modern invertebrate zoology. He coined the words 'vertebrate' and 'invertebrate'. He is best known for his theory of evolution. Although he was not the first to propose evolutionary development of living species, he was the first to speak daringly and openly of the view that species are not immutable. Living beings use some parts of their bodies quite a bit, while they use some other parts very little. The parts that are used a lot develop, while the parts that are little used die out. The development or death that a part undergoes is transmitted to the offspring. Hence, acquired traits are inherited. His most important writings are: Natural History of the Invertebrates and Zoological Philosophy.
Part 2: Chapter 4 - Islamic Philosophy Home - Table of Contents - Preface
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I don’t know whether Darren Wilson is a racist. Or a White supremacist. It doesn’t matter. The fact that he will never face a trial by jury for killing Michael Brown is a victory for White supremacy all the same.
White supremacy is an ideology. It is based upon the belief that White culture and “Whiteness” are superior to other cultures and races of people. It also includes the idea that the opposite of Whiteness is “Blackness”, which positions Black culture and Black people as inferior to all others. One important White supremacist notion is that Black people are inherently and unavoidably dangerous. Large Black men like 6’ 4” 292lb. Michael Brown are assumed to be an imminent threat to everyone around him. Whether he was a threat to Darren Wilson on August 9th, 2014 is completely irrelevant. Because our country operates on a White supremacist foundation, its justice system, and the majority of its people will be convinced that Brown deserved to be shot and killed. Michael Brown’s size and ultimately his Blackness imbued him with superhuman strength and a superhuman criminality, weapons allegedly far more dangerous than the gun Darren Wilson carried.
It was 157 years ago when the Supreme Court of the United States declared that:
“In the opinion of the court, the legislation and histories of the times, and the language used in the Declaration of Independence, show, that neither the class of persons who had been imported as slaves, nor their descendants, whether they had become free or not, were then acknowledged as a part of the people, nor intended to be included in the general words used in that memorable instrument…They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.”
Those were the words of Chief Justice Roger Taney in the wake of the Dred Scott case (Scott v Sandford). He declared unequivocally that our country never intended for Black people to be considered human beings—much less citizens—while on American soil. Dred Scott, a Black man from Missouri, was relegated to the status of “property”; not a human, but a “slave”. And for his benefit. Today, a Black man form Missouri was relegated to the status of “thug”; not a human, but a “nigger”. Whether they called him one or not, the justice system treated him like one. That’s far worse.
A cornerstone of racism in the United States is the use of White supremacy to systematically and systemically enforce White cultural supremacy and Black inferiority. Conversely, we’re consistently taught that a “racist” is a person who uses one of seven or eight naughty words to describe people’s race. I couldn’t care less. I’ve often told people that you could put Ben Chapman outside of my apartment and have him call me a nigger to and from my car, while I’m getting my mail, and while I grill my food. It would be annoying as hell, but I would trade dealing with that “racism” for fixing the real racism that causes the schools in my southern Seattle community to mis-educate the Black, Brown, and Yellow kids they overwhelmingly enroll, or that causes the disproportionate unemployment that affects minorities in my community. That racism is real. It’s a problem. Name-calling is not.
Racism is the reason why Michael Brown’s criminality went on trial instead of Darren Wilson’s. And the grand jury’s failure to even put Wilson on trial is the latest in a long line of events reminding us that Black lives are forfeit in the face of White supremacy in our justice system. I know many try to argue that justice isn’t biased against colors of skin, but is biased towards green. The implication is that the remedy for a corrupt justice system is to buy your own slice of the iniquity. I’m not into finding solutions that don’t answer fundamental problems, so that’s a non-starter.
While Robert McCulloch was telling the world about the victory for White supremacy in Missouri, I was at work tutoring. I was helping college students in a sociology class learn how racism, classism, and chauvinism undermine equity and justice in our society. A Black man teaching a group of young White men that part of responsible citizenship is ensuring fair treatment and opportunity for everyone—especially those who are currently impugned by systems designed to relegate them to less-than-human status.
White supremacy and racism continue to rot the very core of our country. But little by little, those of us fighting for social justice are finding ways to cure the infestation. It is one way we can do our part to get justice for Michael Brown, when our justice system will not.
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Giving Back is Fun!
That’s why I like to teach workshops and seminars. I like to encourage people to not only admire and appreciate creativity, but to get their own hands dirty and to create their own ideas.
These are some example workshops that I have done in the last few years. There are also other topics that I teach on, as well as ones I intend on exploring in the future (Creative Prayer, Crafts with Seniors, Summer Camps, Prop Making,…)
"Creativity in the Church"
Creativity is a gift, but what good is it to someone who is not an artist? In this 1-day-workshop I teach about the “use” and importance of creativity, both in secular contexts and in a church context.
In this workshop, we used straw and wire to create our own outdoor-sculptures. We had adults and kids involved, and each of us could make something fun!
If you are interested in hosting a creative workshop, send a message with your name and a brief description of what you have in mind to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Whitfield, R.I. and Duffy, A.H.B. and Wu, Z. and Meehan, J. (2003) Intelligent design guidance. In: 14th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED '03), 2003-08-19 - 2003-08-21.
Download (703kB) | Preview
This paper presents results from an investigation regarding the use of the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) as a means to guide a designer through the calculation of numerical relationships within the early design system Designer. Characteristics, relationships and goals are used within Designer to enable the evaluation and approximation of the design model and are represented within the system as a digraph. Despite being a useful representation of the interactions within the design model, the digraph does not aid the designer in identifying a sequence of activities that need to be performed in order to evaluate the model. The DSM system was used to represent the characteristics and the dependencies obtained through the relationships. The sequence of characteristics within the DSM was optimised and used to produce a design process to guide the designer in model evaluation. The objective of the optimisation was to minimise the amount of iteration within the design process. The process enabled a designer who is unfamiliar with the model to evaluate it and satisfy the design goals and requirements. Both the DSM system and the Designer system are generic in nature and may be applied to any design problem.
|Item type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Keywords:||numerical knowledge modelling, design structure matrix, optimisation, design engineering, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)|
|Subjects:||Technology > Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)|
|Department:||Faculty of Engineering > Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management|
|Depositing user:||Miss Caroline Torres|
|Date Deposited:||03 Jul 2008|
|Last modified:||12 Jan 2017 07:50|
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Scorching social commentary, cartoon-like grotesque figures and acidic colors characterize the paintings of Peter Saul. In organizing the first retrospective of his prints, Carl Solway Gallery
highlights his parallel involvement with printmaking, featuring work created from 1966 to the present. The prints engage cultural topics ranging from the Vietnam War and decades of American policies to more personal issues involving sexual politics and consumerism. Public figures from Ronald Reagan, to Angela Davis, to Donald Duck and Superman appear. In a quote from 1967, Saul stated: Not to be shocking means to agree to be furniture. In creating rambunctious artwork aiming straight for the controversial subject matter avoided by many artists, he rejects the notion of becoming furniture with great relish. Sacred cows in the artworld and society at large are skewered with equal abandon. Influenced by underground comics and a post-college sojourn in Europe, Peter Saul is sometimes associated with Pop Art and the Hairy Who painters from Chicago, but he defies easy categorization. As is often the case with extremely individualistic artists, his work has taken time to achieve acceptance and recognition. After five decades of production, the importance of his practice and his influence on generations of younger artists is widely acknowledged.
Peter Saul was born in San Francisco in 1934 and currently resides in New York City and Germantown, New York. He received a B.F.A. from Washington University in St. Louis in 1956. From 1956 to 1964, Peter Saul lived in England, the Netherlands, France and Italy. Returning to the United States in 1964, he spent a decade in Mill Valley, California. Among other awards, he received two grants from the National Endowment for the Arts (1979 and 1985) and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1993. He taught at the University of Texas Austin from 1981-2000. His work is included in many important museum collections including the Art Institute of Chicago; the Centre Pompidou, Paris; Los Angeles County Museum; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City; Stedlijk Museum, Amsterdam and the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. Traveling retrospectives of his paintings were organized by the Aspen Art Museum in 1989 and the Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, California in 2008.
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On my honor I will do my best…
To keep myself physically strong,
mentally awake, and morally straight.
The BSA National Executive Board has re-opened the can of worms that is our national membership standards. What a PR disaster. The atheists and moral relativists of the left haven’t been able to destroy Scouting from the outside, so now they’re trying it from the inside.
What is the BSA’s current membership policy?
“The applicant must possess the moral, educational, and emotional qualities that the Boy Scouts of America deems necessary to afford positive leadership to youth. The applicant must also be the correct age, subscribe to the precepts of the Declaration of Religious Principle, and abide by the Scout Oath or Promise, and the Scout Law.”
“While the BSA does not proactively inquire about the sexual orientation of employees, volunteers, or members, we do not grant membership to individuals who are open or avowed homosexuals or who engage in behavior that would become a distraction to the mission of the BSA.”
The argument seems to be that sexual orientation is wholly genetic. The science is far from certain, but for argument’s sake accept the gambit. We shouldn’t discriminate against people solely on the basis of their draw from the gene pool, should we?
The problem is, we are all dealt a random sample of genetics, but how we act on those genetics defines our character. Some of us are overweight and some of us can’t swim. Some of us are slow learners and some of us would just rather not. Some of us are morally challenged.
- The Scout Oath promises that a Scout will be “physically strong”. Physical strength is based on genetics, modified by the personal character to exercise. Scouts must pass physical fitness requirements (including passing the swim test) for First Class Rank, Physical Fitness & Swimming-Biking-Hiking merit badges for Eagle. Scouters must pass the swim test to go on the water, and meet stringent height-weight standards to participate in backcountry adventures. Yet we don’t hear the peanut gallery screaming about how we discriminate against Fat People.
- The Scout Oath promises that a Scout will be “mentally awake”. Intelligence is based on genetics, modified by the personal character to study and apply oneself. I’ve met many Scouts, and more Scouters, who are on mental nap-time. Yet we don’t hear the peanut gallery yelling about how we need to dumb down our program in the interest of self esteem (although I expect they are out there).
- The Scout Oath promises that a Scout will be “morally straight”. Perhaps that is based on genetics, but it is also modified by personal character in which we choose how we apply ourselves.
As a practical matter, however the mucky-mucks at BSA HQ work this out—if they stand strong or cave into outside interests—I don’t expect it will make much difference to the local unit. We’ll deal with it.
However, the entire episode tarnishes us. As Scouts, we’re supposed to be braver, smarter, better than average. We are no better than average when we bend our standards to be more popular with the “in crowd”.
If anyone would like to voice their opinion directly to National please forward to firstname.lastname@example.org
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Legio XII Fulminata: one of the Roman legions. Its name means "the lightning legion".
The eleventh and twelfth legions were recruited by the Roman general Julius Caesar for the campaign against the Helvetians in 58 BCE. He also mentions these units in his account of the battle against the Nervians, which took place in the late summer of 57. This unit must have been present at the other famous campaigns as well, such as the sieges of Bourges, the battle for Lutetia, and the siege of Alesia.
During Caesar's war against his fellow-triumvir and rival Pompey the Great, which broke out in January 49, the Twelfth participated in the invasion of Italy, and a year later, it was with Caesar during the battle of Pharsalus (9 August 48). After Caesar's victory, the men were pensioned off and received land in the neighborhood of Parma (45).
We know that it was called Victrix ("winner") after the civil war, which is a bit confusing because later, there was another legion called XII Victrix.
However, after Caesar had been murdered, the veterans were reenlisted by his adjutant Lepidus (44), who handed the legion over to Marc Antony. It may have fought on his side during his war against Caesar's relative Octavian, at Modena (43), and may have taken part in the war of Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate) against the assassins of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius. This war culminated in the latter's defeat in the battle of Philippi (42). It is certain that the twelfth legion returned to Italy, because at Perugia, sling stones have been found with the inscription XII Victrix.
Later, the legion served Syria. From here, it participated in Marc Antony's ill-fated war against Armenia and the Parthian empire. According to his coins, Antony called the legion Antiqua, which means "old" in the sense of "of proven quality".
When Antony was defeated in the naval battle off Actium (31 BCE) by Octavian, some veterans were settled at Patras (in Greece), where they were accompanied by soldiers of X Fretensis. The legion itself was sent back to the east. XII Fulminata was used to occupy Egypt, probably at Babylon (Cairo), but it soon returned to Syria, where it is known to have garrisoned Raphanae in 14 CE.
Other legions in the eastern region were III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and X Fretensis. In 20 BCE, Augustus' stepson (and later successor) employed these units to impress the Parthians. They returned the eagle standards they had obtained at Carrhae in 53 BCE.
The governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, used three of the Syrian legions to suppress the rebellions of the Jewish messianic claimants Judas, Simon, and Athronges after the death of king Herod in 4 BCE. It is likely that XII Fulminata was among them, but we are not certain.
Using these Syrian legions, the Roman commander Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo launched a very successful campaign in the vassal kingdom Armenia. The capitals Artaxata (modern Yerevan) and Tigranocerta were captured (in 58 and 59) and he gave the Armenians a new, pro-Roman king, Tigranes (a great-grandson of the Jewish king Herod the Great). However, the Parthians placed another king on the Armenian throne, Tiridates, the brother of their king Vologases I.
A retaliatory campaign was organized by Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the governor of Cappadocia, in 62. He used XII Fulminata and IIII Scythica. However, the Parthians forced them into surrender at Rhandeia (winter 62/63). Later, Corbulo was able to turn the tables and ordered Tiridates to receive his crown for the second time from the Roman emperor Nero. However, the disgraced legions IIII Scythica and XII Fulminata were not permitted to participate in this war.
Worse was to come. In October 66, the governor of Judaea, Gessius Florus, needed military support to regain control of Jerusalem. The Twelfth (supported by subunits from IIII Scythica and VI Ferrata) came, saw, and returned, when its commander saw that his force was not strong enough. On his way back, he was defeated by one of the leaders of the Jewish Zealots, Eleaser son of Simon. Humiliation was added to the disgrace: the legion lost its eagle standard.
In the final phase of the war between the Jews and Romans, XII Fulminata regained its reputation for fighting bravely. When its general Vespasian proclaimed itself emperor, it sided with him. After the capture of Jerusalem in 70 (more), it was transferred to the newly annexed kingdom Melitene, which was part of the province Cappadocia. The legion now guarded the Euphrates border, together with XVI Flavia Firma. Its old base at Raphanaea was reused by III Gallica.
In 92, the emperor Domitian sent out the twelfth legion to support the allied kingdoms of Iberia and Albania (in the western and eastern Caucasus). An inscription found near the shores of the Caspian Sea mentions the presence of a centurio of XII Fulminata named Lucius Julius Maximus. No Roman legion has ever penetrated this far to the east.
The Twelfth probably participated in the Armenian campaign of the emperor Trajan (114), which culminated in the annexation of this kingdom. However, during the next two years, Trajan tried to seize Mesopotamia and Babylonia, which was impossible to keep. His successor Hadrian gave up all territories east of the Euphrates (117/118).
In 134, the Alans, a tribe from the steppes of Kazakhstan, threatened the Roman empire. The governor of Cappadocia, Arrian of Nicomedia, took XV Apollinaris and XII Fulminata into the field and defeated the invaders before they could become dangerous; he described this campaign in his Ektaxis.
In 162-166, it probably took part in the campaign of Lucius Verus against the Parthians. During this war, the Armenian capital Artaxata (Yerevan) was again occupied by a mixed subunit of XII Fulminata and XV Apollinaris that was to stay there for some time.
There is a strange story that the twelfth legion - or probably, a subunit - participated in the emperor Marcus Aurelius' war against Quadi. During a hot summer (in 172 or 174), the legion had become surrounded by enemies on a place where no water was to be found. Christian authors later believed that the prayer of Christian soldiers had caused the saving rains; others thought that an Egyptian magician named Harnuphis had done the job. (Go here for the complete story, as told by Cassius Dio.)
In 175, we find the Twelft again in Melitene. In that year, general Avidius Cassius revolted against Marcus Aurelius. XII Fulminata refused to cooperate and remained loyal to the lawful ruler. When he had settled the affair, the legion was awarded the title Certa Constans, "reliably constant".
After the murder of the emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax in 193, civil war broke out. XII Fulminata sided with Pescennius Niger, the governor who Syria who proclaimed himself emperor. This was a fatal mistake: in 194, Niger was defeated by Lucius Septimius Severus at Cyzicus, the Cilician gate and Issus.
During the reign of Lucius Septimius Severus, the eastern border was moved from the Euphrates to the Tigris. Like XVI Flavia Firma, XII Fulminata, which had been a frontier guard for more than a century, became now the strategic reserve behind the frontier line. This was not a very honorable position, and may have been a punishment for its behavior during the civil war.
The Twelfth must have taken part in the expeditions of third century, like the one led by Severus' son Caracalla (217) and the war waged by Severus Alexander against the new, Sasanian, Persian empire. The Sasanians had invaded the Roman empire in 230 and had installed an emperor in Emessa, but Severus Alexander was able to restore order and invade Mesopotamia. In 244, the Romans again invaded Iraq, but their emperor Gordian III died and was succeeded by Philippus Arabs, who owed his throne to the Sasanians king Shapur I.
Melitene was one of the regions where Christianity became popular at an early stage. Therefore, the name of the legion can be found in martyrologies, such as that of Polyeuctes, who was martyred in 259 during the persecution by the emperor Valerian. Another story concerns the "forty martyrs", who refused to renounce their faith when the governor of the province Lesser Armenia demanded this. They were frozen to death in a lake. The youngest, a mere boy called Melito, was the last to die.
In those years, the Roman position in the east was precarious. In 256, the Persian leader Shapur captured Satala (the fortress of XV Apollinaris), and two years later he sacked Trapezus. When the Roman emperor Valerian tried to restore order and invaded Mesopotamia, he was defeated and captured. Captive Roman soldiers were ordered to build a bridge at modern Shushtar. The Roman defeats of Gordian and Valerian, and the installation of Philip, are commemorated on several Sasanian monuments.
However, under the emperor Odaenathus of Palmyra (261-267), who organized an empire of his own, the Romans restored their fortunes. It is a bit strange that the Roman emperor Gallienus (260-268) gave XII Fulminata a new surname, Galliena. This can not really be explained because during the reign of Gallienus, the Twelfth belonged to the Odaenathus' Palmyrene empire. After his death, his wife, queen Zenobia, continued to rule.
The Palmyrene empire was subdued by the emperor Aurelian (in 274). Under Diocletian (284-305), the Romans again invaded Mesopotamia and in 298, a peace treaty was concluded in which the Persians had to give up territories in northern Mesopotamia. The twelfth legion must have played a role in all these campaigns, but we have almost no information about them. The unit was still guarding the Euphrates crossing near Melitene at the beginning of the fifth century.
Since this legion was constituted by Caesar, the emblem of this legion may have been a bull, but this symbol is nowhere found. Instead, the soldiers had badges showing a thunderbolt.
- G. Bertrandy & B.Rémy, "Legio XII Fulminata", in: Yann Le Bohec, Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire (2000 Lyon) 253-257
- A.S. Hall, "The XII Fulminata: Countermarks, Emblems, and Movements under Trajan or Hadrian", in: S. Mitchell (ed.), Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia (1983) 41-46
- article by Emil Ritterling.
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By Lisa Daniel
American Forces Press Service
Feb. 14, 2008 - The Iraqi government's passage of three bills, including a 2008 budget, marks a historic turning point toward peace, stability and self-governance in the country, U.S. and Iraqi officials said. A provincial powers law represents "an important step toward framing the balance the Iraqi people seek between central government authority and the strengthening of local governments," said a joint statement issued yesterday by Multinational Force Iraq and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. The statement called the law a "historic compromise."
The statement, by the top military and diplomatic officials in Iraq, also praised the council for a general amnesty law that addresses the scope of eligibility for amnesty for Iraqis in Iraqi detention facilities. The law will "further encourage reconciliation and respect for the rule of law," the joint statement said.
"There is still much important work ahead for the people of Iraq and their government," the statement continued. "There is also still more to learn about how this legislation will be implemented. Nevertheless, these legislative actions reflect a significant commitment to address important issues and find political bases on which to move forward."
Iraq's Council of Representatives passed a $48 billion budget for 2008 -- a 17 percent increase over the 2007 budget -- that allocates significant increases in funding for security, investments and construction to distribute throughout the country. It also increases the allocation to the Kurdistan regional government from $1.6 billion to $2.7 billion.
The budget is "a significant milestone" in Iraq's transition toward using its own resources to provide for security, economic reconstruction and essential services, according to a White House briefing paper.
The provincial powers law in the legislative package sets in place a framework for Iraq to hold provincial elections by Oct. 1. Under the law, the Council of Representatives has 90 days to pass election laws. Early provincial elections are expected to appeal to Sunni Arabs and others who boycotted the 2005 elections, officials said. The law also delineates the authority of Iraq's central government in Baghdad to its 15 provinces -- a move White House officials called "groundbreaking" in the Middle East region.
Passage of the three bills showed that Iraq's major political parties could work together and make compromises. "We have proven today that Iraqis are just one bloc," Parliament Speaker Mahmoud Mashhadani said following the votes, according to the White House paper.
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said the legislation shows that political progress made on the local level is affecting Iraq's national government. "We thought that it would be the national level downward. In some ways, it's been the local level upward that has put pressure on the Iraqi national leaders to be responsive."
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GUEST FACULTY LECTURE: DORON LANGBERG AND DAVID HORNUNG
April 16, 2018
This event is free and open to the public. Guest Faculty Lectures take place in Schermer Meeting Hall.
Doron Langberg received his M.F.A. from Yale University. His work was shown nationally and internationally and reviewed in Artsy, ArtCritical, ArtPulse, Art Review, The Brooklyn Rail and Huffington Post. Doron attended the Sharpe Walentas Studio Program, 68 projects residency and Yaddo residency.
David Hornung is a painter, author and teacher. He has taught painting, drawing and color at Indiana University, Parsons, Pratt, Skidmore College, Brooklyn College and the Rhode Island School of Design. He is currently professor of art at Adelphi University in Garden City, N.Y., and his home and studio are in Queens, N.Y.
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Here is a tutorial by David Kingham, who created one of the most spectacular meteor photos I've ever seen.
Bring: Folding Chair, Snacks/water, Cable or remote release, extra batteries if you have them (for those who stay till the wee hours), flashlight, warm clothes if it gets chilly, intervalometer if you have one, camera manual if you're unfamiliar with settings. fast lens (wide aperture).
This will be a great opportunity to practice our night shooting and possibly get some great shots of a (several or many) meteors.
The Perseids meteor shower is a prolific meteor shower that should produce 50 to 100 (or possibly even more) meteors per hour in and around its peak on August 12, 2013.
As the meteoroids from the Comet Swift-Tuttle (109P/Swift-Tuttle) approach Earth, they become meteors when they enter Earth’s atmosphere. Commonly, meteors are also called shooting stars or falling stars, but they are “stars” in name only.
When entering Earth’s atmosphere, the meteors from Perseids will be traveling at extremely high rates of speed while on their parallel trajectory with Earth.
Although most are only the size of a grain of sand, when they hit the Earth the impact will cause them to disintegrate, which will produce a visible stream (or train) across the sky that we can see with the naked eye.
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Explaining to children how a grape becomes wine and seeing the wonder in their eyes is an amazing thing to do.
We happily welcome students of all ages at any time of the year to our winery to share that natural touch and the language of the grape as it becomes wine.
The educational visit consists of several stages: from the vineyard to the winery, we help our young visitors to understand all the steps in winemaking and to get to know the trades, equipment and areas that make up this magical world.
Watch videos of our young friends at La Contessa!
Write to us stating the age, number of visitors and when you’d like to visit. We’ll help you to organize tours, creative workshops and delicious snacks!
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The Second Box Bag. 30 2nd grade clipart.
Back To School 2nd Grade Clipart Png File For Sublimation Etsy In 2021 School Signs First Day Of School 2nd Grade 2nd grade clip art
Second Grade Clip Art Free Buy 3 Get 1 Free Embroidery.
2nd grade clip art. Ad Access the most comprehensive library of second grade learning resources. All clipart images are 300dpi and come in pngThis kids clip art set includes 1 girl 1 boy 1 boy wearing a hatYou will receive 3 color png. The Second Children Toys.
2nd Grade Morning Work Spiral Review Bundle Print or Digital Easel Activities. Download high quality Grade clip art from our collection of 65000000 clip art graphics. 1205 views 114 downloads 281 KB – JPG 2532×676 pixels.
54 Free second grade clipart in AI SVG EPS or PSD. 20170402 Welcome To Second. Ad Access the most comprehensive library of second grade learning resources.
This clip art is great for back-to-school when visual instructions are needed. Welcome to second grade clipart. The second circular icon.
DJs Cute Second Grade Clip Art collection is 2 cool. In this post we present you particular impressive pictures that we collected in case you need more ideas in this gallery we are focused about 2nd. Welcome To This Classroom Feel Free To Locate The.
Get thousands of teacher-crafted activities that sync up with the school year. Free cliparts that you can download to you computer and use in your designs. 22780 Grade clip art images on GoGraph.
Welcome Clip Art – Image 17553. Theres borders books a clock a backpack markers a big pencil topper 2 straight A. Get thousands of teacher-crafted activities that sync up with the school year.
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By: Gayle S. Putrich
April 12, 2013
WASHINGTON — As a California panel prepares to consider adding bisphenol A to a list of toxic chemicals, a group of 22 scientists is appealing to the state to set a low ceiling for acceptable exposure levels in addition to listing BPA as harmful under Proposition 65.
The currently suggested maximum allowable dose level (MADL) is 290 micrograms of BPA per day. The group of scientists recommend a MADL of no higher than 50 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day, said Dr. Csaba Leranth of Yale University’s neurobiology and obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive sciences departments.
If California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) classifies BPA as a harmful substance, it will also have to approve a suggested baseline level of BPA exposure and any product that could expose consumers to more than that amount must be labeled as potentially harmful.
“We believe that setting a MADL that is consistent with current science and is health-protective is urgent and of utmost importance,” says the letter, which also lists 10 examples from recent animal studies showing harmful effects at one-twelfth the dose or less than the proposed California level.
Leranth said his most recent research, among other studies, shows intrauterine exposure to BPA, even in very low doses, does long-term damage to the brains of primate and human babies.
“I am not a politician, I am not a crusader, I just do my job. And these are the results of the research I have done: Even in very, very low values, [BPA] is harmful,” Leranth said. “Bisphenol A, it is ubiquitous. Not only in the food because of the lining in tin cans, but also in the air. Think of the dust in the factories and the workers, the people who work in the plastic factories.”
In July 2009, OEHHA’s Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant Identification Committee voted unanimously that BPA did not belong on the Prop 65 list, based largely on the findings from a 2008 report by the National Toxicology Program.
The American Chemistry Council of Wash¬- ington filed a lawsuit in March to prevent the current attempt to add BPA to the list, saying the move amounts to circumventing the state’s scientific proc¬ess by allowing administrative staff to override the decision of a scientific panel from 2009, particularly since no new information or studies will be considered. ACC is concerned that adding BPA to the list, even with a MADL set so high that little to no labeling would be required, will cause fear among consumers and manufacturers, which will lead to deselection of polycarbonate.
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New York State’s Clean Indoor Air Act, which will be 10 years old on Wednesday, was widely feared by the hospitality industry, but the concern proved largely groundless. From the Associated Press:
“People lost their jobs and lost their businesses,” said Empire State Restaurant and Tavern Association Executive Director Scott Wexler. “But in the long term, it did not have the impact the industry feared.”
For 18 months after the law was enacted, business dropped off and bars and restaurants closed or cut jobs as smokers stayed home or went to private clubs and fraternal groups. …
Business returned quickly, but most operators didn’t get the bump in business that anti-smokers predicted. Several operators did say new customers were attracted by the smoke-free environment.
“On the restaurant side of the business, our members are now saying the things the anti-smoking advocates said they would experience: It’s nice going home not smelling of smoke, it’s cheaper to keep the restaurant clean and they don’t know how they worked in a smoking environment before,” Wexler said.
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Active Ingredient: Lamivudine /Zidovudine
Combivir is used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
300/150 mg Combivir
|Package Name||Per Pill||Per Pack||Savings||Order|
|300/150mg × 10 pills||2.11£||21.12£||0.00£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 20 pills||1.86£||37.11£||5.13£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 30 pills||1.68£||50.53£||12.83£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 60 pills||1.43£||85.66£||41.07£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 90 pills||1.33£||120.15£||69.95£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 120 pills||1.24£||148.21£||105.25£||Add To Cart|
|300/150mg × 180 pills||1.21£||218.47£||161.72£||Add To Cart|
Combivir belongs to a class of medications called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). This product contains 2 drugs: lamivudine and zidovudine. It is used to treat HIV infection or AIDS. This medication does not cure AIDS and does not prevent it from being spread to others. It is used in combination with other anti-HIV medications to slow further growth or reproduction of HIV. It also seems to slow down the destruction of the immune system. This medication may also be used to prevent HIV infection after contact with the virus.
Take Combivir exactly as prescribed by your doctor. The recommended dose for adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older is one tablet (150 mg of lamivudine and 300 mg of zidovudine) twice daily. Take Combivir at the same times each day. You can take it with or without food with a full glass of water. This product is not to be used in children weighing less than 30 kilograms (66 pounds).
Before taking Combivir you should talk with your doctor if you have anemia, neutropenia, any other low blood count or blood disorder, liver disease, liver failure, cirrhosis, hepatitis, kidney disease, kidney failure, pancreatitis, bone marrow suppression, problems with your muscles. This drug may make you dizzy. Do not drive or perform tasks that require alertness. Limit alcoholic beverages. Alcohol can increase the risk of liver problems and pancreatitis. Avoid contact with people who have colds, the flu, or other contagious illnesses. Avoid having unprotected sex or sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes. Taking this medication will not prevent you from passing HIV to other people.
You should not take Combivir if you are allergic to lamivudine, zidovudine, or to any of the ingredients of the medication, or if you have a very low white blood cell count (neutropenia) or very low red blood cell count (anemia). Let your doctor know if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Possible side effect
Get emergency medical help if you have headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, dizziness, stuffy nose, cough, stomach, abdominal, back pain, bleeding, nail color changes, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), numbness, sleep problems (insomnia), runny or stuffy nose, slow or uneven heart rate, loss of appetite, dark urine. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor.
Tell your doctor about all other medications you use, especially: doxorubicin, stavudine, cancer treatments, zalcitabine, ganciclovir, interferon-alfa, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ribavirin, fluconazole, methadone, probenecid, ritonavir, zalcitabine, rifapentine. Interaction between two medications does not always mean that you must stop taking one of them. Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications you are taking.
Take the missed dose as soon as possible. Skip the missed dose if it is time for your next scheduled dose. Don't take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
If you think you have overdosed the medicine seek emergency medical help at once. The overdose symptoms are nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, seizure.
Store the medicine at room temperature between 36-86 degrees F (2-30 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not store the drugs in the bathroom. Keep all drugs away from reach of children and pets.
The information presented at the site has a general character. Note please this information cannot be used for self-treatment and self diagnosis. You should consult with your doctor or health care adviser regarding any specific instructions of your condition. The information is reliable, but we concede it could contain mistakes. We are not responsible for any direct, indirect, special or other damage caused by use of this information on the site and also for consequences of self-treatment.
Customers Who Bought This Product Also Bought:
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Recently, I had the pleasure of speaking with Matt Sandusky about his Peaceful Hearts Foundation, and his efforts to use his story to help others. To him, his story is just “one of millions,” but to the rest of the world, he is one in a million.
Along with many others across the nation, I watched Matt’s recent interview with Oprah Winfrey, and was impressed by his courage and grace. Like D2L, he believes that prevention is the key to significantly decreasing the prevalence of child sexual abuse. In fact, he, his wife, and the board of Peaceful Hearts Foundation have all completed D2L’s Stewards of Children prevention training.
As we work toward a society that actively protects children, the tragic reality is that there are far too many children and adults currently dealing with the after effects of abuse. Matt wants these survivors and their families to know that hope and healing are available to them. He believes people need to know they are cared about – that they are not alone, and that there is a network of support available to them.
This is the goal of the Peaceful Hearts Foundation, to create a community that allows child sexual abuse survivors to share, support, and heal.
As a participant of one of the most high profile child sexual abuse cases the nation has seen, and as someone who experienced ongoing abuse and apathy from those who were supposed to be his protectors, it would be understandable for Matt to shy away from the spotlight. Instead, he chose to go public with his story in order to help others heal. During our conversation, Matt told me, “I’m just a guy with a big heart who honestly cares and wants to do something.”
One in a million.
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One Quick Handwriting Transcription Challenge Every Day-for the genealogist in you
William W Goldenstein
Wm W Goldenstein
Wm (WIlliam) W Goldenstein
I'm with with Wm A Goldenstein The "W" in Wm does not look like themiddle initial "W" to me
I think Wm A Goldenstein. The "W" in William is not the same as themiddle initial so I am going with "A:" for the middle initial rather than "W"
Wm W Goldenstein is it.
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Narration, rhetoric, women in literature, english literature, criticism, social attitudes, public sphere, feminism
The bipartite narrative structure of Anne Brontë's 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' (1848) has been interpreted recently as an attempt to subvert the traditional Victorian rubric of separate spheres. Reconsidering this novel in terms of Jürgen Habermas's concept of the 18th-century public sphere broadens the historical context for the way we understand the separate spheres. Within Brontë's critique of Victorian gender roles, we may identify a reluctance to address the Chartist-influenced class challenges to an older version of the public good. In hearkening back to an 18th-century model of the public sphere, Brontë espouses not so much a 20th-century-style challenge to the Victorian model of separate spheres as a 19th-century-style nostalgia for the classical liberal model of bourgeois public debate. At the same time, the awkward rupture in Brontë's narrative represents the inherent contradictions between the different levels of discourse - literary, political, and scientific - within the public sphere itself and the complex ways in which these contradictions are both accorded and denied cultural power.
Carnell, Rachel, "Feminism and the Public Sphere in Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" (1998). English Faculty Publications. 25.
Article originally published as Carnell, Rachel. K, "Feminism and the Public Sphere in Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall," Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 53, No. 1 (June 1998): 1-24. © 1998 by The University of California Press.
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| 0.871658
| 357
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Xylometazoline belongs to a class of medication called sympathomimetics in a subclass of alpha agonists. It is indicated for treating nasal congestion.
Xylometazoline can be taken through the intranasal route.
Adult and elderly
Metered dose nasal spray: 1 spray in each nostril every 8 to 10 hours
Nasal drops: 2 to 3 drops in each nostril every 8 to 10 hour
Nasal spray: 1 or 2 sprays in each nostril every 8 to 10 hours
Common dosing schedule:
This schedule is for reference only, adjustments may be made according to individual needs.
Some common medications Xylometazoline may interact with:
Xylometazoline may interact with many other medications. Please notify your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking the above medication, dosage adjustments might be needed.
In Hong Kong, Xylometazoline is an over-the-counter medicine and can be purchased without a prescription from any retail outlet in Hong Kong. This includes grocery stores, convenience stores, medicine shops, and pharmacies. It can also be obtained from doctors. To find a pharmacy near you, refer to the list of pharmacies (“Authorized Sellers of Poisons”) from the Hong Kong Department of Health.
For more information about drug names and ingredients, you can visit Hong Kong’s Drug Office at https://www.drugoffice.gov.hk
Need more information?
For detailed information about the use of Xylometazoline in children, pregnancy and breastfeeding, and for questions about drug interactions, please check with your pharmacist or doctor.
Disclaimer: our goal is to provide you with the most relevant drug information and common dosage for Hong Kong. This information does not constitute medical advice. For specific treatment recommendations and advice, always discuss with your doctor or pharmacist, and follow the instructions included with your specific medicine.
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| 0.900745
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| 2
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HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation
Order Number: AA--Q2G0H--TK
This manual provides reference information and syntax for the HP COBOL programming language on its platforms: OpenVMS Alpha, OpenVMS Industry Standard 64, OpenVMS VAX, and Tru64 UNIX Alpha.
Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the Compaq COBOL Reference Manual, Version 2.8 and the VAX COBOL Reference Manual, Version 5.4, as well as the online-only Compaq COBOL Reference Manual, Version 2.8 and Version 5.7.
Operating System and Version: OpenVMS I64 Version 8.2 OpenVMS Alpha Version 6.2 or higher OpenVMS VAX Version 6.2 or higher Tru64 UNIX Version 5.1 or higher
© Copyright 2005 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
Confidential computer software. Valid license from HP required for possession, use or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor's standard commercial license.
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.
Intel and Itanium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
Motif, UNIX®, and X/Open® are trademarks of The Open Group in the U.S. and/or other countries.
All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.
Printed in the US
This manual is available on CD-ROM.
This book describes the constructs and rules of the HP COBOL programming language, which is a Hewlett-Packard Company implementation of COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) for the OpenVMS and Tru64 UNIX platforms. It includes information about language syntax and semantics, as well as information about adherence and extensions to various COBOL standards.
This documentation set also includes the HP COBOL User Manual and, optionally, the HP COBOL DBMS Database Programming Manual.
HP COBOL is the new name for what has formerly been known as Compaq COBOL, DEC COBOL, DIGITAL COBOL, and VAX COBOL. HP COBOL, unmodified, refers to the following products:
HP COBOL for OpenVMS Industry Standard 64
Any references to the former names in product documentation or other components should be construed as references to the HP COBOL names.
This manual is intended for experienced applications programmers who have a thorough understanding of the COBOL language and some familiarity with their operating system. This is not a tutorial manual.
If you are a new COBOL user, you may need to read introductory COBOL textbooks or take COBOL courses.
Structure of This Document
This manual is organized as follows:
The following documents contain additional information directly related to various topics covered in this manual:
This manual describes how to use features of the HP COBOL language to develop programs on the Tru64 UNIX operating system or the OpenVMS operating systems on Alpha, I64, and VAX.
Consult the HP COBOL release notes for your installed version for late corrections and new features.
SYS$HELP:COBOLnnn.RELEASE_NOTES (ASCII text)
Where nnn is the version and release number.
On the Tru64 UNIX operating system, the release notes are in:
This manual provides instructions for installing HP COBOL on the Tru64 UNIX operating system.
This manual provides instructions for installing HP COBOL on the OpenVMS Alpha and OpenVMS I64 operating systems.
This manual provides instructions for installing HP COBOL on the OpenVMS VAX operating system.
This manual provides information on using HP COBOL for database programming with Oracle CODASYL DBMS on the OpenVMS Alpha, the OpenVMS I64, or OpenVMS VAX operating systems.
This set contains information about using the features of the OpenVMS I64, OpenVMS Alpha, and OpenVMS VAX operating systems and their tools.
This set contains introductory and detailed information about using the features of the Tru64 UNIX operating system and its tools.
This manual is available from Digital Press.
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Kindergarten students are bombarded with sounds, sights and experiences that make it difficult to focus and listen to instruction. In a room full of active children, it is easy for a child to become distracted. Help a kindergartner who is struggling with focus improve his listening skills by creating an environment that is conducive to learning. Minimize outside noises and avoid overstimulating children with too many choices.
Encourage Active Listening
Reading aloud helps improve listening skills and helps kindergarten students focus. Choose books that children can relate to, such as "Kindergarten Rocks!" by Katie Davis or "Miss Bindergarten Celebrates the 100th Day of Kindergarten" by Joseph Slate. Children's stories such as "Chicka Chicka Boom Boom" by Bill Martin Jr. or "Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel" by Virginia Lee Burton are classic kindergarten books that encourage active listening. Allow time for students to make connections between the words they hear and the illustrations. If a particular child is struggling with listening, ask him to help turn pages or give him a special job to help him focus.
Young children are easily overstimulated by the sights, sounds and distractions everywhere. Kindergarten students may be caught up in the newness and excitement of school and find it difficult to focus. Try to subtly isolate a child who has trouble focusing on one speaker so you can minimize distractions. Be careful not to shame or embarrass the child, but simply help her to focus on instruction and then allow her to return to the group.
Develop an Incentive Program
Reward kindergarten students with a sticker for using good listening skills. The instant reward will motivate and remind students to listen in the future. Also create longer-term incentives to give students something motivational to work toward. For example, after reading "Miss Bindergarten Celebrates the 100th Day of Kindergarten," plan a special party to celebrate your 100th day of kindergarten. Develop an exciting incentive program. When students use good listening skills, reward them with a token. Create posters with pictures of rewards that children can earn. On the 100th day of kindergarten, praise children for good behavior and talk about how their listening skills have improved. Allow children to redeem tokens for the reward of their choice.
Play Listening Games
Make listening fun by playing games to help kindergartners develop listening skills. The children will benefit from the activity and reinforcement. Simple games such as “Simon Says” require kids to focus and listen while having fun. Rhyming games will help develop not only listening skills, but also emerging literacy skills. Incorporate listening games into all subjects and encourage children to be involved in instruction as much as possible.
Model Good Behavior
Teach kindergartners to be good listeners by showing respect for their thoughts and feelings. Actively listen when children are talking to you. Teach them to take turns speaking and have a positive attitude. On the HealthyChildren website, the American Academy of Pediatrics stresses the importance of maintaining good eye contact when communicating with children, while listening for the underlying message that a child is trying to convey when speaking to you. Appreciate that kindergartners have short attention spans. Don’t expect them to listen for long periods of time. Be sure to give many opportunities for all students to relax and play.
- BabyCenter: Fun Activities to Promote Listening Skills
- HealthyChildren.org: Communication Dos and Dont's
- The Parents League of New York: Helping Children Learn to Pay Attention
- Scholastic: The 10 Best Ways to Help Your Kindergartener Succeed in School
- Helpguide: ADD/ADHD Parenting Tips - Helping Children With Attention Deficit Disorder
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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Boat Navigation Light Types & Requirements
Boat Navigation Lights
One of the most important safety systems on your boat is your set of navigation lights.
Whenever you are operating between sunset and sunrise, or in other times of restricted visibility, such as in fog or rain, you need to display the appropriate navigation lights so that other boats can see you and take the appropriate action to avoid a collision.
In general, all navigation light systems include red and green sidelights, which indicate the port and starboard side of your boat, as well as one or more white lights.
It's also important that you have a flashlight on board, as you never know when a navigation light might burn out. The rules for what navigation lights to display depend on a number of factors including:
- The length of your boat: e.g. under or over 12 meters;
- Whether your boat is being powered by an engine;
- Where you're boating, e.g. inland or international waters; and
- Whether you at anchor.
For now, remember that it's your responsibility to have the proper navigation lighting. Even if you just purchased a new boat, you should check to ensure that you've got the right lights for safe, and legal, boating.
Powered Boat Navigation Lights
When operating between sunset and sunrise, or in periods of restricted visibility, powered recreational boats require the following set of navigation lights. Remember, these power boat light requirements also apply to sailboats when using a motor.
For powered boats less than 39.4 feet, or 12 meters, you need to have the following set of navigation lights.
- One all-around white light that you can see from 360 degrees and from two miles away;
- And one pair of red and green sidelights that are visible at 112.5 degrees and from one mile away.
For boats of this size, the all-around white light needs to be positioned at a height of at least 39 inches above the sidelights.
Figure A shows a boat with this setup.
If your boat is greater than 39.4 feet but less than 65.6 feet, or 20 meters, you need the following set of navigation lights:
- A masthead light is a white light at the front of the boat. The masthead light needs to be visible across 225 degrees and from two miles away.
- A stern light, which is a white light at the rear of the boat. The stern light needs to be visible across 135 degrees and from two miles away. When the masthead light and the stern light are combined, that makes up 360 degrees.
- Finally, you need one pair red and green sidelights that are visible across 112.5 degrees and from a distance of one mile.
For boats of this size, the masthead light must be positioned at a height of at least 8 feet above the gunnel.
Figure B shows this configuration.
Boat Navigation Lights at Anchor
We've covered what navigation lights you need to have when you are underway, but what about when you're at anchor?
When your boat is at anchor, but you are not in a designated anchoring area, like at a marina, you need to make sure that you are visible to other boats that may be operating nearby.
When anchoring in these areas, you are required to display an all-around white light where it will be best seen by any other boats in the area.
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You Should Call a Professional Plumber to Install a Tankless Water Heater
Many people will try to install their tankless water heater by themselves, but they rarely consider all the potential risks they will face. Remember that this isn’t like any other DIY project you find online; any mistake could seriously affect your house. That’s why there are specialized professionals who can help you do it properly, as they’ve been thoroughly trained to provide impeccable results.
Yes, at first, installing your own water heater may seem cheaper, but if you’ve never done anything similar before, you will likely make mistakes and spend way more money than expected.
If you’re not yet convinced about hiring a professional plumber, please keep reading the following reasons why you should do it.
1- Risk of Fire and Explosion
Most water heaters need natural gas to work correctly, so you need to burn combustible fuel that will heat your water. The downside is that combustible fuels are highly flammable, and if you don’t know how to properly manipulate them, you can cause a massive fire or explosion in your home.
You probably don’t want to risk your home and family just to save some money, so the best thing to avoid this is to call a professional plumber.
2- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
If you’re installing a gas-burning water heater, you must ensure the room is properly ventilated, as the carbon monoxide will build up if there’s insufficient airflow.
People exposed to highly concentrated amounts of carbon monoxide get poisoned, which could cause them to die if they don’t go to the emergency room immediately. It is also odorless, so you aren’t likely to realize you’re being poisoned until it is too late.
Still, carbon monoxide detectors can help, but the best thing to do is to avoid these risks altogether.
3- Product Knowledge
One of the most important things you need when installing a new water heater is to know everything about the product. Although you may get some guidance from the salesperson who sold it to you, they aren’t heating professionals and have limited knowledge regarding the heater.
Therefore, finding a licensed and properly trained plumber who knows the ins and outs of most heaters on the market will be a much safer bet if you want all your needs met.
4- Peace of Mind
Hiring a licensed plumber will not only give you the guarantee of high-quality results. It will also give you the peace of mind to sit back and relax while they take care of everything. This will make sure your family is safe, and you won’t face any extra charges or property damage due to an unexpected explosion.
It may be appealing to try to do everything yourself and save a couple of dollars but finding someone else to do it for you is a much better investment in the long run.
Luckily, hundreds of licensed plumbing companies with competitive rates are willing to help you install your water heater.
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Pink Himalayan salt comes from the rock crystal formations of volcanic ash that are situated in the Himalayan regions. The main thing about pink Himalayan salt is it actually manufactured from rock crystallized salt formed near the Himalayas in places such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. It has its red hue due to trace minerals contained in it, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Himalayan Salt is the best salt for cooking in general.
When you use this cooking salt, be sure to mix it with the same care as you would any other type of salt. That means don't put too much into a pot or pan and you must also keep it away from heat sources. This cooking salt must be stored out of direct light and must be kept away from the atmosphere.
Pink Himalayan salt is used for many different purposes, including but not limited to food preparation. A lot of people make their own recipes out of it and serve their meals on special occasions. One of the best uses for Himalayan Salt is in Indian and Thai cuisine, both of which make heavy use of it in their recipes. Indian dishes, especially those that come from the south, call for the use of Himalayan Salt to add to the flavor and seasoning of the dish, and Asian dishes are known to use it as well.
Another great cooking salt to be used in cooking is the white salt. White salt comes from the deposits found in the ocean floor, and it contains calcium and iron, which make up for what the rock salt lacks in terms of solubility. Many restaurants and chefs use white salt in a pinch in order to add flavor to their food, and because it is so inexpensive, this salt can easily be added to a variety of recipes that don't require it to be extremely salty.
For baking, cooking salt is the answer. This is particularly true of cakes, cookies, and brownies. There's nothing more satisfying than taking a bite of a good cake when you're having a long day of work, and it's time to relax. A slice of the perfect cake can be just the thing to calm you down after a long hard day of work.
White salt, on the other hand, can add just the right amount of saltiness to a recipe to give the flavor you want, without making a dish taste too salty or too sweet. In fact, white salt works well in a variety of desserts as it adds a slightly sweet, but not overwhelming flavor to sweetened taste.
Using a mixture of white salt and Himalayan salt in baking is an easy way to give your cookies or cakes a rich taste, without adding too much salt. White salt can be used in place of regular salt and also helps balance out other ingredients in a recipe, so it doesn't end up taking over the entire dish.
When it comes to Himalayan salt and baking, it's food preparation that needs the most attention, as there are many ways to make dishes more palatable without using too much salt. If you're using it as a main ingredient in your food preparation, be sure to mix it with some additional salt or use salt that contains the proper amount of sodium to achieve the right taste for you. If you are using it in a recipe, do not use more than half of the recommended amount as too much salt can make the dish bland and tasteless.
When mixing it with salt, make sure to use a mortar and pestle for faster and more efficient mixing. The powder will also blend easier when it is heated up.
Although it is salt that is often used in cooking, it is often used as a substitute for salt in many dishes, such as sushi, as a salad dressing, or as a garnish for food. There is no reason to have to use table salt in many of these recipes it tends to be too salty, and many people prefer not to eat foods that have a lot of salt.
It's not difficult to incorporate this salt into healthy cooking and baking in many recipes, it adds the right amount of salt without using too much, which is ideal for baking or for those who are looking to get more nutrition in their diet without increasing their salt intake. This versatile and inexpensive salt is great in many recipes and can be used in any number of baking projects, from cakes and cookies to desserts.
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by John MacArthur
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s legendary detective, Sherlock Holmes, is one of the most intriguing creations of literary fiction. He is, quite simply, extraordinary. His famous cohort, Dr. John Watson, is ordinary, at least by comparison. Watson has often been erroneously portrayed as a bumbling fool, but that flies in the face of Doyle’s attempt to make the average reader relate to Watson.
In this well-known interchange between Holmes and Watson, see which character you more closely resemble:
HOLMES: You see, but you do not observe. The distinction is clear. For example, you have frequently seen the steps which lead up from the hall to this room.
HOLMES: How often?
WATSON: Well, some hundreds of times.
HOLMES: Then how many are there?
WATSON: How many? I don’t know.
HOLMES: Quite so! You have not observed. And yet you have seen. That is just my point. Now, I know that there are seventeen steps, because I have both seen and observed. (“A Scandal in Bohemia” in The Complete Sherlock Holmes [New York: Doubleday, 1927])
You probably don’t know how many steps you regularly ascend each day, and therefore you relate to Watson. But here Holmes is making a point similar to the one Jesus makes in Matthew 6:25-34. There Jesus directly addresses the topic of worry, telling us what to do about it and why. Like Holmes, He says we need to take a good look around us and observe, or think deeply about the meaning behind what we see. This is what Jesus tells us to ponder if we want to be free from worry:
For this reason I say to you, do not be worried about your life, as to what you will eat or what you will drink; nor for your body, as to what you will put on. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothing?
Look at the birds of the air, that they do not sow, nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not worth much more than they? And who of you by being worried can add a single hour to his life? And why are you worried about clothing?
Observe how the lilies of the field grow; they do not toil nor do they spin, yet I say to you that not even Solomon in all his glory clothed himself like one of these. But if God so clothes the grass of the field, which is alive today and tomorrow is thrown into the furnace, will He not much more clothe you? You of little faith!
Do not worry then, saying, “What will we eat?” or “What will we drink?” or “What will we wear for clothing?” For the Gentiles eagerly seek all these things; for your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things.
But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be added to you. So do not worry about tomorrow; for tomorrow will care for itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own. (Emphasis added)
The often-repeated phrase “Do not be anxious” is the theme. The Lord is issuing a cease-and-desist order against anxiety, based on the sovereign care of a loving and omnipotent God. While many worldly professionals offer therapeutic and chemical suggestions for managing your worry, Jesus commands us to stop it altogether.
We’ll take a closer look at His instructions next week.
(Adapted from Anxious for Nothing.)
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Presentation on theme: "CHAPTER 5 – Computing Components CS 10051 Professor: Johnnie Baker Computer Science Department Kent State University."— Presentation transcript:
CHAPTER 5 – Computing Components CS Professor: Johnnie Baker Computer Science Department Kent State University
2 Supplementary Slides for Class These slides were developed for the material in our Chapter 5 using an alternate textbook. The primary slides for Chapter 5 cover material not covered in these slides. The animation slides included here work better than these same slides work in the primary slides for Ch. 5 In order to see the animation, you must choose slide show format under View. Studying all of these slides should aid you in understanding Chapter 5. A reasonable number of these slides have been added to our primary slides in Chapter 5.
3 The von Neumann Architecture of a Computer Processor or Note: The processor is also called the Central Processing Unit or the CPU
4 Flow of Information The parts are connected to one another by a collection of wires called a bus Figure 5.2 Data flow through a von Neumann architecture Processor
5 Von Neumann Architecture There are 3 major units in a computer tied together by buses: 1) Memory The unit that stores and retrieves instructions and data. 2) Processor: The unit that houses two separate components: The control unit: Repeats the following 3 tasks Fetches an instruction from memory Decodes the instruction Executes the instruction The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): Performs mathematical and logical operations. 3) Input/Output (I/O) Units: Handle communication with the outside world.
6 Von Neumann Architecture The architecture is named after the mathematician, John von Neumann, who supposedly proposed storing instructions in the memory of a computer and using a control unit to handle the fetch-decode-execute cycle: fetch an instruction decode the instruction execute the instruction Although we think of data being stored in a computer, in reality, both data and instructions are stored there. In one of our programming chapters, well see the format of a typical instruction. Right now, think of it as a sequence of 0s and 1s.
7 Babbage Interestingly, a similar architecture was proposed in 1830 by Charles Babbage for his Analytic Engine: ALUmill memorystore control unit operator (process cards storing instructions) I/O unitsoutput (typewriter)
8 More Detail on Computer Architecture
9 Memory Memory is a collection of cells, each with a unique physical address The size of a cell is normally a power of 2, typically a byte today.
10 Memory A cell is the smallest addressable unit of memory – i.e. one cell can be read from memory or one cell can be written into memory, but nothing smaller.
11 RAM and ROM RAM stands for Random Access Memory Inherent in the idea of being able to access each location is the ability to change the contents of each location ROM stands for Read Only Memory The contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed RAM is volatile, ROM is not This means that RAM does not retain its bit configuration when the power is turned off, but ROM does
12 MEMORY UNIT (or RAM- Random Access Memory) Each cell has an address, starting at 0 and increasing by 1 for each cell. A cell with a low address is just as accessible as one with a high address- hence the name RAM. The width of the cell determines how many bits can be read or written in one machine operation. MAR is Memory Address Register MDR is Memory Data Register
13 What is a Register? Data can be moved into and out of registers faster than from memory. If we could replace all of memory with registers, we could produce a very, very fast computer... But, the price would be terribly prohibitive. Most computers have quite a few registers that serve different purposes. Well see how the MAR and the MDR are used.
14 How does the memory unit work? Trace the following operation: Store data D in memory location 0. D D 0 0D 0D s D
15 How does the memory unit work? Trace the following operation: 1) Fetch data D from memory location 1. 2) Obtain an instruction I from memory location 7. How does the computer distinguish between 1) and 2) above? We need to look at the control unit later. 1 D f D I
16 USING THE DECODER CIRCUIT TO SELECT MEMORY LOCATIONS x 2 4 decoder MAR
17 The decoder circuit doesn't scale well--- i.e. as the number of bits in the MAR increases, the number of output lines for the decoder goes up exponentially. Most computers today have an MAR of 32 bits. Thus, if the memory was laid out as we showed it, we would need a 32 x 2 32 decoder! Note 2 32 is = 4 G So most memory is not 1 dimensional, but 2-dimensional (or even 3-dimensional if banked memory is used).
18 2-D MEMORY MAR 2 x 4 decoder 2 x 4 decoder columns rows Note that a 4 x 16 decoder was used for the 1-D memory.
19 Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Performs basic arithmetic operations such as adding Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT Most modern ALUs have a small amount of registers where the work takes place. For example, adding A and B, we might find A stored in one register, B in another, and their sum stored in, say, A, after the adder computes the sum.
20 The ALU Uses a Multiplexer R AL1 AL2 ALU circuits multiplexer selector lines output GT EQ LT condition code register Register R Other registers
21 ADD X X D D f ALU1 & ALU2 E E+DE D
22 Control Unit A Control Unit is the unit that handles the central work of the computer. There are two registers in the control unit The instruction register (IR) contains the instruction that is being executed The program counter (PC) contains the address of the next instruction to be executed The ALU and the control unit together are called the Central Processing Unit, or CPU
23 ALL A COMPUTER DOES IS... Repeat forever (or until you pull the plug or the system crashes) 1) FETCH (the instruction) 2) DECODE (the instruction) 3) EXECUTE (the instruction)
24 The Fetch-Execute Cycle Fetch the next instruction Decode the instruction Execution Cycle Gets data if needed Execute the instruction Normally Get data if needed is considered part of the Execute the instruction.
25 Figure 5.3 The Fetch-Execute Cycle (3) (a) (b)
26 How Does the Control Unit Work? The PC holds the address of the next instruction to be executed. Whatever is stored at that address is assumed to be an instruction. Once the instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented.
27 Input/Output Units An input unit is a device through which data and programs from the outside world are entered into the computer Keyboard, the mouse, and scanning devices An output unit is a device through which results stored in the computer memory are made available to the outside world Printers and video display terminals
28 THE I/O DEVICES Pictorially, these look the simplest, but in reality, they form the most diverse part of a computer. Includes: keyboards, monitors, joysticks, mice, tablets, lightpens, spaceballs,....
29 I/O UNITS Processor Memory I/O buffer Control-logic I/0 device Each device is different, but most are interrupt driven. This means when the I/O device wants attention, it sends a signal (the interrupt) to the CPU.
30 IN X X D s D D
31 OUT X X D D f D
32 Problem: Trace Following Actions inside Computer Increment X Compare X Jump X JumpLT X
33 Secondary Storage Devices Because most of main memory is volatile and limited, it is essential that there be other types of storage devices where programs and data can be stored when they are no longer being processed Secondary storage devices can be installed within the computer box at the factory or added later as needed
34 Magnetic Tape The first truly mass auxiliary storage device was the magnetic tape drive A magnetic tape
35 Magnetic Disks A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic disk, retrieving or recording data Figure 5.8 The organization of a magnetic disk
36 Compact Disks A CD drive uses a laser to read information stored optically on a plastic disk CD-ROM is Read-Only Memory DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk
37 Are All Architectures the von Neumann Architecture? No. One of the bottlenecks in the von Neuman Architecture is the fetch-decode-execute cycle. With only one processor, that cycle is difficult to speed up. I/O has been done in parallel for many years. Why have a CPU wait for the transfer of data between the memory and the I/O devices? Most computers today also multitask – they make it appear that multiple tasks are being performed in parallel (when in reality they arent as well see when we look at operating systems). But, some computers do allow multiple processors.
38 Synchronous processing One approach to parallelism is to have multiple processors apply the same program to multiple data sets Figure 5.6 Processors in a synchronous computing environment
39 Pipelining Arranges processors in tandem, where each processor contributes one part to an overall computation Figure 5.7 Processors in a pipeline
40 Shared-Memory Shared Memory Processor Local Memory1 Local Memory2 Local Memory3 Local Memory4 Different processors do different things to different data. A shared-memory area is used for communication.
41 Comparing Various Types of Architecture Typically, synchronous computers have fairly simple processors so there can be many of them – in the thousands. Pipelined computers are often used for high speed arithmetic calculations as these pipeline easily. Shared-memory computers basically configure independent computers to work on one task. Typically, there are something like 8, 16, or at most 64 such computers configured together.
42 Comparing Various Types of Architecture – a simple example Solve the following problem: Given n integers, see if the integer k is in the collection Do this with a von Neumann machine. Do this with a synchronous machine. Do this with a pipelined machine. Do this with a shared-memory machine.
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Renvela® Tablets: Each film-coated tablet of Renvela contains 800 mg of sevelamer carbonate on an anhydrous basis. The inactive ingredients are hypromellose, diacetylated monoglycerides, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium chloride and zinc stearate. The tablet imprint contains iron oxide black ink.
Does sevelamer have calcium?
Sevelamer hydrochloride is a non-calcium, non-metal-based phosphate binder that provides effective control of serum phosphorus levels in patients on HD but with fewer episodes of hypercalcaemia and less suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) than calcium acetate or calcium carbonate [ 7 ].
Is renvela calcium based?
Renvela binds to (or holds on to) phosphorus in the foods you eat so your body doesn’t absorb as much. Then it carries the phosphorus through your digestive tract and out of your body. Renvela does not contain calcium or metal and is not absorbed, so it does not build up in your body.
Is Velphoro calcium based?
Velphoro (sucroferric oxyhydroxide), distributed by Fresenius Medical Care Renal Therapies Group, LLC, is a non-calcium, iron-based PB indicated for the control of serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis.
What type of drug is Renvela?
Renvela (sevelamer carbonate) is a phosphate binder indicated for the control of serum phosphorus in adults and children 6 years of age and older with chronic kidney disease on dialysis.
Does sevelamer lower calcium?
Sevelamer reduces calcium load and maintains a low calcium-phosphorus ion product in dialysis patients. J Nephrol.
Can sevelamer cause hypocalcemia?
Recently, a noncalcium P binder, sevelamer hydrochloride (sevelamer), has become available in Japan. However, Japanese patients undergoing dialysis might be less tolerant of sevelamer treatment, and it is likely to cause hypocalcemia because their dietary Ca intake is less than that in European and American patients.
What are side effects of Renvela?
Headache, diarrhea, stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, cough, gas, or constipation may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Why do dialysis patients take calcium acetate?
Calcium acetate is used to control high blood levels of phosphorus in people with kidney disease who are on dialysis (medical treatment to clean the blood when the kidneys are not working properly). Calcium acetate is in a class of medications called phosphate binders.
What does Renvela do to your body?
Renvela (sevelamer) is a phosphate binder. Sevelamer helps prevent hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the body) caused by elevated phosphorus. Renvela is used to control phosphorus levels in people with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis.
Is Velphoro the same as calcium acetate?
Phoslo (Calcium Acetate)
Velphoro (sucroferric oxyhydroxide) is a great phosphate binder for people with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. Similar medications need up to 4 pills per meal to work. You may only need to take 1 tablet of Velphoro (sucroferric oxyhydroxide) per meal.
Why are phosphate binders used?
Phosphate binders are used to reduce positive phosphate balance and to lower serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the aim to prevent progression of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD).
Can you take Velphoro and Renvela?
Interactions between your drugs
No interactions were found between Renvela and Velphoro. This does not necessarily mean no interactions exist. Always consult your healthcare provider.
What foods to avoid if phosphorus is high?
- Dairy foods.
- Bran cereals.
- Colas and other drinks with phosphate additives.
- Some bottled ice tea.
Why is phosphorus bad for kidneys?
How might phosphorus harm kidneys? Too much phosphorus may calcify the kidneys. “As more phosphate goes through the kidney, it accelerates micro-calcification of the kidney’s tubules,” Block explains. That can depress kidney function and also increase the risk of fatal heart attacks.
What are the side effects of sodium bicarbonate?
- Frequent urge to urinate.
- headache (continuing)
- loss of appetite (continuing)
- mood or mental changes.
- muscle pain or twitching.
- nausea or vomiting.
- nervousness or restlessness.
- slow breathing.
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BTU stands for British Thermal Units. Using BTU is the basic way to measure the power of air conditioning units. And while the term might look intimidating, it is not.
So, what is a BTU in AC units?
A BTU simply means the amount of energy needed by an air conditioning unit to cool your home in an hour. And before buying an air conditioning unit, it is advisable to consider the BTU rating to avoid under-sizing or oversizing your unit.
How do you Calculate the BTUs you need for an AC?
BTU is a technical term, but you do not have to be a technician to make the calculations. Once you know the size of your room in square footage, then you can make the calculation.
Therefore, the first step is to calculate the size of your room’s square footage. Once you have it, multiply that figure by 25; the figure you get is the size of AC that you need in BTU.
Why Is Picking the Right AC Size Important?
Picking the right AC size in terms of BTU is the most important decision when buying and installing an AC. You need to get the figures right for proper cooling of your space and also for energy efficiency.
An air conditioning unit with more BTUs might be powerful, but that does not mean that you should always go for it. Always strive to get the right AC size for your space.
BTU that is too Low
A BTU that is too low will not sufficiently cool your home because the AC is underpowered. The air conditioning unit will be working overtime to cool your home, so it will take a longer time to push out the heat from the space.
You will also notice high energy bills because the air conditioning unit will need more power to cool your home. Since the AC will be operating for a longer time, it will wear out fast, and your power bills will remain high.
BTU that is too High
You probably think a high BTU means fast cooling, right? Well, yes, but that isn’t the entire truth. A high BTU translates to fast cooling but when it comes to AC operations, there are other factors to consider.
While the room will be cooled fast, the moisture in the air also needs to be eliminated. Since the cooling happens so fast, moisture remains in the air. Your home will be cooled quickly, but it will feel humid and sticky.
Also, since the air conditioning needs more frequent cycles to operate, it will wear out fast, and you might need to replace or repair it sooner.
What is BTU in AC Unit? Picking the Right one for your AC
Doing the basic calculation of multiplying the square footage by 25 is the easiest way to find the right BTU for your AC. However, there are other factors to consider because every home is different, meaning the cooling needs might differ.
Here are some other factors to consider when choosing BTUs for your home AC:
1. House Floor
If you live in a story house, the upper floors tend to be warmer because they are closer to the roof. Therefore, you’ll need a more powerful AC for the upper floors, compared to the lower ones.
The best way to estimate this is to adjust the BTUs by 10% upwards as you move closer to the roof. Adjusting the BTUs upwards will guarantee you proper cooling even when the temperatures are too high.
2. The Direction of the Sun
Study your room and determine the direction of the sun. If the room receives a lot of direct sunlight, it might need more cooling compared to rooms that face away from the sun. On those hot days, you might need a more powerful AC to get rid of the excess heat.
If you notice that one of the rooms receives more direct sunlight, adjust the BTUs by 10% to take care of the excess heat caused by direct sunlight.
3. Number of People in the Room
A bedroom and a classroom of the same size might require different AC sizes. A classroom is used by more people, and this means that you need more cooling power.
If you want to know how many BTUs you need for a room, add 600 BTUs per person. In case the room has two people or fewer, you can keep the BTU constant.
Heat-generating appliances in the home can affect the number of BTUs that you need for your air conditioning unit. Some rooms like kitchens need higher BTU because they have a lot of heat-generating appliances like cookers.
If you are planning to cool a kitchen, it is always advisable to account for the number of heat-generating appliances. You can add a total of 4000 BTUs to your kitchen just to be safe.
Benefits of BTU in AC
Using BTU is very important when it comes to sizing air conditioning units. Without BTU, it will be difficult for HVAC technicians to determine how much energy is needed to cool homes.
Here are some reasons why BTU is important:
1. Helps with Energy Efficiency
Using BTU calculations can be helpful when you want to achieve energy efficiency. When you buy the right size of air conditioning unit, you do not have to worry about wasting energy. You only use the exact amount of energy that you need to cool your home and save the excess.
2. The Durability of AC Appliances
Buying and installing AC appliances is an expensive affair. When you buy your air conditioning units, you need to be sure that they will serve you for a long time. And the best way to ensure the durability of your appliances is to make sure that you get the right size of AC appliance.
You need to avoid overworking your appliances so that they can serve you for a long time.
3. Efficient Cooling
If you want to achieve efficiency when cooling your space, it is advisable to get the right AC appliances. Make sure that you invest in good-quality appliances that are ideal for your places. Buying An AC with the right BTU can help you achieve maximum efficiency when cooling.
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If you’ve ever played official poker, you’ve probably heard about the important rules that you need to follow. These rules are designed to protect you and your friends while enjoying poker. But what exactly does this mean? Let’s look at some of the most common rules of poker. First, you must remember that your opponents may be playing against you. That means you should avoid making fun of them. It’s also against the rules to criticize the dealer or ask for advice.
In addition to official poker rules, you should also be aware of the unwritten ones. You should be aware of angle shooting, which is an unethical move that can lead to big losses. It’s important to note that this strategy takes many forms, and has become a grey area in poker. The best way to avoid committing this unethical strategy is to check out the official rules on the FIDPA website. However, be aware that the unwritten rules of poker aren’t the same as the rules for poker in your country.
Official Poker Rankings are a fantastic tool to keep track of online poker results. It lists tournament results, prize ladders, and poker players’ ratings, and is updated every day. The site also offers a number of other tools that you can use to keep tabs on your game. One of the best things about official poker rankings is that it is free, so it’s worth giving a try. When you find the right poker room, you’ll be able to beat the competition and earn money while doing it.
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