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Posted By claire on May 25, 2011
On this day in history, 25th May 15531, a triple wedding took place at Durham House, the London residence of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. Lady Jane Grey married Guildford Dudley, one of the Duke’s sons, her sister Lady Katherine Grey married Lord Henry Herbert, son of the Earl of Pembroke, and Guildford’s sister, 12 year old, Lady Catherine Dudley, married Lord Henry Hastings.
Leanda de Lisle describes how all three of the young couples were dressed in silver and gold, “fabrics forfeited to the King from the Duke of Somerset in 1551 and, figuratively at least, marked with his blood”2. King Edward VI was too ill to attend the marriage, and was in fact dying, but it was an “extravagant spectacle” and was attended by most of the English nobility and celebrated with jousting, feasting and masques.
Although John Dudley is often thought to have masterminded Lady Jane Grey’s marriage to his son, Guildford, in order to further his control of the country on the death of Edward VI, Leanda de Lisle3 points out that the marriage was, according to William Cecil, the brainwave of Elizabeth Brooke, second wife of William Parr, Marquess of Northampton, and Christine Hartweg, in her wonderful article “John Dudley the Family Man”4, writes that Dudley and Henry Grey, Jane’s father, were second cousins once removed and “more importantly, they were also good friends and Henry Grey owed both his place on the Privy Council and his dukedom to John Dudley. Thus, a match between their children was not unlikely or inappropriate.”5
There does not seem to be anything suspicious or underhanded in this marriage match. We can argue until we’re blue in the face about whether this marriage was “a plot to snatch the Crown from its rightful heirs or an example of “routine actions of dynastic politics” “5, but there is no evidence either way. Nobody was to know on that May day in 1553 that the bride and groom only had less than 9 months of marriage and life ahead of them.
Notes and Sources
- Leanda de Lisle says “The date is almost always given as the 21st but this is drawn from Commendone writing after the event. It was booked to take place on a Thursday (see Albert Feuillerat, Documents Relating to the Revels at Court, p306) and when I calculated the day from other known dates – e.g. Jane’s entry to the Tower – it confirmed my suspicion that it was the 25th.”, p328 in Notes of The Sisters Who Would be Queen, Leanda de Lisle, UK hardback
- Leanda de Lisle, p102 of UK hardback in Chapter “A Married Woman”.
- Ibid., p98 in Chapter “No Poor Child”.
- “John Dudley the Family Man”, Christine Hartweg
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Optimism Turns To Fear In Libya's Rebel Stronghold
As the Libyan civil war drags on, optimism in the rebel camp for the speedy overthrow of Moammar Gadhafi has disappeared. The rebel stronghold of Benghazi is now in the grips of a different emotion — fear.
A rebel fighter's car blew up this week at a funeral. Across town, explosions and shootings are ripping through a neighborhood, but no one is exactly sure what the cause is. Families are hiding in their homes, afraid of the lawless streets.
Awad Mohammed was at his father's funeral when an explosion happened. It was crowded, and there were many mourners.
"We were sitting like I am now, and all of a sudden there was an explosion," he says. "And we saw my car blow up."
Someone had thrown a homemade bomb into the back of his pickup truck, destroying it. Mohammed says the attack was meant as a warning.
"That's what Gadhafi is trying to do now, pick us off one by one through his infiltrators," he says.
Shots Without Explanation
In Benghazi, rumor and fear are rife. People whisper of infiltrators — a fifth column of saboteurs intent on spreading chaos.
It's hard to separate fact from fiction. When asked why he would be targeted, Mohammed claims he's a famous rebel from the front lines of Ajdabiyah. Others say it's because he used to belong to Gadhafi's feared revolutionary committees, and rebel sympathizers are now getting even.
Whatever the truth, he's not alone: There has been a spate of similar attacks in recent weeks. Benghazi has been flooded with refugees from front-line cities, and many have refused to open their homes to them, fearing that they might be Gadhafi spies.
The pervasive sense of unease is not without reason: There are now guns and heavy weapons all over the city, in the hands of nearly everyone. The weapons were given to rebels in Benghazi to fight against Gadhafi's forces, but they are now also being used for other purposes. Unexplained shootings and explosions happen all the time; no one knows exactly who is shooting or why, but it can be heard everywhere.
Restaurant owner Imad Pala says that before the uprising, it was illegal to carry weapons.
"Before, people before used knives to settle their differences," he says. "You'd never hear the sound of gunfire."
But not anymore. The crackle of shooting and the thud of heavier weapons are now a constant in the city. Sometimes it's celebratory, but other times it's people settling scores, Pala says. In any case, he says it isn't safe here. Often, in the middle of the night, he hears gunfights and has no idea what's going on.
'Better Armed' Than The Police
There is no one to turn to if things get ugly. In central Benghazi, what's left of the police force gathers in a parking lot. The men have few weapons and almost no uniforms; they haven't been paid since the uprising, and the police station where they are meeting has been burned down.
They are trying to get back on track, but they face two main obstacles. First, the police were a particularly loathed institution in Libya, seen as the fist of Gadhafi. Second, they have no backing from the provisional authority here.
As a group of them stand in a huddle, their commander tells them that if they come face to face with a criminal stealing a car, for example, they should ask politely for him to stop what he's doing.
People are really upset at the police. We are trying to get our reputation back and gain people's trust.
"We can't force them anymore," he tells his men. "They are better armed than we are."
First Sgt. Akram Hamid says they have the community's best interests at heart.
"We need to provide security for the banks, for public buildings, for people in general," Hamid says. "We need to provide safety; people are missing that."
He acknowledges that when people see the police uniform, they don't react well.
"People are really upset at the police," Hamid says. "We are trying to get our reputation back and gain people's trust."
But trust is in short supply. Many families are keeping their women and children at home. Jamal Arabi is stuck in his house with his wife and their three children, two of whom are preteens. Schools are closed, and the streets are too dangerous to play in.
"We are suffering from this situation," Arabi says. "We live under stress 24 hours."
He says there is only so long people can live like this. As this goes on, he says, they feel increasingly disappointed with their revolution.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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As the number of children sickened by Enterovirus EV-D68 (HEV68) continues to swell in the Midwest and beyond, the CDC is basically saying that this is only the beginning of the outbreak.
To date, ten states have contacted the CDC for assistance in investigating clusters of enterovirus 68, these include Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
Mark Pallansch, a virologist and director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Viral Diseases says what we are seeing may only “the tip of the iceberg”. “We’re in the middle of looking into this,” he said in an interview Sunday. “We don’t have all the answers yet.” The virus hasn’t been “officially” identified.
More than 100 types of enteroviruses exist causing about 10 to 15 million infections in the United States each year, according to the CDC. They are carried in the intestinal tract and often spread to other parts of the body. HEV68 is a unique enterovirus that shares epidemiologic and biologic features with human rhinoviruses (HRV). First isolated in California in 1962 from four children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia , HEV68 has been reported rarely since that time and the full spectrum of illness that it can cause is unknown.
The virus can start as just a cold. Signs include coughing, difficulty breathing and in some cases a rash. Sometimes they can be accompanied by fever or wheezing.
Respiratory problems appear to the hallmark of EV-D68, according to the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services.
EV-D68 has also been reported overseas in countries including the Philippines, Japan and the Netherlands.
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If your flight ticket is marked with the code “2 PC”, you may take two pieces of baggage, each weighing a maximum of 23 kg. If your flight ticket is marked with the code “3 PC”, you may take three pieces of baggage, each weighing a maximum of 23 kg.
Can I bring 3 bags on a plane? Many airline change their policy to allow 1 free checked suitcase on international flights. This means that in a lot of cases you can bring 3 bags for an international flight. 1 personal item, 1 carry-on, and 1 checked bag.
What does 2 bags at 23kg meaning? Airlines often operate the « Piece Concept » for flights to and from the USA and Canada. This generally allows passengers 2 pieces of checked baggage, each up to 23kg. Elsewhere in the world the same airlines will operate the « Weight Concept », e.g., one bag of up to 20kg.
Then, Is laptop included in 7kg hand luggage? So the answer to your question is Yes if you can fit in the laptop bag in the carry on luggage and the total weight of your bag including the laptop is up to 7 kg.
Which airlines allow 3 bags for students?
Extra Baggage Allowance For Students
- AIR CHINA.
- QATAR AIRWAYS.
- OMAN AIR.
- CHINA EASTERN AIRLINES.
- AIR INDIA.
Can I bring 2 backpacks on a plane? In general, you can bring two backpacks on a plane with you if one of them is considered as carry-on luggage and the other one is small enough to be considered as a carry-on personal item. Carry-on luggage should fulfill the size restrictions as specified by the airlines and should fit in the overhead bin.
Which airlines offer 2 free checked bags? The only one that advertises 2 bags for free is Southwest Airlines.
Do laptop bags count as carry-on? Earlier, the airline announced that passengers could also bring a laptop placed inside a laptop case or bag, or a handbag. CEB clarified on Saturday that this laptop bag is among the « one (additional) small bag » allowed for every passenger. Small bags should not exceed 35 cm.
What airlines allow 2 free checked bags?
As indicated previously, the only major US airline offering 2 free checked bags is Southwest. However, the first bag checked on jetBlue is also free. (Size and weight limits apply.)
Which airline gives maximum baggage allowance? Baggage allowance often varies with the airline and the destination. For example, baggage allowance to the US, on most airlines, is higher than other destinations.
|Check-in Baggage||Regular||First – 40 kg Executive – 35 kg Economy – 15 kg|
|Hand Baggage||Regular||7 kg including laptop|
Can I carry 2 bags in cabin?
No cheating on cabin baggage rules, only one bag per person on flight: CISF. The CISF has asked the airlines to educate passengers to carry only one hang baggage. Multiple baggages per person delay the security check resulting in wastage of time.
Is cabin bag and laptop bag same? While regulations allow for only one item as hand baggage, passengers are allowed to carry hand bags and laptop bags with them.
Can we carry 2 laptops in Indian domestic flights?
Yes, you can carry two laptops in Domestic flights.
Is laptop bag allowed in Air India?
Each passenger is allowed to carry on one bag and one personal item such as a laptop bag, handbag, or briefcase. Assistive devices and outer garments do not count as personal items. All carry-on luggage must fit in the overhead bin or under the seat in front of you.
Can students carry extra baggage? The Additional baggage allowance is applicable over and above the Free BaggageAllowance reflected on the ticket, subject to a max of 40Kgs. E.g. If the ticket displays 30Kgs for any particular sector, the additional baggage allowance will be 10 Kgs only, subjectto a maximum of 40 Kgs.
Can students take extra luggage in flight? Air India
The airline offers students an extra baggage allowance in the form of one piece of luggage up to 23kg. Destinations covered include US, UK, Europe, South East Asia, Far East Asia and Australia. This is an offline deal and students have to contact Make My Trip for it.
Can I bring pillow on plane?
First, the TSA is responsible for ensuring flight security. According to their website, they don’t have any problems with pillows. Pillows aren’t seen as a security risk. So you can bring your pillow on the plane, pack it in your checked luggage, or pack it in your carry-on bag – according to the TSA.
What is not allowed in a carry-on bag? Liquid or gel food items larger than 3.4 oz are not allowed in carry-on bags and should be placed in your checked bags if possible. TSA officers may instruct travelers to separate items from carry-on bags such as foods, powders, and any materials that can clutter bags and obstruct clear images on the X-ray machine.
Why umbrella is not allowed in airport?
Umbrellas are only additionally inspected because they have a pointed end and if the inside frame is made out of sharp metals. These are restricted in hand luggage but not in checked luggage. That said, some extra long umbrellas might be denied from checked luggage.
How can I avoid paying baggage fees? The 6 Best Ways To Avoid Checked Bag Fees
- Fly with Airlines that Don’t Charge for Checked Baggage. …
- Earn Elite Status with an Airline. …
- Choose the Right Airline Credit Card. …
- Choose a Travel Card with an Airline Fee Credit. …
- Avoid Basic Economy. …
- Pack Light and Don’t Check a Bag.
What is a 62 inch luggage?
Linear inches simply means adding the height, width, and depth together. Here is an example of a 62 inch bag. This AmazonBasics suitcase is 30.9 x 17.5 x 12.9 inches including the wheels. If you add those three numbers together you get 61.3 inches.
Does 7kg carry-on include handbag? “The 7kg carry-on allowance may be spread across up to two separate pieces of cabin baggage, including handbags and purses.” According to the Virgin-owned low-cost airline, having a 7kg combined allowance allows budget carriers to keep their fares low.
Don’t forget to share this post !
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The city of Roanoke is scheduled to begin to replace the Depression-era Wasena Bridge this fall.
The project comes as the bridge reaches the end of its usability, and construction will continue for two and a half years. The section of the greenway under the bridge will be detoured, and the road on top will be closed for a while (although not for the full duration of construction), but underneath the bridge lies another community feature that won’t return — the skate park.
During construction, the greenway will be closed from the parking lot adjoining the playground, along a 1/2 mile section to the intersection with Wiley Drive/Winona Avenue, according to the city's plan. During the closure, users will be detoured through the parking lot and then along Winchester Avenue, Main Street, and Winona Avenue, returning to the Greenway at Wiley Drive. Closure of this entire section of the greenway within Wasena Park will enable bridge construction to be completed more quickly.
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The Wasena skate park, a fixture for 18 years, currently contains ramps, boxes, and railings, along with a new halfpipe constructed in 2020. On a given day, skateboarders and people on bikes, scooters, and rollerblades can be found attempting tricks and hanging out nestled under the rumble of overhead traffic.
But the construction will bring with it the destruction of Roanoke’s only public skate spot. And the change has been a long time coming — many of the plywood ramps have been falling apart for years and were not constructed for long-term use.
So where can skateboarders go this fall? Roanoke’s Parks and Recreation plans to move the new halfpipes down the river, but has not yet announced a location. The rest of the old park will go down with the bridge.
The construction won’t spell the end for public skating in the region. There are skate parks in Salem, Christiansburg, Blacksburg, and Rocky Mount. And skaters often make their own spots, such as the recently moved Flying Panther Skate Shop off of Shenandoah Avenue.
Beyond that, Roanoke City has allocated one million dollars in funding for the construction of a new skate park, which would replace the old one in the same spot and begin after the bridge building concludes, estimated to be in 2024.
The plans for the new skatepark, from a feasibility study conducted in 2018, showcase features requested by skaters and may include a stair/bank combination with Hubba ledges, a bank to curb, a nipple, a fun box with a grind ledge, a planter gap, a radial ledge, a quarter pipe extension, and a set back radial wall. The park’s concepts were made by Pillar Design Studios, a prolific design and build firm specializing in skate parks.
The study shows citizens wanted accessibility and competition-level construction, distinct places for differing levels, and other amenities – such as lighting, shade, restrooms, and parking, – that would make the park more attractive than it is now.
Michael Clark, director of Roanoke Parks and Recreation, said the city is “committed to providing high quality amenities.”
The need for a new skate park has been known for years, he said, but it consistently ranked low on the master plan’s updates. It was only thanks to a “concerted effort from the skateboarding community” that made it eligible for public funding ahead of other projects.
The Roanoke Skatepark Initiative in particular spearheaded the plan’s momentum.
The Initiative, established in 2015, came about with the overall goal of promoting skateboarding in the Roanoke area and the main goal of getting a newer, better skatepark. That effort ultimately landed the project on the docket for the city and built up a skating community by hosting and promoting local skating events along the way.
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Berlin 1920 Two babies are born. Two brothers. United and indivisible, sharing everything. Twins in all but blood. As Germany marches into its Nazi Armageddon, the ties of family, friendship and love are tested to the very limits of endurance. And the brothers are faced with an unimaginable choice...Which one of them will survive?
Ben Elton's most personal novel to date, "Two Brothers" transports the reader to the time of history's darkest hour.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 624 pages
- Publisher: Transworld Publishers Ltd
- Publication Date: 15/08/2013
- Category: Second World War fiction
- ISBN: 9780552775311
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New research reveals why the “supermaterial” graphene has not transformed electronics as promised, and shows how to double its performance and finally harness its extraordinary potential.
Graphene is the strongest material ever tested. It’s also flexible, transparent and conducts heat and electricity 10 times better than copper.
After graphene research won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2010 it was hailed as a transformative material for flexible electronics, more powerful computer chips and solar panels, water filters and bio-sensors. But performance has been mixed and industry adoption slow.
Now a study published in Nature Communication identifies silicon contamination as the root cause of disappointing results and details how to produce higher performing, pure graphene.
The RMIT University team led by Dr Dorna Esrafilzadeh and Dr Rouhollah Ali Jalili inspected commercially-available graphene samples, atom by atom, with a state-of-art scanning transition electron microscope.
“We found high levels of silicon contamination in commercially available graphene, with massive impacts on the material’s performance,” Esrafilzadeh said.
Testing showed that silicon present in natural graphite, the raw material used to make graphene, was not being fully removed when processed.
“We believe this contamination is at the heart of many seemingly inconsistent reports on the properties of graphene and perhaps many other atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials,” Esrafilzadeh said.
“Graphene was billed as being transformative, but has so far failed to make a significant commercial impact, as have some similar 2D nanomaterials. Now we know why it has not been performing as promised, and what needs to be done to harness its full potential.”
The testing not only identified these impurities but also demonstrated the major influence they have on performance, with contaminated material performing up to 50% worse when tested as electrodes.
“This level of inconsistency may have stymied the emergence of major industry applications for graphene-based systems. But it’s also preventing the development of regulatory frameworks governing the implementation of such layered nanomaterials, which are destined to become the backbone of next-generation devices,” she said.
The two-dimensionalproperty of graphene sheeting, which is only one atom thick, makes it ideal for electricity storage and new sensor technologies that rely on high surface area.
This study reveals how that 2D property is also graphene’s Achilles’ heel, by making it so vulnerable to surface contamination, and underscores how important high purity graphite is for the production of more pure graphene.
Using pure graphene, researchers demonstrated how the material performed extraordinarily well when used to build a supercapacitator, a kind of super battery.
When tested, the device’s capacity to hold electrical charge was massive. In fact, it was the biggest capacity so far recorded for graphene and within sight of the material’s predicted theoretical capacity.
In collaboration with RMIT’s Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, the team then used pure graphene to build a versatile humidity sensor with the highest sensitivity and the lowest limit of detection ever reported.
These findings constitute a vital milestone for the complete understanding of atomically thin two-dimensional materials and their successful integration within high performance commercial devices.
Image courtesy of rmit.edu.au
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I have intended this book to be more than just the sum of its chapters, and the introduction is, in part, an attempt to spell out what the more is. Algebraic topology is the study of topological problems by algebraic means. More precisely, this has come to be framed as the study of topological categories by means of functors to algebraic categories. Beyond the basic definitions and structure, the focus is often on particular problems, for example, Adams’ use of K-theory to solve the vector fields on spheres problem. On the other hand, there are contributions of a more global nature yielding insight into the overall structure of some topological category, for example, Quillen’s work on rational homotopy type. This book is intended primarily as a contribution of this latter sort. So while there will be a variety of particular examples and computations, and although the structure being developed has significant application to many specific problems (some of which are considered here), the major thrust of the text is toward understanding the global structure and linkage of the topological and algebraic categories considered: the stable homotopy category and the category of modules over the Steenrod algebra.
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“After reading Friedrich Hayek’s article on economics and knowledge (Hayek, 1937), Richardson became concerned with the theoretical problem of the market conditions under which the enterprise could expect to generate the necessary information on which to base its investment decisions. Approaching the problem theoretically, Richardson first argued that the perfectly competitive model used by economists was incapable of answering the problem. He then argued that the market conditions which enabled the enterprise to obtain the requisite information generally included coordination among the market enterprises and social constraints on their market action. More specifically, Richardson argued that the information necessary for making investment decisions could be only obtained in markets where the market price was unchanged for many sequential transactions and did not represent the market conditions peculiar to each transaction. It was in this manner that Richardson came to consider the relationship between social-economic rules and institutions and the market price … .Of course, inside the comparatively small sector of the economy where flexprices really are important, the informational role of prices in terms of communicating knowledge about supply and demand has some merit, but so much of any modern market economy is not flexprice.
Richardson approached the relationship between social-economic institutions and market prices by considering two types of prices with respect to investment decisions – short-period fluctuating prices and long-period stable prices. The former prices, through short-period price competition, were responsive to the conditions surrounding each and every transaction in the market and, hence, were market-clearing prices. Thus, as the short-period conditions continually changed, so would the market price change. However, because of its fortuitous, flexible nature, the short-period market price could not generate the information needed by enterprises for making investment decisions. On the one hand, buyers could not make long-term buying plans, such as the buying of investment goods or consumer durables, based on the goods’ relative prices since they could change in a haphazard unpredictable manner; on the other hand, if the total sales of the enterprise were associated with many different prices, then it could not make long-term sales predictions based on sales trend, stock movements, state of orders, or market share. The information needed by the enterprise to make investment decisions would consequently simply not exist.
To eliminate short-period fluctuating prices, Richardson argued, enterprises resorted to developing codes of behavior and social-economic institutions to enforce them. For example, to eliminate secret price shading and therefore the possibility of price wars, a social rule against price cutting would be propagated throughout the market and backed by social-economic institutions such as open-price systems, price notification schemes, cartels, trade associations, or price leaders. Specifically, to eliminate short-period fluctuating market prices, the market enterprises would establish codes of social behavior and social institutions which would establish a single market price based on the normal cost prices of the enterprises in the market that would remain unchanged for many transactions – that is, a stable long-period market price. As a result, sales trends would provide the information enterprises needed to make long-term investment decisions, since the price/quantities combinations which make it up would not be related to short-term market conditions. Thus not only was the socially determined market price stable over time, it also generated the investment information the enterprises required since the indicators would reflect the permanent market conditions.” (Lee 1998: 135–136).
The private sector mostly shuns the price flexibility of neoclassical and Austrian price theory, and itself establishes many practices and conventions for stabilising prices.
But, above all, it is administered prices which allow the price stability that is highly useful in investment decisions. As Nicholas Kaldor argued, in normal times (outside, say, a very severe recession) “in actual adjustment of supply and demand, prices play only a very subordinate role, if any [sc. role]” (Kaldor 1985: 25).
In the mark-up pricing sector, therefore, prices cannot be communicating relevant and important Hayekian information about changes in demand and supply or relative scarcity.
For Richardson’s work in general, see Richardson (1960, 1965, 1967 and 1972).
Kaldor, Nicholas. 1985. Economics Without Equilibrium. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y.
Lee, Frederic S. 1998. Post Keynesian Price Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
Richardson, G. B. 1960. Information and Investment: A Study in the Working of the Competitive Economy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Richardson, G. B. 1965. “The Theory of Restrictive Trade Practices,” Oxford Economic Papers 17: 432–449.
Richardson, G. B. 1967. “Price Notification Schemes,” Oxford Economic Papers 19: 359–369
Richardson, G. B. 1972. “The Organization of Industry,” Economic Journal 82.327: 883–896.
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You have bradded me on, and told me that a man of the woods always gets what he wants if he goes after it right.
The seat (Fig. 53) is made up of split saplings laid as shown, with the ends pared to fit the rails and bradded on.
The back and ends of the closet are next cut to size and bradded in.
It was three planks thick, crossed one another and bradded together wid iron nails.
By this is meant split rods of wood so bradded down as to form patterns.
A gain should also be cut in each leg, into which the bottom shelf is to be fitted, glued, and bradded from the under side.
When the doors are ready for setting the glass it may be held in place by small 1⁄4 round strips, bradded in behind it.
"small wire nail," late 13c., brod, from Old Norse broddr "spike, point, arrow," from Proto-Germanic *brozda- (cf. Old English brord "point, prick, blade of grass," Old High German brort "point, edge, crown"), from PIE *bhrs-dh-, from root *bhars- "projectile, point, bristle" (see bristle (n.)).
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Why we must champion innovation and invention-based learning
“Providing students with the opportunity to step outside the comfort zone of a classroom and work on inventions with a trial-and-error approach encourages them to take risks”
Providing students with engaging opportunities to explore, discover and grow is something all educators aspire to achieve. Yet, this is often difficult when the majority of teaching is done in traditional classroom environments, says Aysha Al-Mudahka from Qatar Foundation.
For STEM learning in particular, it cannot be neglected. It is essential that schools equip the next generations with engaging experiences that teach practical STEM skills if we are to encourage and prepare students to pursue careers in science and engineering-led industries.
Key to this, and an area where I believe we can expect to see considerable growth in the coming years, is maximising innovation and invention-based learning.
At Qatar Foundation, we have been striving to support STEM learning and founded the Qatar Academy for Science and Technology, a dedicated school that enables students focusing on topics like computer science to participate in research projects with industrial organisations where they can get hands-on experience.
Recently, we expanded opportunities for invention-based learning at our Education City campus, partnering with Conoco Phillips and the Smithsonian’s Lemelson Center’s to bring their experimental learning program Spark!Lab to Qatar. The program provides children and young people with opportunities to invent and design solutions to real-world problems, taking a collaborative approach.
Built on experiential learning, Spark!Lab offers a fresh approach to often-monotonous learning methods such as reading and writing. Our Qatari pilot of the program saw brilliant engagement from the young people participating, as well as some amazing, inventive solutions to real-life challenges.
The success of the first program made it clear to us that invention-based, hands-on learning has a major role to play in inspiring the next-generation of leaders, and we are now looking forward to welcoming our second edition later this year.
As programs like Spark!Lab continue to develop, we hope to see experimental and innovation-based learning adopted more widely.
Diversifying syllabuses to incorporate these types of programs creates a positive and entertaining experience for students, making them feel like they are playing an active part in their own growth. It’s a chance to nurture students’ curiosity and provide opportunities for them to take their learning into their own hands. As well as making the experience more rewarding, this also increases information retention and encourages young people to want to continue and learn more.
Honouring this curiosity and encouraging students to take ownership of their own education is especially important in STEM subjects, where the subject matter is so extensive and the possibilities for development are endless. It will surely encourage learning at a quicker rate and ultimately foster morepassion for STEM subjects amongst students.
Innovation and invention-based learning also supports personal growth. Providing students with the opportunity to step outside the comfort zone of a classroom and work on inventions with a trial-and-error approach encourages them to take risks. As well as supporting their technical knowledge, taking these risks equips students with vital analytical and self-reflection skills. On top of this, it builds confidence and resilience – two important character traits for their future careers.
The collaborative and solutions-oriented nature of this type of learning further develops students’ practical understanding of the world around them and helps them build the skills they need to operate in team-based environments. The challenges that the world faces today – from climate change to health concerns – are complex and will not be solved by one person alone. The next generation of leaders must be taught to think on their feet, but also learn the value of teamwork and the importance of sharing expertise, if we are to set them up for success.
Looking towards the future, it is certainly an exciting time for schools and we are likely to see various new pedagogical approaches implemented. I hope to see more schools recognising the invaluable role of experimental programs such as Spark!Lab in shaping the next generation, and introducing these programs as a priority. Given the challenges facing the world, now more than ever, we must ensure we are equipping the next generation to meet the needs of the future.
In Qatar, we are lucky to have a local and regional ecosystem that supports innovation at all levels. What is amazing about this ecosystem is that it includes not only large institutions but also private companies that aim to educate young people and other innovators to take their experiential learning to the next level.
About the author: Aysha Al-Mudahka, Director of Strategic Initiatives & Partnership Development at QF CEO Office.
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A benefit dinner gives people the chance to save a life
By now, most people are aware of the plight of AIDS victims in Africa. Celebrities, including Bono, Angelina Jolie and George Clooney, have even started drumming up support for those affected by the illness. While she's not famous, Beaverton resident Joyce Maier is another person who can be added to that list of concerned people working to make a difference.
That's because Maier, in association with Bethlehem Lutheran Church and Wash Jo Humanitarian Outreach, has put together an organization to help those orphaned by the AIDS virus.
Partners in Kenya is a 100-percent nonprofit endeavor that works to provide sponsorship for high school-age children who, without financial help, could wind up on the streets and fall prey to the very same disease that took their parents' lives.
Because the Kenyan government only provides education through the eighth grade, those who wish to continue after that must come up with the funding by themselves; understandably, any amount of money is too much for an orphan to be expected to pay. This is where Partners in Kenya comes in.
The price of education
For between $400 and $500, people can provide these children with the funds for school fees, uniforms, textbooks and room and board for an entire year. Other contributions of any amount are also gladly accepted, providing much needed books and school supplies. Maier herself sponsors a child, and she said knowing a young orphan will be able to survive for another year is worth the sacrifice she has to make.
'I want to raise awareness about how even helping one child can make a difference … to that child … to give them hope for a brighter future. I can easily spend $400 shopping at Costco, but that same amount of money can let these kids eat, have a safe place to sleep and be educated for an entire year,' Maier said.
At this time, a total of 48 children have been sponsored for the entirety of their high school education. In order to make that number grow, Maier is putting together a Partners in Kenya fund-raiser for Sunday, Oct. 1. The benefit dinner will take place at The Governor Hotel's Heritage Ballroom and will feature performances by African Gospel Acappella and Loveness Wesa and The Kgotso African Dance Troupe, with Sheila Hamilton, of radio station KINK 102 FM, serving as master of ceremonies.
The evening will begin with a silent auction and cocktail hour at 5 p.m., followed at 6:30 by the program, entertainment and a dinner of Northwest salad greens, petite filet mignon and roasted salmon stuffed with brie, dungeness crab and bay shrimp with an herb beurre blanc, risotto cake, seasonal vegetables and dessert. There will also be complimentary wine and beer. Tickets are $125 per plate, $1,000 for a table of eight, and all proceeds will go to the educational expenses of Kenyan orphans.
This dinner is a way for people who are concerned about AIDS in Africa to make a difference, Maier said. She also hopes those who attend will learn a little more about Partners in Kenya and become inspired enough to sponsor a child.
'The bottom line is, we are so privileged in this country,' she said. 'All that we're asking is for people to help one child. It's just a way that people can do something.'
'More than just write a check'
Maier's labor of love started back in May 2005, when she and her husband Paul heard Wash Jo, a native of Kenya and the founder of Wash Jo Humanitarian Outreach, speak at their church about the AIDS orphans in Kenya.
According to the Partners in Kenya Web site, 'in some parts of Sub-Sahara Africa, 38 percent of the population is HIV positive. By the year 2010, it is estimated that there will be 40 million children who have lost their parents to this disease. Nearly half of the children in the West regions of Kenya have lost either one or both parents to AIDS. One of the fastest growing segments of the economy of this region is coffin-making.'
The couple were inspired to help after hearing Wash Jo's message, but rather than being content with simply donating some money, they decided they wanted to see for themselves just what was going on in the lives of these orphans.
'I knew that if we went to Africa, I would be able to talk from my own experiences and be able to do more than just write a check,' Maier said.
When they arrived in the country, the Maiers and their daughter Ashley, as well as their pastor and Wash Jo, met children who had lost everything but were doing their best to stay in school and someday make a better life.
The group visited a number of schools that had no electricity, had meager science labs with one microscope and Bunsen burner, and where a single textbook was shared between 10 students. Water supplies were also limited, forcing students to use the same lake to bathe, wash clothes, water herds, use for drinking water and fish for food.
'They really just virtually have nothing,' Maier said.
Before the five-week trip ended, Maier said she made a promise to get 20 of the children and teenagers sponsored through high school. After returning to Oregon, the Maier family spoke to friends, family and acquaintances about what they had witnessed in Kenya in the hopes that they would be able to get more sponsors for the children.
Soon after that, Maier said she began toying with the idea of a special dinner fund-raiser that would give people, who may otherwise not know how, a chance to help.
'There's so much that people can do, and they don't even know it,' she said. 'This is an opportunity for people to participate and really make a difference.'
Planning for the dinner really began in April, when Maier and her best friend, who is the sister-in-law of Doug Schmick of McCormick and Schmick's, came up with the idea of asking him if he would help out with a dinner event. Maier said Schmick was generous with helping Partners in Kenya, giving them a deal at The Governor Hotel and with the use of his catering service at Jake's Catering.
Other sponsors include Dr. Lee D. Robinson, for whom Maier has worked as practice manager for 17 years, Balloons on Broadway and Michaels Printing. Throughout this whole endeavor, Maier said she has received nothing but support from people from all areas, including Clackamas, Lake Oswego and Vancouver.
Back to the beginning
Maier and her husband are in the midst of planning a return trip for January. She said she wants to go and revisit all the children and see how they are all doing, as well as to assure everyone who has contributed that their money is being used in the way she promised it would be. While she is unable to visit the children as much as she would like, Maier said they are always on her mind and that helps her realize just how fortunate she is.
'I think about these kids many times every day, and I am constantly trying to think of what I can do to help make and impact their lives,' she said. 'I look around and see all the excess we have and know how lucky we are to have been born in a country that is so rich … in many ways. I thank God for everything that I have and try not to take things for granted.'
When she gets back, she said she would like to see about doing other events to keep garnering attention for the Kenyan orphans, though she is undecided on what she would like to do.
'I don't know what the next thing will be. I feel like we're just getting started.'
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Illyrian acidophile fir forests
Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, with a species cortège composed by elements of the Fagetalia (Fagion illyricum) and of the Piceetalia.
Source: EUNIS habitat classification
|EUNIS habitat type||code G3.1322|
Relation to vegetation types (syntaxa)Not available
Species mentioned in habitat description
|Classification||Code||Habitat type name||Relationship type|
|Palaearctic Habitat Classification 200112||42.1322||Illyrian acidophile fir forests||source|
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\ .. 異端！..
√ ﹀~ 當心勿受迷惑，請趕快抵擋應戰喔... 毋恃敵(魔鬼、假先知謬論)之不來，恃吾有(元帥耶穌基督、聖經真道)以待之...→請參閱
主題: * 邪惡背後的主腦
100年過年時(大年初一)，一星期至警政署門口旁拿塊看板陳情~不肖警務腦部監控竊盜(腦控、洗腦)集團惡行，一部進入警署車輛看見停下來大聲詢問:是誰？ 門口有人員大聲回答:是保防組他們專門在惡整人！ 車內人:..... 門口人員回答:我知道，上面有交代下來！ 他們繼續對談..... ;從警政署門口聽到此資訊！不止警政署，全國警察全都知道是保防組！
主旨: Overview on the Illuminat i光明概述
To understand Illuminati cult programming, it is necessary first to understand something about the structure and philosophy of the organization.
The Illuminati are a group of people who follow the philosophy known as "Illuminism" or "enlightenment."
The Illuminati were named several hundred years ago, but trace their roots and history are the ancient mysteries and religions of Egypt, ancient Babylon, and even Mesopotamia.
From these ancient religions, which are practiced in secret for hundreds and hundreds of years, resulting esoteric groups which continued the practice of rituals, traditions, and enculturation brought in from the original group.
Illuminism if modern-day is philosophy is funded by the wealthy people, but practiced in all social strata. It is a philosophy whose principles were spread throughout the world. It began with the German branch of Rosicrucians, spread to England and then came to the United States with the first settlers.
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Dr. Philips is an Assistant Professor, Dr. Restrepo is a Professor, and Dr. Chintapalli is a Professor in the Department of Radiology at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
Several benign types of pathology can mimic the radiological appearance of neoplasm. An indeterminate or incorrect diagnosis may lead to unnecessary patient anxiety, biopsy, and even surgery. The recent surge of imaging utilization, particularly in computed tomography (CT), has contributed to an increase in detection of such lesions. A lack of pertinent patient history also contributes to greater difficulty in establishing a correct diagnosis.
In this review, the authors describe some of these benign entities that can mimic neoplasia on imaging and discuss the radiological features that may assist in reaching the correct diagnosis of these findings as benign conditions. For the purposes of this article, we have classified these benign etiologies into subgroups. Although any organization and distribution can be controversial, our classification aims to simplify the gamut of these lesions based on their predominant/distinctive etiology. Table 1 lists our classification scheme. Radiologists should be well acquainted with these pathologies and their unique imaging appearances.
An inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT), also termed inflammatory myofibroblastic pseudotumor, is a rare lesion of unclear pathogenesis. It is characterized by reactive non-neoplastic proliferation of myofibroblastic spindle cells, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration within a myxoid stroma.1 IPT can occur in nearly every site in the body, from the central nervous system to the gastrointestinal tract (Figures 1 and 2). Some authors believe this is a low-grade fibrosarcoma with inflammatory cells. It is also thought to be the result of inflammation following minor trauma/surgery.2 An immune-autoimmune mechanism and an infectious cause have also been proposed.3 Organisms, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, have been found in splenic and nodal pseudotumors; actinomycetes and nocardiae are found in hepatic and pulmonary pseudotumors, respectively; and mycoplasma in pulmonary pseudotumors.4 Clinically, patients with inflammatory pseudotumor may have varying degrees of fever, thrombocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia
Pulmonary IPT is the most common primary lung mass seen in children and accounts for approximately 50% of benign intrapulmonary tumors seen in pediatric patients.5 Cough, fever, dyspnea, and hemoptysis are the usual presenting symptoms.6 On radiographs, it typically appears as a solitary, peripheral, sharply circumscribed, lobulated mass most commonly within the lower lobes.5 On CT scans, inflammatory pseudotumors have a variable and nonspecific appearance, but most commonly appear heterogeneous and show variable enhancement (Figure 3, click here to view this image in a DICOM viewer). Calcification within the lesion occurs more frequently in children.5,7
IPT of the liver has been recognized increasingly in children and young adults mainly in Asian countries.8 Most cases involve the right hepatic lobe and are solitary solid tumors. However, involvement of the porta hepatis or bile ducts, resulting in obstructive jaundice, can also be seen. Sclerosing cholangitis, phlebitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis have been found in association with inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver.9 The IPT may spontaneously regress.8
On sonography, IPT in the liver can be a hypo- as well as hyperechoic mass with transmission and visualization of multiple septa.10 On CT, they show soft-tissue attenuation with delayed and persistent enhancement due to fibrous content, although a variety of different enhancement patterns have been noted.8 On MR images, the mass is usually hypointense relative to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images, and heterogeneously enhanced after administration of contrast material (Figure 4). Cholangiography may show biliary strictures of intra- or extrahepatic ducts.11 In addition, IPT may be associated with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis that leads to biliary stricture formation.
IPT of the urinary tract is extremely difficult to distinguish from malignant tumors clinically, radiologically, and histologically. Patients usually present with painless gross hematuria from exophytic and ulcerated lesions.12 Lesions within the urinary bladder are usually single, polypoid, intraluminal or submucosal masses with or without extension into the perivesical fat and they tend to spare the trigone area. (Figure 5).13 The maximum reported size has been 9 cm.14 Often IPT displays surface ulcerations and blood clots. IPT should be considered when an enhancing tumor is surrounded by a clot, particularly in young adults. Masses are usually hypervascular on Doppler imaging and show strong enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Central necrosis may be observed within the lesion.15 Lesions may also show an infiltrating margin and can be accompanied by extensive sclerosis.14
Idiopathic fibrosing disorders/fibromatosis
The fibromatoses consist of a group of fibroproliferative conditions that are locally aggressive and have the capability to infiltrate or recur. This can occur in the mediastinum, small bowel mesentery, omentum, transverse or sigmoid mesocolon, and the retroperitoneum.16
Fibrosing mediastinitis, also known as sclerosing mediastinitis, is characterized by proliferation of dense fibrous tissue within the mediastinum. Affected patients are typically young and present with signs and symptoms related to obstruction of vital mediastinal structures, such as central systemic veins, the esophagus, airways, and pulmonary arteries or veins. Two patterns of involvement have been described on CT scans: a focal and a diffuse pattern. The common focal form presents as a soft-tissue mass that is frequently calcified in the right paratracheal/subcarinal/hilar regions (Figure 6). The etiology of this form is postulated to be histoplasmosis in patients from the United States. In contrast, the diffuse form demonstrates an infiltrating, noncalcified mass affecting multiple compartments. This is often seen in association with other idiopathic fibrosing disorders, such as retroperitoneal fibrosis.
CT depicts the soft tissue mass and its extent. Intravenous contrast is useful for depiction encasement or obstruction of vessels with collaterals and also assessing for airway stenosis. Upper gastrointestinal series may also show narrowing of the esophagus when the patient presents with dysphagia (Figure 7). Two-dimensional or 3-dimensional reformation techniques may facilitate either surgical planning or local therapy of these lesions. On MRI, the T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images show an intermediate signal mass with a variable signal on the T2-weighted MR.17
Mesenteric fibromatosis is a deep infiltrative fibroproliferative process that shows no gender or race predilection and occurs across a wide age range, 14-75 years.16 Thirteen percent of patients with mesenteric fibromatosis are found to have familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), specifically, the Gardner variant.16 Prior abdominal surgery is an important risk factor for the development of mesenteric fibromatosis in patients with FAP. Complications of fibromatosis include bowel obstruction, fistulization, and even perforation. Mucosal ulceration may also occur as mesenteric fibromatosis may compromise the vasculature.18 The CT and MR imaging appearances are variable and related to its underlying histologic characteristics and vascularity.19 A homogeneous, soft-tissue attenuation is seen in tumors with a highly collagenous stroma, whereas a hypodense/intense appearance is common with a myxoid stroma (Figure 8). Contrast enhancement both on CT and MRI may vary from mild homogeneous to heterogeneous enhancement.20
Sclerosing mesenteritis is an idiopathic disorder characterized by tumor-like masses in the mesentery that are composed of chronic, nonspecific inflammation, fat necrosis, and fibrosis. It usually involves the small bowel, but can also affect the colonic mesocolon.21 The average age at presentation is 60 years with increased frequency in males.22 On imaging, a soft-tissue mass is noted in the mesentery with retraction and shortening with kinking or fixation of the small bowel. Punctate or coarse calcifications can be present within the mass. The mass may envelop the mesenteric vessels and over time collateral vessels may develop. Preservation of fat around the mesenteric vessels is usually noted, referred to as the “fat ring sign.”23 This finding may help distinguish sclerosing mesenteritis from other mesenteric processes such as lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, or carcinomatosis.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) often manifests as a paraspinal, well-demarcated but irregular retroperitoneal mass.24 The fibrosis first begins near the aorta and the iliac arteries, extending through the retroperitoneum to involve the ureters (Figure 9). The average age at presentation is 40-60 years, and men are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop retroperitoneal fibrosis than women.25 Avid enhancement on imaging may be seen in the acute stages. There may be little or no enhancement in the presence of advanced or chronic disease.26
RPF may be confused on imaging with a neoplastic process, such as lymphoma. It is important to note that RPF manifests as a plaque-like density whereas neoplastic infiltration results in peripheral nodularity and lobulation. In contrast to RPF, which tethers adjacent structures, lymphoma or other malignant processes usually display mass effect and displace the aorta and inferior vena cava anteriorly from the spine and push the ureters laterally.27 RPF almost always occurs caudal to the renal hilum.28
Tumoral calcinosis and metastatic calcifications
Primary tumoral calcinosis
Primary tumoral calcinosis is a familial condition characterized by solitary or multiple painless, periarticular calcified masses. On imaging, tumoral calcinosis shows a rather typical appearance: amorphous, cystic, and multilobulated calcification located in a periarticular distribution. The greater trochanteric bursa is the most common site of involvement.29 Fluid-fluid levels caused by calcium layering may be seen within the lesion and are commonly termed the sedimentation sign.30 A homogeneous lesion suggests reduced metabolic activity and diminished ability to grow.31 A distinguishing finding of tumoral calcinosis is the absence of erosion or osseous destruction. T1-weighted MR images show low signal intensity, whereas the T2-weighted sequences generally show inhomogeneous high signal intensity even though there is a large amount of calcification.32
Secondary tumoral calcinosis
Chronic renal failure is the most common cause of a periarticular calcified mass, rather than the rarer primary tumoral calcinosis. Massive periarticular calcification has been attributed to hyperparathyroidism.33 Lesions of primary tumoral calcinosis and chronic renal failure show no radiologic or histologic differences (Figure 10).34 Hence, the differentiation is usually based on history, serum creatinine, and the glomerular filtration rate.
Foreign bodies and gossypibomas
The term gossypiboma is derived from the Latin word gossypium, meaning cotton, and the Swahili word boma, meaning place of concealment.35 There are numerous case reports of retained foreign bodies in the literature, but the true incidence is thought to be under-reported secondary to possible legal ramifications of this oversight. A patient with a retained laparotomy sponge can present acutely with sepsis from abscess formation.36 Delayed presentations result from a fibrinous response, which is usually an aseptic process that creates adhesions and a thick capsule around the sponge. These masses are often confused with neoplasia.37 Most retained sponges are now impregnated with a radiopaque marker to facilitate radiographic detection. However, older sponges do not always have this marker (Figure 11). The retained sponge may also be a surgical towel that usually does not have any radio-opaque markers and often results in large gossypibomas.
On imaging, the most commonly described ultrasound appearance is that of an echogenic structure with sharply delineated posterior acoustic shadowing due to the reflective nature of the gauze fibers.38 CT usually shows a hypodense mass with a thick peripheral rim (Figure 12).39 A whorl-like or spongiform appearance is more typical, but may not always be seen.35 The internal structure of the gauze is best depicted on MRI as wavy low-signal intensity lines on T2-weighted images, which is a pathognomic finding.35
Hypertrophy and normal tissues
Splenosis is defined as the autotransplantation of splenic tissue resulting from the spillage of cells following splenic trauma or surgery.40 Splenic implants are generally multiple, have no characteristic shape, nor a hilum or a capsule. These can be located anywhere in the peritoneal cavity and also within the thorax following a diaphragmatic tear. On sonography, these implants have a homogeneously hypoechoic echotexture identical to the spleen.41 At CT, the attenuation is identical to that of normal spleen in all phases of the intravenous contrast material enhancement (Figure 13).42,43 The major differential diagnosis for splenosis includes adenopathy, peritoneal carcinomatosis, and lymphoma. If the diagnosis is in question after routine cross-sectional imaging, technetium99m tagged heat-damaged red blood cell scintigraphy or technetium99m sulfur colloid scintigraphy can be performed to confirm the diagnosis by showing uptake of radionuclide activity in ectopic splenic tissue.44
Extramedullary hematopiesis (EMH)
EMH is most commonly seen in the spleen and liver and occasionally in lymph nodes.1 Involvement of other organs, such as the pleura, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, breast, skin, brain, kidneys, and adrenal glands, has also been reported.45 The most common imaging manifestations are paraspinal masses and rib expansion seen frequently in β-thalassemia.46 The active hemopoietic masses are well-marginated and show mild-homogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced imaging. In contrast, old, burnt-out lesions may show iron deposition or fatty degeneration.46 EMH involving the pulmonary interstitium and mimicking an inflammatory or neoplastic diffuse interstitial process has been reported.47 In the abdomen, renal involvement is common, which may be parenchymal, intrapelvic, parapelvic, or perirenal. Perirenal masses typically present on imaging as uniform, enhancing perinephric masses that engulf the kidneys without distorting their shape (Figure 14). This appearance is often confused with bilateral renal lymphoma, and biopsy may be necessary to establish the diagnosis. Masses of hemopoietic elements can also involve the mesentery, presenting as nonspecific lesions that can be mistaken for lymphadenopathy or metastatic disease. Pelvic hemopoietic masses with a predilection for the presacral region are rare; however, these should be included in the differential diagnosis along with other presacral lesions, including chordoma. Identifying EMH is important as treatment with steroids and external beam radiation is effective and usually long-lasting.48
Castleman disease, also known as angiofollicular or benign giant lymph node hyperplasia, is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder.49 Castleman disease involves the thorax in 70% of cases; the abdomen in 10% to 15%, retroperitoneum and pelvis in 10% to 15% and the neck on occasion. Castleman disease can present as a unicentric form or a multicentric form. The unicentric form (90% of cases) demonstrates hyaline-vascular histology and is amenable to surgical treatment. The multicentric form typically occurs in an elderly population and shows plasma cell histology and is usually associated with more complicated systemic manifestations.50
Thoracic Castleman disease usually occurs in the mediastinum and hilum and manifests as a rounded solitary mediastinal or hilar mass in asymptomatic patients (Figure 15).49 The mediastinal form may mimic thymoma, lymphoma, or neurogenic tumors.49 On the basis of CT, 3 types of imaging appearances are noted, including a well-defined solitary lesion (50% of cases); mass with involvement/invasion of contiguous structures (40% of cases); or confluent lymphadenopathy in a single mediastinal compartment (10% of cases).50 Homogeneously intense contrast enhancement, reflecting hypervascularity of the lesion, is considered to be a characteristic CT finding. On CT, 5% to 10% of Castleman disease showed intralesional calcifications, typically being discrete in morphology.50,51 Intrathoracic multicentric Castleman disease typically exhibits bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy; centrilobular nodular opacities (Figure16). Less common imaging appearances include ground-glass opacities, consolidation and bronchiectasis.51 In the abdomen, multicentric Castleman disease is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, and thickening of the retroperitoneal fascia. The major differential diagnosis is lymphoma.
A hemophilic pseudotumor is an encapsulated, chronic, slowly growing hematoma. This is a rare complication of hemophilia, occurring in 1% to 2% of persons with severe disease.52 Pseudotumors usually occur in soft tissues (often intramuscular), but occasionally may originate in the bone or in a subperiosteal location. Pseudotumors that occur in muscles can progress to cause severe pressure erosion of adjacent bone.53 The bones most commonly involved are the femur, pelvis, tibia, and bones of the hand. Compression of nerves or pathologic fractures may produce pain or neurologic deficits.54
Pseudotumors have a variable radiographic appearance, however, are usually lytic with a well-defined margin. Lesions may be intramedullary or eccentric in location and are often expansile. CT and MR images are useful for determining the extent of the pseudotumor and for defining surrounding neurovascular structures and joints (Figure 17).55 On MRI, there are heterogeneous low- and high-signal-intensity areas internally on both T1- and T2-weighted images, findings that represent blood products in various stages of evolution.53
Many bone tumors as well as infectious processes, such as echinococcosis, may resemble pseudotumors on imaging since many of these lesions show internal hemorrhage. Percutaneous drainage or biopsy is contraindicated due to the high prevalence of complications, including life-threatening bleeding, fistula formation, and infection.54 Therefore, it is vital that the radiologist make the diagnosis of pseudotumor based on patient history and imaging findings.
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and/or stroma in locations outside the uterus. The prevalence has been quoted to range around 5% to 10 % in both symptomatic and asymptomatic women.56 The common sites of disease include the ovaries, uterine ligaments, serosal surfaces, cul-de-sac, fallopian tubes, rectosigmoid, and urinary bladder.57 Gastrointestinal involvement is estimated to occur in 12% to 37% of patients.58 Areas frequently involved are the rectosigmoid colon, appendix, cecum, and distal ileum. Implants are usually serosal, but can erode through the subserosal layers, with thickening and fibrosis of the muscularis propria (Figure 18). Invasive endometriosis is typically found in the rectovaginal septum and fibromuscular pelvic structures, such as the uterine ligaments and the muscular walls of pelvic organs accompanied by smooth muscle proliferation and fibrotic reaction. Solid masses in the pelvis may simulate metastatic peritoneal implants (Figure 18).
Pleuropulmonary endometriosis is usually coexistent with pelvic endometriosis and usually occurs 5 years following the diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. The imaging findings include pneumothorax, hemothorax, and lung nodules. The pleural lesions are almost exclusively right-sided, whereas lung lesions do not show any such predilection (Figure 18).59
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas with proliferation of epithelioid cells. Young and middle-aged patients, especially women, are most commonly affected.60 Ninety percent of patients with sarcoidosis show pulmonary involvement, which commonly manifests as asymptomatic mediastinal adenopathy.60
Less commonly seen findings of pulmonary sarcoidosis include multiple miliary nodules, bronchial-wall thickening, and ground-glass attenuation. The latter may reflect the presence of microscopic interstitial granulomas.
Sarcoidosis may also involve the abdomen, especially the liver and spleen; however, the imaging findings usually include only hepatosplenomegaly. Rarely coalescing granulomas become apparent as multiple hypointense or hypoattenuating nodules.61 Splenic nodules are larger and more common than hepatic lesions.61 Twenty-five percent of patients have normal findings at chest radiography. Multiple nodules in hepatic sarcoidosis are easily mistaken for more common diseases, including metastases and lymphoma. When there is no other clinical evidence of sarcoidosis, liver biopsy may be considered. Rarely, renal sarcoidosis manifests as multiple low-attenuation tumor-like nodules that can mimic lymphoma or metastatic tumors (Figure 19).62,63
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an uncommon form of chronic renal parenchymal infection.64 The renal parenchyma is usually diffusely involved; however, focal involvement is also noted. The kidney is diffusely enlarged with replacement of the renal parenchyma by multiple low-attenuation rounded masses with attenuation values of 10-15 HU. A “staghorn” calculus is commonly associated.64 Extension to involve the peri- and paranenal spaces, ipsilateral psoas muscle, diaphragm, posterior abdominal wall, skin, and bowel may be present and mimic lymphoma or renal cancer.
The increasing use of CT and MRI to establish or exclude a wide variety of diagnoses in many different clinical settings will likely increase recognition of non-neoplastic lesions that can simulate malignancies. Some of these lesions are indeed benign and self-limited, while others can be locally aggressive and require specific treatment. It is important to recognize that many of these lesions have unique imaging appearances that can aid in distinguishing them from malignancy. Signs and symptoms have a major role in narrowing diagnostic considerations. Hopefully, this article, while not comprehensive, will help guide radiologists in distinguishing these conditions from true malignancies.
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Car Repair in Colorado Springs
Preventative maintenance can help keep your car in top shape for many years. It is possible that you are not able to afford routine auto service in colorado springs. To avoid expensive repairs later on, regular maintenance is essential. Minor problems can be detected by your mechanic before they become costly repairs.
Regular auto repairs have many benefits
Increase driving safety: Owners who neglect to maintain their vehicles, such as worn tires and faulty brakes, are responsible for many unnecessary accidents every year.
Increased Performance and Reliability: Your vehicle will operate at its maximum performance level while using less fuel. This ensures that it is a reliable source of transportation.
Reducing the cost of repairs This will save you time and money at the auto shop.
Reduce Roadside Emergencies Instead, take it to a repair shop.
Tip: Make sure to budget a small amount every month for auto repairs in order to be able to afford the necessary work. You can drive confidently knowing your vehicle is safe.
Get a tune up for your car.
Many car owners may be wondering why it is so important to inspect your vehicle. What is the purpose of a car tune up? Your owner's manual lists tune-ups as one of the major services. They are still a vital part of vehicle maintenance.
These are the benefits of an auto tune up.
Increases reliability: Regular maintenance and tune-ups can help to reduce the likelihood of roadside breakdowns. Service your car to ensure long-term reliability.
Fuel economy: An Auto Tune Up is one of the best methods to improve your fuel economy. Unclean filters can cause fuel economy to drop by as much as 20%
This will increase the car's value. A complete record of routine maintenance and repairs can make it more appealing to potential buyers. Keep all receipts and proof of work.
Emissions are lower: Cars that have not been maintained properly emit more harmful gases into the environment. Your car's emissions and pollutants can be reduced by tuning it up.
How can you get the best car services?
What is the difference between regular automotive service and auto repair? Routine service items are those listed in your vehicle's owner manual. These items are designed to keep your vehicle in good condition and keep it as safe as possible. A problem can be fixed by an automotive technician, including replacing brake rotors or replacing wheels.
You don't have to go to the dealer where you bought your vehicle for scheduled service. Federal law permits you to service your vehicle wherever you like, and not have to visit the dealership where it was purchased. You can also have most maintenance items done by any trusted auto shop.
Make sure that your service center has the latest technical bulletins available from the manufacturer. These bulletins contain instructions for how to fix common problems. A trained technician in automotive repairs can help you determine if a problem is severe enough to warrant a visit at a dealership or specialist shop. Make sure you read the terms before you buy an extended warranty. You will need to know who is responsible for performing any covered repairs.
For more information visit Car Repair in Colorado Springs.
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Years to double = 72 / Interest rate
DO NOT reread this equation. The rule of 72 is a hard rule to explain. I will do my best to try to explain it. The answer to ‘rule of 72’ gives us a number of years. This number of years tells us how long it takes to double our money. Let’s say you have 100 dollar. The ‘rule of 72’ helps us figure out how long it will take to have 200 dollars. Scenario 1: You have invested your 100 dollars in a 3% certificate of deposits. 72 divided by 3 is 24. In 24 years, your 100 dollars had now turned into 200 dollars. Scenario 2: You have invested your 100 dollars in a bond fund and you gain 5% consistent returns. 72 divided by 5 is 14.4. In 14.4 years, your 100 dollars has now turned into 200 dollars. (**writer’s note: the larger the interest earned, the lower the amount of years required for your money to double) This 'rule' is very helpful to get another perspective on your investments. Let’s look at how this rule applies to the real world. As I write this article, I am talking to a customer service agent for my personal savings account. Sadly, the current interest rate is .05%. Using this formula, we can see how long it will take to for me to double my money within my savings account: Years to double = 72 / .05%
Years to double = 1440
Within my savings account, it will take 1440 years for my money to double. In the real world, this is a horrible long term investment strategy; inflation and taxes will destroy the value of my money. However, let’s pretend that an investment is returning 5%. Using the 'rule of 72', a 5% investment will double in 14.4 years. If my friend James had $10,000 to invest, in 14.4 years he will have $20,000. That’s starting to look better. Remember, James is making $10,000 and not working a single day of those 14.4 years. Now, let’s go even bigger.
Imagine... you have a 10% return on your investment. It will take 7.2 years to double...
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59 results for “Ovarian Cancer”.
A mutation of the gene causing colorectal cancer or epithelial ovarian cancer are major risk factors for ovarian cancer, and genetic testing within the laboratory can identify most of these. However, the women who possess these inherited genes are at less risk than those women who do not have any family history of ovarian cancer, and while the former group can be treated with advanced planning and genetic counseling, the latter group cannot be prepared in this manner. (What are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?)
Some women who have already suffered from breast cancer at an earlier stage in their lives may be at increased risk for ovarian cancer because the reproductive organs are somehow connected with each other, and the inherited breast cancer gene, that is the BCA1 or the BCA2, drastically increases the risk factor for ovarian cancer. Some studies have indicated that those women, who use…
Define Cancer. Retrieved at http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defmore&q=define:cancerAccessed on 27 January, 2005
Dolson, Laura. The whisperings of ovarian cancer. Retrieved at http://www.baymoon.com/~gyncancer/library/weekly/aa011001a.htm. Accessed on 27 January, 2005
Oncology Channel, Ovarian Cancer. August 24, 2004. Retrieved at http://www.oncologychannel.com/ovariancancer/. Accessed on 27 January, 2005
Ovarian Cancer: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved at http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/types/ovarianAccessed on 27 January, 2005
These include bloating, abdominal or pelvic pain, frequent and/or urgent urination, and difficulty eating because one feels very full very quickly (MedicineNet, 2009). However, these were only agreed upon in 2007 and not all doctors feel that these are the best markers of ovarian cancer (MedicineNet, 2009). A lot of women experience at least the first two of these symptoms quite often during their menstrual cycle, and the others are not that uncommon, either. Women cannot be running to the doctor every time they have one small symptom, but a group of symptoms that appears and is persistent is certainly worth checking out, if only to provide peace of mind for a woman who may be worried about whether she has cancer or something much more benign (MedicineNet, 2009).
Like many other cancers, ovarian cancer does seem to have some genetic link. In other words, if a lot of people…
MedicineNet (2009). Ovarian Cancer. Retrieved from: http://www.medicinenet.com/ovarian_ cancer/article.htm
MedlinePlus (2009). Ovarian Cancer. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancancer.html
National Cancer Institute (2009). Ovarian Cancer. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/ovarian/
usiness Research Terms and Concepts
KNOWING THE DIFFERENCES
Understanding Research Terms and Concepts
Quantitative Research Methods and Instruments
Quantitative research tests hypotheses from theories or approximates the magnitude of a particular phenomenon (Eau Claire, 2014). Participants or volunteers are assigned at random to different aspects or derive data from them to control their influence on a dependent variable. Probability sampling may be used if the intent is to generalize (Eau Claire).
Quantitative data collection methods utilize and depend on random sampling and structured data collection instruments (Euau Claire, 2014). These methods and their instruments are suited to different anticipated types of responses. Their findings are easy to determine, summarize, analyze, compare and generalize. The most typical methods are experiments or clinical trials, observation and recording of a specific event, securing data from an entity's management information systems, and surveys with closed-ended questions. Surveys are conducted through interviews or questionnaires as…
Al-Benna, et al. (2010). Descriptive and inferential statistical methods used in Bruno research. Vol. 36 Issue 3, Burns: Elsevier. Retrieved on January 16. 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030541790001405
Brown, B.L. (2010). Descriptive statistics. Encyclopedia of Research Design: Sage
Journals. Retrieved on January 17, 2015 from http://www.srmo.sagepub.com/view/encyc-of-research-design/n111.xml
Eau Claire (2014). Quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Wisconsin University Eau Claire. Retrieved on January 17, 2015 from http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECTION%20METHODS.htm
Care of Cancer
In many cases the sooner cancer is diagnosed and treatment begins the better the chances of a person recovering fully. If one develops cancer they can improve the chance of early detection if they have regular medical checkups and do some self-exams. Doctors often find early cancer during a physical exam or when carrying out routine tests even when there were no symptoms presented.
There are several methods that are used to diagnose cancer .with technological advancement these methods are now better as they help in a better understanding of cancer .there are now many diagnostic tools that can be used in cancer detection. Once cancer I suspected a diagnosis is made by pathologists and oncopathologists and imaging radiologists. The common diagnostic methods are;
This test involves a small tissue sample being taken from the area where cancer is suspected using a fine tipped…
Mandal, A.(2010). Cancer Diagnosis.Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cancer-Diagnosis.aspx
American Society of Clinical Oncolog.(2013). Stages of Cancer. Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/treating-cancer/stages-cancer
Armstrong, B.(2012).What are the different stages of cancer and what do they mean? Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://www.cancerinstitute.org.au/patient-support/what-i-need-to-know/about-cancer/what-are-the-different-stages-of-cancer
Info.com.(2013).Cancer complications. Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416
Maturing From My Mom's Cancer
High School is a very difficult stage in any teenager's life. The experiences that one has to go through and the hurdles that need to be overcome can sometimes prove to be overwhelming. This is truly a challenging phase in any individual's life as they are growing up to face situations both on a social as well as a personal level.
My story of acquiring a more mature outlook on life is no different. My transition into High School was not an easy one. From the beginning I had to face the fact that academics was not one of my strong sides. The grades which I achieved were near to average, something one should not be proud of. However, at the same time while I suffered on the academic front, my social life was doing well. In fact flourishing would be a more appropriate word…
Coping With Cancer
According to the American Cancer Society, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all men and one-third of all women in the U.S. will develop cancer during their lifetimes. oday, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. he numbers are dismal; according to most statistical data American's possess almost a fifty percent chance of developing cancer. With these alarming statistics it is unfortunate and inevitable that almost everyone will have to in some way or another learn how face and cope with the depressing hardships and obstacles of cancer. Whether an individual is diagnosed personally with cancer or a friend or family member is, it seems as though all of us at some point in time may have to learn coping mechanisms for this illness.
his paper addresses the various coping techniques that individuals can employ…
Telch, C.F. & Telch, M.J. "Group skills instruction and supportive group therapy for cancer patients: A comparison of strategies." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1966, 54, 802-808.
Kyngas, H.; Mikkonen, R. et al. Coping with the onset of cancer: coping strategies and resources of young people with cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, Mar2001, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p6.
Coping with Cancer
This then leads to the activation of a number of genes whose products trigger cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, or DNA repair" (Lakin 1999, p. 7644).
In research led by Hussain, he investigated the targets of free radicals, which are DNA, proteins, NA, and lipids. He noted that, "mutations in cancer-related genes or post-translational modifications of proteins by nitration, nitrosation, phosphorylation, acetylation or polyADP-ribosylation-by free radiacals or lipid peroxidation byproducts…are some of the key events that can increase the cancer risk" (Hussain 2003, p. 276). Furthermore, changes in DNA occur when the person has been exposed to high levels of nitric oxide or NO. p53 plays a role in that it acts as a mediator to stress but NO "causes p53 accumulation and post-translational modifications that inhibit cellular growth" (Hussain 2003, p. 278). His research has revealed that when exposed to NO during chronic inflammation sans wild-type p53, there might be increased…
American Cancer Society (n.d.) Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/cancerfactsfigures/cancer-facts-and-figures-2010 [Accessed: April 19, 2011].
American Cancer Society (n.d.) What Causes Cancer?, [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/index [Accessed: April 19, 2011].
Croce, C. (2008) Oncogenes and Cancer, N Engl J. Med, 358, p. 502-511.
Hasty, P. (2005) the impact of DNA damage, genetic mutation and cellular responses on cancer prevention, longevity and aging: observations in humans and mice, Mech Ageing Dev, 126(1), p.71-77.
Phenoxodiol, a Medication for Cancer
Clinical studies have predominantly focused on a couple of standard benzopyrans, namely flavopiridol and phenoxodiol (by Novogen, via MEI Pharma, the company's subsidiary at the time). Although a benzopyran, the former's method of action apparently differs from phenoxodiol's action neither of the two aforementioned benzopyrans has gained FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or EMA (European Medicines Agency) approval. The height of research on phenoxodiol was one 'Phase III' research on resistant cancer cells in the ovaries. Although slow recruitment led the trial at this phase to formally close down, results clearly displayed that oral consumption of phenoxodiol would most probably not have benefited patients, if the trial phase had been completed. Phenoxodiol results (in combination with others) led to the following hypothesis by Novogen: the problem with phenoxodiol pertained to bioavailability (in other words, the ingested drug wasn't reaching the site of cancer in adequate…
Marc Sinatra. (2015). Novogen Limited. Lodge Partners Research.
Marshall Edwards Inc.2003Investigational New Drug Status Cleared By FDA for Phenoxodiol in Oral Formpr Newswire
Paul Howard. (2015, November 1). Why The FDA Rejected A Drug That Helps Cure Lung Cancer -- And What We Can Do To Fix It. Forbes.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services1998Guidance for Industryrockvillefood and Drug Administration
Body, Mind, and Soul in the Cancer Ward
Margaret Edson’s Wit dramatizes the death of a literature professor from cancer. The play is designed to show the limits of the intellect to fully understand human tragedy and existence. Although the central protagonist Professor Vivian Bearin was a rigorous academic fluent in the works of John Donne when she was healthy, ultimately the fact her old English professor is able to provide her comfort during her dying moments by reading a children’s book provides her the greatest solace more than her philosophy and more than intellectualism. Bearin embarked upon an academic career because she was primarily interested in the life of the mind, not the body. The central irony of the play is that she is being killed by her own body with ovarian cancer. Ultimately, human beings are unable to escape the body in the form of death. The play…
cancer genes that are associated with breast cancer. Scientists have known for years that the most common breast cancer genes are BRCA1 AND BRCA2, but there are many more than those two genes that scientists now much cope with. Another aspect of the focus is on whether or not to tell a woman that she has genes that might lead to breast cancer; the ethical questions are serious and this is complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer and breast cancer "share genetic risk factors."
The overall problem is breast cancer, but within the problem of breast cancer is determining which genes are likely to cause tumors and which are present but do not necessarily lead to breast cancer. The identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was thought to hold the keys to identifying those women who had those genes as possible breast cancer victims. But with the "rapid expansion of…
Kean, S. (2014). The 'Other' Breast Cancer Genes. Science, Vol. 343. Retrieved April 7, 2014,
from http://www.sciencemag.org .
Screening for breast cancer before there are symptoms is very important. Screening helps doctors find and treat cancer in its early stages. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is detected early. A doctor may suggest any of the following screening tests for breast cancer: screening mammogram, clinical breast exam, beast self-exam (Stoppler, 2009).
Mammograms can often show a breast lump before it can even be felt. A mammogram is a picture of the breast that is made with an x-ray. It can also show a cluster of tiny deposits of calcium. These deposits are known as micro calcifications. Lumps can be from cancer, precancerous cells, or a host of other conditions. Further tests may be needed to find out if abnormal cells are present. Women in their 40s and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years (Stoppler, 2009).
During a clinical breast exam the…
Cancer Gap Between Whites, Blacks May Be Biological in Part. (2009). Retrieved August 11,
2009, from http://healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=628785
Carcinogen Found in KFC's New Grilled Chicken. (2009). Retrieved August 13, 2009, from News and Media Center Web site: http://www.pcrm.org/news/release090521.html
National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. (2008). Retrieved August 11, 2009, from American
Still, getting the right kind of care, at the right time, is often a struggle for patients. My friend passed away from her illness, but her experience opened my eyes to the need to mesh the personal needs of the patient with more effective diagnostic and treatment solutions. I had always wanted to embark upon a financial career, but now I knew what type of entrepreneurship I wished to devote my life to -- biotechnology.
Early detection must become a vital component of the war on cancer. Improving screening as well as the quality of treatment, pharmaceuticals, and care are critical components of the emerging 21st century heath care paradigm. Finding a way to financially contain costs, dispense care in a comprehensive and ethical fashion, and creating an effective strategy of prevention will all become the focus of the business of medicine. By becoming part of this graduate program, I…
infer an answer to a particular section, then you must so state and JUSTIFY your statement.
DO NOT LEAVE ANY SECTION BLANK.
Do not provide a "Yes" or "no" answer without an EXPLANATION. YOU MUST JUSTIFY ALL YOUR RESPONSES
ALL responses must be written in YOUR OWN WORDS. Do NOT use quotes.
Full and Complete Reference for the Article: Hagan, Teresa L, BSN, RN., B.A., & Donovan, Heidi M, Phd., R.N. (2013). Ovarian cancer survivor's experiences of self-advocacy: A focus group study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 40(2), 140-7. Retrieved from http://searchproquest.com/docview/1325739253?accountid-35812
You must submit the full article in PDF form. Critiques submitted without the PDF will not be accepted.
What is the problem the study was conducted to address? (1)
Response: The problem this study was conducted to address was self-advocacy in clinical research as well as practice. Despite self-advocacy being cited as a trait desirable among…
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There are several fundamental and very important differences between normal cells and cancerous cells. One of these differences has to do with structure. In normal living cells DNA in genes and chromosomes go about their function in a routine and normal manner. Cancerous cells do not function in a normal manner, they develop an abnormal DNA and gene structure and while at the same time developing an abnormal number of chromosomes (Kolata 812). The human body relies on cells for the production and sustainment of energy. In terms of Energy supplementation to the body cancerous cell and normal cell function very differently.
Normal cells derive up to 70% percent of their energy from a system known as the Krebs cycle. Cancerous are different in that they have a defective Krebs cycle, they receive very little or no energy from this. Normal cells derive about 20% of their…
Cell Reproduction. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_23/BL_23.html
Hardman, A.E., & Stensel, D.J. (2009). Physical activity and health the evidence explained. London: Routledge.
Hong, W.K., & Bast, R.C. (2009). Holland Frei Cancer Medicine Volume 8. (2nd ed., Vol. 8). Hartford, Conn.: PHPM-U.S..
Kolata, G.B. (1975). A Major Difference Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells. The Science Journal, 188(4190), 819-822. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Do patients understand what it means to donate tissue to science? Not only that, but use of EG cells confuses stem cell research with the debate over abortion, bring up the risk of biasing emotions (McDonald 7).
So, while stem cell research is an exciting new field that holds much promise, ethical problems arise to delay research, discovery of benefits or dangers, and involve many who have no knowledge of the complexities of the field. Though controversies usually accompany new discoveries in science, this biotechnological process involves manipulating the basis of life itself in embryonic stem cells. But the field is rapidly changing. hat is true today may be outmoded tomorrow. A neutral substitute for stem cells may be discovered that will prove to be the answer to these ethical questions.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. "Financial incentives in recruitment of oocyte donors." Fertil…
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. "Financial incentives in recruitment of oocyte donors." Fertil Steril 2004; 82:Suppl 1:S240-S244.
Hwang, W.S., Roh, S.I., Lee, B.C., et al. -- Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SNCT blastocysts." Science 2005;308.
Magnus, David and Cho, Mildred K. "Issues in oocyte donation for stem cell research." Science Express Magazine, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Pediatrics, Vol. 308. no. 5729, June 2005. http://www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/308/5729/1747.
McDonald, Chris. "Stem cells: a pluripotent challenge." BioScan Vol. 13, Iss. 4, (Toronto Biotechnology Initiative.) Fall 2001.
Stocker, deaf since birth, admittedly attempted to compensate for her disability, her imperfection, through the relentless pursuit of achieving perfection physically and athletically, and even when she excelled, Stocker confesses, for a long time she remained emotionally tortured by disability for which no amount of body shaping or athletic skill in sports could change that disability (2001, p. 154). Stocker's struggle with her self-image, her identity and hers sexuality were in large part shaped by her disability.
While it is not an attempt here to disparage Stocker, or to belittle the significance of her disability; Stocker is a woman who suffered her hearing impairment from birth. Stocker suffered emotionally as a result of her disability, struggled with it for most of her life in the ways in which it impacted her self-esteem, self-image, and sexuality. So, might not a woman who acquired a disability at that point her life when…
Barker-Benfield, G.J. (2000). The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Routledge. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108011402 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000224494
Bellerose, S.B., & Binik, Y.M. (1993). Body Image and Sexuality in Oophorectomized Women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(5), 435+. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000224494
DeFries, Z., Friedman, R.C., & Corn, R. (Eds.). (1985). Sexuality: New Perspectives. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=51035002 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105657669
Jane Addams was a pacifist, becoming involved with peace movements as early as 1898, according to Cimbala and Miller in Against the Tide: omen Reformers in American Society. She opposed the involvement of the United States in orld ar I and was deeply involved in the omen's International League for Peace and Freedom.
Jane Addams was a prolific writer. Elshtain, in Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life, provides a list of books written by Jane Addams, including Democracy and Social Ethics (1902); Newer Ideals of Peace (1907); The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909); Twenty Years at Hull House (1910); A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (1912); omen at the Hague: The International Congress of omen and Its Results (1915), which was co-authored with two other women; The Long Road of omen's Memory (1916); Peace and Bread in Time of ar (1922);…
Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909, 8.
Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1910. Quoted in Stillman, 1998.
Cimbala, Paul A., and Miller, Randall M. Against the Tide: Women Reformers in American Society. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1997.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life. New York: Basic Books, 2002, xxii - xix.
ethical dilemmas surround surrogacy and the donation of egg and/or sperm? Because surrogates are paid, is this a practice that exploits the poor, such as surrogate mothers in ndia? Why or Why not?
Egg donation and surrogacy raises ethical dilemmas on all four basic principles of medical ethics: autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence.
Autonomy -- .
Consent has to be given freely and with full volition of the surrogate mother. Yet, most times, intense pressure is involved aside from the fact that poor women in ndia may capitulate to the need for money and be taken in by the huge sums offered. The emotional and medical pressures are immense, but these women are often grossly misinformed about the situation that they are bound to undergo. Their poverty hampers them from making the clear, informed decisions that they would otherwise need to in order to undergo the procedure. Whilst most egg…
International Journal of Health Services, 20, 373 -- 392
What Are the Ethical Concerns Regarding Egg Donation? http://www.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/eggethic.htm
Perloe, M. (nd) Eight is Enough: Balancing the risks of advanced fertility treatment. Georgia Reproductive Specialists. http://www.ivf.com/eightenough.html )
WHY DO THE JAPANESE LIVE LONGE?
NUTITIONAL BENEFITS OF SOY:
As an annual Asian legume (meaning that it grows in a pod), soy is one of the most amazing members of the bean family, due mostly to its significant health benefits. Many studies done by nutritionist worldwide have confirmed that a plant-based diet is the most healthful choice. Soybean and its extracts, such as soybean oil, provide high-quality protein that is equal to that found in poultry, milk and other animal-based foods. However, not all soyfoods are low in fat, but most of them are cholesterol-free. An added bonus is that soybean and its byproducts do not contain saturated fat unless it is added during the processing stage or is combined with other ingredients containing saturated fat.
Because many forms of soy are low or modest in total fat, a person's overall diet will be inclined toward…
Davidson, Alan. (1989). The Oxford Companion to Food. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ling, Wen Hua, et al. (2001). "Black and Red Rice Decreases Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Increases Antioxidant Status." Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 131. 1421-26.
London, Sheryl. (1992). The Versatile Grain and the Elegant Bean. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Marks, Leonard S., et al. (2004). "Prostate Cancer in Native Japanese and Japanese-American Men: Effects of Dietary Differences on Prostatic Tissue." Urology. 64. 4. 765-71.
he researcher was able to pull up information on Venous hromboembolism hospitalizations by utilizing ICD-10 (Maynard & Stein, 2010)
he clinical diagnosis of Venous hromboembolism is defective; people that are suffering with signs and symptoms of Venous hromboembolism, just 20% have thrombosis confirmed by diagnostic testing.13Clinical prediction rules have been developed to improve the probability of an accurate diagnosis. he most widely used model classifies patients into a high, moderate, or low probability of deep vein thrombosis (Maynard & Stein, 2010). When joined with research laboratory and radiological imaging tests, this method is superior to the old-style method of executing a diagnostic test in all patients with suspected Venous hromboembolism (Martinez- 2008).
Prognosis, broken down by risk groups
A lot of the Deep Vein hrombosis is occult and most of the time resolves instinctively without there being a problem. he main longstanding illness from Deep Vein hrombosis is PS,…
Takahashi, H., Yokoyama, Y., Iida, Y., Terashima, F., Hasegawa, K., Saito, T., . . . Wada, a. (2012). Incidence of venous thromboembolism after spine surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 17(2), 114-7.
Wolowacz, S.E., Hess, N., Brennan, V.K., Monz, B.U., & Plumb, J.M. (2008). Cost-effectiveness of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in total hip and knee replacement surgery: The evolving application of health economic modelling over 20 years. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 24(10), 2993-3006.
Zalavras, C.G., Giotopoulou, S., Dokou, E., Mitsis, M., & al, e. (2002). Lack of association between the C677T mutation in the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and venous thromboembolism in northwestern Greece. International Angiology, 21(3), 268-71.
Some studies posit that casein consumption has a direct correlation to cancer cell growth, and patients with any form of cancer are counseled not to drink milk, and to limit the consumption of milk products. This is contradicted in terms of using milk to help with certain stomach and colon cancers (Hakkak, 2001). Men who drink large amounts of milk and consume numerous dairy products are at a higher risk for Parkinson's disease, and high levels of calcium intake (6 or more glasses of milk per day), also increase the chance for prostate cancer (Chen, 2007; Giovannucci, et.al. 1998). Additionally, a number of links have been made to digestive disorders such Crohn;'s disease and Hirschprung's disease, which are serious conditions of the digestive system and the bowel ("How Bacteria in Cow's Milk…" 2007).
The idea that the human body requires milk in order to produce calcium and create a stronger…
REFERENCES and WORKS CONSULTED
Champe, P. (2008). "Introduction to Carbohydrates." Lippincott's Illustrated
Reviews: Biochemistry. Williams and Williams.
Chen, H., et.al. (2007). "Consumption of Dairy Products and Risk of Parkinson's
Disease." American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (9): 998+.
For example, and elder citizen may consider having the ability to sit and watch television or read all that is necessary to improve their quality of life, and thus demand healthcare services that would allow him or her to do just that.
There are no universal standards that are likely to be accepted by a majority of the population, or even by enough people to consider QALY assessments moral and ethical practices in healthcare (Drotar, 1998). Many also argue that healthcare authorities may favor certain populations including the young adult or pediatric population, based on the theory this group has the greatest chances for survival; this however is often not the case, as there are many older adults that have powerful enough beliefs and mature immune systems so that with proper treatment they might have just as much chance for survival than doctors may assess on first glance (Drotar, 1998).…
Bergner, M., Bobbitt, R.A., Carter, W.B., & Gilson, B.S. (1981) the sickness impact profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure. Medical Care, 19: 787-805.
Drotar, D. (1998) Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents:
Implications for research and practice. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kaplan, R.M., Bush, J.W. & Berrgy, C.C. (1976) Health status: Types of validity and the index of well being. Health Services Research, 11(1): 478-507.
Anti-Aging Medicine? Include Abstract eferences scholarly
This is a review of the article titled "Is There an Antiaging Medicine?" which was written by obert N. Butler, Michael Fossel, S. Mitchell Harman, Christopher B. Heward, S. Jay Olshansky, Thomas T. Perls, David J. othman, Sheila M. othman, Huber . Warner, Michael D. West, and Woodring E. Wright. The article was published in the volume 57A, issue no. 9 of the Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences in the year 2002 from pages B333-B338. The journal is published by the Gerontological Society of America.
Anti-aging medicine refers to any form of intervention that is given to delay the development of pathology that depends on the person's age and any other changes that are related to age that are not necessarily diseases. All what are there is false claims and bogus remedies which are not known to work. Slowing down the process of aging…
Butler, R.N., Fossel, M., Harman, S.M., Heward, C.B., Olshansky, S.J., Perls, T.T., . . . Wright, W.E. (2002). Is There an Antiaging Medicine? Journal of Gerontology: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 57A (9), B333 -- B338.
Weindruch, R., & Walford, R.L. (1988). The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Healthcare -- Administration and Legal
Many vectors -- science, research funding, social acceptance or rejection -- influence how and whether medical technology is eventually adopted into medical praxis (Hogle, et al., 2012). Undergirding the choices and changes is a shared body of ethical standards and law, the establishment of which is often not consensual or efficacious. Any emerging technology can encounter unanticipated social resistance and ethical concerns that can change the course of how medical science research progresses (Hogle, et al., 2012). Medical technology often poses questions about access to expensive innovations and considerations about race, gender, and social justice that are inseparable from the socio-economic levels of patients (Hogle, et al., 2012). In contemporary society, there are the inevitable considerations about patent issues, clinical practice, and the commercialization of medical innovations (Hogle, et al., 2012). The recent court decision finding in favor of Myriad Genetics, Inc. provides a good…
Cho, M. (2010, November 1). Patently unpatentable: implications of the Myriad court decision on genetic diagnostics. Trends in Biotechnology, 28(11), 548-551. Retrieved http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology//retrieve / pii/S0167779910001411?_returnURL= http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167779910001411?showall=true
Hogle, L., Tobin, S., Gaba, D. And Yock, P. (2012). Web-Based Research Integrity Training for Biomedical Engineers and Medical Device Researchers (Public Health Service). Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford School of Medicine. Retreived http://bioethics.stanford.edu/research / programs/science_and_society.html
Morrison, E. (2011). Ethics in health administration: A practical approach for decision makers. (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Stempel, J., Steenhuysen, J., Wallace, J., Grebler, D. And Orr, B. (2012, August 16). Myriad wins gene patent ruling from U.S. appeals court. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved http://www.reuters.com/assets/
Morality and ethics: what are they and why do they matter?
All you need to know about ethics approaches and theories
Means, ends, principles and virtues six step process of ethical decision making for you to follow
Surviving professional life ethically
Ethical dimensions of the professional -patient relationship
Special challenges: "difficult patients" and patients in suicidal crisis
This is a time of great change in our understanding of health, illness, and health care systems. Medical researchers, practitioners, and administrators must realize that these changes are taking place and look to current, valid research for some answers to the questions which come with increasingly complicated technology and better medications. Since knowledge is the basis for effective decision making, one goal for any medical leader should be to attain as much knowledge as possible.
Ethics has been defined as "rules of conduct recognized in respect of a particular class of human actions."…
Dunn, M. (1998). "Knowledge helps health care professionals deal with ethical dilemmas."
AORN Journal. p.1-2.
Eckberg, E. (April, 1998). "The continuing ethical dilemma of t he do not resuscitate order."
AORN Journal. April, 1998.
Johnson & Johnson's Tylenol Crisis
Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational company headquartered in New Jersey and produces pharmaceutical, medical devices, and consumer packaged goods. In early 2016, the company experienced a crisis relating to the safety of its products i.e. Tylenol. Tylenol has traditionally been one of the most effective over-the-counter products for many customers, especially in the United States. In the recent product safety crisis, Johnson & Johnson was ordered by a jury to pay $72 million following the death of a consumer because of the use of its talcum powder (Picchi par, 2). In addition, the company faced an extra 1,200 cases relating to the safety of its Tylenol products, particularly talcum powder. The obvious early warning signs of the crisis was the relatively poor measures for handling of the Tylenol poisonings. hile the firm responded quickly to the death of seven people who utilized its…
Gallagher, James. "Johnson & Johnson Hit with $72m Damages in Talc Cancer Case." Online posting. BBC News. BBC, 24 Feb. 2016. Web. 09 May 2017. .
Male, Bianca. "How Johnson & Johnson Should Handle Its Perpetual PR Crisis." Business Insider. Business Insider, 07 May 2010. Web. 09 May 2017. .
Picchi, Aimee. "Can Johnson & Johnson Recover from $72 Million Talc Dust-up?" Online posting. CBS News. CBS Interactive, 26 Feb. 2016. Web. 09 May 2017. .
Perkins - who had retired at the age of 70 but was coming back on the board - had by this time muscled his way into a powerful position within the HP community; he and his powerful board ally, George Keyworth, held special "technology committee" meetings with key HP people the day before each board meeting. Stewart writes that Perkins' little group actually became a "board within a board," and Perkins' power grew. His disenchantment with Fiorina also grew. Fiorina was apparently losing the confidence of the board, and Perkins was the central figure in that movement away from Fiorina. Prior to the retreat, which was alluded to earlier in this paper, there was a board meeting scheduled, and before that meeting, Keyworth and Dunn approached Fiorina and urged her to "express concerns about Hewlett-Packard's performance, stock price, unfavorable press, and need to reorganize," Stewart continues.
Although Fiorina showed resistance…
Bloomberg. "HP chief opposes board vote plan." Retrieved 12 March 2007 from Australian it
Broache, Anne. "HP execs: Spy scandal was ethical wake-up call." CNET News.com. Retrieved 13 March 2007 at http://www.news.com .
Fried, Ina. "HP denies pretexting former employee." CNET News.com (2007) Retrieved 13 March 2007 at
Witnesses reported the noticeable odor of decay was present and dried mucous on one of her nostrils. The child was dressed in a light colored long-sleeved turtleneck and light-colored pants (similar to pajama bottoms). Her distraught father placed her on the floor by the front door. A white cord was tightly embedded around her neck similar to the string around her wrist. On her neck at the base of her throat was a red circular mark about the size of a quarter (World Law Direct Forums web site).
Based on her own experience Det. Arndt believed the child was dead and that she had been dead for some time. John amsey told Det. Arndt that he had found JonBenet in the wine cellar under a white blanket, that her wrists were tied above her head, and that a piece of duct tape was over her mouth. He pulled the tape…
Autopsy photos, Crime Shots True Crime Community web site: http://crimeshots.com
Autopsy report JonBenet Ramsey documents web site. http://www.crimemagazine.com/jonbenetdocs.htm.
Bane, V. (1998). Never ending story. People Weekly, 50 (22) 126-132.
Bardsley, M. (2006). JonBenet Ramsey murder case: An investigative analysis.
A made-for-television movie, Wit addresses issues related to terminal illness, death, and dying. Emma Thompson plays Vivian Bearing, a professor of literature enraptured with erudite poetry like that of John Donne. When she is diagnosed with ovarian cancer, Bearing's life changes dramatically. At first, Bearing goes the traditional route of succumbing to paternalistic medicine's approach to treatment. She obeys her doctor's orders, goes through chemotherapy, and generally struggles with the idea that she has an illness. A precocious woman, Bearing flashes back to a series of events in her life that place her personality and value system into perspective. Ultimately, Bearing comes to terms with the core essence of life as she goes through the stages of dying. She realizes that caring and compassion trump personal, intellectual, and career achievements.
The people who do and do not visit her in the hospital teach her about quality of life. Issues…
Feng Shui in Hong Kong
Fengshui in Hong Kong was noted in the first book on the subject ever written for a Western audience, by E.J. Eitel in 1873. Eitel was a German missionary and inspector of the Hong Kong schools and reported a number of instances in which Western construction projects had angered the Chinese and provoked riots and disturbances because they had supposedly upset the gods and the spirits of the ancestors. A new road to the Happy Valley was being built and the "Chinese community was thrown into a state of abject terror and fright, on account of the disturbance this amputation of the Dragon's limb would cause to the Feng Shui of Hong Kong" (Bruun, 2003, 56). When Western engineers and workers began to die of fever and the new houses in the Happy Valley had to be abandoned because of malaria "the Chinese triumphantly declared…
Blackman, M. (2008). Asia Future Shock: Business Crisis and Opportunity in the Coming Years. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bruun, O. (2003). Fengshui in China: Geomantic Divination between State Orthodoxy and Popular Religion. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Burnham, S. (2011). The Art of Intuition: Cultivating Your Inner Wisdom. Penguin.
Donavan, D. (2002). "Wang's Legacy: Sex, Lies and Litigation." Forbes.com, November 22, 2002.
Women and Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding can be enhanced and encouraged by the following schemes:
Following the breastfeeding procedures stipulated by hospitals to achieve successful breast feeding
The birth of an infant, often accompanied by joy and a deep sense of filial fulfillment can be the cause of considerable stress for the parents, this is often the case especially with the first child in a family. The hospitalization of the baby is therefore a situation that causes extreme concern for all members of the family. The normal breastfeeding pattern, and also the biological synthesis of breastmilk in the mother's mammary glands can be hampered by stress. Consequently, pediatric nurses are indispensable in these periods of intense stress to provide their support and expertise to the mother. Majority of women look up to medical practitioners for guidance and assistance in choosing their breastfeeding procedures, they also seek to have healthcare professionals influence their…
Benaroch R., 2015. Breastfeeding Overview. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/nursing-basics#1 [Accessed 9 May 2017]
McLaughlin, M.A., 2010. Knowledge and attitudes of pediatric nurses related to breastfeeding (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology).
Texas Ten Step Star Achiever, n.d. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation, even if they should be separated from their infants. Available at: http://texastenstep.org/starachiever-texastenstep/Star_Achiever_Ten_Step_Modules/resources-and-tools/docs/Texas%20Ten%20step%20star%20Achiever%20Training%20Toolkit_Step%205.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]
Vermont Department of Health, n.d. 10 Steps to Empower Mothers & Nurture Babies. Available at: http://han.vermont.gov/wic/food-feeding/breastfeeding/10steps/documents/10steps_vchip_summary.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]
Blood by Suzan-Lori Sparks expands on the main theme of society's unfair disregard for its people of low condition in general, for women, and for adulterers. Hester La Negrita, the protagonist, is an African-American woman who struggles to survive in poverty along with her five base-born children. The family's outcast status is portrayed as a direct inducer and accelerator of emotional suffering, poverty, lack of education, and sexual exploitation.
(A) From a structural perspective, In the Blood is constructed in two acts and nine scenes, employing a linear plotline (ush, 2005). In this sense, the play debuts with the equilibrium of Hester striving to provide for her children in meager conditions, the inciting incident represented by the suggestion to seek help from the available former lovers and fathers of her children, the major dramatic question of whether or not she will attain it, the developing action as Hester approaches everend…
Bailin, D. (2006). "Our Kind: Albee's Animals in Seascape and the Goat Or, Who Is Sylvia?." The Journal of American Drama and Theatre, Vol. 18, No. 1.
Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Rush, D. (2005). A Student Guide to Play Analysis. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois Printing Press.
alt Disney Company (DIS)
• Fundamentals - the company's business, is it financially sound? Is it growing?
Per their earnings amounts for Disney, the answer is that they are growing. They are indeed fairly financially sound, but their overall revenues are not doing all that well. Over the last three full years, revenue has grown at a clip of about $3 billion a year as they were at $42.2 billion in 2012, $45 billion in 2013 and $48.8 billion in 2014. Gross profit grew at a good clip over that same time frame, going from $18.8 billion in 2012, $20 billion in 2013 and $22.3 billion in 2014. The proportion of gross profit to total revenue did edge up slightly, albeit by about one percent. Net income has grown at about a billion per year, so it too is looking good. Total assets are growing (about five billion a year…
While the Dow sank and then recovered to its original levels, Immunogen has both done the opposite and it has NOT returned to its original level, although that would be a good thing since the raise in price is a good thing. The price started in the $12.75 range five days ago and then shot up quite quickly until it peaked at nearly $15 a share (a raise of nearly a fifth as compared to the starting point) and then fell very quickly on Tuesday until it bottomed out at $14.00. The price then fluttered a bit between $14.00 and $14.50 and sits at $14.23 as of June 10th. It's about half a buck (or 4.2%) higher it was five days ago but it's been higher very recently. Zooming out to six months tells a very different story. The stock price absolutely soared (it rose about five bucks….about a third) in early June before tapering off and has bounced between $14 and $15 then. Prior to that huge spike, its highest price since the turn of the year was about $10. The reason for the spike is revealed in the headlines about Immunogen in that they apparently had very positive results with one of their ovarian cancer treatments. This news breaking happened on June 1st…right when the spike happened. Not much has been said about them since so this explains why the price is fairly stable but does not explain its activity that is different from the Dow average.
In August 2016, the state of Louisiana experienced catastrophic flooding, specifically at Baton Rouge and Lafayette areas. The flooding, rated as the most terrible natural disaster since the 2012 Hurricane Sandy, resulted in 10 deaths and destruction of property worth billions of dollars, leaving thousands of residents homeless. The situation presented a major crisis for organizations mandated with disaster response, particularly the Federal Emergency Management Authority (FEMA). Many agencies and people have criticized FEMA for not attending to the disaster with adequate urgency, as well as for its failure to warn the residents adequately prior to the storm. Such criticism often puts the reputation of disaster response organizations at stake. FEMA may be subject to greater public pressure, leading to internal reorganization and even dismissal of some officials.
Public Health and Safety
In February 2016, Johnson & Johnson, a multinational firm involved in manufacturing medical devices as well…
technology has revolutionized society: communication, transportation, commerce, and especially medicine. . Ironically, for centuries and still in Oriental Medicine, healthcare was and is tailored to the individual. Even the Greek Physician Hippocrates wrote that he prescribed sweet elixirs to some and astringents to others depending on their individual condition (Pray, 2008). 21st century medicine, though, is more about an individual person's genetic code, and is made possible by advances in genetic technology and engineering. This is partially due to the Human Genome Project, a massive program completed in 2003 that focused on the identification of the individual genes that make up human DNA with the overall hope that it would initiate genomic medicine -- healthcare delivered based on the individual's medical history and genetic profile (About the Human Genome Project, 2011). Traditionally, medicine diagnoses human illnesses based on quantitative and qualitative signs and symptoms. With the advent of genetic technology,…
About the Human Genome Project. (2011, September 19). Human Genome Management Information Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources / Human_Genome/project/about.shtml
Gattaca. (1997, March). Retrieved from International Movie Database: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119177/
Personalized Medicine - An Overview. (2011, January 11). Retrieved from: U.S. News Health report: http://health.usnews.com/health-conditions/cancer/personalized-medicine
Public Law 110-223. (2008). The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ233/content-detail.html
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Issues
Reproductive Tract Diseases for human females are typically focused in the upper reproductive tract or the lower reproductive tract. The upper tract includes the fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus, while the lower reproductive tract focuses on the vagina, cervix and vulva. There are three major types of infections: endogenous, iatrogenic and sexually transmitted diseases. Endogenous diseases arise from internal cellular structures and may be bacterial, viral or genetic, usually the most common and arise from an overgrowth of organisms that are already present in the vagina; iatrogenic diseases are the result of medical or surgical treatment, and sexually transmitted diseases occur between humans as a result of sexual behavior. In addition to infections, there are congenital abnormalities, cancers and functional problems. Each infection has its own specific cause and symptoms; caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or other organisms. Indeed, some are easily treatable and cured,…
Azim, P., et al. (2011). Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Isra Medical Journal, 3(3). Retrieved November 2013, from http://18.104.22.168/Isra%20Medical%20Journal%20Volume-III%20Issue-III.pdf#page=6
Davidson, B., et al. (2012). Abnormal Uterine Bleeding During the Reproductive Years. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, 57(3), 248-54.
Fraser, I., et al. (2011). The FIGO Recommendations on Terminologies and Definitions for Normal and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 29(5), 383-90.
Gray, S. (2013). Menstural Disorders. Pediatrics in Review, 34(1), 6-18.
3. Growth factors can induce apoptosis by binding to their respective receptors (TKs). When activated, TKs in turn activate the as, af, MEK, MAPK, MKK, EK, Fos, JNKs, and Jun pathway, which can lead to the induction of AF via gene upregulation. AF in turn suppresses mdm2, a suppressor of p53 activity. The resulting increase in p53 activity can induce Bax, Mt, and thus apoptosis.
4. Adenomatous familial polyposis is caused by a truncated APC protein, which results from inherited mutations in the APC gene (Segditsas and Tomlinson, 2006). However, the activity of the wild-type or normal APC allele is usually sufficient to maintain tumor suppressor activity. For this reason, and because the wild-type allele is often found to have acquired somatic mutations, it is assumed that both alleles must be mutated before tumors can form. The vast majority of mutations found in colorectal tumors have retained 0 to 3…
Libby, Peter, Ridker, Paul M., and Hansson, Goran K. (2011). Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature, 473, 317-325.
Segditsas, S. And Tomlinson, I. (2006). Colorectal cancer and genetic alterations in the Wnt pathway. Oncogene, 25, 7531-7537.
Minde, David P., Anvarian, Zeinab, Rudiger, Stefan G.D., and Maurice, Madelon M. (2011). Messing up disorder: How do missense mutations in the tumor suppressor protein APC lead to cancer? Molecular Cancer, 10, 1-9.
There are remedies (albeit not easy ones for the individuals involved), as suggested by the research. However, and this is very important, the current public health approaches that the Saudi government has taken, as Mabrey et al. (2010) note, have focused fairly narrowly on medical approaches. This focus includes research that has been conducted on metabolic syndrome (which is caused primarily by being overweight). This is caused by clear-cut factors and has a number of possible poor consequences.
Mabrey et al. (2010) note that metabolic syndrome is on average 10 to 15% higher in the GCC states than in the rest of world and that females are disproportionately affected by metabolic syndrome. These researchers are among those who note that a strictly medical approach to such medical problems is far from sufficient. For while metabolic syndrome itself can be identified and described in purely medical terms, such an approach does…
Abraham, S. & Nordsieck, M. (1960). Relationship of excess weight in children and adults. Public Health 75: 263-273.
Alghamdi, K.M. (2010). The use of topical bleaching agents among women: A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitude and practices. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24(10): 1214-1219.
Al-Qahtani, D.A., Imtiaz, M.L., Saad, O.S., & Hussein, N.M. (2006). A comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult females using two definitions. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 4(3): 204-214.
Al Qauhiz, N.M. (2010). Obesity among Saudi Female University Students: Dietary Habits and Health Behaviors. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 85(1-2):45-59.
These different elements are important, because they are indicating that Ms. Lee needs to seek out regular treatment. As a result, some kind of consistent assessment must take place, in order to ensure that she is not subject to having a serious fall. This is because, of the overt signs that she is exhibiting from the side effects of the medication and her age. (Henrich, 2007, pp. 50 -- 57)
ased on the fact that Ms. Lee does not want to have an extensive diagnostic evaluation at the hospital, how would one approach her care?
The most logical approach is to have Ms. Lee go through a series of evaluations inside her home with health care professionals. This could be accomplished by having the doctor visit her apartment at least once per week. At the same time, select caregivers could begin to work with Ms. Lee on a regular basis.…
Hydrodiuri. (2011). EMEDTV. Retrieved from: http://hypertension.emedtv.com/hydrodiuril/hydrodiuril.html
Lopressor. (2011). EMEDTV. Retrieved from: http://blood-pressure.emedtv.com/lopressor/lopressor-side-effects.html
Henrich, A. (2007). How to Try This. American Journal of Nursing, 107(11), 50 -- 58.
Mark, J. (2011). Zolft. Medicinenet. Retrieved from: http://www.medicinenet.com/sertraline/article.htm
Endometriosis' is taken from the Greek work endon which means "within," metra, meaning "uterus" and osis, meaning "uncommon or sick state." Endometriosis is said to be very complicated and tiring gynecological sickness. This disease causes the functional endometrial stroma and glands grow outside of uterus that is usually present inside (the endometrium). These areas mostly consist of fallopian tubes, ovaries, gastrointestinal tract, rectovaginalseptum, bladder, pelvic peritoneum and unusually Pleura and pericardium. Endometriosis is a widespread disease most common in women who are in age of reproduction. This disease depends on estrogen and involves a chronic inflammatory component. Sampson was the first person to classify hemorrhagic ovarian lumps. He further explained these cysts as follicular, stromal, endometrial and corpus luteal. He also presented the endometrial hematomas based on thehistologic form. A number of categories have been formed after that, which is based on the histologic appearance, anatomic size, location and the…
1. Batt, R. (2011). A history of endometriosis. Springer Science & Business Media.
2. Burney, R. O., & Giudice, L. C. (2012). Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fertility and sterility, 98(3), 511-519.
3. Brown, J., & Farquhar, C. (2015). An overview of treatments for endometriosis. JAMA, 313(3), 296-297.
4. Gupta, S., Harlev, A., & Agarwal, A. (2015). Endometriosis: A Comprehensive Update. Springer.
The picture to the left depicts the various elements that are responsible for thermoregulation in human skin. The illustrations shows the various layers of skin along with the veins, arteries and capillaries of the circulatory system that assist in insuring that the thermoregulatory system works properly. The sweat glands are responsible for selectively removing materials from the blood the sweat glands then concentrates or alters these toxins, and secretes them for elimination from the body. The perspiration or sweat is then removed through the sweat pore. This has a twofold purpose: to remove toxins and thermoregulation (in this case cooling the body).
Thermoregulation involving perspiration is brought about by both internal and environmental heat and exercise. As it relates to the latter, there have been many studies related to exercise and thermoregulation. According to Marino (2004)
"thermoregulatory effector responses of humans and concluded that temperature regulation during exercise is dissimilar…
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature. 1997;389:816-824.
Dugan SA, Powell LH, Kravitz HM, Everson Rose SA, Karavolos K, Luborsky J (2006)
Musculoskeletal pain and menopausal tatus. Clin J. Pain 22: 325 -- 331
Deecher, D.C.K. Dorries (2007)Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms
These proteins include homologous members of yeast. The presences of these proteins suggest that E. histolytica is skilled to perform homologous recombination, which is the same as in other organisms. DNA damage was evaluated by TUNEL assay. In yeast and in human cells, histone H2AX becomes rapidly phosphorylated when DSs are introduced into chromatin (Lavi et al.).
Studies show that histone as a protein plays a significant role in the transition between the expression of a fetal gene and that of the adult gene. The adult gene's metabolism becomes oxidative in order to adapt to air and to weight, as it generates methylated transmitters and creatine phosphate. The muscles get used to life on the ground as compared to the fetal life which takes place in an aquatic environment. Regulated proteins allow the muscles to respond in a more adequate manner to this environment.
Now, let us see how histone…
Abraham, R.T. (2001). "Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases." Genes Dev 15(17): 2177-96.
Alexiadis, V., T. Waldmann, J. Andersen, M. Mann, R. Knippers and C. CGruss (2000). "The protein encoded by the proto-oncogene DEK changes the topology of chromatin and reduces the efficiency of DNA replication in a chromatin-specific manner." Genes Dev 14(11): 1308-12.
Aten, R. And H. Behrman (1989). Antigonadotropic effects of bovine ovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding inhibitor from bovine ovaries. Purification and identification of histone H2A. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 11065-11071.
Antigonadotropic effects of bovine ovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding inhibitor/histone H2A in rat luteal and granulosal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 11072-11075.
client on Ben Blackall and his specific needs regarding his obesity. Ben Blackall is an 8-year-old boy who is unable to join in any sports at school because of his obesity. He weighs 70 kilos and is 140 cms in height. His family including his 2 brothers are all overweight or obese. This paper will explore the short-term and long-term implications of such an illness. This study will look at interventions that can be implemented into the child's life in hopes of prevention of continued obesity.
The impact of adolescent overweight extends into adulthood. Adolescents who are overweight have an increased risk of morbidity from coronary artery disease and arthritis in adulthood, independent of their weight as adults, and are more likely to be overweight as adults. Obesity in adulthood is perhaps the most serious of all consequences because it is associated with increased mortality and morbidity from a variety…
(2001, March 1). Obesity and Health. Bandolier Web site. Retrieved August 8, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band85/b85-4.html
(2004, March 9). Childhood Obesity and 'The Ticking Cancer Timebomb'. FemaleFirst.co.uk. Retrieved August 8, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/health/392004.htm
(2005, April 28). Cancer Prevention: A Resource to Support Local Action in Delivering The NHS Cancer Project: Chapter 3: Reducing Overweight and Obesity. Health Development Agency Web site. Retrieved August 8, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.had-online.org.uk/html/resources/cancer_prevention/chapter3.html
(2005, May 2). Childhood Obesity. American Obesity Association Web site. Retrieved August 9, 2005 from the World Wide Web:http://www.obesity.org/subs/childhood/prevention.shmtl
usiness Unit Strategic Plan on Implementation of a PET CT unit at a local hospital
Draft: This paper attempts to examine whether or not it is convenient for a local hospital to achieve an ultimate technology medical device, mainly a PET/CT scanning system. In order to come up with a convenient answer and proper solutions, I will present the vision statement, mission statement, objectives, values, strategies, programs, the goals the hospital expects to achieve with the help of the investment it is about to develop. Afterwards I would develop a SWOT analysis which is going to emphasize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the proposed objective. Moreover, the last part of my paper would focus on the marketing strategies that should be developed in order to convince more patients to use the modern device, on the sales projections and technology means which are expected to be used in the…
Fusion image: A New Type of Technologist for a New Type of Technology, at http://www.crcpd.org/PET-CT_Fusion_Imaging/PET-CT%20Consensus%20Paper.doc;
Win-Win Strategy for Mobile PET CT, at http://interactive.snm.org/index.cfm?PageID=4092&RPID=627;
About PET/CT Scanning, at http://www.upmccancercenters.com/radonc/petct.html ;
PET/CT, at www.crcpd.org/;
Tea as an Antioxidant
Tea is an aromatic drink that is usually prepared by soaking or pouring water over plant products, typically the tea plant, but also may be infused with other dried herbs, roots, or extracts. After plain water, tea is consumed more than any other drink globally, including soft drinks. It has a slightly bitter, astringent flavor, sometimes floral, sometimes metallic, that people find enjoyable and often relaxing or, in some cases, medicinal (Martin, 2007). The consumption of tea is said to have a number of beneficial health effects based on the properties it has including antioxidants, flavinols, flavonoids, polyphenols, and catechins. The catechins, particularly, are known for anti-inflammatory and cellular detoxicity. In addition, these catechins have proven neuroprotective activities that can bond with cannabinoid receptors and suppress pain and nausea and provide a relaxing effect (Korte, G., et.al., 2010). Medical studies have also shown that green tea…
AAICAD. (2010, July 12). Large-Scale, Long-Term Studies Support Roles of Physical Activity and Diet in Dementia and Cognitive Decline. Retrieved from Medical News Today: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/194407.php
Biotech Week. (2011, January 19). Protective Properties of Green Tea Uncovered. Retrieved from High Beam Research: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-247694008.html
Feruzzi, M. (2010). The influence of beverage composition on delivery of phenolic compounds from coffee and tea. Physiological Behavior, 100(1), 33-41.
Fontaine, K. (2010). Complementary & Alternative Therapies for Nursing Practice. New York: Prentice Hall.
The exchange of the defective gene could be brought about by a process called homologous recombination. One of the first gene therapy experiments, though well intentioned, caused the death of the patient. esearchers at the University of Pennsylvania introduced a normal gene into a boy's body by using the rhino virus as a carrier. The body's immune system attacked this as a pathogen. This led to eventual organ failure and death. Gene therapy projects all over the world were largely abandoned. But more recently, gene therapy is beginning to make a comeback. (ONL, 2009)
Gene therapy has been tested in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This is not a treatment that targets amyloid beta proteins or the tangles, but protects the brain cells from destruction. The regenerative properties of skin cells (stem cells) have been used to prevent the brain cells from "withering" away. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans reveal…
http://www.alzforum.org/drg/drc/detail.asp?id=84Alzforum . (2009). Retrieved April 18, 2009, from BBC. (2003). Alzheimer's vaccine 'promising'. Retrieved April 18, 2009, from Alzheimer's vaccine 'promising'
ChemoCare. (2005). Taxol. Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://www.chemocare.com/bio/taxol.asp
Elements4health. (2009). PET Scans Reveal Plaques and Tangles In Alzheimer's Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://www.elements4health.com/pet-scans-reveal-plaques-and-tangles-in-alzheimers.html
Feng, J.A., Crasto, C.J., & Matsumoto, Y. (1998). Deoxyribose phosphate excision by the N-terminal domain of the polymerase beta: the mechanism revisited. Biochemistry, 37(27), 9605-9611.
Soy Protein and Bone Health in Women
Soy, a protein-rich legume, has been prominently featured in the traditional cuisines of Far Eastern cultures for thousands of years. In addition to its high protein content, soy also contains the other two macronutrients, carbohydrates and fats, as well as many vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients such as calcium, folic acid, and iron. Dietary sources of soy protein include soybeans, tofu, beans curd, tempeh, miso, and soymilk. Since it represents a vegetable source of high quality complete protein, containing all of the essential amino acids, soy is particularly valued by vegetarians, who must derive all their dietary protein from vegetables rather than from animal products.(DGPL)
Soy has yet to become as integrated into American cuisine as it has always been in the Far East, but its sales have gradually increased over the last ten years, to approximately $3 billion and almost one third…
Boyles, S. (2002) Soy Doesn't Improve Bones in Young Women: Benefits May Be Confined to Those Who are Menopausal and Older. WebMD Inc.
Medical News Archive; Accessed March 21, 2004 at http://my.webmd.com/content/article/53/50459.htm
Messina M, Hughes C. (2003) Efficacy of Soyfoods and Soybean Isoflavone Supplements for Alleviating Menopausal Symptoms is Positively Related to Initial Hot Flush Frequency. Journal of Medicinal Food 6:1-11.
Rubin, K.W. (2003) Meat, Legume or Both?: Soy and Health. (Nutrition Update)
Ethical Scenario: Skills as a Nurse Practioner
Nurses and other health care suppliers are the ones that are continuously confronted to make ethical choices in regards to things like life and death matters in giving out care to individuals, communities and families. To be pertinent and ethical, these choices need to be measured in the larger context of personal, societal, cultural and professional values and ethical ideologies. As scientific and medical technology advance, persons and society look at dilemmas and hard ethical choices. Nurses, as part of society and as frontline health care specialists, day-to-day face ethical dilemmas connected to life and death and fairness in health care. With that said, this paper examines the scenario of patient and nurse utilizing ethical principles.
As a nurse, the first thing to do is to understand that an unintended pregnancy further confuses the already confusing physical and mental changes of teens. Adolescents…
Begley A.M., 2. (2008). Truth-telling, honesty and compassion: a virtue-based exploration of a dilemma in practice. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 8, 336-341.
Lawlor, A. (2015, July 29). Morning-after pill poses moral dilemma for some MDs. Retrieved from http://www.consciencelaws.org/background/procedures/birth008.aspx
Marsh, B. (2015, July 29). Nurses' fear for morning-after pill. Retrieved from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-179092/Nurses-fear-morning-pill.html
RN, M.S. (2013). The Ethical Component of Nursing Education: Integrating Ethics into Clinical Experiences. LWW; 1 edition.
How variations arise within a phenotype?
Phenotype is the specific characteristics that are displayed by the organism. Phenotypic variation is a prerequisite for evolution due to natural selection, thus without the former, there is no latter. Qualitative traits are traits that show a difference between phenotypes like skin color, sex, and eye color. However, such descriptions are controlled by a small number of genes so environmental influence on these traits is low since it involves the genetics of individuals. Quantitative traits are traits that exhibit a continuous range from one phenotype to another. Therefore, there is no difference between phenotypes and are usually influenced by several gene pairs while the environment has a significant influence on the trait. This type of trait involves the genetics of populations. It is a combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce phenotypes that blend into each other. Phenotypic variance or VP is…
Bellevue College Science Division (2011) Mutation and Genetic Diseases, [online] Available at: http://scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/rkr/Biology211/lectures/pdfs/GeneticDisease211.pdf [Accessed: 20 April 2011].
Biology 346-Evolution (2011) Chapter 13-Evolution of Phenotypic Traits, [online] Available at: www.cbu.edu/~esalgado/BIOL346/ch13.doc [Accessed: 20 April 2011].
Chicago Center for Jewish Genetic Disorders (2008) Intro to Genetics, [online] Available at: http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/intro-genetics [Accessed: 20 April 2011].
Grimmel College (2011) Lab 2 -- Sources of Phenotypic Variation, [online] Available at: http://web.grinnell.edu/individuals/brownj/edu/136_lab2.html [Accessed: 20 April 2011].
S ome aromas even affect us physiologically" (p. 38). esearchers exploring human olfaction have determined that:
faint trace of lemon significantly increases people's perception of their own health.
Lavender incense contributes to a pleasant mood -- but it lowers volunteers' mathematical abilities.
A whiff of lavender and eucalyptus increases people's respiratory rate and alertness.
The scent of phenethyl alcohol (a constituent of rose oil) reduces blood pressure.
These findings have contributed to the explosive growth in the aromatherapy industry; according to Furlow (1996), "Aromatherapists point to scientific findings that smell can dramatically affect our moods as evidence that therapy with aromatic oils can help buyers manage their emotional lives" (p. 38). According to Ornstein and Sobel, one recent experiment to determine the effect, if any, of fragrances on mind/body involved subjects being wired to physiological monitoring equipment, and then being interrogated with stress-provoking questions, such as "What kind of person…
Anderson, B.J., Manheimer, E. & Stein, M.D. (2003). Use and Assessment of Complementary and Alternative Therapies by Intravenous Drug Users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(2), 401.
Aromatherapy Therapy Chart of Essential Oils by Therapeutic Effect. (2004). MoonDragon's Aromatherapy Chart. Available: http://www.moondragon.org/aromatherapy/aromatherapychart.html .
Ba, T.R.D.N. (Ed). (2003). An Introduction to Complementary Medicine. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Battista, J.R., Chinen, A.B. & Scotton, B.W. (1996). Textbook of transpersonal psychiatry and psychology.
patient is a 35-year-old (male?), he was diagnosed with diabetes twenty five years ago at the age of ten years old, he claims that this is hereditary in his family. He has one sister who has Type 2 diabetes and a brother who has type 1 diabetes. He manages his diabetes and other illnesses from home and through a medical clinic; for most of his life he has known he has diabetes and manages to regulate it through insulin shots, glucose tablets as well as through the right nutrition, however he claims that this is difficult and there are most days where he experiences draw backs. Many complications have arisen from his diabetes. This patient was selected because of the certain case he has in regards to his diabetes and other complications which had developed from it. His treatment and management also includes an extensive study. At the young age…
As has been seen in this essay, leptin plays a very important role in not only obesity issues but also related issues. While the results of clinical trials have produced mixed results, there is however room for additional work in assessing the role of leptin, especially that which is administered from without the body. A continued process of discovery associated with leptin is crucial. Its effects on several obesity-related diseases need to be understood in the interest of the public health.
Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H.G. (2007). Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention. Boca aton: CC Press.
Castracane, V.D., & Henson, M.C. (2006). Leptin. New York: Springer.
Friedman, J. (2009). Leptin's Legacy. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bulletin, 16(1).
Friedman, J.M. (2002). The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr ev, 60(10 Pt 2), S1-14; discussion S68-84, 85-17.
ichards, B.J., & ichard, M.G. (2002). Mastering leptin: the key to…
Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H.G. (2007). Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Castracane, V.D., & Henson, M.C. (2006). Leptin. New York: Springer.
Friedman, J. (2009). Leptin's Legacy. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bulletin, 16(1).
Friedman, J.M. (2002). The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr Rev, 60(10 Pt 2), S1-14; discussion S68-84, 85-17.
Contract production will allow favorable pricing of both ingredients and finished product. Sampling will allow for marketing controls and for targeting national and export markets. The product will meet the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), European Union, and other specific certification requirements, so may be exported. The Internet will be considered as a target for purchases, but will mainly be used for advertising the product. Mapco stores will be the exclusive client of this product, and will be the outlet to other organic health food agencies that may elect to sponsor sales of this product, as well.
The increased product range will depend upon acceptance by Mapco clientele and consumers, with sampling in other areas and acceptance in the health food market.
Success in product marketing starts by finding the point of difference - the cluster of strengths and selling points that are unique to this product alone.…
Born, subject=Marketing%20Organic%20Grains" Holly, 2005, Marketing organic grains, subject=Blueberries:%20Organic%20Production" NCAT Agriculture, ATTRA Publication #CT154
FAO, 2006, Essential Nutrients - Vitamins, [Online] Available at www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB470E/AB470E05.htm
FDA, October 29, 2004, Pasteurized Juice Warning by FDA, FDA Talk Paper, [Online] Available at http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01321.html
In a jam and out of juice (2000) [Online] Available at http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/protocols/inajam/pdf/jam01.pdf.
It endowed the country's first professorships in American history, musicology and American literature and was the first U.S. university to offer a major in American studies. The university is also known worldwide for its engineering expertise and advancements. The Cornell Center for Technology, Enterprise, and Commercialization encourages entrepreneurship and economic development by being one of the nation's top institutions in forming start-up companies. It also fosters collaborations with industry and helps to market inventions resulting from Cornell research. Last year, the Center received 200 invention disclosures, filed 203 U.S. patent applications, completed 77 commercial license agreements and distributed royalties of over $4 million to Cornell units and inventors. In other words, this school definitely appears to be a place where someone can go to be involved with leaders and entrepreneurs, be motivated to research and discover new ways of looking at different aspects of science and social sciences and be…
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and he can feed himself for life. How could you put this principle into practice through the development of a social entrepreneurship venture?
Development of Social Entrepreneurialism
Corporate Social Responsibility
Social Entrepreneurship and Food
Social entrepreneurship was introduced in the 1970s to address the issue of social sustainably and the term "social entrepreneur." This analysis will begin by providing a brief history as well as a working definition for the concept of social entrepreneurialism. It will also discuss some of the related movements that have been working towards some of the same goals, albeit, from different directions to address various challenges in society and the environment. Furthermore, a more detailed overview of the exact challenges that are present in society that social entrepreneurialism can work to address will…
Abu-Saifan, S., 2012. Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries. [Online]
Available at: http://timreview.ca/article/523
[Accessed 28 April 2016].
Ashoka, N.d.. Vision and Mission. [Online]
Diabetes -- Literature eview
It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people, or over a third of the population, have prediabetes in some populations such as the City of New York; diabetes and diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). The same trends can be found in a greater or lesser extend in most Western nations in the world. Furthermore, there has been a strong correlation between childhood obesity and childhood diseases, such as diabetes, that has now been identified (Dietz & Bellizzi, 1999).
The link between childhood obesity and adult diseases has been the subject of much attention in recent years. Much of the research has considered the programming of adult metabolic processes and…
Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.
Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.
Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf
John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.
Diabetes was chosen as a topic because of the high percentage of the population that it affects coupled with the fact that it is a relatively preventable disease for most people. It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people in New York City, about a third of the population, have prediabetes, diabetes, and/or diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases and similar frequencies have been noted throughout the Western world. Diabetes has become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). There are a range of different factors that can lead to diabetes but the two main culprits are an improper diet and lack of exercise.
Furthermore, this condition is not reserved for only adults. The number of children who have diagnosed with…
Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.
Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.
Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf
John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.
It is also a population that often has limited resources and one that seeks to find others to help comfort and educate them. Modern technology has certainly improved both the diagnosis and treatment of the illness, but there are so many options that the patient is often left bewildered and frightened (Guadalupe).
A proactive and professional nursing approach to this illness takes Mishel's theory and uses it in four ways:
To combat ambiguity -- Patients are unaware of the progress and severity of their illness and often fill in with worst-case scenarios. Open and honest communication about that status of the illness will alleviate many concerns, or at least allow for uncoerced decision making.
To combat complexity -- Illness is complex and often based on statistical tables, not individual expressions. Using Michel, the nurse can simplify to the necessary degree both the illness and options.
To provide information -- More…
Alligood, M. (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application. Denver, CO: Mosby.
Guadalupe, K. (2010, Feb.) Understanding a meningioma diagnosis using Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 6 (2): 77-82.
Mishel, M. And Clayton, M. (2003). Theories of Uncertainty in Illness. In Smith, M. ed. Middle
Range Theory for Nursing. New York: Springer. Chapter 2.
Ethics of Embryo Design
Selecting the Perfect Baby
With all the recent advances in science and technology, there are new options for couples looking to get pregnant. This includes not only first time couples who have had trouble getting pregnant, but also couple looking to design their perfect baby using science to pick out the most desired genetic markers. This is the choice given to the Shannons, who are looking to have certain genetic markers in their next child to avoid a diagnosis of fanconi anemia that their older child has, as well as to provide a potential future match for a bone marrow donor for their current daughter, Sally.
Thus, the Shannons are looking into the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) procedure. According to the research, this procedure is "a technique that enables people with a specific inherited condition in their family to avoid passing it on to their children.…
American Pregnancy Association. (2013). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: PGD. Infertility. Web. http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/preimplantationgeneticdiagnosis.html
Human Fertilization & Embryo Authority. (2014). Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Treatment and Storage Options. Web. http://www.hfea.gov.uk/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis.html
A mutation of the gene causing colorectal cancer or epithelial ovarian cancer are major risk factors for ovarian cancer, and genetic testing within the laboratory can identify most of…Read Full Paper ❯
These include bloating, abdominal or pelvic pain, frequent and/or urgent urination, and difficulty eating because one feels very full very quickly (MedicineNet, 2009). However, these were only agreed upon…Read Full Paper ❯
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Maturing From My Mom's Cancer High School is a very difficult stage in any teenager's life. The experiences that one has to go through and the hurdles that need…Read Full Paper ❯
Coping With Cancer According to the American Cancer Society, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all men and one-third of all…Read Full Paper ❯
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Phenoxodiol, a Medication for Cancer Clinical studies have predominantly focused on a couple of standard benzopyrans, namely flavopiridol and phenoxodiol (by Novogen, via MEI Pharma, the company's subsidiary at…Read Full Paper ❯
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Body, Mind, and Soul in the Cancer Ward Margaret Edson’s Wit dramatizes the death of a literature professor from cancer. The play is designed to show the limits of…Read Full Paper ❯
cancer genes that are associated with breast cancer. Scientists have known for years that the most common breast cancer genes are BRCA1 AND BRCA2, but there are many more…Read Full Paper ❯
Screening for breast cancer before there are symptoms is very important. Screening helps doctors find and treat cancer in its early stages. Treatment is more likely to be successful…Read Full Paper ❯
Still, getting the right kind of care, at the right time, is often a struggle for patients. My friend passed away from her illness, but her experience opened my…Read Full Paper ❯
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etype Title Here There are several fundamental and very important differences between normal cells and cancerous cells. One of these differences has to do with structure. In normal living…Read Full Paper ❯
Do patients understand what it means to donate tissue to science? Not only that, but use of EG cells confuses stem cell research with the debate over abortion, bring…Read Full Paper ❯
Sports - Women
Stocker, deaf since birth, admittedly attempted to compensate for her disability, her imperfection, through the relentless pursuit of achieving perfection physically and athletically, and even when she excelled, Stocker…Read Full Paper ❯
Sports - Women
Jane Addams was a pacifist, becoming involved with peace movements as early as 1898, according to Cimbala and Miller in Against the Tide: omen Reformers in American Society. She…Read Full Paper ❯
ethical dilemmas surround surrogacy and the donation of egg and/or sperm? Because surrogates are paid, is this a practice that exploits the poor, such as surrogate mothers in ndia?…Read Full Paper ❯
Japanese Nutrition Japanese WHY DO THE JAPANESE LIVE LONGE? NUTITIONAL BENEFITS OF SOY: As an annual Asian legume (meaning that it grows in a pod), soy is one of…Read Full Paper ❯
he researcher was able to pull up information on Venous hromboembolism hospitalizations by utilizing ICD-10 (Maynard & Stein, 2010) Diagnosis he clinical diagnosis of Venous hromboembolism is defective; people…Read Full Paper ❯
Some studies posit that casein consumption has a direct correlation to cancer cell growth, and patients with any form of cancer are counseled not to drink milk, and to…Read Full Paper ❯
For example, and elder citizen may consider having the ability to sit and watch television or read all that is necessary to improve their quality of life, and thus…Read Full Paper ❯
Death and Dying (general)
Anti-Aging Medicine? Include Abstract eferences scholarly This is a review of the article titled "Is There an Antiaging Medicine?" which was written by obert N. Butler, Michael Fossel, S.…Read Full Paper ❯
Healthcare -- Administration and Legal Many vectors -- science, research funding, social acceptance or rejection -- influence how and whether medical technology is eventually adopted into medical praxis (Hogle,…Read Full Paper ❯
Morality and ethics: what are they and why do they matter? All you need to know about ethics approaches and theories Means, ends, principles and virtues six step process…Read Full Paper ❯
Johnson & Johnson's Tylenol Crisis Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational company headquartered in New Jersey and produces pharmaceutical, medical devices, and consumer packaged goods. In early 2016,…Read Full Paper ❯
Perkins - who had retired at the age of 70 but was coming back on the board - had by this time muscled his way into a powerful position…Read Full Paper ❯
Family and Marriage
Witnesses reported the noticeable odor of decay was present and dried mucous on one of her nostrils. The child was dressed in a light colored long-sleeved turtleneck and light-colored…Read Full Paper ❯
Wit A made-for-television movie, Wit addresses issues related to terminal illness, death, and dying. Emma Thompson plays Vivian Bearing, a professor of literature enraptured with erudite poetry like that…Read Full Paper ❯
History - Asian
Feng Shui in Hong Kong Fengshui in Hong Kong was noted in the first book on the subject ever written for a Western audience, by E.J. Eitel in 1873.…Read Full Paper ❯
Women and Breastfeeding Breastfeeding can be enhanced and encouraged by the following schemes: Following the breastfeeding procedures stipulated by hospitals to achieve successful breast feeding The birth of an…Read Full Paper ❯
Blood by Suzan-Lori Sparks expands on the main theme of society's unfair disregard for its people of low condition in general, for women, and for adulterers. Hester La Negrita,…Read Full Paper ❯
alt Disney Company (DIS) • Fundamentals - the company's business, is it financially sound? Is it growing? Per their earnings amounts for Disney, the answer is that they are…Read Full Paper ❯
Natural Disaster In August 2016, the state of Louisiana experienced catastrophic flooding, specifically at Baton Rouge and Lafayette areas. The flooding, rated as the most terrible natural disaster since…Read Full Paper ❯
technology has revolutionized society: communication, transportation, commerce, and especially medicine. . Ironically, for centuries and still in Oriental Medicine, healthcare was and is tailored to the individual. Even the…Read Full Paper ❯
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Issues Reproductive Tract Diseases for human females are typically focused in the upper reproductive tract or the lower reproductive tract. The upper tract includes the…Read Full Paper ❯
3. Growth factors can induce apoptosis by binding to their respective receptors (TKs). When activated, TKs in turn activate the as, af, MEK, MAPK, MKK, EK, Fos, JNKs, and…Read Full Paper ❯
There are remedies (albeit not easy ones for the individuals involved), as suggested by the research. However, and this is very important, the current public health approaches that the…Read Full Paper ❯
These different elements are important, because they are indicating that Ms. Lee needs to seek out regular treatment. As a result, some kind of consistent assessment must take place,…Read Full Paper ❯
Endometriosis' is taken from the Greek work endon which means "within," metra, meaning "uterus" and osis, meaning "uncommon or sick state." Endometriosis is said to be very complicated and…Read Full Paper ❯
The picture to the left depicts the various elements that are responsible for thermoregulation in human skin. The illustrations shows the various layers of skin along with the veins,…Read Full Paper ❯
These proteins include homologous members of yeast. The presences of these proteins suggest that E. histolytica is skilled to perform homologous recombination, which is the same as in other…Read Full Paper ❯
Health - Nutrition
client on Ben Blackall and his specific needs regarding his obesity. Ben Blackall is an 8-year-old boy who is unable to join in any sports at school because of…Read Full Paper ❯
usiness Unit Strategic Plan on Implementation of a PET CT unit at a local hospital Draft: This paper attempts to examine whether or not it is convenient for a…Read Full Paper ❯
Tea as an Antioxidant Tea is an aromatic drink that is usually prepared by soaking or pouring water over plant products, typically the tea plant, but also may be…Read Full Paper ❯
The exchange of the defective gene could be brought about by a process called homologous recombination. One of the first gene therapy experiments, though well intentioned, caused the death…Read Full Paper ❯
Women's Issues - Health Issues
Soy Protein and Bone Health in Women Soy, a protein-rich legume, has been prominently featured in the traditional cuisines of Far Eastern cultures for thousands of years. In addition…Read Full Paper ❯
Ethical Scenario: Skills as a Nurse Practioner Nurses and other health care suppliers are the ones that are continuously confronted to make ethical choices in regards to things like…Read Full Paper ❯
Phenotype How variations arise within a phenotype? Phenotype is the specific characteristics that are displayed by the organism. Phenotypic variation is a prerequisite for evolution due to natural selection,…Read Full Paper ❯
S ome aromas even affect us physiologically" (p. 38). esearchers exploring human olfaction have determined that: faint trace of lemon significantly increases people's perception of their own health. Lavender…Read Full Paper ❯
patient is a 35-year-old (male?), he was diagnosed with diabetes twenty five years ago at the age of ten years old, he claims that this is hereditary in his…Read Full Paper ❯
Business - Miscellaneous
As has been seen in this essay, leptin plays a very important role in not only obesity issues but also related issues. While the results of clinical trials have…Read Full Paper ❯
Contract production will allow favorable pricing of both ingredients and finished product. Sampling will allow for marketing controls and for targeting national and export markets. The product will meet…Read Full Paper ❯
It endowed the country's first professorships in American history, musicology and American literature and was the first U.S. university to offer a major in American studies. The university is…Read Full Paper ❯
Social Entrepreneurship Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and he can feed himself for life. How could you…Read Full Paper ❯
Health - Nursing
Diabetes -- Literature eview It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people, or over a third of the population, have prediabetes in some populations such as…Read Full Paper ❯
Diabetes Handout Diabetes was chosen as a topic because of the high percentage of the population that it affects coupled with the fact that it is a relatively preventable…Read Full Paper ❯
Health - Nursing
It is also a population that often has limited resources and one that seeks to find others to help comfort and educate them. Modern technology has certainly improved both…Read Full Paper ❯
Ethics of Embryo Design Selecting the Perfect Baby With all the recent advances in science and technology, there are new options for couples looking to get pregnant. This includes…Read Full Paper ❯
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In the last few years, news of the Great Barrier Reef has been more the result of concern than awe. But finally, there is a new and much happier reason to be talking about it. The first-ever underwater hotel in Australia opened its door on the Great Barrier Reef in December 2019. There, you can be immersed in what looks like a reversed aquarium and wake up to a stunning view of the reef.
Reefsuites, the name of the new underwater accommodation, is hosted on a floating pontoon just off the coast of the Hard Reef. The two deluxe suites that can be booked onboard are suspended below sea level and give you the chance to observe over a 1,500 water species from the comfort of a king-size bed.
On the board of the floating hotel, you can experience the reef in more ways than one. There is a training pool for snorkeling and scuba diving under the pontoon, where you can enjoy spectacular views as a beginner too. At night, you can doze off to the relaxing view of the marine life seen through the full-height windows.
The Current State of the Reef
There are still many things that pose a threat to the Great Barrier Reef in one way or another. Decreases in new coral and coral bleaching have been occurring at alarming rates. The deterioration of the reef has placed it under the protection of UNESCO, which stated its “concern” for the reef’s condition.
How Sustainable Is an Underwater Hotel?
Some may be asking themselves if an establishment like Reefsuites adds to the environmental impact of humans on the biodiversity and health of the reef. According to marine biologists, the increased interest of tourists has a certain level of impact on the environment, but the economic benefits outweigh it. The local authorities still have a significant say in how the reef is used for tourism and monitors all such activities.
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God Is All-Wise
"O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out!" (Romans 11:33)
Do you know someone you consider to be very wise? Wise people always seem to give good advice about a problem, and they always seem to make good choices. When you take questions to a wise person for advice, you are confident that the person will give you a very good answer.
But no matter how wise a person may be, God is far wiser. The apostle Paul tells us that God's wisdom and knowledge are so deep, no man could ever even begin to understand them. Sometimes we show that we cannot understand God's wisdom because we question why He made us a certain way or why He allows certain things to happen in our lives.
Even though we don't understand God's ways sometimes, we can still believe in His wisdom. God has all knowledge and all wisdom, and He's always doing the very best thing in our lives.
Don't doubt God when His plan for your life doesn't seem to make sense to you. Trust Him, knowing that He is all-wise and all-knowledgeable.
God is all-wise, and He is bringing the best things for me into my life.
» Do I doubt God when He brings something into my life that I don't understand, or do I rest in Him, knowing He is all-wise?
Truth In Real Life
“To love Christ more – this is the deepest need, the constant cry of my soul.”
“How dreadfully old I am getting! Sixteen! Well, I don’t see as I can help it.” These words are the first lines in the popular book Stepping Heavenward, written by Elizabeth Payson Prentiss. Born a “pastor’s kid” on January 15, 1815, Elizabeth was the youngest daughter of Edward Payson – a great revival preacher during the 1800s.
More than any other hobby, Elizabeth loved to write and found several opportunities to publish her work. She began writing for the press when she was just sixteen, for instance; and as an adult, she wrote the famous hymn “More Love to Thee, O Christ!” – which is still sung in churches today. Verse one of the hymn begins:
More love to Thee, O Christ, more love to Thee!
Hear Thou the prayer I make on bended knee.
This is my earnest plea: More love, O Christ, to Thee;
More love to Thee, more love to Thee!
Stepping Heavenward was published in 1869 as a work of fiction; but all of the events in the story actually came from Elizabeth’s personal life. Elizabeth recognized that true joy is the result of living for Christ and loving others. By 1992, over 100,000 copies of the book had been sold, and countless more have been sold since then.
Samuel Rutherford was one of the preachers whom Elizabeth admired most. He once said, “Faint not; the miles to heaven are but few and short.” No doubt his words influenced Elizabeth to title her book “Stepping Heavenward.”
What are you doing to prepare for heaven and eternity? When was the last time you really stopped to think about your eternal life after this temporary life? Are you preparing for your first meeting with Jesus Christ?
Matthew 25:13 – “Watch therefore, for you know neither the day nor the hour in which the Son of Man is coming.”
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Four Super-Achievers Named 2010 Macey Scholars
SOCORRO, N.M. May 1, 2010 – New Mexico Tech has selected four stellar students to be the 2010-2011 William B. and Jean M. Macey Scholars.
The four students are Lomeli Carpio, biology; Rachel Clements, chemistry; Austin Silva, electrical engineering; and Matt Swanson, mechanical engineering.
Other Highlights:Tri Beta
Graduate program in biomedical science
Master's of Science in Teaching
Internship: Sandia Nat. Lab.
Other Highlights:Engineers Without Borders
Student Appreciation Award
Graduate school in cognitive science
Air Force Research Lab
Other Highlights:SAE Aero
Start his career and graduate school
Macey Scholars are academic standouts, as well as “super-citizens.” They represent the best of and most well-rounded Tech students – brilliant young scientists and engineers who are involved in their communities and give of their time to worthy causes.
“New Mexico Tech is very fortunate to have the generous support of the William B. Macey family to recognize some of our most outstanding students.,” said Elaine DeBrine Howell, the scholarship committee chair. “I am in awe of the strength of character and stunning accomplishments of this year’s winners.”
The Macey Scholarship is among the most prestigious scholarship awarded at New Mexico Tech. The program is named after 1942 New Mexico Tech graduate William B. Macey. Mr. Macey has been among the biggest supporters of New Mexico Tech over the years, including significant contributors to the Macey Center building fund in the early 1980s.
DeBrine Howell, who is also the Associate Dean of Student Success, said, "Our 2010 Macey Scholars are especially deserving of this honor with their generous contributions to their fellow students and the Socorro community in addition to their exceptional scholarship."
Macey Scholars are Tech undergraduate students who are U.S. citizens, have completed 30 semester hours and have a cumulative GPA of 3.4 or greater. Qualified students apply for the program, along with nominations from faculty and staff members, employers and research associates nominate students. Those selected as Macey Scholars receive an award of $5,000.
The selections are based upon accomplishments in the classroom, research laboratory, service projects, volunteerism, awards, honors and other activities. Each of the 2010 winners have an impressive resumé, full of research projects, internships, volunteer work and extracurricular activities. They are all well-rounded young scientists who have marked their careers at Tech with academic achievement, campus involvement and devotion to helping others.
By Thomas Guengerich/New Mexico Tech
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At least 33 soldiers killed during clashes with rebels in NE DR Congo
At least 33 soldiers have been killed during clashes since Tuesday between the army and rebels of the March 23 Movement (M23) in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a military source told Xinhua Thursday, News.Az reports.
Since Tuesday, tensions have been on the rise in Rutshuru, north of the city of Goma, capital of the North Kivu province, where clashes have continued between DRC's armed forces (FARDC) and M23 rebels.
According to sources of the FARDC in Goma contacted by Xinhua, 33 soldiers, including a colonel battalion commander, have been killed in the clashes.
The M23 is a group of former rebels of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). The name came from the March 23, 2009, agreement between the CNDP and the Congolese government, which M23 leaders claimed had not been respected by the government.
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Leonardo Pisano was the first great mathematician of medievalChristian Europe. He played an important role in revivingancient mathematics and made great contributions of his own. After his death in 1240, Leonardo Pisano became known as LeonardoFibonacci. Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa in about 1180, the son of a member of the government of the Republic of Pisa. When he was 12 years old, his father was made administer of Pisa’s trading colony in Algeria. It was in Algeria that he was taught the art of calculating. His teacher, who remains completely unknown seemed to have imparted to him not only an excellently practical and well-rounded foundation in mathematics, but also a true scientific curiosity. In 1202, two years after finally settling in Pisa, Fibonacciproduced his most famous book, Liber abaci (the book of theCalculator).
The book consisted of four parts, and was revised byhim a quarter of a century later (in 1228).
It was a thoroughtreatise on algebraic methods and problems which stronglyemphasized and advocated the introduction of the Indo-Arabicnumeral system, comprising the figures one to nine, and theinnovation of the “zephirum” the figure zero. Dealing withoperations in whole numbers systematically, he also proposed theidea of the bar (solidus) for fractions, and went on to developrules for converting fraction factors into the sum of unitfactors. At the end of the first part of the book, he presentedtables for multiplication, prime numbers and factor numbers. Inthe second part he demonstrated mathematical applications tocommercial transactions. In part three he gave many examples of recreationalmathematical problems, much like the type which are enjoyedtoday. Next he prepared a thesis on series from which was derived what is now called the “Fibonnaci series.” The “FibonacciSequence” is also named after Fibonacci. The Fibonacci sequenceis a sequence in which each term is the sum of two termsimmediately preceding it. The Fibonacci Sequence that has one asits first term is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55. . . . Thenumbers may also be referred to as Fibonacci numbers.
Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175 to Guglielmo Bon acci. Leonardos father was the secretary of the Republic of Pisa and directed the Pisan trading colony. His father intended on Leonardo becoming a merchant. His father enlisted him in the Pisan Republic, sending him to various countries. As Leonardo continued to travel with his father, he acquired mathematical skills while in ...
Fibonaccisequences have proven useful in number theory, geometry, thetheory of continued fractions, and genetics. They also arise inmany unrelated phenomena, for example, the Golden Section, (whosevalue is 1.6180) a shape valued in art and architecture becauseof its pleasing proportions, and spiral arrangement of petals andbranches on certain types of flowers and plants. In the final part of the book Fibonnaci, a student of Euclid, applied the algebraic method. Fibonacci’s book, the Liberabaci remained a standard text for the next two centuries. In 1220 he published Practica geometriae, a book on geometrythat was very significant to future studies of the subject. In ithe uses algebraic methods to solve many arithmetical andgeometrical problems. He also published Flos (flowers) in 1224.In this work he combined Euclidean methodology with techniques ofChinese and Arabic origin in solving determinate problems. Liber quadratorum was published in 1225(“Book of SquareNumbers”) was dedicated to the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick II.This book was devoted entirely to Diophantine equations of thesecond degree (i.e., containing squares).
The Liber quadratorummay be considered Fibonacci’s masterpiece. It is a systematicallyarranged collection of theorems, many invented by the author, whoused his own proofs to work out general solutions. Probably hismost creative work was in congruent numbers- numbers that givethe same remainder when divided by a given number. He worked outan original solution for finding a number that, when added to orsubtracted from a square number, leaves a square number.Leonardo’s statement that X + Y and X – Y could not both besquares was of great importance to the detemination of the areaof rational right triangles. Although the Liber abaci was moreinfluential and broader in scope, the Liber quadratorum aloneranks its author as the major contributor to number theorybetween Diophantus and Pierre de Fermat, the 17th-century Frenchmathematician. Except for his roll of spreading the use of the Hindu-Arabicnumerals, Fibonacci’s contribution to mathematics has beenlargely overlooked. His name is known to modern mathematiciansmainly because of the Fibonacci Sequence dervived from a problemin the Liber abaci: A certain man puts a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall.
NaziGermanyEssayAnna Wall 2/6/13 block 3 *To introduce what I am writing about I will start off by saying I have chosen some interesting facts to compare between the books number the stars and the movie miracle at midnight. They are both about Jews trying to get away from the Nazis. I will compare the Star of David necklace in both of them also the family members and there characteristics. First I ...
How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from that pair in a year, if it is supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month on becomes productive? The resulting number sequence, 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,35,55(Leonardo himself omitted the first term), in which each numberis the sum of the two preceding numbers, is the first recursivenumber sequence (in which the relation between two or moresuccesive terms can be expressed by a formula) known in Europe. Fibonacci died in around 1240 and despite Fibonacci’simportance as the most orginal and capable mathematician of the medieval world, none of his work has been translated intoEnglish. In the 19th century, the term Fibonacci Sequence wascoined by the French mathematician, Edouard Lucas, and since thenscientists began to discover the numbers in nature which broughtabout a new interest in the topic. Although still relativelyunknown in the United States, there is a “Fibonacci Association”in California. The purpose of that association is to encourageresearch in the topics that this great man once mastered.
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You may be new to the entire Crypto-Currencies concept! if so we recommend you to read the full article ‘What-is-cryptocurrency‘ However you can use the following quick guide to learn about Cryptocurrency exchanges
What is a cryptocurrency exchanges
A Cryptocurrency exchange is a digital marketplace where users buy, sell or exchange different cryptocurrencies for other digital currency or traditional currency like US dollars or Euro. It is important to note that not all crypto exchanges accept fiat money; some exchanges only allow you to deposit coins (most commonly Bitcoin) to purchase other alternative coins. Also some of them requires you to verify your ID and open an account especially to have access to fancy trading tools while some others platforms, that you can use for occasional or straightforward trade, do not require an account and allow you to remain anonymous.
We can distinguish tree types of exchanges:
- Trading Platforms – Websites that connect buyers and sellers and take a fee from each transaction.
- Direct Trading – They offer direct person to person trading where individuals from different countries can exchange currency. Direct trading exchanges don’t have a fixed market price, instead, each seller sets their own exchange rate.
- Brokers – Platforms where anyone can visit to buy cryptocurrencies at a price set by the broker. They are similar to foreign exchange dealers.
Some good cryptocurrency exchanges
Crypto-exchanges involve risks resulting from the key feature of cryptocurrencies. While you keep cryptocurrency in your wallet, there is no need to trust anything to a third party. As soon as you transfer cash to the wallet of the exchange, this exchange, in fact, becomes its owner; It is the exchange that also becomes responsible for its safety. The only thing you will have to do is trust the service.
- Binance: is the best place to buy, sell, trade. and hold BTC. It is secure & trusted by 28.6 million users (as of October 2021) and has the biggest liquidity ($7.7 trillion) across multiple crypto- pairs.
- Probit: Trusted exchanger with trade fees as low as 0.03% onli!
- Bybit: A cryptocurrency spot and derivatives exchange offering many card payment options.
- Blockfi: Join and get sign-up bonus. It’s a trusted platform with low fees and managing $10b in assets, borrowing money and offering rewards visa card.
- Huobi: One of the most liquid crypto-exchanges in the world.
- Bitmex: A Hong Kong based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchange operating since 2014.
- Spectrocoin: An all-in-one solution for cryptocurrencies. The headquarters is in Lithuania,
- Kucoin: A low fees cryptocurrency exchange, and manage the Decentralized Finance (DeFi).
- Bittrex: Another amazing low fees and secure cryptocurrency exchange.
- Coinmama: A respectable company working since 2013 (over 1M users).
- Coinbase: Good but not available globally (if you’re from USA, UK, EU this maybe best choice).
- Localbitcoins: This is a person to person place to trade but only bitcoins (Look for good deals near you!)
- Paxful: A leading NY, US peer-to-peer crypto-exchange as well as a wallet with different payment methods.
- Digex: A new zero trading fee BTC-futures exchange (We are still testing it!).
- xcoins: Leading cryptocurrency exchange with many instant payment methods.
- coins: Good if you are dealing with Philippine!
- wasirx: Good if you are dealing with India!
- Kraken: A low fees cryptocurrency exchange for experienced traders.
- bitcoin: Offer free wallet to download in your mobile trusted by over 22 million users.
- Bitpanda: Operating since 2014 but some countries are not supported yet, it has a variety of payment methods (Skrill, SEPA, ..)
- Uphold: A good platform to buy precious metals and cryptocurrencies.
It is better to take a look, if not now later on, to below check list and from time to time apply it to the following list of cryptocurrencies exchanges:
Your Checklist before joining an exchange
All exchanges are slightly different, however, the best exchange for one person, might not be the best exchange for another. The good news is that by asking yourself some simple questions you can quickly narrow down your options.
We recommend the following checklist that takes a look at important factors for you to consider before making decision to select a crypto-exchange nevertheless it’s important to do a little homework, search through reviews, and ask questions on forums.
- Reputation? First of all make sure the Exchange has a continuous feedback channel. If the Exchange is anonymous, this is sure to be a red flag (in July 2017 the oldest Russian speaking Exchange BTC-E left the market, stripping its users of $95 mln. Three years ago, Mt.Gox was the major exchange. It lost $450 mln, went bankrupt and left the market.
- Security? It is reasonable to make sure the management is knowledgeable and responsible enough to protect your cash from hackers or technical bugs. Make sure the exchange has a so called cold storage that provides holding the main assets of the exchange offline. All major exchanges use cold storage with up to 80% assets there. Cold storage is essential for keeping most assets safely protected in case of an eventual malefactor attack.
- Make sure the exchange site have a secure HTTPS protocol. It must be also offer secure logins along with two-factor authentication (2FA) or Email encryption and verification?
- Where Located? It is very impotent to Know where the exchange is based and its surrounding regulations. Typically It is recommended to buy cryptocurrencies in your home country. The exchange may accept multiple currencies and some specific user functions, offered by this exchange, are only accessible from certain countries. Most of them will let you know during the signup process but make sure to check their terms of service for full access to all platform tools and functions in the country you currently live in.
- Payment Methods? You need to check what are available on the exchange as payment methods? Can you pay with wire transfer, cash, credit cards, PayPal, and so on. Use what works best for you at your convenience and make sure to consider your privacy levels. Remember Purchasing via credit card will always require identity verification and higher transaction and processing fees and Purchasing via wire transfer will take significantly longer as it takes time for banks to process.
- Exchange fees? Fees can change overtime and can vary from exchange to exchange. Some exchanges charge additional fees on top of transaction fees. So You need to understand deposit, transaction and withdrawal fees and check periodically fee-related information on their websites and make sure that fees aren’t exorbitant compared to rest of the market. Low transaction fees on relatively prevent your margins to be eaten away! , especially if you’re a constant trader. Usually we expect to encounter three types of fees:
- Network / Miner Fees – 0.00001 BTC : Fees that ensure your transactions are quickly processed by miners.
- Conversion Fees – 0.5% to 5% : Fees for exchanges to make money on your transaction (vary greatly depending on your method of payment).
- Maker / Taker Fees – 0.1% to 0.5%: Another way that exchanges make a profit.
- Order book volume? An order book is simply a list of buy and sell orders on the exchange that are being offered. Most exchanges will publish their order book but some legit ones, might not have that function yet and/or has a smaller volume than other bigger exchanges. A higher volume order book is an indicator that people are using the exchange and the exchange has liquidity.
- Couple other things to think about!
- To know How long before the currency will be sent to you after purchase.
- To check if the exchange offers ‘locked in’ pricing; meaning that the price you buy at, is the price you will be charged for even if the bitcoins take a few days to arrive.
- Exchanges rates. It’s not uncommon for rates to fluctuate up to 10% and even higher in some instances.
- Exchanges that are fully transparent will publish cold storage addresses or audit information on how to verify their bitcoin reserves. Bitcoin audits are a good way for an exchange to prove to customers that they have liquidity and can cover all bitcoin exchange sales, and aren’t running a fractional exchange.
- Custom Support Quality. Having a responsive customer support would save you lots of time. Issues on your verification process, deposit/withdrawals, funds reflection and trading orders should be solved quickly by the exchanges, or it could cost compromise you time, money and well-being.
We hope this article helped you to understand cryptocurrencies exchanges!
If You liked this article then we invite you to share it and, if not yet subscribed, to register to our newsletter for updates
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Switch 16 is the fast-paced new game that combines the luck of the dice as well as cards!
Players take turns to roll multiple dice, plus the switch die. If any combination matches or adds up to the number card on top of your deck you can discard it, plus each card underneath until the number can no longer be reached. For example, if you roll a 1, 2 and a 4, you can remove cards 1-7, as 1 + 2 = 3, 1 + 4 = 5, 2 + 4 = 6 and 1 + 2 + 4 = 7.
But don't think it's that easy! When the switch die lands on "switch" you'll be changing decks with your opponents. There is also the possibility of being ‘blocked’ by your opponents if they decide to use the block chip!
To win the game you need to be the first player to remove all 16 cards from your deck!
The game of the unexpected – where one dice roll can change your fortunes!
Contents & Safety Information
4 Sets of Cards (64 Cards)
5 Numbered Dice
1 Switch Die
For ages 8 years +. Not suitable for children under 36 months due to small parts that may represent a choking hazard.
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Since high blood pressure is so common – it affects 1 in 3 Americans – you’d think that doctors would have foolproof ways of diagnosing and treating it.
Not so, says Samuel J. Mann, M.D., a nationally known hypertension specialist at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College.
In his new book,- Hypertension and You: Old Drugs, New Drugs and the Right Drugs for Your High Blood Pressure, Dr. Mann reveals how hypertension is often misdiagnosed and mismanaged.
Among his disturbing conclusions:
Improper measurement is extremely common. Inaccurately high measurements in the doctor’s office and in patients’ homes can lead to an incorrect diagnosis of hypertension. This results in treatment of people who don’t need it.
Newer drugs are not always better drugs. As patents have lapsed on many safe and effective older drugs, manufacturers are pushing newer and more-profitable medications that can produce side effects such as overwhelming fatigue and even cognitive impairment.
Combination therapy is often pointless. If one drug fails to produce results, doctors tend to pile on more drugs. Since different patients need different drugs, why not simply discontinue the ineffective drugs until an effective regimen is found?
“The good news is we have a lot of medications that work,” Dr. Mann tells Newsmax Health. “In almost every case, we should be able to get blood pressure under control without side effects.”
Botched Blood Pressure Readings. Dr. Mann says doctors and nurses routinely make mistakes while taking blood pressure measurements that can cause falsely high readings.
Alert: The Two Signs Your Heart Is In Trouble
Too-quick measurement. At the doctor’s office or at home, you should always sit still for at least five minutes before a reading is taken to allow your blood pressure to normalize. If you don’t, the readings can be 10-20 mm higher than they should be.
Talking during a measurement. Keep quiet! If you chat with your doctor or nurse during a measurement, it can increase your reading by 20 mm.
Not accounting for “white-coat hypertension.” About 20 percent of patients experience this phenomenon, in which their blood pressure readings are abnormally high simply because they’re at a doctor’s office. Because this condition is so common, Dr. Mann advises most of his patients to monitor their blood pressure at home.
The full version of this article appeared in Health Radar newsletter. To read more, click here.
© 2022 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved.
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Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.
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http://www.jstor.org Mon Sep 10 21:39:47 2007
Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXIV (June 1996), pp. 647-668
The Purchasing Power Parity Puzzle
I am grateful to Rudiger Dornbusch, Hali Edison, ]ohn Rogers, Susanne Trimbath, and to three anonymous referees for constructive suggestions on an earlier draft, and to Brian Doyle and Giovanni Olivei for excellent research assistance. The National Science Foundation and the Bradley Foundation provided research support.
Salamanca school in sixteenth century Spain,l purchasing power parity (PPP) is the disarmingly simple empirical proposition that, once converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal. The basic idea is that if goods market arbitrage enforces broad parity in prices across a sufficient range of individual goods (the law of one price), then there should also be a high correlation in aggregate price levels. While few empirically literate economists take PPP seriously as a short-term proposition, most instinctively believe in some variant of purchasing power parity as an anchor for long-run real exchange rates. Warm, fuzzy feelings about PPP are not, of course, a substitute for hard evidence. There is today an enormous and evergrowing empirical literature on PPP, one that has arrived at a surprising degree of consensus on a couple of basic facts. First, at long last, a number of recent studies have weighed in with fairly persuasive evidence that real exchange rates See Lawrence H. Officer (1982, ch. 3) for an extensive discussion of the origins of PPP theory; see also Dornbusch (1987).
IRST ARTICULATED by scholars of the
(nominal exchange rates adjusted for differences in national price levels) tend toward purchasing power parity in the very long run. Consensus estimates suggest, however, that the speed of convergence to PPP is extremely slow; deviations appear to damp out at a rate of roughly 15 percent per year. Second, short-run deviations from PPP are large and volatile. Indeed, the one-month conditional volatility of real exchange rates (the volatility of deviations from PPP) is of t h e same order of magnitude as the conditional volatility of nominal exchange rates. Price differential volatility is surprisingly large even when one confines attention to relatively homogenous classes of highly traded goods. The purchasing power parity puzzle then is this:...
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LINGUIST List 16.1001
Sat Apr 02 2005
Qs: Phonetics & Phonology References;English Compounds
Editor for this issue: Jessica Boynton <jessicalinguistlist.org>
We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question. That individual is then strongly encouraged to post a summary to the list. This policy was instituted to help control the huge volume of mail on LINGUIST; so we would appreciate your cooperating with it whenever it seems appropriate.
In addition to posting a summary, we'd like to remind people that it is usually a good idea to personally thank those individuals who have taken the trouble to respond to the query.
To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form at http://linguistlist.org/LL/posttolinguist.html.
1. Mark A.
Phonetics and Phonology References
2. Cherry (Huei-ts)
The Internal Structure of English Compound Words
Message 1: Phonetics and Phonology References
From: Mark A. Mandel <mamandelldc.upenn.edu>
Subject: Phonetics and Phonology References
Fund Drive 2005 is now on!
Visit http://linguistlist.org/donate.html to donate now!
A friend sent me the following inquiry. Can anyone offer advice and
... I am once again educating myself in earnest in the broader field of the
You may recall years ago that you reommended Ladefoged's introductory text
to me. I dip into it regularly. And this past week I have read with great
interest the most recent Johns Hopkins Summer Workshop report, WS04:
I am ever-more convinced that a solid understanding of the mechanics of
speech production and, most importantly, their interaction with
phonological constraints will be essential for high-performance speech
So, I'm getting reference materials, and, if you have time, I'd appreciate
your input on my educational effort.
I plan on buying Kenneth Stevens book on the acoustic side of things:
"Acoustic Phonetics (Current Studies in Linguistics)". And I have enough
background in acoustics that I can pick and choose other material to read.
Where I'm rather ignorant is with the higher-level phonemic, phonological
and language constraints. I'd like a comprehensive reference (if there is
one) that covers the most-recent theoretical breakthough in the
representation of pronunciation variability. The WS04 report dates this
breakthrough (the third of three they discuss, starting with Chomsky's
seminal work in 1968) to 1990, refering specifically to:
Catherine P. Browman and Louis Goldstein. Articulatory phonology: An
overview, Phonetica, 49:155-180, 1992.
Are you familiar with this theoretical and practical work? Are there
reference books you could recommend about phonology at this level? In some
ways I might be satisfied with a (compact) tabularized set of rules that
indicate when and how pronunciation varies and specifies how these
variations do or don't matter to word and syntax identification in the
language. You might say that I'm looking for the book of which chapters 2
and 3 of the WS04 report are a summary. :-)
-- Mark A. Mandel
Linguistic Field(s): Phonetics
Message 2: The Internal Structure of English Compound Words
From: Cherry (Huei-ts) Huang <sweetcherry1221yahoo.com.tw>
Subject: The Internal Structure of English Compound Words
Very Nice to meet you. I am Cherry, a graduate student of National
Kaohsiung Normal University, located in Taiwan. Right now I am in such a
hurry to try my best for finding at least 20 English Native Speakers as my
subjects of thesis, whose topic is related to morphology, English compound
words. The participants in this study need to rewrite the sentence
containing an English compound word and rate the difficulty of such
rewriting task. If it is possible for you to do me a favor, I will very
appreciate for your help. And pleast write me an e-mail:
Thank you so much. ^^
Linguistic Field(s): Morphology
Respond to list|Read more issues|LINGUIST home page|Top of issue
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MANAGEMENT OF SEPTOPLASTY WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBIOTIC COVER POSTOPERATIVELY
Keywords:Nose, Septoplasty, Bacteremia, Osteomeatal, Breathing problem, Nose score
Objective: The septum is the cartilage that divides the nostrils of the nose. It usually lies in the middle and equally separates the nostrils. However, this is not the case with all. Many individuals have a septum that is uneven, causing one nostril to be bigger than the other. A deviated septum is a severe unevenness. It may lead to health problems including a plugged nose or trouble breathing. The aim of the study was to study role of the antibiotics in post-operative period after septoplasty and to compare complications with and without pre- and post-operative antibiotics.
Methods: It was a prospective longitudinal and comparative type study. The present study was carried out on 60 patients with microscopically evident deviated nasal septum and was listed for septoplasty. Patients were divided into three groups: Group A, Group B, and Group C. Alternate patients were randomized in Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively, with each group is 20 patients. The study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, during the period of January 2019 to December 2020.
Results: The present study included 60 patients among them 39 were male (65%) and 21 female (35%) with a male to female ratio of 1.85:1. In the present study, while analyzing pre-operative NOSE score, it showed that maximum 37 (61.7%) patients showed significant problem (3). Mild (1) and Moderate (2) problem was observed in 8 (13.3%) and 6 (10%) patients, respectively. Severe (4) problem was observed in 9 (15%) patients. Post-operative NOSE score showed a significant improvement after septoplasty in almost every case irrespective of groups.
Conclusion: We conclude that infections after elective nasal surgery in healthy patients rarely occur, making routine antibiotic prophylaxis redundant. Patients who are immunocompromised, those with valvular heart disease, or patients otherwise susceptible to infections should receive antimicrobial prophylaxis even for simple procedures, as bacteremia may occur during nasal procedures.
American Academy of Otolaryngology. Fact Sheet, Deviated Septum. Alexandria, Virginia: American Academy of Otolaryngology; 2009.
Cottle MH. Concepts of nasal physiology as related to nasal surgely. Arch Otolaryngol 1960;72:11-20. doi: 10.1001/ archotol.1960.00740010015003, PMID 13848219
Perrotti JA, Castor SA, Perez PC, Zins JE. Antibiotic use in aesthetic surgery: A national survey and literature review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:1685-93. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200204150-00033, PMID 11932619
Maran AG, Lund VJ. Trauma to nose and sinuses. In: Clinical Rhinology. 1st ed. United States: Thieme Publishing Group; 1990. p. 110-39.
Rao JJ, Kumar EC, Babu KR, Chowdary VS, Singh J, Rangamani SV. Classification of nasal septal deviations-relation to sinonasal pathology. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;57:199-201. doi: 10.1007/ BF03008013, PMID 23120171
Iqbal K, Khan MI, Amanullah A. Submucous resection versus septoplasty: Complications and functional outcome in adult patients. Gomal J Med Sci 2011;9:23-7.
Bothra R, Mathur NN. Comparative evaluation of conventional versus endoscopic septoplasty for limited septal deviation and spur. J Laryngol Otol 2009;123:737-41. doi: 10.1017/S0022215108004192
Sam A, Deshmukh PT, Patil C, Jain S, Patil R. Nasal septa deviation and external deformity: A correlative study of 100 cases. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;64:312-8. doi: 10.1007/s12070-011- 0311-x
Weimert TA, Yoder MG. Antibiotics and nasal surgery. Laryngoscope 1980;90:667-72. doi: 10.1288/00005537-198004000-00014, PMID 6965751
Rechtweg JS, Paolini RV, Belmont MJ, Wax MK. Postoperative antibiotic use of septoplasty: A survey of practice habits of the membership of the American rhiologic society. Am J Rhinol 2001;15:315-20. doi: 10.1177/194589240101500506
Mäkitie A, Aaltonen LM, Hytönen M, Malmberg H. Postoperative infection following nasal septoplasty. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2000;543:165-6. doi: 10.1080/000164800454297, PMID 10909010
Bandhauer F, Buhl D, Grossenbacher R. Antibiotic prophylaxis in rhinosurgery. Am J Rhinol 2002;16:135-9. doi: 10.1177/194589240201600302, PMID 12141769
Caniello M, Passerotti GH, Goto EY, Voegels RL, Butugan O. Antibiotics in septoplasty: is it necessary? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2005;71:734-8. doi: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31241-6, PMID 16878241
Georgiou I, Farber N, Mendes D, Winkler E. The role of antibiotics in rhinoplasty and septoplasty: A literature review. Rhinology 2008;46:267-70. PMID 19145993
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Nikhil Agrawal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
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CREDA is a research foundation supported by two institutions: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) and the Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries). CREDA-UPC-IRTA was born out of the need for formalizing a public Catalan research and development body in the agro-food sector, unifying and strengthening R&D capabilities and making these capabilities available to government as well as public and private sectors.
CREDA has evolved into a dynamic and powerful center comprised of a diverse and talented team of researchers, consultants, and technicians with backgrounds spanning economics, agricultural and forestry engineering, sociology, and environmental science. It is already well on its way to achieving one of the original goals of its inception – to become a reference center for ago-food economics and rural development both in Catalonia and internationally.
Central goals and themes of the research being conducted at CREDA include:
• Assessment of consumer preferences and consumer behavior towards agricultural-based products
• Development and improvement of agriculture and livestock competitiveness
• Sustainability of food systems from a systemic perspective
• Sustainable and innovative use of natural resources
• Livelihood strategies and preferences of rural producers in the face of global change
• Enhanced understanding of the numerous and complex interactions between society and the local territory
CREDA operates at the crossroads of the public and private sectors, perfectly situated to act as a reliable agent in the transfer of relevant and accurate scientific information which will assist actors at all nodes of food value chains in making informed decisions.
Have a look around our site, where you can find everything you want to know about CREDA – our core research activities, current projects we are working on, results, publications, and news, and personal profiles of the members of our dynamic team. Use the ‘contact us’ section to get in touch, and if you think you may be a valuable addition to our growing team, check out the job board for opportunities.
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The UK economy shrank in November after a fall in consumer spending and a downturn in manufacturing before the election, raising pressure on the Bank of England for an interest rate cut.
In a reflection of the political uncertainty hanging over families and businesses before last month’s vote, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said gross domestic product (GDP) had fallen by 0.3% in November from the previous month.
Most major sectors of the economy except construction recorded a drop in output, including the country’s usually dominant services industry – which includes retail, hotels and finance.
The latest snapshot comes as momentum builds towards an interest rate cut after three members of the Bank of England’s rate-setting committee signalled that weakness in the economy could warrant lower borrowing costs within months to support jobs and growth.
The pound came under selling pressure on Monday, dropping by about 0.7% against the US dollar, to $1.2980, and the euro, to €1.1675, amid rising expectations that the Bank’s monetary policy committee (MPC) could cut rates as soon as its next meeting on 30 January.
Economists at the consultancy Capital Economics said car production had dragged down manufacturing output in November because of car plant shutdowns imposed as a Brexit contingency for the month after the Halloween deadline, before it was extended until the end of January.
Overall manufacturing output fell by 1.7% on the month, while the service sector – which accounts for about 80% of the economy – contracted by 0.3%. An upturn in new infrastructure and commercial building helped to lift growth in the construction sector to 1.9% on the month.
Trade figures from the ONS showed a 7.8% fall in imports on the month, suggesting companies rushed to stockpile goods before the 31 October deadline and then made fewer orders in November. The UK’s total trade balance, measuring the gap between imports and exports, jumped to a record surplus of £4bn in November, up from a deficit of £1.3bn in October.
Andrew Wishart, a UK economist at Capital Economics, said: “In normal times, the MPC would already have cut rates but it held off to see if the general election produced a revival in sentiment. What really matters is what happens in the data for January. At the moment, we think the MPC may hold off from cutting rates but it will be a close call.”
Despite the monthly fall in GDP, government statisticians said the economy had grown slightly more strongly than first thought in September and October. UK GDP rose by 0.1% over the broader three months to November, beating expectations among City economists for a decline by the same amount.
The ONS advises that the three-month figures can provide a more reliable indicator of economic strength than its monthly snapshot, which can be prone to revision as more data becomes available.
However, statisticians warned that the long-term picture for the economy continued to be one of relative weakness. Over the 12 months to November the economy only grew by 0.6%, the weakest pace in more than seven years.
Analysts said the weak growth figures for November meant GDP probably fell in the final three months of last year, marking the second quarter in 2019 when the British economy shrank after a drop in the three months to June. The Bank of England had forecast growth of about 0.1%.
Frances O’Grady, the TUC general secretary, said the government had run out of excuses and needed a plan to boost growth and living standards across the country.
“These figures are bleak news for the economy and working people, with vital industries like manufacturing in the doldrums,” she said.
There are hopes that the economy could recover in the coming months, easing the pressure on the Bank to cut interest rates, after Boris Johnson’s unexpectedly decisive election victory lifted some of the political uncertainty holding back household and business spending.
Garry Young, of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Britain’s oldest economics thinktank, said the economy probably flatlined in the final three months of the year.
“While there is some evidence of an improvement in business optimism following the general election, it is doubtful that this will do much to change the short-term economic outlook of further lacklustre growth,” he said.
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During my recent visit to Ernakulam (Kochi/Cochin), on a particular day, we were roaming about the street known as Broadway. It dawned on us that there is a very old temple belonging to a rich community known as Gowda Saraswat Brahmins (GSB in short) nearby. We found our way and reached the spot where the temple stood. However, the doors were closed. Disappointed, we were just exploring the surroundings. There was a small, modern shrine for the serpent Gods. However the huge stone pillars having cavities for lighting oil lamps seemed to belong to the distant past. Needless to say that it attracted our attention for the purpose of capturing them in our cameras.
Alongside there stood a huge tree with large spherical fruits hanging on its trunk. There were very many pinkish buds as well. The flowers were quite at a distance at the top and the withered ones were scattered on the ground.
The tree was a curiosity for all of us to look at. There was a guy nearby who told us its name as Nagamalli or Naga Pushpam. He also added that Hindus revere it as a sacred tree because the bowl shaped flower, within which there is a circle of barren stamen, over which a hood resembling a serpent, stands. The flower is used as an offering in all Shiva temples. Incidentally in the main temple over there, the presiding deity is Vishnu and not Shiva.
The fruits are quite large. They fall down when they mature making some noice. This explains as to why they are termed as cannon balls. People are advised not to stand below the tree lest they get injured. However when they fall down, the pulp within, fills the air with a kind of fowl smell. Interestingly the flowers have a very pleasant but strong fragrance. There is a myth associated with that scent. My mom says that if some one smells the flowers, keeping it very close to the nostrils, blood could ooze out of the nose.
|By Hans Bernhard in Wikimedia Commons|
The Cannonball Tree possesses antibiotic, antifungal, antiseptic and analgesic qualities. The trees are used to cure colds and stomach aches. Juice made from the leaves is used to cure skin diseases. The inside of the fruit can disinfect wounds and young leaves ease toothache.
Though the tree is said to be a native of northern part of South America, they are found in many Shiva temple compounds in India. Likewise even Buddhists consider this tree as sacred and plant them in their Viharas (monasteries). The trees’ Indian connection is said to be over 2000 years old.
The scientific name of the tree is `Couroupita Guianensis` In Hindi it is known as “Shiv Kamal” and some times referred to as “Top ka Gola” literally meaning Cannon Ball.
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When I had my first pregnancy checkup, the Obstetrician prescribed multivitamins and minerals that I should take. She also recommended me to drink prenatal milk like Anmun Materna which is important to maintain the growth and development of the fetus and has the essential nutrients. It is an ideal supplement that will aid in maintaining the growth and brain development of the unborn baby.
The pregnancy multivitamins + Minerals that my doctor prescribed is Obimin tablet. I take one tablet daily usually in the morning after breakfast. I wonder what each film tablet contain so I check the label.
Obimin film tablet contains:
- Retinol Acetate (Vitamin A) — 3,000 IU
- Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) — 400 IU
- Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B1) — 10 mg
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) — 2.5 mg
- Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) — 15 mg
- Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) — 4 mcg
- Nicotinamide — 20 mg
- Calcium Panthonate — 7.5 mg
- Folic Acid — 1000 mcg
- Vitamin C — 100 mg
- Iron Elemental (Ferrous Fumarate, 90 mg) — 30 mg
- Calcium Lactate — 250 mg
- Copper (as Cupric Sulfate) — 100 mcg
- Iodine (as Potassium Iodine) — 100 mcg
This is nutritional supplement has the essential vitamins and minerals to help provide adequate supply of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation.
In my recent check-up, I told my OB that I wanted to have normal delivery. She advised me that if I wanted that way, we will monitor my weight gain and told me that there is a possibility for assisted birth delivery using forceps and vacuum. Drinking prenatal milk makes me easily gain weight so she advised me to take Sangobion capsule instead of the materna milk. I hope my weight gain will be fine with the target weight for normal delivery.
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Random acts of kindness
There is no place like home, Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz reminds us.
Truly, most of us attribute our belief systems and the way we do things to how we were raised at home. We are grateful to have been encouraged to read, to have been exposed to music, to have woken up to the aroma of a great meal.
In our households, we also imbibe virtues like kindness. Unlike a secret family recipe, it is not merely handed down, but learned over many years of practice. It is a way of living that we bring outside the home for society to see and delight in. Kindness is thoughtfulness — a natural desire to share without really expecting anything back.
We need not go far to spread kindness. You may even be surprised that living in condominiums should not prevent you from giving anyone an instant feeling of happiness or appreciation. Here are some random ideas we hope will inspire you.
FOR THE ROAD.
We’ve always wondered why my Mom stashes bottles of cold water in the fridge, and a stack of biscuits near our doorway. It turns out she gives these away to the mailman, and messengers who deliver bills. “They walk long distances under extreme weather conditions,” she told us once. “Sometimes they skip meals just to finish their deliveries for the day.” So now, whenever it’s our turn to accept any delivery, we have a bottle of water and a pack of biscuits in hand.
FOR THE NIGHT WATCH.
Surprise your lobby receptionist or guards on night duty with a cup of coffee. Even a sachet of instant coffee would surely be appreciated by those on the night shift. It’s certainly a beautiful deed for the people who keep you safe at night.
FOR THOSE WHO DRIVE YOU AROUND.
They brave traffic and deal with drivers of all kinds just to bring you from one place to another. When you arrive at your destination, tell your driver about air-conditioned or well-ventilated places he can wait at. After your appointment, bring him a drink or snack for the road. And, once in a while, especially when your mall errands will take longer, treat them to a movie! It will be a good alternative to the tedium of hours spent waiting for you.
FOR THOSE YOU SHARE A GADGET WITH.
Everyone uses the iPad, but is only one person in-charge of cleaning it and charging it? Have the initiative to take care of your gadgets, especially shared ones. Giving your share of TLC for your gadgets ensures its longevity, too — saving you a bundle on repair or even replacement cost. Do these deeds for your cordless landline phones as well.
FOR THOSE IN CHARGE OF CHORES.
Our house help are often like superheroes. They do so much to save us every day. Be their hero several times a week by lessening the chores they have to attend to. Wash the coffee cup you just used. Set the table for dinner. Give your dog a bath. Clean your room. When you go out with friends, bring home a cupcake for your kasambahay. From the grocery, get them their favorite shampoo. And don’t forget to say thank you every time they do something for you.
FOR THOSE WHO REALLY MISS YOU.
Give your grandparents a call, especially if you do not see them often. Since you were born, they have been your biggest fans and that fact has not changed even if you are already in college or are employed. Make it more fun with a video call. If you can spend an hour surfing the Internet for something to read or like, you can spend an hour making your grandparents happier.
FOR THOSE WHO PAY THE BILLS.
Every little centavo off your electricity bill goes a long way. You need not pay or contribute to paying the bill to know you can always help lower it. Be conscious of appliances not in use, chargers plugged with gadgets already fully charged, and lights turned on but not needed. Know when ironing is scheduled in your home and make sure all the clothes you need for the week are already included. Check for appliances that do not need to be plugged in all the time — like your printer, and WiFi router.
FOR MOM AND DAD.
When your mom or dad is about to do some gardening, surprise them with an extra pair of hands and a bottle of sunblock! The list of kind deeds for parents is long: clean their running shoes, teach them a new smart phone app, take charge of the afternoon snack, or drive for them when they are scheduled to do the grocery. You know your parents best, whatever kind deed you have in mind will work wonders and bring a smile to their faces.
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Winter STEM- Build A Snowflake Tinker Tray. Use loose parts to build snowflakes. Explore radial symmetry as you incorporate math, science, fine motor work, and creativity in this activity for preschoolers, kindergartners, and elementary kids.
6 Vitamins EVERY Woman Should Consider Taking. - Lou Lou Girls. Sometimes your diet, even if it's healthy leaves gaps in your nutritional profile! It's important to check with a doctor and see if there are some vitamins you are deficient in and also find http://www.buzzblend.com
NEW Dragonfly Dreams and Sale-A-bration sneak peek.......plus Vintage Faceted Buttons on sale in Year End Closeouts until 11.50pm tonight - visit my blog for more inspiration and online shopping link - Vanessa Webb Independent Stampin' Up! Demonstrator
Letter of the week for Preschoolers--The crafts include a free printable, if needed, and step by step instructions for creating an awesome alphabet activity with your little one. At the end of each craft there is a song and a rhyme you and your little one can enjoy together as well as a list of books you can read together. These are excellent activities to do together to really help your preschooler learn the letter
DIY Teacher Gifts - Teacher Thank You Gift - Cheap and Easy Presents and DIY Gift Ideas for Teachers at Christmas, End of Year, First Day and Birthday - Teacher Appreciation Gifts and Crafts - Cute Mason Jar Ideas and Thoughtful, Unique Gifts from Kids http://diyjoy.com/diy-teacher-gifts
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The last year has impacted many aspects of our lives. Furlough, working from home, lockdown after lockdown – they’ve all taken their toll, not least on our wellbeing and mental health.
What the events of the last year have also done, however, is highlight the importance of employee wellbeing in the workplace.
While employee wellbeing isn’t a new concept, more and more companies are now starting to realise just how big a shift in performance they can see by investing in their team’s welfare.
We’re not talking about paying the biggest wages or having the nicest company car. It’s about making sure your employees feel heard and valued, and that you are supporting them in any and every way that you can. To help you do just, that we’ve compiled our top 10 tips on how to improve employee wellbeing.
What is Employee Wellbeing?
So first of all, how do we define employee wellbeing?
When we’re talking about employee wellbeing, we are referring to the impact your job has on your overall health and happiness.
Work wellbeing goes beyond just the job however; it also takes into account physical health, exercise and nutrition, mental health, mood, and cognition. It’s about understanding and supporting your employees from a holistic perspective and considering their overall quality of life.
Why is Team Wellbeing Important?
A happy and content team is more efficient, more productive, and creates a better working atmosphere and culture.
With happy and engaged employees, you also get decreased staff turnover, improved quality of work, and a reputation as a good employer, which is an increasingly important factor for customers as well as potential new hires.
If all of that wasn’t enough, you also save money by investing in your employee’s wellbeing. The Centre for Mental Health has estimated that UK companies are losing £34.9 billion in productivity due to mental health issues, so it’s worth investing in.
10 Tips For Improving Employee Wellbeing
So you know why employee wellbeing is important, and the benefits of investing in your team – here are our top 10 ideas to improve employee wellbeing.
1. Make recognition and praise integral to your company’s culture
You’d be surprised how far a bit of praise and recognition can go towards wellbeing.
It’s one of the easiest ways of improving team wellbeing, by simply recognising the good work they are doing, and actively taking the time to praise and thank them for it.
In fact, a study by SHRM found that 90% of employees questioned said their work had meaning and purpose when they feel that their management care. It also showed that 70% felt praise and recognition at work made them happier at home.
2. Organise social events
Encouraging your colleagues and employees to build relationships that go beyond purely work interactions is so important.
This is particularly valuable with the increase of working from home and remote working, as there can often feel like a disconnect between office workers and remote workers.
Organising remote team building activities, or even better, in-person social events, can go a long way in improving employee wellbeing. Some ideas for in-person office socials can include:
- Quiz nights
- Escape rooms
- Cooking classes
- Office bake off
- Work sports day
- Office party
Feeling connected to the people you spend a sizeable part of your day with is key to team wellbeing.
3. Offer benefits to support wellbeing
Investing a little and paying for some additional benefits for your employees can have a seriously big impact on staff wellbeing.
This could be anything from providing healthy snacks in the office, to discount access to gyms and retail, to private medical insurance, or even support and training on their finances (more on that below). There are options for every budget. Plus you’ll also find plenty of companies out there that offer some great packages for employee benefits. Here are some of our favourites:
Bike2Work scheme – help your employees buy a bike to cycle to work and save money.
Staff Treats – offer a wide range of benefits including discounts at retailers and supermarkets, setting up a peer-to-peer recognition scheme, they also have a strong focus on wellbeing and mental health support, which we love.
Stash Agency – let you send gift boxes and hampers to your staff to let them know you care.
Or finally – bring them to a Work.Life coworking space! We hate to toot our own horn but some of our many benefits for employees include: breakfast on Monday, healthy treats on wellness Wednesday, beer and pizza on Thursday, discounts on local bars and eateries, yoga classes, fresh fruit, and all the coffee you can drink. All this is included in the price of a membership, so there’s no need to spend money elsewhere on your quest to achieve uber-engaged employees.
4. Celebrate your values
Make sure that every employee is aware of your company’s core values and mission. This can help focus and engage team members, making them feel part of a wider project, and more connected to both the business and to their colleagues. Whenever you communicate with the team – which should be often! – make sure you’re referring to your company values. They should also be easy to locate, in your HR system or intranet, or even up on the wall in the office so everyone’s reminded of them at all times.
5. Check in (a lot!)
If you aren’t frequently checking in on your employee’s wellbeing, their unhappiness at work could fly under the radar – you could have disengaged employees and not even know about it. A quarterly or mid-year review isn’t enough – you need to ensure that managers are checking in frequently, giving regular, constructive feedback and getting feedback from employees too. Your HR team might also want to check in with each team member occasionally, to find out how they are doing, and whether they are happy at work.
For more advice on work happiness, why not download the second issue of our Work Happy magazine?
6. Provide support for mental health
There’s no denying that we’re living through a stressful time at the moment. The pandemic has taken a toll on our lives and our mental health.
This only makes taking action to support your staff for mental health all the more important!
When it comes to supporting mental health at work, there are many things you can do to help:
- Make it clear what support you have for mental health from day 1
- Train and install a mental health first aider
- Provide external and anonymous support for mental health like Self Space.
- Provide training for all employees, but management and senior management in particular, on mental health in the workplace
- Read our interview with Chance Marshall from Self Space on Supporting Mental Health While Working Remotely
The most important thing is often just making sure that your employees know that mental health is a key priority for your company, and that you can and will do all you can to help.
7. Encourage staff to consider their physical health
Physical health has such a huge impact on a person’s sense of wellbeing and happiness and you should always encourage your staff to take that into account.
We don’t mean forcing the team to go on a morning jog together before you all start your day (though a run club is a good employee engagement idea!), but encouraging more movement in their working day is a good start.
Sitting at a desk for an entire day can take its toll on our physical and mental wellbeing so wherever possible, you could encourage staff to take walking meetings, or take breaks to walk around every hour or so. Encouraging wellbeing at work doesn’t need to be expensive.
8. Offer hybrid working for a better work/life balance
While many companies have been forced into making remote work a feature of their working practices over the last year, many are also looking keep an office space in one form or another.
Offering your employees the option to work remotely, even just some of the time, and creating a hybrid working policy gives them the opportunity to take their schedule and working practices into their own hands.
Give employees the choice to choose between working in the office and home – but ensure that your office is somewhere they actually want to go, to be with their colleagues in a stimulating, productive setting, with amenities they can’t get at home. The hybrid working model allows for flexibility and helps employees feel they have the choice to work where best suits them and the type of work they’re doing.
9. Offer more holidays
This is more important than you might think, so hear us out. Offering your staff more holiday time throughout the year to properly take a break, unwind and rejuvenate, is one of the easiest and quickest ways of boosting employee wellbeing.
The UK actually has the least amount of holiday allowance in the whole of Europe, and even then, many employees are not taking their full leave.
We all know that when something is in a limited supply you try to make it last as long as possible. So many just take a few days here and there to be able to spread their holiday allowance over the whole year. A couple of days doesn’t qualify as a proper break, however!
By offering more annual leave, you are sending a clear message that they should be taking more time off (and they should!) and in bigger blocks. You are encouraging your staff to think about their work/life balance, and properly take the time to relax and rejuvenate.
Some companies are even taking this a step further by offering unlimited holidays. No, we’ve not lost the plot, this is a real thing that has been implemented by some of the most well-known companies in the world like Netflix and Hubspot. What we are talking about here is results-driven holidays. Put simply, your holiday allocation policy is linked with the results delivered. The policy states that as long as your employees are meeting their set deadlines and goals then they can take as many holiday days as they like. It’s one way of extending a sense of trust to your employees as well as an incentive to boost performance and efficiency within the company.
Another great incentive practiced by many companies (including ours!) is to offer a day of extra holiday for each year working at the company. Again, this can increase engagement and loyalty to your business.
Finally, if it’s feasible, consider offering an extra day (or half day) of holiday as recognition for great work, providing a tangible reward for empoyees that will help to motivate and engage them.
10. Measure employee engagement
You could be running many different employee engagement initiatives, but if you’re not asking how happy your team are you could be wasting your efforts.
Make sure you are frequently running employee engagement surveys to find out whether your team are truly engaged. In our interactive employee engagement survey template, we gather feedback on the following:
- Your Happiness at Work
- Your Role
- Your Growth & Development
- The Company
- Compensation & Benefits
- Work Environment
Covering these different areas will allow your company to get feedback on all aspects of your employee engagement strategy – what’s working, and what isn’t. From the results, you know where to focus your efforts in order to ensure your team are fully engaged and happy at work.
Your employee engagement strategy doesn’t have to be expensive or complex. It can start with small steps, offering praise when earned and exploring hybrid working practices, or investing in just one activity or piece of software.
Whatever you choose to do, taking the time to understand your employee’s needs and wants, offering mental health support, and generally prioritising their wellbeing is a sure-fire way of creating a working culture that is happy, fulfilling, engaging, and (you’ll be glad to hear) more efficient and productive.
96% of people say they’re happier since joining a Work.Life coworking space. Find out how you can boost employee wellbeing by becoming a Work.Life member.
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While e-procurement is not a completely new concept, the sudden onset of COVID-19 across the world has forced businesses to re-evaluate and, in many cases, change the way their procurement process functions. For many, this has meant moving it online, and so it’s worth knowing how you can get the best out of online procurement, and here are a few ways to do it.
Use electronic catalogues to improve vendor selection and research
This is important for several reasons. Firstly, selecting a supplier or vendor is quite a complex process and involves the use of various methods. However, e-procurement can make this easier, for example with the use of electronic catalogs which can help you to research, select, and communicate with suppliers more efficiently, quickly, and easily. As a result, electronic catalogs or e-cataloguing can help you to master your vendor selection and research.
This also has the potential to lead to stronger supplier-management deals as the selection and research process is more effective. It’s important that this relationship is maintained so that it can grow and develop. It also means that a proactive quality management system is enabled and that sub-tier contracts are passed to auxiliary vendors.
Implement advanced metrics and automation
Current e-procurement solutions are able to implement machine learning and mathematical modeling to leverage advanced forms of analytics. The best strategy, however, is to have a more adaptable approach and deal with situations and events as soon as they arise.
This will ensure you are ready for the first step in the implementation process: to be certain that the vendors your business works with are embracing Industry 4.0 and are using their own forms of real-time data. Following this, it is important to unite the resulting streams of data and leverage an analytics platform capable of identifying mission-critical trends in supply.
This data will then inform you of what is happening and when it is happening. Predictive modeling of this type can also help strategise the events and come up with more successful solutions to any challenges.
Terminate contracts at the end of a supplier relationship
In addition to any long-term relationships with suppliers, there will likely also be short-term ones as well. However, no matter whether they are long or short, it is important to close contracts as soon as the job in hand has been completed. This may involve exit interviews, greenlight inspections, and counting inventory and supplies. The adoption of digital tools and an e-procurement process framework can help with his as the strategy should have a set of rules that deals with the close-out procedure, as well as provide valuable insights for your business.
By ensuring that your e-procurement strategy is set up effectively - and your team to manage it is well prepared, your business will be able to continue functioning smoothly, which is the tell-tale sale that your e-procurement process is as enhanced as possible.
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Building to be protected from storm surges
Bermuda's new airport building will be raised by four feet to protect against storm surges, it was revealed yesterday.
The new terminal will also include an outdoor porch upstairs so travellers can eat and enjoy views over Ferry Reach before they board their planes.
Skyport, operators of the two-floor terminal, scheduled to open for business in July 2020, said the airport would be larger than the structure now visible from Kindley Field Road.
Moe Kamleh, project manager, said: “It doesn't look that big of a construction site as you drive by, but as you stand inside you can see how large the site really is.”
The original building facing Castle Harbour is vulnerable to flooding during hurricanes and the new terminal at Stone Crusher Corner is still being raised with gravel and infill to keep it above the reach of surges.
Carrie Thatcher, commercial manager for the project, said the airport's almost 10,000 sq ft of retail space was “still at the expression of interest stage”.
A bid to open a McDonald's franchise at the airport created a political storm that led to the Prohibited Restaurants Act in 1996.
Ms Thatcher said that Skyport officials were “just seeing what's in the local market”.
Roofing work at the terminal started this month and the installation of the building's curtain walls is also scheduled to start soon.
The terminal building is expected to be watertight by next January.
The road to the new terminal will extend from the roundabout at the end of Longbird Bridge, with the entrance at what is now a bus terminal.
Aaron Adderley, president of Skyport, said the airport has 872,000 passengers a year.
He said it was “only a matter of time before we break the one million mark” as the island's tourism market continues to pick up.
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It would seem that there is nothing difficult in cleaning the house. To dust, to wash the floor, to plug the vacuum cleaner and to clean the carpets. Well, what can be done then with baked splashes of an exploded burger in the microwave oven? How will you remove an unpleasant sticky substance from the grilling surface after another failing culinary experiment? Take salt, lemon, a little alcohol, and soda. This will be needed for cleaning rather than for another party.
1. Lemon water for cleaning the microwave oven
Fill a bowl for microwave ovens with water by half and squeeze the juice of four lemons cut in half. Put halves of the fruit in a mixture of water and juice with the peel up. Put the mixture in the microwave for five minutes and set high power. Then the water can be removed and the lemons can be thrown away. All you now need to do is to wipe the microwave oven with a damp cloth, and everything will be clean again.
2. Lemon Water against mirror spots
A glass of water and a quarter glass of lemon juice, poured into a spray bottle, replace the solution for cleaning windows and mirrors. The mixture is sprayed on the surface and wiped with a dry cloth.
3. Rubber gloves against fur
It is better to remove fur from the carpets, sofas and soft seats manually. Do not worry. You need to put on a rubber glove, wet it and just rub the fur. The hairs will be rolled into a ball, which will be easy to throw away.
4. Soda and a toothbrush against the dirty tile
To clean the dirt that has accumulated between the tiles, you can use baking soda and an old toothbrush. Soda removes dirt, mold, and microdebris, which accumulate over the years and spoil the appearance of the walls and floor. First, wash the tile carefully, and then brush it with a paste obtained by mixing water and baking soda to clean all the seams. Next, remove the baking soda with a damp cloth.
5. Ketchup for cleaning darkened silver
Of course, ketchup is a delicious sauce, but it is also useful. The acid contained in tomatoes cleanses darkened silver perfectly well. Immerse silver objects in a bowl with ketchup and leave them for 5-10 minutes. Then rinse them with warm water and wipe dry. This method works for copper utensils and silver jewelry as well.
6. Soda against the dirt in a refrigerator
The solution of four teaspoons of soda and a liter of water will help to wash the shelves in the refrigerator. Just be sure to first disconnect the fridge from the electricity supply.
7. Salt and lemon against the dirt on a cutting board
If a wooden cutting board became dark and dirty, sprinkle its surface with salt and forcefully rub the salt layer with half a lemon. Rinse the already clean board with water.
By the way, salt and lemon can be used to clean a sink and even the toilet.
8. Beer against the dull gold
Rings and other jewelry made of pure gold will shine, if you wipe them with a cloth soaked in beer. Just make sure that the metal is pure, the beer is light, and there are no gems in jewelry.
9. Vodka against the smell of a mattress
Plain vodka can be poured into a spray bottle and sprayed thoroughly on the mattress. Alcohol destroys bacteria that cause the bad smell. Of course, vodka smells too, so the mattress should be well dried before using, preferably outdoors.
10. Anti-static spray against burned grill grates
Grill grates are difficult to clean from strong depositions. But if you soak them in warm water for an hour or two, adding a few wipes with an antistatic agent (such liquid is often found in cleaning wipes for computers and various equipment), there will be no problems with cleaning.
11. Lemon against the smell from the pipes
If you have a garbage grinder in your sink, drop a few lemon halves there. You will surely notice the freshness and the pleasant smell spreading all over your kitchen.
14. Ammonia against dirt in the oven
Half a cup of ammonia in a plate that is left in a microwave oven for the night would be great. It can work wonders. Everything that has got stuck will come off by itself, and you will just have to wipe the surface.
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From our private database of 30,900+ case briefs...
Schafersman v. Agland Coop
Nebraska Supreme Court
631 N.W.2d 862 (2001)
John and Eileen Schafersman (plaintiffs) bought oats from Agland Coop (Agland) (defendant). The Schafersmans then mixed the oats with other types of feed and fed the mix to their dairy cows. The cows became sick. The Schafersmans lost milk, cows, and money and sued Agland. Agland admitted that the oats had been contaminated with a hog supplement but claimed that none of the extra ingredients were toxic to cows at the levels present in the supplement. At trial, the Schafersmans’ expert, Dr. Wallace Wass, testified that even though no one mineral was present at a toxic level, the combination of subtoxic minerals created by the contaminated oats had made the cows sick. Wass called this theory multiple-mineral toxicity. Wass admitted that the theory was based mostly on observation and had not been proven through a controlled study. Agland’s expert testified that the theory of multiple-mineral toxicity had not been generally accepted by the scientific community. The jury awarded damages to the Schafersmans, and Agland appealed. On appeal, Agland argued that Wass’s expert testimony should have been excluded because it was based on a novel theory that had not been generally accepted by the scientific community.
Rule of Law
Holding and Reasoning (Gerrard, J.)
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- The right amount of information, includes the facts, issues, rule of law, holding and reasoning, and any concurrences and dissents.
- Access in your classes, works on your mobile and tablet. Massive library of related video lessons and high quality multiple-choice questions.
- Easy to use, uniform format for every case brief. Written in plain English, not in legalese. Our briefs summarize and simplify; they don’t just repeat the court’s language.
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Self-powered signs do not require electricity or batteries and can be used where it is hard to install electric signs, such as above doors without access to power and contain a radioactive gas called tritium. Exit signs containing tritium must be disposed of properly due to the potential for contamination of immediate area. Contamination cleanups are extensive and expensive—handle tritium containing signs with extreme care.
What is Tritium?
Tritium is a naturally occurring radioactive form of hydrogen that is produced in the atmosphere when cosmic rays collide with air molecules. As a result, tritium is found in very small or trace amounts in groundwater throughout the world. It is also a byproduct of the production of electricity by nuclear power plants. Tritium emits a weak form of radiation, a low-energy beta particle similar to an electron. The tritium radiation does not travel very far in air and cannot penetrate the skin.
For more information, visit the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Recycling Your Tritium Signs
Call HAZMAT at (855) 242-9628 to speak with a recycling specialist. We will provide you with a quote on recycling your signs based on your volume and advise you on proper record keeping with the NRC and your state. We will then send you a recycling kit with detailed instructions on packaging and shipping your signs to one of our fully permitted facilities around the country.
Environmental, Social and Governance
Helping Companies Meet Their ESG Goals
Hazmat, Inc works with the leadership and departments of publicly traded and private companies to provide continuous education on utilizing MailBack recycling programs to meet company ESG goals.
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What is a type of currency that is issued by a central government?
What is a type of currency that is managed, stored, and exchanged on digital computer systems, especially over the internet?
What is a type of digital currency that is based on cryptography, is peer-to-peer, and usually decentralized?
What is the practice of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversaries or bad actors?
What is the technology behind Bitcoin?
What is the state of having no one entity in control?
What is a medium of exchange and a money system?
What is the category that virtual currencies fall under?
What is a type of currency used in platforms such as GCash, PayMaya, and Unionbank?
The Philippine Peso, United States Dollar, and the Japanese Yen are examples of which category?
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Martial arts are a great form of exercise, improving the mind, body and spirit. They can be used effectively for self defence, stress reduction, weight loss, improving strength, flexibility, and stamina, and increasing awareness. Various arts are suitable for anybody from six to sixty, though we currently do not have a children’s class. The bottom line, however, is that it is fun to do. Sometimes it is an effort to go to class, but you will feel better afterwards.
Oddly, yoga fits quite well with martial arts. Sure, it is not Japanese, but neither is kali. It does involve stretching and improvement of your body, just like martial arts do. The word “yoga”, in fact, means something similar to the “ai” of “aikido”.
Start today, and bring a friend to make the initial learning process more comfortable. You do need any experience, and the Saturday morning beginner’s class provides an easy introduction.
Located in Titusville, Enmei Dojo has classes in aikido, yoga, and kali. We have tried teaching judo and taekwondo, but there has not been sufficient support to continue these. We do plan to have formal classes in kicking and punching, perhaps kempo or karate, at some time in the future. For now we include these in other classes as needed.
We have a very nice facility with a 1500 sq ft gymnastics mat and a traditional setting. We have time available for other activities also. We would be interested in hosting any compatible activity, particularly tai chi. If you are interested in teaching such classes at Enmei, please contact Dr Drysdale.
Enmei Dojo is North Brevard’s premier place to study the Japanese martial art of aikido. Under the leadership of Dr. Alan Drysdale, godan, and a dedicated team of instructors we strive to perfect our technique, to uphold the traditions of bushido, and to practice a sense of comaraderie amongst all of our students. Visitors are welcome to stop by and watch, or if you prefer, to get out on the mat and try it out – the gymnastics mat makes for safe ukemi and the first three visits are free for new aikidoka. If you are a visiting Aikidoka outside of our affiliates, a $10 mat fee is requested.
We hope to see you at any of our many practice times. However, we do have a beginners class and that is an easier introduction for new students.
For aikido morning classes please call Mr Gould, 636-8624.
We also have classes in kali, taught by Mr Jon Hurley, who has a background in kali and taekwondo. He has been a law enforcement officer but is currently a civilian. Kali classes are on Wednesday evenings. For information please call Mr Hurley, 385-7393 or email him at email@example.com. Their their website is at www.combinedelementsma.com
Current practice times for the dojo are listed below. Please call to confirm that the times have not changed.
- Monday 8:30 – 10:30 am aikido
- Tuesday 7 – 9 pm advanced aikido
- Wednesday 8:30 – 10:30 am aikido
- 6:30 – 7:30 pm yoga
- Thursday 7 – 9 pm general aikido
- Friday 8:30 – 10:30pm aikido
- Saturday 10 – 11 am adult beginners
- 11 – 12 general aikido
- 12 – 1 pm kali
Although this style of aikido is non-aggressive and does not involve sparring, there is, as with any physical activity, a small risk of serious injury or perhaps even death. (We have not had any serious injuries at Enmei and work to keep it that way.)
It is the responsibility of prospective students to discuss participation in martial arts with their physician, and to disclose any pre-existing medical conditions when they sign up for class.
You must sign a waiver to get on the mat. Waivers for people under 18 must be signed by a parent or guardian.
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Volvo Car South Africa says its next-generation range of vehicles will be “hardware-ready” for autonomous drive, ready for local legislation to change.
The Swedish firm’s local arm made the comments after the brand announced a partnership with tech firm Luminar to provide LiDAR and “perception technology” for Volvo's next-generation vehicles.
The partnership will deliver Volvo's first fully self-driving technology for highways, with the company saying it “paves the way for future active safety developments”. Volvo Cars has also signed an agreement to “possibly increase” its minority stake in Luminar.
Volvo Cars' next-generation SPA2 modular vehicle architecture will be available as hardware-ready for autonomous drive from production start in 2022, with the Luminar LiDAR “seamlessly integrated” into the roof.
SPA2-based vehicles will be updated with software over the air and if customers decide to opt for it, a fully autonomous highway driving function (dubbed “Highway Pilot”) will be activated once it is verified to be safe for “individual geographic locations and conditions”.
Greg Maruszewski, managing director of Volvo Car South Africa, said “the question on the lips of South Africans is whether or not this technology will be available to use on South African roads".
"The cars will be produced 'hardware-ready' for autonomous drive. This means that the car can become autonomous when legislation in South Africa is ready. The Luminar technology will be integrated from production start in 2022 as an option and we expect to see these cars available for purchase in South Africa sometime thereafter," Maruszewski confirmed.
Henrik Green, chief technology officer at Volvo Cars, added autonomous drive had the potential to be “one of the most lifesaving technologies in history, if introduced responsibly and safely".
In addition to the Highway Pilot feature, Volvo Cars and Luminar are also exploring LiDAR's role in improving future advanced driver assistance systems, with the potential for equipping all SPA2-based cars with a LiDAR sensor as standard.
Original article from Car
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Paying employees exclusively with debit cards - like a local McDonald's franchisee had been - is illegal, federal regulators have determined.
"Employees must have options when it comes to how they receive their wages," Richard Condray, director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, said last week in a warning to employers.
That's what local attorney Mike Cefalo has been saying all along after he filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of a Dallas Township woman who worked at McDonald's in Shavertown, where employees were required to be paid on a fee-laden JP Morgan Chase debit card.
Cefalo said he's proud that the local lawsuit got people around the country talking about the issue and now has government regulators agreeing with him.
"A little law firm in little West Pittston goes after a large corporation and the biggest bank in the world," Cefalo said last week. "It's great. It's marvelous. We are going to set the standard for all the employees in the Unites States about how they are going to get paid."
Cefalo filed the lawsuit in June against Albert and Carol Mueller, a Clark Summit couple that owns 16 McDonald's restaurants in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The practice of paying employees exclusively with fee-laden debit cards violated the state Wage Payment and Collection Act, the lawsuit alleged.
As the case gained national attention, including stories in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, the Muellers announced they were abandoning the pay practice and would give employees the choice of being paid by check, direct deposit or payroll card.
Meanwhile, federal officials, including the U.S. Attorney's Office, said they were investigating as they learned the practice of using payroll debit cards was rapidly growing around the United States.
The announcement last week by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau was in response to a letter U.S. Sen. Bob Casey and other complaints sent in July to the bureau and the Labor Department.
"Workers should be able to receive their pay without the fear of losing money to debit card fees," Casey wrote.
In its warning to employers last week, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau said the agency "intends to use its enforcement authority to stop violations" and ensure business are complying with consumer financial laws.
The U.S. Senate confirmed Condray in July as President Barack Obama's pick to lead the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, created in the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial overhaul bill.
Cefalo said the determination by federal regulators that the debit card payments were illegal only helps the lawsuit. He initially filed the suit on behalf of Natalie Gunshannon, 27, of Dallas Township, but now has hundreds of additional plaintiffs, he said.
"This adds fuel to the fire," Cefalo said.
Cefalo said he hope his lawsuit is successful and the business is punished for taking advantage of employees.
"If you hit them hard in the wallet, then they'll never do it again," Cefalo said. "If you slap them on the wrist, they'll do it again."
firstname.lastname@example.org 570-821-2055, @cvbobkal
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One of the most common questions I get about packing lunches with my EasyLunchbox System is, “How do you keep the hot food hot, and the cold food cold?”
And, “Will kids eat “hot food” cold, or at least… at room temp?” Yes, most will, especially when they’re hungry! You may have to do a little bit of trial and error, but many recipes that your child enjoys hot, will be equally enjoyed cold or at room temp. Often there is so much talking, etc. at lunch time, even if a meal is served hot, it quickly cools yet still gets eaten … Read on for some tips about keeping food cold, using a thermos for foods like soup or chili that are best served warm, and packing BOTH hot and cold food in the same lunch.
Let’s start with PACKING FOOD TO STAY COLD
It’s important to start with cold food in the cooler bag. For example, if you don’t refrigerate your bread and you make a cheese sandwich, the cheese inside may start off cold but the bread is room temp. A cooler bag (and an ice block) will not cool the food down, and therefore, the sandwich would not be cool at lunchtime. (Also, mostly room-temp food will cause the ice block to “sweat” quite a bit, causing an excess of moisture).
What I’m saying is that, whether you prepare lunches the night before or in the morning, if you start with a lunch container full of cold food, that is the most important thing.
A large enough ice block must be included with lunches. In our house, we use one of those oversized hard blue ice blocks and put it in the cooler on the top of the food. I’ve found that the smaller ice blocks and “pillow” type ones don’t do the job as well. My kids’ lunches are cold at lunchtime and in fact, if they’ve brought home unopened yogurt containers, at 3pm the yogurt is still cool and we can repack it the next day.
Additionally, if you freeze a tubed yogurt, juice box, or (not quite full – needs expansion room) water bottle and include that, it will be thawed by lunchtime and will keep the lunch even colder. (A neat trick for “sweating” water bottles, (or even ice blocks in extra warm climates), is to put it in a clean sock to absorb any moisture caused by condensation as it thaws. You could also pack it in a zip-lock bag.).
Lunches should be kept inside in a temperature controlled environment. If kids are say, at camp, and lunches are kept outside where it’s warm, in the sun, (or in a hot car), they will not stay cool.
Moving on to HOT FOOD or both HOT and COLD food in the same lunch
Are you wondering how long it’s safe to keep food hot in a thermos? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. And MOMables has the answer. She’s also got a VIDEO:
► ► If you’ve been struggling with hot and cold lunch-packing dilemmas, read through a recent conversation from my EasyLunchboxes Facebook wall, and hopefully, our discussion there will answer your questions 🙂
Here’s most of it –
And here’s more from Lisa, mom of 4, who packs LOTS of school lunches and shares her tips, recipes and pics on What Lisa Cooks.
If you’re still wondering about anything,
please leave a comment below and we’ll continue chatting 🙂
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These data represent monthly averaged values of selected variables for the Data Distribution Centre (DDC) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (see also http://www.ipcc-data.org/) The model output prepared for IPCC Fourth Assessment 1%/year CO2 increase experiment (to quadrupling). These datasets are available in netCDF and GRIB format. pinup for 80 years with conditions for 1871 For this experiment there is only one run available. Model output data for CMIP3 in higher temporal resolutions and further variables are available in ESGF at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip3/.
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Advancement of the web has acquired numerous new things the cutting edge days. One among them is the web based games, which are a universe of fun and amusement for all age bunch from children to grown-ups. The requirement for entertainment to get an alleviation from regular rushed timetable is all that which has brought internet games under popularity. The blaze stakes which are top ones are planned by inventive engineers utilizing large scale media streak use of the adobe gymnastic performer. Another classification of games which young people regularly select are the best 10 games. These are a bunch of games that are posting in the best 10 games, which are generally looked and downloaded from the sites. There are many arrangement of top 10 internet games. Some of them are Governor of Poker Super Blox, Golden Eye 007, Super stacker 2, Super Mario Bros, Sketch a match, Mutate the labrat, Resident Evil 4, Totem Destroyer, Ramps and some more. These are the frequently played ones and among this Super Mario is the most mainstream old game.
Another arrangement of games that are popular are the blaze games. They got quick certain reaction from all age bunches when they were recently presented in the sites. They are created by programming called streak. Streak games are more exciting as they have a period imperative. Its time being less, conveys a benefit of playing more blaze games all at once. Proficient gamers who need an exciting encounter can pick activity games. These are additionally said to improve their abilities. They have thought of an extraordinary standpoint by the utilization of many trend setting innovations. The PC should be empowered with the glimmer or java programming to help online activity and shooting match-ups.
The experience games are additionally acquiring prevalence effectively as they incorporate outlandish games like wrestling, battling, space ventures, star wars, anecdotal undertakings and situational games which are handily intrigued by individuals. The experience games likewise includes puzzles which improves the abilities of an individual. It additionally improves the reaction time. Activity games include both single player and multiplayer games. There are additionally junior exemplary games https://www.dhruva-automation.com/ which can be downloaded free of charge from the web. It is quite possibly the most famous DSi XL games. There are a decent assortment of child’s games which are implied only for youngsters. These games make the internal identity in them, apparent. They like it to be straightforward, senseless, unimportant, whimsical, light and breezy. A portion of the child games are intended to improve their memory, abilities, thinking capacity, acknowledgment and so forth There are a bunch of games which incorporate vivified characters which are mainstream to all age bunch. These characters are given their own game by which players can encounter experience. They are additionally given a stage in an all around existing game. These are a bunch of games with entertaining characters. Hustling games can be played by proficient gamers to improve their abilities. There are additionally sporting events like cricket, chess, badminton and so on which can be delighted in by the games darlings. Internet gaming has ended up being an extraordinary past time with numerous social benefits for the individuals who utilize it.
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Maternal Stress Hormones and Maternal Smoking Increase Daughter’s Risk of Nicotine Dependence
Reports new study in Biological Psychiatry
Reports new study in Biological Psychiatry
Tobacco smoking by pregnant women has long been viewed as a public health risk because of smoking's adverse effects on the development of a fetus.
Smoking during pregnancy is linked to numerous negative outcomes, including low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, and increased risk for attention deficit disorder, conduct disorder, and nicotine use in offspring. Despite this extensive literature, it is estimated that 13%–30% of women in the United States continue to smoke while pregnant.
Now, a new 40-year longitudinal study, published in Biological Psychiatry, provides strong evidence that prenatal exposure to maternal stress hormones predicts nicotine dependence later in life – but only for daughters. It also confirms previous research that babies born to moms who smoked when pregnant have an increased risk of nicotine addiction in adulthood.
"While maternal smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be an independent risk factor for nicotine dependence, we didn't really know which pathways or mechanisms were responsible. Most prior research involving biological mechanisms had been conducted in animals not humans," said Dr. Laura Stroud, first author on this study and a researcher with the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine at The Miriam Hospital in Providence, RI.
"Our study suggests that maternal smoking and high stress hormones represent a 'double-hit' in terms of increasing an offspring's risk for nicotine addiction as an adult. Because mothers who smoke are often more stressed and living in adverse conditions– these findings represent a major public health concern."
To conduct the study, Stroud and her colleagues used data from a large, national, long-term project that began in 1959 and enrolled over 50,000 pregnant women. The offspring of those women were ultimately followed by researchers for 40 years.
For this particular project, 1,086 mothers participated, where their hormone levels (cortisol and testosterone) were measured during pregnancy and their smoking status was recorded. Their children, 649 of whom were daughters and 437 of whom were sons, were interviewed as adults and their smoking status was also recorded.
The findings revealed that in female but not male offspring, elevated prenatal cortisol exposure and exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy were associated with increased rates of nicotine dependence as adults. No links were found between elevated prenatal testosterone exposure and adult nicotine dependence. There were also no findings among male offspring.
"Our findings highlight the particular vulnerability of daughters to long-term adverse outcomes following maternal stress and smoking during pregnancy. We don't yet know why this is, but possible mechanisms include sex differences in stress hormone regulation in the placenta and adaptation to prenatal environmental exposures," added Stroud. "Also, cortisol and nicotine may affect developing male and female brains differently. Furthermore, if daughters of smoking mothers are more likely to grow up nicotine dependent, the result is dangerous cycle of intergenerational transmission of nicotine addiction."
"These new data may help us to focus our attention on individuals at greatest risk for later smoking," said Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry. "It is interesting that female, but not male, offspring seemed to be at greatest risk. Sex differences in the vulnerability to smoking are important and merit further study."
The article is "Prenatal Glucocorticoids and Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Independently Program Adult Nicotine Dependence in Daughters: A 40-Year Prospective Study" by Laura R. Stroud, George D. Papandonatos, Edmond Shenassa, Daniel Rodriguez, Raymond Niaura, Kaja Z. LeWinn, Lewis P. Lipsitt, and Stephen L. Buka (doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.024). The article appears in Biological Psychiatry, Volume 75, Issue 1 (January 1, 2014), published by Elsevier.
Notes for editors
Full text of the article is available to credentialed journalists upon request; contact Rhiannon Bugno at +1 214 648 0880 or Biol.Psych@utsouthwestern.edu. Journalists wishing to interview the authors may contact Nancy Jean, Lifespan Marketing & Communications, at +1 401 444 6417 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
The authors' affiliations, and disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available in the article.
John H. Krystal, M.D., is Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine, Chief of Psychiatry at Yale-New Haven Hospital, and a research psychiatrist at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. His disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available here
About Biological Psychiatry
Biological Psychiatry is the official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, whose purpose is to promote excellence in scientific research and education in fields that investigate the nature, causes, mechanisms and treatments of disorders of thought, emotion, or behavior. In accord with this mission, this peer-reviewed, rapid-publication, international journal publishes both basic and clinical contributions from all disciplines and research areas relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of major psychiatric disorders.
The journal publishes novel results of original research which represent an important new lead or significant impact on the field, particularly those addressing genetic and environmental risk factors, neural circuitry and neurochemistry, and important new therapeutic approaches. Reviews and commentaries that focus on topics of current research and interest are also encouraged.
Biological Psychiatry is one of the most selective and highly cited journals in the field of psychiatric neuroscience. It is ranked 4th out of 135 Psychiatry titles and 13th out of 251 Neurosciences titles in the Journal Citations Reports® published by Thomson Reuters. The 2012 Impact Factor score for Biological Psychiatry is 9.247.
Elsevier is a world-leading provider of information solutions that enhance the performance of science, health, and technology professionals, empowering them to make better decisions, deliver better care, and sometimes make groundbreaking discoveries that advance the boundaries of knowledge and human progress. Elsevier provides web-based, digital solutions — among them ScienceDirect, Scopus, Research Intelligence and ClinicalKey— and publishes over 2,500 journals, including The Lancet and Cell, and more than 35,000 book titles, including a number of iconic reference works. Elsevier is part of RELX Group, a world-leading provider of information and analytics for professional and business customers across industries. www.elsevier.com
+1 214 648 0880
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In general, masks are used by the general public and health care personnel to prevent the spread of infection or illness.
Face masks marketed to the general public for general non-medical purposes, such as use in construction and other industrial applications, are not medical devices. Face masks, when they are intended for a medical purpose such as source control (including uses related to COVID-19) and surgical masks are medical devices., as described in our policy for face masks and surgical masks that is in effect during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to this virus. However, as a reminder, the CDC always recommends everyday preventive actions, such as hand washing and maintaining at least 6 feet of social distancing, to help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases.
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||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Meissen porcelain or Meissen china is the first European hard-paste porcelain. It was developed starting in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. After his death that October, Johann Friedrich Böttger continued von Tschirnhaus's work and brought porcelain to the market. The production of porcelain at Meissen, near Dresden, started in 1710 and attracted artists and artisans to establish one of the most famous porcelain manufacturers, still in business today as Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen GmbH. Its signature logo, the crossed swords, was introduced in 1720 to protect its production; the mark of the crossed swords is one of the oldest trademarks in existence. It dominated the style of European porcelain until 1756.
The Chinese had mastered the production of porcelain long before the west became aware of it, and by the seventeenth century oriental porcelain had become a valuable export commodity in the China trade. Mostly provided by the Dutch East India Company, porcelain from China and Japan represented wealth, importance, and refined taste in Europe, while local attempts to produce porcelain, such as the brief experiment that produced "Medici porcelain" had met with failure.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger pretended he had solved the dream of the alchemists, to produce gold from worthless materials. When King Augustus II of Poland heard of it, he kept him in protective custody and requested him to produce gold. For years Johann Friedrich Böttger was unsuccessful in this effort. At the same time, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, a mathematician and scientist, experimented with the manufacture of glass, trying to make porcelain as well. Tschirnhaus supervised Böttger and by 1707 Böttger reluctantly started to help in the experiments by Tschirnhaus. When Tschirnhaus suddenly died, the recipe apparently was handed over to Böttger, who within one week announced to the King that he could make porcelain. Böttger refined the formula and with some Dutch co-workers, experienced in firing and painting tiles, the stage was set for the manufacturing of porcelain. In 1709, the King established the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Porcelain Manufactory (Königlich-Polnische und Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Porzellan-Manufaktur), placed Böttger's laboratory at Albrechtsburg castle in Meissen and production started officially in 1710.
The first type of porcelain produced by Böttger was a refined and extremely hard red stoneware known in Germany as Böttgersteinzeug. It retained very crisp definition in its mold-cast applied details, on bodies that could be polished to a gloss before firing. Models were derived from Baroque silver shapes and Chinese ceramic examples. Meissen's production of a hard paste white porcelain that could be glazed and painted soon followed, and wares were put on the market in 1713.
Böttger's experimental wares rapidly gained quality but never achieved successful painted and fired decor. The first successful ornaments were gold decorations applied upon the fired body and finely engraved before they received a second firing at a lower temperature. Multicolor enamelled painting was introduced by Johann Gregorius Höroldt in 1723, with an increasingly broad palette of colors that marked the beginning of the classic phase of Meissen porcelain. His enamel paints are still the basis for ceramic paints today. Initially paintings often imitated oriental patterns. The signature underglaze "Meissen Blue" was introduced by Friedrich August Köttig. Soon minutely detailed landscapes and port scenes, animals, flowers, galante courtly scenes and chinoiseries— fanciful Chinese-inspired decorations— were to be found on Meissen porcelain. The Kakiemon vases and tea wares of kilns in Arita, Japan were imitated as Indianische Blume ("Flowers of the Indies"). Paintings by Watteau were copied. Wares were also sold in solid glazed colors, to be enamelled in private workshops (Hausmalerei) and independently retailed. The support of Augustus' patronage attracted to Meissen some of the finest painters and modelers of Europe as staff artists.
The Albrechtsburg was utilized to protect the secrets of the manufacture of the white gold. As a further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret (arcanum) of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain.
In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that initially were painted on, but were soon fired in underglaze blue. Early markings such as AR (Augustus Rex, the monogram of the King), K.P.M. (Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur), M.P.M. (Meissener Porzellan-Manufaktur), and K.P.F. ("Königliche Porzellan-Fabrik) were eventually replaced by the crossed swords logo, based on the arms of the Elector of Saxony as Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Introduced in 1720, the logo was used consistently after 1731 by official decree. Variations in the logo allow approximate dating of the wares.
German luxury watchmaker Glashutte Original produces a limited number of watches with hand-painted Meissen porcelain dials featuring the crossed swords logo.
Augustus II charged first Johann Jakob Irminger with the design of new vessels. In 1720 Johann Gregorius Höroldt became the director and introduced brilliant colors which made Meissen porcelain famous. The next sculptor, Johann Jakob Kirchner, was the first to make large-scale statues and figurines, especially of Baroque saints. His assistant was Johann Joachim Kaendler; in 1733 Kirchner resigned, and Kaendler took over as chief "modelmaster". He became the most famous of the Meissen sculptors. Under his direction Meissen produced the series of small figurines, often depicting scenes of gallantry, which brought out the best of the new material. His menagerie of large-scale animals, left in the white, are some of the high points of European porcelain manufacture. His work resulted in the production of exquisite figurines in the rococo style that influenced porcelain making in all of Europe. Supported by assistants like Johann Friedrich Eberlein and Peter Reinecke, he worked until his death in 1775.
In 1756, during the Seven Years' War, Prussian troops occupied Meissen, giving Frederick II of Prussia the opportunity to relocate some of the artisans to establish the Königliche Porzellan Manufaktur Berlin. With the changing tastes of the neoclassical period and the rise of Sèvres porcelain in the 1760s, Meissen had to readjust its production, and in the reorganization from 1763, C.W.E. Dietrich of the Dresden Academy became artistic director and Michel-Victor Acier from France became the modelmaster. The practice of impressing numerals that correspond to moulds in the inventory books began in 1763. Sèvres styles and ventures into Neoclassicism, such as matte bisque wares that had the effect of white marble, marked the manufactory's output under Count Camillo Marcolini, from 1774.
In the nineteenth century Ernst August Leuteritz modernized many of the rococo figurines, and reissued them, creating a "Second Rococo" characterized by lacework details (made from actual lace dipped in slip and fired) and applied flowers; English collectors used the term Dresden porcelain to describe these wares, especially the somewhat simpering and coy figurines.
Under Erich Hösel, who became head of the modelling department in 1903, old styles were revived and reinterpreted. Hösel also restored eighteenth century models. Some appealing work in the Art Nouveau style was produced, but Meissen's mainstay continued to be the constant production of revived eighteenth-century models.
After 1933, the artistic freedom of the artists became restricted by the State of Saxony in accordance with the contemporary indoctrination process in Germany. Some artists (i.e. Ernst Barlach) who had contributed to progressive Meissen during the Weimar period were banned.
After World War II and under Communist rule, the manufactory that had always catered to the rich and wealthy had some difficulty to find its way. The danger was that Meissen would become a factory merely producing for the masses. It was not until 1969, when Karl Petermann became the director, that Meissen went back to focus on its old traditions and was also allowed a freer artistic expression.
Porcelain figurines, such as Dresden shepherdesses, have been referred to in popular culture, books (such as Dresden Shepherdess by Christine Courtney) and in a quotation used by Air Chief Marshal Arthur ("Bomber") Harris defending the Bombing of Dresden in World War II that Churchill had described as mere acts of terror and wanton destruction.
Böttger early foresaw the production of tableware, and the first services were made in the 1720s. Initial services were plain, but Kaendler soon introduced matching decorations. Kaendler also produced the 1745 "New Cutout" pattern, characterized by a wavy edge cut.
The famous Swan Service (Schwanenservice) was made in 1737-43, for the manufactory's director, Count Heinrich von Brühl; It eventually numbered more than a thousand pieces. At the end of World War II, the pieces of the Swan Service were scattered amongst collectors and museums. Yet, with the moulds still available, the pattern continues to be made today.
The Blue Onion pattern has been in production for close to three centuries. It was basically designed by Höroldt in 1739 and is probably inspired by a Chinese bowl from the Kangxi period. Widely popular, the pattern has been copied extensively by over sixty companies; some of those competitors have even used the word Meissen as a marking. But the pattern became so popular and widespread that the German Supreme Court in 1926 ruled that the term Meissen Zwiebelmuster ("Meissen Onion Pattern", only in English have the pomegranates depicted ever been likened to onions. A more precise term would have been "Meissen Hyacinth Pattern") was in the public domain.
A series of "Court Dragon" and "Red Dragon" tableware patterns features Chinese dragons, generally in underglaze red with gilt details flying around the rim of the plate and with a medallion in the center of the cavetto. A version of this pattern was used in Hitler's Kehlsteinhaus retreat.
Other popular patterns still in production include the Purple Rose pattern and the Vine-leaf pattern.
At the beginning the Meissen manufactory was owned by the King of Saxony; by 1830 it came to belong to the State of Saxony. After World War II, most of the equipment was sent to the Soviet Union as part of war reparations. However, already by 1946, the workers using traditional methods and the kilns that had not been dismantled were able to resume production. The company became a Soviet Joint Stock Company in Germany. Almost all of the production was sent to the Soviet Union, a crucial step that kept the artisan community alive. After the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, the company was handed over to German ownership in 1950 and became a people-owned company. VEB Meissen Porzellan turned out to be one of the few profitable companies in the economically troubled East German system, earning much needed foreign currency. After the German reunification in 1990, the company was restored to the State of Saxony which is the sole owner. While its products are expensive, the high quality and artistic value make Meissen porcelain very desirable by collectors and connoisseurs.
The rarity and expense of Meissen porcelain meant that originally it could only be bought by the upper classes. Meissen took orders from the elites of Russia, France, England and other European countries. The European wealthy accumulated vast collections and when a wealthy class emerged in the United States people like the Vanderbilts started their own collections. Many of these collections then found their way into the world's great museums.
- Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, inventor of Meissen porcelain
- Johann Friedrich Böttger, introduced manufacturing process of Meissen porcelain
- Heinrich Gottlieb Kühn, introduced the coloring process
- Friedrich August Köttig, introduced the Meissen Blue
- Johann Joachim Kaendler, master modeller ca. 1730-1770
- Johann Eleazar Zeissig, known as Schenau, painter, designer and Director of the drawing school at the porcelain factory from 1773.
Teapot, Circa 1724-25, Walters Art Museum
Figurines by Jacob Ungerer: Gardener Girl with Dog, Goose Girl, Lady with Cat, 1902.
Hard-porcelain plate with Chinese dragons, Circa 1734, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.
Candelabrum for the Aleksander Józef Sułkowski service by Johann Joachim Kaendler, Circa 1736, Dallas Museum of Art
- soft-paste porcelain
- bone china
- Porcelain manufacturing companies in Europe
- Utz (novel), and Utz (1992 film) (collector of Meissen porcelain plays a central role)
- Meissen porcelain at Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Date: 2007
- Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection. [Birmingham, Ala]: Birmingham Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5.
- Meissen Encyclopaedia Laurence Mitchell. Accessed December 2006
- Royal Collection http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=19102&row=39
- Ducret, S. German Porcelain and Faience. 1962.
- Roentgen, R.E.: The Book of Meissen. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, PA, USA 2nd edition, 1996.
- Rückert, R. Meissner Porzellan 1710-1820. 1966.
- Walcha, O. Meissner Porzellan 1975.
- Walcha, O.; Helmut Reibig [editor], "Meissen Porcelain." G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1981.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meissen porcelain.|
- Homepage Meissen Porcelain
- Information and photo guide for the identification of individual Meissen figures
- Meissen Lion at National Museums Scotland
- Meissen Vulture at V&A Museum
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Nancy Bocken is Professor in Sustainable Business at Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University. She is also visiting professor at Lund University, Sweden and LUT University Finland, and Fellow at the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. She is co-founder of HOMIE, a ‘pay-per-use’ business pursuing the circular economy. Nancy's research evolves around the broad field of Sustainable Business, including topics like sustainable business models, business experiments, Circular Economy, sufficiency, and closing the 'idea-action' gap in sustainability through novel tools and approaches. She is the Principal Investigator of Circular X which focuses on ‘experimenting with circular service business models’.
Circular X is an ambitious 5-year research project focused on experimentation with circular service business models. It is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) which supports top researchers from anywhere in the world.
With increasing pressures on resources and the climate it is clear that a new way of doing business is needed. The circular economy is a potential key driver for sustainability and competitiveness. In contrast to the current ‘linear economy’, materials are kept at their highest utility at all times. Despite great policy, business and academic interest, knowledge on how to ‘implement’ the Circular Economy in business is lacking. Project Circular X addresses a new and urgent issue in sustainability research: experimentation with circular service business models.
Examples of such new business models include companies shifting from selling products to selling services and introducing lifelong warrantees to extend product lifetimes. However, circular service business models are far from mainstream and experimentation focused on experimentation with new circular service business models is little understood. Project Circular X will develop a new field in sustainability studies focused on experimentation. It aims to conduct interdisciplinary research in at least 3 continents and 5 countries (the Netherlands, UK, Sweden, China and USA) with 4 objectives:
- Advancing understanding of circular service business models; their emergence and impacts
- Advancing knowledge on circular service business models experimentation
- Developing circular service business models experimentation tools
- Designing and deploying circular service business models experimentation labs
Through its comprehensive international approach, project Circular X aims to deeply advance understandings on how circular service business models manifest themselves in business and how these can be experimented with, which will ultimately advance business activities towards a circular economy transition.
Deanna is a PhD student in circular business models under the ERC funded Circular X project at the Maastricht Sustainability Institute. Prior to her PhD studies, she completed a BSc in Chemistry at York University in Canada. In 2018, Deanna obtained an MSc in Carbon Management from the University of Edinburgh, finishing with distinction. Her dissertation was on exploring the role of stakeholders in circular entrepreneurship in Denmark. Since graduation, she co-founded a consultancy start-up that helps organizations mitigate their emissions through negative emissions technologies.
JanWithin Circular X, Jan continues his quest to research how businesses can transition to environmental sustainability. He is also a Sustainability Advisor at Cognizant, where he works with the C-Suite of major companies to develop sustainable and circular business models.
Ankita’s research interests are on designing tools that can foster circular business experiments, balancing the environmental and social costs of circularity, and scaling circular business models to developing countries. She is originally from Odisha, India. and has a BSc. (Hons.) in Zoology & Biochemistry. She moved to Europe in 2017 to pursue an Erasmus Mundus Joint Master’s in Environmental Sciences, Policy & Management at three European Universities. Since then, she has worked in various roles; as a consultant for universities, research agencies, and UNIDO, and co-founded a circular water reuse start-up in Sweden. Under Circular X, her current research focuses on exploring how companies can forecast the environmental impact of their circular business model ideas, during the experimentation phase.
Marc’s main research interests are innovation and innovation policy, sustainability assessment and societal transformation. Currently he also works in an action- research project on Urban Living Labs experiments focused on learning and upscaling. He has published on innovation in electric mobility, urban mobility, solar energy and resource efficiency. He teaches an integrative approach to sustainability assessment & innovation. It combines the understanding of stakeholders (perspectives, practices, etc.) with systems analysis (Qualitative Systems Analysis, Life Cycle Analysis, etc.). In Circular X, Marc supervises PhD-students and is excited to contribute to circular services innovation.
Laura is a PhD student in businesses driving sufficient consumption under the ERC funded Circular X project at the Maastricht Sustainability Institute. Her background is interdisciplinary with a BA in European Studies and an MSc in Environmental Studies and Sustainability Sciences. Previously, Laura worked on circular economy research and policy in Ireland, providing support for research and circular economy business development. Her PhD research investigates how businesses can drive sustainable consumption through sufficiency-based approaches.
Myrthe is deeply motivated to find multi-stakeholder solutions to pressing sustainability challenges. Through her PhD, she specialized in boundary work, sustainable business model innovation and the circular economy. She developed the boundary tool, which helps professionals to engage in the collaborative shaping, shifting and redesign of organizational boundaries for sustainable business model innovation. Myrthe also conducts applied research on circular business innovation at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. In Circular X, she focuses on multi-actor experimentation for circular service business models.
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Latest posts by techwriter (see all)
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Doctors Without Borders direct mail package does so many things right that it’s worth mentioning here.
First off: they’ve got a great FREE OFFER that they announce right up front:
“Your Free World Map Enclosed.”
How can you not open that envelope? Who does not like a free world map even if you’ve got a dozen already?
Secondly, you turn the envelope, and there it is — a trust-builder hard to match:
“Awarded the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize”
Wow! They must be doing “something right”- correct?
I’m sure there aren’t too many organizations out there who are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but if you’ve got even your Neighborhood Good Business Prize then don’t hesitate; flaunt it. Right on your envelope.
Two more great things about this direct mail package.
Aren’t we all worried “where the money is going to” when it comes to non-profits like this?
Fully anticipating such donor skepticism, DWB informs you with a very simple bar graphic that 87% of the money goes to Program Services, 12% to Fund Raising, and only 1% to Management and General.
Now that’s the kind of non-profit I’d like to contribute to. I like that 1% figure very much.
Then the map… The first side looks like any other color world wall map.
But you turn the other side and you see great highlights of the services DWB offered in different countries under different trying circumstances.
COLUMBIA – Populations Isolated by Violence
SUDAN – Assistance to Displaced Populations
UGANDA – Meningitis Outbreak
CAMBODIA – Expanding Access to Treatment
IRAQ – Assisting Victims of a Brutal Conflict
That’s good because without that the world map they gave would be pretty much meaningless.
However, as you can see, the copy is not even. The sentences do not follow the “parallel construction” rule.
It would be much better if all descriptions started with an action verb and reflected what the organization did for those local populations.
Here is the edited world map highlights with parallel construction:
COLUMBIA – Brought Health Care to Populations Isolated by Violence
SUDAN – Assisted Populations Displaced by Ethnic War
UGANDA – Treated Meningitis Outbreak Patients
CAMBODIA – Expanded Access to Rural Health Care
IRAQ – Assisted Victims of a Brutal Conflict
Once again, on the map, we are reminded by a simple pie chart that only 1% of the proceeds go to “Management”.
A very heads-up and professionally done direct mail package. Good job!
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Learn English Lesson #21 (Read + Speak + Study Questions)
Plastic debris not increasing in ocean: study. Scientists have been tracking plastic debris in the ocean for years and their conclusions suggest there is no build up occurring. The plastic parts are either disintegrating, being eaten by fish or sinking under the weight of bacteria. Marty Thompson is a marine biologist. "We are finding dead fish with 20 or more pieces of plastic lodged in the stomach." Consumers of fish must now be careful of eating plastic pieces. The government has posted no official warnings. However, desperate, hungry Americans are receiving free plastic-killed fish. With no job, Tom Thompson Sr. survives on plastic fish and government welfare. "The plastic is hard but when you cook it, the polymers melt into the fish and it's quite delicious... like a creamy sauce. It's divine," noted Mr. Thompson. Restaurants are now serving plastic-killed fish as part of their new exotic menus. "When we grind the fish into a paste and form burgers, nobody can notice the plastic," noted restaurateur Susan Potters. "We get the fish for free and sell the burgers for $5 each. The profit margins are very high on all of our burgers." When asked if people are getting ill, "Actually, our burgers contain far less petroleum products than most fast food. French fries, for instance, contain silicone to prevent foaming while deep frying and petroleum preservatives are sprayed on to chicken strips." Questions: What are the problems associated with plastic in the ocean? How are the plastic-killed fish being used in the food industry?
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Although the article was about dyspraxia, it could equally well have been about developmental dyslexia, dyscalculia or dysphasia. These neurological labels are applied to children whose development is uneven, with selective deficits in the domains of literacy, mathematical skills, and oral language development respectively. They are often described as neurodevelopmental disorders, a category which can be extended to encompass attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autistic disorder. Unlike conditions such as Down syndrome or Fragile X syndrome, these are all behaviourally defined conditions that can seldom be pinned down to a single cause. They are subject to frequent challenges as to their validity. ADHD, for instance, is sometimes described as a medical label for naughty children , and dyslexia as a middle-class excuse for a child’s stupidity. Autism is a particularly interesting case, where the challenges are most commonly made by individuals with autism themselves, who argue they are different rather than disordered.
So, what does the science say? Are these valid disorders? I shall argue that these medical-sounding labels are in many respects misleading, but they nevertheless have served a purpose because they get developmental difficulties taken seriously. I’ll then discuss alternatives to medical labels and end with suggestions for a way forward.
Parents often have a sense of relief at being told their child is dyslexic, as they feel it provides an explanation for the reading difficulties. Most people assume that dyslexia is a clearcut syndrome with a known medical cause, and that affected individuals can be clearly differentiated from other poor readers whose problems are due to poor teaching or low intelligence.
In fact, that is not the case. Dyslexia, and the other conditions listed above, are all diagnosed on the basis of behavioural rather than neurological criteria. A typical definition of developmental dyslexia specifies that there is a mismatch between reading ability and other aspects of cognitive development, which can’t be explained by any physical cause (e.g. bad eyesight) or poor teaching. It follows that if you have a diagnosis of dyslexia, this is not an explanation for poor reading; rather it is a way of stating in summary form that your reading difficulties have no obvious explanation.
But medicine progresses by first recognising clusters of symptoms and then identifying underlying causes for individuals with common patterns of deficits. So even if we don’t yet understand what the causes are, could there could be value in singling out individuals who meet criteria for dyslexia, and distinguishing them from other poor readers? To date, this approach has not been very effective. Forty years ago, an epidemiological study was conducted on the Isle of Wight: children were screened on an extensive battery of psychological and neurological measures. The researchers were particularly interested in whether poor readers who had a large discrepancy between IQ and reading ability had a distinctive clinical profile. Overall, there was no support for dyslexia as a distinct syndrome, and in 1976, Bill Yule concluded: “The era of applying the label 'dyslexic' is rapidly drawing to a close. The label has served its function in drawing attention to children who have great difficulty in mastering the arts of reading, writing and spelling, but its continued use invokes emotions which often prevent rational discussion and scientific investigation".(p 166). Subsequent research has focused on specifying what it is about reading that is so difficult for children who struggle with literacy, and it’s been shown that for most of them, a stumbling block is in the process of breaking words into sounds, so-called phonological awareness. However, poor phonological awareness is seen in poor readers of low IQ as well as in those with a mismatch between IQ and reading skill.
2. Medical labels don’t identify conditions with distinct causes
What about if we look at underlying causes? It's an exciting period for research as new methods make it possible to study the neurological and genetic bases of these conditions. Many researchers in this field anticipated that once we could look at brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging, we would be able to identify ‘neural signatures’ for the different neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite frequent over-hyped reports of findings of ‘a brain scan to diagnose autism’ and so on, the reality is complicated.
I'm not attacking researchers who look for brain correlates of these conditions: we know far more now than we did 20 years ago about how typical and atypical brains develop, and basic neuroscience may help us understand the underlying processes involved, which in turn could lead to better diagnosis and intervention. But before concluding that a brain scan can be a feasible diagnostic test, we need studies that go beyond showing that an impaired group differs from an unimpaired group. In a recent review of pediatric neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental disorders, Giedd and Rapoport concluded: “The high variability and substantial overlap of most measures for most groups being compared has profound implications for the diagnostic utility of psychiatric neuroimaging” (p. 731) (my italics)
Similar arguments apply in the domain of genetics. If you are interested in the details, I have a blog explaining in more detail, but in brief, there are very few instances where a single genetic mutation can explain dyslexia, ADHD, autism and the rest. Genes play a role, and often an important one, in determining who is at risk for disorder, but it seems increasingly likely that the risk is determined by many genes acting together, each of which has a small effect in nudging the risk up or down. Furthermore, the effect of a given gene will depend on environmental factors, and the same gene may be implicated in more than one disorder. What this means is that research showing genetic influences on neurodevelopmental disorders does not translate into nice simple diagnostic genetic tests.
3. No clear boundaries between individuals with different diagnostic labels
To most people, medical labels imply distinct disorders with clear boundaries, but in practice, many individuals have multiple difficulties. Maxine Frances Roper’s blogpost on dyspraxia illustrates this well: dyspraxia affects motor co-ordination, yet she described major problems with maths, which would indicate dyscalculia. Some of her commentators described cases where a diagnosis of dyspraxia was accompanied by a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, a subtype of autistic disorder. In a textbook chapter on neurodevelopmental disorders, Michael Rutter and I argued that pure disorders, where just one domain of functioning is affected, are the exception rather than the rule. This is problematic for a diagnostic system that has distinct categories, because people will end up with multiple diagnoses. Even worse, the diagnosis may depend on which professional they see. I know of cases where the same child has been diagnosed as having dyslexia, dyspraxia, ADHD, and “autistic spectrum disorder” (a milder form of autism), depending on whether their child is seen by a psychologist, an occupational therapist, a paediatrician or a child psychiatrist.
4. No clearcut distinction between normality and abnormality
There has been much debate as to whether the causes of severe difficulties are different from causes of normal variation. The jury is still out, but we can say that if there are qualitative differences between children with these neurodevelopmental disorders and typically developing children, we have yet to find them. Twenty years ago, many of us expected that we might find single genes that caused SLI or autism, for instance, but although this sometimes occurs, it is quite exceptional. As noted above, we are usually instead dealing with complex causation from a mixture of multiple genetic and environmental causes. Robert Plomin and colleagues have argued, on the basis of such evidence, that ‘the abnormal is normal’ and that there are no disorders.
Many people worry that if we say that a label like dyslexia is invalid, then we are denying that their child has real difficulties. This was brought home to me vividly when I was an editor of Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Keith Stanovich wrote a short piece for the journal putting forward arguments to the effect that there were no qualitative differences between poor readers of average or below average IQ, and therefore the construct of ‘dyslexia’ was invalid. This attracted a barrage of criticism from people who wrote in to complain that dyslexia was real, they worked with dyslexic children, and it was disgraceful for anyone to suggest that these children’s difficulties were fictional. Of course, that was not what Stanovich had said. Indeed, he was very explicit: “Whether or not there is such a thing as 'dyslexia', there most certainly are children who read markedly below their peers on appropriately comprehensive and standardized tests. In this most prosaic sense, poor readers obviously exist.” (p. 580). He was questioning whether we should distinguish dyslexic children from other poor readers, but not denying that there are children for whom reading is a major struggle. Exactly the same cycle of events followed a Channel 4 TV documentary, the Dyslexia Myth, which raised similar questions about the validity of singling out one subset of poor readers, the dyslexics, and giving them extra help and attention, when other poor readers, with very similar problems but lower IQs, were ignored. A huge amount of debate was generated, some of which featured in the Psychologist. Here again, those who had tried to make this case were attacked vehemently by people who thought they were denying the reality of children’s reading difficulties.
Among those taking part in such debates are affected adults, many of whom will say ”People said I was stupid, but in reality I had undiagnosed dyslexia”. This is illuminating, as it stresses how the label has a big effect on people’s self-esteem. It seems that a label such as dyslexia is not viewed by most people as just a redescription of a person’s problems. It is seen as making them more real, emphasises that affected people are not unintelligent, and leads the condition to be taken more seriously than if we just say they have reading difficulties.
So what would the consequences be if we rejected medical labels? Here, it is fascinating to chart what has happened for different conditions, because different solutions have been adopted and we can compare and contrast the impact this has had. Let’s start with dyslexia. On the basis of the Isle of Wight study, Bill Yule and colleagues argued that we should abandon the term ‘developmental dyslexia’ and use instead the less loaded and more descriptive term ‘specific reading retardation’. Because of the negative connotations of ‘retardation’ their proposal did not take off, but the term ‘specific reading disability’ was adopted in some quarters. But, actually, neither term has really caught on. When I did a bibliometric survey of studies on neurodevelopmental disorders, I tried to include all possible diagnostic labels as search terms. I've just looked the frequency with which different terms were used to describe studies on developmental reading difficulties. Dyslexia won by a long margin, with over 97% of articles using this term.
Quite the opposite happened, though, with ‘developmental dysphasia’, which was used in the 1960s to refer to difficulties in producing and understanding spoken language in a child of otherwise normal ability. This term was already going out of fashion in the UK and the USA in the 1970s, when I was doing my doctoral studies, and in my thesis I used ‘specific developmental language disorder’. Subsequently, ‘specific language impairment’ (SLI) became popular in the US research literature, but there is current concern that it implies that language is the only area of difficulty, when children often have additional problems. Among practitioners, there is even less agreement, largely because of an explicit rejection of a ‘medical model’ by the profession of speech and language therapy (speech-language pathology in the US and Australia). So instead of diagnostic labels practitioners use a variety of descriptive terminology, including ‘language difficulties’, ‘communication problems’, and, most recently in the UK ‘speech, language and communication needs’ (SLCN). [If you've never heard of any of these and want to see how they affect children's lives, see http://www.afasicengland.org.uk].
There do seem to be important negative consequences, however. As Gina Conti-Ramsden has argued , specific language impairment (or whatever else you want to call it) is a Cinderella subject. The amount of research funding directed to it is well below what you’d expect, given its frequency and severity, and it would seem that most members of the public have no idea what it is. Furthermore, if you say a child has ‘developmental dysphasia’, that sounds more serious and real than if you say they have ‘specific language impairment’. And to say they have language ‘difficulties’ or ‘needs’ implies to many people that those difficulties are fairly trivial. Interestingly, there also seems to be an implicit assumption that, if you don’t have a medical label, then biological factors are unimportant, and you are dealing with problems with purely social origins, such as poor parenting or teaching.
An article by Alan Kamhi had a novel take on this issue. He argued that a good label had to have the properties of a meme. The concept of a meme was introduced by Richard Dawkins in the Selfish Gene, and subsequently developed by Susan Blackmore in her book The Meme Machine. A meme is an element of culture that is transmitted from person to person, and a successful meme has to be easy to understand, remember and communicate to others. Importantly, it does not necessarily have to be accurate or useful. Kamhi asked “Why is it more desirable to have dyslexia than to have a reading disability? Why does no one other than speech-language pathologists and related professionals seem to know what a language disorder is? Why is Asperger’s syndrome, a relatively new disorder, already familiar to many people?” (p. 105). Kamhi’s answer is that terms with ‘language’ in them are problematic because everyone thinks they know what language is, but their interpretations differ from those of the professionals. I think there is some truth in this, but there is more to it than that. In general, I’d argue, the medical-sounding terms are more successful memes than the descriptive terms because they convey a spurious sense of explanation, with foreign and medical-sounding labels lending some gravity to the situation.
So here’s a proposal that attempts to steer a course through this morass. We should use the term ‘neurodevelopmental disability’ as a generic term, and then add a descriptor to indicate the areas of major difficulty. Let me explain why each part of the term is useful. “Neurodevelopmental” indicates that the child’s difficulties have a constitutional basis. This is not the same as saying they can’t be changed, but it does move us away from the idea that these are some kind of social constructs with no biological basis. The evidence for a biological contributory causes is considerable for those conditions where there have been significant neurological and genetic investigations: dyslexia, SLI, autism and ADHD.
I suggest ‘disability’ rather than ‘disorder’ in the hope this may be more acceptable to those who dislike dividing humanity into the disordered and normal. Disability has a specific meaning in the World Health Organization classification, which focuses on the functional consequences of an impairment for everyday life. People who are the focus of our interest are having difficulties functioning at home, work or school, and so ‘disability’ seems a reasonable term to use.
It follows from what I’ve said above, that the boundary between disability and no disability is bound to be fuzzy: most problems fall on a scale of severity, and where you put the cutoff is arbitrary. But in this regard, neurodevelopmental disability is no different from many medical conditions. For instance, if we take a condition such as high blood pressure: there are some people whose blood pressure is so high that it is causing them major symptoms, and everyone would agree they have a disease. But other people may have elevated blood pressure and doctors will be concerned that this is putting health at risk, but where you actually draw the line and decide that treatment is needed is a difficult judgement, and may depend on presence of other risk factors. It’s common to define conditions such as dyslexia or SLI in terms of statistical cutoffs: the child is identified as having the condition if a score on a reading or language test is in the bottom 16% for their age. This is essentially arbitrary, but it is at least an objective and measurable criterion. However, test scores are just one component of diagnosis: a key factor is whether or not the individual is having difficulty in coping at home, work or school.
‘Neurodevelopmental disability’ alone could be used to indicate that the person has real difficulties that merit attention and support, but it lumps together a wide range of difficulties. That is no bad thing, however, given that many individuals have problems in several domains. The term would actively discourage the compartmentalised view of these different conditions, which leads to an unsatisfactory situation where, for instance, researchers in the US have difficulty doing research on the relationship between reading and language disabilities because these are seen as falling under the remit of different funding streams (NICHD and NIDCD respectively), or where a researcher who is studying language difficulties in autism will have much greater chance of obtaining funding (from NIMH) than one who is studying language difficulties in non-autistic children (which are far more common).
Having defined our generic category, we need to add descriptors that specify weaknesses and strengths. Identification of areas of weakness is crucial both for ensuring access to appropriate services, and to make it possible to do research on individuals with common characteristics. Table 1 shows how traditional medical categories would map on to this system, with a downward arrow denoting a problem area, and = denoting no impairment. But this is just to illustrate how the system corresponds to what we already have: my radical proposal is that we could do away with the labels in the top row.
|Table 1: Traditional categories (top row) vs new system|
In addition, a key feature of my proposed approach would be that assessment should also aim to discover any areas that parents or children themselves identify as areas of strength (up arrows), as fostering these can be as important as attempting to remediate areas of difficulty. If we take Maxine Frances Roper as an example, she evidently has good language and intelligence, so her profile would indicate this, together with weaknesses in maths and motor skills.
When we consider people’s strengths, these may not be in cognitive or academic skills. Consider, for example, Temple Grandin. She is a woman with autism who has become a highly respected consultant in animal husbandry because of her unusual ability to put herself in the mind of the animals she works with. Obviously, not every person will have an amazing talent, but most will have some activities that they enjoy and can succeed in. We should try and find out what these are, and ensure they are fostered.
For a start, it is complex and has resource implications. Few practitioners or researchers would have the time to do a comprehensive assessment of all the areas of functioning shown in Table 1. Nevertheless, many people would complain that this list is not long enough! What about memory, speech, spelling, executive function, or visuospatial skills, which are currently not represented but are studied by those interested in specific learning disabilities? The potential list of strengths is even more open-ended, and could encompass areas such as sports, music, craft and cookery activities, drama, ability to work with animals, mechanical aptitude and so on. I’d suggest, though, that the approach would be tractable if we think about this as a two-stage procedure. Initial screening would rely on parent and/or teacher and/or self report to identify areas of concern. Suitable well-validated screening instruments are already available in the domains of language, attention, and social impairment, and this approach could be extended. Areas identified as specific weaknesses could then be the focus of more detailed assessment by a relevant professional.
The main reason I doubt my system would work is that too many people are attached to the existing labels. I’m sure many will feel that terms such as autism, ADHD, and dyslexia have served us well and there’s no need to abandon them. Professional groups may indeed be threatened by the idea of removing barriers between different developmental disorders. And could we lose more than we gain by ditching terminology that has served us well, as least for some disorders?
Please add your comments
I certainly don’t have all the answers, but I am hoping that by raising this issue, I’ll stimulate some debate. Various academics in the US and UK have been talking about the particularly dire situation of terminology surrounding speech and language disorders, but the issues are broader than this, and we need to hear the voices of those affected by different kinds of neurodevelopmental disabilities, as well as practitioners and researchers.
With thanks to Courtenay Frazier Norbury and Gina Conti-Ramsden for comments on a draft of this post.
PS. 27th December 2010
A couple of relevant links:
More on failure of speech-language pathologists to agree on terminology for developmental language disorders.
Kamhi, A. G. (2007). Thoughts and reflections on developmental language disorders. In A. G. Kamhi, J. J. Masterson & K. Apel (Eds.), Clinical Decision Making in Developmental Language Disorders: Brookes.
A recent Ofsted report, concluding that many children with 'special educational needs' are just poorly taught.
PPS. 19th June 2011
Problems with the term 'speech, language and communication needs':
Lindsay, G. (2011). The collection and analysis of data on children with speech, language and communication needs: The challenge to education and health services. Child Language Teaching & Therapy, 27(2), 135-150.
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INSPIRING THE ENGINEERS OF THE FUTURE
With NASA’s recent success extracting minerals from asteroids and landing a rover on Mars, space is once again the final frontier. However, these technologies don't design and make themselves. A skilled aerospace engineering team first solves problems in the lab, then launches the rockets into space. I founded SkyTalks to get insight into aerospace careers through interviews with top professionals. This project will inspire future aerospace engineers to carry humanity into unknown destinations.
By interviewing successful aerospace professionals, SkyTalks provides high-level industry insight for current students and future aerospace engineers. These early career professionals can make more informed decisions by talking to current engineers. After the initial talks, these working STEM professionals can also become role models to aspiring aerospace engineers.
A BIT ABOUT ME
Balamir is a high school Senior who is launching a future career in aerospace engineering. Since he was a freshman, he has known he wants to combine the study of innovative space technology with applied engineering. He decided that aerospace engineering was the path to change humankind. To connect with other students interested in aerospace engineering, he plans to close the information gap between working aerospace professionals and students with SkyTalks.
THE INFORMATION THAT WE PROVIDE
Straightforward answers to the most asked questions about the aerospace engineering field.
WHAT AEROSPACE ENGINEERING IS
Learn the purpose of this job and what value it provides to society.
QUALITIES OF AN AEROSPACE ENGINEER
Explore the knowledge and the character of an aerospace engineer.
LIFE OF AN AEROSPACE ENGINEER
Find out what the daily life of an aerospace engineer looks like.
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CHICAGO (December 11, 2012) As the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections continue to rise around the world, a hospital in Canada detected the presence of New Delhi Metallo--lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (NDM1-Kp), a multidrug resistant bacteria that is resistant to carbapenems, one of the last lines of antibiotics. The retrospective report, featured in the January issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, the journal of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, analyzes risk factors and infection control strategies taken to prevent the spread of NDM1-Kp.
NDM1-Kp is common in other parts of the world such as the Indian subcontinent, but rare in North America except for imported cases from patients previously hospitalized in endemic regions.
Between January 2011 and March 2012, seven patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Toronto acquired NDM1-Kp from two index patients. Risk factors for acquisition were a history of prior use of certain antibiotics, and transmission likely occurred through direct contact. Four of the seven were roommates with an affected patient, two were on the same ward, and one was admitted to a room immediately following the discharge of an infected patient. The environmental sources of transmission highlight the importance of maintaining meticulous cleaning, hand hygiene, and disinfection standards in prevention and containment.
"The spread of the NDM1-Kp is an emerging public health threat, as increased globalization may result in a higher burden of these bacteria in Canada and other countries than previously recognized," said lead researcher Christopher F. Lowe, MD. "Preventing the spread of this organism in hospitals is critical given the lack of effective antibiotics against NDM1-Kp."
When a patient was identified with NDM1-Kp at the hospital, they were placed on contact precautions for the duration of their admission, as recommended by the CDC and Public Health Agency of Canada. At the Toronto hospital, contacts such as roommates or ward mates were screened 3 times over a 2 week period to see if transmission had occurred. During the screening period, the patients were also placed into contact precautions and private rooms until all three screenings were negative. Unfortunately, staff discovered that several contacts with negative screens subsequently became positive for NDM1-Kp weeks later.
Challenges in fighting the spread of NDM1-Kp include contacts who acquire the bacteria, but may initially have a low concentration of organisms and avoid detection, as well as the lack of an established gold standard to detect carbapenem-resistant organisms, which may have contributed to the negative screens. Although the isolation of NDM1-producing bacteria is currently a rare occurrence in healthcare settings, this cluster indicates the prevalence of these organisms is increasing in nonendemic regions, and prompt initiation of infection prevention and control practices is essential to prevent transmission.
|Contact: Kate Enos|
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
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By Brian Shupe
When representatives from 195 nations signed an agreement last December to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius this century, it marked the beginning of the end of the fossil fuel era.
That historic agreement, combined with the veritable revolution in renewable energy technology — including the sharp drop in the cost of solar in recent years — has accelerated the inevitable transition to clean energy.
It’s no longer a question of if we will transition away from fossil fuels but whether this energy transformation can happen fast enough to maintain a livable planet for future generations, and how the transformation will occur. The answers to these questions will be shaped by public policy.
In Vermont, both federal and state incentives, including the federal solar investment tax credit, have helped leverage millions of dollars in private investment and create thousands of well-paying jobs. A combination of policies, programs and the state’s commitment have made it possible for more Vermonters to become part of the renewable energy transition and lock into a more affordable, stable and clean energy supply.
This is good news for the planet and for the state’s economy.
The combination of distributed generation of renewable energy and investments in energy conservation and efficiency (arguably a more important investment since the cheapest electricity is the electricity never used) have also saved the state $400 million in deferred transmission and distribution upgrades. At the same time, most Vermonters’ electric bills have declined in recent years, and Vermont now has the second lowest electric rates in New England.
Like every significant societal transformation — from building our nation’s highway system to developing an interconnected communications network — it has not been without controversy or challenges. It’s not surprising that there would be stumbling blocks, as Vermont charts a new path that will alter the state’s working landscape, as electricity becomes a crop harvested from the sun, water or wind.
Much of the controversy surrounds the process for regulating energy projects. In Vermont, electrical energy facilities, including transmission lines, power plants and solar panels, are subject to so-called “Section 248” review by the Public Service Board. This is because electricity is considered a public good that is part of a statewide electric grid, subject to regulation to ensure that the grid is reliable and that ratepayers are protected from unnecessary costs.
As part of their review, the PSB considers environmental impacts similar to those included in the Act 250 process, and developers are subject to a variety of permits issued by the Department of Environmental Conservation related to such issues as stormwater runoff and wetland protection.
Some communities and neighbors have asserted that the Section 248 process is too difficult to navigate and that community concerns regarding local impacts are seldom addressed. Others have maintained that the process is rigorous but works well, and that the transition to clean energy is urgently needed. They argue that reducing predictability in the process by imposing different rules for different towns not only imperils that transition but would undermine the state’s ability to create a more nimble “smart” electrical grid that depends on small-scale, distributed energy generation.
Last year, the Vermont Legislature directed a Solar Siting Task Force to study these contradictory concerns and make recommendations for addressing them. The Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Energy is in the process of considering those recommendations and what changes, if any, might improve how and where distributed generation occurs.
That is no easy task, as the public debate over energy issues in Vermont is largely defined by extremes and can become personal and vitriolic. The committee has attempted to move beyond the conflict, however, and is considering several commonsense solutions recommended by the task force. These include:
— Expand the role of regional planning in the land use and siting process and empowering the state’s 11 regional planning commissions to engage municipalities and adequately plan for meeting the state’s goal of meeting 90 percent of our energy needs from renewable sources from renewable energy by 2050.
— Create incentives for the location of larger solar arrays on sites designated by communities, as well as incentives for projects in the built environment, such as rooftops, landfills, brownfields.
— Appoint a public assistance officer to help parties — applicants, municipal officials, neighbors — understand and more effectively participate in regulatory proceedings.
— Empower the Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets to participate in the Section 248 process to better protect prime farmland through site and installation design standards.
— Take steps to create clear, predictable guidance for the PSB and solar developers to minimize adverse aesthetic impacts of new solar facilities.
These solid recommendations, combined with expected changes to the state’s net-metering rules, suggest that many legitimate siting concerns might be addressed while not retreating from the state’s commitment to a clean energy economy. I hope so.
The Paris agreement marks the overdue beginning of a new era. Whether we like it or not, Vermont’s long reliance on dangerous nuclear energy and dirty power transmitted from far-flung locations is ending. As the state takes responsibility for our own needs, and becomes more energy independent, we should embrace this transition in a way that balances the variety of goals and concerns that Vermonters care about.
Brian Shupe is executive director of the Vermont Natural Resources Council.
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The Hororata Highland Games is the Trust’s premier event attracting 8000- 10,500 people annually. The event is held the Saturday before Canterbury Anniversary each year.
The Hororata Highland Games (HHG) was created in 2011 from the community’s desire to take charge of its own future following the Canterbury earthquakes and the devastation of a number of key community facilities. Rather than wait for assistance a motivated group of individuals developed a theme that resonated with them and filled a unique gap in the event market, the HHG was born and is now a permeant fixture in the Scottish Competition calendar.
The event attracts over 500 competitors who compete in Highland Dancing, Piping and Drumming, Tug O’ War, Highland Spin (a fleece to garment challenge), Small Bore Shooting, Amateur Scottish heavy athletics (men’s and women’s), and the Oceania Heavyweight Championship (professional Scottish heavy athletics). Competitors come from throughout New Zealand and internationally to compete.
The event engages 200 volunteers, many of whom are local. However, there are a number who have been drawn to the event who had no prior association with the community. These people are involved because they see not only what the event is doing for the community, but also what it is doing for the Scottish sports and arts.
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Sakleshpur is a slope station town and home office of Sakleshpur Taluk in Hassan locale in the Indian condition of Karnataka. The town lies in the Malnad area on the heavenly slopes of the biodiversity hotspot, the Western Ghats. It has a mild atmosphere encompassed with elevated green slopes brimming with espresso, cardamom, pepper and areca manors . These yields which help fundamentally to the economy of the Taluk are become in the encompassing towns and whole taluk are brought to Sakleshpur city available to be purchased. The town lies on National Highway 48 (NH-48) which associate port city of Mangalore with capital city Bangalore of Karnataka state. The closest airplane terminal is Mangalore International Airport. The Manjarabad fortress is placed only outside of Sakleshpur on National Highway 48. The stronghold has been developed by Tippu Sultan, the leader of Mysore. The Green Route "Trek on the Railway Track," is a stretch of track from Sakleshpur to the Subramanya railroad station, which was suspended in 1996 to change over the gage from meter to expansive gage. In the 2007 the train administration was appointed and these days numerous individuals are utilize the train to achieve Donigal and begin the trek from that point.It is 5 hours 28 minutes away at a distance of 268.3 km via National Highway 17 km, if the starting point is Calicut. Cabs are the best way to cover such an enormous distance to avoid tiredness.
Distance between Calicut and Sakleshpur is and the average travel time is using a cab.
Calicut, also known as Kozhikode is a town on the Malabar coast in Kerala, India. It was known as the City of Spices in the Mideaval period for being the trading point of eastern spices and later known as the City of Sculptures. It is considered to be one of the finest cities to reside in India.
Calicut is known for its music, sports and food. The city has a taste of Ghazals and Hindustani music. It is second to Kolkata in terms of football as sports. There are a variety of food served ranging from North Indian, South Indian, Jain, Gujarati to lots of Chinese, Arabian and European cuisines.
Travel to any place of your interest by booking a cab in Calicut by availing car rental services at Savaari. With Savaari, you can comfortably visit the most popular locations from Calicut. Savaari provides you the best taxi service in Calicut across various cities in India.
Travel with family or with friends, hire the car of your choice and we assure to provide you very affordable cab services in Calicut. Book Cabs in Calicut at the best affordable rates. The taxi fare in Calicut is the most affordable rates you can find. You can also book cabs or taxi for local travel in Calicut.
Get the best services for car rentals in Calicut by booking at Savaari. Book cabs in Calicut or taxi in Calicut by choosing a car of your interest. You can call us on 090 4545 0000 for any queries or details with respect to taxi booking in Calicut.
You can book taxi for many great routes from Calicut. Our few top routes from Calicut are Calicut to Wayanad, Calicut to Thalassery, Calicut to Nilambur, Calicut to Ooty and Calicut to Guruvayur.
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You can reach Sakleshpur from Calicut by road in about using a cab upon driving using a cab.
Sakleshpur is a breath taking hill station town situated in the biodiversity hotspot (the Western Ghats) of Hassan District in the South Indian state of Karnataka surrounded by the exalted green hills of coffee, pepper, cardamom and areca plantations. The town lies on the National Highway 48 (NH 48) connecting Mangalore with Bengaluru. It is a 3 hour 9 minute drive from Bengaluru covering a distance of 221.3 Kilometres. Sakleshpur is also connected with Bengaluru railway station by an overnight train. The nearest airports from Sakleshpur are Mangalore (132 kms), Mysore (155 kms) and Bengaluru (236 kms). Savaari can rental services run pecial services for this route. Also regular AC and non AC buses ply between Bengaluru and Mangalore via Sakleshpur, maintained by the KSRTC. Sakleshpur has 9 beautiful hotels for the accommodation of tourists. The ideal time to visit Sakleshpur is the month of November when coffee blooms and the air gets filled with its aroma..
Sakleshpur is famous for the grandeur collection of temples and forts of its own. These masterpieces have sustained their beauty till date. Recommended destinations to visit in Sakleshpur are:
1. Manjarabad Fort: Built by the then Mysore Ruler, Tipu Sultan was used as a strategic defensive location has a beautiful view from its top.
2. Kukke Subrahmanya Temple: Nestled amidst the spectacular view of rivers, forests and mountains with Lord Shiva as the presiding deity of the temple is famous for performing ritual rites to evade Sarp Dosha.
3. Jenukal Gudda: It is the second highest peak in Karnataka also offering the view of coast of Arabian Sea is quite an adventurous place for the trekking activists.
4. Bisle Ghat: Surrounded by the Bisle Reserve Forest, it is a home to a wide variety of flora and fauna where the tourists can take a look at nestling mountain ranges.
Tourists are recommended to hire Savaari cab rental services because they run special packages for tourists in this region.
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The Learning Zone
I’m revisiting some of my best older posts on learning guitar. This was originally posted 10 years ago.
Here’s a little piece for anyone who practices but doesn’t seem to improve much.
I suggest you take a look at a book called “Talent is Overrated,” by Geoff Colvin. The book is not written primarily to musicians but to a general audience of business, organizational and sports readers. Its subtitle is “What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everyone Else.”
The book systematically and scientifically pulls apart the longstanding myth of innate talent. And by examining great achievers, it demystifies their process, breaking it down and making it much more concretely available to anyone who is willing to do the work.
According to Geoff Colvin’s research, the element that can be shown to separate the W.A. Mozarts or Tiger Woods of the world from everyone else is something he calls “deliberate practice.”
Here are the elements of deliberate practice:
1. It’s designed specifically to improve performance—designed very specifically, for exactly what needs improvement at the specific stage of development. It’s hard to get this efficiently accomplished without a coach or a teacher but not impossible.
2. it can be repeated a lot-–if you’re afraid of annoying your roommates or get bored too easily or worst of all, don’t understand what exactly it is that you are shooting for, you probably won’t be motivated to repeat your scale or your exercise enough that it has a truly beneficial effect and really sinks in.
3.feedback on results is continually available—you need to be constantly listening, judging, adjusting, experimenting—if you know what you are trying to achieve in the exercise. And if you don’t quite know, you need to have a teacher or coach or someone who is able to give you good, accurate feedback.
4. It is highly demanding mentally—-deliberate practice is all about focus and concentration. It’s not mindless play, it’s not just having fun. “Continually seeking exactly those elements of performance that are unsatisfactory and then trying one’s hardest to make them better places enormous strains on one’s mental abilities” (p.71) This places a limit on how much time can be spent practicing in this manner. Three to five hours a day at the most, with breaks for rest.
I like this quote, from the violinist Leopold Auer: “Practice with your fingers and you will need all day. Practice with your mind, and you will do as much in one and a half hours.”
5. It isn’t much fun—-unless you enjoy deliberately seeking out what you suck at so you can do it over and over until you’re ready to move on to the next level of suckitude.
One more illustration, from the book, that I’ve found very helpful for my students. It’s fun to “practice” things that you are already good at, that you feel comfortable with already, that you have some level of mastery over.. In a way, this is one of the great rewards of learning to play. But you’ll never get very far if you don’t challenge yourself, constantly, to push just a bit past what you feel comfortable doing.
Draw three concentric circles. Label the inner circle Comfort. Label the outer one Panic. The one in the middle is where your deliberate practice will take place, it’s the Learning Zone.
If you stay where you are comfortable, you’ll never improve very fast. But if you push too hard, always trying to do things that are too far out of your reach, you’ll run yourself ragged and tense, develop bad habits and you will not improve much either. Either that, or you will skip important steps or stages in your fluent development of skills.
The trick is to be constantly searching for and finding the Learning Zone where the challenge is just right.
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National Day Rally speeches are not intended to be funny. I am sure, however, that any good speaker would throw in a joke or two in the speech just to hold on to the attention of the audience. So, how is this for a joke:
'When ERP was increased, we also reduced road tax and improved public transport. As a result, many more Singaporeans can now own cars. With more cars on the road, we need to increase ERP to keep traffic flowing.' - PM Lee Hsien Loong, National Day Rally 2008
ERP was intended to reduce traffic.
COE system was also intended to reduce traffic.
According to the Straits Times report today (18 Aug 2008): 'He said that since 2000, the Government has been making it easier for many more Singaporeans to own cars. Vehicle-related taxes have been progressively reduced and more Certificates of Entitlement (COEs), which one must have before purchasing a car, have been released.'
This has made vehicle ownership easier and put more cars on the road.
This has increased traffic.
Solution: Increase the ERP.
And then, when it starts doing its job, implement more policies to put more cars on the road. When when traffic gets worse, increase ERP.
A never-ending spiral of ever-escalating costs. A money tree that really grows. Wow! That's brilliant.
To be fair, I merely read the quote in the Straits Times article online. Something could have been lost in the translation. Perhaps there is some nuance to the words that may be better apprehended if one watches the speech. Perhaps it was a candid admission of a flaw in the policy of making car-ownership easier since 2000 and that something would be done to fix it once and for all and that it would not be turned into a cash-squeezing spiral.
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The manufacturer of office furniture and organic workspaces recently announced that all of its U.S., Shanghai and Pune manufacturing facilities, as well as the company’s global headquarters, have achieved zero waste to landfill status.
HOLLAND, MI – Haworth Inc. recently announced that all U.S., Shanghai and Pune manufacturing facilities, as well as the company’s global headquarters, have achieved zero waste to landfill status. Preliminary results show that Haworth’s U.S. manufacturing facilities have gone from 4.6 million pounds of landfill waste in 2008 to zero in 2009.
“Haworth is extremely proud of this accomplishment but we also recognize that this is a sustainable journey,” says John Mooney, Haworth chief financial officer and executive sponsor of sustainability. “Zero waste to landfill is a bold step toward our zero waste goals—a concept that affects all aspects of our business.”
Haworth’s U.S. facilities still generate approximately .93 million pounds of waste that is turned into waste-to-energy. Global Haworth facilities that are not yet at zero waste to landfill status will do so by 2011. Additional information on Haworth’s sustainability initiatives can found in the company’s sustainability report.
Haworth Inc. is a global leader in the design and manufacture of office furniture and organic workspaces, including raised access floors, moveable walls, systems furniture, seating, storage and wood casegoods. Family-owned and privately held, Haworth is headquartered in Holland, Michigan, and serves markets in more than 120 countries through a global network of 600 dealers. Visit www.haworth.com or www.organicworkspaces.com to learn more.
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Attensity, a leading provider of solutions to surface business intelligence through real-time discovery, today announced Attensity’s Semantic Annotation combined with its Software Development Kit (SDK). This sophisticated parsing engine is designed to integrate into existing enterprise systems to automatically and intelligently extract highly accurate real-time insights from large volumes of disparate data. This technology delivers sophisticated concept analysis and discovery based upon ideas present in common language, as opposed to relying on traditional keyword approaches that require the presence of specific words. That makes it possible to uncover formerly unknown themes, relationships, and context in massive data sets and gather new insights into trends, challenges and business opportunities.
By rapidly parsing large amounts of unstructured text from any type of document provided a task that would take humans hundreds, if not thousands, of man-hours Attensity’s Semantic Annotation SDK provides a myriad of actionable insights, making filtering, querying and discovery easier than ever before. Through the use of Attensity’s patented Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology, IT professionals, engineers, developers or analysts can decipher and surface sentiment, categories, relevant entities and “themes,” despite variations in grammatical or linguistic expression, including emoticons, synonyms and polysemys.
“Consumer sentiment, employee morale, and financial markets are constantly in motion. With Attensity's Semantic Annotation, companies’ enterprise analytic tools can now keep pace with the flow and respond immediately,” said Howard Lau, CEO of Attensity. “The flexibility of Attensity’s Semantic Annotation SDK enables customers to discover accurate business intelligence insights rapidly and in real-time, making them promptly available across internal systems with unprecedented accuracy and ease.”
Attensity’s Semantic Annotation (attensity.com) helps any company that handles massive amounts of data, who do not wish to deviate from using their own enterprise analytics tools. For example, because the SDK can easily integrate into a workflow to provide NLP mark-up to current tools, an enterprise could use Attensity’s Semantic Annotation to monitor external information, such as social and news media, as well as internal information, like customer surveys or calls, in order to keep a pulse on the market and audiences.
While the technology is highly sophisticated, the process itself is quite simple. Attensity’s Semantic Annotation Java-based architecture allows it to easily integrate with a myriad of systems and core technologies to enable search beyond just relevant keywords or statistical patterns. By combining and analyzing the linguistic structure of words and the relationship between a sentence’s subject, action and object, Attensity’s Semantic Annotation “reads” text to recognize sentiment and themes.
Additional benefits of Attensity’s Semantic Annotation include:
• Annotation Results Set makes filtering/querying easier thanks to already-connected data model;
• Secure, on-premise deployment use via a bundled platform;
• Industry-specific domain-based libraries;
• Supports native and client-server configurations;
• Ability to act on text in any document provided;
• Language support for English, German, French, Spanish, simplified Chinese (Mandarin), and Turkish;
• Analysis of annotations to measure document language, sentences, sentiment and more.
For additional information on Attensity’s Semantic Annotation SDK, contact sales[.]attensity.com
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English: The parish and village of Othery, established in 1515, sits on a detached extension of Sowy island on the Somerset Levels. It is north-west of Langport. It borders the hamlets and villages of Pathe, Burrowbridge, Middlezoy, Westonzoyland and Aller, which it meets at Beer Wall. The border with Burrowbridge was defined in 1985, reducing Othery to 553 ha (1,366 acres). Many of these borders are defined by rhynes (ditches) and walls (embankments) created and rearranged, from the 13th century onwards, to drain and channel the waters of the River Cary and the River Parrett as they flooded the low-lying levels on their leisurely journey to the Bristol Channel.
This category has only the following subcategory.
- ► St Michael's church, Othery (4 F)
Media in category "Othery"
The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total.
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Take a look outside…have you clouds tonight too? Don’t worry… Saturday morning just before dawn has been suggested to be the busiest time for the annual Perseids Meteor shower here in the UK. Someone correct me here if I have this wrong - other parts of the world will have different times. Please do share yours if you know them.
Perhaps I’ll set an alarm for Saturday… pre blog I never knew this annual spectacle happened. Seriously though… this really is an amazing piece of gardenwatching and I’d definitely recommend it!
I should say, I’m not a science geek but I have to confess to be being absolutely fascinated and blown away to see trails of meteors dart through the sky by my naked eye over the last two years. In my head I’ve heard a whoosh as the meteors dash through the sky but there is probably no sound to be heard... or is there? Maybe I should get out a sound recorder ;-)
Anyway, if this is something that might interest you too there are probably many websites with info. Meteorwatch is the one that has caught my eye again. Here is their video for 2011…
Enjoy your sky watching this weekend :-D
This post was written by Shirley for the blog shirls gardenwatch.
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El Paso Texas is located on the far western border of the state, only about a mile from the state of New Mexico and just across the Rio Grande River from Ciudad Juarez in the country of Mexico. The city and its surrounding area boast numerous attractions and things to do, including excursions into Mexico.
One of the attractions of El Paso is also one of the city's historic hotels, the Camino Real at 101 South El Paso Street in the heart of the downtown area. It is located four blocks south of the major Route 10, and one block from the El Paso Museum of Art. The hotel was opened in 1912, and its crowning glory is it extraordinary Tiffany stained glass dome above the elegant Dome Restaurant & Bar off the hotel lobby.
Other historic El Paso Texas attractions include the Concordia Cemetery, the largest cemetery in the Southwest. Resting place since 1853 for more than 60,000 citizens, here you will find the graves of prominent and colorful characters, including notorious gunfighter John Wesley Hardin, members of the famed Buffalo Soldiers cavalry regiments formed in 1866, Chinese immigrants originally brought here in the 1880s to build the railroad, cowboys and cowgirls, ranchers, and the "tallest man in the world" Jake Erlich.
There is also the Union Station Passenger Depot, built in 1902 and still providing train connections between this West Texas metropolis and cities like Galveston, San Antonio, and Santa Fe. The Chamizal National Memorial sits in a lovely park on the Rio Grande. At one point, a natural change in the course of the river created a 100-year-long property dispute between Mexico and the United States. The memorial commemorates the peaceful resolution of that dispute. Here there is a cultural center as well as art galleries, a theater, and amphitheater.
Head a bit outside of El Paso TX for a visit to the fascinating Hueco Tanks (32 miles north of the city), a site with wall paintings and pictographs from prehistoric times as well as more recent Native American "graffiti” by Apaches and Kiowas. Also outside of town are many farms, ranches, orchards where you can enjoy harvest festivals, horseback riding, camping, and even join in a traditional cattle drive.
The El Paso Zoo is set on 36 acres a couple blocks from the Rio Grande and the Chamizal Memorial. There are more than 220 species of animals, including leopards and elephants, Malayan tigers and Mexican wolves, orangutans, bats, birds, and reptiles.
There are numerous other attractions and things to do in the city, including amusement parks and water parks, symphony orchestra concerts and rodeos, racetracks and casinos, and one of the top air shows in the United States. The Amigo Airsho occurs during the third week of October, and draws performers from the U.S. military like the US Navy Blue Angels and the US Army Golden Knight Parachute Team, as well as civilian aerobatic teams from around the country.
There are scores of El Paso Texas hotels, motels, and bed and breakfast inns to suit the tastes and budgets of just about everyone. Dude ranches provide authentic western experiences in the surrounding area, and there are camping areas galore.
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ERIC Number: ED424099
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1998
Problems of Meaning in Science Curriculum. Ways of Knowing in Science Series.
Roberts, Douglas A., Ed.; Ostman, Leif, Ed.
As a component of the school curriculum, science has features that are both unique and representative. This book explores the idea that the socialization of students is not only a matter of their deportment, attitudes, and conduct, but is also very significantly associated with the meanings provided by their educational experiences. The chapters are organized under three headings. Part 1, "Back to the Drawing Board," includes the following essays: "Analyzing School Science Courses: The Concept of Companion Meaning" (Douglas A. Roberts); "Problematizing School Subject Content" (Tomas Englund); "Root Metaphors and Education" (Brent Kilbourn); "Learning Inside and Outside Schools: Discursive Practices and Sociocultural Dynamics" (Roger Saljo); and "How Companion Meanings Are Expressed by Science Education Discourse" (Leif Ostman). Part 2, "Into the Classroom," includes the following essays: "The Obscured and Present Meaning of Race in Science Education" (John Willinsky); "Border Crossing: Culture, School Science, and Assimilation of Students" (Glen S. Aikenhead); "Intellectual Independence: A Potential Link Between Science Teaching and Responsible Citizenship" (Hugh Munby, Douglas A. Roberts); and "Analyzing Discourse about Controversial Issues in the Science Classroom" (Arthur N. Geddis). Part 3, "Behind the Scenes," includes the following essays: "The Logic of Advice and Deliberation: Making Sense of Science Curriculum Talk" (Graham Orpwood); "National Standards, Deliberation, and Design: The Dynamics of Developing Meaning in Science Curriculum" (Rodger W. Bybee); "The Science Curricula of Europe and the Notion of Scientific Culture" (Joan Solomon); and "The Politics of Legitimating and Marginalizing Companion Meanings: Three Australian Case Stories" (Peter J. Fensham). (Contains 338 references.) (DDR)
Descriptors: Classroom Environment, Constructivism (Learning), Curriculum Development, Educational Experience, Elementary Secondary Education, Relevance (Education), Science Education, Student Interests
Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027; Tel: 800-575-6566 (Toll Free) (clothbound: ISBN-0-8077-3709-7, $48; paperback: ISBN-0-8077-3708-9, $23.95).
Publication Type: Books; Collected Works - General
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Note: Foreword by F. James Rutherford.
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We are running a “junk drumming” workshop on Saturday 10th May where kids can learn to make beats on stuff they find around the house.
Who says that you need drums to be a drummer?
The junk drumming workshop is an introduction to the world of rhythm and beats.
The great thing is that you won’t be using any “proper” musical instruments, instead you will be using anything that can make a sound.
Creativity, exploration and group performance are key here!
For children (8-12 yrs)
Making sounds with improvised musical instruments support the idea that things can be recycled and radically transformed.
For teenagers (13-17 yrs)
It does not matter if you are new to music and rhythm or if you already play an instrument, this workshop is aimed to improve your creativity, knowledge about rhythm and your ensemble performance skills.
The course takes place in The Music Room at Out of the Blue and will be taught by the fabulous Davide Rinaldi.
10 – 11 AM 8-12 year olds
11.15 – 12.15 PM 13-17 year olds
The class costs £8 and booking is necessary so just drop me a line on 07515 173960 or through the contact form!
If you happen to know anyone else whose kids might be interested, sharing this post would be much appreciated!
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ROXBOROUGH is the largest town along the windward coast. Its main drag runs parallel to the sea, although – unlike almost everywhere else on the windward parade – there are also a few residential streets stretching inland. The few small shops are interspersed with plenty of dilapidated and abandoned buildings, giving the town a rather run-down appearance. It’s a laidback and peaceful place, although that hasn’t always been the case. In the hard times that followed emancipation, Roxborough was the scene of the infamous and bloody Belmanna Riots, a rebellion that was to have a far-reaching effect on Tobago’s system of governance. Apart from filling up your petrol tank or picking up a takeaway lunch, there’s no real reason to linger; the rubbish-strewn beach is nothing special.
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Group fitness classes end up being the ideal strategy stay fit and healthy. They supply you with a wide variety of classes to fit the needs of the group and meet up with a vast amount of workout. So much can be said for your benefits of joining a training class. Group fitness courses are by far the most popular form of exercise, however for many people a group fitness class can be intimidating.
So much can be said for that benefits of joining a workout class. Group fitness courses are by far the top selling form of exercise, however for many people a group fitness class can be intimidating.
Group Fitness Class
Group fitness is a craze the actual sweeping across the country. These classes are for anyone and everyone, even the public! With hundreds of varied types of fitness classes to select from you certainly to select one that is correct for everyone.
Feeling the group’s energy will an individual to target and energized as you workout, this job is an intriguing feeling to sign up in a group exercise setting.
Here are types of classes in which you might have an interest in:
Yoga and Pilates – Yoga and Pilates tend to be wonderful for upping your balance, flexibility and strengthening your essential. A group class is a superb way to know the proper techniques and correct form a lot more places required everyone pose.
Zumba – Zumba is actually aerobic type class much more ideal for burning calories, strengthening the center and using it blood smooth. Zumba is a dance style aerobics class where therefore dance to music and have fun. Group classes, like Zumba may be popular and lots of fun, especially general health are from a group setting where the all-around energy is highly contagious. Far more the merrier!
CrossFit – CrossFit is definitely an all-around workout class this also push your fitness level to new heights. These kinds uses distinct of different functional movements, lots of strength training and offers wide variety in classes that change daily along with infamous CrossFit WOD (workout of the day).
It is also one with the most popular group classes out there that assist you you lose weight, get strong, functionality in adult life and build lean muscle.
There are wide ranging other regarding classes displayed gyms, studios, community centers and universities across the country. Decide what your ambitions are and let that guide in which a college. Don’t be afraid to try a few of them out and enjoy which one works best to you.
Dealing With Fear
The typical type of fear may be the fear belonging to the unknown. The family allow our fears manage us may possibly prevent us from experiencing new things and from growing in unique remedies. Fear can in your own mind people from being proactive in their fitness goals and circumventing exercises classes.
Fear not always! Keep reading vehicle insurance some for this most effective ways to chase your fears away.
Tips To Combat Your Fears
You’re only one one that feels intimidated, many people feel comparable thing way. Everyone in that fitness class was time period time higher education. Most likely just about be other first timers in the category with we.
The occasion is always the tricky. Once you walk through the door into the class, quite hard to begin part always be over.
Take somebody with a person to class. Having someone to maintain you company can do wonders a person alleviate that feeling of fear.
Don’t stress over what others think. Everyone is there to workout and is a bit more focused on themselves than anyone else. You might a bit surprised at what number of are occupied with what choice of it.
Have fun! Make your experience fun and enjoyable. Marriage ceremony class begins you become too involved in having fun to remember being scared. Remember that if the classes had not been fun people would not go to them. That means that are usually very organizing to enjoy yourself too!
Focus during your goals. To achieve your fitness goals a group fitness class is the way to go. Stay focused exactly what your fitness goals are and let everything else go.
Get to learn the individuals your sort. The more people you’re friends with in the class the more pleasurable the class can be and the less intimidating it turn into.
Talk to your instructor before the class will become. They can put your mind at ease and give you some tips so that you will not feel so out of place. Your teacher is a trained professional that is it possible to to be able to.
Don’t let fear a person from utilizing improving top quality and fitness, and remember that not only will a person receive the to be able to be healthier, you additionally conquer your fear, my response is actually one among the most gratifying feelings on the inside world.
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Gemmy, imbued with the mysticism and earth-centeredness of the native Australians with whom he has spent 16 years, is (precisely as the settlers fear) no longer "white." Remembering Babylon: Malouf, David: Amazon.com.au: Books. $23.90. Usually dispatched within 4 to 5 days. Ships from and sold by Book Depository UK . Quantity: 1 2 Quantity: 1. Free download or read online Remembering Babylon pdf (ePUB) book.
Ijazah Certification. Ijazah (Certification) in memorizing and reading Quran with narration of Mar 16, 2021 of the Dog in the Night-Time · Remembering Babylon · My Side of the Mountain Shmoop Study Guide: The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton. He was said to have been in Babylon (modern-day Iraq) during the reign of Darius the Great in the era when I say austere erotica-wise but let's be frank! remember what Lot and his daughters got up to Never mind SparkNotes Edi he went to war, but they were just teenagers then and had only been married for a few weeks, so she has a hard time remembering any insightful information. Aug 12, 2019 The best study guide to Remembering Babylon on the planet, from the creators of SparkNotes.
Malouf was awarded the Lloyd O’Neil Award in 2008 in recognition of his outsize contributions to Australian literature and publishing, and in the same year he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, based in London. In REMEMBERING BABYLON, Malouf has assembled wondrous and frightening glimpses of what change can do to and for the human spirit. 2021-03-29 · This detailed literature summary also contains Topics for Discussion and a Free Quiz on Remembering Babylon by David Malouf.
Foreshadowing in Remembering Babylon; Challenging or Naturalizing Ideas about Australia; The Role of Storytelling in the Human Experience 2013-11-08 Written in 1993 by David Malouf, an Australian writer, Remembering Babylon is a novel that centers around an English boy, Gemmy Fairley, who is stranded on an island and raised by the island's natives. It was critically acclaimed, winning the inaugural IMPAC … REMEMBERING, as the title suggests, is about the value inherent in recollection. Just as Berry is able to put his character’s experience in such moving words, so his character is able to realize Remembering Babylon tells the story of a Commonwealth colonial settlement living in the remote Australian bush (wilderness) near Queensland in the mid-19th century. The white settlers fear the Aboriginal Australians—whom they refer to and regard as “black” in comparison with their own whiteness—and view them as fundamentally different beings from themselves.
Pris: 86 kr. E-bok, 2012. Laddas ned direkt. Köp Remembering Babylon av David Malouf på Bokus.com. Editions for Remembering Babylon: 0679749519 (Paperback published in 1994), 009930242X (Paperback published in 1994), (Paperback published in 2009), 0394
Essays for Remembering Babylon.
2015-11-18 · From Remembering Babylon by David Malouf summary in Tamil/ Remembering Babylon in Tamil-David Malouf - Duration: 5:29. Literature Flare 327 views Viewed from a post-colonial perspective, Remembering Babylon is a pessimistic assessment of the colonial project, a lament for the missed opportunities which a meeting of disparate cultures could provide for humanity. Yes, there is a hopeful hint that the utopia is still somehow attainable, in the self-knowledge gained Buy the selected items together. This item: Remembering Babylon: A Novel by David Malouf Paperback $10.65. Only 5 left in stock - order soon.
Remembering Babylon essays are academic essays for citation.
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The white settlers fear the Aboriginal Australians—whom they refer to and regard as “black” in comparison with their own whiteness—and view them as fundamentally different beings from themselves. Among the summaries and analysis available for Remembering Babylon, there are 1 Full Study Guide, 3 Short Summaries and 6 Book Reviews.
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In Remembering Babylon, David Malouf goes back to the time of colonization to recreate a captivating narrative that reflects issues of identity, cultural difference, discrimination and colonialism. As a victim of colonization Gemmy has become both white man’s fear and burden at once. Regarding this context we can relate to Victor Hugo who rightly remembering babylon david malouf Bedste pris: sammenligne priser, der tilbydes af leverandører ## 1 og finde rabatter og overkommelige muligheder for at remembering babylon david malouf. Remembering Babylon is a highly acclaimed novel written by the Australian author David Malouf and was first published in 1993. The novel was received with much enthusiasm by its audience and critics, both in Australia and overseas. According to the British council of 2012-02-13 · Remembering Babylon- Chapter 1 The opening chapter of Remembering Babylon orients the reader towards the main ideas and conflicts through Malouf’s manipulation of language, construction of Gemmy and through the manner in which the Whites respond to the ‘Other’.
It won the inaugural International Dublin Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and the Miles Franklin Award . The novel covers themes of isolation, language, relationships (particularly those between men), community and living on the edge (of society, consciousness, culture).
in . the text are constructed as having imperfect and sometimes … Malouf's Remembering Babylon. Remembering Babylon: Remembering Babylon is a book by David Malouf written in 1993. It won the inaugural IMPAC Award and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and David Malouf s novel Johnno was recently adapted for a stage play, and he spoke about the novel, the play, Remembering Babylon (1993), Get this from a Babylon Revisited Summary "Babylon Revisited" begins with Charlie Wales, an American expatriate who has returned in 1930 to Paris, the site of much drinking and partying on his part during the 1920s. Since the stock market crash of 1929 , Charlie has sobered up and now looks with a combination of amazement and disgust at the extravagant lifestyle he lived.
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How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn
With physical fitness being such a warm topic in today’s world, it’s no surprise that lots of individuals invest a significant quantity of their time looking for the best exercise regimen and set of workouts to get themselves in shape.
Yoga has traditionally been one of the globe’s most prominent health and fitness techniques, as well as while that popularity stays to this particular day, numerous people overlook Yoga when they are trying to slim down or condition their muscle mass. How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn This is since Yoga is generally taken a relaxing fitness practice and also something to enhance adaptability, not Burn calories.
These thoughts about Yoga may be true to some level, but it actually relies on the kind of Yoga that you are participating in. This is where the Yoga Burn system is available in. The Yoga Burn regimen is thoroughly formulated with vibrant sequencing Yoga (extra on this later) by professional Yoga teacher Zoe Bray-Cotton.
With the help of the Yoga Burn system, numerous people have actually discovered exactly how to lose weight, improve their flexibility, and also raise muscle mass tone, all from the comfort of their home. This testimonial will go over the special advantages of the Yoga Burn routine and give you a malfunction of the pros and cons of the system so you can make a decision whether the Yoga Burn system is the ideal selection for you.
What Is Yoga Burn?
Yoga Burn is a special home exercise training course that is made to assist ladies reduce weight, tone their muscular tissues, and boost their versatility. Particularly developed to be modern and allow people to accumulate their strength and also convenience with each pose naturally, Yoga Burn supplies a 12-week system for females to adhere to. By the end of the program, many individuals see that they have lost weight, appear much more toned, as well as have better toughness than when they started the program How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn.
Yoga Burn utilizes dynamic sequencing Yoga and rep of courses to help you accumulate your toughness and also gradually guide you with each stage of the program. Before you know it, you will have the ability to carry out even more intermediate Yoga actions and will be making use of your brand-new, toned look.
That Is Zoe Bray-Cotton?
Zoe Bray-Cotton is an expert Yoga instructor with over ten years of experience crafting one-of-a-kind Yoga programs for ladies who intend to slim down, tone their muscular tissues, and improve adaptability. Bray-Cotton has actually aided to promote vibrant sequencing Yoga, the certain kind of Yoga utilized in her Yoga Burn system, in order to assist women be challenged as they move with the lessons and also Burn calories without any unique fitness center tools or weight training required.
Bray-Cotton aims to make her fitness exercises obtainable to ladies anywhere by supplying her classes in a residence workout variation. She is additionally responsible for developing the Yoga Burn Instagram neighborhood where ladies can find health and fitness tips and also assistance during their physical fitness trips with the Yoga Burn system.
The Yoga Burn System
The Yoga Burn system supplies 3 various phases for you to proceed with, a crucial element of vibrant sequencing Yoga. Every one has a different focus and builds on the stage before it to completely develop your strength, maintain burning calories, and urge proficiency of the course product. You can advance from one phase to the next as quickly as you really feel comfy and also certain with your current stage’s program material.
The very first phase of the program, ‘Foundational Flow,’ focuses on accumulating solid Yoga foundations. How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn this stage will aid you learn exactly how to increase your adaptability as well as will work to improve your metabolic process at a slow-moving price that is best for beginners. It offers an easy method for those without any experience in Yoga to become aware of the postures made use of in the Yoga Burn program while minimizing the overall opportunity of injury.
The center stage of the Yoga Burn system, ‘Transitional Circulation,’ improves the Yoga essentials that you found out throughout the structure stage. This assists you build your strength as well as flexibility in addition to increasing the calories that you Burn during each exercise. The transitional circulation stage likewise introduces new postures and allows you to see changes in your muscle tone by the end of the stage.
The final stage of this program, ‘Mastery Flow,’ relies on the toughness, flexibility, as well as improved How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn metabolic rate from the previous Yoga Burn phases to increase the workout. In the proficiency circulation stage, you will Burn a lot more calories, find out more intermediate and also advanced Yoga sequences, as well as start to see actual modifications in your body by the end of the stage.
The Advantages and disadvantages of the Yoga Burn System
Similar to all physical fitness programs, the Yoga Burn system has its own set of pros and cons that you need to recognize. Carefully assess both of these elements, as this will help you make the most enlightened choice feasible concerning this item.
The following list of pros takes into consideration all of the benefits that you may have the ability to possibly experience when investing your time and money into the Yoga Burn system.
- The Yoga Burn system starts sluggish and is intended for beginners. In between the posture tutorials and the distinct phasing of the program, you will certainly discover how to manage and also strengthen your core.
- The Yoga Burn system doesn’t need any kind of previous practice or experience with Yoga, and it is a wonderful selection for any person that wants to lose weight, tone muscular tissues, and increase versatility.
- With the Yoga Burn system, you will not require to worry about going to a gym, paying health club subscription charges, or finding out how to use unique devices. The whole technique occurs on a yoga exercise floor covering, and since it is designed for a home workout, you can get fit in any type of atmosphere that you select.
- When compared to a fitness center subscription, the Yoga Burn system is relatively cost-friendly, and numerous individuals in your household can conveniently join it.
- You can easily tailor the Yoga Burn program. You can raise or lower the duration of the program along with the length of each private lesson. You can advance with the phases gradually or rapidly relying on your needs, lifestyle, and also body condition.
- Yoga Burn is easy on the joints as well as is developed to progressively enhance your body’s stamina, all the while burning calories. This makes it a safe home exercise as well as decreases the general risk of physical fitness injury.
- Digital duplicates allow the program to be played anywhere around your residence, permitting you to work out in an entirely exclusive area or move your Yoga technique right into a family room so everyone can How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn undertake at the special Yoga Burn system.
- Yoga Burn is a physical fitness system only as well as doesn’t determine what you must be consuming. You can personalize your meal plan to assist supplement the fat burning motivated by the program and also can comply with a diet plan that functions flawlessly for your way of life and also requirements. This permits the outcomes of the program to be extra dynamic.
- Zoe Bray-Cotton is a professional Yoga teacher with greater than 10 years of experience. Her training course is specifically created to be progressive and simple to follow, and you will be able to take advantage of clear, useful explanations of each position.
See to it to review the complying with checklist of disadvantages very carefully in order to recognize any kind of disadvantages or downsides concerning the Yoga Burn system that may be dealbreakers for you or your lifestyle.
- The Yoga Burn system is not created to be an automatic weight management system or something that you can only put half an effort into. It is a dynamic exercise program that ought to be adhered to for at the very least the whole twelve weeks if you wish to see the very best results. That being said, you might see outcomes earlier than twelve weeks or a bit later than twelve weeks, yet in either case, you will require to be able to use the system regularly.
- Each 45-minute course is not a special collection of poses for the entire time. Rather, each video will be a fifteen-minute training course that you repeat three times. Rep is an important part of the program and permits you to advance, yet some people may want to have a completely How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn distinct 45-minute period instead of the three fifteen-minute pieces.
- The Yoga Burn system is designed for beginners and those that have actually had no Yoga experience before. If you are an advanced Yoga student or you have a strong background of physical fitness, this program may not be the most effective choice for you and also likely won’t be challenging sufficient to see significant enhancements in your health and fitness degrees or Yoga technique.
Yoga Burn Frequently Asked Questions
These frequently asked questions can summarize important realities about the Yoga Burn system and put to rest any remaining fears that you may have concerning buying the Yoga Burn routine.
Exactly How Does Yoga Burn Work?
As discussed above, the Yoga Burn system uses an one-of-a-kind design of vibrant sequencing Yoga to train your body. Each action improves previous ones so you can proceed from beginner-oriented motions to more advanced Yoga postures with ease while toning your muscle mass and also burning calories. The program has three stages that all job to maintain your mind engaged as well as your body adjusting and also altering to drop weight as well as aid tone your body.
That Is Yoga Burn Intended For?
The Yoga Burn system is intended for any type of person that wants to lose weight, tone muscle mass, and also build up their adaptability without investing long hrs in the fitness center as well as needing to make use of exercise devices or weights. Yoga Burn is meant to revitalize your residence exercises and also can conveniently suit your everyday timetable, so you do not require to stay with any strict regular and try to work going to a gym right into your day. Instead, decide when you intend to adhere to in addition to the videos and get to work whenever you are ready.
Can You Do Yoga Burn While Pregnant?
Yes, it is feasible for you to adhere to the Yoga Burn system while expecting. Each video in all of the phases of the program includes a listing of alterations, so you can conveniently embark on the workouts throughout all phases of maternity. In Addition, Yoga Burn might aid you come back right into form as well as start restoring your flexibility after having your infant, as all of the workouts can be done at your rate from the comfort of your residence.
When Can I See Arise From Yoga Burn?
Like with virtually every other physical fitness program, the results you get will vary based upon the individual and also other aspects, such as diet regimen, genetics, and also any other exercises you may be doing while joining the Yoga Burn program. The Yoga Burn system is designed to provide you causes the quickest quantity of time, and also lots of people do start to see results within a month or two. You might additionally see raised flexibility, more muscular tissue tone, as well as improved stamina within this exact same timeline How.many Caloriee Roes Yoga Burn.
What if Yoga Burn Does Not Function?
In some cases, also the most effective workout programs just don’t fit your way of life as well as can not assist you reach your fitness goals. If that holds true with Yoga Burn, you can conveniently access a reimbursement for your purchase if you call the client service line through email or by calling their toll-free number within sixty days after your acquisition. A refund will be provided to you within forty-eight hrs, and also you can continue your look for the excellent fitness program without shedding any one of the cash you spent right into this program.
Our Final Thoughts on Yoga Burn
The Yoga Burn system is an one-of-a-kind means to reduce weight, strengthen your muscle, and improve your adaptability. The program is developed specifically for women to help them Burn calories and also accomplish their desired fitness goals all from the convenience of their homes. Although like several exercise programs, outcomes are diverse and depend on a variety of aspects independent of the program, we give the Yoga Burn system a positive testimonial.
This program is just the ideal level for beginners as well as assists you to accumulate your toughness and also versatility progressively, all while losing weight. This program is extremely valuable for individuals that do not have accessibility to a gym or do not want to buy pricey devices.
If you choose to combine this program with a certain diet regimen that fits your way of living and also follow closely to the program (consisting of day of rest as well as exercising on the days where you aren’t following the Yoga Burn training courses), you will likely be able to attain great results by the end of the twelve-week program for a more affordable expense than joining a health club or participating in an in-person Yoga course.
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Characteristics of PCD Blade Grinding
High grinding force
Diamond is the hardest substance among known minerals, and the amount of wear when matched with various metal and non-metal materials is only 1/50～1/800 of that of cemented carbide. The hardness (HV) of PCD is 80～120KN/mm², second only to single crystal diamond, and much higher than carbide. When PCD is grinding with diamond wheel, the initial cutting strength is very high, which is more than 10 times of the carbide (0.4MPa). The specific grinding can reach 1.2×104～1.4×105J/mm³; therefore, the grinding force is much higher than that of cemented carbide.
Small grinding ratio
Due to the high hardness and wear resistance of PCD (relative wear resistance is 16 ~ 199 times of carbide), the grinding ratio of PCD is only 0.005 ~ 0.033, which is about 1/1000 ~ 1/100000 of carbide. The grinding efficiency is only 0.4～4.8mm3/min. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality and removal of cutting tools, the grinding time is very long and the processing efficiency is very low. In addition, when the hardness, content, and particle size of PCD are different, the grinding time is also very different.
Particle size matters a lot
PCD materials used for cutting tools can be divided into three categories according to particle size: coarse particle size (20 ~ 50 μm), medium particle size (about 10 μm) and fine particle size (~ 5 μm). The grinding force and grinding ratio of PCD materials differ by several to tens of times. Rough-grain PCD has the highest grinding ratio and the most difficult grinding. After grinding, the cutting edge has the most serious jagged shape and the worst quality, but the wear resistance is the strongest; The fine-grain PCD has the lowest grinding ratio, easier grinding, and the best edge quality after grinding.
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The Stratbase ADR Institute has published its Occasional Paper for July 2022. It is entitled “Building Back Better Towards Inclusive Growth with Innovative Public Sector Governance” and authored by Charlotte Justine Diokno-Sicat, PhD., a Research Fellow at the Philippine Institute for Development Studies and President of the Philippine Economic Society.
This paper analyzes the prospects and challenges of the new administration anchored on the main question: “How can the Philippines build back better towards inclusive growth with innovative public sector governance?”
It is composed of five (5) sections, namely, (1) Debt sustainability, (2) Prospects for the new administration, (3) Challenges for the new administration, (4) Institutional and cross cutting innovations in public sector governance, and (5) Recommendations.
In essence, the paper recommends three (3) actionable areas in order to build back better through innovations in the public sector.
First, the national government needs to strategize fiscal consolidation. Second, local governments should contribute to economic recovery by strategically utilizing the adjustment in their intergovernmental fiscal transfers. And third, there is need for cross-cutting institutional and governance innovations in the public sector.
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Google is making a big move into healthcare with its announcement last week of a new AI skin care tool, Derm Assist, which is set to launch in Europe later this year. The new tool received a Class I medical device CE mark from European regulators, and is backed by landmark research that was published in Nature Medicine this time last year, showing how Google’s AI model was trained on more than 16,000 real-world dermatology cases and achieved accuracy on a par with US board-certified dermatologists. Another more recent study in JAMA Network indicated the AI tool also significantly improved diagnostic accuracy of non-derma specialists such as GPs.
In its blog announcement, Google said: “With our CE marked AI-powered dermatology assist tool, a web-based application that we aim to make available for early testing in the EU later this year, it’s easier to figure out what might be going on with your skin. Simply use your phone’s camera to take three images of the skin, hair or nail concern from different angles. You’ll then be asked questions about your skin type, how long you’ve had the issue and other symptoms that help the AI to narrow down the possibilities. The AI model analyses all of this information and draws from its knowledge of 288 conditions to give you a list of possible conditions that you can then research further. It’s not meant to be a replacement for diagnosis, but rather a good place to start.”
Google said that it sees billions of Google Searches every year related to skin, nail and hair issues, but that it remains difficult for people to describe what they see on their skin through words alone. According to the FT, Google cited studies showing that people only diagnose themselves correctly 13% of the time when it comes to skin conditions, presenting a huge opportunity for the Derm Assist tool. In the blog announcement, Google provided a visual walkthrough of how the tool will work on smartphones, starting with a prompt to submit a picture of your “skin concern” (examples include moles, birthmarks and rashes), with the visual information then analysed by the AI before being converted into a gallery of suggested conditions.
Google is keen to emphasis the inclusivity of its AI model, stating: “To make sure we’re building for everyone, our model accounts for factors like age, sex, race and skin types – from pale skin that does not tan to brown skin that rarely burns. We developed and fine-tuned our model with de-identified data encompassing around 65,000 images and case data of diagnosed skin conditions, millions of curated skin concern images and thousands of examples of healthy skin – all across different demographics.”
Review New Product Activity and the latest digital health developments across the industry with Innovation in CHC 2021, the latest report from CHC New Products Tracker. For more information, or to order your copy, please contact email@example.com
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It’s National Peanut Butter Day!
We can all agree, peanut butter came straight from heaven. No matter if you are canine or human, it makes us all happy.
Our staff at Animal Medical Center want you and your pets to enjoy peanut butter but we do have some precautions to tell you before savor the sweet stickiness!
PB can be a great treat for your pooch, but please do not give your dog large amounts of peanut butter since it is high in fat. Dogs have a hard time digesting a lot of fat, this can cause diarrhea or a painful condition pancreatitis. Make sure you share this wonderful creamy goodness in little quantities.
IMPORTANT WARNING ABOUT PEANUT BUTTER:
Recently, some peanut butter companies have been trying to make peanut butter healthier for us by making them sugar-free and lower in calories. By doing this they have added a sugar substitute called Xylitol. Xylitol is VERY dangerous for your dogs, it’s even more toxic than chocolate! The effects of Xylitol can be very immediate and very severe. You need to call Animal Medical Center immediately if you think your dog has ingested Xylitol, it can be usually be found in gum and candy.
When your dog ingests Xylitol, it results in a sudden insulin release from your dog’s pancreas, which causes hypoglycemia, a life-threatening emergency situation. In large quantities, it can cause acute hepatic necrosis which is severe liver failure.
It is truly an emergency situation when your dog ingests Xylitol, so we ask everyone to check your peanut butter right now! Some brands that have included Xylitol in their ingredients are:
- Nuts ‘N More
- Go Nuts
- Krush Nutrition
- Hank’s Protein Plus Peanut Butter
Now that we’ve all checked our peanut butter, here are so fun ways to celebrate National Peanut Butter Day:
It can keep dogs busy for hours when put inside a toy such as a Kong. The stickiness of peanut butter is hard to lick off the insides of a Kong, so if your dog needs some busy work, this could be the perfect solution. This can help with separation anxiety too. To add a little more fun, mix kibble or treats in with the peanut butter before you stuff it in the Kong. If you don’t mind possibly causing a little bit of mess, play hide and seek. Cover a treat or toy with a little bit of peanut butter and hide around the yard or in the house to have your dog find their special treat!
PB can also be a way to hide medication and your dog wouldn’t be the wiser. Cover the medication into some peanut butter and then place it on their tongue towards the back of their mouth. Just make sure it’s ok with your Animal Medical Center veterinarian to use with the specific medication your dog is on.
How about making some treats for your dog!
Peanut Butter and Banana Dog Cookies
1 mashed banana
1/3 cup smooth peanut butter
1 tsp honey
1 ½ cup whole wheat flour
1 egg white, lightly beaten, for brushing (optional)
Preheat oven to 300ºF.
Lightly beat the egg then mix in the peanut butter, mashed banana and honey. Blend thoroughly. Add the flour a little at a time, until mixture is evenly combined.
Turn out the dough on a floured board and roll until ¼ inch thick. Using a cookie cutter of your choice, a biscuit cutter or the rim side of a glass, cut the dough into desired shape. Brush tops with egg white (optional).
Place cookies on a lightly greased baking sheet or one fitted with a silpat silicone baking sheet liner.
Bake cookies for 25-30 minutes, until golden brown. (Cook time will vary based on size of your cookie. Bake less for smaller cookies, more for larger cookies.)
Cool cookies on a wire rack. Leaving them out overnight will produce a crunchier cookie. Storing them in a sealed container will keep the cookies softer.
Recipes from: Veterinary Pet Insurance
You can also make your own peanut butter pupsicles! How fun would that be for your pet during the summer!
Frozen Yogurt Dog Treats Recipe
4 cups plain yogurt
½ cup creamy peanut butter
2 tablespoons honey
1 ripe banana, mashed
Melt peanut butter in microwave for about 30 seconds
Place all of the ingredients into a blender, mixer or food processor and mix well (until smooth)
Pour into ice cube trays or Popsicle trays.
Freeze until firm.
Pop out of the tray (you’ll need a knife) and let your dog enjoy this frozen treat!
Recipe from: Pet Guide
Animal Medical Center wishes you and your pet Happy Peanut Butter Day! If you have any questions about what is safe for your pets, don’t hesitate to call us! Enjoy!
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Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets (hypophosphatemia); (Hypophosphatemic rickets Hereditary) - Genes FGF23 and PHEX.
Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets is a disorder related to hypophosphatemia. In most cases, the signs and symptoms of this disorder begin in early childhood. The characteristics of the disease vary widely, even among affected members of the same family. Individuals with mild disease may have hypophosphatemia without other signs and symptoms. Children with more severe disease show a slow growth and are lower than their peers. Bone abnormalities that may interfere with movement and cause bone pain may develop. The most notable of these anomalies is the calibration of the legs or knees angled outwards. These statements, if untreated, tend to worsen over time. Other signs and symptoms of the disorder may include craniosynostosis, dental anomalies and enthesopathy. In adults, hypophosphatemia is characterized by a softening of the bones known as osteomalacia.
They described various forms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, which differ in their pattern of inheritance and its genetic cause. The most common form of the disease is known as hypophosphatemic rickets X - linked (XLH), which has a dominant inheritance pattern X - linked inheritance Other patterns such as X - linked recessive, autosomal dominant form, autosomal recessive and other forms of the disease are much less frequent. Another rare type of the disease known as hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Besides hypophosphatemia, this disease is characterized by the excretion of high levels of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria).
This process is due to mutations in the FGF23 and PHEX gene. Genes associated with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets are involved in maintaining the proper balance of phosphate. Many of these genes, including the PHEX gene directly or indirectly regulate a protein called fibroblast growth factor-23, encoded from the FGF23 gene. This protein normally inhibits the ability of the kidney to reabsorb phosphate in the bloodstream.
FGF23 gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p13.3), encoding the protein fibroblast growth factor-23, which occurs in bone cells. This protein is needed to regulate phosphate concentrations in the body. Among its many functions, phosphate plays a critical role in the formation and bone growth in childhood and helps maintain bone strength in adults. Phosphate concentrations are controlled largely by the kidneys. Normally, the kidneys remove excess phosphate in the body by excretion in the urine, mineral reabsorbed into the bloodstream when needed. The fibroblast growth factor-23 signals the kidneys to stop phosphate reabsorption into the bloodstream. They have identified at least three mutations in the FGF23 gene cause the autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. Mutations in this gene, change the amino acids in the fibroblast growth factor-23, which prevents its cleavage, and as a result, the protein is not inactivated. Hyperactivity fibroblast growth factor-23 reduces phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys, which leads to hypophosphatemia and problems related to bone growth in individuals with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets.
The PHEX gene, located on the short arm of X (Xp22.2-p22.1) chromosome, encodes an enzyme that is mainly active in bones and teeth. PHEX is believed that the enzyme may be involved in the regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23, but no clutch so far not established a direct link. It is still unclear how the PHEX enzyme helps control the reabsorption of phosphate and what role it plays in the formation and growth of bones. There are more than 200 mutations in the PHEX gene causing the most common form of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, hypophosphatemic rickets known as X - linked Although it is unclear how mutations in the PHEX gene lead to hypophosphatemia and other problems in those affected, it is likely that PHEX gene mutations somehow alter the encoding that protein. An increase in fibroblast growth factor-23, reduces phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys, resulting hypophosphatemia. However, because some affected individuals have normal levels of fibroblast growth factor-23, are considering other ways in which a mutated gene PHEX could cause hypophosphatemic rickets X - linked
This disease can have several patterns of inheritance. When the disease is due to mutations in the PHEX gene, the process is inherited recessive sex - linked, as the gene is located on chromosome X. Having males one X chromosome, the alteration of this single gene is enough for the process is revealed. In women, having two X chromosomes, the mutation must occur on both chromosomes to cause the syndrome. For this reason, males will affect far more often than women, because it is very rare that they have two copies of the altered gene on both chromosomes X. A feature of these processes linked to the X chromosome, it is that parents do not they can pass this genetic trait to their children. Less commonly, the disease can have a recessive inheritance pattern linked to chromosome X. In some families, the disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance, meaning that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to express the illness.
The type of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH), has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means that both copies of the gene in every cell must have mutations for alteration is expressed. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disease have a copy of the mutated gene, but usually show no signs and symptoms of the disease.
Tests in IVAMI: in IVAMI perform detection of mutations associated with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, by complete PCR amplification of the exons of FGF23 and PHEX gene respectively, and subsequent sequencing.
Samples recommended: EDTA blood collected for separation of blood leukocytes, or impregnated sample card with dried blood (IVAMI may mail the card to deposit the blood sample).
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Don't Know What To Do?
Alcohol addiction is a very serious and sometimes life threatening dilemma. Not only is it difficult for the addict, it is extremely hard on those around them who care about them. For the addict, admitting they have an addiction problem can be difficult.
However painful this may be, it must be acknowledged as the first gradient to overcoming the problem. The next hurdle is being willing to seek & accept help from an addiction professional. It can be hard for an addict to confront the fact that they can not do it alone. Once this fact is accepted, it is time to seek the appropriate professional treatment. Drug rehab programs based on the social education modality are highly successful. This means that individuals who are recovering from Alcohol addiction are not made wrong for their past indiscretions, but are taught how to avoid future ones. They are provided with knowledge on how to change their lives and how to live comfortably without Alcohol. Receiving treatment for addiction should be done in a safe & stable environment that is conducive to addiction recovery. Research studies show that residential treatment programs of at least 3 months in duration have the best success rates. 3 months may seem like a long time, but one day in the life of an individual addicted to Alcohol can feel like an eternity. Addiction is a self imposed hellish slavery. The chains can be broken people do it everyday. You can be free!
Drug rehabilitation is a multi-phase, multi-faceted, long term process. Detoxification is only the first step on the road of addiction treatment. Physical detoxification alone is not sufficient to change the patterns of a drug addict. Recovery from addiction involves an extended process which usually requires the help of drug addiction professionals. To make a successful recovery, the addict needs new tools in order to deal with situations and problems which arise. Factors such as encountering someone from their days of using, returning to the same environment and places, or even small things such as smells and objects trigger memories which can create psychological stress. This can hinder the addict's goal of complete recovery, thus not allowing the addict to permanently regain control of his or her life.
Almost all addicts tell themselves in the beginning that they can conquer their addiction on their own without the help of outside resources. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. When an addict makes an attempt at detoxification and to discontinue drug use without the aid of professional help, statistically the results do not last long. Research into the effects of long-term addiction has shown that substantial changes in the way the brain functions are present long after the addict has stopped using drugs. Realizing that a drug addict who wishes to recover from their addiction needs more than just strong will power is the key to a successful recovery. Battling not only cravings for their drug of choice, re-stimulation of their past and changes in the way their brain functions, it is no wonder that quitting drugs without professional help is an uphill battle.
As an organization we are dedicated to finding the correct solution for your specific addiction problem. Our referral list contains over 3,000 resources which encompass the following treatment categories :
- Alcohol Detox Center
- Alcohol Rehab
- Alcohol Treatment
- Alcohol Addiction Treatment
- Alcohol Addiction Counseling
- Alcohol In-Patient Treatment
- Alcohol Out-Patient Treatment
Important Questions About Alcohol
Q) What are some of the facts about alcohol and its use in life?
A) Alcohol -- including beer, wine, and hard liquor are
the most commonly used and widely abused psychoactive drug in
the country. Alcohol is the most widely tried drug among teenagers.
Over 50% of 8th graders and 8 out of 10 12th graders report
having tried alcohol. Many teenagers report binge drinking --
in 1995, 30% of 12th graders surveyed reported binge drinking
(5+drinks in a sitting) in the previous 2 weeks. Even young
teens report irresponsible use of alcohol -- 25% of 8th graders
have been drunk.
Alcohol use is widespread, although the per capita consumption has varied from decade to decade. While U.S. consumption of alcoholic beverages increased after World II, since 1981 it has declined slightly. But even with declines in alcohol use, two of three American adults drink alcoholic beverages. About half of all alcohol consumed in this country is ingested by heavy drinkers, estimated to be between 6.5 and 10 percent of the total population. The extent and frequency with which these individuals drink cause serious health and behavioral problemsdisrupting their own lives and that of their family, friends, and employersand also extracts a heavy societal toll.
Alcohol use is involved in:
One-half of all murders, accidental deaths, and suicides
One-third of all drowning, boating and aviation deaths
One-half of all crimes
Almost half of all fatal automobile accidents
The health problems associated with alcohol include brain damage, cancer, heart disease, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Q) What about ingestion and its effects?
A) Alcohol is a potent nonprescription drug sold to anyone over the national legal drinking age. This drug is a tranquilizer and a member of the family of sedative-hypnotic drugs.
Temperate and occasional users of alcohol who are in normal health do not appear to suffer negative effects from use of alcohol.
Consumed in substantial amounts, alcohol's toxicity may be because it acts as a foreign substance in the body's metabolism. The short-term expression of this toxicity is felt as a hangover. The long-term toxicity may develop into alcoholism and alcohol-related diseases such as cirrhosis.
Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can be manufactured by the body, alcohol is an introduced substance that is not synthesized within the body. It is a food because it supplies a concentrated number of calories, but it is not nourishing and does not supply a significant amount of needed nutrients, vitamins, or mineralsthese are empty calories.
Most foods are prepared for digestion by the stomach so that their nutrients can be absorbed by the large intestine, but 95 percent of alcohol is absorbed directly through the stomach wall or the walls of the duodenum and the small intestine.
Various factors affect the speed of alcohol's absorption into the body:
Watery drinks such as beer are absorbed more slowly.
Foods (especially fatty foods) delay absorption. Carbonated beverages speed up the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine, where alcohol is absorbed more quickly.
The drinker's physical and emotional state (fatigue, stress) and individual body chemistry unpredictably affect absorption.
Gender: women have less alcohol dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol in the stomach, so more alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Alcohol moves from the bloodstream into every part of the body that contains water, including major organs like the brain, lungs, kidneys, and heart, and distributes itself equally both inside and outside of cells. Only 5 percent of alcohol is reduced from the body through the breath, urine, or sweat; a larger portion is oxidized or broken down in the liver.
In the liver:
Alcohol is broken down in steps by enzymes until only carbon dioxide and water remain as by-products.
Alcohol is processed at the rate of 0.3 ounce of pure ethanol per hour (less than 1 ounce of whiskey), and unprocessed alcohol circulates in the body. (The alcohol from two cocktailseach about 1.5 ouncesingested before dinner is still present in the body, in a diminished amount, 3 to 4 hours later.)
The liver's fixed rate of alcohol breakdown means that drinking coffee or taking a cold shower does not speed the sobering process. Therefore, giving coffee to a person who is drunk may produce a wide-awake drunk, a chilling prospect if the drunk and friends are deluded into thinking the drinker is sober enough to drive a car.
Within moments of ingestion, alcohol reaches the brain where it:
Stimulates and agitates, initially producing euphoria.
Depresses and sedates, producing calmness and tranquility.
Induces a hypnotic state and sleep
Alcohol quickly depresses inhibitions and judgment. As inhibitions are released the drinker may feel friendlier, more gregarious, and more expansive. The suggestion to "have a drink and loosen up" is based on the biology of alcohol in the body. Sexual inhibitions may be released, which gives alcohol the reputation as an aphrodisiac; in fact, alcohol impairs sexual function and performance, and eventually blunts desire. Increased consumption may produce "Jekyll" and "Hyde" personality changes in drinkers, leading to aggressiveness and cruelty. Radical mood changes (such as bouncing from euphoria to self-pity) are also typical characteristics of intoxication.
Alcohol adversely affects motor ability, muscle function, reaction time, eyesight, depth perception, and night vision. Since these are the abilities needed to operate a motor vehicle and since even moderate amounts of alcohol impair these abilities, drivers should never NEVERdrink and drinkers should not drive.
As a drinker continues to drink, alcohol depresses lung and heart function, slowing breathing and circulation. Death can occur if alcohol completely paralyzes breathing. However, this state is seldom reached because the body rejects alcohol by vomiting, or the drinker becomes comatose before he or she can consume a fatal dose. Acute alcohol overdose leading to death occurs most often in situations such as bars or college fraternities where individuals may be encouraged to ingest large amounts of alcohol rapidly.
A hangover is a combination of physical symptoms:
Headache: Blood vessels in the head, dilated by alcohol, painfully stretch as they return to their normal state.
Upset stomach: Alcohol irritates the gastric lining, leading to acute gastritis.
Dehydration: Alcohol acts as a diuretic, stimulating the kidneys to process and pass more water than is ingested.
Hangover is a withdrawal state. If you medicate this withdrawal with more alcohol, the alcohol will continue to circulate in the blood and will not be perceptually eliminated. Taking amphetamines (uppers) merely masks hangover symptoms.
The best prevention for a hangover is abstinence.
Q) What are the physical effects of alcohol abuse?
A) Since alcohol so easily permeates every cell and organ of the body, the physical effects of chronic alcohol abuse are wide-ranging and complex. Large doses of alcohol invade the body's fluids and interfere with metabolism in every cell. Alcohol damages the liver, the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract, and the heart. Alcoholics who do not quit drinking decrease life expectancy by 10 to 15 years.
Alcohol also can impair vision, impair sexual function, slow circulation, cause malnutrition, cause water retention (resulting in weight gain and bloating), lead to pancreatic and skin disorders (such as middle-age acne), dilate blood vessels near the skin causing "brandy nose," weaken the bones and muscles, and decrease immunity.
The liver breaks down alcohol in the body and is therefore the chief site of alcohol damage. Liver damage may occur in three irreversible stages.
Fatty Liver. Liver cells are infiltrated with abnormal fatty tissue, enlarging the liver.
Alcoholic Hepatitis. Liver cells swell, become inflamed, and die, causing blockage. (Causes between 10 and 30 percent mortality rate.)
Cirrhosis. Fibrous scar tissue forms in place of healthy cells, obstructing the flow of blood through the liver. Various functions of the liver deteriorate with often fatal results. (Found in 10 percent of alcoholics.)
A diseased liver:
Cannot convert stored glycogen into glucose, thus lowering blood
sugar and producing hypoglycemia. It inefficiently detoxifies
the bloodstream and inadequately eliminates drugs, alcohol,
and dead red blood
Cannot manufacture bile (for fat digestion), prothrombin (for blood clotting and bruise prevention), and albumin (for maintaining healthy cells).
Alcohol in the liver also alters the production of digestive enzymes, preventing the absorption of fats and proteins and decreasing the absorption of the vitamins A, D, E, and K. The decreased production of enzymes also causes diarrhea.
Q) What about the brain and central nervous system?
A) Alcohol profoundly disturbs the structure and function of the central nervous system, disrupting the ability to retrieve and consolidate information. Even moderate alcohol consumption affects cognitive abilities, while larger amounts interfere with the oxygen supply to the brain, a possible cause of "blackout" during drunkenness. Alcohol abuse destroys brain cells, producing brain deterioration and atrophy, and whether the organic brain damage and neuropsychological impairment linked to alcohol can be reversed is unknown. Alcohol also alters the brain's production of RNA (a genetic "messenger"), and serotonin, endorphins, and natural opiates whose function may be linked to the addictive process.
A neurological disorder sometimes referred to as "Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome" can result from vitamin B deficiencies produced by alcoholism and the direct action of alcohol on the brain. Symptoms of this condition include amnesia, loss of short-term memory, disorientation, hallucinations, emotional disturbances, double vision, and loss of muscle control. Other effects include mental disorders such as increased aggression, antisocial behavior, depression, and anxiety.
Q) What else does alcohol use do to the body?
A) Large amounts of alcohol may inflame the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, possibly causing cancer in these locations, especially in drinkers who smoke. Alcohol increases the stomach's digestive enzymes, which can irritate the stomach wall, producing heartburn, nausea, gastritis, and ulcers. The stomach of a chronic drinker loses the ability to adequately move food and expel it into the duodenum, leaving some food always in the stomach, causing sluggish digestion and vomiting. Alcohol may also inflame the small and large intestines.
Moderate daily drinking reportedly may be good for the heart, but clearly for many the risks outweigh the benefits. Even one binge may produce irregular heartbeats, and alcohol abusers experience increased risk of high blood pressure, heart attacks, heart arrhythmia, and heart disease. Alcohol may cause cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle). Cessation of drinking aids recovery from this condition.
Q) What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
A) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a cluster of irreversible birth abnormalities that are the direct result of heavy drinking during pregnancy.
Alcohol, like most other drugs, passes easily through the mother's placenta and into the fetal bloodstream. In the fetus, the alcohol depresses the central nervous system and must be metabolized by the immature liver of the fetus, which cannot effectively process this toxic substance. The alcohol stays in the fetus's body for a prolonged time (even after leaving the mother's body) and the unborn child remains intoxicated, possibly suffering withdrawal symptoms after the alcohol is no longer present.
Children born with fetal alcohol syndrome typically are smaller in size, have smaller heads, and suffer deformities of limbs, joints, fingers, and face, as well as heart defects. They may also have cleft palate and poor coordination.
In some children, FAS does not appear until adolescence, when they exhibit hyperactivity and learning and perceptual difficulties. These impairments are symptomatic of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), which affects between 5 and 19 percent of schoolchildren, according to a study by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Studies of children with FAS who are now teenagers have uncovered new physical problemsear infections, hearing and vision loss, and dental problems that were not identified when the children were first studied at a younger age.
Only a small percentage of the children born to women who use alcohol suffer FAS. The reasons for this are unknown. Maternal risk factors for this condition include:
Chronic drinking during pregnancy
Previous problems with drinking
Some studies have shown that female light-to-moderate drinkers (so-called social drinkers) give birth to babies with subtle alcohol-related neurological and behavioral "problems". Although these "problems" are less severe than those in children of heavy drinkers, these findings indicate that lesser amounts of alcohol can also cause developmental and behavioral abnormalities.
Pregnant women should abstain from all alcoholic beverages. Women attempting to conceive should also abstain.
Q) Are certain groups of people more likely to develop alcohol problems than others?
A) Yes. Nearly 14 million people in the United States--1 in every 13 adults--abuse alcohol or are alcoholics. However, more men than women are alcohol dependent or experience alcohol-related problems. In addition, rates of alcohol problems are highest among young adults ages 18-29 and lowest among adults 65 years and older. Among major U.S. ethnic groups, rates of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems vary.
Q) If an alcoholic is unwilling to seek help, is there any way to get him or her into treatment?
A) This can be a challenging situation. An alcoholic cannot be forced to get help except under certain circumstances, such as when a violent incident results in police being called or following a medical emergency. This doesn't mean, however, that you have to wait for a crisis to make an impact. Based on clinical experience, many alcoholism treatment specialists recommend the following steps to help an alcoholic accept treatment:
1. Stop all "rescue missions." Family members often try to protect an alcoholic from the results of his or her behavior by making excuses to others about his or her drinking and by getting him or her out of alcohol-related jams. It is important to stop all such rescue attempts immediately, so that the alcoholic will fully experience the harmful effects of his or her drinking--and thereby become more motivated to stop.
2. Time your intervention. Plan to talk with the drinker shortly after an alcohol-related problem has occurred--for example, a serious family argument in which drinking played a part or an alcohol-related accident. Also choose a time when he or she is sober, when both of you are in a calm frame of mind, and when you can speak privately.
3. Be specific. Tell the family member that you are concerned about his or her drinking and want to be supportive in getting help. Back up your concern with examples of the ways in which his or her drinking has caused problems for both of you, including the most recent incident.
4. State the consequences. Tell the family member that until he or she gets help, you will carry out consequences--not to punish the drinker, but to protect yourself from the harmful effects of the drinking. These may range from refusing to go with the person to any alcohol-related social activities to moving out of the house. Do not make any threats you are not prepared to carry out.
5. Be ready to help. Gather information in advance treatment options. If the person is willing to seek help, call immediately to speak with a program counselor. Offer to go with the family member to help them with getting enrolled and starting a program.
6. Call on a friend. If the family member still refuses to get help, ask a friend to talk with him or her, using the steps described above. A friend who has recovered from alcohol abuse may be particularly persuasive, but any caring, nonjudgmental friend may be able to make a difference. The intervention of more than one person, more than one time, is often necessary to persuade an alcoholic person to seek help.
7. Find strength in numbers with the help of family members, relatives, friends and a counselor to confront an alcoholic as a group. While this approach is effective, it should only be attempted under the guidance of a counselor who is experienced in this kind of group intervention.
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A pioneering project to turn farmers’ fields into digital smart zones with the help of livestock has been launched in North Wales.
The plan is to connect the internet to everything from sheep to riverbanks so that the countryside can also benefit from the digital revolution that cities enjoy.
Under the proposals, digital collars could track animals, soil sensors warn of erosion, riverbank devices give flooding alerts and even badger tags provide an early warning system for bovine TB.
The Internet of Things
“The possibilities are limitless,” said project leader Prof Gordon Blair.
His team at Lancaster University has been awarded £171,000 to assess if the Internet of Things (IOT) concept can be extended to rural areas.
IOT technology allows everyday objects, from fridges to doorbells and lights, to be controlled remotely using mobile phones, with a two-way flow of information mediated by apps.
The project began in December with the deployment of riverbank sensors to monitor rainfall. It will eventually be extended to two or three locations.
The 30 best pictures of sheep you'll ever see
Sheep will be gradually equipped with electronic collars to monitor their movements and understand their habits.
These, in theory, could also be used to create as many wi-fi access points as the animals wearing them.
Sensors on animals
Improved internet access in remote rural areas is a tantalising prospect, but Prof Blair said the project’s main purpose is to assess environmental benefits rather than public applications.
He said: “Cities have been the focus of much of the boom in this type of technology – it has been used to keep traffic flowing on our roads, monitor air pollution and even help us find a parking spot.
“But the countryside faces challenges of its own, from subtle environmental changes to catastrophic events such as flooding.”
Working with scientists from Bangor University, one focus is on the pollution impact on rivers by flocks of sheep.
Sensors on animals, in soils and on riverbanks will help researchers discern patterns in behaviour.
Speaking to BBC Wales, Dave Chadwick, professor of sustainable land use at Bangor University, said sheep tend to gather in one place at night.
Electronic collars for sheep
He said: “Wherever they congregate, whether it’s at feeding toughs of at the side of streams and rivers, they will tend to urinate there, and this can cause real hotspots for pollution.”
Sheep will be given electronic collars that can transmit data over a range of 5km.
This opens up the possibility of them being used as mobile wifi hotspots.
Sheep are already required to wear electronic identification tags, while some farmers equip their dairy cattle with collar-mounted activity meters to detect heat and illnesses.
At Glastonbury, mobile provider EE installed wifi on “fake” cows to act as hotspots, while sheep in Yorkshire were fitted with cameras to capture the Tour De France as it travelled through the county.
Applying this technology to the countryside will not be easy – but researchers believe the benefits could be huge.
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The World Until Yesterday is a visionary new account of humanity's past from Jared Diamond, author of the international bestsellers Collapse and Guns, Germs and Steel, which has sold over 1 million copies and won the Pulitzer Prize. In The World Until Yesterday, Diamond reveals how tribal societies offer an extraordinary window into how our ancestors lived for millions of years – until virtually yesterday, in evolutionary terms – and provide unique, often overlooked insights into human nature. In his most personal book to date, Jared Diamond writes about his experiences over nearly five decades working and living in New Guinea, an island that is home to one thousand of the world's 7000 languages and one of the most culturally diverse places on earth.
Drawing on his own fieldwork, as well as evidence from Inuit, Amazonian Indians and other cultures, Diamond explores how tribal peoples approach essential human problems, from childrearing to old age to conflict resolution to health. He unearths remarkable findings – from the reasons why modern afflictions like diabetes, obesity and hypertension are largely non-existent in tribal societies, to the surprising cognitive benefits of multilingualism. As Diamond reminds us, the West achieved global dominance due to specific environmental and technological advantages, but Westerners do not necessarily have superior ideas about how to live well.
Jared Diamond is a professor of geography at UCLA. Among his many awards are the National Medal of Science, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, Japan's Cosmos Prize, a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, and the Lewis Thomas Prize honoring the Scientist as Poet, presented by The Rockefeller University. His previous books include Why Is Sex Fun?, The Third Chimpanzee, Collapse, and Guns, Germs and Steel, winner of the Pulitzer Prize.
"A master storyteller of the human race"
- Daily Mail
"The world has been waiting for this book"
- Times Higher Education
"'Fascinating, thought-provoking, a broad sweep through all humanity [...] it left me riveted"
- Daily Telegraph
"One of the most interesting and arresting writers of our age [...] The vast scope of his analysis, coupled with a lifetime's worth of personal insights, makes it fiercely persuasive"
- Mail on Sunday
"The most considered, courageous and sensitive teller of the human story writing today [...] Essential reading"
- Independent on Sunday
"One of the few people who have changed the way we see human nature and our history"
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Description Large vases like this hydria (water container) were typical offerings in the tombs of prominent Etruscan families. Characteristic of late bucchero ware is the reliance on eastern motifs, including the procession of lions, from the 7th and early 6th centuries BCE, known as the Orientalizing period. The decoration was impressed onto the clay using stamps. The Etruscans were a confederation of city-states in central Italy during the 7th-3rd centuries BCE. In addition to their notability as a maritime power, the Etruscans are also known for their bucchero, a style of pottery that was produced between the 7th and the 5th centuries BCE. It is black inside and out due to the reducing atmosphere during the firing process that prevented oxidation. Bucchero vessels are made on a wheel, and the forms often imitate contemporary impasto and metalware. When polished, the effect of bucchero’s black surfaces can even resemble oxidized silver.
Provenance Don Marcello Massarenti Collection, Rome [date and mode of acquisition unknown]; Henry Walters, Baltimore, 1902, by purchase; Walters Art Museum, 1931, by bequest.
Credit Acquired by Henry Walters with the Massarenti Collection, 1902
Download Image Add to Collection Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Creative Commons License
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China is planning to grow vegetables on Mars, it has been announced.
That's despite the country's expanding and ambitious - but young - space agency not having a permanent space station in orbit around the Earth - let alone the Moon or the Red Planet.
State media reported that successful tests have been completed in a Beijing lab to grow four kinds of veg in an "ecological life support system".
China apparently has a 300 cubic metre cabin in which its scientists are growing food, and producing water and air, which could be used during space missions to the Moon or even Mars.
The experiments are reminiscent of similar projects being undertaken by Nasa and private companies, with a view to establishing permanent human settlements on other worlds.
The Xinhua news agency quoted Deng Yibing, a researcher at Beijing's Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Centre, as saying:
"Chinese astronauts may get fresh vegetables and oxygen supplies by gardening in extra-terrestrial bases in the future."
China has a stated goal of landing a space craft on the moon next year, though it will be unmanned.
Long term it is planning to send its astronauts mission to the moon - possibly before the end of the decade, even as the US scales back its own ambitions in space and relies more heavily on private companies.
It has now been more than 40 years since a human walked on the Moon, and while interest in space exploration remains high there are no scheduled missions to other planets or Moons currently in place.
Recently Elon Musk, the billionaire founder of SpaceX, said he wants to build a colony of 80,000 settlers to live permanently on Mars before the end of his life.
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US "not happy" with the make-up of the new Somalia cabinet - sources
WASHINGTON, US - The United States of America is disappointed with the nomination of former Al-Shabaab deputy leader Mukhtar Robow as a minister and is concerned about the negative impact that might have on the congressional support, credible sources told Garowe Online.
The US Patriot Act Leahy vetting policy prevents the United States from supporting any government with ties to terrorism and violation of human rights. The law will significantly see Somalia's new government get sidelined on critical funding and support from Washington.
The United States has been a major stakeholder in terms of sponsoring the fight against terrorism in the Horn of Africa nation by supporting the training and equipping of Danab Special forces who are critical in the Al-Shabaab war besides helping the country tackle the humanitarian crisis.
"It will be impossible for the Somali government to receive financial and military support from the United States because that will violate US federal law," added the sources who do not want to be named in this article.
Somalia technically falls in this category given that Al-Shabaab is dominant in the country and has been expanding territories both in Ethiopia and Kenya. Last week, the militants stormed Ethiopia from Ato town causing a major security scare but the situation has since been contained.
Multiple sources have also confided to Garowe Online in confidence that the US government is very concerned about the makeup of the new Somali cabinet including ex-terrorist. Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre appointed 26 ministers last week.
Additionally, the US administration is not happy with the renomination of another in the cabinet, with sources arguing that Washington views him as incompetent and corrupt given his past records while serving in ex-governments.
The concerns come just over two months after Somalia's parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as president, thus effectively ending the reigns of Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed better known as Farmajo, who had failed in local and foreign policy.
Should the new policy get affected, it's likely to dent the efforts of Hassan Sheikh to fight terrorism both ideologically and through military efforts. The new president also promised to ensure Al-Shabaab's source of funding is tamed.
The US had dispatched hundreds of special soldiers to Somalia almost a year after their unprecedented exit and it's not clear if the latest policy will also affect their presence in the country. The US Africa Command has been essential in the fight against Al-Shabaab.
Reports done by the United Nations indicated once the US withdrew its troops from Somalia and with subsequent minimal funding, the Al-Shabaab militants gained ground, especially in rural central and southern Somalia.
The terror group has been a thorn in the flesh of the federal government of Somalia. Analysts argue that Hassan Sheikh may have pushed for the inclusion of Mukhtar Robow in the cabinet as minister for Endowment and Religious Affairs as an indication of fighting the group ideologically.
Robow served as Al-Shabaab deputy leader before renouncing the group's ideology but his efforts to join politics in 2018 were blocked by Farmajo as he tried to run for the Southwest presidency. Before his nomination to the cabinet, he had been in house detention for the last three years.
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“We have a holier-than-thou” attitude in the United States about human-rights violations abroad, said Bart Carhart, a student organizer of the new Amnesty International chapter at the University of Southern Maine. “But [within our country] we’re probably just as responsible for human injustices as in many other countries.”
He was referring to the American and Maine prison systems, the subject of the opening session of USM's Human Rights Week. Running though Friday, April 4, most sessions have an international flavor, with discussions about Tibet, Burma, and Guantánamo Bay. (For the schedule, go to www.peaceactionme.org/amnesty-international-usm-human-rights-week.)
On Monday at the Woodbury Campus Center, 25 students and others viewed the 1974 documentary film Attica, about the 1971 prisoner rebellion at the overcrowded Attica Correctional Facility in upstate New York. A thousand mostly African-American inmates took over part of the prison and held 38 white guards hostage — all 383 Attica guards were white — and demanded an end to “slave labor,” uncensored communication with the outside world, the rights to political activity and free religious practice, and better food and medical care.
While negotiators tried to arrange a peaceful end to the confrontation, Republican governor (and later US vice-president) Nelson Rockefeller ordered police to storm the prison. They killed 31 prisoners and nine guards in a hail of gunfire. The film shows guards beating surrendering prisoners.
Former federal prisoner Ray Luc Levasseur of Brunswick, who spoke after the film’s showing, said the widespread establishment of solitary-confinement “supermax” prisons began in part as a response to the Attica uprising — as places for prison activists and “jailhouse lawyers.” Supermaxes, he said, have had a “profound impact” in tamping down the prisoner-rights struggle. He called prisons “the front line of class war” and of “white supremacy.”
He asked of human-rights proponents, “What of torture in this country? . . . Everything that’s happened at Guantánamo has been exported from American prisons,” including the use of solitary confinement — whose isolation is a gnawing pain like hunger, he said. Levasseur did 20 years, largely in solitary, for blowing up corporate offices in a campaign against South African apartheid and US-government-sponsored Latin American terrorism.
At the USM session, David Bidler, of the Portland-based prisoner-rights organization Black Bird Collective, said his group has collected 500 signatures on an anti-torture petition that eventually will be submitted to the Portland City Council. It asks that torture be outlawed in Maine prisons, including the “prolonged periods of isolation” at the Maine State Prison’s 100-man Supermax or Special Management Unit.
The prison conditions the Attica inmates rebelled against aren't “ancient history at all,” Levasseur said — they are still the norm.
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You’re in a deadly tornado’s path and can’t get through to 911 because the power is out. The good news is that you have options. Amateur radio (or ham radio) is an alternative means of communication during emergencies.
Although ham radio is a fun hobby for many, instant communication can also save lives. If you live in disaster-prone areas, you will appreciate the importance of contingencies. We can’t wholly depend on our phones or the internet for communication in emergencies.
So, how can an educational and entertaining pastime be so handy in dire situations? Let’s look into the exciting world of amateur radio.
What Is Amateur Radio?
Amateur radio is a technical hobby where people use specific radio frequencies for non-commercial purposes. If you’ve seen the movie 2012, you may recall Charlie Frost broadcasting his end-of-the-world theories. Guess what? That was all thanks to the power of ham radio.
But you don’t have to be a tech expert to use this technology. In fact, there are millions of amateur radio operators around the world communicating directly or via ad-hoc relay systems and amateur satellites without needing an internet connection.
Besides, amateur radio allows anyone to exchange messages via teleprinting, television, voice, telegraphy, etc. And operators manage its frequencies.
How Do Amateur Radios Work?
Firstly, amateur radio is a wireless means of communication. Like every other wireless technology, it uses electromagnetic radiation to send and receive data. This technology can transmit voices, Morse code, and digital data across the world using transmitters, receivers, and antennas.
Electromagnetic radiation travels in the form of a sinusoidal wave. And factors like frequency and wavelength determine the type of electromagnetic radiation in play.
We can classify radio frequencies based on a radio frequency spectrum. This spectrum reserves specific frequency bands for matching radio technologies. For example, maritime radio communications operate in the Very Low Frequency (VLF), while satellite communication uses Extremely High Frequency (EHF).
Ham radio operates in the radio wave spectrum, known for its long wavelength, reaching between 0.4 inches and 62 miles. It uses specific frequencies on the AM radio ranging from 1.6 MHz to 1240 MHz. This range covers two frequency bands: Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF).
Below are some common ham radio terminologies and brief definitions:
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- Kit Includes: BF-F8HP, 2100mAh Battery, V-85 Dual Band Antenna, CH-5 Charger, CH-5 110V Adapter, Earpiece Kit, Wrist Strap, Belt Clip, User Manual
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VHF (Very High Frequency)
VHF lies between the 30MHz to 300MHz radio frequency, with the ham radio band reserved for 144-148MHz. This band is reliable and less susceptible to interference from electrical equipment.
UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
Ultra High Frequencies are higher on the radio frequency spectrum and range from 300MHz to 3GHz. In the same vein, the ham radio band ranges from 420-450MHz. UHF is not as reliable as VHF because it has a shorter wavelength, making it prone to interference.
Receiver and Antenna
A scanning receiver allows you to listen to different radio frequencies on various bands while an antenna receives signals.
Why Do Preppers Need Amateur Radio?
There are different types of radios, but ham is the most recommended for preppers. The reasons are not far-fetched.
Firstly, it can cover a wide range. Irrespective of your location, you can contact anyone anywhere. Secondly, it is less susceptible to interference. So you can transmit essential information with the assurance that the other party would receive it. Thirdly, if other communication lines are down in an emergency, you can still communicate using a ham radio.
To further drive our point home, we’ve compiled a comprehensive list of why preppers need ham radio:
1. Connects with Multiple Radio Types
Ham radio is the most versatile in crossing over into other radio types. It can connect to different radio frequencies but can’t allow those other frequencies to access it. You can also modify amateur radio through software or hardware to gain a wider reach.
But, there are exploitable (illegal!!!) loopholes to cross into other radio frequencies. So we recommend studying FCC regulations before attempting to cross over into another frequency.
2. Necessary for Emergency Situations
Regular radio can only listen to information, but you can send data with ham radios. And this feature is handy in various scenarios.
For example, you will need to know the security and rescue updates during an emergency. But after getting this information, you may also want to relay the message to your friends and family members. And if the communication grid is down, the only way to get through is by using a ham radio.
3. Easy to Use
Ham radio operation is not so easy: it is a technical hobby that requires training and expertise. But preppers can bypass most technical aspects of ham radio usage if they study the necessary info.
Besides, the FCC even allows people who don’t understand morse code to become amateur radio operators. These changes and free online resources make it easier to use the technology. You can even get your license in as few as three days.
Compared to other radios, ham radios are typically more expensive because of their unique functionalities. The price ranges from $30 to well over $500. However, there are DIY options and used products in the market if you need a ham radio while on a budget.
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How to Communicate Using Amateur Radio Frequencies
Communicating via amateur radio can be nerve-wracking if you’ve never used it before. When we transmit over ham radio, it is called “QSD” or “contact.” It can be scary initially, but after a few tries, you will get the hang of it.
So to communicate over ham radio, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Get Your License
It is illegal to use a ham radio without a license, so ensure to do your research before purchasing one. If you are curious about getting a ham radio license, keep reading as we will explain it later in this article.
Step 2: Buy the Proper Equipment
Before using your ham radio, you need some equipment. Many ham enthusiasts may tell you you need a truckload of gear, but you only need the following for a start:
- Power supply
- Antenna tuner
- Microphone or key
Step 3: Contact
To establish contact, turn on your radio and tune the antenna until the frequency is as close to 1:1 as possible. Ensure that the frequency is not in use by sending “QLR” or saying, “This is (your callsign), is this frequency busy?” If you don’t get a response after asking twice, feel free to use the frequency.
There are many ways to make a QSD, but the most common ones are through morse code (CW), phone (voice communication), and data (RTTY, teletype). Naturally, authorities need to regulate such use of radio to transmit public information.
Before you can make a QSD, you must pass an exam and get a license. So when you combine the technicality of amateur radio with its regulations, you can see why only about six million people use it worldwide.
How to Get Your Amateur Radio License
If you’ve wanted to know how to get an amateur radio license, then look no further. As stated earlier, authorities must regulate radio frequencies to prevent illegal crossovers. Anyone can listen to amateur radio, but you need a permit to transmit through it.
To get a ham radio license, you must do the following:
1. Get Study Materials
You must pass an exam before getting the license, so best prepare for it. You can either use online resources or physical study materials to guide you while preparing.
There are three types of licenses:
- Technician — this license allows you to operate on a limited range of frequencies. You can only transmit 100 watts.
- General — it allows you to operate on a broader range of frequencies. You can transmit 1500 watts.
- Extra — it allows you to operate on all ham radio bands, and you can transmit 1500 watts.
As a prepper, the technician license allows you to communicate with anyone in the world, so that’s all you need.
2. Take the Exam
The ARRL (Amateur Radio Relay League) website has a section that advertises ham radio exams in your area. There is no online exam, so you must go down to the exam center and sit for a physical exam. But ensure that you email the examiner before going.
Here is a list of requirements when going for the exam:
- Two sharpened pencils
- A pen
- Legal photo ID (passport or driver’s license)
If you don’t have any, you can bring two copies of any of the following: your social security number, utility bill, or library ID card.
After you pass the exam, you can get the necessary equipment required to use a ham radio and have yourself a splendid time!
Can You Listen Without a License?
Many people shy away from using a ham radio because of the rigors of studying for its license. But if you are an enthusiast, you can listen to one without a permit. The only difference between you and a licensed prepper is that they can send information on ham radio.
If you don’t have a license, don’t fret; there are several ways you can interact with your ham radio:
- FM Radio: you can use the ham radio to listen to music, news, programs, etc.;
- Emergency weather: you can use it to listen to live weather broadcasts;
- Local amateur radio transmissions.
Amateur radio is more than a random pastime; it’s essential for preppers. You can use it in emergencies to transmit vital information or get in touch with rescue agents. Anyone can own a ham radio, but you need a license to enjoy its full potential.
If you’ve carefully gone through this guide, congratulations, you’re more prepared for emergencies than you were 10 minutes ago. Even if you aren’t a prepper, you should get a ham radio as it’s an exciting technical hobby to try out. And if you live in disaster-prone areas, it is an essential part of your survival kit.
Author’s Bio – Amily Lagman is an experienced essayist. She works with DoMyEssay to offer writing services to anyone in need of them. Amily is also a licensed amateur radio operator whose skills and equipment have helped her community in times of need. She decided to merge her hobby with her writing skills to teach preppers the best survival tips out there.
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The translation of an RNA or DNA template into proteins is a complex process that can produce a wide variety of functional and non-functional protein products. Translation involves “reading” the genetic code, and the nature of the protein produced depends on where the reading of the code starts and stops (called the “reading frame”) and also which direction the code is read in (forwards is called “sense” while backwards is called “antisense”). HIV’s RNA genome contains nine reading frames encoding functional proteins, but it is also known that alternate reading frames exist which can be translated into proteins that are non-functional (or have unknown functions). Antisense translation can also lead to the production of such proteins. The extent to which these proteins are targeted by the immune system in HIV-infected people has not been well characterized.
Two new papers in the Journal of Experimental Medicine address this knowledge gap by evaluating CD8 T cell response to “cryptic” epitopes derived from HIV proteins produced from both alternate reading frames and antisense transcription. The reported results indicate that targeting of cryptic HIV epitopes by CD8 T cells is surprisingly common. Both papers also present evidence that CD8 T cell responses against cryptic epitopes can result in mutations in the RNA sequences encoding these epitopes that abrogate CD8 T cell recognition (immune escape).
The implication of these findings is that there is an unexplored plethora of potential targets for HIV-specific T cell responses that could conceivably be exploited to improve vaccine design. Anju Bansal and colleagues note that the process of codon optimization, which is commonly used to try and improve expression of HIV proteins by vaccine candidates, alters the proteins produced from alternate reading frames so that they differ (by as much as 80%) from those generated by natural infection. So counter-intuitively, it is possible that codon optimization – which was used in the Merck Ad5 vaccine – actually reduces the breadth of the resultant HIV-specific CD8 T cell response. Bansal et al also point out that that the ALVAC-HIV vaccine used in the recently reported RV-144 vaccine trial is not codon optimized and could potentially induce responses to cryptic epitopes (CE); they conclude that "it may be important to take into account the contribution of CE-induced responses in the overall CD8 T cell repertoire of future vaccine constructs."
Published online January 11, 2010
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Brief Definitive Report
Anju Bansal1, Jonathan Carlson4, Jiyu Yan1, Olusimidele T. Akinsiku2, Malinda Schaefer5,6, Steffanie Sabbaj1, Anne Bet2, David N. Levy7, Sonya Heath1, Jianming Tang1,2, Richard A. Kaslow3, Bruce D. Walker8,9, Thumbi Ndung’u8,9, Philip J. Goulder8,9,10, David Heckerman4, Eric Hunter5,6, and Paul A. Goepfert1,2
1 Department of Medicine, 2 Department of Microbiology, and 3 Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294. 4 Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA 98052. 5 Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center and 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329. 7 Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010. 8 Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02129. 9 HIV Pathogenesis Program, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa. 10 Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
Retroviruses pack multiple genes into relatively small genomes by encoding several genes in the same genomic region with overlapping reading frames. Both sense and antisense HIV-1 transcripts contain open reading frames for known functional proteins as well as numerous alternative reading frames (ARFs). At least some ARFs have the potential to encode proteins of unknown function, and their antigenic properties can be considered as cryptic epitopes (CEs). To examine the extent of active immune response to virally encoded CEs, we analyzed human leukocyte antigen class I–associated polymorphisms in HIV-1 gag, pol, and nef genes from a large cohort of South Africans with chronic infection. In all, 391 CEs and 168 conventional epitopes were predicted, with the majority (307; 79%) of CEs derived from antisense transcripts. In further evaluation of CD8 T cell responses to a subset of the predicted CEs in patients with primary or chronic infection, both sense- and antisense-encoded CEs were immunogenic at both stages of infection. In addition, CEs often mutated during the first year of infection, which was consistent with immune selection for escape variants. These findings indicate that the HIV-1 genome might encode and deploy a large potential repertoire of unconventional epitopes to enhance vaccine-induced antiviral immunity.
Published online January 11, 2010
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Christoph T. Berger1, Jonathan M. Carlson2, Chanson J. Brumme1, Kari L. Hartman1, Zabrina L. Brumme1,3,4, Leah M. Henry1, Pamela C. Rosato1, Alicja Piechocka-Trocha1, Mark A. Brockman1,3,4, P. Richard Harrigan3,5, David Heckerman2, Daniel E. Kaufmann1, and Christian Brander1,6,7
1 Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02129. 2 Microsoft Research, Seattle, WA 98033. 3 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6B 5S8, Canada. 4 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 4Y7, Canada. 5 Division of AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada. 6 Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. 7 Irsicaixa HIV Research Institute–HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–mediated immune responses to HIV contribute to viral control in vivo. Epitopes encoded by alternative reading frame (ARF) peptides may be targeted by CTLs as well, but their frequency and in vivo relevance are unknown. Using host genetic (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) and plasma viral sequence information from 765 HIV-infected subjects, we identified 64 statistically significant (q < 0.2) associations between specific HLA alleles and sequence polymorphisms in alternate reading frames of gag, pol, and nef that did not affect the regular frame protein sequence. Peptides spanning the top 20 HLA-associated imprints were used to test for ex vivo immune responses in 85 HIV-infected subjects and showed responses to 10 of these ARF peptides. The most frequent response recognized an HLA-A*03–restricted +2 frame–encoded epitope containing a unique A*03-associated polymorphism at position 6. Epitope-specific CTLs efficiently inhibited viral replication in vitro when viruses containing the wild-type sequence but not the observed polymorphism were tested. Mutating alternative internal start codons abrogated the CTL-mediated inhibition of viral replication. These data indicate that responses to ARF-encoded HIV epitopes are induced during natural infection, can contribute to viral control in vivo, and drive viral evolution on a population level.
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Femme au miroir (Woman before the mirror), 1936-37
Wrought and welded iron
203.8 × 60 × 46 cm
Julio GONZÁLEZ (Barcelona, 1876-Paris, 1942)
The work of the sculptor Julio González is an essential reference in the period of the European artistic avant-garde of the interwar period. His commitment to the new values of humanism in the face of authoritarian tendencies continues to justify the IVAM dedicating one of its permanent rooms to his constructive achievements. He knew how to put his technical mastery of forging and welding at the service of an unprecedented vision of the shape that incorporated the expressive possibilities of vacuum. His three-dimensional work that defined how to “draw in space” never abandoned his interest in the human figure in all its emotional and existential complexity.
In 1936 and 1937 we witnessed the culmination of the proclamations of the new modern sensitivity, integrating the avant-garde advances of the first decades around surrealist concepts and abstraction. The World Fair and the exhibition dedicated to Origins and development of independent international art, both held in Paris in 1937, would provide two privileged settings to show the social impact and communication capacity of these ways of modernisation and progress. Julio González participated in both exhibitions. First, he thought about exhibiting his large-format sculpture Femme au miroir (Woman before the mirror) in the Spanish pavilion of the World Fair. However, the doubts of the organising committee convinced him to replace it with Montserrat, which was a more dramatic work. Fortunately, the critics led the sculpture discarded for the pavilion to end in the most specifically artistic context focused on independent international art and where the first systematic overview of the artistic trends of the first third of the last century was offered.
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Latin American Art, Artists, Artworks, Art Galleries, Museums, Art Community and Art Resources.
Click here to search for an Artwork
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Fernando Olivera was born in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico in 1962.
He studied art at the Escuela de Bellas Artes at the Benito Juarez University in Oaxaca. He went on to study lithography with Japanese print-maker Shinzaburo Takeda at the Taller de Artes Rufino Tamayo.
Exhibitions - In addition to five solo shows in Mexico, Olivera has participated in group shows in Mexico City, El Salvador, Montana, San Francisco, Palo Alto, Chicago and Philadelphia (including five group shows at Indigo). He illustrated the award-winning children's book, The Woman Who Outshone the Sun, based on a Mixtec folk tale, published by Children's Book Press. Olivera's work was included in the 1994 show "Myth & Magic: Oaxaca Past and Present" organized by the Palo Alto Cultural Center. His work was also included in The Tree is Older than You Are, a 1995 collection of Mexican poems and stories published by Simon and Schuster.
The Work - Olivera's vision is grounded in the traditional life of Oaxaca and the myths and legends of its people. But his work also reflects his social and political concerns. Much of his recent work is preoccupied with the ongoing Zapatista uprising in Chiapas.
Nuestros Ideales Prohibidos Flores Eran Libertados
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Have you ever wanted to stitch a little design, but you can’t find the perfect pattern anywhere? Well, this tutorial from Creating Really Awesome Free Things shows how to create your own free patterns using small images and graph paper. Create your own patterns, then stitch them up! This monster show here was done up using the tutorial! See how easy it can be. Check out the tutorial.
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The days of steam trains in Japan are numbered... the last of them will be?
CU Steam train in station
SV INT Passengers settle into seats
GV PULL OUT TO CU Train puffs towards camera
CU&GV Scrap heap for old locomotives (6 shots)
AERIAL VIEW new bullet train along track
GV Bullet train pulling into station and parked.
Initials ET/1546 ET/1602
Script is copyright Reuters Limited. All rights reserved
Background: The days of steam trains in Japan are numbered... the last of them will be taken out of service by the end of this year.
Japanese National Railways announced recently its decision to withdraw steam locomotives "in the interest of economy and clean air."
At the JNR depot of Muroran on Japan's northernmost island, Hokkaido, work has already begun on a large - scale operation to turn them into scrap.
The old steam trains, which have served the country since the turn of the century, are now found only in the least populated part of Japan, Hokkaido. Elsewhere, the ultra-modern "bullet-train" super expresses carry the bulk of the country's commuters.
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Periodontal or gum disease is an infection of the tissues that surround and support your teeth. It is a leading cause of tooth loss in American adults. Gum disease is caused by plaque, which is the sticky film of bacteria that is brushed and flossed away with regular, proper oral care. However, when plaque is left on the teeth, plaque then produces toxins that attack below the gum line in the sulcus, a shallow v-shaped crevice between the tooth and gums. This causes the bond between teeth and gums to break down. In the early stage of gum disease (gingivitis), gums may become red and swollen and bleed easily. In the more advanced stage (periodontal disease), teeth can loosen and fall out. Because damage can occur below the gum line, if no symptoms are evident, it can be a condition that is not addressed until it is too late. Good oral hygiene and regular dental examinations are essential in the prevention and early detection of gum disease especially since you can have it without experiencing any warning signs.
Gum disease has also been linked to many health problems. It is proven science that our teeth can affect our heart health, and poor gum health can lead to a heart attack event. What can happen is the bacteria on our teeth that are the contributing factor to gum disease, can enter the bloodstream very easily and attach to any existing fatty deposits in the arteries. This causes the artery to become clogged at a more accelerated rate than that of someone who may be experiencing dental health in better condition. When the arteries become clogged, this can lead to a heart attack.
Due to the link between gum and heart disease, more studies are being done to address the link between gum disease and strokes. Much like the process that can occur with gum disease and heart attacks, if a great amount of bacteria enters the bloodstream consistently over time, this can lead to a blocked blood vessel resulting in a stroke.
Patients with diabetes may also find that keeping their their blood sugar levels balanced may be more difficult is the individual is suffering from gum disease. One affects the other in case, such as if a patient is struggling to take measures to control their diabetes, and sugar in the body is elevated, the bacteria on gums thrives on the elevated sugar in the body.
Good measures to take aside from regularly scheduled visits to your dental office and regimented dental health actions taken daily, are elements such a diet, exercise, and limiting the use of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. The right nutrition helps the body to fight off infection, and curbing tobacco and alcohol products helps to to reduce the chance of bacteria experiencing the perfect environment to flourish.
Signs that you may have gum disease include:
- Gums that are red, swollen, tender, bleed easily or pull away from the teeth
- Persistent bad breath or bad taste
- Loose or separating teeth
- A change in the way your teeth fit together
- A change in the fit of partial dentures
The dental advancements of today include the use of antibiotics to reduce the severity and prevalence of gum disease. Arestin® is just such an antibiotic treatment that fights periodontal disease used during scaling and root planing (SRP) procedures. Arestin® is inserted in powder form into infected areas of the gums to treat any areas that SRP may have missed. SRP used with Arestin® is proven to be more effective than SRP performed alone. A powerful advantage of Arestin® is that the administration of it continues to work effectively beyond the initial visit to your dental office. The composition of the drug is microspheres, and these microspheres gradually release the antibiotic over time, for sustained results and success.
Laser Gum Treatment
Laser gum treatment is great option in the treatment of gum issues. Laser gum treatment is a noninvasive and painless procedure that can treat a wide range of gum conditions with advanced laser technology. This is a safe and affordable treatment that can be used to treat gum disease, repair deep gum pockets, address sore gums and tooth damage, and even improve a gummy smile.
During laser gum treatment, no damage or changes are made to healthy teeth and gums. The laser is aimed directly at the targeted area without cutting any gum tissue and seals the area as it treats. There is no need for stitches and minimal risk of infection or bleeding with this conservative yet effective treatment. Most patients report less overall swelling and discomfort.
If necessary, bone can be removed from one area and replaced, or grafted, into another area to correct cosmetic or functional defects in the mouth, or to aid in the placement of dental implants. One or more types of bone graft may be recommended depending on the patient’s condition.
- In a sinus lift, bone is grafted to the bottom of the sinus so that a dental implant may be placed in the upper back jaw.
- Ridge augmentation replaces bone in the oral ridge that has been absorbed by the body.
- Nerve repositioning procedures move the inferior alveolar nerve (the nerve that gives us feeling in our lower lip and chin) before placement of dental implants in the lower jaw.
Bone for a graft is often taken from within the mouth while preparing for the implant placement. The bone may also be taken from the chin, third molar (wisdom tooth) region, or upper jaw. For more extensive procedures, the hip or knee may serve as donor sites. Although bone is usually taken from the patient’s own body, alternate sources may be recommended such as synthetic bone material.
Tooth extraction is recommended when a tooth becomes loose from gum disease, when teeth are crowded, when one tooth is preventing another from erupting, or when a tooth is so damaged or decayed that root canal therapy would be ineffective.
Because missing teeth can cause health problems ranging from tooth shifting to difficulty chewing, restorative procedures are recommended following extraction. These may take the form of dental implants, bridges or dentures.
The procedure itself may require removal of soft or hard tissue, depending on whether the tooth is fully erupted. A local anesthetic is usually all that is needed to eliminate discomfort, although general anesthetic may be used for sensitive patients or children.
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Those of us who live in cold climates love houseplants that will flower indoors in winter, and one with great appeal is the cyclamen.
If you still have an amaryllis plant that flowered last winter, putting the bulb into dormancy will make it flower again this season.
Paper White Narcissus bulbs are easy to grow indoors and provide clusters of highly perfumed white flowers.
Winterberry produces a grand display of bright red berries that persist and light up its branches long after all of the leaves have fallen.
Ruth Arthur wrote a poem about the juxtaposition of the last vestiges of winter and the optimistic signs of spring. Read it on this Focus on Flowers.
In the poem, the Innkeeper's Wife, Clive Samson recalls the winter night of the nativity.
Now is the time to think about possible additions to the shrubs in your personal landscape.
The Golden Rain tree blooms in summer making it a good choice for when the spring bloomers have ceased to be the focal points in a garden.
The American Serviceberry is a small deciduous tree with a pleasantly round top. It truly is a tree that provides interest across all seasons.
Trees are our oldest living organism; they have been on our earth for about 370 million years. One of the most beautiful varieties is the Tulip Tree.
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Latest research have determined a little population of highly tumorigenic cells with stem cell properties in human being breast and additional solid tumors that are taken into consideration to be the source of tumor initiation and maintenance; these cells are known to as tumor come cells (CSCs). guaranteeing outcomes that support this speculation. The purpose of this FXV 673 examine can be to sum it up the part of CSCs in breasts cancers FXV 673 repeat and level of resistance and to talk about current efforts of CSC focusing on. and that constitute the primary multidrug level of resistance genetics . Finally, the enzyme ALDH, which can be a molecular gun of CSCs, can be capable to metabolize chemotherapeutic real estate agents, such as cyclophosphamide, which is used in front-line treatment for breast cancer widely. It can be well worth talking about that among all scholarly research examining the part of CSCs in breasts cancers chemotherapy level of resistance, there can be one research showing contrary outcomes. Remarkably, a statistically significant drop in Compact disc44+/Compact disc24low cells offers been demonstrated in breasts cancers growth biopsies after neoadjuvant treatment with the routine epirubicin/cyclophosphamide . This locating queries the suggested part of Compact disc44+/Compact disc24low cells as the trigger of chemoresistance. Strangely enough, in another latest research performed in breasts cancers growth biopsies, an boost of the inhabitants of ALDH1-positive cells but not really Compact disc44+/Compact disc24low cells offers been noticed after neoadjuvant treatment with paclitaxel and epirubicin/cyclophosphamide/fluorouracil . Used collectively, these outcomes problem the part of CSC molecular guns for the id of CSCs in conditions of chemoresistance and emphasize the want for further analysis. Response to Endocrine Therapy Raising proof helps the part of CSCs in level of resistance to endocrine therapy in breasts cancers. Lately, a subpopulation of estrogen receptor (Emergency room)?/progesterone receptor (Page rank)?/Compact disc44+/CK5+ cells that talk about the properties of CSCs has been determined in ER+/PR+ breasts cancer xenografts . Strangely enough, treatment with fulvestrant or tamoxifen led to picky enrichment of these cells, whereas the inhabitants of Emergency room+/Page rank+ cells was decreased . This subpopulation of Emergency room?/Page rank?/CK5+ cells that are resistant to hormonal therapy by virtue of their ER negativity might play an essential part in ER-positive breasts cancer treatment failure. Identical results possess been reported in breasts cancers tumors that are characterized by solid improvement of the Compact disc44+/Compact disc24low personal after treatment with letrozole . Response to Radiotherapy There are few research evaluating the part of CSCs in response to radiotherapy in breasts cancers. General, these research are performed in vitro in breasts cancers cell lines and demonstrate that B-CSCs show improved rays level of resistance, revealing success and enrichment after irradiation [52C54]. Many mechanisms may be accountable for this phenomenon. In two of these scholarly research, a considerably low level of reactive air varieties (ROS) was noticed in mammospheres, as well as cells extracted from murine and human being breasts cancers tumors [54, 55]. ROS generate many forms of dangerous DNA results, such as foundation harm, single-strand fractures, and double-strand fractures that can trigger cell loss of life ; therefore, reduced levels of ROS might contribute to CSC survival following irradiation. In addition, CSCs had been discovered to overexpress genetics included in ROS rate of metabolism that work as antioxidant protection systems and business lead to boost capability to scavenge radiation-induced free of charge radicals . Furthermore, another research suggests that improved success of CSCs after irradiation can be credited to their decreased inclination to go through senescence credited to low g21 phrase and improved telomerase activity . Significantly, an boost in DNA restoration capability might end up being suggested as a factor in B-CSC radioresistance also. It offers been demonstrated that CSCs could lead to breasts cancers radioresistance by preferential service of the DNA harm gate response, such as improved service of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) proteins signaling. Strangely enough, focusing on ATM service by an ATM inhibitor overcomes CSC radioresistance and provides a restorative model for removal of rays level of resistance in FXV 673 breasts cancers . Breasts CSCs not really just possess been discovered to survive after irradiation, but to keep their self-renewal capability over many years also, described by improved sphere-forming capability, after fractionated radiotherapy . Consequently, breasts tumors might contain a percentage of tumorigenic cells (CSCs) that provoke repopulation of growth cells during spaces of radiotherapy and business lead to radioresistance. The Part of CSCs in Clinical Result of Individuals with Breasts Cancers A quantity of research recommend a potential part of CSCs in level of resistance to therapy in breasts cancers, by advantage LRP2 of CSC enrichment after chemotherapy, rays, and hormonal therapy. Nevertheless, the majority of these scholarly studies fail to show significant.
Spectrin-like epitopes were discovered and immunochemically localized in gravitropically tip-growing rhizoids immunofluorescently and protonemata of characean algae. the graviresponse in rhizoids the labeling of spectrin-like proteins continued to be in its symmetrical placement on the cell suggestion, but was displaced towards the upper flank in gravistimulated protonemata clearly. The hypothesis is supported by These findings a displacement from the Spitzenk?rper is necessary for the bad gravitropic response in protonemata, however, not for the positive gravitropic FXV 673 response Rabbit Polyclonal to CCRL2. in rhizoids. It really is evident which the actin/spectrin program is important in maintaining the business from the ER aggregate and represents an important component in the system FXV 673 of gravitropic suggestion growth. Actin-binding FXV 673 protein from the superfamily of spectrins are named ubiquitous proteins within all pet and in place cells. The high = 48). Spectrin-like epitopes weren’t discovered in these cells (Fig. ?(Fig.3H).3H). The resumption of tip-growth activity in 75% from the cells after removal of the inhibitor, nevertheless, was accompanied with the reorganization from the actin cytoskeleton as well as the reappearance from the ER aggregate. After that, the spherical labeling of spectrin-like protein could again end up being demonstrated (not really proven). Spectrin-like epitopes had been also absent in the apices of cells whose tip-high gradient of cytoplasmic calcium mineral have been disturbed with the calcium mineral ionophore “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187 (n = 56). Program of 2 m “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187 for 10 min resulted in a rapid termination of tip growth within 2 to 5 min and the disappearance of the ER aggregate (compare Figs. ?Figs.3L3L with 5). In contrast to cytochalasin D, the ionophore did not cause a total breakdown of the actin system, but resulted in a major reorganization and bundling into randomly oriented actin microfilaments in the apical zone and partial fragmentation in the subapical zone (Fig. ?(Fig.3J).3J). Spectrin-like epitopes were not immunofluorescently localized in these non-growing cells (Figs. ?(Figs.3K3K and ?and4B).4B). However, 1 to 2 2 h after removal of “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187, the cell suggestions increased in diameter and, consequently, tip-growth activity was resumed in about 70% from the cells. In the developing suggestion recently, which grew out using its primary size, the actin microfilaments became refocused for the reason that section of the apical dome where in fact the ER aggregate acquired reassembled at that time (Fig. ?(Fig.4D’)4D’) and where in fact the spectrin epitopes gradually reappeared (Fig. ?(Fig.4,4, D) and C. The distribution of spectrin-like epitopes as well as the matching growth rates ahead of and after dealing with rhizoids with 2 m “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187 is normally summarized in Amount ?Amount4. 4. Amount 4 Graph displaying the prices of elongation development of a consultant Chara rhizoid ahead of and after incubation with 2 m “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187 for 10 min (section of lighter … Electron microscopic study of rhizoids and protonemata verified which the ER aggregate was present just in positively tip-growing cells (Fig. ?(Fig.5A),5A), but disappeared in cells that had stopped suggestion development after cytochalasin treatment (see Bartnik and Sievers, 1988) or the use of “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187 (Fig. ?(Fig.5B).5B). In Amount ?Amount5B, 5B, the highly organized aggregation of ER membranes in the rhizoid suggestion is replaced with a loose agreement of randomly oriented cisternae after suggestion development was stopped by the use of 2 m “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187. In a few apices of nongrowing cells ER membranes had been completely lacking (not proven). Amount 5 Electron microscopic pictures from the apex of the neglected (A) and a “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”A23187″,”term_id”:”833253″,”term_text”:”A23187″A23187-treated Chara rhizoid (B). In the positively tip-growing cell (A), the ER aggregate … Spectrin Immunolocalization in Gravistimulated Cells To start the gravitropic replies in rhizoids and protonemata oppositely, cells were rotated to a horizontal placement for 15 min ahead of fixation and immunolabeling approximately. The gravitropic response is going to start from then on best amount of time in both cell types. The indication and form strength from the spherical anti-spectrin fluorescence array continued to be unchanged, but its localization differed at the start from the graviresponse in both cell types considerably. In rhizoids that had started downward twisting simply.
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139 years ago today, Abraham Lincoln was shot while watching a play at Ford’s Theatre on Good Friday. He died at 7:22 the following morning across the street at a boarding house owned by William and Anna Petersen. See the Abraham Lincoln Online website for historical details. In today’s Wall St. Journal, Richard Carwardine of Oxford University offers a short but fitting tribute to the savior of the American union. Entitled
"Lincoln Through British Eyes", the article is a reflection on Lincoln’s greatness by a historian who will receive the coveted Lincoln Prize tonight for his recent biography, Lincoln (Pearson-Longman 2003), which garners him $30,000 and a bronze replica of Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ life-size bust, "Lincoln the Man."
The article closes with praise for one of Lincoln’s greatest biographers, Lord Charnwood, and a fitting summation of Lincoln’s self-understanding:
Charnwood was right: Lincoln was a genuinely great statesman, a talented politician who exceeded expectations in rising to the challenge he faced. His tenacity, patience, humanity, shrewdness in personal dealings, and unblinking focus on essentials more than offset his inefficient, unbusinesslike ways. Convinced that the Union had to be saved, and sure that slavery’s days were numbered, Lincoln seized what he judged his historic moment as the instrument of providential purpose.
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Apple today released an update for OS X that includes a fix for the same severe security hole that recently forced it to issue an emergency patch for its iOS mobile operating system.
The hole meant attackers could bypass Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) authentication and encryption, leaving users' communications open to interception on shared networks.
The SSL/TLS bug fix is listed under a separate Apple Support Knowledge Base, under the Data Security heading, rather than in the OS X 10.9.2 update bundle.
Apple said the impact of the bug meant an attacker with a privileged network position may "capture or modify data in sessions protected by SSL/TLS".
Apple addressed the issue by restoring missing validation steps, it said.
A relatively small coding mistake led to part of the validation code being unreachable, allowing attackers to bypass SSL/TLS authentication completely and listen in on and modify victims' traffic over connections thought to be secured.
Bundled OS X applications such as the Safari web browser, Calendar, Reminders and the Apple Mail email client use the SSL/TLS code to set up authenticated and encrypted connections, and were vulnerable to interception before today's patch.
Users' iCloud data, KeyChain password enrolment and updates, Find My Mac updates and traffic for applications like Twitter are also vulnerable, as is Apple's Software Update, according to security consultant Aldo Cortesi, who tested the extent of the security hole.
While it's not known how long the bug has existed in OS X, the problem has been discovered in older versions of iOS, going back to 6.1.
The OS X 10.9.2 update has a total of 29 security fixes for the operating system and bundled applications. it also contains several system bug fixes and improvements, including the ability to make and receive FaceTime audio and video calls in OS X for the first time.
Apple was approached last week for comment by iTnews but has not responded.
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Recline Furniture is trendy nowadays because of its comfortability. However, most recliners use cords involving lots of wires & plugs, making the room untidy and unsafe for some reasons. That’s why a battery-powered recliner is an ultimate solution. In this article, we learn how to install a recliner battery pack.
Using a battery-powered recliner will spare no need for connection with the electricity. We all know the advantage, but not all of us know how to install those batteries. Don’t worry; we will discuss the installation process for recliner battery packs here!
A Step-by-step Guide On How To Install A Battery Pack For A Recliner
The battery pack is compact & compelling. There are usually two outlets, one goes into the transformer, and the other is for a plug-in to the motor after charging. The pack comes with a charger, but you should buy a back-up battery when you recharge the main one.
The battery can run up to 300 cycles per charge. All the batteries are compatible with all kinds of transformers. Furthermore, with the battery installed on your recliner without electric sources, you can place it where it’s the neatest.
The installation process of reclining furniture battery packs is straightforward and easy. Connecting the battery with the motor can be done in few minutes. Here is a procedure:
- Step 1: To get started, unplug your power reclining furniture from the wall.
- Step 2: Unplug the connection between transformer and motor. For most recliners, the transformer is in the bottom right or left underneath.
- Step 3: Now connect the motor with the pin-type cables of the battery pack.
- Step 4: It’s time to return your reclining furniture to its normal position. Do it carefully and slowly so that your recliner doesn’t get damaged.
- Step 5: Don’t forget to make sure that your battery cable is under the furniture and rest it in a safe place.
That’s it! You are all set to use your motion reclining furniture.
Note: This particular process is only for the recliner; those are without a bracket. If there is a bracket installed, you should place the battery in the bracket before the process. The installation process with a bracket/ a frame is not so different from the process above.
Benefits Of Using Battery-powered Reclining Furniture
Messy cables are always annoying. A Battery-powered recliner is a fantastic option to get rid of this hassle. Moreover, there are other advantages of using battery-operated recliners:
- There will be an alarm notification when the battery runs low on charge.
- Placing the battery available everywhere you want in the room.
- Change your battery without disconnecting, and the charge of the battery may last longer.
You might want to read more: How to Use Solar Lantern in Your Home
I don’t deny that we want comfort and advanced features in our home. Comparing between different versions, I think a recliner battery is far more preferable to the present generation. I would personally recommend my readers try this product because of its many advantages and easy installation.
I hope that this article about How To Install A Recliner Battery Pack is almost helpful to you. Thanks for visiting us at Green House Center!
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Top 3 Qualities of a Good Art Teacher
So maybe you have decided to enroll in an art degree or a follow weekly painting class to improve you artistic abilities.
Or maybe you are an art instructor yourself and are wondering how to become a better teacher to your
Listed here are some qualities that people typically look for in an art teacher, which you can use to find or be
a good art teacher:
Good teachers must know their materials in and out and around. They do not have to be the absolute expert in
visual art, but they need to have at last decent understanding about art histories, art practice in the country or
region they taught, and full understanding of the curriculum they are supposed to teach.
Not only knowing about art theories and application, but a good teacher must also know how to impart that
information to the students. Familiarity with several different teaching strategies is also important, because not
all students learn and explore art in the same manner.
The teachers need to be able to offer interesting and challenging art practices from various expressions, from
realism to pointillism, to fully engage all of the students in the class. Being able to practice what they teach
and demonstrate it to the students are also important, so that the student will be able to respect teachers who are
able to use a variety of ways to express art effectively and creatively.
An art teacher must be enthusiastic about the subjects that they are teaching. Nothing is worse that a dull
class where the teacher simply reads off the textbook or left the students to their own devices.
A skilled teacher will balance theories and practical lessons well in order to develop their students’ full
potential. Teachers will also need to follow, improvise or come up with an activity plan for the whole semester at
least to maximize the knowledge they can pass on to the students, and the strategy they want to use to make the
oil painting lessons enjoyable.
They need to have a personal opinion on art, but at the same time are able to respect a student’s point of view
on the same matter, that might clashes with what the teacher belief in. Although the teachers are the expert in
class, good teachers will not force their ideas upon the student. Instead, they will work with the students to
explore various view and issues in the world of art fairly.
3. High expectations.
A good teacher knows that if you set the bar too low, you will only insult your talent and knowledge. Given the
different levels of skills and talents in each student of a standard art class, it is necessary to set the
expectations high enough that the students will need to work to achieve it, but not high enough to border
The teacher must make it clear that the expectation is realistic and can be realized with hard work. Goals are
formulated to measure the students’ knowledge and progress, but it can also be a good indicator of how effective
the teacher’s development plan is.
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Who is more likely to shoot you, an NRA member or a member of the Crips?
The primary difference between these two groups is culture. NRA members tend to be law-and-order types, whereas Crips (or members of any garden variety American street gang) are rather indifferent or openly hostile to laws.
It is the adherence to a social norm – in this case, obeying or not obeying the law – that influences one’s probability to act violently, which in tern means using a gun to commit unilateral violence (e.g., not self-defense). We saw this in one study that details the propensity of people in poor and crime-ridden neighborhoods to get and use guns for criminal activities.
But what cultural norms influence such behavior? We found a cross-national survey of culture and wanted to see if we could map similarities between nations concerning culture, violence and guns.
The Main Take-Aways
- Gun ownership does not corelate to homicide rates of violent crime.
- Cultural factors, ranging from mistrust to political oppression, do
- The United States situation within the inner cities mirrors some international factors associated with violence.
The World Values Survey is impressive in its goal. They ask over 290 questions of people in 59 countries ranging from Nigeria (median annual income $825) to the United States, China, Canada, and more.
In their survey we isolated 80 questions dealing with cultural beliefs that might influence violence. After testing each, we found 15 that correlated with either a high violent crime or high homicide rate, or both.
Then we added gun ownership rates to dig a bit deeper.
The areas of culture fell into many groups, but only four of them survived analysis by showing statistically significant correlation to violence in general and homicide in particular. This also reduced the number of relevant culture questions down to 15. Three of those questions, all within the classification of “close culture,” had only 15% of countries responding, though those that did produced high correlations to homicides or violent crime.
But that makes this kinda interesting. Over 37 questions mapping cultural attitudes we have 15 that may facilitate violence.
The Final 15
Now for the nitty and the gritty.
|Category of Culture||Ques-tion||Question Text||R2 Homi-cide||R2 Violent Crime|
|Close Culture||Q58||Trust of family||0.11||0.74|
|Q59||Trust your neighborhood||0.41||0.00|
|Q60||Trust people you know||0.46||0.00|
|Societal Culture||Q17||Child obedience importance||0.26||0.00|
|Q19||Neighbors of different race||0.00||0.21|
|Q22||Homosexuals as neighbors||0.02||0.28|
|Q190||Beating children is justified||0.20||0.01|
|Political Culture||Q224||Votes are fairly counted||0.29||0.00|
|Q231||Voters threatened with violence at the polls||0.34||0.00|
|Q253||Respect for individual human rights nowadays in country||0.21||0.04|
|Violence Culture||Q52||Felt unsafe from crime in your own home||0.16||0.21|
|Q69||Confidence in police||0.31||0.05|
|Q70||Confidence in courts||0.20||0.11|
|Q144||Have been a crime victim||0.36||0.23|
|Q145||Family member has been a crime victim||0.32||0.37|
|Firearm Ownership||N/A||Guns per every 100 people||0.01||0.00|
For the uninitiated, an R2 measurement shows the degree of correlation between two variables (e.g., gun ownership and homicides) in a range from 0 to 1, where zero means no correlation and one means complete correlation.
First, there is an elephant lurking in the bottom of this table, namely that for this group of countries, there is no correlation between owning guns and violence. This result is compelling because the list includes modern, democratic nations high on any socioeconomic index (USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Taiwan), low on such indices (Zimbabwe, Tajikistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Bangladesh), and places in between with their own set of circumstances (Bolivia, Colombia, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Mexico, Turkey). They all also have very, very, very different degrees of gun ownership, ranging from 1 to 68 guns for every 100 people). 1
For there to be no correlations between gun availability and either homicides or violent crime goes against many slogans by many politicians. But let’s leave professional propagandists out of this and get back to culture.
Do pay attention to the column on violent crime, but know that we could not find comprehensive and normalized data for every country. Even the UN Drug and Crime office lacked all the data points, and they try to normalize definitions for crimes across countries. The violent crime correlations are compelling but need to be taken with reservations about robustness.
That said, notice that the highest degree of correlation for homicides and violent crime are all in the “close culture” category and involve trust. “Close culture” was our designation and means that the culture dictates relations with the people you are close to – family, friends, people who live on your street.
This is compelling to the issue of American inner cities and street gangs. The study we noted above, one that mapped guns, violence and trust in poor neighborhoods, showed a general lack of trust between everybody. Lack of trust for neighbors, police, even family. The hypothesis is that a lack of trust, especially trusting the other person will not hurt you, creates a mentality of, “I’m on my own and will do whatever I must to survive”– here in America or in Ecuador, the nation with the most distrustful population.
The big caution here is that very few nations (15%) responded to the Close Culture questions, making these correlations less than robust.
Next, we see that both being exposed to violence and lacking trust in police amplify distrust, which in turn may amplify violence (we accept that high correlation between being a victim of violence and the overall violence rate is obvious). The question is whether being surrounded by a culture of violence disposes one toward violence, or at least to accept that being violent is an alternative. This certainly is at play with American street gangs, so one would expect similar inhumane responses elsewhere.
The cluster for “societal culture” may give us some answers. In this cluster, we measured how people related to others, and we see some interesting divergences. For example, America scores relatively high for not wanting homosexuals or people of a different race as neighbors (scoring 1.87 where the international median was 1.5), but had homicide and violent crime rates that were above the median, but very far below the high end.
One split may be instructive. America scored a bit above the median in thinking obedient children were important (1.8 over the median of 1.7) but low on thinking that it is justifiable for parents to beat their children (2.0, below the median of 2.6). One could interpret this to mean that Americans generally will seek disciplined children, but “spare the rod” in doing so.
The last cluster is “political culture,” where votes being counted unfairly, experiencing violence at the polls, and lacking respect for human rights correlate with more homicides but not more generalized violent crime (in each of these, America scored at or well below the median … though all USA surveys were done before the 2020 election year, so these numbers are from pre-riot days). This finding makes intuitive sense in that being politically wronged is different than both being personally wronged or resorting to general criminality. People who think the government is abusing them have a tendency to retaliate (King George was familiar with this) and a government seeking to oppress people will resort to violence when all else fails.
What to Make of This Tidy Mess?
The important pair of observations are that gun availability does not correlate with homicides or violent crime, but select cultural attitudes and realities do.
If a community lacks interpersonal trust, the members become more violent and deadly (which typifies American inner cities). Where politics is oppressive (as many in the inner cities believe it is), violence becomes more common. Where a lack of faith in courts and cops exists, homicides spike. Where intolerance thrives, so does mayhem.
The important, and quite obvious, reality is that guns only matter when the culture makes people angry, distrustful, and oppressed. Otherwise, guns (and other means) are not used.
We tested homicides and violent crime against both income and income disparity, per the Gini Index. The conclusions were interesting in that violence did not correlate with poverty but did when there was a large gap between the rich and poor.
Many Cautions About All of This
This review is not without problems and limitations, as all studies are. But you need to be aware of them, so take our conclusions from a perspective of this being “helpful insights without the desired robustness.”
- Not all countries had enough survey responses to include in the analysis.
- There were six of 825 remaining cells that lacked data, so we filled them with the average score for their region (e.g., Iran got an aggregate score for the Middle East).
- Though homicide data was available for all countries, a consistent definition for “violent crime” only allowed for one data source (the U.S. Drug and Crime office) and they lacked violent crime data for 29% of the countries, which disallowed for a deeper dive into generalized violence.
The countries that had cultural responses to the survey include:
- Hong Kong SAR, China
- Macao SAR, China
- New Zealand
- Puerto Rico
- South Korea
- Taiwan ROC
- United States of America
- We used estimates from the Small Arms Survey for consistency across nations, though their estimates for the United States differ from some American criminology guesses. ↩
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At 5'8" and around 212 lbs last time I weighed myself, I qualify as having a BMI of over 30 and that puts me in the obese category, so I have a disease! Wow. Who knew?
I find it a little odd and disturbing. And almost kind of...amusing maybe? My snarky side keeps thinking, "Do I qualify to wear a t-shirt that say 'Handi-capable'"?
I don't want to cause controversy over who pays for gym membership so I guess what I'm asking for is for people to delve deeper with the idea of what is a disease and what are the causes and how does it make you feel to have this sort of thing officially labeled a "disease" whether you qualify as "stricken" with it or not.
Disease can mean: "a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms" or it can mean "a particular quality, habit, or disposition regarded as adversely affecting a person or group of people"
And no matter how vague they are in all the zombie movies about how the pandemic of zombies starts... the "disorder of structure or function" has a cause...bacterial, viral, genetic or social.
Alcoholism is a social disease. You can't become an alcoholic if you live in a society that has no alcohol. But if you are prone to addiction and there is no alcohol, maybe you will transfer that addiction to food...or sex...or...extreme sports...or BRAAIINNNS...or whatever...
You can have cancer and it can go into remission. Can you cure obesity, or just put it into "remission" ??
We can not live in a society without food...but do we HAVE to allow companies to engineer food to appeal to that part of our brain that really can lose control and can't "just have one"
Should there be warning labels like on cigarrettes?
Where does one person's freedom end and mine begin? Rights of association come into play then. I don't keep that stuff in my house and I try to avoid people and situations that make me unhealthy....
Just thoughts to chew on...calorie free...of course.
At any rate - food for thought about what this "labeling" means for you as an individual on this journey.
I don't think I really consider obesity as a distinct disease. I think it is a symptom of myriad other issues but it is not something you "catch" or just simply develop all by itself. I can understand their reasoning behind it (to draw focus and push through more insurance support) but I think it just enables people in the end to continue on as they are, providing them that crutch of "oh, I'm obese because I have a disease" and not as a result of their lifestyle choices.
Original SW on 1/1/11 - 204.4 lbs. Original GW on 9/1/11 - 134.5 lbs Original GOAL ACHIEVED! 70 lbs. banished!
Time zone: EST +6 hours
New SW on 6/6/16 - 183.8 New GW by 12/31/16 - 135
Mind the Gap! between what we know we should do and what we actually choose to do.
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