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Faculty shutdowns to prevent the unfold of COVID-19 have afflicted 1.5 billion small children all in excess of the planet, and the disruption can be especially devastating for women, threatening to roll back decades of progress. Out-of-faculty ladies are at higher chance of gender-centered violence and extra most likely to be pushed into early marriage. Lots of ladies may perhaps by no means return to the classroom.
Since the incredibly early days of the pandemic, UNICEF has been doing work to ensure that small children get the assist they need to keep on their instruction, tailoring applications to in shape the instances. For some, that usually means distance discovering, with lessons shipped via web, radio or television. For other individuals, it suggests the cautious reopening of school rooms using pointers organized by UNICEF and partners. Beneath, 3 women share their encounters of understanding and increasing in the time of COVID-19.
When faculties closed in Kamuli District, Japanese Uganda, 13-yr-old Nanyonjo Drive Catherine (earlier mentioned) tuned in to UNICEF-supported radio lessons to continue to keep up with her math, science and English lessons. UNICEF has supplied more than 2,606,405 little ones and adolescents in Uganda with dwelling-understanding elements considering that the pandemic commenced.
Now she and her classmates can visit their college to accessibility discovering components using a MobiStation, a suitcase made up of a laptop or computer that shows digital material on Kolibri, UNICEF’s progressive studying system. A absolutely free and open resource E-understanding portal created for students in hard-to-reach places, Kolibri is uploaded with electronic classes that college students can watch on demand, with no accessing the net.
“I get time to arrive listed here soon after executing my get the job done at residence,” she claims. “When I grow up, I want to be a lawyer. I also want to sit in all those huge offices. They [will] generate me in the vehicle and choose me to decide the suspect.”
In La Paz, Bolivia, 6-calendar year-aged Ángeles (earlier mentioned) spends a ton of her time on your own at household, maintaining up with her schoolwork, and drawing and portray. She’s also maintaining up with her buddies, by the Vino Tinto municipal sports school, which moved on to Zoom during the pandemic. On the very first working day, “I was a very little nervous,” she says. “We did leaping jacks and performed Simon suggests.”
Designed to get young ones up and shifting to continue to be bodily in shape, the UNICEF-supported application also encourages children’s emotional nicely-currently being, emphasizing values that build a healthful culture: peaceful coexistence, obligation, respect for self and others.
Sports faculty has produced Ángeles sense much less isolated during quarantine, her mom states. “She is aware of that she is not by itself, and that she can experience like other kids experience,” she claims.
When educational facilities closed in South Asia, 434 million small children were shut out of their lecture rooms. Girls were being a lot more adversely influenced than boys, a lot less probably to have access to digital units, extra probably to be burdened with housework and caring for their people.
Now more mature learners are returning to class in Afghanistan, like Sahar, 17 (previously mentioned), who lives in Kandahar. But some of her close friends have not reappeared. Even prior to COVID-19, up to 85 per cent of girls in her location were being not enrolled in school.
“I hope they will occur again to university,” claims Sahar pointing to the vacant desks in which her good friends utilised to sit. “Training is incredibly important for us women, primarily right here in Afghanistan. When I improve up, I want to develop into an engineer to build Afghanistan.”
In 144 nations around the environment, UNICEF is effective to offer finding out possibilities that get ready young children and adolescents with the expertise and competencies they need to have to prosper. You should donate to assistance young children get the most effective achievable get started in existence.
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The pandemic has had a tremendous impact on streaming video usage among academic libraries: Faculty have had to transition to streaming video due to library shutdowns and health concerns, and there is a growing demand among students for films of all types. This trend is presenting significant challenges for budget-strapped libraries who want to make streaming video widely available but generally can’t afford to offer films for use beyond the classroom.
To better understand how academic libraries are changing their streaming video acquisition strategies in light of Covid, as well as identify challenges and trends, Kanopy conducted an informal survey in Fall 2020. More than 800 librarians from various types of academic institutions participated.
To receive your complimentary copy of the Streaming Video Trends in Academic Libraries White Paper, please complete the form below:
Kanopy partners with libraries and filmmakers around the globe to give patrons, students, and faculty free access to high-quality films that stimulate imagination, promote learning and spark meaningful conversations. Many films on Kanopy, including from iconic film companies such as A24, Criterion Collection, Paramount, PBS, and Kino Lorber, are unavailable elsewhere. The Kanopy app is available on iOS and Android along with all major streaming devices, including Roku, Apple TV, iOS, Android, Android TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Samsung Smart TV, Chromecast, and Roku. For more information, please visit www.kanopy.com.
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History of the Ross County v Greenock Morton fixture
Greenock Morton face a trip to Ross County at Victoria Park on Tuesday evening, needing to turn around their fortunes at the ground. The 'Ton will be hoping to improve upon a record which has seen them lose 8 and win only 2 of the 13 games.
The most recent encounter between these two sides was earlier this season, when they played out a goalless draw in a Scottish Division One match.
Recent encounters between the teams
|2011/2012||Sat 29 Oct||Morton||0 - 2||Ross County||Scottish Division One|
|2011/2012||Sat 06 Aug||Ross County||0-0||Morton||Scottish Division One|
|2010/2011||Sat 26 Mar||Ross County||2 - 0||Morton||Scottish Division One|
|2010/2011||Sat 29 Jan||Morton||2 - 1||Ross County||Scottish Division One|
|2010/2011||Tue 14 Dec||Ross County||2 - 2||Morton||Scottish Division One|
|2010/2011||Sat 25 Sep||Morton||0 - 0||Ross County||Scottish Division One|
|2010/2011||Tue 10 Aug||Ross County||3 - 1||Morton||Scottish Challenge Cup|
For a detailed analysis of the complete head-to-head record between the two sides, click here
Recent respective form guides
Ross County have been playing quite well at home, winning 3, drawing 2, and losing just 1. In this time, County have rattled up an impressive 17 goals, and conceded 6.
The 'Ton have had a decent run of form away from home recently, coming away with three points on 3 occasions, but drawing 1 and losing 2. While the 'Ton have hit 6 goals, 10 have hit the back of the wrong net.
Ross County are leading the way in the Irn Bru Scottish Division One, with their 21 games giving them a return of 42 points.
Greenock Morton's 31 points from 23 games sees them lie inside the top half of the table, in 5th position.
Current overall team form
For a detailed analysis of current team form guides in this or any division, click here
FootyMad's prediction ...
This is a game in which both sides are showing indifferent form, so the Madmen are expecting the 'Ton to come away from it with a creditable draw. No-score draw
|Ross County||Failed to win in previous 2 home matches.
Not won in the 4 most recent games.
|Greenock Morton||4 games since last defeat.
For a detailed analysis of current team sequences throughout the leagues, click here
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Creator: Clement, J. K.; Adams, L. H. & Haskins, C. N.
Description: From Introduction Scope and Purpose of Inquiry: "The Bureau of Mines, to which the testing and analyzing of fuels as carried on by the United States Geographical Survey has been transferred, is continuing producer-gas investigations at the testing station at Pittsburgh, Pa. Results of the gas-producer tests made at the coal-testing plant erected at St.Louis, Mo., and of a study of some of the problems that came up in the tests have been published by Geological Survey. Results of the tests made at Norfolk, Va., and Pittsburgh, Pa. and of further studies of particular problems, will be published by the Bureau of Mines."
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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COUNCIL APPROVES EMERGENCY COD MEASURES
The New England Fisheries Council voted to take an emergency temporary step to avoid the disastrous cuts in the Gulf of Maine cod catch this year. However, even if this temporary action is approved by Washington, there will still be significant catch reductions in the number of cod fish catch that some say will put them out of business. The council recommended a 12 to 22 percent reduction in what fishermen were allowed to catch in the 2011 fishing year. If the council’s emergency step is vetoed by Washington, then a 90 percent cut in the cod catch would go into effect on May 1st, destroying inshore fishing businesses from the tip of Cape Cod to northern Maine. The council’s temporary action would allow NOAA enough time to do another stock assessment to see if there were errors in their 2011 assessment. In 2005 and 2008, NOAA considered the Gulf of Maine cod fish a fishery management success story, with the fish healthy and growing.
CLAIMS OF FINDING 3 BILLION DOLLAR SHIPWRECK MADE
Greg Brooks of Gorham, Maine claims he has found the wreck of a World War II merchant ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat off Cape Cod with a load of platinum now valued at $3 billion. If his claim is true, it might be the richest treasure ever found at the bottom of the sea. The wreck, which lies in 700 feet of water 50 miles off Cape Cod, is that of a British vessel named the Port Nicholson. When it was torpedoed, it was going from Nova Scotia to New York supposedly carrying 71 tons of platinum. The platinum was intended as payment from the Soviet Union to the United States for military supplies. Brooks claims he found the wreck three years ago but waited until a federal court judge awarded him the salvage rights.
LOANS AVAILABLE TO HELP MASSACHUSETTS FISHERMEN
The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries is launching a loan fund to help commercial fishermen adjust to the new European style of fishing called “catch shares” that has been mandated by the Obama administration. A million dollars is now available to loan to small owner operated fishing businesses, so that they may lease or buy catch shares from other fishermen. The loan is supposed to help them to compete with the larger corporations that are buying catch shares. One fisherman said, “the government passes a law that financially cripples fishermen, and then loans them money to bail them out. Why not simply kill the law that is killing our jobs?”
MAINE LOBSTERMEN SET ANOTHER RECORD IN 2011
Another record was set by Maine lobstermen, despite the federal government’s claims made each year for the past 10 years that Maine lobster population was on the verge of collapse. For the first time ever, Maine’s lobster catch exceeded 100 million pounds in 2011 according to the Maine Department of Marine Resources. That beats the 2010 record of 94.7 million pounds valued at more than 313 million dollars. Lobster represents around 70 percent of Maine’s seafood catch in terms of value.
MASSACHUSETTS WANTS TO “BRAND” ITS SEAFOOD
Massachusetts officials are now examining ways to better promote seafood caught in Massachusetts waters and combat perceptions that the fish stocks are depleted. The Seafood Marketing Commission, a group comprised of state officials, restaurant leaders, and commercial fishermen want to brand Massachusetts seafood — the way Maine does with lobster and Alaska does with salmon. State Representative Jim Cantwell from Marshfield has supported this idea for years. State Senator Bruce Tarr said that Massachusetts should be telling the story of how sustainable our fish are and how important fishing is to the local economy. Many believe the best tasting fish in the world comes from the saltwater surrounding Massachusetts.
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP BUYS AD ON SUPER BOWL
The environmental group known as SeaWeb has partnered with NBC to raise enough money to buy a television ad on today’s Super Bowl. However, the ad will be shown only on the West Coast. Producers of the ad said their message will “shock” millions of people, opening their eyes to the environmental challenges facing the ocean. On the other hand, it will also show how people rely upon the ocean for food, recreation, and jobs.
LAST PERSON RESCUED FROM ITALIAN SHIP TELLS STORY
The last person to be rescued from the Costa Concordia shipwreck off the coast of Italy was a crewmember who stayed behind to help passengers off the ship and into lifeboats. As the ship rolled over, he became trapped in the galley with a broken leg. He could see nearby rescue members through a window, but they couldn’t hear his screams. He was able to reach a couple of frying pans and started banging the walls with them. This noise caught a fireman’s attention and he was saved as the ship was filling with water. He was able to keep his head above the water by balancing on his good leg “like a flamingo” atop some floating tables and chairs. He also said that he was able to eat a panino sandwich and grabbed a Coca-Cola drink floating by in the water during his 36 hour ordeal. When a bottle of Cognac came floating by, he grabbed that as well and sipped it to relieve his pain. The 56 year old crew man said despite his ordeal, he couldn’t wait to get back to work on another cruise ship.
145 WATERSKIERS TOWED BEHIND BOAT SETS RECORD
And last on today’s nautical news, a new world’s record was just set for the most water skiers being towed by a single vessel. It happened down under off the coast of Tasmania in Australia. A commuter boat similar to the Harbor Express pulled 145 water skiers behind it for one nautical mile. Its twin 1,550-horsepower engines took 25 seconds to pull everyone up out of the water. The 145 water skiers, who ranged in age from 12 to 60, were required to stay upright for the mile to qualify for the record. A link to this story with unbelievable pictures can be seen on our web page, NauticalTalk.com.
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Wilmington, DE -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/07/2012 -- “U.S. software and technology companies will save $21 billion a year by 2008 through hiring workers in India and other low-cost nations, adding $124 billion to the U.S. economy, an industry-funded study forecast.The cost savings will cut U.S. inflation, increase productivity, boost wages and create 317,367 new jobs over the next five years, according to a study funded by the Information Technology Association of America, which is based in Arlington, Virginia, and represents 500 companies such as AT&T Corp., Amazon.com Inc. and International Business Machines Corp.” ('US Firms To Save From Outsourcing', Bloomberg News Service)
Outsourcing may have come in for a lot of flak from anti-outsourcing lobbies in the US, but the fact of the matter is that outsourcing has in fact been the one bailout option that has saved many US companies from going totally bankrupt. During and post-recession, what outsourcing did was to actually help save jobs, help companies that were already reeling under the financial onslaught save several hundred dollars and actually create fresh opportunities. It sounds unbelievable, and even fantastic, but it is nevertheless the truth.
Cut to the recession that brought world economies to their knees in 2008. As the disbelief subsided and gave way to shock and then panic, it was outsourcing that saved the day for scores of big and small companies across the US. It is true that recession did bring closure to many firms, many departments, handed the pink slip to thousands of Americans – but that backlash had to happen. Outsourcing stalled further decline into a deeper abyss of financial gloom.
“According to research data, more than 400,000 U.S. jobs had moved abroad and the total is estimated to hit 3.3 million by 2015. That’s just above 200,000 jobs lost every year to global outsourcing, a trivial problem in the context of the normal churn of the U.S. economy, where about 7 million jobs were gained and lost in each of the previous four quarters”. (How Outsourcing Affects the US Economy! By Hasan in dirjournal.com)
When US companies outsource, they benefit from:
1.Cheap, imported talent and skilled professionals
2.Substantial cost savings on infrastructure
3.Substantial cost savings on hardware, software and technology
4.Freeing their company's manpower and resources to be better utilized in strengthening their core functions
5.Not having to invest in extra office space, office rent, accounts and HR
6.Retaining a competitive edge over their rivals because of increased efficiency and lowered operational costs
7.Freedom from government regulations, red tape, employment taxes and insurance and unexpected lawsuits in the event of unlawful (perceived) termination of employee services
8.Distribution of risk. When a company outsources certain functions, the risks associated with that function are also outsourced as a natural course of events to the service provider who has expertise in that particular function (example, payroll processing)
During the recession, companies in the US that could have gone under or were faced with the unpleasant task of laying off their employees, managed to steer clear off that decision by outsourcing low-end jobs (data entry, payroll processing, customer service) to low-costing but skilled professionals from Third World countries like India. Since labour costs are substantially lower in Asian countries, US companies stood to gain a whopping 60 percent savings in costs. What this resulted in was that the money saved was then poured back into keeping the company afloat. In other words, jobs that could have been laid off were not.
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| Read |
The sneaky little sibling of plastic pollution, microplastics are microscopic particles of plastic that are found in everything from clothes to sponges. Until now, they've been nearly impossible to remove from our waterways due to their tiny size. But a 100% natural, plant-based solution is on the horizon...
| Watch |
A small campaign that's turned global, Plastic-Free July is a month-long event that works to reduce our reliance on single-use plastics. Here's how it works, and how you can get involved personally, in your community, and even digitally.
| Do |
Want to reduce your reliance on plastic, but not sure where to start? The My Little Plastic Footprint app can help. This handy tool will help you pinpoint the most plastic-reliant parts of your life. Then, it'll suggest sustainable, plastic-free alternatives. Need something new? Use this sustainable online marketplace to find a plastic-free swap.
Get Ready For A Month Of Plastic-Free Swaps
This month, we're celebrating Plastic-Free July by sharing the facts about some less-talked-about daily use items that are overdue for a better solution.
From The Blog...
Why Non-Toxic Cookware Is Essential For A Healthy Kitchen
Nonstick and non-toxic cookware may sound similar, but there can be a big (and potentially dangerous) difference between the two. Here’s why you shouldn’t wait to find out which type of pans are in your cabinets.
10 Surprising Benefits Of A Bamboo Cutting Board
Did you know that bamboo is more sanitary than plastic? Read on to find out just why this is one item you'll never want to take off your countertop.
One Last Bit Of Good News...
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Experts like to talk about how often people change careers in their lifetimes. This figure usually ranges from three and seven times. Changing careers becomes more difficult, but not impossible, as you get older because your responsibilities typically increase with age. You might not have as many responsibilities at age 25 as you might have when you are 40.
Here are some tips for you to navigate changes in your work life.
How to Change Careers
Maybe you lost your job, or you may need to change to a career that better fits your family's needs. Now might be a good time to look at your options. You may decide to:
- Get more training to make yourself more marketable.
- Find a new job that uses similar skills and knowledge to your previous jobs. These are called transferable skills. Your skills might qualify you for jobs that pay more or have other benefits you want. This may require additional training.
- Discover jobs in different industries. Explore in-demand careers to find jobs you may not have considered.
First Step … Stop! Make a Plan.
Before you make a plan, it's important to understand the difference between a “job” and a “career.” A paycheck is essential to most families; your job is how you earn that paycheck.
Your career is the journey that encompasses all your jobs, experiences, and training. A career plan helps you create and achieve long-term goals. For example, you may need to start working at a job you don't like to earn a paycheck or gain experience. Planning will help you continue moving towards jobs you want over time.
Follow each of the steps below to create your plan.
When making career goals, think about which jobs will pay enough to meet your needs.
- Cost of Living
In Minnesota, a typical three-person family with two adults working a combined 60 hours a week needs to make an hourly wage of $18.20 each to meet their family’s basic needs.
Use the Cost of Living tool to see the hourly wage needed for your family. The amount changes depending on where you live in the state.
- Match Your Cost of Living to Careers
Use the Reality Check Tool to explore which careers and education choices meet your financial needs. Add all of your living expenses to find out how much money you need to live the life you want.
You can also use the salary finder to better understand what different types of careers will pay.
Assessments help you discover careers that fit your personality best. Use the tools below to explore which careers match your unique skills, interests, and work values.
- Skills Matcher
This Skills Matcher lets you rate yourself on different skill sets to see which occupations match your abilities.
- CareerOneStop Interest Assessment
You will be more engaged and successful in a career that matches your interests. Answer questions about what you like and dislike to see which jobs you are more likely to enjoy.
- Work Values Assessment
Spend time thinking about what is important to you. Do you need support in your work environment? Value independence? Or is a specific work environment important to you? Use this assessment to explore what your work values are and find related careers.
If you have not already done so, make sure you know which careers are available where you want to live. Learn about in-demand careers.
Once you decide the career and salary you want, break down your goal into small steps that are SMART. SMART goals are:
S = Specific
M = Measurable
A = Achievable
R = Realistic
T = Time-based
- Specific: Specific means the goal is precise and detailed. Instead of: "I want to get better at typing," a more specific goal would be: "I'm going to practice typing for an hour twice a week."
- Measurable: Measurable means you can see if you have achieved a goal. Instead of: "I want to get better at typing," a measurable goal would be: "I will be able to type 40 words per minute by October 10."
- Achievable: Achievable means that you can accomplish the step you have set out to do. Instead of: “I'm going to get hired by Friday," an achievable goal would be: “I’m going to submit a resume and cover letter to an employer every day this week.”
- Realistic: Realistic means it's possible to do the task within a fixed amount of time. Instead of: “I’m going to apply for 15 jobs online every day,” a realistic goal would be: “I’m going to apply for one job every day.”
- Time-based: Time-based means the goal is not open-ended, but there is a timeframe. Instead of: “I’m going to write a resume and a cover letter,” a time-based goal would be: “I’m going to attend a resume workshop on Friday.” or “I’m going to finish writing my resume by next week.”
Learn more about goal setting.
Source: Worker Hourly Wage – Minnesota DEED, Labor Market Information, 2019
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Cold Spring: A Diary
by Roger Snell
|These poems and line drawings detail
one month in spring at the end of the 20th century. In an era of dot coms
and accelerating bandwidths, these poems guide attention to the urban animals
who survive oil-slick streets to inhabit the poet's imagination.
A spring night.
Lighting the candle.
I went out and swept the garden.
The cats kept on sleeping.
A mad woman was out there
in the street,
in the spring night.
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Drax has announced it will withdraw as a partner of a £1 billion carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in the UK when it is completed.
The two-year White Rose CCS project is being developed by the Capture Power partnership, which is made up of Drax, Alstom and BOC.
It is looking at the potential to capture up to 90% of carbon emissions from a new coal-fired power station and store them safely beneath the North Sea.
Drax said it would not commit to further investment after the project ends in the next six to 12 months.
Pete Emery, Drax Group Operations Director and Capture Power Board Director said: “We remain fully committed to completing what we’ve signed up to – the completion of a study into the feasibility and development of world leading technology that could result in dramatic reductions in carbon emissions produced by power stations and heavy industry.
“We are confident the technology we have developed has real potential but have reluctantly taken a decision not to invest any further in the development of this project. The decision is based purely on a drastically different financial and regulatory environment and we must put the interests of the business and our shareholders first.”
Earlier this year Drax saw its shares plunge following the UK Government’s decision to scrap the Climate Change Levy exemption for renewable electricity.
It started legal proceedings against the government for not providing enough notice when it made the announcement.
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|
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| 0.968571
| 297
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Colony care involves much more than simply feeding cats. It is a daily, year-long responsibility that involves trapping, neutering, vaccinating, and releasing the cats into an environment that will improve the quality of their lives. Cats need shelter and a safe place to eat on a predictable schedule. They need to be monitored to assess the health of the colony. There are some basic guidelines to assist in this worthy endeavor.
Maintain a regular, timed feeding schedule – Do not leave any food out for more than 30 minutes, unless the animals are locked in a shelter overnight. Leaving food out for longer periods attracts wildlife, which can cause problems for you, your neighbors, the cats, and the wildlife itself. If your cats are sheltered overnight in a closed environment such as a garage, food can be left with them until morning – just like you would in your home.
Provide Shelters – Many caregivers use a garage or shed to shelter these animals. Some caregivers keep the shelter door slightly open 24/7, have a cat door, or lock the felines inside these shelters at night. Others have great success by providing outdoor shelters – either commercially available or of the do-it-yourself variety. There is no one right way to provide shelter. But you must do it. Animals will begin to recognize their “shelters” as a place of safety and are less likely to cause neighbor problems. There are many tips available on our website to help keep your cats cozy during the winter and comfortable during the summer.
Remember Litterboxes – No one wants a cat “digging” in their yard. It is your responsibility to provide litter boxes placed in a discreet location on your property or in a shelter like a garage. Obviously, keep the litter boxes clean. Trust us, community cats love litter boxes!
Maintain Records – Make sure you monitor the ongoing health of each cat in your colony. Keep all vet records. If another cat should show up and has not been sterilized and vaccinated, call us.
Be a Good Neighbor – This is one of the most important aspects of colony management. Not everyone is an animal lover, but most people can be tolerant. It is up to you to make all reasonable efforts to ensure these cats do not cause neighborhood issues. Therefore, keep your yard and shelters clean and inviting, that way your yard and shelters are the place where the cats want to be!In Your Absence – Provide a replacement caretaker during your absence.
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All Souls' Day
|All Souls' Day|
All Souls' Day by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
|Also called||Feast of All Souls; Defuncts' Day; Day of Remembrance; Commemoration of the Faithful Departed|
|Observed by||Roman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodox Church
various Anglican and Protestant denominations
|Liturgical Color||Violet/purple or, where customary, black|
|Significance||For the souls of all good who have passed|
|Observances||Prayer for the departed, visits to cemeteries, special meals|
|Date||(West) 2 (or 3) November
(East) Several times during the year
|Related to||Saturday of Souls, Thursday of the Dead, Day of the Dead, Halloween, All Saints' Day, Samhain, Totensonntag, Blue Christmas|
In Christianity, All Souls' Day commemorates the faithful departed, in particular (but not exclusively) one's relatives. In Western Christianity the annual celebration is now held on 2 November and is associated with the three days of Allhallowtide, including All Saints' Day (1 November) and its vigil, Halloween (31 October). In the liturgical books of the western Catholic Church (the Latin Church) it is called the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (Latin: Commemoratio omnium Fidelium Defunctorum), and is celebrated annually on 2 November. In the ordinary form and Divine Worship form of the Roman Rite, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday; in the extraordinary form, it is transferred to Monday, 3 November. On this day in particular, Catholics pray for the dead. In Anglicanism it is called Commemoration of All Faithful Departed and is an optional celebration; Anglicans view All Souls' Day as an extension of the observance of All Saints' Day and it serves to "remember those who have died", in connection with the theological doctrines of the resurrection of the body and the Communion of Saints. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the associated Eastern Catholic Churches, it is celebrated several times during the year and is not associated with the month of November.
Beliefs and practices associated with All Souls' Day vary widely among Christian churches and denominations.
Byzantine (Greek) Catholic and the Eastern Orthodoxy
Among Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine (Greek) Catholics, there are several All Souls' Days during the year. Most of these fall on Saturday, since Jesus lay in the Tomb on Holy Saturday. They occur on the following occasions:
- The Saturday of Meatfare Week (the second Saturday before Great Lent)—the day before the Sunday of the Last Judgement
- The second Saturday of Great Lent
- The third Saturday of Great Lent
- The fourth Saturday of Great Lent
- Radonitsa (Monday or Tuesday after Thomas Sunday)
- The Saturday before Pentecost
- Demetrius Saturday (the Saturday before the feast of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki—26 October) (In all of the Orthodox Church there is a commemoration of the dead on the Saturday before the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel—8 November, instead of the Demetrius Soul Saturday)
In Slavic and Greek Churches, all of the Lenten Soul Saturdays are typically observed. In some of the Churches of the Eastern Mediterranean, Meatfare Saturday, Radonitsa and the Saturday before Pentecost are typically observed.
In addition to the Sundays mentioned above, Saturdays throughout the year are days for general commemoration of all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the Octoechos, unless some greater feast or saint's commemoration occurs.
East Syriac Tradition
East Syriac churches including the Syro Malabar Church and Chaldean Catholic Church commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of Epiphany(which means Friday just before start of Great Lent). The season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. And on each Fridays of season of Epiphany the church remembers some important figures in the evangelism.
Apart from this In Syro Malabar Church Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful. Here the parish remembers the activities of forefathers who worked for the parish and faithful. They also request the intercession of all departed for the faithful celebration of parish festival.
In east Syriac liturgy the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Fridays throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday.
Prayer for the dead is a documented practice in Judaism and Christianity. The setting aside of a particular day for praying not for certain named individuals but for whole classes of the departed or for the dead in general cannot be traced to the earliest Christian centuries, but was well established by the end of the first millennium. Prayers for the deceased members of Benedictine monasteries were offered in the week after Pentecost and the practice of praying for the dead at a date near Pentecost was also followed in Spain in the 7th century. Other dates chosen were Epiphany and the anniversary of the death of some well-known saint, as shown by evidence from the beginning of the 9th century. By about 980, 1 October was an established date in Germany. The 11th century saw the introduction of a liturgical commemoration in diocesan calendars. In Milan the date was 16 October until changed in the second half of the 16th century to 2 November. This date, the day after All Saints' Day, was that which Saint Odilo of Cluny chose in the 11th century for all the monasteries dependent on the Abbey of Cluny. From these the 2 November custom spread to other Benedictine monasteries and thence to the Western Church in general.
In the Roman Rite as revised in 1969, if 2 November falls on a Sunday, the Mass is of All Souls, but the Liturgy of the Hours is that of the Sunday. However, public celebration of Lauds and Vespers of the Dead with the people participating is permitted. A Sunday celebration of All Souls' Day is not anticipated on Saturday evening, as are a Sunday Mass and that of a solemnity or feast of the Lord that replaces a Sunday. In countries where All Saints' Day is not a holy day of obligation attendance at an evening Mass of All Saints on Saturday 1 November satisfies the Sunday obligation. In every country, the formula of the Mass on that Saturday evening is that of the solemnity of All Saints, which outranks the Sunday of Ordinary Time whose Mass would normally be celebrated on that evening. However, in 2014, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops decided that for that year the Saturday evening (Sunday vigil) Mass in that country was to be that of All Souls.
In England and Wales, where holy days of obligation that fall on a Saturday are transferred to the following day, if 2 November is a Sunday, the solemnity of All Saints is transferred to that date, and All Souls Day is transferred to 3 November. In pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite, still observed by some, if All Souls Day falls on a Sunday, it is always transferred to 3 November.
In Divine Worship: The Missal the minor propers (Introit, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion) are those used for Renaissance and Classical musical requiem settings, including the Dies Irae. This permits the performance of traditional requiem settings in the context of the Divine Worship Form of the Roman Rite on All Souls Day as well as at funerals, votive celebrations of all faithful departed, and anniversaries of deaths.
In the Anglican Communion, All Souls' Day is known liturgically as the Commemoration of All Faithful Departed, and is an optional observance seen as "an extension of All Saints' Day", the latter of which marks the second day of Allhallowtide. Historically and at present, several Anglican churches are dedicated to All Souls. During the English Reformation, the observance of All Souls' Day lapsed, although a new Anglican theological understanding of the day has "led to a widespread acceptance of this commemoration among Anglicans". Patricia Bays, with regard to the Anglican view of All Souls' Day, wrote that:
All Souls Day (November 2) is a time when we particularly remember those who have died. The prayers appointed for that day remind us that we are joined with the Communion of Saints, that great group of Christians who have finished their earthly life and with who we share the hope of resurrection from the dead.
As such, Anglican parishes "now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration", in keeping with this fresh perspective. Contributing to the revival was the need "to help Anglicans mourn the deaths of millions of soldiers in World War I". Members of the Guild of All Souls, an Anglican devotional society founded in 1873, "are encouraged to pray for the dying and the dead, to participate in a requiem of All Souls' Day and say a Litany of the Faithful Departed at least once a month".
At the Reformation the celebration of All Souls' Day was fused with All Saints' Day in the Church of England,[dubious ] though it was renewed individually in certain churches in connection with the Oxford Movement of the 19th century.[dubious ] The observance was officially made prominent with the publication of the 1980 Alternative Service Book, and it features in Common Worship as a Lesser Festival called "Commemoration of the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)".
Among continental Protestants its tradition has been more tenaciously maintained. During Luther's lifetime, All Souls' Day was widely observed in Saxony although the Roman Catholic meaning of the day was discarded; ecclesiastically in the Lutheran Church, the day was merged with, and is often seen as an extension of All Saints' Day, with many Lutherans still visiting and decorating graves on all the days of Allhallowtide, including All Souls' Day. Just as it is the custom of French people, of all ranks and creeds, to decorate the graves of their dead on the jour des morts, so German, Polish and Hungarian people stream to the graveyards once a year with offerings of flowers and special grave lights (see the picture). Among Czech people the custom of visiting and tidying graves of relatives on the day is quite common. In 1816, Prussia introduced a new date for the remembrance of the Dead among its Lutheran citizens: Totensonntag, the last Sunday before Advent. This custom was later also adopted by the non-Prussian Lutherans in Germany, but it has not spread much beyond the Protestant areas of Germany.
In the Methodist Church, saints refer to all Christians and therefore, on All Saint's Day, the Church Universal, as well as the deceased members of a local congregation are honoured and remembered. In Methodist congregations that celebrate the liturgy on All Souls Day, the observance, as with Anglicanism and Lutheranism, is viewed as an extension of All Saints' Day and as such, Methodists "remember our loved ones who had died" in their observance of this feast.
Origins, practices and purposes
Some believe that the origins of All Souls' Day in European folklore and folk belief are related to customs of ancestor veneration practiced worldwide, through events such as, in India Pitru Paksha, the Chinese Ghost Festival, the Japanese Bon Festival. The Roman custom was that of the Lemuria.
The formal commemoration of the saints and martyrs (All Saints' Day) existed in the early Christian church since its legalization, and alongside that developed a day for commemoration of all the dead (All Souls' Day). The modern date of All Souls' Day was first popularized in the early eleventh century after Abbot Odilo established it as a day for the monks of Cluny and associated monasteries to pray for the souls in purgatory.
Many of these European traditions reflect the dogma of purgatory. For example, ringing bells for the dead was believed to comfort them in their cleansing there, while the sharing of soul cakes with the poor helped to buy the dead a bit of respite from the suffering of purgatory. In the same way, lighting candles was meant to kindle a light for the dead souls languishing in the darkness. Out of this grew the traditions of "going souling" and the baking of special types of bread or cakes.
In Tirol, cakes are left for them on the table and the room kept warm for their comfort. In Brittany, people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded, at the graves of their loved ones, and to anoint the hollow of the tombstone with holy water or to pour libations of milk on it. At bedtime, the supper is left on the table for the souls.
In Bolivia, many people believe that the dead eat the food that is left out for them. In Brazil people attend a Mass or visit the cemetery taking flowers to decorate their relatives' grave, but no food is involved.
In Malta many people make pilgrimages to graveyards, not just to visit the graves of their dead relatives, but to experience the special day in all its significance. Visits are not restricted to this day alone. During the month of November, Malta's cemeteries are frequented by families of the departed. Mass is also said throughout the month, with certain Catholic parishes organising special events at cemetery chapels.
- General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 346
- Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780192802903.
All Souls' Day. The commemoration of the souls of the faithful departed on 2 Nov., the day following All Saints' Day.
- Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9780879739102.
All Souls' Day: The annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, November 2.
- Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 1565543467. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
The Church brought its saints' celebrations to every new land it conquered. The celebrations on the eve of All Saints, All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day (the three were referred to as Hallowmas) spread throughout Europe. From the British Isles to France to Poland and Italy, the religious remembrance of the ancestral dead became an annual celebration of major importance.
- Roman Missal, "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed", and "Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar", 59
- Divine Worship: The Missal, "Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls)", p.871
- Missale Romanum 1962, Rubricæ generales, "De dierum liturgicorum occurentia accidentali eorumque translatione", 96b
- Bregman, Lucy (2010). Religion, Death, and Dying. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. ISBN 9780313351808.
The church also determined to observe November 2 as All Souls' Day, when Catholics pray for the souls of all who had died.
- Bays, Patricia; Hancock, Carol L. (2012). This Anglican Church of Ours. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. p. 128. ISBN 9781770644397.
- Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 0898692113. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of. This optional observance is an extension of All Saints' Day. While All Saints' is to remember all the saints, popular piety felt the need to distinguish between outstanding saints and those who are unknown in the wider fellowship of the church, especially family members and friends. It is also known as All Souls' Day. Many churches now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration."
- ""Commemoration of the Departed Faithful"". Nasrani Foundation.
- "Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar 2016" (PDF).
- "Edward McNamara, "All Souls' Commemoration"". ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- Mershman 1907.
- Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar, "Table of Liturgical Days"]
- "Edward McNamara, "All Souls' Day and the Vigil Mass"". ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- "Enchiridion Indulgentiarum" (in Latin) (16 iulii 1999 - Quarta editio ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1999. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010.
- Divine Worship: The Missal, pp.871-875 & pp.1024-1032
- Dickison, Scott (22 October 2014). "Recovering Allhallowtide". Baptist News Global. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Within the greater tradition of the church, All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’/Saints’ Day are actually the first two days of "Allhallowtide", with "All Souls' Day" being the final holiday of this three-day "season".
- Michno, Dennis G. (1 July 1998). A Priest's Handbook: The Ceremonies of the Church, Third Edition. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 160. ISBN 9780819225047.
Though the observance of this day was abolished at the Reformation because of abuses connected with Masses for the dead, a renewed understanding of its meaning has led to a widespread acceptance of this commemoration among Anglicans, and to its inclusion as an optional observance in the calendar of the Episcopal Church.
- Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 9780898697018.
Many churches now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration.
- English, June (2004). Anglican Young People's Dictionary. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 9780819219855.
- Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1 January 2000). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 232. ISBN 9780898692112.
- Isaacs, Linda A. (6 November 2011). "St. Paul's Lutheran Church of Wurtemburg". St. Paul's Lutheran Church of Wurtemburg. Evangelical Lutheran Conference & Ministerium of North America.
In fact, the Lutheran tradition lumps "All Saints Day" and "All Souls Day" together because we believe that we are all saints through our faith!
- Venbrux, Eric; Quartier, Thomas; Venhorst, Claudia; Mathijssen, Brenda (2013-01-12). Changing European Death Ways. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 183. ISBN 9783643900678.
The way in which graveyards in Denmark are looked after suggests that they are deemed important. ... they are in the hands of the Lutheran church ... Furthermore, special attention to the graves is paid by decorating them in the month of Christmas, at Easter and on All Souls' day. Aagedal (2010) writes that folk-church religiosity in Norway is best understood by looking at the burning of candles on graves.
- Anonymous 1911.
- Laura Huff Hileman (2003). "What is All Saint's Day?". The Upper Room (United Methodist Church). Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Saints are just people who are trying to listen to God's word and live God's call. This is "the communion of saints" that we speak of in the Apostle's Creed -- that fellowship of believers that reaches beyond time and place, even beyond death. Remembering the saints who have helped extend and enliven God's kingdom is what All Saints Day is about.
- The Rev. J. Richard Peck (2011). "Do United Methodists believe in saints?". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
We also recognize and celebrate All Saints' Day (Nov. 1) and "all the saints who from their labors rest". United Methodists call people "saints" because they exemplified the Christian life. In this sense, every Christian can be considered a saint.
- Sherwood, Colin. "All Souls Day Service -". St Andrew`s Methodist Church. Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
During our All Souls Day Service on 2nd. November, as we remembered our loved ones who had died, some recently and other longer ago, candles were lit in memory of them and placed on a cairn built in front of the pulpit.
- Kristin Norget (2006). Days of Death, Days of Life: Ritual in the Popular Culture of Oaxaca. Columbia University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-0-231-13689-1. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- Ovid. Fasti. p. V 419ff.
- Medieval Histories 2012: 11:1 http://medievalhistories.com/wp-content/uploads/medievalhistories-november1.pdf
- From sleevenotes, Triton Trombone Quartet: "German Trombone Music"; BIS-CD-644
- Mershman, Francis (1907). "All Souls' Day". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Anonymous (1911). "All Souls' Day". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: All Souls' Day|
- All Souls' Day at NetGlimse.com
- American Catholic: Feast of All Souls
- "Saturday before Pentecost" (PDF). (17.1 KB) Notes on Russian Orthodox observance by N. Bulgakov
- "Saturday of Meatfare Week" (PDF). (13.9 KB) N. Bulgakov
- Photos of All Souls' Day, Calcutta
- Notes on the medieval history of All Saints and All Souls, and traditions like souling and the distribution of soul cakes in Europe
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The world of Digital Photography is exploding right now and has been for quite some time. The quality and availability of incredible equipment including camera bodies, lenses, flash gear, tripods, video devices, accesories, software, etc is just incredible. Never has there been a time where a person jumping into Photography has had such great access to gear that can have them creating professional level images in such a short time.
There are so many sources to educate yourself on the entire craft from the point of capturing an image to final output whether that is a dazzling image displayed on computers or mobile devices to be shared to thousands online or printed out as a large piece of artwork for your home or office or to be sold to someone else for that same reason.
Below is a list of some of the important DO’s and DON’Ts of today’s wonderful world of Digital Photography.
1 DO Learn To Shoot In Manual Mode!
This may seem obvious but many skip over the very basics of what makes a great image – Good light and good composition. But capturing this, even when available, is not done correctly without knowing the bare bones basics of photography and that is the EXPOSURE TRIANGLE. Aperture, Shutter Speed and ISO all working together to get the proper exposure for your creative ideas.
ImprovePhotographyPlus has a great resource in PhotographyStart. It has all the needed info and details to get you up and running with the true basics of photography split up into over 20 very digestible videos. It doesn’t matter if it is 2016 or 1985, the Exposure Triangle is the same as it has always been. The one difference is then FILM was rated ASA rather than todays ISO which is the “INPUT GAIN” or sensitivity of todays amazing digital sensors.
Modern cameras have very good AUTO and AUTO assist modes. AUTO mode is fine for the newbie who just wants a greater resolution image than a cell phone and one with better contrast, colors and sharpness. The mobile phones of today are AMAZING at what they do in terms of the camera but, as physics will always win, size does matter in this case. The larger sensors and better optics make even the best phones no match versus even the most basic DSLR or Mirrorless cameras.
You’ve made an investment in a piece of gear probably because you’ve seen all the fancy images online posted by those you may know with nice cameras and you want to be able to create that same type of stunning work.
There is nothing that will get you making the images YOU want more quickly than learning the Exposure Triangle and practicing using the things you learn. For instance, Astro Photography just isn’t possible using any auto mode (AUTO, APERTURE PRIORITY, SHUTTER PRIORITY). You will need to learn how Aperture, Shutter Speed and ISO all interact with one another. Even when shooting in other modes, such as Aperture Priority, it is of tremendous help to first learn manual so that the other modes totally make sense to you. Depth of field is either shallow or deep depending on your aperture setting. Change that, and the light that comes in changes. Now you have to alter your shutter speed! But ooops! Now your shutter speed is too slow for holding hand held or for the action you’re trying to capture! But have no fear, we can now boost the ISO to get the exposure that we want! But now we add some noise! Argh!
EXPOSURE is the key thing here and in all of photography. Being able to adjust your settings on the fly knowing how one setting will impact the others isn’t just nice to know – IT IS NEEDED in order to create the kind of images you want. Below is an example I did in my kitchen to demonstrate how this all works together – and with a flash thrown in.
So remember, start with this and everything else will build off these photo basics.
2 DO Invest In Quality Instruction
Photography isn’t a cheap hobby or profession by any means. That isn’t to say you need to spend thousands of dollars to get really nice images, especially today. The entry level DSLRs are so good that just 5-6 years ago they would be considered top notch pro level cameras with the features and performance they now pack in them.
The amazing part of all of this is how few people actually invest in the KNOW HOW of photography while splurging and spend hundreds and often thousands of dollars on gear that they don’t truly know how to get the most from.
As in golf, you could give a top PGA player a cheap, crappy set of clubs and a beginner the best clubs on earth and the PGA pro will DESTROY the novice every day – even if a few of those clubs break. Why? Knowledge in using the tools of the trade. Photography is no different in this regard. If you’re reading this, you are in the right spot. While I am personally an independent writer for ImprovePhotography.com, I have no financial gain by saying that you are in the absolute best place to begin your learning and maintain it with more advanced material that you can find here and at ImprovePhotographyPlus.com. Also, don’t forget to join all the various ImprovePhotography Network’s Facebook groups where you can chat with other readers and listeners of the many podcast the network puts out weekly. You can chat with all the writers here as well as guys like Jim Harmer and Nick Page and the other hosts of the popular podcasts.
It doesn’t end there. A google search for “How to ….” with anything in regards to Photography will bring up an almost endless list of videos, blogs, tutorials, etc on that subject. The problem is that while YouTube has tons of videos, for example, there is no order. With PAID instruction, you have a sequenced learning order that will help you learn the information as you go. A little instruction can go a very long way. The more you learn, the more you want to know.
3 DO Learn Post Processing
This is the one area of Photography that can increase your quality output level more than anything else. The information stored on your memory cards is VERY pliable (especially shooting RAW). If you can imagine it, you can pretty much do it with post processing. But, like learning photo basics, there are some things with Post Processing that you need to first learn in order to use the tools effectively.
Practice makes better in all areas of life. This isn’t an exception. Take some throw away images and play around with them. You may be surprised with what you come up with. There are little victories along the way while learning post production techniques in applications such as Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop. Once you have these skills, you have them for good in your digital tool belt.
4 DO Use the equipment you have to its full potential
So you want a new camera because you think that is the one thing that will elevate your images to a new, lofty level of great. Think again. As stated above, the equipment today is REALLY good. Do yourself a favor and learn everything you can about your particular camera and other equipment before you splurge on something new. Instead of that new camera, how about a nicer Tripod that will lock and isn’t going anywhere which will allow for super sharp photos and the ability to do long exposure work such as night photography?
It is a funny thing with photography because there are so many different things that will make your images MUCH BETTER before a camera comes into consideration. Obviously if it is a 7 year old DSLR that has poor resolution and lacks many features we all take for granted today, it would make sense to upgrade at that point.
5 DO get your flash OFF CAMERA
There is nothing, and I mean NOTHING, that will improve your images more than adding off camera lighting to your images. And this surpases Photoshop and any other application because light is ALL! Directional off camera flash will allow you to enhance depth, textures, detail, etc that other light just cannot do – AND you are in total control of it. There are natural light photographers that are great at what they do and they create beautiful images. They are also very limited in how they can do this. Time of day greatly comes into play. No control over changing conditions. And we could go on and on about those challenges. With flash? NO PROBLEM. You can create the lighting when you want, where you want and for however long you wish to create it. Your creative options are literally endless with off camera flash.
6 DO get up early / shoot late
If you’re looking for optimum lighting and you like to sleep late, you better stick to flash photography! Other than that, you are gonna either have to get up early for the pre dawn magical light and sunrise or hang around for later day, golden hour and blue hour light. The major advantage to pre dawn shooting is simple; There are fewer people and automobiles around. Those two things make it much more attractive for many photographers if you don’t mind getting out of bed super early. Also, as with later day shooting, some scenes just are made for morning.
Scouting your locations is, of course, key. Use of apps like The Photographers Ephemeris and photo pills will allow you to plan your outings on specific days at different times of the year. Getting a moonless night when you want to do AstroPhotography is absolutely essential in helping get the very best images possible.
If you’re someone who wants to only shoot middle of the day stuff, you’re never going to get the really dramatic shots that you’ve seen and love when it comes to landscape photos. Cloudy, overcast days are great for the following list item.
7 DO run to your local zoo on overcast days
If you’ve ever been to a zoo on a mostly cloudy or overcast day and have noticed more photographers than usual, there is a major reason why. The giant softbox that is the sky is the absolute best in terms of shooting conditions for Zoo and Wildlife photography. As long as the sky isn’t a part of your composition, the cloudy sky affords us a HUGE advantage over sunny, bright days. The rich colors and contrast that isn’t too strong between highlight and shadow due to the diffused lighting just cannot be matched by any other shooting condition.
Shooting Zoo animals in the bright sunlight is NOT a very good way to get good images. Just like with landscape photography, timing and conditions are key. Getting those good shots isn’t something you can do on just any day! Be patient and you’ll be rewarded eventually.
8 Do clean your own Image Sensor
This could be listed as a DON’T (DON’T BE AFRAID TO CLEAN YOUR SENSOR) also. But I wanted to include this as a do. There are so many people that have bought into this crazy thinking that ONLY the manufacturer of your digital camera with removable lenses should be the one to clean your sensor because “You may cause serious damage” to your camera. That is silly and it is a complete waste of money.
Your digital sensor has a piece of glass in front of it. Glass is harder to scratch than metal. If you take an image of the clear blue sky at f16 and up and see lots of dust spots in image (using Lightroom’s make spots visible feature) it is time to clean. All you need to do is go into your cameras manual to learn how to lock up the mirror (DSLR) or simply take the lens off a mirrorless camera. Using a Rocket Blower, simply turn your camera so that it is facing down so any dust will fall out due to gravity.
Sometimes, stubborn spots just won’t come off. That is when a swab system with cleaning solution can come in to save the day. Watch this video HERE by Jim Harmer. He went a little overboard getting it dirty but it is funny and drives the point home. I had never cleaned a camera sensor before until I had a spot that would not go away on my D750 and ordered a cleaning kit from Amazon. I could not believe how simple it was and the sensor was then perfectly clean and ready to go.
If you’re too nervous to use a cleaning solutions (and they should be used sparingly – 2 to 3 drops tops), you can do it with something as simple as PEC PADS or just use the swabs without solution. The solution is good for those stubborn spots that just don’t come off with air or gently rubbing the filter that is in front of the sensor.
TIP FOR THE SOLUTION – Put a drop on each corner and it will absorb into the swab nicely. Swab and wipe the sensor once on one side and back with the other side and take a dry swab to wipe when done. PRESTO! Perfectly clean, streak free image sensor. Please – CONTACT ME DIRECTLY if you are scared! Don’t be!
Don’t let Nikon, Canon, etc charge you $$$ for something you can do yourself at home!
9 DO Purchase Quality Tripod
If you’re planning on doing any type of landscape, long exposure, night or studio type photography, a tripod is a must. As with educating yourself and spending some money on quality material, getting a good, solid and reliable tripod is VERY much key. For example:
You are out shooting a city scape before the sun goes down but you want the lights to be on during the nice golden sunset. There is a method that you use two images – One of the sunset and then one about 45mins – an hour after that is exposed for the city and building lights. You can then layer them in photoshop by putting the darker exposure on top and changing that layer to the “Lighten” blend mode.
Only the city and building lights will be used where the lights are in the image and it gives a very good look to the city scape. This is all depending on how solid your tripod and head is. It should not budge at all. It is a real bummer to drive to location as stated above, get your composition dialed in and then wait only to realize when you got home the frames shifted ever so slightly but enough to ruin the composite. You can try to move the layer in Photoshop using the “V” Move tool but sometimes you just can’t fix what wasn’t captured correctly.
Make sure you don’t cheap out on something that will be holding your expensive gear. As with many things in life, your photography can only be as good as its weakest link. Don’t let your stabilizing tripod/head combo be that weak link!
10 DO Practice, Practice, Practice!
Finally, on the list of DOs, is to get out and PRACTICE! Shoot birds out your back window. Shoot clouds in the sky. Shoot people walking down the street (With your CAMERA!). Shoot everything and practice the whole time you are doing so. Digital photography is dirt cheap to shoot once you have the gear. You can take 500 photos and it doesn’t cost a penny. Gone are the days when people worried about using up their exposures. Just shoot! Keep an eye on your histogram and your settings. Work with your buttons without looking at them so it becomes second nature.
Personally, when I first started getting into photography, I thought I could just wing it and get the exposure close enough to good since we have LR and PS and many other software available to us. That is the WRONG way to think. You want your image as close to properly exposed as possible IN CAMERA for a multitude of reasons. Clean and noise free images are made when your exposure is best set for that particular shot. That will come with practice. In time your exposure meter will be just an aide to let you know how the camera is seeing things but not the tool that tells you how and when to shoot. If you are shooting only when the meter is DEAD CENTER, you may as well be shooting in an auto assist mode or auto. Get to know what is a proper exposure vs one that is too dark or light. There isn’t anything to really say here other than practice. The things we figure out ourselves in photography are the best and most rewarding to us!
So get out and SHOOT!
AND NOW FOR THE DON’Ts
1 Don’t Compare Your Work To Others
If first starting out in digital photography or just wanting to get started, many people go to sites like 500px or Instagram and we see these amazing images that are just awesome. We think “What kind of camera is that?” Many will then go buy some expensive gear and maybe take some classes. When finally time to shoot, your images STINK! You don’t know how to process them or you are just using JPEGs that come out already processed by the camera. They look like snap shots from a good cell phone.
Then disappointment sets in. Some get frustrated and turned off to photography because they want to “be good” right away. Look on eBay. Take a look at all the almost new gear that is being sold by people who just gave up because they realize there is a time commitment involved if you really want to get better and some just don’t have that time or won’t give it.
We must be very realistic and look at the longer term picture – pardon the pun. Personally, I took some shots when I first got my Nikon D750 last year (my first camera) and I knew they stunk. But I knew I needed to learn A WHOLE LOT! I wasn’t totally aware of what a good exposure was or how to get one. I was shooting in Manual from the start but I was making sure the meter was always in the middle – a silly thing now that I look back.
We look at the amazing work by many photographers. The difference between them and you? Simple – TIME PUT INTO THE CRAFT. Do some people who put in the exact same amount of time as others have different quality levels in their work? Yes, of course. But the commitment and passion in one cannot be measured and compared to someone else plus an endless array of other variables.
The most important thing is to realize “I know nothing and want to learn as much as possible and will ask lots of questions.” That attitude will get you very far in this world of photography. Always remember we all must start somewhere and the journey is different for all good photographers. Just keep pushing ahead.
2 Don’t under value good glass!
Camera bodies come and go. Good glass is good glass. Digital photography is a high tech and very fast moving industry. Why? Because electronics and computer technology are always improving – sometimes too fast. The only piece of equipment that we use that isn’t DIGITAL is the lens. They are analog, optical instruments. They are seeing real world images and taking in all the colors, tones and details which are then fed into the sensor and at last made into an image. THE MOST IMPORTANT part of photography in terms of getting good quality images is the lens. Period. You can spend $$$$$ on Camera bodies all you want but without the good glass, you’re wasting your time and money.
This isn’t to say if you’re shooting KIT LENSES that you’re doomed to the misery of bad images. Not at all. Today’s kit lenses produce great results and do so at fairly inexpensive price points.
But when you want to get into different types of photography such as indoor sports, wildlife, astro photography or just want the best possible images your camera can make, getting better glass is the one way to do this. If you’re really into photography at this point and have just KIT LENSES, go out and buy or borrow a 50mm 1.8 prime. They are usually fairly inexpensive. Take some shots at f1.8 inside your house and then look at them. You can now shoot cleanly indoors without having to use flash and you’re getting great images with nice bokeh. It is like a new camera!!
When using good glass on even an entry level body in plenty of light where ISO 100 can be used, it is very difficult to tell the difference between a $3500 camera output and the $400 camera file – THAT IS HOW important and key good glass is. Obviously if you push the ISO on lower end cameras their image quality will suffer but for well lit images, your current camera is just fine.
Getting better glass is the next thing you need!
3 Don’t let location keep you from shooting
We all have location envy. “If only I were there I would get amazing images!” This may be true, somewhat. This should not be a reason to stop shooting however. There is always something that we can shoot. Think of a concept in your house to do. Keep your creative juices flowing by thinking of new ideas while at work or when you have idle time.
Take a day trip to a location 2-4 hours away and get some nice images of objects and areas that you seldom see. Don’t use your “bad” location as an excuse to not get out and shoot more often!
4 Don’t Be A Photo Know It All
We all know these types. When people know you’re into photography, you’ll hear how everyone knows a bunch about taking good pictures. Everyone thinks “I have the eye” for it. Don’t be one of those people. Be a sponge. Soak up everything you hear, see and read. Ask questions. Digital photography can be a very complicated subject. There is no shame in admitting you know very little or nothing in certain areas. Personally, I set out when starting photography to shut down my ego and admit when I know little or nothing about some subjects. Example? TTL. I am writing for this site but have never used a TTL (Other than the built in one) flash and would have no clue how to use it in an event type setting with multiple flashes or if you even would use it that way. I have written several articles here about Photoshop tips and tricks but I know about 10% of what I want to know. Why? Because I want to be the very best photographer that I can possibly be.
Checking your ego at the door and admitting you are new to something isn’t a sign of weakness. It is a sign of strength.
5 Don’t Be Overwhelmed By Post Processing
This is one that scares MANY people. Post processing with an application such as Photoshop seems, at first, like an impossible skill that we just “don’t get.” You’ve probably watched YouTube videos and thought you were watching some foreign movie because it made absolutely no sense to you at all.
When we as people think something is super complex, it always will be that way. The trick is to go into learning about photography with the idea of “Ok, if all those people can do this, so can I.” And that is pretty much as simple as it gets.
The best thing I found with Jim Harmer and the whole ImprovePhotography.com network was how simple he made things to be. Explaining things in easy to understand, digestible segments is the key to learning.
Learn the basics first and then work your way up. I was on Lynda.com and was going over some courses and I was so frustrated because I just could not understand what the instructor was saying. I then went over a few books with work along files as well as learning basics in 3 courses. NOW when I went back to that course that I could not understand before, I was totally in sync with that course I didn’t “get” in past.
Give yourself time”
6 Don’t Edit Without Calibrating Your Screen
Properly calibrating your screen will assure that you are editing with proper colors and tones as well as having your display set to the correct brightness levels. Many think this may be too much and not needed for the casual photographer and that may be very much true. However, if you’re reading this right now – you aren’t the casual photographer.
You’re someone looking to get the best images possible. You are also someone that should have a calibration tool – so go and get one or save a few bucks for that future purchase!
7 Don’t Hold Your Prints Up To Your Display & Compare them
You’re in a dimly lit room where your computer is. Dim rooms are actually better than very bright rooms for digital editing. You may be under incandescent lighting. Or fluorescent. Whichever it is, unless is it 5500-5600k lighting, holding a print besides your display will leave you feeling frustrated. Why? Prints are using reflective light while displays are backlit and basically like lights with an image on it. The next time you get an image that was edited on a properly calibrated display, hold it near a large window in natural daylight. I can assure it will then look VERY CLOSE if not identical to the image that is on your calibrated display.
8 Don’t Think You Need To Buy Expensive Speedlights
If you want to get going in the world of digital photography with off camera flash, search no longer. Yongnuo is a Chinese company that has been making amazing speedlights for the digital photography world for several years now. And now they are better than ever.
Inexpensive, powerful and feature packed with wireless power control, High Speed Sync, TTL, etc, (Not The Model Shown) they have become the favorite choice of flash for many enthusiasts and pros as well. For a fraction of the cost of the name brand flashes from Canon and Nikon, you can buy several of these speedlights for the price of one of theirs.
Light is light. Don’t forget that.
9 Don’t use your local photography store as an Amazon preview location
Your local camera and photography stores are in a business against a competitor that is almost impossible to beat price wise – AMAZON! We all love receiving those little (or big) Amazon Prime packages on our doorsteps and can’t wait to try out the new little “toy” we now have in our possession. However, when you purchase products from a physical location that have people who are experts on the products they are selling usually with tons of experience, you are keeping them in business and this is a great thing for photographers. Going into these stores, picking the employees’ brains, asking tons of questions, some bordering on really bizarre (I heard one guy ask the store employee if the Nikon D810 “took good pictures” and the look on his face was priceless), taking their time, etc only to use that info to go home and order online. That isn’t fair and it will put these guys out of business. I was in a pinch once and needed something that afternoon for a paid shoot (real estate) and it was nice to be able to buy this one little item I needed right then and there.
Support these stores. Their prices are usually pretty competitive and the customer service is second to none.
10 Don’t Be Afraid To Ask Questions!!!
This one list item is, to me, the most important. Everyone wants to pretend to be an expert. Don’t fall into that category. When I first jumped into this last winter, I asked everyone everything I could (AND STILL DO). The greatest thing about the creative community (Including Photography) is that there are so many GREAT people willing to help you get better at what you are doing because they were once new also. Personally, when I started out with photography, I made it a point to make sure the exact order in which I learned things and kept detailed notes on the how’s and why’s of the craft. I wanted to be able to help anyone who may have questions down the road. You should be on all the Facebook Improve Photography Group Pages and come ask questions about anything. There are so many people willing to help. It really will blow your mind when you ask.
Reach out to some photographers you may see on YouTube. You will be surprised how many will respond to you. Just make sure that you’re getting better. Keep track of your progress and when you get frustrated, and you will, look back 6 months to a year at how far you have come. That will put a smile on your face for sure.
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Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive, and Magnetic Sensor Technologies (Series in Sensors) by Winncy Y. Du
English | 2014 | ISBN: 1439812446 | 408 pages | PDF | 5 MB
Sensor technologies have experienced dramatic growth in recent years, making a significant impact on national security, health care, environmental improvement, energy management, food safety, construction monitoring, manufacturing and process control, and more. However, education on sensor technologies has not kept pace with this rapid development until now.
examines existing, new, and novel sensor technologies and-through real-world examples, sample problems, and practical exercises-illustrates how the related science and engineering principles can be applied across multiple disciplines, offering greater insight into various sensors' operating mechanisms and practical functions. The book assists readers in understanding resistive, capacitive, inductive, and magnetic (RCIM) sensors, as well as sensors with similar design concepts, characteristics, and circuitry.
is a complete and comprehensive overview of RCIM sensing technologies. It takes a unique approach in describing a broad range of sensing technologies and their diverse applications by first reviewing the necessary physics, and then explaining the sensors' intrinsic mechanisms, distinctive designs, materials and manufacturing methods, associated noise types, signal conditioning circuitry, and practical applications. The text not only covers silicon and metallic sensors but also those made of modern and specialized materials such as ceramics, polymers, and organic substances. It provides cutting-edge information useful to students, researchers, scientists, and practicing professionals involved in the design and application of sensor-based products in fields such as biomedical engineering, mechatronics, robotics, aerospace, and beyond.
(Buy premium account for maximum speed and resumming ability)
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Tuesday, January 20, 2009
On Thursday, January 22, CNBC will be presenting a program called Marijuana Inc., which goes into depth about the big business of marijuana. But besides the illegal uses of marijuana, there are many medical uses. For example, the Journal of Neuroscience reported that the active ingredient in marijuana can be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Researchers found that cannabinoids can help prevent mental deterioration through the reductions of Alzheimer's related inflammation.
Even members of the government are starting to change their tune on the drug. Bob Barr, a former Republican congressman from Georgia, who had historically opposed medical marijuana use, has done a complete turnaround and now supports the adult use of medical marijuana. He is now a lobbyist for the Marijuana Policy Project.
So are there any public companies that can benefit from the marijuana sector? There seems to be a grass roots effort to get this budding industry growing, or maybe it is just a pipe dream.
A couple years ago, a Canadian company, Cannasat Therapeutics Inc. (CTH.V), went public, which trades on the Toronto Venture Exchange. The company has been involved in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceutical products, which are utilized in the treatment of neuropathic pain, chronic pain, depression, anxiety and movement disorders. In addition, the company had owned, but recently sold, part of Prairie Plant Systems Inc., the only Canadian government licensed grower and distributor of medicinal cannabis. Cannasat is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
Cannasat had entered into a collaborative agreement with IntelGenx Corp. (IGXT.OB) a few years ago to develop cannabinoid-based product based on IntelGenx's proprietary drug delivery technologies. IntelGenx is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
Its rivals include U.K.-based GW Pharmaceuticals (GWPRF.PK), which makes Sativex, an oral spray created with tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and is approved in Canada for treatment of multiple sclerosis related pain and spasticity. This is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
Amigula Inc. (AMJL) claims to be the world's first publicly traded marijuana company. They grow and distribute medical cannabis under a license from the Canadian government, which patients with multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, arthritis, glaucoma, AIDS, anxiety and stress use for pain, nausea, and lack of appetite. They also own 51% of Medical Cannabis Inc. This is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
Pharmos Corp. (PARS) is a New Jersey based biopharmaceutical company which makes CB2-selective cannabinoids for inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Their synthetic cannabinoid compounds, Cannabinor, has completed a Phase 2a clinical trial for pain relief with an intravenous formula. This is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
Solvay SA (SVYSY.PK) is a Belgian pharmaceutical company that makes Marinol, which is made from Dronabinol, a pure isomer of THC, the main isomer in Cannabis.
Although a small part of the business, Valeant Pharmaceuticals International (VRX) makes nabilone, another form of synthetic THC, which is available commercially in Canada as Cesamet, and which has also received FDA approval.
On the other end of the spectrum, there is Psychemedics Corporation (PMD), which is a Massachusetts based provider of testing services to detect abused substances from the analysis of hair samples. It uses mass spectrometry to detect presence of marijuana, and other drugs. This is a very low cap stock and should therefore be considered very speculative.
If you like drug stocks, maybe you should consider Highest Yielding Big Pharma Stock, Gene Therapy Stocks, and Anti-Depression Drug Stocks.
Author does not own any of the above.
Picture courtesy of Wikipedia.
Posted by Stockerblog at 11:52 PM
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Sec. Cellular Neuropathology
Molecular pathophysiology and pharmacology of the voltage-sensing module of neuronal ion channels
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- 2Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are membrane proteins that switch from a closed to open state in response to changes in membrane potential, thus enabling ion fluxes across the cell membranes. The mechanism that regulate the structural rearrangements occurring in VGICs in response to changes in membrane potential still remains one of the most challenging topic of modern biophysics. Na+, Ca2+ and K+ voltage-gated channels are structurally formed by the assembly of four similar domains, each comprising six transmembrane segments. Each domain can be divided into two main regions: the Pore Module (PM) and the Voltage-Sensing Module (VSM). The PM (helices S5 and S6 and intervening linker) is responsible for gate opening and ion selectivity; by contrast, the VSM, comprising the first four transmembrane helices (S1–S4), undergoes the first conformational changes in response to membrane voltage variations. In particular, the S4 segment of each domain, which contains several positively charged residues interspersed with hydrophobic amino acids, is located within the membrane electric field and plays an essential role in voltage sensing. In neurons, specific gating properties of each channel subtype underlie a variety of biological events, ranging from the generation and propagation of electrical impulses, to the secretion of neurotransmitters and to the regulation of gene expression. Given the important functional role played by the VSM in neuronal VGICs, it is not surprising that various VSM mutations affecting the gating process of these channels are responsible for human diseases, and that compounds acting on the VSM have emerged as important investigational tools with great therapeutic potential. In the present review we will briefly describe the most recent discoveries concerning how the VSM exerts its function, how genetically inherited diseases caused by mutations occurring in the VSM affects gating in VGICs, and how several classes of drugs and toxins selectively target the VSM.
Voltage-dependent changes in ion fluxes are critical for the generation and propagation of electric signals in and between excitable cells. Despite extensive studies performed during the last 50 years, the mechanisms that regulate the voltage sensitivity of Voltage Gated Ion Channels (VGICs) still remain one of the most challenging topic of modern biophysics. As demonstrated by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952), voltage sensitivity is regulated by reorientation of charges (or dipoles) in response to changes in the membrane electric field. The movement of these charges has been experimentally demonstrated upon observation of voltage-activated non linear capacity currents, called gating or sensing currents (Armstrong and Bezanilla, 1973; Bezanilla et al., 1982).
Although these studies first established the biophysical basis of voltage-sensing in VGICs, a major breakthrough allowing to translate into molecular clues such theoretical background was the cloning and sequencing of the first VGIC, namely the voltage-gated Na+ channel (VGNC) from the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus (Noda et al., 1984), followed by the cloning of the first voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) from rabbit skeletal muscle (Tanabe et al., 1987), and of a voltage-gated K+ channel (VGKC) from Drosophila (Papazian et al., 1987).
Subsequent studies using different techniques, including mutagenesis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrophysiology, have assigned specific functional roles to individual regions of VGICs; during this structure-function era, the “modular” nature of this class of membrane proteins was therefore established. More recently, characterization of the crystal structure of KvAP, Kv1.2 and chimeric Kv1.2/2.1 K+ channels (Jiang et al., 2003; Long et al., 2005a,b, 2007) followed by that of the NavAb VGNC from Arcobacter butzleri (Payandeh et al., 2011) paved the way to a detailed understanding of the intimate molecular architecture of VGIC.
In parallel, the extraordinary advancement of sequencing technologies of the last decade, have allowed the identification of numerous mutations responsible for human diseases in VGICs genes, often revealing previously unexplored functional roles of specific ion channel classes, thereby greatly expanding our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying human diseases.
Overall Structure of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
The VGIC family represents one of the largest group of signal transduction proteins, also acting as fundamental targets for drugs with wide therapeutic applications. Primary sequence analysis indicate VGNCs and VGCCs of eukaryotes are formed by a single peptide (the α subunit) containing four homologous domains (called from I to IV). The membrane core of each of these domains contains six transmembrane helices (from S1 to S6) with an amphipathic loop between the S5 and S6 segments. By contrast, VGKCs are formed upon assembly of four compatible subunits, each showing a high sequence homology with a single domain of VGNCs or VGCCs (Figure 1). Similarly, bacterial VGNCs are composed of homotetramers of single domains whose structure resembles that of each domain of vertebrate VGNCs (Ren et al., 2001; Koishi et al., 2004), likely being the evolutionary ancestors of the larger, four-domain Na+ channels of eukaryotes.
Figure 1. Topological representation of voltage-gated K+ (Kv), Na+ (Nav) and Ca2+ (Cav) channels with related neuronal diseases. Nav channels are formed by a single polypeptide that contains four domains (I-IV), each with six transmembrane segments (S1–S6). β-subunits are single transmembrane proteins that co-assembles with the Nav α-subunit. Cav channels show a similar topology to Nav channels in their α-subunits, but can be associated with four different auxiliary subunits: the α2/δ-complex, linked by disulfide bridges, an intracellular β-subunit, and an occasional γ-subunit with four transmembrane segments. Abbreviations: GEFS+, Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures plus; SMEI, Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy; FHM1-3, Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 1-3, respectively; BFNS, Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures; BFNIS, Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures; EE, Epileptic Encephalopathy; PE, Primary Erythermalgia; PEPD, Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder; CIP, Congenital Insensitivity to Pain; FEPS2-3, Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome type 2-3, respectively; HSAN7, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type 7; EA1-2, Episodic Ataxia type 1-2, respectively; SCA6-13, Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6-13, respectively; PME, Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy; CDSRR, Cone Dystrophy with Supernormal Rod Electroretinogram.
In all VGICs, each structural domain can be divided into two main regions: the Pore Module (PM) and the Voltage-Sensing Module (VSM). The PM, which allows selective permeability of ion species across the cell membrane, is formed by the fifth and sixth transmembrane segments (S5 and S6, respectively) and the interconnecting loop of all subunits. The VSM of each domain senses the membrane potential variations, switching from a resting to an activated configuration, a necessary prerequisite for subsequent pore opening; the S1–S4 transmembrane segments play a crucial role in this process. Both in VGKCs (Long et al., 2007) as well as in bacterial VGNCs (Payandeh et al., 2011), the VSM of each domain interacts with the PM of a neighboring domain, thus allowing movements of the VSM module to be directly translated into conformational changes of the PM. In detail, while each of the subunits undergo voltage-dependent transitions independently (Zagotta et al., 1994), the final voltage-independent conformational change leading to pore opening appears to occur in a cooperative, all-or-none fashion (Zandany et al., 2008), suggesting only two configuration states of the pore, namely open and closed. However, this binary theory appears to not exhaustively explain the gating behavior of all VGICs: as an example, heteromeric pore conformations have been proposed for Kv2.1 channels, as single-channel analysis revealed the occurrence of discrete subconductance levels, possibly resulting from the pore opening of only one or two subunits (Chapman and VanDongen, 2005). Whether discrete subconductance states occur and can be detected in all VGICs, and whether they result from “partial” pore opening, is still debated.
The VSM is an independent functional module that can be transplanted into other proteins to confer voltage sensitivity; indeed, voltage-sensing phosphatases (VSP) are formed by a VSM linked to a cytoplasmic phosphatase (Murata et al., 2005; Li et al., 2014c). On the other hand, the VSM can also allow ion transport by itself; indeed, subunits forming proton-selective Hv1 channels only contain an isolated VSM, without a canonical S5–S6 pore region (Ramsey et al., 2006; Sasaki et al., 2006).
Structural Basis of Ion Permeation and Inactivation
The PM of VGIC contains the permeation pathway that regulates ion fluxes and selectivity. Structural information regarding the molecular mechanisms of ion permeation, selectivity, and pore opening/closing were obtained from the crystal structure of bacterial “inward rectifier” K+ channels (KIR) KcsA (Doyle et al., 1998), MthK (Jiang et al., 2002a,b), and KirBac1.1 (Kuo et al., 2003), whose membrane core only contains the regions corresponding to the S5–S6 module. In these channels, the PM contains a narrow constriction near its extracellular side, which forms the selectivity filter. Below this region is a relatively large water-filled cavity at the center of the plasma membrane. In K+ channels, the highly conserved GYG sequence forms the selectivity filter that allows ion discrimination via direct interactions of the dehydrated K+ ions and the protein backbone carbonyls. While no eukaryotic VGNC structure is yet available, the crystal structure of bacterial NavAb, recently described at 2.7 Å of resolution (Payandeh et al., 2011), have revealed that a similar region is involved in ion discrimination, although Na+ ions permeate in their partially hydrated configuration across a wider selectivity filter. This region is likely to mediate ion discrimination also in VGNCs and VGCCs of vertebrates; in fact, it has been long known that substitution of positively charged amino acids in the PM of rat Nav1.2 with glutamic acid residues (which occupy equivalent positions in VGCCs), enhances Ca2+ ion permeability (Heinemann et al., 1992). In both VGNCs and VGCCs, a second pore-helix forms an extracellular funnel, a unique feature that could represent a conserved structural element in the outer vestibule of these channels.
Comparing the structural data of KcsA and KirBac1.1 channels, trapped in a closed conformation, with that of MthK channels, trapped in an open conformation, it has been possible to deduce structural changes that underlie pore opening in K+ channels. In KcsA and KirBac1.1 channels, the M2 segments, corresponding to the S6 segments in VGIC, form a four-helix bundle near the intracellular membrane surface that occludes the ion conduction pathway; whereas, in MthK channels the inner region of M2 is bent at a glycine residue; this residue is highly conserved among bacterial K+ channels and in some eukaryotic VGKCs. This glycine residue has been proposed to serve as a gating hinge that allows M2 to oscillate between a close and an open conformation. In eukaryotic K+ channels, it has been proposed that a conserved PVP (Proline-Valine-Proline) motif, not found in bacterial K+ channels and located in S6 downstream of the glycine residue, acts as a flexible hinge that allows channel switching from a closed to an open state (Webster et al., 2004; Long et al., 2005a,b). In particular, this inner part of the S6 segment, also called “bundle crossing” (BC) gate, appears to come close to the S4–S5 linker during channel activation, thus allowing to “sense” VSM movement (Prole and Yellen, 2006); BC gate widening prompts a conformational change in a further gate located at the extracellular entrance of the pore, called the “selectivity filter” gate, leading to pore opening (Labro and Snyders, 2012). The differences in single channel conductance observed between bacterial and mammalian channels might be explained by different degree of movement of the distal S6 regions; indeed, movements seem much wider in bacterial (having larger single channel conductance) when compared to mammalian channels, the latter having a 10-times smaller single channel conductance.
In some VGICs, currents show prominent inactivation following activation. Two main types of inactivation have been described in VGKCs: the N-type and the C-type inactivation. The N-type inactivation, which is usually more rapid than the C-type, occurs by a ball peptide tethered to the N-terminus of the channels that enters into the pore cavity blocking ion flow (Hoshi et al., 1990). By contrast, the C-type inactivation gate is located in the selectivity filter, and current inactivation is due to the pore collapse (Cuello et al., 2010a,b); structural data from bacterial KCsA confirm such a hypothesis (Bhate and McDermott, 2012). In VGNCs of vertebrates, the short intracellular loop between domains III and IV is responsible for fast inactivation by folding into the intracellular mouth of the pore and blocking it (Vassilev et al., 1988). In particular, the amino acid motif isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine (IFM) is required to stabilize the inactivated state of the channels (West et al., 1992). Finally, inactivation processes in VGCCs are more complex, including both voltage- and/or calcium-dependent mechanisms (Simms and Zamponi, 2014).
Structural Basis of Voltage-Sensing
As above mentioned, voltage-sensitivity of VGICs is conferred by the VSM. In particular, the S4 segments are believed to play a key role in the voltage-sensitivity. Indeed, S4 primary sequence shows the presence of 4–8 positively-charged arginines (Rs) or lysine (Ks) residues separated by 2–3 uncharged residues; this configuration would allow positive charges to be localized on the same side of an α-helix. These basic residues are located within the electrical field existing across the two sides of the plasma membrane, thus directly sensing changes in membrane potential. The first four Rs in S4 are considered the most important voltage-sensing elements and are believed to be the major component of gating currents (Aggarwal and MacKinnon, 1996; Seoh et al., 1996). In Kv1.1 channels, it has been calculated that approximately 13 elementary charges cross the electric field in response to membrane depolarization, corresponding to about three elementary charges per subunit (Schoppa et al., 1992).
The molecular mechanisms underlying VSM movement during gating are highly debated topics; nevertheless, results obtained with molecular, biochemical, electrophysiological, optic and crystallographic techniques have enormously expanded our knowledge in this field. In particular, the crystal structures of bacterial KvAP (Jiang et al., 2003), followed by that of mammalian Kv1.2 and Kv1.2/2.1 chimeric VGKCs (Long et al., 2005a, 2007), provide important information on the activated configurations of the VSM. Although no crystal structure is available for the resting state of the VSM, several hypotheses (helical-screw/sliding-helix, transporter and paddle models; see Tombola et al., 2006; Catterall, 2010; Miceli et al., 2011 for reviews) have been formulated to explain how the voltage sensor reaches its activated configuration during channel gating. Currently, these models converge toward an unified hypothesis (Khalili-Araghi et al., 2010; Vargas et al., 2011; Jensen et al., 2012; Yarov-Yarovoy et al., 2012), in which the resting and activated positions of the VSM would be stabilized by ionized hydrogen bonds between the S4 positive charges and two clusters of negative charges: one facing the extracellular side of the membrane and provided by the S1 and S2 helices, and another closer to the intracellular membrane surface, involving S2 and the proximal part of S3 (S3a) helices. At rest, S4 is drawn inwardly by the electrostatic forces of the negative resting membrane potential (RMP); this would allow the first S4 Rs (gating charges) to preferentially interact with the inner cluster of negative charges. During the activation process, S4 would rotate around its helical axis and translate outwardly, reaching a final configuration stabilized by the interaction of the same positively-charged residues with the negative charges provided by the extracellular cluster. This relatively small movement would allow the displacement of the gating charges from an intracellular-facing crevice to one directly connected to the extracellular milieu. A conserved phenylalanine located in the middle of S2 has been proposed to form the charge-transfer center that catalyzes the gating charges movement (Tao et al., 2010) and separates the extracellular and the intracellular crevices of the VSM.
In several VGKCs including Kv1.1, the replacement of specific Rs in S4 with smaller amino acids widens this gating charge pathway, generating cation-permeable non-selective currents (also known as gating pore currents, or ω currents). Interestingly, gating-pore currents generated by mutations in S4 of Nav1.4 or Cav1.1 channels seem to provide a pathophysiological-relevant mechanism in hypokalemic (Sokolov et al., 2007; Struyk and Cannon, 2007) or normokalemic (Sokolov et al., 2008) periodic paralysis in skeletal muscle. Similar mechanisms seem implicated in a mixed arrhythmias and the dilated cardiomyopathy caused by the R219H mutation in domain I of Nav1.5, which induces a proton-specific gating pore current (Gosselin-Badaroudine et al., 2012), and in peripheral nerve hyperexcitability caused by the R207Q in Kv7.2 channels (Miceli et al., 2012). Noteworthy, sequence analysis has revealed that several other channelopathies (including some affecting neuronal channels) might be attributable to the formation of gating pore currents, however more studies are required to confirm the presence of gating pores (Moreau et al., 2014).
Structural Basis of Electromechanical Coupling
Electromechanical coupling describes the process of transferring the energy generated by the VSM movement upon changes in membrane potential to the PM. To simplify a complex process, at resting state the S4–S5 linker directly interacts with the distal part of S6, making the BC gate the main voltage-controllable activation gate. Upon depolarization, S4 movement pulls the S4–S5 linker outwardly leading to a widening of the helical BC gate, which triggers a further conformational change at the level of the selectivity filter (SF) gate that allows ions flow through the pore. The crystal structures of Kv1.2 and of chimeric Kv1.2/2.1 channels suggest at least two non-covalent interactions between VSM and PM: one between the S4–S5 linker and the distal S6 segment at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and the other between the C-terminal region of S1 and the C-terminal region of S5 at extracellular site of the membrane (Lu et al., 2002; Long et al., 2005b, 2007). The interaction between S4–S5 linker and the bottom part of S6 seems to play an important role for transmission of conformational changes during channel gating; while the interaction between S1 and S5 acts as an anchor point between the VSM and the PM, thus allowing efficient transmission of conformational changes to the pore’s gate (Lee et al., 2009). Other interactions between VSM and PM include: the bottom part of S4 with S5 segments of neighboring subunits (Soler-Llavina et al., 2006) and the upper part of S5 with the upper part of S4 of the neighboring subunit (Lainé et al., 2003). Based on the available molecular dynamic simulations and experimental data, Blunck and Batulan (2012) proposed two different mechanisms to describe the electromechanical coupling in Shaker-like Kv channels. In one model S4 and S4–S5 linker act as a spring that is relaxed or compressed by the activation/deactivation of the VSM. In the second model, S4 and S4–S5 linker act as a bolt that keeps the pore closed; only when all four S4–S5 linkers have moved out the pore passively follows the opening.
The general mechanism of the electromechanical coupling seems to be conserved among the different K+ channels, although changes in the type of interactions and in the tightness of the coupling may occur in specific channels. Moreover, this general mechanism also seems to apply to skeletal VGNCs (Muroi et al., 2010) and VGCCs (Wall-Lacelle et al., 2011). By contrast, in hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels (HCN) decoupling between VSM and PM triggers pore closure (Blunck and Batulan, 2012).
Neuronal Channelopathies Caused by Mutations in the VSM
Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (VGKCs)
K+ channels are the largest and the most functionally heterogeneous class of ion channels expressed in all eukaryotic cells and in prokaryotes. K+ channels mostly inhibit neuronal excitability by setting the membrane potential closer to the K+ equilibrium potential. Moreover, activation of K+ channels shortens the duration of the action potential (AP), terminates periods of intense electrical activity, reduces neuronal firing frequency, and, in general terms, decreases the efficacy of cell excitatory inputs. Beside these roles, K+ channels participate in solute transport across epithelial membranes, and K+ clearance from brain interstitial spaces from glial cells. In humans, more than 70 genes encode for K+ channels. On the basis of their presumed topology, K+ channels can be classified into three groups: (1) the classical family with 6 transmembrane segments (6TM) including the voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv channels; Kv1-Kv12; Figure 1); (2) a family with only 2 transmembrane segment (2TM), homologous to the S5–S6 segments of Kv channels. To this group belong the inward-rectifier channels (both constitutively-active and G-protein-gated), which include at least seven gene families (KIR1-KIR7); (3) the 4 transmembrane segment family (4TM), formed by subunits encoded by at least 15 different genes (K2P1-K2P17; Yu et al., 2005). While channels formed by subunits of the first two groups are tetrameric, those of the third group are dimers. However, these three groups do not account for all K+ channel structural heterogeneity; in fact, large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels (BK channels) assemble as tetramers of subunits containing seven transmembrane segments, which differ from Kv subunits for the presence of an extra transmembrane segment (S0) at the N-terminus.
Several VGKCs interact with accessory β-subunits that influence a wide range of channel properties such as gating, assembly, trafficking, and targeting of channels to different cellular compartments. Accessory VGKC subunits include different protein structures reflecting their divergent biological roles. Indeed, some β-subunits are integral membrane proteins such as β-subunits of both BK and Kv7 channels; while, others are cytosolic proteins and bind to cytoplasmic modules of VGKC such as Kvβ-subunits for Shaker Kv channels and KChIPs for Kv4 channels (Pongs and Schwarz, 2010 for review).
Kv1.1 (KCNA1) and Kv1.2 (KCNA2) Channel Mutations Cause Episodic Ataxia Type 1 (EA1) or Epileptic Encephalopathy (EE), Respectively
Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 subunits, belonging to the Kv1 family of VGKCs, generate delayed rectifier channels active at or below the RMP, with fast activation/deactivation kinetics and slow inactivation, mainly contributing to transient, slowly inactivating current (ID). Kv1 family members are expressed throughout many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), including hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem nuclei. In several brain regions, co-assembling of Kv1.1 with Kv1.4 subunits, which contain N-terminal Inactivation Modules, confers N-type inactivating properties to heteromeric channels. At neuronal subcellular level, Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.4 are expressed in the axon initial segment (AIS) where they control AP threshold and firing (Figure 2), in juxtaparanodal regions next to Ranvier’s nodes, in synaptic terminals and in proximal dendrites (Trimmer and Rhodes, 2004). The important pathophysiological role of Kv1.1 channels is underlined by the occurrence of mutations in this channel in patients affected with Episodic Ataxia type 1 [EA1; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 160120]. EA1 is a rare, disabling condition with autosomal-dominant inheritance characterized by constant myokymia and dramatic episodes of spastic contractions of head, arms and leg muscles, together with the loss of motor coordination and balance. Moreover, EA1 is associated with an increased incidence of epilepsy. Other features include delayed motor development, cognitive disability, choreoathetosis, and carpal spasms. Disease onset is in childhood or early adolescence (D’Adamo et al., 2014). An altered function of Kv1.1 channels expressed in the cerebellum may be responsible for ataxia, whereas seizures and cognitive dysfunctions associated with EA1 may be caused by impaired Kv1.1 channels in the hippocampus. The first description of a family affected by EA1 was in 1975 (VanDyke et al., 1975); subsequent genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous point mutation in the coding sequence of the human gene KCNA1, encoding for Kv1.1 channels, leading to the F184C substitution in the S1 segment. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that this mutation shifts the activation curves of Kv1.1 channels to more positive voltages, therefore leading to loss-of-function effects (Adelman et al., 1995). Several other Kv1.1 mutations causing EA1 have been described and they appear to be localized in relevant functional regions of the channels, particularly in the VSM (Figure 3) or in the PM. Overall, functional studies performed on numerous mutant channels revealed that EA1-causing mutations may alter membrane expression or gating processes, such as opening and closure kinetics, voltage-dependence of activation, N- and C-type inactivation. An atypical mechanism by which the V408A pore-mutation affects gating of Kv1.1 channel has been described by means of voltage-clamp fluorometry and single-channel recordings. This mutation accelerates the outward current decay during depolarization by promoting an “activated-not-open” conformation rather than by increasing C-type inactivation (Peters et al., 2011). Moreover, mutations within the VSM cause EA1 mainly by a reduction of maximal currents, in some cases with dominant-negative effects (as in the case of R167M, C185W, F249I, I262T or R307C mutations; Adelman et al., 1995; Zerr et al., 1998; Graves et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2012; Tomlinson et al., 2013). These results suggest that EA1-causing mutations induce loss-of-function effects on Kv1.1 channels, with haploinsufficiency appearing as the most likely pathogenetic mechanism for the disease. Accordingly, the loss of Kv1.1 channels, obtained either by genetic or pharmacological manipulations, caused alterations in the hippocampal network, which showed more frequent and longer spontaneous sharp waves and high frequency oscillations; moreover, in the CA3 region from Kv1.1−/− mice, mossy fibers and medial perforant path axons were hyperexcitable and produce greater pre- and post-synaptic responses, also showing a reduced paired-pulse ratios suggestive of an increased neurotransmitter release at these terminals (Simeone et al., 2013).
Figure 2. Contribution of K+ currents during AP firing. Representation of the different K+ channel subtypes activated during an AP. The inset shows the effect of Kv7 channel activation during AP firing (modified from Tsantoulas and McMahon, 2014).
Figure 3. Alignment of the VSM of different Kv, Nav and Cav channel subtypes. The VSM have been aligned by using ClustalW2 software; highlighted in yellow are the missense mutations causing EA1 (in Kv1.1); PME (in Kv3.1); SCA13 (in Kv3.3); BFNS (in Kv7.2 and Kv7.3); EEIE7 (in Kv7.2); RCD3B (in Kv8.2); FHM3, SMEI, and GEFS+ (in Nav1.1); and FHM1, EA2 and SCA6 (in Cav2.1). Mutations in SCN1A are from a database available at http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/SCN1AMutations/home/Default.cfm.
More recently, four different de novo mutations in the KCNA2 gene, encoding for Kv1.2 K+ channel subunits, have been identified in patients with Epileptic Encephalopathy (EE). Three of these mutations affect conserved residues in the VSM (I263T in S3, R297Q and L298F in S4) and one in the PM (P405L). Functional studies in heterologous expression systems revealed that channels formed by subunits carrying the I263T or P405L mutations almost completely lost their function, with also dominant-negative effects on wild-type channels; by contrast, the two S4 mutations caused a gain of function effect (Syrbe et al., 2015). A Kv1.2 mutation has been also described in a mouse model of cerebral ataxia (I402T substitution in the S6 segment), called Pingu: patch-clamp recordings from cerebellar slices revealed an increased frequency and amplitude of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents and reduced AP firing frequency in Purkinje cells, suggesting that Kv1.2 mutation-dependent increase in GABA release from basket cells is involved in the loss of motor coordination in Pingu mice (Xie et al., 2010).
Kv3.1 (KCNC1) and Kv3.3 (KCNC3) Channel Mutations Cause Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (PME) or Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13 (SCA13), Respectively
The Kv3 family of VGKCs comprises four members (from Kv3.1 to Kv3.4, encoded by the KCNC1-KCNC4 genes) that differ from others VGKCs because of a more positive activation threshold (thus, they are identified as “high-threshold channels”) and their fast rate of deactivation upon repolarization. These unique properties specifically enable AP fast repolarization without affecting spike initiation and AP duration (Rudy and McBain, 2001; Figure 2). The expression of Kv3.1, Kv3.2 and Kv3.3 is limited to the CNS, whereas Kv3.4 is mainly expressed in skeletal muscles and sympathetic neurons, and only weakly expressed in a few neuronal types. In the CNS, Kv3 channels are mainly expressed in fast-spiking neurons, such as GABAergic interneurons. Accordingly, suppression of Kv3 currents by pharmacological tools (Erisir et al., 1999) or in knockout mice (Lau et al., 2000) impairs firing properties of fast-spiking neurons, affects neurotransmitter release (Sabatini and Regehr, 1997), and induces cell death (Irie et al., 2014).
Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs) are a very heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant neurological disorders caused by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord. SCAs show a wide range of phenotypes, including cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, extrapyramidal symptoms, oculomotor disturbance, cognitive impairment, and epilepsy. Most SCAs are caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions, while other forms are caused by point mutations in protein kinases, cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins, and proteins regulating intracellular calcium stores, such as beta 3 Spectrin (SPTBN2), Tau Tubulin Kinase 2 (TTBK2), Protein Kinase C Gamma type (PRKCG), Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor type 1 (ITPR1), ATPase Family Gene 3 Like 2 (AFG3L2). In particular, SCA13 (OMIM 605259) is caused by point mutations in the KCNC3 gene, encoding for Kv3.3 channels. So far, three mutations have been identified in Kv3.3, two of which affect residues in the VSM (R420H and R423H both in S4; Figure 3) and one in the PM (F448L; Waters et al., 2006; Figueroa et al., 2010). Functional studies performed in heterologous expression systems revealed that both VSM mutations caused a complete abolishment of channel function when expressed homomerically, whereas the co-expression of mutant subunits with wild-type subunits caused a significant suppression of Kv3.3 activity, consistent with dominant-negative effects. By contrast, the pore mutant F448L channels did not affect current amplitude, but causes a hyperpolarization shift of the current activation and slows the rate of deactivation, suggesting that this mutation increases the stability of the open state (Waters et al., 2006). Taken together, these data suggest that mutations in KCNC3 may cause SCA both by gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms (Figueroa et al., 2010).
More recently, a recurrent mutation in the KCNC1 gene, encoding for Kv3.1 channels, has been identified in patients with Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (PME7; OMIM 616187; Muona et al., 2015), one of the most devastating form of epilepsy, characterized by a very wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity (Berkovic et al., 1986). Most of PME cases are autosomal recessive, although in few cases an autosomal dominat transmission occurs. Clinically, the most common features of this disease are myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures and progressive neurological decline. The mutation occurring in Kv3.1 channel causing PME affects a highly conserved residue in the S4 segment (R320H; Figure 3). Functional experiments in heterologous expression systems showed that the R320H substitution caused a prominent loss of function, with dominant-negative effects on wild-type Kv3.1 channels.
Kv7.2/7.3 (KCNQ2/KCNQ3) and Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures (BFNS)/Epileptic Encephalopathy (EE)
Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels belong to the KCNQ gene family that comprises five members (KCNQ1-5) encoding for K+ channel subunits showing different tissue distribution and physiological roles (Soldovieri et al., 2011). When heterologously expressed, homomeric Kv7.2 channels generate K+-selective currents activated by depolarization at membrane potentials around −50 mV with slow activation and deactivation kinetics and lacking significant inactivation. Currents carried by Kv7.3 homomultimers are rather small and activate around −60 mV; among Kv7 members, Kv7.3 channels show the highest opening probability and unitary conductance at the single-channel level (Li et al., 2005). Co-expression of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels generate currents 10-times larger than those obtained by the simple sum of the currents produced by Kv7.2 or Kv7.3 homomultimers (Wang et al., 1998; Yang et al., 1998). This effect is mainly mediated by a higher opening probability of Kv7.2/Kv7.3 heteromers compared to Kv7.2 homomers, together with a two- to threefold increase in the number of channel-forming subunits expressed at the plasma membrane (Schwake et al., 2000). In the brain, heteromeric assembly of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 subunits underlies the M-current (IKM), a slowly activating and deactivating K+ current that regulates neuronal excitability in the sub-threshold range for AP generation (Soldovieri et al., 2011; Figure 2). Mutations in KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) and KCNQ3 (Kv7.3) genes are responsible for neonatal-onset epileptic diseases with widely-diverging clinical manifestations, ranging from benign to very dramatic phenotypes. Indeed, mutations in these two genes have been identified in patients affected with Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures (BFNS1; OMIM 121200), an autosomal dominant epilepsy of newborns (Biervert et al., 1998; Charlier et al., 1998; Singh et al., 1998), characterized by recurrent seizures that begin in the first days of life and remit after a few weeks or months, with mostly normal interictal EEG, neuroimaging, and psychomotor development (Bellini et al., 2010). In addition, de novo missense Kv7.2 mutations have been recently found in neonates affected with pharmacoresistant seizures, distinct EEG and neuroradiological features, and various degrees of developmental delay, defining a “Kv7.2 encephalopathy” (Weckhuysen et al., 2012; EIEE7; OMIM 613720). Subsequently, de novo missense Kv7.2 mutations have been also shown as one of the most common cause of early-onset EEs, including the Ohtahara syndrome (Saitsu et al., 2012; Kato et al., 2013), the most severe and earliest developing age-related EE. Most disease-causing Kv7.2 mutations cluster in the VSM (Figure 3), in the PM or in the long C-terminus of the channel. Functional studies for a significant fraction of the described Kv7.2 or Kv7.3 mutations have been carried out, with consequences ranging from slight changes in channel behavior to a complete ablation of channel function (Castaldo et al., 2002; Soldovieri et al., 2006; Miceli et al., 2009). A slight (about 25%) decrease of IKM is believed to be sufficient to cause BFNS, and haploinsufficiency seems to be the primary pathogenetic mechanism for BFNS. Moreover, two independent studies suggested that the clinical disease severity may be related to the extent of mutation-induced functional K+ channel impairment (Miceli et al., 2013; Orhan et al., 2014).
BFNS-causing mutations have been also found to neutralize some of the positively-charged residues in the S4 segment (R207W, R213W, or R214W; Miceli et al., 2008; Bellini et al., 2010): the functional characterization of Kv7.2 channels carrying each of these mutations suggests a reduced channel sensitivity to depolarization; accordingly, homology model of Kv7.2 based on the crystal structure of Kv1.2/Kv2.1 chimeric channels revealed that these residues form intrasubunit ionized hydrogen bonds with negatively-charged residues present in the outer cluster which stabilize the activated state of the voltage sensor. Thus, it seems plausible to hypothesize that in mutant channels the activated configuration of the VSM is destabilized, explaining the positive shift in steady-state voltage dependence of activations and possibly the neuronal hyperexcitability in individuals carrying these mutations (Miceli et al., 2008, 2013).
Notably, although most epilepsy-causing mutations in Kv7.2 or Kv7.3 so far indentified induced loss-of-function effects, electrophysiological experiments performed on Kv7 channels carrying de novo mutations recently found in individuals affected with various forms of early-onset EEs (R144Q, R201C, or R201H in Kv7.2, and R230C in Kv7.3; Rauch et al., 2012; Allen et al., 2013; Carvill et al., 2013; Weckhuysen et al., 2013) have demonstrated that all four mutations cause hyperpolarization shifts of the current activation process by destabilizing the resting state of the VSM (Miceli et al., 2015). Accordingly, computational modeling of a feedforward inhibitory microcircuit formed by a principal hyppocampal CA1 neuron and an inhibitory interneuron suggest that a gain-of-function mutation in Kv7.2/3-IKM can increase the (apparent) excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by selective suppression of interneuron activity. These data suggest that Kv7.2/3 mutations may cause human epilepsy by both loss-of-function and gain-of function mechanisms; whether these two mechanisms underlie different clinical entities (in terms of age of onset, severity, prognosis, and pharmacosensitivity) is yet unknown.
Kv8.2 (KCNV2) Mutations Cause Cone Dystrophy with Supernormal Rod Electroretinogram (CDSRR) or Epilepsy
Kv8.2 subunits are structurally similar to others VGKCs, although they do not form functional channels in homomeric configuration: for this reason, they are also called “silent modulators”. Conversely, they are functional upon assembly in heteromeric channels with other subunits (e.g., Kv2). The KCNV2 gene encoding for Kv8.2 subunits was first cloned from human testis cDNA, but its expression has been also detected in other tissues, such as the photoreceptor layer of the human retina (Wu et al., 2006) and in the hippocampus, where it co-localizes with Kv2.1 (Allen Institute for Brain Science1), the major contributor for delayed rectifier K+ currents in neurons (Murakoshi and Trimmer, 1999). Co-assembling of silent Kv8.2 with Kv2.1 subunits causes a decrease in the maximal currents as well as modifications in the activation, inactivation, and deactivation kinetics (Bocksteins and Snyders, 2012). Mutations in Kv8.2 channels, some of them located within the VSM (Figure 3), cause cone dystrophy with supernormal rod response (RCD3B; OMIM 610356), a very rare autosomal recessive retinal disorder, characterized by reduced visual acuity, photoaversion, night blindness, and abnormal color vision. At an early age, the retina shows subtle depigmentation of the macula and, later, more obvious areas of atrophy. Electroretinographic features are characteristic and essential for diagnostic purposes. In addition to RCD3B, two mutations in Kv8.2 channels have been identified in two unrelated children affected by epilepsy: one mutation is located in the N-terminal region (R7K), and the other in the S1 segment of the VSM (M285R; Figure 3). Functional studies demonstrated that both mutant channels increased Kv8.2-mediated suppression of Kv2.1 currents. Moreover, heteromeric channels incorporating M285R mutant subunits exhibited additional gating defects, including a +10 mV shift in the voltage dependence of activation and slower activation kinetics. Taken together, these data suggest that both variants may decrease delayed rectifier K+ currents in neurons, possibly leading to an increased excitability under conditions of repetitive stimulation (Jorge et al., 2011).
Kv10.2 (KCNH5) and Epileptic Encephalopathy (EE)
The KCNH5 gene encodes for Kv10.1 potassium channels belonging to the ether-a-go-go (EAG) family (Saganich et al., 1999). EAG family comprises two channel subtypes (Kv10.1 and Kv10.2), that are over-expressed in cancer cells (Camacho, 2006). Kv10.2 is also expressed in the CNS (Saganich et al., 1999), although its function is still unclear (Wulff et al., 2009). Recently, by using whole-exome sequencing in children with sporadic cases of EE of unknown etiology, a novel variant in KCNH5 has been identified (R327H in S4). Structural and functional analysis showed that this pathogenic variant destabilized the resting state of the VSM, therefore leading to a hyperpolarizing shift of the activation curve, suggesting a gain-of-function pathogenetic mechanism associated to this mutation (Yang et al., 2013).
KCa4.1 (KCNT1) Mutations Cause Malignant Migrating Partial Seizures of Infancy (MMPSI) and Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)
The KCNT1 gene encodes for KCa4.1, a sodium-activated potassium channel, also known as “sequence like a calcium activated potassium channel” (Slack) or Slo2.2. Structurally, this channel is similar to the classic VGKCs except for two properties: no charged residues in S4 and a very large cytoplasmic C-terminal region. KCa4.1 is highly expressed in different regions of the mammalian brain where it generates a delayed outward current termed IKNa that regulates neuronal excitability. Mutations in KCNT1 gene have been identified in patients with two different type of epilepsy occurring in infancy or childhood: Malignant Migrating Partial Seizures of Infancy (MMPSI; also called Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures, EIMFS) and Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE; Barcia et al., 2012; Heron et al., 2012). MMPSI is a severe early onset epileptic encephalopathy beginning before of 6 months of age. It is characterized by heterogeneous focal seizures, with seizures foci migrating from one brain region and hemisphere to another, and is associated with arrest or regression of development, resulting in profound disability. By contrast, ADNFLE is characterized by nocturnal frontal lobe seizures beginning in mid childhood, with psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities in some cases. All the described mutations causing MMPSI and ADNFLE are not located into the VSM; however, they dramatically affect channel function, with a striking gain-of-function phenotype in vitro (Milligan et al., 2014).
Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (VGNCs)
VGNCs contribute to the generation of both somatodendritic and axonal AP and conduct subthreshold persistent Na+ currents following AP. Structurally, they are complexes of a pore-forming α subunit of 260 kDa, associated to auxiliary β subunits (β1–β4) of 33-36 kDa (Figure 1; Catterall, 2000). Auxiliary β subunits can assemble with α-subunits and modify their subcellular localization and biophysical properties. In particular, β2 and β4 subunits form disulfide bonds with α subunits, whereas β1 and β3 subunits interact with α-subunits non covalently. Structurally, β subunits are formed by an N-terminal extracellular immunoglobulin-like fold, a single transmembrane α-helix and a short intracellular segment (Isom et al., 1992, 1995).
Each α subunit contains four internally repeated domains (called from DI to DIV), each including a VSM and a PM. In the VSM, S4 segments in all four domains have previously-described primary sequence and functional role (Catterall, 1986; Guy and Seetharamulu, 1986; Yarov-Yarovoy et al., 2006, 2012). Furthermore, the DIII-DIV linker and particularly the key IFM motif, plays a crucial role in channel fast inactivation, a process that contributes to the neuronal excitability control.
In humans, 10 genes encode for VGNC α subunits; these are expressed in different excitable tissues and give rise to currents with peculiar biophysical properties (Goldin, 2001). Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3 and Nav1.6 channel subtypes are the primary Na+ channels in the CNS; by contrast, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 channel subtypes are mainly expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS); finally, Nav1.4 channels are expressed in skeletal muscle and Nav1.5 in the heart. The tenth sodium channel protein (Nav1.10) is not voltage-gated and is involved in salt sensing (Watanabe et al., 2000). At the subcellular level, Nav1.1 and Nav1.3 channels are primarily localized in cell bodies (Westenbroek et al., 1989, 1992), whereas Nav1.2 channels are positioned in unmyelinated or pre-myelinated axons and dendrites, and Nav1.6 channels in myelinated axons and dendrites (Caldwell et al., 2000). In the developing neocortex, Nav1.1 channels appear to be abundantly expressed in the proximal part of the AIS of parvalbumin- (Ogiwara et al., 2007; Li et al., 2014b) and, at lower levels, somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons (Li et al., 2014b). By contrast, in the same region, Nav1.2 channels are preferentially distributed to the somatostatin-positive population of GABAergic neurons, whereas Nav1.6 channels are mainly located at the distal part of the AIS of both types of interneurons (Li et al., 2014b). Such differences in the distribution of specific Nav channel subtypes appear to explain their differential role in controlling intrinsic excitability of distinct neuronal populations.
A large number of genetic diseases are caused by mutations in VGNCs, including inherited forms of periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, epilepsy, and chronic pain (Lehmann-Horn and Jurkat-Rott, 1999; Catterall et al., 2008). Among these, the genes most frequently associated with inherited forms of neurological disorders encode for brain Na+ channels Nav1.1 (SCN1A) and Nav1.2 (SCN2A).
Nav1.1 and Epilepsy
Mutations in SCN1A (Nav1.1) are responsible for genetic epilepsy syndromes with a wide range of severity. In fact, SCN1A-associated epilepsies range from simple febrile seizures, to Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures (GEFS+; OMIM 604233; Escayg et al., 2000), an autosomal dominant epilepsy disorder associated to missense mutations, to Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI or Dravet syndrome, OMIM 607208; Dravet et al., 1992; Engel and International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE], 2001), a much more severe form of epilepsy often caused by mutations causing truncation or deletions of Nav1.1 channels. SMEI is a drug-resistant epilepsy occurring in the first year of life with seizures often associated with elevated body temperature and progressing to prolonged, clustered, or continuous seizures and to status epilepticus (Dravet et al., 1992; Engel and International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE], 2001).
Although only few of the Nav1.1 mutations responsible for epileptogenic diseases in humans have been functionally characterized, several evidence point to a loss-of-function as their common effect (Bechi et al., 2015), with a correlation between the increasing functional severity of Nav1.1 channel alteration and the worsening of the clinical phenotype (Catterall et al., 2010). In other words, missense mutations found in patients with more benign clinical courses cause milder channel dysfunction, whereas more dramatic functional consequences are caused by truncation or loss-of-function mutations described in more severe phenotypes. Disease-causing Nav1.1 mutations appear to be spread along the α subunit sequence, with 25% of those (157/675) affecting the VSM.2 However, other studies (Kanai et al., 2004) have reported the occurrence of Nav1.1 missense mutations in SMEI affecting the PM, suggesting that, beside the type of mutations, also their localization plays a part in the expressed phenotype. Finally, in some cases mutations of the same residue, but introducing different amino acids, have been identified in patients with SMEI (R1648C) or GEFS+ (R1648H; see below), suggesting that the specific structural and functional changes prompted by each mutation are strictly related to the severity of the disease. One of the possible molecular mechanism responsible for the loss-of-function occurring in Nav1.1 disease-causing mutations is a folding defect, whereby the quality control system of the endoplasmic reticulum recognizes the mutation-induced structural defect and targets the abnormal protein to degradation, severely impeding its membrane trafficking. Therefore, rescuing defective proteins from degradation appears as an attractive intervention strategy in Nav1.1-related disease. Among the various strategies to reverse Nav1.1 folding defects, co-expression of β1 subunits (Sugiura et al., 2012), exposure to (lower) temperatures which facilitate correct folding (Bernier et al., 2004; Rusconi et al., 2007), co-expression with modulatory proteins (such as calmodulin; Rusconi et al., 2007), as well as the exposure to Nav blockers (such as phenytoin; Bechi et al., 2015), are the most studied. In fact, the function of the epileptogenic missense mutations, including the R859C affecting the first arginine residue in the DII-S4, can be rescued by co-expression of the β1 subunit, of the interacting protein ankyrin, and of a modified scorpion toxin binding to the VSM of these channels specifically engineered to target the endoplasmic reticulum (Bechi et al., 2015). Notably, some Nav1.1 mutations identified in patients affected with GEFS+ or SMEI introduce different substitutions at the same residue; in these cases, the extent of the folding defect appears to correlate with disease severity.
As previously indicated, more than half of the SMEI mutations cause loss-of-function effects due to stop codons or deletions, demonstrating that haploinsufficiency of SCN1A is pathogenic. To understand this counterintuitive result, as reduced Na+ currents should lead to hypoexcitability rather than hyperexcitability, mouse models were generated by targeted deletion in SCN1A gene: notably, the loss of Nav1.1 channels substantially reduced Na+ currents only in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons of both Nav1.1+/− and Nav1.1−/− mice, but not in excitatory pyramidal neurons (Yu et al., 2006; Ogiwara et al., 2007), therefore causing a loss of sustained high-frequency firing in hippocampal and cortical interneurons, possibly explaining the hyperexcitability observed in patients affected by SMEI.
Alterations of GABAergic interneurons in Nav1.1−/− mice could also contribute to explain additional clinical manifestations occurring in SMEI patients: in fact, Nav1.1+/− mice have a reduced non-REM sleep, impaired circadian behavior, cognitive impairment and autistic-like traits, reminiscent of those observed in children with SMEI (Han et al., 2012).
Although the functional consequences of SMEI-associated mutations are generally recapitulated in SCN1A knockout mice, functional studies in heterologous expression systems of Nav1.1 channels incorporating GEFS+-associated mutations suggest that both loss- and gain-of-function effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. In particular, functional studies in an animal model of GEFS+ incorporating the R1648H mutation affecting the S4 in domain IV of Nav1.1 channels (Figure 3; Tang et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2010) have suggested that this variant reduced currents in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, although in a different way: indeed, this variant reduced peak Na+ currents and enhanced slow inactivation in inhibitory neurons (possibly leading to hypoexcitability of inhibitory neurons), whereas it negatively shifted the voltage dependence of fast inactivation in excitatory neurons (possibly leading to hyperexcitability of excitatory neurons). As similarly observed for SMEI-model mice, the combination of these two mechanisms lead to a predominant reduction in vivo of GABAergic neurons excitability, therefore explaining the hyperexcitability observed in GEFS+-affected patients. More recently, a comprehensive neurophysiological analysis of this mouse model has confirmed that the R1648H mutation reduces firing in inhibitory neurons from various brain regions, but does not affect excitability of excitatory neurons (Hedrich et al., 2014).
Nav1.1 Channels and Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM3)
Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) is a rare, monogenic subtype of migraine with aura, associated to mutations in three genes. In particular, FHM1 (OMIM 141500) is caused by mutations in the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit (see below), FHM2 is caused by mutations in the α2 subunit of the Na, K-ATPase pump (ATP1A2; OMIM 602481), and FHM3 has been more recently associated to mutations in Nav1.1 channels (de Vries et al., 2009; OMIM 609634). All these proteins are crucial regulators of ion fluxes across neuronal and glial cell membranes, suggesting that FHM, and possibly other forms of migraine, should be considered as cerebral ionopathies.
So far, only six FHM3-causing mutations have been identified: one of them (L1649Q) affects the DIV-S4 segment at the level of a residue following R1648, which is mutated both in SMEI- or GEFS+-affected patients. Other FHM3-causing mutations are present in the pore (L263V) or in the DIII-DIV linker (Q1489K/H and F1499L). Finally, one mutation in the intracellular DII-DIII linker (T1174S) has been recently found in a family affected by FHM and epilepsy. Complex alterations prompted by this mutation on the functional properties of Nav1.1 channels, including loss- (such as a rightward shift in the activation curve and a slower recovery from fast inactivation) and gain- (increased persistent sodium currents, INaP) of-function mechanisms each appear to be involved in the proepiletogenic and pro-FHM manifestations of the disease, respectively (Cestèle et al., 2013a).
The functional consequences prompted by the VSM-affecting mutation L1649Q were first assessed by introducing this mutation in the highly homologous human Nav1.5 (encoded by the SCN5A gene), revealing a slower inactivation and a faster recovery from inactivation, predicting enhanced neuronal excitation (Vanmolkot et al., 2007). However, a subsequent study, in which this mutation was introduced in Nav1.1 channels and co-expressed with both human β1 and β2 accessory subunits (Kahlig et al., 2008), revealed a complete loss of function, possibly because of a markedly reduced membrane expression of Nav1.1-L1649Q mutant channels. Notably, a subsequent paper has demonstrated that the exposure of transfected cells to permissive temperature (30°C for 36–48 h) before recordings, as well as the expression of this mutant in neurons at physiological temperature (37°C), was able to partially restore the function of Nav1.1-L1649Q channels, which therefore behaved like folding defective mutants; strikingly, rescued currents showed altered biophysical properties consistent with gain-of-function effects on neuronal hyperexcitability (Cestèle et al., 2013b).
Gain-of-function effects are also caused by the pore-affecting mutation L263V (Kahlig et al., 2008); by contrast, the Q1489K mutation appears to be associated to complex functional alterations, particularly in the inactivation process, leading to predominant loss-of-function effects when expressed in Nav1.5 (Vanmolkot et al., 2007) or in the long isoform of Nav1.1 (Kahlig et al., 2008) channels, rather than to predominant gain-of-function when introduced in the shorter isoform of Nav1.1 (the predominant variant expressed in the brain; Schaller et al., 1992) and studied by transfections of heterologous cells or cultured neurons (Cestèle et al., 2008).
Two additional Nav1.1 mutations not affecting the VSM but rather the DIII-DIV linker (Q1498H and F1499L) can also cause Elicited Repetitive Daily Blindness (ERDB), suggesting that SCN1A mutations can cause a complex spectrum of human disease, including epilepsy, FHM3 and/or retinal cell excitability (Vahedi et al., 2009).
Nav1.2 and Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures (BFNIS)
Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures (BFNIS or BFIS3; OMIM 607745) is a mild seizure syndrome caused by dominant mutations in SCN2A encoding for Nav1.2 channels (Heron et al., 2002). Affected individuals have seizures starting in early infancy (Berkovic et al., 2004). Typically, ictal episodes begin as partial seizures, which often become generalized. Febrile seizures are rare. Fortunately, these seizures favorably respond to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs, and they generally remit by 1 year of age. Nav1.2 channels are closely related to Nav1.1 channels in amino acid sequence and in their CNS expression pattern (Goldin et al., 2000). They are primarily expressed in unmyelinated axons in adult rodent brain (Westenbroek et al., 1989), being replaced by Nav1.6 channels during axon myelination (Rasband, 2010). Nav1.2 expression precedes that of Nav1.1, also increasing during the first 4 weeks of postnatal life in rodents (Gordon et al., 1987; Beckh et al., 1989). The relationship between the functional alterations in Nav1.2 channels and the hyperexcitability of BFNIS is not yet clear, also because not all BFNIS-causing mutations have been functionally characterized and because contrasting results have been obtained in some cases upon expression of the same mutant channels in different expression systems. However, for many VSM-affecting mutations, such as R223Q (in the DI-S4) and R1319Q (DIII-S4) gain-of-function effects have been reported (Sugawara et al., 2001; Scalmani et al., 2006), through complex biophysical alterations combining a hyperpolarized shift in the voltage-dependence of activation and a positive shift in the voltage-dependence of inactivation: these results suggest an increase in Na+ channels availability, leading to hyperexcitability. In addition, a further missense mutation (L1563V, within DIV-S2) in a specific Nav1.2 splice variant expressed at the neonatal stage caused a gain-of-function effect (Xu et al., 2007). Notably, this neonatal isoform has a more positive voltage-dependence of activation than the adult one, which may contribute to the relative hypoexcitability of the neonatal brain; moreover, since the effect of the mutation was specific for this neonatal variant, it appears likely that seizure disappearance after the neonatal period in BFNIS patients carrying this mutation is due to the switch between the two Nav1.2 isoforms or to the developmental switch between Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels (Liao et al., 2010b).
In addition to BFNIS, de novo dominant mutations in SCN2A can cause also more severe seizure syndromes (Kamiya et al., 2004; Ogiwara et al., 2009; Liao et al., 2010a; EIEE11; OMIM 613721): as recently reviewed (Baasch et al., 2014), 14 mutations in Nav1.2 appear to relate with BFNIS and 21 mutations with more severe phenotypes, including developmental delay and intractable seizures. One of the functionally characterized mutations affecting the VSM, namely the de novo E1211K mutation, affecting a highly-conserved residue in the DIII-S1 and found in a patient affected with intractable seizures and developmental delay, revealed complex alterations in the biophysical properties of Nav1.2 channels, including a hyperpolarization of both the half-activation and half-inactivation potentials and a delay in the recovery from inactivation, therefore leading to unpredictable results on mutation-dependent pathogenetic mechanisms. Intriguingly, computational modeling approaches such as those in Cestèle et al. (2013a) could predict the predominant mutation-induced alteration, therefore allowing a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms associated to specific disease-causing mutations.
These results suggest that the spectrum of epilepsies associated to mutations in Nav1.2 channels may be similar to that observed for Nav1.1 mutations.
Nav1.3-1.6 Channels and Epilepsy
Recently, pediatric epileptic phenotypes have been also associated to mutations in other two isoforms of the Nav1 channel family, namely Nav1.3 (SCN3A) and Nav1.6 (SCN8A). Five missense Nav1.3 mutations have been identified in patients affected by cryptogenic focal epilepsy, mainly localized in the pore region, except for the D766N mutation, affecting a highly-conserved residue in the S2 segment of domain II (Holland et al., 2008; Vanoye et al., 2013). The characterization of the functional consequences prompted by these mutations in Nav1.3 channels revealed heterogeneous effects, including smaller current density, slower activation kinetics, depolarized voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation (particularly in the case of the R357Q mutation), or increased persistent currents (as in the case of the E1111K mutation). However, the presence of each of these mutations induces a common functional alteration in Nav1.3 currents, consisting in an increased current activation in response to depolarizing voltage ramps, which could contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability (Vanoye et al., 2013).
In addition, mutations in SCN8A have been recently identified in patients affected with epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Larsen et al., 2015; Epileptic Encephalopathy-13, EIEE13; OMIM 614558). The role of this channel in neuronal excitability has been firmly assessed by numerous studies in animal models expressing diverse null SCN8 variants and revealing that a reduced expression of SCN8A-encoded Nav1.6 channels protects against seizures by decreasing neuronal excitability (O’Brien and Meisler, 2013). After the identification of the first mutation in the pore of Nav1.6 channels in a patient affected with a severe EE (N1768D; Veeramah et al., 2012), other mutations have been identified also in the VSM (R223G in the DI-S4, T767I in DII-S1, and others; Estacion et al., 2014; de Kovel et al., 2014; Blanchard et al., 2015; Kong et al., 2015). The functional properties of these mutant channels include both loss- and gain-of-function characteristics, revealing also in this case complex pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these severe phenotypes.
Nav1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 and Pain Disorders
Human genetic studies have clearly revealed a central role for Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 Na+ channels in nociception. In fact, mutations in SCN9A (encoding for Nav1.7), SCN10A (encoding for Nav1.8) or SCN11A (encoding for Nav1.9) occur in many human disorders characterized by an altered pain sensation.
SCN9A mutations have been found in families affected by excruciating pain syndromes including Primary Erythermalgia (PE; OMIM 133020), Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder (PEPD; OMIM 167400), or small-fiber neuropathy (OMIM 133020), as well as by Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP; OMIM 243000), an autosomal recessive disorder in which patients are insensitive to pain caused by fractures, burns, dental extractions, and childbirth. Functional characterization of PE-, PEPD- or neuropathy-causing mutations (often occurring in the VSM, as in the case of W1538R in DIV-S2 and L823R in DII-S4; Lampert et al., 2009; Cregg et al., 2013) revealed gain-of-function effects through different mechanisms (including hyperpolarization in the activation voltage, slowing of the deactivation, increased current size, or impairment of channel inactivation). On the other hand, loss-of-function coding or splicing mutations in SCN9A leading to a substantial impairment in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) AP firing have been found in CIP families (Cox et al., 2006).
A wide genetic screen in patients with small-fiber neuropathy and negative for SCN9A mutations identified seven disease-causing variants in SCN10A (Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome, FEPS2; OMIM 615551). The functional consequences prompted by these mutations have been assessed only for some of them, revealing gain-of-function effects on Nav1.8 currents, and hyperexcitability of DRG neurons. None of these mutations has been found to affect the VSM (Faber et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2013; Han et al., 2014).
Other cohorts of patients affected by episodic pain or by small-fiber neuropathy have been also reported to carry mutations in the SCN11A gene (Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome type 3, FEPS3; OMIM 615552). Some of these mutations, which also affect the voltage sensing modules, increased Nav1.9 current density and enhanced excitability of DRG neurons (Zhang et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2014). On the other hand, a different mutation in SCN11A has been also identified in individuals with congenital inability to experience pain who suffer from recurrent tissue damage and severe mutilations (Leipold et al., 2013; Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type 7, HSAN7; OMIM 615548). This mutation strongly hyperpolarized the voltage-dependence of Nav1.9 current activation (a gain-of-function change), while reducing the excitability of DRG neurons expressing the mutant channel (a loss-of-function at the cellular level). The enhanced activity of Nav1.9 channels is believed to lead to an inhibition of neuronal firing of DRGs because of a strong depolarization of the RMP which impairs transmission from presynaptic afferents to postsynaptic cells within the spinal cord, thereby producing pain insensitivity (Waxman et al., 2014).
Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs)
VGCCs are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion and gene expression. According to their threshold of activation, VGCCs are classified in two major categories: low voltage-activated (LVA) and high voltage-activated (HVA). Structurally, HVA are heteromultimeric protein complexes formed by co-assembling of a pore forming α1 subunit and α2, δ, β, γ ancillary subunits (Figure 1); by contrast, LVA channels appear to lack ancillary subunits (Catterall et al., 2005). There are three major families of Cav α1 subunits, namely Cav1, Cav2 and Cav3, each including several members: based on their biophysical and pharmacological features, HVA channels include Cav1 (encoding for L-type channels) and Cav2 (encoding for P/Q-, N- or R-type channels) families, whereas LVA channels comprise the Cav3 family (encoding for T-type channels). The Cav1 channel family encodes three different neuronal L-type channels (called Cav1.2, Cav1.3, and Cav1.4), in addition to a skeletal muscle-specific isoform Cav1.1 channel; the Cav2 channel family includes three members (Cav2.1, Cav2.2, and Cav2.3); among them, Cav2.1 channels gives rise to P- or Q-type channels by alternative splicing and assembly with specific ancillary subunits; Cav2.2 encodes for N-type channels and Cav2.3 for R-type channels. Cav3 channel family includes three members (Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3), corresponding to T-type calcium channels (Simms and Zamponi, 2014).
So far, several human disorders have been linked to mutations in VGCCs affecting the skeletal muscle and the nervous system. In particular, mutations in Cav1.2 are associated to Timothy Syndrome (TS), characterized by severe arrhythmia and multiple organ systems dysfunctions, including neurological disorders such as autism and mental retardation. By contrast, mutations in Cav3.2 channels have been found in various forms of idiopathic generalized epilepsies: disease-associated mutations prompted gain-of-function effects, leading to an increased neuronal excitability and changes in gene transcription (Eckle et al., 2014). To the best of our knowledge, no TS- or epilepsy-causing mutations in Cav1.2 or Cav3.2 genes, respectively, has been found to affect the VSM; thus, these mutations will not be further addressed in the present manuscript. By contrast, mutations in Cav2.1 are associated to migraine (FHM1) and ataxias (EA2 and SCA6); since mutations in Cav2.1 often affect the VSM, these diseases will be discussed in the following section.
Cav2.1 Mutations Linked to Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 1 (FHM1), Episodic Ataxia Type 2 (EA2) and Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6)
Cav2.1 channels are predominantly expressed in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells, where they play a crucial role in neurotransmitter release, particularly at excitatory synapses (Westenbroek et al., 1995). Based on their expression in areas involved in migraine and/or migraine pain pathogenesis, including the cerebral cortex, the trigeminal ganglia, and brainstem nuclei, as well as the cerebellum, it is not surprising that mutations in the CACNA1A gene encoding for Cav2.1 have been linked to neurological disorders, such as Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 1 (FHM1; OMIM 141500), Episodic Ataxia type 2 (EA2; OMIM 108500) and Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 (SCA6; OMIM 183086); patients carrying Cav2.1 mutations often present significant overlapping symptoms, suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms (Pietrobon, 2013). As previously described for FHM3, FHM1 is a rare, autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura, characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headache and, in some cases, progressive cerebellar atrophy. So far, 25 mutations in Cav2.1 have been found in FHM1-affected patients (de Vries et al., 2009; Pietrobon, 2013), mostly affecting the pore and the VSM (Figure 3). Functional expression in heterologous systems revealed that a common functional effect of FHM1 mutations is a shift in the activation curve toward hyperpolarized voltages, thus increasing Cav2.1 open probability and leading to gain-of-function effects (Tottene et al., 2002). In particular, the functional effects of the VSM-affecting R192Q mutation have been studied in a knock-in mouse model: electrophysiological recordings from cerebellar granule cells of this mouse showed an increase in Cav2.1 current density, a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of current activation, an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release and increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (Tottene et al., 2009), a mechanism that is believed to cause the migraine-preceding aura (Lauritzen, 1994). R192Q-induced gain-of-function of Cav2.1 channels appears also responsible for a larger AP-evoked calcium current and a longer AP duration in Capsaicin-Insensitive Trigeminal ganglion neurons (CI-T) when compared to CI-T neurons from WT mice (Fioretti et al., 2011). These effects appear rather specific for glutamatergic neurons, as also the probability of glutamate release appears enhanced in Cav2.1-R192Q expressing neurons (Tottene et al., 2009) when compared to wild-type neurons, whereas gating properties of the Cav2.1 channels expressed in GABAergic interneurons are barely affected (Vecchia et al., 2014).
EA2 is an autosomal dominant, paroxysmal cerebellar disorder, characterized by ataxia, migraine-like symptoms, interictal nystagmus and cerebellar atrophy. More than 20 CACNA1A mutations have been linked to EA2: most of them are nonsense (Jen et al., 1999) or missense (Guida et al., 2001; Wappl et al., 2002) mutations. Most nonsense mutations are predicted to truncate Cav2.1 subunits, resulting in loss-of-function effects; furthermore, their expression in heterologous systems together with wild-type channels produces dominant-negative effects (Jeng et al., 2006). In some cases, generalized epilepsy can also be found associated with EA2 (Jouvenceau et al., 2001), as reported for the R1820X nonsense mutation having both loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects on co-expressed wild-type Cav2.1. No EA2-causing mutation has been identified in the VSM.
SCA6 is an autosomal dominant, paroxysmal cerebellar disorder characterized by late-onset, slowly-progressive ataxia and Purkinje neuron degeneration. This disease is associated with a different degree of a CAG repeat expansion (20–33 repeats) at the distal C-terminus of Cav2.1 channels (Ishikawa et al., 1997; Zhuchenko et al., 1997): therefore, also in this case the VSM is not a hot-spot region for disease-causing mutations.
The VSM as a Molecular Target for Toxins and Syntetic Compounds
VGICs are molecular targets for several classes of drugs, including anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics, and local anesthetic molecules; most of them recognize a binding site located within the pore region. More recently, the VSM also emerged as a novel pharmacological target for some classes of toxins and synthetic compounds. In VGNCs, three binding sites for neurotoxins have been identified in the VSM (Catterall et al., 2007). Site 3, located in the transmembrane loop between DIV-S3 and DIV-S4, is targeted by several groups of polypeptide toxins: α-scorpion toxins, sea-anemone toxins, and some spider toxins. These molecules slow or block Na+ channel inactivation by inhibiting the conformational changes coupling channel activation to fast inactivation (Rogers et al., 1996). This mechanism, called “voltage-sensor trapping” (Cestèle et al., 1998), may also describe the mode of action of other gating modifier toxins. Site 4, located in the S1–S2 and S3–S4 loops of domain II, is recognized by β-scorpion toxins. These toxins induce both a negative shift in the voltage-dependence of Na+ channel activation and a reduction in the maximal current. Finally, site 6, probably located near site 3, is occupied by δ-conotoxins that cause a slowing in Na+ channel inactivation. Toxin-induced sensor-trapping can also occur in VGCCs (agatoxins from spiders; McDonough, 2007), and in VGKCs of the Kv2 and Kv4 (hanatoxins from tarantula; Swartz and MacKinnon, 1997) or Kv3 and Kv11 (sea anemone toxins; Diochot and Lazdunski, 2009) subclasses. More recently, a novel molecular variant of AaTXKβ, namely AaTXKβ(2–64), from Androctonus australis scorpion venom has been shown to cause a hyperpolarization shift in the voltage-dependence of activation of Kv7.4 channels (Landoulsi et al., 2013) with a mechanism reminiscent of that described for β-scorpion toxins acting at site 4 of VGNCs (Dutertre and Lewis, 2010).
Besides toxins, also synthetic compounds may recognize a binding site located within the VSM; this pharmacological action has been exploited in some VGNCs and, among VGKCs, in the Kv7 subfamily. In fact, two compounds (ICA-121431 and PF-04856264) selectively inhibit currents from Nav1.1/Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 channels, respectively, by interacting with a site located at the extracellular ends of the S2 and S3 transmembrane segments of domain IV, a region that overlaps with the interaction sites for some scorpion and anemone toxins (McCormack et al., 2013). An analog of the analgesic drug diclofenac, called NH29, has been demonstrated to interact with an external groove formed by the interface of S1, S2, and S4 helices of the VSM in Kv7.2 channels, where it stabilizes the interaction between two conserved residues in S2 (E130) and S4 (R207). This compound shifts toward the left the activation curve and increases the maximal current of Kv7.2 channels, thereby acting as a non-toxin gating modifier (Peretz et al., 2010). By contrast, another anolog of diclofenac, called NH17, is able to block Kv7.2 channels recognizing a binding site in the VSM. Intriguingly, both compounds, NH17 and NH29, bind to the VSM of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels exerting opposite effects: indeed, they act as an activator and a blocker of TRPV1 currents, respectively. These two compounds also recognize a binding site in the VSM of the proton channel mVSOP (Kornilov et al., 2014). In addition, also another Kv7.2/3 channel opener, referred as ICA-27243, seems to interact with the VSM (Wickenden et al., 2008), although the specific amino acids involved in drug binding have not been yet identified (Padilla et al., 2009). The compound ztz240, discovered by a screening of 20,000 compounds using rubidium flux combined with atomic absorption spectrometry, increases Kv7.2 currents by interacting with the F137 residue in the gating charge pathway of Kv7.2 channels (Gao et al., 2010; Li et al., 2013). Interestingly, the same phenylalanine (F137) in the S2 of Kv7.2 forms the binding site for a previously reported Kv11.1 activator, NS1643, which also causes a leftward shift in current activation and slows current deactivation of Kv7.2 channels (Li et al., 2014a).
Although the general principles of voltage-sensing have been described by purely functional experiments well over 50 years ago, recent progress in apparently distinct fields of investigation ranging from molecular genetics to X-ray crystallography have contributed to the identification of human diseases caused by altered gating of a large number of VGICs, and to the description of the intimate molecular mechanisms of this process at nearly atomic level resolution. In the present work, we have described the diseases associated with mutations in the VSM of neuronal voltage-dependent K+, Na+, and Ca2+ channels, at the same time reporting on the described functional consequences of some of these disease-causing mutations and on the potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In addition, it should be underlined that the study of the functional consequences of naturally-occurring mutations, beside unraveling the potential disease pathogenetic mechanisms, provide unique opportunities to refine our current view of the role played by specific amino acids in channel function; as an example, the opposite functional behavior shown by Kv7.2 mutations affecting the distal end of S4 (causing a marked rightward shift in gating) when compared to those in the proximal end of the same transmembrane segment (which, instead, caused a negative gating shift), provides strong support to the current view of the molecular motions occurring in S4 during voltage-dependent gating. By this effort, we took the opportunity to highlight some of the major controversies and pressing issues in the field. Most channelopathies herein described have quite high penetrance and recognize the genetic mutations as a critical event in disease etiology; therefore, whenever possible, we have attempted to highlight genotype-phenotype correlations emerging from the detailed study of the extent of functional derangements found in most commonly used experimental systems. In an era of fast-advancing genomic techniques which allow the identification of a large number of variants in ion channel genes in several human diseases, such studies may contribute to a better definition of genotype-phenotype correlations, assisting in the definition of disease-based criteria to score variant severity, predict their pathogenetic role, and formulate prognostic hypotheses. Such efforts are likely to provide critical data which will be fed into current efforts to standardize and provide guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants such as those recently provided by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (Richards et al., 2015). Curation tools such as ClinGen3 or ClinVar,4 will be instrumental in the interpretation of the association between variants and genetic diseases, and are also likely to standardize phenotyping routines which may result in a more in-depth disease classification. Another crucial issue is the need for better experimental tools (cellular and animal models) to investigate the mechanism(s) by which each specific variant contributes to disease pathogenesis; similar clinical courses are apparently associated with both loss- and gain-of-function effects by specific ion channel variants, highlighting our rudimentary understanding of the molecular steps involved. Finally, given that the subtle structural transitions occurring during gating are likely specific and distinct for each ion channel family and subfamily, we also believe that the VSM is an underestimated target for drug action; we envision that an improved structural knowledge of channel gating may lead to the design of drugs effective on specific VSM states, thereby allowing patient-tailored therapies for rare diseases caused by each VSM mutation. Such drugs could be also of great therapeutic benefit for more common disorders involving changes in ion channel gating.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
This work was supported by Telethon Grant GGP15113, the Fondazione San Paolo-IMI (Project Neuroscience), Regione Molise (Convenzione AIFA/Regione Molise), the Science and Technology Council of the Province of Avellino, Grant PRIN 2009 to MT, and the Scientific Independence of Young Researchers (SIR) Program to FM. In addition, postdoctoral grants from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi to FM and from Italian Society of Pharmacology to MVS supported this work.
- ^ http://mouse.brain-map.org
- ^ http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/SCN1AMutations/home/Default.cfm
- ^ http://clinicalgenome.org/
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/
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Yu, F. H., Yarov-Yarovoy, V., Gutman, G. A., and Catterall, W. A. (2005). Overview of molecular relationships in the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily. Pharmacol. Rev. 57, 387–395. doi: 10.1124/pr.57.4.13
Zandany, N., Ovadia, M., Orr, I., and Yifrach, O. (2008). Direct analysis of cooperativity in multisubunit allosteric proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 105, 11697–11702. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804104105
Zhang, X. Y., Wen, J., Yang, W., Wang, C., Gao, L., Zheng, L. H., et al. (2013). Gain-of-function mutations in SCN11A cause familial episodic pain. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 957–966. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.016
Zhu, J., Alsaber, R., Zhao, J., Ribeiro-Hurley, E., and Thornhill, W. B. (2012). Characterization of the Kv1.1 I262T and S342I mutations associated with episodic ataxia 1 with distinct phenotypes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 524, 99–105. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.05.006
Zhuchenko, O., Bailey, J., Bonnen, P., Ashizawa, T., Stockton, D. W., Amos, C., et al. (1997). Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6) associated with small polyglutamine expansions in the alpha 1A-voltage-dependent calcium channel. Nat. Genet. 15, 62–69. doi: 10.1038/ng0197-62
Keywords: ion channels, voltage-sensing module, channelopathies, gating modifier, mutations
Citation: Miceli F, Soldovieri MV, Ambrosino P, De Maria M, Manocchio L, Medoro A and Taglialatela M (2015) Molecular pathophysiology and pharmacology of the voltage-sensing module of neuronal ion channels. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 9:259. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00259
Received: 03 April 2015; Accepted: 22 June 2015;
Published: 15 July 2015.
Edited by:Mauro Pessia, Universtity of Perugia, Italy
Reviewed by:Jianmin Cui, Washington University, USA
Massimo Mantegazza, CNRS UMR7275 and University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
Copyright © 2015 Miceli, Soldovieri, Ambrosino, De Maria, Manocchio, Medoro and Taglialatela. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Maurizio Taglialatela, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso 86100, Italy, email@example.com
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The Beatles' breakup in 1970 left a heavy impact on its fans worldwide. A letter from John Lennon to Paul McCartney, which is up for auction with the RR Auction House in Boston, revealed his strained relationship with McCartney.
The un-singed note, a typed correspondence which also contains hand-written annotations, shows the extent of bitterness between the pair.
Expected a price of $20,000, the scathing letter was a response to a letter sent by McCartney's then wife Linda, from Beatle singer John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono.
Lennon starts his letter with addressing to Linda, "I was reading your letter and wondering what middle-aged cranky Beatle fan wrote it."
He added: "I kept thinking who is it — Queenie? Stuart's mother? — Clive Epstein's wife? — Alan Williams? — What the hell — it's Linda!"
Regarding the negative criticism about his wife Ono, for whom he left his first wife Cynthia in 1968, Lennon wrote: "The 'self-indulgent doesn't realize who he is hurting' bit—I hope you realize what sh*t you and the rest of my 'kind and unselfish' friends laid on Yoko and me, since we've been together."
"It might have sometimes been a bit more subtle or should I say 'middle class'—but not often. We both 'rose above it' quite a few times—& forgave you two—so it's the least you can do for us—you noble people—Linda—if you don't care what I say—shut up!"
Lennon, who unofficially left the band before McCartney's dramatic exit on April 10, 1970, goes on to explain that he had only been kept silent about his departure because McCartney and Beatles manager Allen Klein convinced him "to keep quiet about it" for business reasons.
"About not telling anyone that I left the Beatles—PAUL and Klein both spent the day persuading me it was better not to say anything—asking me not to say anything because it would 'hurt the Beatles'—and 'let's just let it peter out'—remember?" writes Lennon.
"Do you really think most of today's art came about because of the Beatles?" Lennon wrote. "I don't believe you're that insane—Paul—do you believe that? When you stop believing it you might wake up! Didn't we always say we were part of the movement—not all of it?—Of course, we changed the world—but try and follow it through—GET OFF YOUR GOLD DISC AND FLY!"
Curiously enough, however, he does mention "love to you both" at the end, in spite of all the insults.
He ends up by saying, "P.S. about addressing your letter just to me—STILL....!!!"
Previously, it was offered for sale at auction in 2013 with an asking price of £40,000 by a different auction company.
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(Redirected from Ernst bloch)
- How absurd it must seem for an immortal soul to be destined for Heaven or Hell, and yet be sitting in a kitchen, as a maid, or to see oneself objectified as a mechanic! how falsely the usual sunrise waked us, the clock dial, the city street the job! How wrongfully people find themselves in these systems — our time isn't there, our space isn't there, our space isn't even here... the whole social story of waking, and certainly the day of the mechanic, is false.
- Traces (1930), p. 27
- In death too, there is always something of the rich cat that lets the mouse run before devouring it
- Traces (1930), p. 30
- On bourgeois ground … change is impossible anyway even if it were desired. In fact, bourgeois interest would like to draw every other interest opposed to it into its own failure; so, in order to drain the new life, it makes its own agony apparently fundamental, apparently ontological. The futility of bourgeois existence is extended to be that of the human situation in general, of existence per se.
- The Principle of Hope (1959), N. Plaice, trans. (1986), p. 4
- Evil does not approach us as pride any more, but on the contrary as slumber, lassitude, concealment of the "I." … It may make us so quickly contented, that any definitive fire will die down. The venomous, breathtaking frigid mist seems able … to harden hearts and fill them with envy, obduracy and resentment, with bloody scorn for the divine image and light, with all the causes of the only true original sin, which is not wanting to be like God.
- Man on His Own (1959), B. Ashton, trans. (1970), p. 62
Essays on the Philosophy of Music (1985)
- We hear only ourselves.
- For we gradually become blind to the outside world.
- Whatever we shape leads back around ourselves again. It is not so much exclusively self-oriented, not so much hazy, floating, warm, dark and incorporeal as the feeling always of being simply with ourselves, simply self-aware. It is material and it is experience with alien affiliations. But we walk in the forest and feel we are or might be what the forest is dreaming. We pass between the pillars of its tree trunks, small, spiritual and invisible to ourselves, as their sound, as that which could not become forest again or external appearance of day and visibility. We do not possess it, that which all this around us—moss, curious flowers, roots, trunks and streaks of light is or signifies—because we are it itself and are standing too close to it, the spectral and still ineffable nature of consciousness or interiorisation. But the sound burns out of us, the heard note, not the sound itself or its forms. This, however, shows us our path without alien means, our historically inward path, as a fire in which not the vibrating air but we ourselves begin to quiver and to cast off our cloaks.
- "The Philosophy of Music: Dream", p. 1; originally "Philosophie der Musik: Traum" in: Ernst Bloch, Geist der Utopie (1918)
- For an alternative translation see The Spirit of Utopia, Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 34
Quotes about Ernst Bloch
- Gramsci's remarks are rich and stimulating, but in the last analysis they follow the classical Marxist pattern of analysing religion. Ernst Bloch was the first Marxist author who radically changed the theoretical framework—without abandoning the Marxist and revolutionary perspective. In a similar way to Engels, he distinguished two socially opposed currents: on one side the theocratic religion of the official churches, opium of the people, a mystifying apparatus at the service of the powerful; on the other the underground, subversive and heretical religion of the Albigensians, the Hussites, Joachim di Fiori, Thomas Münzer, Franz von Baader, Wilhelm Weitling and Leo Tolstoy.
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A conference planner needn’t always be a human being. A réunion planner can be a manual, a guidebook or even a développement. Many people prefer ‘inanimate’ planners over human planners. They say that inanimate, non-living planners are better at registre, make lesser errors parce que of the very fact that they aren’t human, and help to mechanize the entire emploi du temps process. But others say that they only stereotype the guide process. They say that ‘non-human’ planners follow a fixed modèle of task-setting, aren’t flexible and cannot deal with many aspects of échéancier, precisely because of the fact that they aren’t human. As the number of people who are for the proposition, ‘a symposium planner should always be a human being’ equate the number of people who are against the proposition, let’s delve deeper into the conclusion to find out who can be the best event planner.
The conference planners of a company are either ‘internal’ people who are chosen for the job of conference registre by their seniors or ‘external’ event managers recruited specially for managing the conference event.
An external conference planner always fonctions a huge sum for the event conduite process parce que the external conference planner uses their examen for the process of event management. An external conference planner may also be a certified colloque planner. Companies select only those external conference planners who have proven track records in conference management. But the problem with an external conference planner is that while they have a perspicacité and argutie for collectionneur conference management, they are not aware of the company’s goals and other company nitty-gritty. As a result, they may help a company to host a patricien event, but can do little in making the event productive and everlasting. Hence, company seniors often use the fonctions of an external conference planner when hosting trade shows for the assistance or hosting a promotional, events that are linked to the company’s goals, indirectly. Where conferences foyer directly on company goals, bottom-lines, targets, strengths, and weaknesses, company seniors prefer assigning the conference vade-mecum task to insiders, who can align the conference management process to the bermuda and élevé term goals of the company, better.
The bottin for a colloque or event has to be drawn up with painstaking difficulté. The agenda generally includes several topics for empoignade. A planner has to be mature enough to gauge which topics should be incorporated in the éphéméride and which topics should be left out. A planner should do some brainstorming before delineating the final registre or else he or she might come up with an registre that focuses on less superbe topics, that leaves out topics requiring immediate and great constance, and that sets the stage for an unproductive masse which is a perfect waste of everybody’s time. It is imperative that the planner makes arrangements for obstructions and hurdles that might toundra at the eleventh hour or otherwise the entire recette, séminaire and event may collapse like a house of cards. A conference planner must always ensure that the almanach comprises topics that address remplaçant issues pertaining to the company and the chipotage of which, will ultimately help in increasing company profits and employee productivity and improving the overall prospects of the company.
It is evident that there is practically no end to the duties and responsibilities of a planner. A planner has to shoulder the entire burden of an event, of devising strategies, and the consequences of his or her own échelons, which might be successful or which might backfire. A planner should not make any simulé pas. As there is a lot of risk involved in indicateur, few people wish to be planners. If the balance goes off well, then they receive heaps of praises but if something goes amiss, and the event is a disaster, then the entire onus falls on the planners and they’re under fire. Many, therefore, feel that bloc requires jogging. Those with degrees in event direction or those who are certified sommet planners are hence often chosen as planners, over others. But professional event managers and usage certified assemblée planners also fail sometimes. For a planner, a degree is not a sufficient guarantor.
So, many companies make use of registre guides and développement for solide programme before events. As has been mentioned earlier, these too have their faults, the moufle fault being that they can’t warranty remarquable agenda precisely parce que of the fact that they aren’t human. They ordinateur the horaire process but cannot think creatively and prepare for last-minute snags. They’re analphabète of adapting themselves to new and unusual situations. Some of them are rather expensive to purchase and use. As most of them don’t fulfill the basic as well as the specific needs of organizations, company managers get fed up of using them and give up on them after some time.
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Pfitzner’s Palestrina: The ‘Musical Legend’ and its Background
Hans Pfitzner’s ‘musical legend’ Palestrina is considered in the German-speaking countries to be one of the supreme masterpieces of music, and yet it is all but unknown elsewhere.
The opera, first performed in 1917, tells the story of the composer Palestrina, his struggle to compose following the death of his wife and in the face of anti-musical decrees from the Church, and his eventual composition of the Missa Papae Marcelli, which, it is said, was dictated to him by angels and reconciled the Church to contrapuntal music. The story, set against the historical background of the Council of Trent, is an allegory of the individual artist in society, as well as a statement of Pfitzner’s own beliefs about the musical climate of his time. The music is of profound nobility, constructed with enormous subtlety and skill.
In this book, the first to be written in English on Pfitzner’s masterpiece, Owen Toller discusses the music and the dramatic structure in detail, and presents a comprehensive introduction to the background material in the many diverse fields encompassed by the opera.
A substantial biographical chapter describes the circumstances in which Palestrina was written and first performed; it also provides a guide to the remainder of Pfitzner’s diverse and important output and to the hallmarks of his individual style.
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Wednesday 8 September 1937
It was Wednesday, under the sign of Virgo. The US president was Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic).
The Lower Depths, directed by Jean Renoir, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1937
But much more happened that day: find out below..
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 8 September 1937!
Which were the important events of 8 September 1937 ?
- Virna Lisi: Italy -- Actress (Assault on a Queen, Bluebeard).
- Sam Nunn: American politician.
- Barbara Frum: American-Canadian journalist (d. 1992).
- Archie Goodwin: American author and illustrator (d. 1998).
- George Devlin: Scottish artist and painter, his landscapes, still lifes and portraits hang in Scottish museums and in private collections.
- Pan Arab conference about Palestine opens
- Yankees trailing 6-1 in 9th, score 8 to beat Boston 9-6
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Make this date unforgettable
CD and DVD Birthday Cards
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Retro and Vintage gifts
Have a look at retro and vintage objects from 8 September 1937 and get them!
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Knowing the basics of vehicle suspension
A vehicle’s suspension system is what enables it to drive straight, make sharp turns and gives the car and driver stability and comfort at all speeds. Though the suspension components connect areas of the vehicle to make it stable while driving, time on the road causes those parts to wear down. Extreme weather and temperatures, especially during the summer months, also contribute to its wear.
The role of suspension components
Connected by joints, your car is like a human body. The joints can’t be completely firm; joints need flexibility. A vehicle’s suspension holds the vehicle together by connecting the frame to the tires, much like your hips connect your torso to your lower body. Your vehicle’s steering system carries your input from the steering wheel to the steering gear and other steering components to control the car’s course or direction. Suspension components allow the driver to maneuver better and help the vehicle handle better, so for you and your passengers’ safety, you don’t want steering/suspension components to be loose.
Keeping up on suspension maintenance
Every brand of car has a recommended maintenance schedule in its owner’s manual, many of which are available for purchase online if your original book was misplaced. By following such a schedule, you can prevent your suspension components from deteriorating. Whether you change your vehicle’s oil yourself or have it done for you, this routine maintenance represents the optimal time to visually inspect the suspension components. You can also do a press test on your shock or strut assembly by firmly pressing downward several times on the hood or rear area of your vehicle where the shock sits. Count the amount of rebounds from this pressure; if they exceed more than one and a half, that’s a sign that your shock/strut assembly could be in need of replacement. If you hear unusual sounds while doing this, it could indicate a damaged suspension component.
Paying attention to your suspension
There are a few components that your suspension employs to smooth out your ride: springs, shock absorbers and control arms. The spring's job is to harvest energy, bringing your wheels back to their optimal height while driving and stopping. Shock absorbers assist in controlling the impact and rebound of the springs. Control arms link the frame to the wheels and maintain your vehicle’s alignment. Here are a few things to consider to help ensure these components are doing their jobs:
- Vehicle handling: If you notice your vehicle is pulling to one side while you’re driving, or if you experience vibration or bouncing, it may be a sign that one or more of your suspension parts need replacing.
- Tire wear: Uneven tire wear is a sign that your tires may be misaligned, have improper air inflation or a suspension component could be damaged. Getting your tires aligned and having your suspension components checked are some of the ways to improve the longevity of your car’s suspension and tires.
- Driving style: Adopting better driving habits, like reducing fast stops and fast turns around corners, can also prolong the life of your suspension, as can avoiding obstacles in the road, like holes or uneven surfaces. Damaged roads can impact your suspension.
Scheduled maintenance on your vehicle, good driving habits, and heeding your mechanic’s recommendations are all ways to get the most out of your vehicle’s suspension and prolong its lifespan.
Caitlin Granfield is a news writer based in Miami, Florida. She and her husband, who is a mechanic, are avid car enthusiasts. They often frequent the Miami Auto Museum, which has one of the largest collections of James Bond vehicles in the world.
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Coulomb's Laws--> Please help!!!! 1. Object A is metallic and electrically neutral. It is charged by induction so that it acquires a charge of -2.9 x 10-6 C. Object B is identical to object A and is also electrically neutral. It is charged by induction so that it acquires a charge of +2.4 x 10-6 C. Find the difference in mass between the charged objects. Na=(-2.9*10^-6)/(1.602*10^-19)=-1.81*10^13 Nb=(2.4*10^-6)/(1.602*10^-19)=1.49*10^13 (Nb-Na)(Mass of electron)=3.7*10^-18 what did i do wrong? 2. In a vacuum, two particles have charges of q1 and q2, where q1 = +3.6 uC. They are separated by a distance of 0.36 m, and particle 1 experiences an attractive force of 4.2 N. What is the value of q2, with its sign? i used the equatioin F=[k(q1)(q2)]/r^2 I changed uC to C--> 3.6*10^-6 C meters to km F=4.2 i plugged in the knows and solved for q2 and got 1001.3 C. please help! thanks in advance!
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By Stephanie Innes and Melina Walling |Arizona Republic
Arizonans who recently tested positive for COVID-19 are not alone. Reinfections are up, and so are cases in people who have been fully vaccinated and boosted.
As a wave of new COVID-19 infections that began in May continues statewide, two contagious subvariants of the virus — BA.4 and BA.5 — are increasingly driving cases. BA.5 is the more dominant of the two.
“I think what we’re seeing in Arizona reflects generally what we see in the country, which is the growing dominance of this BA.5 variant,” said Dr. Joshua LaBaer, executive director of Arizona State University’s Biodesign Institute. “It is spreading everywhere.”
So far, evidence shows BA.5 is not only contagious but is particularly good at evading antibodies to COVID-19, which could explain why so many people are reporting second and even third infections from the coronavirus. Less clear is whether BA.5 will manifest in more serious illness than prior versions of the virus.
“It’s frustrating for patients because they’re often surprised to be reinfected,” said Dr. Natasha Bhuyan, a family physician based in Phoenix and national medical director for One Medical.
“I’ve seen reinfections happen as quickly as three months (after a prior infection). … Sometimes they think they have allergies or they think there’s a different virus that they have. They often don’t believe they have COVID.”
Arizonans who have been vaccinated are getting COVID-19, too. LaBaer, in spite of being fully vaccinated and having two booster doses, tested positive for the COVID-19 virus for the first time on June 25. He had mild symptoms and suspects the vaccine prevented him from getting any sicker.
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Szymanowski: Symphonies 1 & 3, Love Songs of Hafiz - Johnson / Gardner
Chandos CHSA 5143
Classical - Orchestral
Szymanowski: Symphonies 1 & 3; Love Songs of Hafiz, Op. 26
Ben Johnson (tenor)
BBC Symphony Chorus & Orchestra
Edward Gardner (conductor)
Edward Gardner returns with the BBC Symphony Orchestra to the intoxicating orchestral music of Karol Szymanowski in their third disc devoted to the composer. Their previous releases have been widely praised, Gardner being described in BBC Music Magazine as ‘one of the finest non-Polish interpreters of Szymanowski.’ Ben Johnson, a tenor whose star is rapidly rising, joins Gardner and the BBC SO here as a soloist in two works.
Szymanowski’s Symphony No. 1 was composed in 1907 while he was still in his twenties. Stylistically it belongs to his early period, heavily influenced by the late-Romantic style of Wagner and Strauss. It was disavowed later in life as Szymanowski rejected his early influences but its brash youthful energy and intense emotion has won many audiences over.
The exquisite Love Songs of Hafiz for tenor soloist and orchestra are transitional works. Composed in 1911, they represent a move toward his middle period marked by a fascination with oriental themes, here reflected in the choice to set 14th Century Persian poetry.
Szymanowski’s Symphony No. 3 ‘Song of the Night’ is considered the apex of his middle-period output and one of his finest works. Scored for a huge orchestra with choir and tenor soloist, Szymanowski again sets Persian poetry, here celebrating the beauty of the starlight Eastern night. Szymanowski conveys the poem’s vision with sensuous and highly emotional music, scored in extraordinarily subtle orchestral colour.
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Review by Graham Williams - November 2, 2014
This is the eighth release in Chandos's extensive survey of Polish music (Muzyka Polska) and the third SACD in the series devoted to the orchestral and vocal music of Karol Szymanowski. The two earlier releases Szymanowski: Symphonies 2 & 4 - Lortie / Gardner and Szymanowski: Stabat Mater, Harnasie - Gardner have garnered much well-deserved praise for the insightful conducting of Edward Gardner, the fine playing of the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the superb Chandos engineering. In every one of those essential aspects this latest recording matches the previous issues.
Szymanowski's Symphony No. 3 'The Song of the Night', completed in 1914, is a setting of the poem by the 13th century Persian poet, Jalal al-Din al- Rumi in a translation by Tadeusz Micinski. It has received some notable recordings over recent years of which those by Simon Rattle (CD only) and Antoni Wit, whose compelling version is available on a Blu-ray audio disc Szymanowski: Symphonies 3 & 4 - Wit , deserve particular consideration from collectors.
Overall Gardner's tempi are closer to those of Wit than Rattle and he captures the perfumed sensuousness of the music to perfection. The young British tenor Ben Johnson copes well with the high tessitura of his solos, even if he does not quite match Ryszard Minkiewicz's more idiomatic singing for Wit. Both the BBC Symphony Chorus and Orchestra could hardly be more committed in their collective response to Gardner's detailed and glowing account of Szymanowski's rhapsodic and ecstatic masterpiece, and the Chandos 24-bit / 96kHz recording is absolutely outstanding. It has a huge dynamic range that brings an almost holographic realisation to the listener of the spacious acoustic of the Fairfield Halls, Croydon where it was recorded in February 2014.
The venue for the recording of the 'Love Songs of Hafiz' was the BBC Maida Vale Studio 1 whose clear acoustic seems perfect for experiencing the beauty of Szymanowski's glittering orchestral palette and Ben Johnson's sensitive singing of these eight songs. The texts are by the 14th Century poet Shams al-Din Muhammad, better known as Hafiz, translated into German by the poet Hans Bethge. The first three songs are from an earlier cycle for voice and piano of the same title to which were then added five more to produce the version heard here that received its first performance in Warsaw 1922 as an accompaniment to a ballet. Each one is exquisitely orchestrated in the composer's oriental style from that period in his creative development and the recording captures every delicate detail with utmost clarity and warmth.
It is sometimes difficult to know what to make of Szymanowski's 1st Symphony. It was the young composer's first foray into the genre and was originally intended as a three-movement work, but a planned central Adagio never materialised. The two remaining movements are both densely scored and written in highly chromatic harmonic language. The music of this symphony verges at times on hysteria though it is interspersed with more lyrical passages. Edward Gardner's cohesive performance of this symphony holds the work together better than any previous versions that I have encountered, and by adopting a less frenetic approach than Valery Gergiev's recent account on LSO Live, makes a good case for a work rarely heard in the concert hall. The fine acoustic of the recording venue – this time the Watford Colosseum – plays an important part in keeping textures clear.
This SACD is another marvellous addition to the growing discography of this fascinating composer's oeuvre.
Copyright © 2014 Graham Williams and HRAudio.net
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Several national Down syndrome organizations corroborated on a new campaign for World Down Syndrome Day: Celebrate the Love with Random Acts of Kindness.
A webinar was presented to outline this campaign and to show the documents that were created to assist in spreading RAOK and information about Down syndrome. If you would like to watch a recording of the webinar click here.
Here is how it works:
1. On March 21st, wear your favorite shirt that celebrates our Down syndrome community.
2. Choose an act of kindness. We suggest trying for 1-3 acts of kindness on WDSD15.
3. Print out the WDSD postcard and give out with the Random Act of Kindness.
4. Take pictures of your random acts and post them on social media pages with the hashtag #WDSD15.
There is a WDSD Random Acts of Kindness group that you can join to get more ideas about what other people are doing for RAOK. Under the "Files" section of that group (not sure if the link works directly, or if you have to join the group to see the files), there are downloads available for printing 4 postcards per page; download also available in Publisher so you can edit the back of it with your local Down syndrome organization, or just personalize it with your favorite Down syndrome resource.
Organizations involved with this campaign:
International Down Syndrome Coalition
National Down Syndrome Congress
LuMind Research Down Syndrome Foundation
Global Down Syndrome Foundation
National Down Syndrome Society
International Mosaic Down Syndrome Association
Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action
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Indian Motorcycle began production in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1901, making it America’s first motorcycle company. Nearly half a century earlier in 1866, the Jack Daniel’s distillery in Lynchburg, Tennesee registered with the federal government, making it the oldest operational distillery in the U.S. These two brands have become symbols of American craftsmanship and ingenuity, with Indian producing some of the most beautiful and capable machines ever seen and Jack Daniel’s taking its spot among the bestselling whiskies in the world.
With JD’s 150th birthday coming up, what could be more fitting than celebrating with a fellow American icon? Indian Motorcycle recently announced a limited edition of its Jack Daniel’s-branded Chief Vintage, and it is a stunner.
The 2016 Limited Edition Jack Daniel’s Indian Chief Vintage, which will see very limited production, features Indian accessories and additions inspired by the Jack Daniel’s brand, including custom paint, logos, badging, a leather saddle, and saddlebags. The bike’s front fender is inscribed with the names of the seven master distillers who have supervised the Jack Daniel’s process since its inception.
The first-in-series custom JD Chief Vintage will make its next appearance during Daytona Bike Week in March. It will then head to the October Barrett-Jackson Auction in Las Vegas, where it will be sold to the highest bidder. All proceeds from the sale will go to “Operation Ride Home,” a partnership between the Jack Daniel’s company and the Armed Services YMCA. This foundation helps junior-enlisted members of the military go home for the holidays.
“It’s a pleasure to partner again with our friends at Jack Daniel’s on this project as a tribute to originality and American craftsmanship, and to do so for the benefit of our military personnel and their families,” said Steve Menneto, President of Motorcycles for Polaris Industries. “Jack Daniel’s and Indian Motorcycle proudly support our troops, military families and our veterans and we are honored to join forces again in 2016.”
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- Volcon Grunt is an electric off-road motorcycle you can ride underwater
- Damon’s Hypersport shape-shifting motorcycle made me feel like a kid again
- This crash-evading electric motorcycle gets its brains from BlackBerry
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Enabling Routing and Remote Access Service
Click on Start, go to Administrative Tools, click on Routing and Remote Access
After the console loads, the left pane of the console will have your local server’s name.
A green arrow indicates the services for RRS is enabled. A red arrow indicates the service is disabled.
Right click the server’s name and click on Configure and Enable Routing and Remote Access to start the setup wizard. Click next once the wizard appears.
Click Remote Access (dial up or VPN will appear) to permit remote computers to dial in or connect to the server.
Next click VPN for virtual private access.
The VPN Connection page will show the interface. Click the network interface that is connected to the Internet and click on next.
You should have a DHCP server on your network that assigns IP address to clients that dial in to the VPN server. Select Automatically and click next. You can specify a range of IP addresses to restrict VPN usage.
You should elect to keep the default settings of No, use Routing and Remote Access to authenticate connection request and click next.
Click Finish. This should enable the Routing and Remote Access service.
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Vapor Oasis CBD Wholesale in Hollis 03049 NH
Vapor Oasis CBD Wholesale near Hollis 03049 NH - Shop CBD Pet Treats for Cats and Dogs, ejuice by top labels including Digbys Juices Made In UK E-liquid, Drip N Vape hop over to these guys as well as Turnt Vape Co.
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The cannabinoid is a non-toxic component that lots of individuals are influenced to utilize it in their day-to-day lives as a result of its many benefits. CBD products in actual definition have numerous benefits and also guy significant pharmacy shops offer them to their consumers.
Justcbdstore provides numerous CBD gummies as pain-relieving medications to clients. It helps in repainting an exact photo of the individual's body using CBD on bodies. These gummies are valuable for working as anti-depressant tablets or feeling nervous.
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Before using CBD, it is necessary to recognize the facility processes of consumption of CBS on the body. Several of the advantages are detailed as under:
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Many researchers have actually shown that CBD is helping in resolving problems connected to the well-being as well as promoting satisfaction. A research in the Brazilian Trip of Psychiatry in 2019 figured out that 300 Milligrams of CBD aids in reducing stress levels in the body.
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CBD medicine is exceptionally helping patients in overcoming cigarette addiction. The CBD is believed why not try these out to have all the homes of heroin, cocaine, as well as likewise psychostimulant addiction.
According to the 2013 research, CBD can lower addiction to cigarette where the screening was done to a team of 12 individuals. The testing exposed that the cigarette smoking routines of people have been reducing by 40% considering that taking CBD drugs.
For how long can CBD last in the body?
Now, the long lasting of CBD in the body depends on numerous conditions with a combination of administrative aspects of the body. It additionally depends on the amount of CBD you are taking in with body mass and also metabolic rate.
CBD medications can be digested directly in the kind of pills and even in the form of syrup. After consuming it, CBD can last up to 1-2 hours and also the effects last for the next 6 hrs.
In the situation of sublingual
CBD can also get in the body with the use find out more of a tongue where it will certainly be soaking up the CBD to the mucous membrane layer. Then it goes into the major blood stream results of which are experienced by all the people in a short time. The results can last for 4 to 6 hrs depending upon using the method.
In the case of topical
CBD is sometimes added to the skin making it 10 times more than THC, and it gets coming to a head high after 90 minutes. This is one procedure made use of for patients with persistent issues.
Everything depends on the methods utilized in patients for CBD consumption. Choosing the best strategy is very vital.
It assists in painting a precise image of the client's body utilizing CBD on human bodies. CBD oil is thought about to be a highly beneficial compound for reducing epileptic seizures in both women and youngsters. Various kinds of epileptics can be done using CBD drugs. Researchers have actually aimed out those pediatric people because 2018 have actually been provided entire plant CBD oils.
CBD can additionally enter the body with the usage of a tongue where it will certainly be taking in the CBD to the mucous membrane layer.
For anyone who is considering taking over vaping to assist you stop smoking, you have got uncovered almost everything you might want to Give up and help save an enormous amount of money. The more economical starter kits may also be the best to implement.
minimal toughness eliquids are generally the choice of vapers who’ve been vaping for a while and so are tapering down their nicotine ingestion, or social people who smoke looking for an occasional vape which they’ll enjoy on an evening out. There’s enough nicotine to satisfy a delicate craving, but nonetheless not just as much as our other vapes.
88 Vape is really a UK-based e-liquid maker set up in 2013. it's popular for its specially developed e-cigarettes as well as the normal vape pens. Its goods have lots of strengths. For starters, it offers an array of flavors which can give you an absolutely wonderful style sensation. Secondly, the items are made, made, and equipped in United kingdom. utilizing the ingredients ordered from reliable suppliers after which creating, mixing and distributing each and every liquid By itself, 88 Vape can ensure liquids the best quality. Last although not the very least, the goods made by 88 Vape are available in distinctive strengths for the users, which assist quite a few smokers shift from the significant energy (12mg+) liquid to your nicotine-free of charge a single in a handful of months.
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V2’s e-juices are compatible with every V2 vaporizer that features a refillable tank, just like the EX Blank, PRO Series and vintage Blank Cartridge. Bottles is available in two dimensions, 25ml and fifty ml and It's also feasible to acquire a sample pack of 6 flavours.
8th July 2020 - Emma Robins compose an assessment > Liquid is very smooth cheap and it has a pleasant menthol flavour aswell as becoming a higher nicotine item
there isn't a doubt that in case you quit cigarette smoking, you may boost your well being. it is vital to take into account that You can even save lots of money. particularly when you employ an Mr. Meringue E-Liquid economical vape pen or starter kit.
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The first season of the NASA Astrobiology Program’s Network for Ocean Worlds quarterly Lecture Series, “Life on Ocean Worlds,” continues today, June 15th at 2 PM Eastern time. Episode 2: “Life on the seafloors and in the oceans” will consist of two live 20-minute lectures:
- “Earth: Life on the seafloors and in the oceans” by Dr. Julie Huber, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- “Ocean Worlds: Life on the seafloors and in the oceans,” by Dr. Kevin Hand, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The event is will be held via WebEx. The lectures will each be 20 minutes with 10 minutes for questions. Afterwards, the lines will stay open for an additional 30 minutes for an audience discussion of crosscutting themes between the exploration of oceans and ice on the Earth and in the Solar System. The meetings will be recorded and made available online.
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The FishSite Newsletter - 1st September 2009
|Our Sponsors: Helping keep you updated for free!|
|Home About Aquaculture News Book Shop Livestock Photo Library Employment Recipes SEARCH|
Editorial - Warnings Issued over Biotoxins and Transgenic Fish
Following a study, scientists at the EU's European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have warned that people consuming shellfish contaminated with toxins from the okadaic acid, azaspiracid, saxitoxin or domoic acid groups risk illness, while there are no health risks from the yessotoxin or pectenotoxin groups at levels or below the maximum levels permitted in the European Union. Marine biotoxins are poisonous substances produced by different algae that can accumulate in shellfish.
Transgenic fish can entail risks and undesirable effects on natural environment, according to a recent report from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.
Fast growing transgenic fish can revolutionise commercial fish farming and relieve the pressure on over-exploited fish stocks. But what happens in the natural environment if transgenic fish escape? Researchers at the University of Gothenburg have studied transgenic fish on behalf of the EU and are urging caution.
"Until further notice, transgenic fish should be bred in closed systems on land," warned lead author of the report, Fredrik Sundström.
We have 3 new features this week:
Banking on Cod
Cod numbers can recover if fisheries policies are reformed, according to this assessment by the World Wildlife Fund. WWF outlines its proposals.
Understanding China's Fish Trade and Traceability Systems
A forthcoming European Union (EU) regulation to combat illegal fishing will require that China obtain and manage catch certificates for all fish raw materials potentially destined for EU markets. A report by Shelley Clarke for Traffic East Asia explains China's fish re-processing trade and product traceability.
Marine Harvest: Solving the Sea Lice Challenge
Salmon farming has potential negative implications for its surroundings, including wild salmon. In their sustainability report 2008, Marine Harvest - the world’s leading seafood company - outlines recent efforts to reduce the impact of sea lice from their farms.
» Ridley Poised to Make Acquisitions
» Research Centre Looks for Prawn Alternatives
» Malta May Have a Fight on its Hands Over Tuna Fishing
» Toxic Salmon Farm has Long Lasting Effects
» Fish Farming Not The Only Culprit In Salmon Decline
» New Aquaculture Opportunites for Brazil and UK
» Help Comes to Alabama Catfish Farmers
» Obama Envisions Ocean Policy
» Florida Aquaculture Held Back by Planning Rules
» Scientists to Test Passaic River Fish For Toxins
» Koi Herpes Virus Suspected in California Carp Deaths
» Infrared Technology Helping To Save Fish
» Greenpeace Talks Tuna to Taiwan
» Low-Interest Loans to Be Expanded for Aquaculture
» Fisheries and Aquatic Center Coming to Philippines
» Mindanao's Role in Pacific Fisheries Highlighted
» Chile's Salmon Exports Lower in First Half-Year
» US $18 Million to Build a Recirculation Hatchery
» EFSA Issues Advice on Marine Biotoxins
» EU to Discuss Future Tuna Rules Today
» Nigeria Aims for Self-Sufficiency
» China's Fisheries Still to Adapt to EU Regulations
» Lawmakers Warn of Disease Epidemic in China
» China to Formulate Food Safety Standards
» Swedish Report on Risks of Transgenic Fish
» New Measures Not Enough For Central Pacific Tuna
» Norway and Scotland Team Up on Aquaculture
» Brazil Reports Listed Shrimp Disease
» Seafood Exports Show Recovery
» Aqua-Products Exports Mount Up Sharply
» Manipur Fish Farmers Call for Drought Relief
That's all for this week!
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UVC Germicidal Light Product Range
American Ultraviolet have been providing UVC (Ultraviolet C) Germicidal Light Solutions since 1960. UVC light is used to treat air that passes through an HVAC unit that reduces, or eliminates, DNA-based airborne contaminants (bacteria, viruses, mold spores, yeast, protozoa), and provide much healthier air to breathe.
UVC On Coil Cleaning (HVAC)
American Ultraviolet manufactures a wide range of in-duct UVC HVAC Germicidal lights.
HVAC Air Duct UVC Lamps
Germicidal fixtures can be mounted in various configurations for optimum air decontamination.
UVC Light for Healthcare
UVC solutions for reducing unwanted surface and airborne microbes in & around the patient.
UVC for Food & Beverage
Germicidal UVC Lights for the Food & Beverage Processing/Packaging industry.
UVC Mobile Room Disinfection
Mobile UVC with the goal of targeting infections in the environment around the patient.
The Blade - Handheld UVC
Portable UVC disinfection designed to deactivate bacteria & viruses in hard to reach places.
UVC Dosimeter Cards
A safe and efficient tool that can be used to verify UVC exposure of a surface, or an instrument.
UVC Kitchen Exhaust Light
UVC Kitchen Exhaust Hood Lights are designed to reduce odors and grease deposits in kitchen hoods.
Upper Air Irradiation Solutions
Recognised and recommended by the CDC, WHO, and ASHRAE as effective solutions for the mitigation of airborne pathogen transmission.
Germicidal UVC Light FAQ
Find answers to your questions about Germicidal UVC Light with our UVC FAQ.
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This article was originally published in Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry Publication of December 1907. Information within this article is therefore correct as of 1907. The publication of this material aims to provide historical insight on the subject and its place in industry.
While the introduction of electric power for all purposes has revolutionized to a large extent the operation in modern iron and steel plants, the economies which may be obtained by the use of a storage battery are not yet fully appreciated. For this reason the following notes, taken from a recent pamphlet of the General Storage Battery Co. of New York, should be interesting.
There are many plants in which a large part of the electric power load is at a considerable distance from the generating station, where the installation of a suitable storage battery, floating on the line, at or near the local center of distribution of the distant load, will produce excellent results. By increasing the load factor (that is the figure which indicates to what extent the maximum capacity of the plant is utilized in average operation) it will effect a great saving in plant operation. It will also maintain an increased and steady voltage at the load, and increase the plant output at far less cost than would be necessary for an increase in the generating equipment.
Cambria Steel uses two large ore bridges and one car dumper, all operated by electric motors and supplied with current by a set of feeders from the main power house, the center of the load being approximately 3,000 feet from the power house.
The work of these motors is of necessity heavy and intermittent, so that the resultant load on the power house fluctuates widely. The momentary current values vary from 400 to 4,000 amps, equivalent to rapid fluctuations in load from 100 to 1,000kw at 250 volts.
Prior to the installation of the storage battery, twelve 500,000cm cables were used as feeders, to supply the motors operating the ore bridges and car dumper. The voltage at the center of the motor load, at the same time, fluctuated through wide limits.
To meet the demands for an increase in load, it was found necessary either to increase the generating plant, or relieve it of power fluctuations to such an extent that additional load could be handled by the existing units.
It was found that the installation of a storage battery near the center of load could be made at much less cost than an increase in generating equipment, and would have the additional advantage of increasing the load factor of the plant, with consequent more economical operation. Besides this the voltage at the center of load could be maintained at a higher working value, and the battery could be used in emergencies as a reserve.
Calculation showed, also, that the feeder copper which could actually be removed, following the installation of a battery at the center of the load, would go a long way toward paying for the battery.
To attain these advantages it was necessary, however, that the storage battery installed should go from charge to discharge, with small changes in voltage at its terminals; should be capable of being operated with little or no attention; should be able to withstand occasional overloads without detriment; and, in emergency, be able to stand fully discharged for short periods, without permanent injury.
As the construction of the Bijur "High-Duty" batteries lends itself admirably to these requirements, it was decided to install a battery of this type. It consists of 106 cells of the General Storage Battery Co.'s regular Bijur "High-Duty" type, having a capacity of 2,400 amps, for 20 minutes.
Each cell has twenty-five plates, approximately 15 ½ x15½ . The plates are burned to bus-bars of rolled lead, except in the terminal cells, where the bus-bars are provided with internal ' copper conducting reinforcements. The connections between adjacent rows of cells are made by means of lead-covered copper bar.
The lead-lined containing tanks are sufficient in size for thirty-one plate elements, providing for future increase in the capacity of the battery.
Each tank is provided with double insulation, the glass insulators supporting the wood stringers resting on vitrified tiles set in the concrete floor of the battery room.
The battery house is of brick, with slate roof and concrete floors; the building is well lighted and is provided with drains, so that the entire battery room may be flushed out. A separate room is provided in the building for the battery switchboard.
The switchboard in the battery sub-station is provided with a distant control circuit breaker which may be opened or closed by hand at the battery house, or electrically from the power station. The arrangement is such that opening of the circuit breaker is immediately signaled in the power station, and this breaker can be closed from the power station by the switchboard attendant.
Owing to the distance (3,000 feet) between the battery and power station, it was found that comparatively small changes in current over the feeders to the battery would produce sufficient change of voltage at its terminals (due to feeder drop) to cause it to go from full charge to full discharge; in fact, the battery so situated removes the fluctuations from the power station to such an extent that it was not considered worth while to install a regulating booster at the power station.
By the selection of the proper number of cells, the battery has been arranged so that while merely floating on the line, its total charge and total discharge over an extended period are equal, hence the state of charge of the battery remains substantially constant.
In order, however, to provide for an increase in the condition of charge, and to give occasional overcharges, required for best operation, a separately excited motor-driven booster is installed in the power station. Provision is made for connecting the booster armature in series with the battery feeders, between them and the station bus-bars, the voltage then being raised by hand regulation to the extent desired to overcharge the battery. This overcharging with the hand regulated booster is usually done at times when the ore bridges and cat dumper are not in operation, although it may be done at any time.
The construction of the battery plates in this installation is one offering the greatest freedom to diffusion of the electrolyte. The cells can be charged completely full with less than 2>2 volts each, at the normal 8-hour rate. This feature ensures charge and discharge taking place with minimum changes from an average floating voltage; a feature affording high working efficiency.
The plates are also free from mechanical disturbances of any kind, so that in practice the battery house is left entirely without attendance for a week or more at a time, the only attention required being the occasional replenishing of the cells with water to provide for evaporation and general inspection of the battery. Emergencies in which the battery has been compelled to remain without attention for protracted periods, and in which its reserve function has been called upon to its fullest extent have been met, without any detrimental effect whatsoever.
Summarized, the results which have been attained by the Cambria Steel Co. from this installation are as follows:
- Saving in initial cost over generating equipment of equivalent capacity.
- Saving of 27,700 pounds of copper removed from the feeders.
- Removal of fluctuations from the power station.
- Increase in the working voltage.
- Reduction of feeder losses.
- Increase of station output from existing units.
- Creation of a reserve source of supply.
Image Credit: Internet Archive Book Image
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By Steve Messman, YMCA Personal Trainer
Hello YMCA members. My name is Steve Messman. I am a South Sound YMCA personal trainer with specialties in both Senior Fitness and Functional Movement.
Did you know… if you are not building muscle, you are losing muscle? An evil named Sarcopenia attacks us all near age 40. Sarcopenia results in the loss of about a half pound of muscle every year. Your body weight doesn’t actually decrease a half pound a year. It stays the same, or even increases. That means you are losing a half pound of muscle every year and gaining a half pound or more of fat. You can change that with a change in daily habits, a good diet, and a good exercise routine. This adage is true… use it or lose it.
This video describes one way to incorporate squats into our daily lives and it’s made especially for aging seniors.
Ready for that change? Contact a personal trainer or nutritionist at your local YMCA.
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Musicians and activists from Taiwan’s indigenous tribes will come to Taipei to celebrate their cultures and discuss various issues surrounding their lands at the Senay Indigenous Concert (Senay！唱，我們的話！), which opens tonight at 7pm at The Wall. Organized by Katatepan Cultural Studio, the event is intended to raise awareness of Aboriginal issues as well as encourage young artists and musicians to revive ancient tunes and seek inspiration in tradition.
Participating performers including Pinuyumayan, Taitung, musician Sangpuy (桑布伊), Paiwan hip-hop artists Boxing (拳樂團) and Seredau Taliyaljan will sing in tribal tongues, while talking about the social, political and environmental problems faced by the indigenous peoples in the country.
■ There be another installment of the event taking placing at Kaohsiung’s Pier 2 Arts Center (高雄駁二藝術特區) on June 1
■ Tickets for the Taipei show cost NT$400 and NT$350 in Kaohsiung, available online through tickets.books.com.tw. More information can be found at www.facebook.com/senay.indigenous.concert
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The practice of religion by individuals and groups, the rise of religious diversity, and the fear of religious extremism, raise profound questions for the interaction between law and religion in society. The regulatory systems involved, the religion laws of secular government (national and international) and the religious laws of faith communities, are valuable tools for our understanding of the dynamics of mutual accommodation and the analysis and resolution of issues in such areas as: religious freedom; discrimination; the autonomy of religious organisations; doctrine, worship and religious symbols; the property and finances of religion; religion, education and public institutions; and religion, marriage and children. In this series, scholars at the forefront of law and religion contribute to the debates in this area. The books in the series are analytical with a key target audience of scholars and practitioners, including lawyers, religious leaders, and others with an interest in this rapidly developing discipline.
Professor Norman Doe is Director of the Centre for Law and Religion, which he set up at Cardiff Law School in 1998.
Carmen Asiaín is a Law Professor at University of Montevideo (Uruguay).
Paul Babie is Professor and Associate Dean (International), Adelaide Law School.
Pieter Coertzen is the chairperson of the Unit for the Study of Law and Religion in the Beyers Naudé Center for Public Theology, Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch.
Alison Mawhinney is a Reader in Law at Bangor University.
Michael John Perry is a Senior Fellow at Emory University’s Center for the Study of Law and Religion and has held a Robert W. Woodruff University Chair there since 2003.
Labour Rights and the Catholic Church The International Labour Organisation, the Holy See and Catholic Social Teaching
Religious Symbols and the Intervention of the Law Symbolic Functionality in Pluralist States
The Genealogy of Terror How to distinguish between Islam, Islamism and Islamist Extremism
State and Religion The Australian Story
The Legal Architecture of English Cathedrals
By Paul Beckett
April 13, 2021
This book explores the extent of parallelism and cross-influence between Catholic Social Teaching and the work of the world’s oldest human rights institution, the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Sometimes there is a mutual attraction between seeming opposites who in fact share a common ...
By Sylvie Bacquet
July 02, 2019
In contemporary pluralist states, where faith communities live together, different religious symbols and practices have to coexist. This may lead to conflicts between certain minority practices and the dominant majority, particularly around the manifestation of belief in the public domain which may...
By Hans-Martien ten Napel
March 21, 2019
In both Europe and North America it can be argued that the associational and institutional dimensions of the right to freedom of religion or belief are increasingly coming under pressure. This book demonstrates why a more classical understanding of the idea of a liberal democracy can allow for ...
By Neil Sydney Patterson
September 04, 2018
Discipline in an ecclesiastical context can be defined as the power of a church to maintain order among its members on issues of morals or doctrine. This book presents a scholarly engagement with the way in which legal discipline has evolved within the Church of England since 1688. It explores how ...
By Matthew L. N. Wilkinson
September 04, 2018
In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, the events of 9/11, 7/7, the War on Terror and the Caliphate and atrocities of the so-called Islamic State have dominated Western consciousness and wreaked havoc in parts of the Muslim-majority world. In their wake, a spate of books has been ...
By Renae Barker
August 14, 2018
With its increasingly secular and religiously diverse population Australia faces many challenges in determining how the state and religion should interact. Australia is not unique in facing these challenges. States worldwide, including common law countries with shared legal and religious heritages,...
By Paul Babie, Vanja-Ivan Savić
September 07, 2017
Increasingly, the modern neo-liberal world marginalises any notion of religion or spirituality, leaving little or no room for the sacred in the public sphere. While this process advances, the conservative and harmful behaviours associated with some religions and their adherents exacerbate this ...
By Javier García Oliva, Helen Hall
September 01, 2017
This book examines the existing constitutional and legal system in England, Wales and Scotland, through the prism of its treatment of religion and belief. The study encompasses questions of Church/state relations, but pushes far beyond these. It asks whether the approach to religion which has ...
By Norman Doe
September 01, 2017
This original book is a comprehensive, richly documented and critical examination of laws applicable to Anglican cathedrals in England, some of the most iconic monuments in the national heritage and centres of spiritual and cultural capital. Law is the missing link in the emerging field of ...
By Mine Yıldırım
January 24, 2017
The right to freedom of religion or belief, as enshrined in international human rights documents, is unique in its formulation in that it provides protection for the enjoyment of the rights "in community with others". This book explores the notion of the collective dimension of freedom of religion ...
By Andrew Hambler
November 08, 2016
The workplace is a key forum in which the issue of religion and its position in the public sphere is under debate. Desires to observe and express religious beliefs in the workplace can introduce conflict between employees and employers. This book addresses the role the law plays in the resolution ...
By Fareda Banda, Lisa Fishbayn Joffe
February 26, 2016
The three Abrahamic faiths have dominated religious conversations for millennia but the relations between state and religion are in a constant state of flux. This relationship may be configured in a number of ways. Religious norms may be enforced by the state as part of a regime of personal law or,...
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The Cultural Origins of the Socialist Realist Aesthetic: 1890-1934
Besorgung - Lieferbarkeit unbestimmt
BeschreibungThe past fifteen years have seen an important shift in the way scholars look at Socialist Realism. Where it was seen as a straitjacket imposed by the Stalinist regime, it is now understood to be an aesthetic movement in its own right, one whose internal logic had to be understood if it was to be criticized. International specialists on the subject remain divided, though, over the provenance of Soviet aesthetic ideology, particularly over the role of the artistic avant-garde in its emergence.In this book, Irina Gutkin brings together the best work written on the subject to argue that Socialist Realism encompassed a philosophical world view that marked thinking in the Soviet Union on all levels: political, social, and linguistic. As such, it was an historically organic cultural product arising from the interaction of the utopian projects of the Marxist-Bolshevist political vanguard and the radical modernist artistic avant-garde movements. In the fundamental cultural change of the revolutionary period lasting from 1890s to mid-1930s, these visionary forces favored different means but had common ultimate goals -the creation of a New Ideal World free from material contingency and peopled by a New Humanity of artistic demiurges.Using a wealth of diverse cultural material, Gutkin traces the emergence of central tenets operative in Socialist Realist theory and praxis from Symbolism to pre- and post-revolutionary Futurism, through the 1920s and 1930s, demonstrating the evolution of such concepts as the demand for a supra-Realist art able to transfigure the real world into an Ideal Future, the function of the New Artists as Engineers of the Human Soul, i.e. the creators of the New SovietMan and the New Soviet Everyday, and of the New Love.A solid work of cultural and philosophical analysis, this book will appeal to specialists in twentieth-century Russian literature and culture as well as to cultural historians and general readers who hope to understand o
PortraitGutkin is an assistant professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Untertitel: New. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: UNIV OF CHICAGO PR
Erscheinungsdatum: September 1999
Seitenanzahl: 243 Seiten
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Transport for London yesterday released a photograph showing the first completed support tower for the east London cable car. At 200ft, the North Intermediate Tower is the shortest of the three that will be built, and is on the north side of the Thames, near the new Emirates Royal Dock terminal.
TfL also released an image showing how the cable car will look on the Tube map when completed. The version of the map released last week depicts the route in a dotted line, with the legend 'under construction'. The finished version of the route is marked with three tightly-packed lines, to demarcate it from the Tube (thick line) and Overground / DLR / National Rail services (two thinner lines), and is displayed using the corporate colour of Emirates, the project's sponsor. In addition, as previously noted, the airline's name is mentioned eight times in total on the map; not bad publicity for a £36m deal over ten years.
Speaking of sponsorship: on the map, North Greenwich station has lost its 'for the O2' branding. Perhaps TfL considered one sponsor per map to be sufficient.
If the pylon hasn't sated your enthusiasm for all things cable car, then nip down to the London Transport Museum where there's currently a full-size model of the cabin on display. As for when the cable car will open, TfL are being cagey at the moment: pre-Olympics remains a possibility, but isn't guaranteed — the predictably vague "summer 2012" is the official line
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Perry donors might be hazardous to healthGroup says he got $1M from tobacco, alcohol concerns and polluters
Nov. 3, 2007
By SUE GOETINCK AMBROSE / The Dallas Morning News
Despite his dream to accelerate cures for cancer, Gov. Rick Perry accepted more than $1 million in the last two years from company officials and lobby groups connected to substances that increase the risk of cancer.
The author and sponsors of Proposition 15, the legislation that would approve $3 billion in state funds for cancer prevention and research, also accepted contributions from similar donors.
Texans for Public Justice, a nonpartisan, nonprofit policy and research organization that tracks contributions, said that in 2005 and 2006, Mr. Perry accepted:
• $490,000 from alcohol distributors.
• $14,500 from tobacco interests.
• $731,000 from individuals with ties to coal or oil, electric power plants and the chemical industry.
According to the American Cancer Society, as alcohol intake rises, so does a woman's risk of breast cancer. Alcohol is also known to increase the risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and liver.
Smoking accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths and almost 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. Smoking is also associated with increases in at least 15 types of cancer, including pancreatic, bladder and kidney cancer.
A 2006 study correlated Texas air levels of metals released during burning of fossil fuels in power plants, incinerators and automobiles with lung cancer. Mr. Perry has endorsed increases in coal-fired power plants in Texas, which emit soot that increases the risk of lung cancer.
"The obvious issue here ... is there are a couple of ways you could wage war on cancer," said TPJ research director Andrew Wheat. "And one way is prevention, which might be more of a sure thing and might be cheaper."
The political necessity of returning favors to campaign contributors constrains what politicians can realistically accomplish, Mr. Wheat said. Rather than emphasizing curing cancer, he said, "we could regulate in a much more rigorous fashion the peddling of carcinogens in Texas."
A spokeswoman for Mr. Perry said she saw no conflict.
"Cancer is not a disease that discriminates based on any life choices that individuals make," said Krista Moody. "I think that it's a far reach that some contributors work for a company that has ties to possibly any disease."
The governor is supporting Proposition 15 because it provides Texas a chance to be at the forefront of cancer research, she said.
In addition, Texans for Public Justice said that groups affiliated with Texas medical research institutions have contributed campaign funds to Mr. Perry, Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst and Texas House Speaker Tom Craddick.
Together Mr. Perry, Mr. Dewhurst and Mr. Craddick will appoint nine of the 11 people who will oversee expenditures and operations for the cancer initiative. They will also appoint all voting members of the committee that will review research grant proposals and hand out funds.
In 2006, Southwestern Medical and Research PAC, which is affiliated with UT Southwestern Medical Center, contributed $16,000 to Mr. Perry, $5,000 to Mr. Dewhurst, and $11,000 to Mr. Craddick. Friends of Baylor Medicine PAC, affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, gave $12,500 to Mr. Perry, $10,000 to Mr. Dewhurst, and $7,500 to Mr. Craddick.
"Obviously, the medical research community in Texas has a massive interest in this," said Mr. Wheat. Research institutions within Texas will be competing for the money, and political appointees will decide who gets it. "I'm just not convinced that this political system is the best allocator of research dollars. It's not really their area of expertise."
Mr. Perry's spokeswoman said the contributions would not affect the choice of committee members.
"Campaign contributions are separate from public service," Ms. Moody said. The governor and the lieutenant governor and speaker will make choices of the most qualified candidates for the roles."
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Feds say Salton Sea won't be adversely impacted by multi-state drought plan; IID can join when it chooses
Days after Imperial Irrigation District officials said there had been a breakthrough in their negotiations with federal officials to commit to the restoration of the Salton Sea in a mammoth Colorado River drought plan, a top federal official offered a different assessment.
“California has already found a path that ensures that the Salton Sea is not impacted by the (drought contingency plan) and we hope to be able to find a path to work as partners with IID to approve the DCP as soon as possible, while we continue to be a strong partner on the Salton Sea," Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Brenda Burman said in a written statement.
IID officials did not immediately respond to requests for comment. Others offered mixed views.
"Really? That’s it? That’s no commitment at all," said Michael Cohen with the Pacific Institute, who has researched Salton Sea and Colorado River policy for years.
Officials with the Colorado River Board of California and the Environmental Defense Fund said all sides are working collaboratively to cross the finish line, and that Burman's statement rightly supports both the seven state drought plan and cleanup of the Salton Sea, though they are not explicitly linked.
The Colorado River provides water to more than 5 million acres of farmlands and 40 million people in cities from Los Angeles and Denver to Palm Springs. Nineteen years of drought and chronic overuse, combined with the worsening effects of climate change, have pushed the levels of the river’s reservoirs to historic lows.
In an additional statement, a Reclamation spokesman said, "The California water districts should be commended for finding a solution last year that ensures that adoption of the DCP will not cause adverse impacts to the Salton Sea. We think this opens up opportunities for Imperial Irrigation District to decide on a timeline that works for their Board."
Last year, IID signed an agreement with Metropolitan Water District of Southern California that their contribution to the drought plan would consist of 250,000 acre-feet of water they'd already left in Lake Mead – a key Colorado River reservoir – through aggressive conservation programs. That would mean no further cuts of water to the fast-shrinking Salton Sea would be necessary.
The Reclamation statement said it's up to IID to decide when they want to join the drought plan, indicating a possible avenue for them to join later that would not stymie the entire agreement: "IID can approve the DCP now ... as they continue to work with all of the relevant local, state, tribal and federal agencies involved in Salton Sea management efforts. Or, IID can decide to wait on DCP approval and hopefully join the DCP in the future. Either way, we must work together to better protect water supplies for tens of millions of people across the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, and improve implementation of actions to protect the declining Salton Sea and those that live in the region."
Reclamation also opened a 15-day comment period on Monday for governors of seven Western states to weigh in on how to prop up the dwindling river after California and Arizona failed to meet the Monday deadline to finish approvals. But behind the scenes, a flurry of activity continues, aimed at pushing the voluntary plans – years in the making – across the finish line before March 19.
The main hold-out is IID, a sprawling rural agency in southeastern California that holds the largest and oldest rights to Colorado River water. In December, the district approved the plans with some conditions: that they be the last agency to sign off on all the plans, that they see the enabling Congressional language and that they win a pledge of $200 million in funding for other state agencies to restore the fast-failing Salton sea, California's largest inland water body.
Fourteen months ago, Colorado River supplies to farms adjoining the sea were slashed, increasing toxic salinity for wildlife and unleashing ever larger clouds of hazardous dust from its rapidly drying shoreline.
While critics in other states have grumbled that IID is wrongly holding up the agreement for its own benefit, Cohen defended their actions.
"The $200 million would not be going to IID ... they're not extorting money," Cohen said.
He noted that while Pinal County, Arizona had demanded water for projects there that have nothing to do with the Colorado River, the Salton Sea was created by and depends on flows from the river.
"IID is simply saying that the federal government has a responsibility to the Salton Sea," Cohen said. "It is clear that the conservation efforts have dramatically reduced flows to the sea. IID is drawing the clear link that the Salton Sea is part of the Colorado River system."
Imperial Irrigation District officials had announced at a special board meeting late Friday that Reclamation officials agreed to support their condition that the drought package include restoration of the Salton Sea.
They said Reclamation officials had agreed to write a strong letter of support backing IID’s requests for $200 million in Farm Bill funding for wetlands projects around the shrinking sea, which is California's largest inland water body. The projects are aimed at keeping down dust along the shorelines and salvaging deteriorating habitat for fish and birds.
IID attorney Charles Dumars said on Friday that Burman, the U.S. solicitor and staff are finalizing a letter stating that Reclamation considers "the restoration of the Salton Sea is a critical ingredient of the drought contingency plans and cannot be ignored, and they stand prepared to help the IID with the Department of Agriculture to try to get funding in whatever way possible.”
He cautioned that it was “a building block, nothing more” but said it was a big one that could be used to persuade Agriculture Department officials to allocate funds for the receding lake.
“The refreshing part is it’s a new change in direction. They are being supportive rather than in any way obstructive or neutral, so that change coming from them is going to be very significant,” he said Friday.
“This is a welcome thawing of the polarization between our agencies,” agreed IID General Manager Henry Martinez at the meeting. Neither Martinez nor other district officials responded to requests for comment on Monday.
On Friday, the IID board also voted unanimously to oppose a supposed “white knight” offer by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California’s general manager, Jeffrey Kightlinger, to provide IID’s portion of water to be kept in Lake Mead if the agency doesn’t sign on to the drought plan.
Several board members and people in the audience chided the Los Angeles-based agency for trying to interfere in their process, saying it was ignoring the public-health issues at the Salton Sea created by the withdrawal of Colorado River water.
“I am optimistic we will be able to find a path forward,” IID President Erik Ortega said. “But the Salton Sea has to be acknowledged for what it is. It is an indispensable part of this package, not an invisible one.”
Reclamation officials did not respond to questions about how IID could join the drought plan later if they are able to win funding from USDA for Salton Sea projects.
Ted Kowalski, who oversees Western water projects with the Walton Foundation, said Reclamation and California officials "figured out a way to include the imperial irrigation district into (an earlier agreement) after the fact. I am sure that they will be able to include a similar legal mechanism, here. My expectation is that the amount of water that IID would be required to offer up would be the same amount that is contemplated under the existing draft DCP agreements."
He said he agreed with Burman's and the Bureau of Reclamation’s statements: "The DCP and mitigation for the Salton Sea are both incredibly important. We should be pursuing both of them, with vigor."
Meanwhile, all sides are pressing forward with the next steps. Chris Harris with the Colorado River Board of California confirmed that Burman wants agreements from all seven states' representatives to be signed by March 14 or 15, to be sent to Congress with enabling legislation language. Along with IID, several parties in Arizona are wrapping up the language of final agreements.
Assuming Congress passed the legislation and approved the plans, President Trump would need to sign them. A 100-day notice would then be given to Mexico, which has already agreed to leave 30,000 acre-feet of water in the river system if the reservoirs fall to pre-determined trigger points.
A first-ever shortage could be declared in 2020 if federal officials determine this August that Lake Mead is projected to be below elevation 1,075 feet at the start of the year. The drought plan would run through 2026.
"My sense is everybody is doing their absolute utmost to get this thing completed in timely fashion," said Chris Harris, executive director of the Colorado River Board of California. "We all know the deadlines we face ... we'd like to have both the domestic plan and the agreement with Mexico effective by Jan. 1, 2020 if necessary."
Janet Wilson is senior environment reporter for The Desert Sun and authors USA TODAY's Climate Point. She can be reached at @janetwilson66 or firstname.lastname@example.org Ian James covers environment issues for the Arizona Republic.
Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated how much water has already been conserved in Lake Mead from the Imperial Irrigation District area.
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Edweek reported late Friday that Alabama has pulled out of both testing consortia that it was involved in.
In an email to EdWeek, the state’s assessment director, Gloria Turner, confirmed that Alabama has bowed out of both the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers, or PARCC, and the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium. She said the department of education “has decided to go in another direction,” but didn’t offer any more detail.
The move wasn’t yet official within the two consortia, since the requisite processes haven’t yet been completed. The decision leaves PARCC with 22 members and Smarter Balanced with 24.
Alabama, you might recall, has been one of the dwindling number of states that have been playing “participating,” or “advisory” roles in each consortium. That means the state has been a part of discussions, but hasn’t had voting power. It also hasn’t had to choose one or the other group, which a state must do when it becomes a “governing” member of a consortium, with the accompanying voting power.
Alabama Governor Robert Bentley who sits as President of the State Board of Education offered a resolution that would have repealed the Common Core back in the fall of 2011. Unfortunately it lost on a 6-3 vote with Governor Bentley, Stephanie Bell and Betty Peters all voting in favor of rescinding the standards.
Unfortunately this doesn’t necessarily indicate that they will withdraw from using the standards. They just won’t use these assessments.
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A friend gave me a table-top loom she found while moving. I had never used a table-top loom before, but it's basically the same as any other loom I've used. There were a couple of pieces missing that I had to replace to make it functional, as I expect with most used looms. Once I had it all fixed up, I decided I might as well put something simple on it to try to weave just for experimenting's sake.
This loom only had two harnesses, which means that only a simple plain weave (or tuskaft as they call it in Swedish) can be accomplished. Here the warp threads are alternating blue and brown, and the weft is blue. When the pattern is a plain weave, it means that (in this case) the blue weft goes over all the blue warp threads and under all the brown warp threads when one harness is up, and the reverse when the other harness is up.
Come in, the stacks are open.
Away from prying eyes, damaging light, and pilfering hands, the most special collections are kept in closed stacks. You need an appointment to view the objects, letters, and books that open a door to the past.
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Where Do Camels Belong? Why Invasive Species Aren't All Bad, by Thompson, Ken
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781771640961 | 1771640960
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 9/9/2014
Where do camels belong? In the Arab world is the obvious answer. But they are relative newcomers there. They evolved and lived for tens of millions of years in North America, while today they retain their greatest diversity in South America and have their only wild populations in Australia. This is a classic example of the problems that underlie the issues of natural and invasive species, a hot issue right now, as the flip side of biodiversity. But do we need to fear invaders? And indeed, can we control them, and do we choose the right targets? In Where Do Camels Belong? Ken Thompson puts forward a fascinating array of narratives on invasive and natural plants and animals to explore what he sees as the crucial question why only a minority of introduced species succeed, and why so few of them go on to cause trouble. He discusses, too, whether fear of invasive species could be getting in the way of conserving biodiversity, and especially of responding to the threat of climate change. This is a timely, instructive and controversial book that delivers unexpected answers.
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Learn how to edit Line Size in Microsoft (MS) Paint in Windows ?
MS Paint is a simple computer graphics program that comes as a default application with all versions of Microsoft Windows. With paint you can draw, create, edit pictures and save in different formats.
This is a short tutorial that explains you how to edit line size in MS paint in Windows.
There are two options to edit the size of the line or any images drawn using paint.
Option 1: Select Size → Choose the required line size from the tool box that appears at the top of the paint document.
Option 2: Use the shortcut key Ctrl+ "+" or Ctrl+ "-" to increase or decrease the line size.
In the above given image, the rectangular shape is selected and the line size is adjusted to 5px(pixels) using MS paint in Windows.
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Easy Roasted Broccoli is tender, flavorful and simply addicting. Plus, it’s easy to make, and goes with almost any meal!
5 Ingredient Roasted Broccoli is a quick and delicious side dish. Use it to top your favorite quinoa bowl or add it to wraps, salads, and more! No matter how you choose to enjoy your roasted broccoli, I can almost guarantee you’ll love it even more once you add Nutritional Yeast.
If you’re new to vegan cooking, you may not have heard about Nutritional Yeast… yet. So if you haven’t, allow me to introduce you to my all-time favorite ingredient.
Nutritional yeast’s delicious yellow flakes add a cheesy punch of flavor and nutrition. Look for it in the natural foods aisle at your local grocery store. I get mine at our local Natural Foods Store in the bulk section because we eat so much of it. 🙂
Vegans usually need to take B12 supplements. Vitamin B12 is a serious vitamin deficiency, so here’s a link to the symptoms most commonly associated with a B12 deficiency if you want to read more about why it’s important.
Nutritional Yeast & Vitamin B12
Check the label of your favorite plant-based milk, multivitamin, or fortified breakfast cereal, and you’ll likely see Vitamin B12 on the label. When we first transitioned our diets, I was a bit fanatical about our B12 intake because our kids were so young. That’s how I first stumbled onto Nutritional Yeast.
Nutritional yeast is rich in Vitamin B12. Its light, flaky texture packs an awesome 8g of protein per serving, and it boasts rich yellow color and amazing “cheesy” flavor. In other words, it’s one of the most deliciously cheesy sources of B12 you’ll ever taste.
Broccoli belongs to the nutrient-packed family of cruciferous vegetables. If you haven’t heard of cruciferous vegetables yet, check out Nutritionfacts.org for a goldmine of information on them.
Broccoli is a nutritional powerhouse thanks to its low calorie, high fiber profile. Since broccoli is a hearty vegetable, it takes us a few extra bites to chew it. That “chew” actually sends signals to our brains that we’re satiated and therefore less likely to overeat. Who knew?
Broccoli Nutritional Information Per 1 cup Serving (Raw):
- Calories: 31
- Fat: 0.4g
- Protein: 2.5g
- Carbs: 6g
- Fiber: 2.4g
If your broccoli is dry-ish, YAY! The olive oil will act like glue for the spices to stick to each amazing bite. I usually rinse my broccoli right before I want to throw it in the oven though (I always tell myself I’ll be more organized one day…). From my experience, I can tell you it will still taste amazing even if it’s a bit wet when you start.
Toss your broccoli in olive oil first. Give it a fine drizzle as you stir and toss the broccoli in the bowl so that the florets on top don’t soak up all the delicious golden oil by themselves. Next, keep tossing the broccoli as you sprinkle on the nutritional yeast, garlic, and salt. Save just a little bit of each for the end. Lastly, lay it out on your baking sheet and add the last sprinkle of each spice to the top layer right before popping the pan into the oven. Mmmmmmmm!
Looking for more healthy dinner recipes? Check these out:
- Smoked Ginger Chickpeas
- Cornmeal Roasted Sweet Potatoes (Oil Free)
- Lemon Dill Cucumber Salad (Creamy)
- Lemony Roasted Kale – Easy!
- The BEST Vegan Nacho Cheese Sauce
This Easy Roasted Broccoli is..
- Quick & Easy
- Made from everyday ingredients
- Perfect as a side dish
- Adds flavor to your favorite bowls
- Healthy & full of fiber
So here it is. Our 5 Ingredient Roasted Broccoli with Nutritional Yeast. If you make this recipe, drop us a comment and let us know what you think and we hope you love it as much as we do! Enjoy!
Easy Roasted Broccoli with Nutritional Yeast
- Cutting board and sharp kitchen knife
- Mixing bowl and spatula
- Measuring cups and spoons
- Lined baking sheet
- 4 cups Broccoli Florets Cut into bite sized pieces, rinsed
- 2 tbsp Nutritional Yeast
- 1-1½ tbsp Olive oil Sub 5-6 tbsp low sodium vegetable broth for Oil Free option
- 1 tsp Granulated Garlic
- ¼ tsp Sea Salt Add a pinch more salt to taste after roasting if required
- Preheat oven to 400°F
- Toss broccoli florets with oil
- Sprinkle on nutritional yeast, garlic and salt and you continue to toss broccoli in mixing bowl for even coverage
- Transfer to lined baking sheet
- Bake for 20 minutes or until edges are brown and broccoli is tender
- Serve immediately or cool and store for a great additional to quinoa and salad bowls throughout the week
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'The paradox of mindfulness is that it begins with the body'
In day three of his guide to feeling happier, psychologist Dr Paul D'Alton explains why even our posture can betray our stress levels
Published 19/11/2015 | 02:30
When it comes to looking after our emotional well-being and managing stress, we often tend to forget that looking after our bodies plays a central role. Research from across the world is all pointing in the same direction; good emotional well-being means not forgetting about your body. There are two steps to this. Firstly, simply paying attention to your body and secondly, physical exercise.
When people sign up to an eight-week mindfulness course, they are often surprised that the first two weeks are about the body. The paradox of mindfulness is that it begins with the body as opposed to the mind. This is based on findings from western psychology and eastern traditions that point to the importance of being aware of the body as the foundation of good mental health.
Our bodies function like the dashboard of the car - sending us warning signals that we are going too fast or are in need of fuel. We ignore these signals because we are often on automatic pilot.
Halfway through a mindfulness course at the hospital recently, a patient said: "I have been ignoring the warning signals coming from my shoulders for years."
What he was describing was the very common experience of our shoulders creeping up towards our ears as we get more stressed.
Right now - just notice how close your shoulders are to your ears. Simply noticing this and then allowing your shoulders to relax a little, brings us out of automatic pilot and interrupts the vicious cycle of stress. In this way we can use our shoulders as a signal telling us when we need to slow down or refuel. By not forgetting our bodies we can use them as the gateway to a happier and healthier life. Here's an exercise that, if you do it a few times a day, will help:
1. Pause for a moment.
2. Just notice how close your shoulders are to your ears.
3. Allow your shoulders to soften - even a tiny bit.
4. Take three deep, slow, deliberate breaths.
The second part of not forgetting your body as a way to live a happier life involves physical exercise. When we think about 'minding ourselves' and living happier lives we often get it confused with 'indulging ourselves'. When we do this we may risk turning to ice cream rather than physical exercise in a misguided attempt to "be nice to" ourselves. Despite exercise being the last thing most of us want to do when we're feeling down, there is strong evidence that exercise improves mood.
Increasingly doctors are recommending a daily dose of exercise as a 'treatment' for mild depression and anxiety. This daily dose of exercise as a treatment to improve mood is based on evidence that physical exercise releases chemicals that make us feel better. The release of neurotransmitters like endorphins and endocannabinoids from exercise has a very positive effect on our well-being. Research has also found that people who exercise regularly feel more confident, sleep better, are better at solving problems and generally tend to be more productive.
We do not need to look at any of this research to know that even after a good brisk walk we tend to feel better emotionally. It restores our sense of perspective. The American Psychological Association backs this up and has said "the exercise-mental health connection is becoming impossible to ignore" with research suggesting that within five minutes of a period of moderate exercise, your mood improves. The therapy offered by a brisk walk in the fresh air is free.
So if we're serious about wanting to live happier lives, we have make a commitment not to forget the body. The scientific evidence confirms that the daily dose of exercise not only improves our mood but is also proven to reduce the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and even some cancers. If you want to live a happier life; don't forget your body. Make a commitment to incorporate daily exercise into your life. And start taking notice of the signals the dashbord of your body is sending. Just notice how close your shoulders are to your ears right now!
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| Latin |
| Welcome Page
Alciato's Book of Emblems
One ought to fear even the tiniest creatures
The beetle wages war and provokes his enemy of his own accord; even though inferior in strength he surpasses her in cunning. For he hides himself in secret and unknown in the feathers of the eagle, to reach his enemy's nest through the highest stars. By piercing the eggs, he puts an end to the hope of the young growing up: and, having avenged in this way the shame inflicted on him, he departs.
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What are the career prospects available in the Czech Republic? We are providing you with an overview of the Czech labor market in this article, along with some tips to help you land a job.
Located in Central Europe, the Czech Republic is very welcoming towards expatriates. Indeed, thanks to its developed and dynamic economy, it provides a range of opportunities to foreign professionals. Whether you come from the European Union or from elsewhere, finding a job in the Czech Republic should not be difficult provided you comply with existing conditions.
The Czech Republic has the most developed and industrialized economy of Central Europe's emerging countries. From a planned economy in the communist era, it has transformed, over the years, into a market economy.
Today, the Czech economy is mainly driven by two pillars, namely industry and services. Note that the services sector includes tourism and financial services which make a significant contribution to the national economy thanks to rising activities since a few years. The country has thus become a key destination for tourism and expatriation.
Unlike other countries which favor selected immigration, the Czech Republic is open to all foreign professionals, regardless of their specialization, provided they comply with certain conditions. For instance, European and non European nationals can look for a job via the National Employment Portal (find more information in the useful links listed below).
Find a job
There are various ways to look for a job in the Czech Republic. You can start by browsing offers on the Internet via job websites or even the different employment platforms that have been set up by the Czech government as well as private companies. You may also register with an employment agency which can help you find a job according to your profile more rapidly. Many of these have English websites.
If you are already on the spot, you can also check out local newspapers such as MF Dnes, Hospodářské noviny and Právo, among others, if you understand Czech.
Consider sending spontaneous job applications to companies operating across the country. Indeed, many companies are very keen about hiring bold and daring candidates. Some of them even hold open days which are often advertised on their websites and on social networks.
Recruitment agencies in the Czech Republic are seen as a crucial link between job seekers and employers. Temporary recruitment agencies, for their part, apply specific conditions in the case of foreign professionals.
Note that temporary recruitment agencies are accessible to foreign professionals having the same status as Czech nationals. In details, you must either be the holder of a permanent resident permit, or come from a European Union member State, or have obtained asylum or a similar status through an international treaty.
Foreign nationals coming from other countries, for their part, must be in possession of a work permit and a resident permit in the Czech Republic.
The employment contract must be written and a copy must be in your possession. In general, the employment contract must include the following:
- the job title and description
- your workplace
- your joining date
- other provisions.
Negotiation is advised regarding some conditions such as:
- the obligation of your employer to notify you in case of changes in salary
- over time
- the probation period
- the contract duration.
Both Czech and foreign nationals must contribute to the health insurance provided they are in possession of a proper work permit. This insurance covers employees as well as their family members in case of work disability, illness, pregnancy or maternity leave.
The health insurance is valid as from the date you join the company until the termination of your contract. You employer will be responsible of calculating the amount to be paid.
Czech Republic Official Portal – Live and work www.czech.cz
National Employment Portal portal.mpsv.cz
European Mobility Portal – Live and work in the Czech Republic ec.europa.eu
Expat.com – Jobs in the Czech Republic
Dobra Prace www.dobraprace.cz
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Unemployment Insurance and Search Effort in Chile
45 Pages Posted: 19 Sep 2012
Date Written: June 2012
Unemployment is a pressing problem in many countries in Latin America. Financial crises and increased globalization increase job turnover and therefore the risk of unemployment. To protect workers, Chile implemented an innovative unemployment insurance (UI) system. UI protects workers but creates moral hazard and self-selection issues. Using administrative data for the period 2007 to 2010, the effect of the 2009 reform of UI on job search behavior was studied. The results revealed different job search behavior between workers who use unemployment benefits and those who do not. Search efforts were found to fall as long as unemployment benefits are in place. There is strong evidence that workers who decide not to take UI despite having the right to do so have a higher probability of finding a new job.
JEL Classification: E24, J64, J65
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2149060
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| 0.944322
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A Guide for Monitoring and Evaluating Population-Health-Environment Programs
ms-07-25.pdf — PDF document, 1020 kB (1044529 bytes)
Author(s): Finn T
For well over three decades, dozens of community-based development and conservation projects experimented with a seemingly unlikely innovation: combining efforts to help communities manage and conserve their natural resource base with efforts to improve their health and access to family planning information and services. These projects came about as conservation or community development projects focusing on natural resource management found that women came forward and asked for help to plan pregnancies and improve their communities health. Conservation, community development, and health nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) then took the initiative to create programs linking health and conservation. These programs evolved into the current generation of population, health, and environment projects, or PHE projects as they are now more commonly known.
This document is not available in print from MEASURE Evaluation.
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https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/ms-07-25
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| 0.944642
| 195
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Brought Near by His Blood
Men are prone to forget those things that women seem to hold most dear. Many husbands even have forgotten the date of an anniversary or birthday. Most of them have experienced the wrath of their wives’ glance when in polite company they failed to recall — with joy — an important day or date. Yet while I have been the recipient of that unfortunate stare, I would contend that forgetfulness is a malady that is no respecter of gender or person. It befalls us all. God knows this and thus graciously calls on us time and time again to remember.
One of the things we are told to remember is where we were before Christ redeemed us. The Bible describes our condition as being citizens of a distant, hostile, Christless country. Yet in Christ, indeed, through His blood, we who were afar off have been brought near to God.
We rejoin our series on the blood of Christ with the truth that we have been brought near by His blood. The apostle Paul couches this truth in an appeal to us to remember our former lives. He writes in Ephesians 2:12–13: Remember that you were at that time separated from Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ.
Much of the Christian life could be bettered and more appreciated with a jogging or shaking of our memory. In fact, much of what we faithfully pursue is all but those things that we are in need of remembering. Faithful preaching reminds people of the glory of the resurrected Christ (2 Tim. 2:8). The songs we sing remind us of God’s amazing grace and mercy. Similarly, the Lord’s Table is a reminder that we are in covenant with Him and that He promises to receive us one day (1 Cor. 11:24–26).
Yet it would appear that nothing is more important to remember than our former lives and how we who were not beloved became beloved of God (Rom. 9:25) through the person and work of Jesus Christ. Like the Ephesians, we are called to remember where we were when the blood of Christ came to us.
We were once “separated from Christ.” In chapter 1 of Ephesians, Paul lays out all the spiritual blessings that belong to those who are “in Christ.” None of these are the fortune of those who are separated from Christ. Have we forgotten that such we were?
We were once “alienated from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise.” We f lew the f lag of an enemy territory. We wore the colors of a defiant and rebellious people. As those who were outside of Christ, we had no portion in His inheritance. Though we may have had friends in this world, the friendship of God was beyond our reach. We were strangers to the true God and outsiders even while often living next door to God’s covenant people. Have we forgotten that such we were?
We were once “without hope and without God in this world.” Even though we may have had a desire for a better life now and a blissful eternal existence, there was no real hope or confident expectation of one. Outside of Christ, hope is little more than wishful thinking. It has no grounds or assurance. It is essentially an atheistic and even godless condition. Have we forgotten that such we were?
We were once “afar off.” This is the summation of our existence outside of Christ. God was not near to us. Spiritually, we lived in a far country, far away from God. The idea here is that God did not know us. There was no immediate relationship whereby we could call upon Him because we knew Him and He knew us. Have we forgotten that such we were?
The fact that these were our realities should not be lost on us, nor should we forget. The Bible reminds us that though this was our condition, now we have a new reality — accomplished by the blood of Christ.
The blood of Christ gives us a home. The blood of Christ becomes the flag and color under which we stand. The blood of Christ takes those who were once strangers and makes them family. As the Bible says, we are no longer strangers and aliens, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God (Eph. 2:19).
Let us remember that the blood of Christ has reconciled us to God and that His shed blood has ended the hostility and transformed us from enemies to friends. Let us remember to pray as the songwriter: “Lest I forget Gethsemane. Lest I forget thine agony. Lest I forget thy love for me. Lead me to Calvary.”
© Tabletalk magazine. For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy.
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| 0.983436
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Think about the last five times you accessed a web page. I would be willing to bet that all five websites were not viewed on a desktop computer. Chances are you’ve looked at websites across a wide range of devices in the past day or so, including smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktops.
When you looked at these websites, were they easy to read? Did they scale to fit the size of the screen (be it smaller or larger than usual) that you were looking at? If so, you might have just figured all websites automatically adjust so they are beautiful, easy to use and effective no matter how large or small the device. But that’s not the case. If you have encountered one of these sites, you’ve experienced responsive website design.
By definition, responsive website design is the process of creating websites that provide an optimal viewing experience easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning and scrolling across a wide range of devices (from mobile phones to desktop computers).
Responsive website design is vital for businesses in 2014. As of May 2013, 63% of adult cell owners use their phones to go online. Mobile browsing is expected to outpace desktop-based access within three to five years. It’s important for your website to be accessible to these people, and it’s impossible to do so it if your website looks jumbled, tiny and impossible to read on an iPhone.
Responsive websites are flexible. They are not confined to a certain width or height, so they adapt to whatever device they are on, even if the user is switching between portrait and landscape on the device. Since a responsive website is based on the size of the screen and not on the actual device, they are also prepared for the future. As new tablets, phablets, phones, what-have-you are released, a responsive website will still look sharp.
There is a huge benefit to having one website that simply adapts rather than having multiple URLs and websites for the different mediums, the top one being SEO. Being able to focus all of your SEO efforts on one website rather than two or several is highly efficient and beneficial for your company. Having just one URL makes it easier for search engines to crawl your website.
If you have HubSpot, you might have heard lately about their new Content Optimization System (COS). HubSpot’s COS is an integrated website, blog and landing page system that is totally responsive. The COS can be totally personalized to each individual viewer that comes to your website, and your website will be designed specifically so that it will give your user exactly what it needs, no matter how they access your site. This technology is brand new recently launched at the end of 2013.
Source by Business2Community
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It was exactly 21 years ago today that the Berlin Wall fell. In honor of that anniversary, Virtual Berlin has released a very impressive and comprehensive “3D Virtual City Model” using the Google Earth Plug-in.
It allows you to view a ton of data about the wall, including some great comparisons between 1989 and today. They use 3D models, historical imagery, and a variety of other tools to make it incredibly feature-rich.
To view the city, simply visit their site and browse around.
Some additional information about the project, in their own words:
Where exactly did the Berlin Wall stand? Where were the checkpoints? Are any parts of the Berlin Wall left standing, and if so, where are they?
These are some of the questions asked by anyone interested in the most recent history of Berlin. The answers are provided by the official 3D virtual city model published by the Land of Berlin, which documents the exact course of the entire Berlin Wall.
The model shows the buildings currently standing in Berlin, highlighting the former course of the Wall through the city. It shows the high wall constituting the outside (Western) part of the Berlin Wall (Vorderlandmauer) and the low wall behind it to the East (Hinterlandmauer) as well as the border strip. The Brandenburg Gate is the starting point for a virtual 3D flight over Berlin that users can themselves direct. The menu allows users to locate fragments of the Berlin Wall and the former checkpoints. The documentation centers in Berlin and memorials are shown, as is the “Berlin Wall Historical Mile” and memorial sites designed by artists. Specially marked sites of the 3D presentation have been linked to further-reaching information.
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http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2010/11/the_state_of_the_berlin_wall_21_yea.html
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80% of the immunity depends on colon cleansing and proper digestion which is extremely important to maintain healthy body.
Food is broken down in the gut once ingested and then passing through your intestines in a process of digestion. Nutrients from the food are absorbing through the intestinal walls during this process and what is left is toxins and waste that actually travels to the rectum and colon to be eliminated. Fecal impaction of the colon is when we have waste buildup in the colon.
This situation worsens the excretion from the body and makes you feel immobile and dry. The most important thing is that these feces are blocking the passage of new waste which is waiting to be eliminated from the body. Waste and toxins buildup in the body can really harm your health. This usually leads to diabetes, liver and kidney disease and misbalanced metabolism.
There are several laxatives and colon cleansing methods, herbal or enemas remedies, as well as aggressive ones like colonic hydrotherapy and irrigation. However, all nutritionists and doctors recommend the following safe and completely natural colon cleansing method.
COLON CLEANSING METHOD
Depend on your weight and your diet, the intestines hold up to 25 pounds of toxins and waste. It is mainly true for Standard American Nutrition because it is actually based on processed and fast foods.
Nutritionists highly recommend intake of 1-3 tbsp of flaxseed a day, 20 days in a row, in order to completely cleanse your bowels of waste. This will improve your overall digestive function and restore your gut flora.
How to implement flaxseed into your nutrition?
This powerful treatment is actually divided in three consecutive weeks.
Consume a mixture between 100ml kefir and 1 tbsp of ground flaxseed every of the first week instead of breakfast.
Consume a mix of 100ml kefir and 2 tbsp of ground flaxseed every day of the second week.
Consume a mix of 100ml kefir and 3 tbsp of ground flaxseed every single day of the third week.
It is important to consume the mixture fresh and never make it in advance.
For getting the best results, consume 2l water per day.
Repeat this extremely powerful procedure once a year.
Source: Healthy Food Team
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House of Leaves is a challenging novel, with multiple narratives, multiple frames, and even multiple versions of itself. The novel is devilishly self-aware and seems to anticipate nearly every possible interpretation, almost satirizing any attempt at analysis. As a material object, full of experimental typography, House of Leaves seems to represent either the last dying gasp of the physical book or an invigorated and revitalized form of the book.
Moreover, House of Leaves is informed—we might even say constituted—by its network, both the pre-existing web of cultural, literary, and philosophical references in the novel as well as the post-publication network of fandom that emerged around the official forum for the book in the early years of the 21st century. As the scholar Jessica Pressman has argued, House of Leaves is a networked novel. With this assignment you will participate in a unique experiment in re-networking House of Leaves, through a collaboration with students at four other institutions (Converse College, Temple University, Emory University, and the University of Mary Washington).
We will be reading House of Leaves alongside these other classes and contributing to a message board dedicated to our collective reading. This message board replicates as closely as possible the original House of Leaves discussion forum, which at its peak had hundreds of participants and thousands of posts. We are, in a sense, rebooting the forum.
Our ultimate goal will be to read this crucial text that teeters on the threshold of print and post-print as a network, using digital collaboration and communication to unravel its secrets and puzzles. The goal for each of us as individuals, then, is to contribute as much commentary, explanation, speculation, response, and analysis as possible to this collective enterprise.
- First, create an account on our shared forum, thisisnotfor.us. Think about what you might use for a screen name (it doesn’t have to be explicitly tied to you), and think about the persona that will occupy this screen name. Who you are on this forum does not have to be who you are in offline life, and it’s possible to play with this persona in interesting ways.
- You should then use that persona to post at least one new thread and at least five responses to existing threads over the course of our reading the novel. New threads might include questions, theories, interpretations, invitations to discussion, or anything else that might provoke a response from others on the forum. Responses might affirm, oppose, elaborate on, complement, or otherwise advance the initial thinking of an existing thread.
- Strive for quantity and quality in your posts. More posts than the minimum or extraordinary long posts are not necessarily better, although you must contribute the minimum six required posts to get full credit for this assignment. I also encourage you to post more than this minimum, and indeed as much as possible. It would be entirely appropriate for this forum to be all-consuming for the next several weeks. In terms of quality, posts that are thoughtful and reflect engagement with both the topic and the conversation at hand are high quality, and posts that are influential, generating multiple replies or subsequent discussion, are valuable as well. Posts that are off-topic or that are merely for the sake of posting are low quality.
- Timing is also an issue in how and when you post. Each class will be reading the novel on a slightly different schedule, so you should be aware of both giving and receiving spoilers, and provide spoiler alerts where appropriate. Keep in mind as well that it will be helpful to students from other classes if you can provide context for your posts where necessary (giving the background of a discussion in our class, for example).
This assignment is due by class time on Wednesday, October 26, our last day for discussing House of Leaves. You should submit your work by emailing me the URL of your account’s post search page. (Find this on the forum by browsing to your User Control Panel, then find the “Show your posts” link.). If you choose to contribute more than the required minimum posts, I will evaluate the six posts that you feel best represent your contribution to the forum—just indicate which you would like me to consider when you email me your URL.
Web photograph courtesy of David Reid, Creative Commons Licensed
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In its September issue, Consumer Reports included a report claiming that dietary supplements are dangerous to people’s health and posted a list of “12 supplements you should avoid.”
Washington, D.C.—In its September issue, Consumer Reports included a report claiming that dietary supplements are dangerous to people’s health and posted a list of “12 supplements you should avoid.” They assert that manufacturers of these supplements have a lack of quality control and inspection, and that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has inadequate authority in this area.
The Natural Products Association (NPA) issued a statement in response to the report’s “attack on dietary supplements” defending their safety. The NPA states that many of the supplements on the list are actually illegal drugs, not supplements. The FDA has issued an alert about these that the NPA includes.
The association also doesn’t agree with the statement that the “dietary supplement industry suffers from inadequate quality controls.” This year, the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested many products and found only small amounts of contaminants in them. The FDA then testified before Congress, saying that those levels do not present a health risk.
The NPA believes the U.S. supplement industry has “an enviable safety record,” compared with other sectors that are regulated by the FDA. Some safety measures that the NPA supports are the enactment of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), the enactment of the Adverse Event Reporting system and the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices.
Presently, the NPA supports the full implementation of DSHEA and endorses the Dietary Supplement Full Implementation and Enforcement Act of 2010.
Furthermore, the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) believes the article “strays into sensationalism” and has issued a press release explaining the use of the remaining “dirty dozen” supplements. Many include ingredients that the FDA has deemed illegal in dietary supplements, like ephedrine and toxic pyrrylizidine alkaloids and AHPA has identified specific cautions for chaparral, lobelia and yohimbe in their safety handbook.
The AHPA press release also contains the statistic that cumulative sales of these 12 supplements amount to only about 0.2 % of the annual supplement market.
Michael McGuffin, AHPA president, stated that “Consumer Reports is attempting to draw broad conclusions about the regulation of dietary supplements based on anecdotes related to products that do not represent the mainstream.”
Published in WholeFoods Magazine Online (August 9, 2010)
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What is feminist theory and why is it important?
Feminist theory doesn’t only look at gendered power and oppression to understand how women’s experiences are different from men’s experiences. It also examines how systems of power and oppression interact.
What is feminist theory in sociology?
Feminist sociology is a conflict theory and theoretical perspective which observes gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within a social structure at large. Focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic status, and nationality.
What is feminist theory essay?
It appreciates gender inequality, analyzes the societal roles played by feminists in a bid to promote the interests, issues and rights of women in the society. … It is also based on the assumption that women play subsidiary roles in the society.
What is a feminist theory class?
This course is an interdisciplinary introduction to the feminist ideas and debates concerning gender, women and men, and their political, social and economic positions over the last two hundred years. … Students will have opportunities to apply feminist theories to their work in their home disciplines.
What is the purpose of a feminist theory?
It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality, and examines women’s social roles, experiences, and interests. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women’s interests. “Women!
What is the feminist theory in criminology?
The feminist school of criminology emphasizes that the social roles of women are different from the roles of men, leading to different pathways toward deviance, crime, and victimization that are overlooked by other criminological theories.
What is the feminist theory in sociology quizlet?
feminist theory. a generalized, wide-ranging system of ideas about social life and human experience developed from a woman-centered perspective.
What is feminist theory in psychology?
Feminist psychology is a form of psychology centered on social structures and gender. … They can include the way people identify their gender (for example: male, female, genderqueer; transgender or cisgender) and how they have been affected by societal structures relating to gender (gender hierarchy).
How does the story of an hour represent feminism?
“The Story of an Hour” has proved to be one of the favorites of feminist critics since its publication. It has frequently been used as a text to show the domineering nature of the “patriarchal” ideology which has “ruthlessly suppressed” females’ rights and identity.
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Parents, grandparents, uncles and aunts always have a thing or two to say about the right age for marriage and now, it seems, so does the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA).
Its bill, presented before the Sindh Assembly Secretariat, to make it mandatory for anyone over 18 to tie the knot, has drawn the ire of civil and women’s rights activists.
The activists called the proposed legislation a joke and rejected it entirely. The bill for the Sindh Compulsory Marriage Act 2021 was submitted by Syed Abdul Raheed. It proposes parents be compelled to provide reasons for their child’s delayed nuptials in case they were not wed-locked by 18.
“The parents have to submit a declaration with the concerned deputy commissioner, citing the reasons for delaying marriage. Those who fail to inform DC will have to pay a Rs500 fine for each adult child,” one of the clauses of the bill read.
After submitting the private bill at the assembly secretariat, Rasheed, who belongs to Jamaat-e-Islami, which is a part of the MMA alliance since 2018, correlated the rising number of rape and sexual assault cases with the ratio of unmarried people. “These kind of immoral activities take place when people don’t marry their children on time.”
In a video message, Abdul Rasheed insisted that marriage ceremonies should be arranged with simplicity and he condoned the demand of dowry by parents of the groom.
Meanwhile, Amar Sindhu, associated with the Women Action Forum (WAF), said it was legally, ethically, morally and economically wrong to force any parents to marry their children by 18. “It’s purely a family’s personal decision,” she said.
Sindhu continued that the crucial age of 18 was a time to acquire an education as it played a significant role in developing a society. “Who will guarantee the socioeconomic condition of a couple which has tied the knot at the age of 18?” she asked.
The rights activist also questioned whether the state could take responsibility of the burden placed on the young couple and their families. “There is no precedent in any country where the state is given the authority to force people to make such decisions,” she remarked.
Responding to the MMA claims that marriages at 18 would reduce rape cases, she pointed out that studies by independent organisations showed that the majority of culprits involved in such cases were married. “How can they justify that marriage can stop the inhuman urge to target someone or rape them? This is nonsense,” she concluded.
Similarly, Aurat Foundation’s Anis Haroon dubbed the bill a joke. “This shows the mindset of those people who bring such legislation to the assemblies,” she said. Haroon added there was no room for any such law in Sindh and it would be opposed on all levels. “Marriage is a matter of free will and such a practice will create more poverty as well as increase violence and frustration in society,” she said.
Child rights activist Iqbal Detho maintained that such legislation clashed with Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The international convention gave fundamental rights to parents to make their own choices.
“It seems the MMA MPA has brought the bill for media publicity, nothing else,” he said. The activist highlighted that the speaker of the house maintained the right to bulldoze the bill as it clashed with many international declarations and local laws.
Comments are moderated and generally will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive.
For more information, please see our Comments FAQ
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This study analyzes the evolution of the Russian state from the 9th century to the 1880s, and its unique role in managing Russian society. The development of Russia was different from that of the rest of Europe. The natural poverty of geographical conditions made it extremely difficult to construct an effective regime, and a "patrimonial" state arose in which the country was conceived as the personal property of the tsar. The book describes the evolution of this regime, and analyzes the political behaviour of the principal social groupings, peasantry, nobility, bourgeoisie and clergy, and accounts for their failure to stand up to the increasing absolutism of the tsar. Only the intelligentsia were able to make such a stand, and the book shows how in countering this challenge, Russia developed into a bureaucratic police state.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Richard Pipes is a historian of Russia, and since 1990, has been Baird Emeritus Professor of History at Harvard University. His other books include The Russian Revolution and Russia under the Bolshevik Regime.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Penguin UK, 1977. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 140551263
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Renewable vs Alternative Power
Photo by curryocity
It is common usage today to use the word 'alternative energy' when discussing renewable energy. The unfortunate thing about this is that it infers that renewable energy is the poor cousin of energy derived from coal or nuclear fuel.
As both coal and nuclear are clearly unsustainable (in my understanding of the meaning of that word*), I would hope that in the not too distant future the use of renewable energy will outstrip the use of non-renewable energy (eg fossil fuels and nuclear energy) and at that point renewable would clearly no longer be the alternative, but would have become the mainstream energy source.
Even if the description of renewable energy as 'alternative energy' may technically be correct at this juncture I much prefer to be forward thinking and decline from using the word 'alternative' when talking about renewable energy.
In the same light, when we install a grid-interactive solar power system we are required to install a warning sign that reads: "Warning - dual supply. Isolate both normal and solar supplies before working on the switchboard." This again is showing a clear bias towards the grid supply which in this case is powered mostly by coal-fired power stations.
I live in a solar powered household and in my view the solar power is my normal supply. To show a less biased attitude I would prefer the wording: "... Isolate both grid and solar supplies ..." which would also mean that the signs won't be dated when renewable energy becomes the mainstream energy source.
* I must note that some organisations such as the Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE) have defined the word 'sustainable' as anything that reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Using this definition, coal mining, coal fired power stations and fossil fuel powered vehicles can be made to look sustainable and allows the BCSE to give the highest producers of greenhouse gas emissions the tick of approval to allow them to look green.
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North Carolina offers families some school choice options.
Public School Choice:
North Carolina offers some choice in the public school system. North Carolina has not enacted an open enrollment policy to facilitate public school choice, according to the Education Commission of the States.
Private School Choice:
As of 2011, North Carolina offers private school choice for special needs students via a tax credit scholarship program. The Tax Credits for Children with Disabilities program allows parents of special needs students to receive a non-refundable tax credit of up to $6,000 a year for private school tuition and other related educational expenses. In 2011, nearly 700 students were awarded scholarships through this program. Additionally, North Carolina will begin to offer school vouchers to children from low-income families in 2014.
The Center for Education Reform reports that North Carolina has a weak charter school law. The process to open a charter school is very difficult, and the North Carolina Charter Schools Advisory Board is the only body that can approve of charters. However, as of 2011, the state completely lifted the cap on the number of charter schools allowed to operate in the state. In all, over 50,000 students attended one of the state's 107 public charter schools in 2013, according to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools.
According to the Keeping Pace with K-12 Online Learning report, the only online opportunity available for North Carolina students is offered through the state-led North Carolina Virtual Public School (NCVPS). There are no additional statewide or district online programs. However, the state virtual school is the second largest in the U.S., with 88,716 course enrollments for grades 9-12 in the 2010-2011 school year, a 20 percent increase over the previous school year. In January 2013, legislation was passed regulating the funding and requirements for state-led virtual charter schools. However, there was high opposition towards the North Carolina Virtual Academy and a judge ruled in July 2012 that virtual charter schools could not be opened because they did not have the approval of the state Board of Education.
In 2011, North Carolina passed legislation to completely lift the cap on the number of charter schools allowed to operate in the state, previously limited to 100. North Carolina also implemented its very first private school choice program to allow parents of special needs students to receive a tax credit of up to $6,000 for private school and other educational expenses.
<a href="http://www.schooldatadirect.org/app/location/q/stid=34/llid=111/stllid=178/locid=34/stype=/catid=-1/secid=-1/compid=-1/site=pes">Click here for detailed information</a> on North Carolina's public school system and see below for school choice contacts and a history of school choice legislation in North Carolina.
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Franklin in Heard County, Georgia — The American South (South Atlantic)
The first known written record of a journey through this area was made by Hawkins. His system of accurate measurement by elapsed time between points, established at 3 miles an hour on horseback, and his description of streams and terrain make his way easily followed today. A short distance south of here is “a very extensive view westward,” described in his journal.
Erected 1959 by Georgia Historical Commission. (Marker Number 074-4.)
Marker series. This marker is included in the Georgia Historical Society/Commission marker series.
Location. 33° 17.017′ N, 85° 6.427′ W. Marker is in Franklin, Georgia, in Heard County. Marker is at the intersection of Lagrange Street (Georgia Route 34) and Old U.S. 27, on the right when traveling north on Lagrange Street. Click for map. The marker stands in front of the Franklin Community Center. Marker is in this post office area: Franklin GA 30217, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. Heard County Jail (approx. half a mile away); Franklin Baptist Church (approx. 0.6 miles away); Heard County (approx. 0.6 miles away); Franklin Methodist Church (approx. 0.7 miles away); William Hogan Plantation (approx. 14 miles away); Council Bluffs Treaty (approx. 14.2 miles away); McIntosh Reserve (approx. 14.2 miles away).
Also see . . .
1. Benjamin Hawkins. An article on Hawkins and the origins of the Creek Wars. (Submitted on July 16, 2010, by David Seibert of Sandy Springs, Georgia.)
2. Hawkins' Agency and Grave. (Submitted on July 16, 2010, by David Seibert of Sandy Springs, Georgia.)
Categories. • Antebellum South, US • Exploration • Native Americans •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by David Seibert of Sandy Springs, Georgia. This page has been viewed 567 times since then and 5 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on , by David Seibert of Sandy Springs, Georgia. • Craig Swain was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016.
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By Sergio Duarte
The writer is Ambassador, former UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, and President of Pugwash.
NEW YORK (IDN) – The off-again, on-again meeting between President Donald Trump and Chairman Kim Jong-un which finally took place in Singapore on June 12 was undoubtedly an historic occasion. However, a sober analysis of its outcome can hardly conclude that it was either a success or a failure. Even so, the mere fact that after several weeks of mutual provocations and derogatory exchanges the two leaders agreed to meet in a cordial, almost congenial atmosphere is in itself an auspicious achievement.
Although the net result did not go beyond previous established positions by either side, there is reason to expect that further progress is possible, albeit perhaps not in the form of a “complete, verifiable and irreversible”, denuclearization of the Korean peninsula in the short run. After the meeting, the American president declared this would happen “very soon” but several ambiguities still persist. Even the term “denuclearization” seems to mean different things to each of the two sides and to interested parties in the region.
The joint statement released by the White House lists four points: a commitment by both parties to establish “new” U.S.-DPRK relations; the common will to join efforts to build lasting and stable peace in the Korean peninsula; the reaffirmation of the April 27 Panmunjom declaration through which the DPRK committed to “work towards” the complete denuclearization of the peninsula; and the recovery of the remains of American prisoners of war and missing in action, including the immediate repatriation of those already identified.
All of these points have been formulated before. There is no mention of any timetable for the fulfillment of these commitments and the statement goes on to assure that both leaders are committed to implement those stipulations “fully and expeditiously” and to hold follow-on negotiations with this objective, “at the earliest possible date”.
The statement also contains an explicit promise by President Trump to provide security guarantees to North Korea and the reaffirmation of Chairman Kim Jong-un’s “unwavering commitment” to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.
The joint statement recognizes that mutual confidence can promote the denuclearization of the peninsula but does not clarify what actions this would entail for either party, nor whether and to what extent it would affect the American forces deployed in or around the Republic of Korea. It will be interesting to see what concrete form related arrangements could take.
Another obscure point is the way in which compliance with the commitments by both sides will be verified. There is an urgent need to increase mutual confidence between the two sides given the current general erosion of trust in the maintenance of commitments made in the past.
Kim Jong-un can feel proud of having been recognized as an equal by the most powerful nation on Earth after having been branded as a “ruthless dictator” of a “rogue nation” for many years. Donald Trump can appear to his country’s public opinion as having done what his predecessors failed to do: take a meaningful first step toward North Korea’s nuclear disarmament and toward the normalization of relations between Washington and Pyongyang. Some of the preliminary demands mde previously, based on long-established values and perceptions, seem to have been dropped in favor of practical results.
Apparently surprising the Pentagon and the South Korean government, Trump gave Kim an important and not previously publicized concession: the suspension of the joint American-South Korean military exercises scheduled for August, a longstanding claim by the North.
According to the international press, the president of the U.S. commented that these “war games” were “provocative” and “tremendously expensive”. Meanwhile, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo was quick to announce that Washington will maintain the economic sanctions against North Korea until the “denuclearization” is completed. At a press conference in Seoul a day after the meeting the secretary admitted that the implementation of the deal will not be easy, but added that the United States hoped to achieve major nuclear disarmament of North Korea by the end of Trump’s first term in office.
Characteristically, the American president tweeted that there was no longer a nuclear threat from North Korea. Both the United States and the rest of the world wish that this is indeed so. But the wide majority of the world population hope for more: that the unprecedented meeting will signal the way to the end of the threat of the use of nuclear weapons by anyone through the complete elimination of all such weapons. Responsible leaders know that the supreme interests of their countries should not be placed above the legitimate aspirations of mankind as a whole. [IDN-InDepthNews – 16 June 2018]
Photo: Kim and Trump walking to the summit room during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit on June 12, 2018. Credit: Wikimedia Commons.
IDN is flagship agency of the International Press Syndicate.
facebook.com/IDN.GoingDeeper - twitter.com/nukeabolition
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When a virus infection affects your system, the file named c:\windows\system32\drivers\ndis.sys gets removed by the virus scanner, generating a system error. This requires you to replace the ndis.sys file with a clean one from another machine into the folder named C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS, before rebooting your computer, allowing the system to work properly again. As the NDIS.sys file cannot be replaced due to this error, BartPE needs to be used to boot the system. After booting, one must scan the whole computer using McAfee. The procedure may seem tough, but replacing the NDIS.sys file is essential.
Most viruses these days infect the c:\windows\system32\drivers\ndis.sys file! The file is usually removed by your virus scanner. JUST REPLACE THE NDIS.SYS FILE WITH A CLEAN ONE FROM ANOTHER MACHINE INTO THE C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS FOLDER AND IT WILL WORK FINE AFTER A REBOOT. If you can't replace the NDIS.sys file in Windows, then use BartPE to boot your system. You can get it from here:
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12th Class is a prerequisite level for entering into university level and along with that it marks the completion of intermediate level. Hence, it can be categorized as the final of the examination tournament. In Pakistan, it is also categorized as Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC). It is the first national level exam in the country that students have to undertake at college level in order to progress to the next level. Similar to the other boards of Punjab, Multan Board has also made it clear that BISE Multan Board 12th Class Result 2020 will be announced in the month of September. The result will be viewable to all the students of the BISE Multan Board but it will be available online through the official website of the BISE Multan. Later on, it can be obtained in hard copy as well. The educational boards are announcing the result on the same days from last few years and same practice is expected to follow. The position holders are to be declared in a prize distribution ceremony which is scheduled a day before the result declaration day.
Please select your board from given list below to check result;
Currently, the students of BISE Multan Board are extremely excited as their 12th class examination has been conducted successfully. This excitement level is owing to two main reasons, firstly, it is a definite reason as students are happy due to completion of their examination. Secondly, they are now waiting for the result. The successful passing out of the students in 12th class results in their entrance towards higher education. The next level after the intermediate is university education, whereas, intermediate is termed as Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) and university as Higher Education. The terms of matriculation and intermediate exams is being extracted since the times of British rule in the subcontinent. Although, Britain itself has replaced it with Ordinary Level (O Levels) Examinations and Advanced Level (A Levels) Examinations. The same terms are however, used in Cambridge Examination in Pakistan.
BISE Multan 12th Class Result 2020
BISE Multan Board is one of the most important educational boards of Punjab as it is an avenue of education for the students of South Punjab. At the time of getting independence, BISE Lahore Board was the only educational body providing services for this region, whereas, BISE Multan and BISE Sargodha were formulated in 1968. BISE Multan Board is currently being administered under the Punjab Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education Act, 1976. Initially, it was being constituted under West Pakistan Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Ordinance, 1968. The first office of BISE Multan Board was in the governmental central training college at Lahore. In the mid of June, 1968; the headquarters of BISE Multan Board was established in the city itself.
The jurisdictions included Multan, Bahawalpur, Quetta, Kalat and DG Khan. However, the Quetta and Kalat Board started their separate operations a year later. The administration of Bahawalpur and DG Khan were also differentiated as BISE Bahawalpur was formulated in 1978 and BISE DG Khan in 1982. Currently, BISE Multan Board has its jurisdictions over Multan, Lodhran, Vehari and Khanewal. BISE Multan Board has 15 members among its Board of Governors (BOGs) including the Chairman of BISE Multan. The board is an autonomous body and operates without obtaining or asking for any funds from the public in shape of charity or government as grants or aid. BISE Multan Board is a professional institute and generates funds on its own which is in the shape of levy of examinations and other fees charged from the students and institutes.
Multan Board 12th Class Result 2020
The current educational system of Pakistan is diverse and large as the country is resident to different linguistics and cultures. Pakistan has its borders with Afghanistan and Iran in the north and west. China is present at the north east and India to the east. The country is also associated with water through its southern region which connects the country with Arabian Sea. The educational system is divided into six different levels, preschool, primary school, middle school, high school, intermediate and higher education. Preschool covers the students from age 3 – 5, primary school includes grades 1 – 5, middle school includes grades 6 – 8, and high school includes the matriculation level. The intermediate is a two years’ study after matriculation and lastly, higher education is undertaken at university level including undergraduate, graduate and post graduate programs.
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Oct. 13, 2006 -- University of Virginia professor Dell Upton will give a public talk, “New Mythic Geographies of the American South,” on Thursday, Oct. 26, at 5:30 p.m. in Campbell Hall, Room 160. The talk is free and open to the public.
Upton will discuss the new generation of civil-rights and African-American history monuments in the South, with particular attention to the ways that they mesh (or not) with older monumental landscapes and to the ways the new monuments represent divergent agendas on the part of their builders. He will focus most closely on the monuments associated with the Selma, Ala. Voting Rights Campaign of 1964-65. The talk is drawn form Upton’s research on African-American history monuments for a book on civil-rights memorials and urban politics in the American South.
Upton is the David A. Harrison Professor of Anthropology and Architecture, with appointments in the School of Architecture and the department of anthropology in the College of Arts & Sciences. He studies the material world as an expression of culture with a focus on architectural and cultural landscapes. His recent research has focused on urban life and culture. He has published articles and book on a wide range of topics including colonial Virginia churches, New Urbanism, heritage tourism and architecture in the United States.
Upton’s talk is part of the Carl H. and Martha S. Lindner Center for the Arts, McIntire Department of Art lecture series.
For more information contact Sylvia New Strawn at (434) 924-6123.
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The electrical contractor founders started their businesses with nothing more than an idea to work their trade. They created their businesses despite the risk and uncertainty. These entrepreneurs brought their skills and experiences in the electrical construction industry to face the demands and challenges of the electrical markets.
Today the electrical industry is facing new challenges: generation transition, diverse technology markets, sophisticated customers and competitors, and economical and governmental challenges. The electrical contractor needs to become more sophisticated and organized than before to meet these challenges.
The founding fathers started, like most small businesses, as one-person shops. They assumed all the responsibilities and tasks. They did the bids and sold the projects; performed the installation, accounting and administration; and controlled growth. Frank W. Woolworth, an American entrepreneur once said: “I never got very far until I stopped imagining I had to do everything myself.”
As contractor businesses grow, the organizational structure must also adapt to that growth. To manage growth, it is not a matter of adding another person; growth creates complexities and change. Change is dealing with greater expenses, complex problems and your time. If your organization does not change to adjust to the changing environment, your organization will stagnate and problems will develop. To meet the demands of organizations, you must change your structure from a one-man shop to a structure that will accommodate a larger staff, new markets and a changing industry.
Most electrical contractors' organizational structures have evolved over the years and not by design. To develop a new organizational structure, allowing you to handle today's challenges, you must know the two cornerstone words that have guided the direction of all successful businesses: effective and efficient. To be both effective and efficient starts with both long- and short-term planning. Peter Drucker, an American business philosopher and author, was quoted as saying: “Long-range planning does not deal with future decisions, but with future of present decisions.” A survey of electrical contractors revealed some disturbing facts: fewer than 20 percent have a business plan and fewer than 10 percent have a mission statement. For electrical contractors to be competitive, they must be more organized and able to implement a working plan. There are three issues we will discuss here: self evaluation, planning and organizational structure.
Self Evaluation-Understanding Your Organization
To understand your organization, you must learn how to be objective, i.e., being able to analyze without the personal attachments and emotion. This is more difficult than it may seem. Most founders and managers feel a responsibility to protect and care for their employees. The tool for this analysis is “SWOT” or strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. There are two parts to “SWOT” analysis: the function/position and the individual's capabilities. Doing the analysis properly requires separating the name of the individual from the position. Strengths and weaknesses are composed of the capabilities, education, experience and talent level of the individual and the ability of the organization to get the job done. Looking at strengths and weaknesses will help in understanding the proficiency of your employees and also help you in planning upgrades for each individual by training or replacement.
When analyzing your organization's strengths and weaknesses, there are in-house influences to consider, for example, family members in position, age of individuals and education level/expertise. Opportunities and threats depend on outside influences, for example, the economy, government regulations and competition.
After discovering the organization's capabilities, you can now set objectives/goals and plan to achieve those objectives/goals.
The first step in establishing a business plan is to develop a mission statement. The mission statement identifies the purpose of your organization. Usually mission statements are derived from a vision statement, which is the reason why the organization was started in the first place.
There are three sections to a business plan: business, financial and supportive documentation.
This is the most important part of the planning process because it develops the blueprint for how the staff collectively will accomplish the objectives/goals of the organization. The business section includes the history of the organization and electrical industry, the management team expertise, the location of the business, competition and the marketing plan. The marketing plan includes plans for product, marketing, sales and advertising/promotions.
The section comprises the financial support of the business and includes the budget, income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and short- and long-term forecasting.
This section reveals affiliations, agreements, contracts and supportive statements.
Most executives (especially founders) and employees put a human element into a company profile. In reality, organizations are nonentities and only demand results daily. Lord Chancellor Edward Thurlow once asked: “Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience when it has no soul to be damned and no body to be kicked?” The organization must be looked at as a profit shell not as a living individual with emotions.
Every organization contains five departments or disciplines, and each must integrate with each other. I am not advocating that each small contractors' organization should departmentalize, but should, instead, develop a departmental organizational structure. By doing so, a working structure will be established that can adapt to future needs and growth. The five departments cells are sales and marketing, operation, administration, finance and customer service. Each department has certain disciplines or functions that relate to each other. The electrical contractor's operation, in contrast, is centered on the single position of estimating.
Let me clarify the difference between sales and marketing and customer service. Sales and marketing deals with new business and therefore requires a different sales approach to establish credibility. Customer service works with existing customers, which is handled differently sales-wise due to the already established relationship.
Operation deals with the technology, labor and installation of the projects. Administration manages the organization, develops a direction and coordinates with other departments. Finance tackles all relationships that involve banking and money, including transportation and inventory.
In small businesses, limited staff members and overlapping duties are common. Developing clearly defined responsibilities by department makes it easier to see overlaps and redundancy. By putting responsibilities into departments, we are able to better define accountability, and thereby, create a more effective use of resources. We also become better managers by delegating responsibilities, freeing up our time and boosting our employees' self-esteem.
There is a simple managerial formula that I advocate: Responsibility=Empowerment=Accountability. This formula, when used to manage, helps us develop a competent, accountable staff, lessens the need to micromanage, and creates a result-based accountability. When results are positive, management can give employees instant recognition. Negative results can instantly be adjusted and a timely lesson can be taught to prevent reoccurrence.
Management must develop a structure that will support the staff members' skills and channel their responsibilities in each department. Most electrical contractors use estimators to do the selling, in addition to having the responsibility of estimating, purchasing material and project managing. But if estimators are overloaded, having several bids with short deadlines, other responsibilities can suffer. This is a common occurrence for most electrical contractors who become aware only after a problem occurs or when sales and new business is needed.
By self-evaluation, planning and the development of the proper organizational structure, management can recognize problems early and avoid reoccurrences. When electrical contractors' organizations become more effective and efficient, the contractors are better able to compete and accept the challenges and demands facing today's electrical industry. EC
MARTIN is a business consultant for Alan Martin & Assoc., consultant for SBA, speaker and adjunct instructor with NECA-MEI, based in Morris Plains, N.J. He can be reached at 973.540.1298 or email@example.com.
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Are you preparing to start your own business but uncertain about how to get started? A business plan ought to be one of the first steps in your entrepreneurial journey because it will organize the ideas that have been spinning around in your brain and prepare you to seek funding, partners, and more.
What is a business plan?
A business plan is a detailed document that outlines a company's goals and how the business, well, plans to achieve those goals over the next three or more years. It helps define expected profits and challenges, providing a road map that will help you avoid bumps in the road.
Stever Robbins writes in an Entrepreneur article titled, "Why You Must Have a Business Plan," that a business plan "is a tool for understanding how your business is put together…. Writing out your business plan forces you to review everything at once: your value proposition, marketing assumptions, operations plan, financial plan, and staffing plan." But, a business plan is about more than just reviewing the past state of your business or even what your business looks like today.
Robbins writes that a well-written business plan will help you drive the future by "laying out targets in all major areas: sales, expense items, hiring positions, and financing goals. Once laid out, the targets become performance goals."
The business plan can help your company attract talent and funding because when prospects ask about your business, you already have an articulated overview to offer them. How they react
can allow you to quickly understand how others see your business and pivot if necessary.
What should you do before you write your business plan?
It might sound redundant, but you actually need to plan your business plan. Business plans can be complicated, and you'll be held accountable for the goals you set. For example, if you plan to open five locations of your business within the first two years, your investors might get angry if you only manage to open two.
That's why it's essential that, before writing your business plan, you spend some time determining exactly which objectives are essential to your business. If you're struggling to come up with a list of goals on your own, Entrepreneur's article "Plan Your Business Plan" offers some questions you can ask yourself to spark some inspiration.
How determined am I to see this venture succeed?
Am I willing to invest my own money and work long hours for no pay, sacrificing personal time and lifestyle, maybe for years?
What's going to happen to me if this venture doesn't work out?
If it does succeed, how many employees will this company eventually have?
What will be the business's annual revenue in a year? What about in five years?
What will be the company's market share in that amount of time?
Will the business have a niche market, or will it sell a broad spectrum of goods and services?
What are my plans for geographic expansion? Should it be local or national? Can it be global?
Am I going to be a hands-on manager, or will I delegate a large proportion of tasks to others?
If I delegate, what sorts of tasks will I share? Will it be sales, technical work, or something else?
How comfortable am I taking direction from others? Can I work with partners or investors who demand input into the company's management?
Is the business going to remain independent and privately owned, or will it eventually be acquired or go public?
It's also essential to consider your financial goals. Your business might not require a massive financial commitment upfront, but it probably will if you're envisioning rapid growth. Unless you're making your product or service from scratch, you'll have to pay your suppliers before your customers can pay you, and as "Plan Your Business Plan" points out, "this cash flow conundrum is the reason so many fast-growing companies have to seek bank financing or equity sales to finance their growth. They are literally growing faster than they can afford."
How much financing will you need to start your business? What will you be willing to accept? If you're desperate for that first influx of cash, you might be tempted to accept any offer, but doing so might force you to either surrender too much control or ask investors for a number that's not quite right for either side.
These eight questions can help you determine a few financial aspects of your planning stages:
What initial investment will the business require?
How much control of the business are you willing to relinquish to investors?
When will the business turn a profit?
When can investors, including you, expect a return on investment?
What are the business's projected profits over time?
Will you be able to devote yourself full-time to the business?
What kind of salary or profit distribution can you expect to take home?
What are the chances the business will fail, and what will happen if it does?
You should also consider who, primarily, is going to be reading your business plan, and how you plan to use it. Is it a means of raising money or attracting employees? Will suppliers see it?
Lastly, you need to assess the likelihood of whether you actually have the time and resources to see your plan through. It might hurt to realize the assumptions you've made so far don't actually make a successful business, but it's best to know early on before you make further commitments.
How to Write a Business Plan
Once you've worked out all the questions above and you know exactly what goals you have for your business plan, the next step is to actually write the darn thing. A typical business plan runs 15 to 20 pages but can be longer or shorter, depending on the complexity of the business and the needs of your venture. Regardless of whether you intend to use the business plan for self-evaluation or to seek a seven-figure investment, it should include nine key components, many of which are outlined in Entrepreneur's introduction to business plans:
1. Title page and contents
Presentation is important, and a business plan should be presented in a binder with a cover that lists the business's name, the principals' names, and other relevant information like a working address, phone number, email and web address, and date. Write the information in a font that's easy to read and include it on the title page inside, too. Add in the company logo and a table of contents that follows the executive summary.
2. Executive summary
Think of the executive summary as the SparkNotes version of your business plan. It should tell the reader in as few words as possible what your business wants and why. The executive summary should address these nine things:
The business idea and why it is necessary. (What problem does it solve?)
How much will it cost, and how much financing are you seeking?
What will the return be to the investor? Over what length of time?
What is the perceived risk level?
Where does your idea fit into the marketplace?
What is the management team?
What are the product and competitive strategies?
What is your marketing plan?
What is your exit strategy?
When writing the executive summary, remember that it should be somewhere between one-half page to a full page. Anything longer, and you risk losing your reader's attention before they can dig into your business plan. Try to answer each of the questions above in two or three sentences, and you'll wind up with an executive summary that's about the right length.
3. Business description
You can fill anywhere from a few paragraphs to a few pages when writing your business description but try again to keep it short, with the understanding that more sections will follow.
The business description typically starts with a short explanation of your chosen industry, including its present outlook and future possibilities. Use data and sources (with proper footnotes) to explain the markets the industry offers, along with the developments that will affect your business. That way, everyone who reads the business description, particularly investors, will see that they can trust the various information contained within your business plan.
When you pivot to speaking of your business, start with its structure. How does your business work? Is it retail, service-oriented or wholesale? Is the business new or established? Is the company a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation? Who are the principals and who are your customers? What do the distribution channels look like, and how can you support sales?
Next, break down your business's offerings. Are you selling a physical product, SaaS, or a service? Explain it in a way that a reader knows what you're planning to sell and how it differentiates itself from the competition (investors call this a Unique Selling Proposition or USP, and it's important that you find yours). Whether it's a trade secret or a patent, you should be specific about your competitive advantage and why your business is going to be profitable. If you plan to use your business plan for fundraising, you can use the business description section to explain why new investments will help make the business even more profitable.
This, like everything else, can be brief, but you can tell the reader about your business's efficiency or workflow. You can write about other key people within the business or cite industry experts' support of your idea, as well as your base of operations and reasons for starting in the first place.
4. Market strategies
Paint a picture about your market by remembering the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion.
Start this section by defining the market's size, structure, and sales potential. What are the market's growth prospects? What do the demographics and trends look like right now?
Next, outline the frequency at which your product or service will be purchased by the target market and the potential annual purchase. What market share can you possibly expect to win? Try to be realistic here, and keep in mind that even a number like 25% might be a dominant share.
Next, break down your business's plan for positioning, which relates to the market niche your product or service can fill. Who is your target market, how will you reach them and what are they buying from you? Who are your competitors, and what is your USP?
The positioning statement within your business plan should be short and to the point, but make sure you answer each of those questions before you move on to, perhaps, the most difficult and important aspect of your market strategy: pricing.
In fact, settling on a price for your product or service is one of the most important decisions you have to make in the entire business plan. Pricing will directly determine essential aspects of your business, like profit margin and sales volume. It will influence all sorts of areas, too, from marketing to target consumers.
There are two primary ways to determine your price: The first is to look inward, adding up the costs of offering your product or service, and then adding in a profit margin to find your number.
The second is called competitive pricing, and it involves research into how your competitors will either price their products or services now or in the future. The difficult aspect of this second pricing method is that it often sets a ceiling on pricing, which, in turn, could force you to adjust your costs.
Then, pivot the market strategies section toward your distribution process and how it relates to your competitors' channels. How, exactly, are you going to get your offerings from one place to the next? Walk the reader step by step through your process. Do you want to use the same strategy or something else that might give you an advantage?
Last, explain your promotion strategy. How are you going to communicate with your potential customers? This part should talk about not only marketing or advertising, but also packaging, public relations, and sales promotions.
5. Competitive analysis
The next section in your business plan should be the competitive analysis, which helps explain the differences between you and your competitors … and how you can keep it that way. If you can start with an honest evaluation of your competitor's strengths and weaknesses within the marketplace, you can also provide the reader with a clear analysis of your advantage and the barriers that either already exists or can be developed to keep your business ahead of the pack. Are there weaknesses within the marketplace, and if so, how can you exploit them?
Remember to consider both your direct competition and your indirect competition, with both a short-term and long-term view.
6. Design and development plan
If you plan to sell a product, it's smart to add a design and development section to your business plan. This part should help your readers understand the background of that product. How have the production, marketing, and company developed over time? What is your developmental budget?
For the sake of organization, consider these three aspects of the design and development plan:
Start by establishing your development goals, which should logically follow your evaluation of the market and your competition. Make these goals feasible and quantifiable, and be sure to establish timelines that allow your readers to see your vision. The goals should address both technical and marketing aspects.
Once the reader has a clear idea of your development goals, explain the procedures you'll develop to reach them. How will you allocate your resources, and who is in charge of accomplishing each goal?
The Entrepreneur guide to design and development plans offers this example of the steps of producing a recipe for a premium lager beer:
Determine optimum malting process.
Gauge mashing temperature.
Boil wort and evaluate which hops provide the best flavor.
Determine yeast amounts and fermentation period.
Determine the aging period.
Carbonate the beer.
Decide whether or not to pasteurize the beer.
Make sure to also talk about scheduling. What checkpoints will the product need to pass to reach a customer? Establish timeframes for each step of the process. Create a chart with a column for each task, how long that task will take, and when the task will start and end.
Next, consider the costs of developing your product, breaking down the costs of these aspects:
General and administrative (G&A) costs
Marketing and sales
Professional services, like lawyers or accountants
The next section should be about the personnel you either have or plan to hire for that development. If you already have the right person in place, this part should be easy. If not, then this part of the business plan can help you create a detailed description of exactly what you need. This process can also help you formalize the hierarchy of your team's positions so that everyone knows their roles and responsibilities.
Finish the development and design section of your business plan by addressing the risks in developing the product and how you're going to address those risks. Could there be technical difficulties? Are you having trouble finding the right person to lead the development? Does your financial situation limit your ability to develop the product? Being honest about your problems and solutions can help answer some of your readers' questions before they ask them.
7. Operations and management plan
Want to learn everything you'll ever need to know about the operations and management section of your business plan, and read a real, actual web article from 1997? Check out our guide titled, "Writing A Business Plan: Operations And Management."
Here, we'll more briefly summarize the two areas that need to be covered within your operations and management plan: the organizational structure is first, and the capital requirement for the operation is second.
The organizational structure detailed within your business plan will establish the basis for your operating expenses, which will provide essential information for the next part of the business plan: your financial statements. Investors will look closely at the financial statements, so it's important to start with a solid foundation and a realistic framework. You can start by dividing your organizational structure into these four sections:
Marketing and sales (including customer relations and service)
Production (including quality assurance)
Research and development
After you've broken down the organization's operations within your business plan, you can look at the expenses, or overhead. Divide them into fixed expenses, which typically remain constant, and variable, which will change according to the volume of business. Here are some examples of overhead expenses:
Maintenance and repair
Advertising and promotion
Packaging and shipping
Payroll taxes and benefits
Have difficulty calculating what some of those expenses might be for your business? Try using the simple formulas in "Writing A Business Plan: Operations And Management."
8. Financial factors
The last piece of the business plan that you definitely need to have covered is the business's finances. Specifically, three financial statements will form the backbone of your business plan: the income statement, the cash-flow statement, and the balance sheet. Let's go through them one by one.
The income statement explains how the business can make money in a simple way. It draws on financial models already developed and discussed throughout the business plan (revenue, expenses, capital, and cost of goods) and combines those numbers with when sales are made and when expenses are incurred. When the reader finishes going through your income statement, they should understand how much money your company makes or loses by subtracting your costs from your revenue, showing either a loss or a profit. If you like, you or a CPA can add a very short analysis at the end to emphasize some important aspects of the statement.
Second is the cash-flow statement, which explains how much cash your business needs to meet its obligations, as well as when you're going to need it and how you're going to get it. This section shows a profit or loss at the end of each month or year that rolls over to the next time period, which can create a cycle. If your business plan shows that you're consistently operating at a loss that gets bigger as time goes on, this can be a major red flag for both you and potential investors. This part of the business plan should be prepared monthly during your first year in business, quarterly in your second year, and annually after that.
Our guide on cash-flow statements includes 17 items you'll need to add to your cash-flow statement.
Cash. Cash on hand in the business.
Cash sales. Income from sales is paid for by cash.
Receivables. Income from collecting money owed to the business due to sales.
Other income. The liquidation of assets, interest on extended loans, or income from investments are examples.
Total income. The sum of the four items above (total cash, cash sales, receivables, and other income).
Material/merchandise. This will depend on the structure of your business. If you're manufacturing, this will include your raw materials. If you're in retail, count your inventory of merchandise. If you offer a service, consider which supplies are necessary.
Direct labor. What sort of labor do you need to make your product or complete your service?
Overhead. This includes both the variable expenses and fixed expenses for business operations.
Marketing/sales. All salaries, commissions, and other direct costs are associated with the marketing and sales departments.
Research and development. Specifically, the labor expenses required for research and development.
General and administrative expenses. Like the research and development costs, this centers on the labor for G&A functions of the business.
Taxes. This excludes payroll taxes but includes everything else.
Capital. Required capital for necessary equipment.
Loan payments. The total of all payments made to reduce any long-term debts.
Total expenses. The sum of items six through 14 (material/merchandise, direct labor, overhead, marketing/sales, research and development, general and administrative expenses, taxes, capital, and loan payments).
Cash flow. Subtract total expenses from total income. This is how much cash will roll over to the next period.
Cumulative cash flow. Subtract the previous period's cash flow from your current cash flow.
Just like with the income statement, it's a good idea to briefly summarize the figures at the end. Again, consulting with a CPA is probably a good idea.
The last financial statement is the balance sheet. A balance sheet is, as our encyclopedia says, "a financial statement that lists the assets, liabilities, and equity of a company at a specific point in time and is used to calculate the net worth of a business." If you've already started the business, use the balance sheet from your last reporting period. If the business plan you wrote is for a business you hope to start, do your best to protect your assets and liabilities over time. If you want to earn investors, you'll also need to include a personal financial statement. Then, as with the other two sections, add a short analysis that hits the main points.
9. Supporting documents
If you have other documents that your readers need to see, like important contracts, letters of reference, a copy of your lease, or legal documents, you should add them to this section.
What do I do with my business plan after I've written it?
The simplest reason to create a business plan is to help people unfamiliar with your business understand it quickly. While the most obvious use for a document like this is for financing purposes, a business plan can also help you attract talented employees — and, if you share the business plan internally, help your existing employees understand their roles.
But it's also important to do for your own edification, too. It's like the old saying goes, "The best way to learn something is to teach it." Writing down your plans, your goals and the state of your finances helps clarify the thoughts in your own mind. From there, you can more easily lead your business because you'll know whether the business is reaching the checkpoints you set out to begin with. You'll be able to foresee difficulties before they pop up and be able to pivot quickly.
That's why you should continue to update your business plan when the conditions change, either within your business (you might be entering a new period or undergoing a change in management) or within your market (like a new competitor popping up). The key is to keep your business plan ready so that you don't have to get it ready when the opportunity strikes.
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High dosage of all B vitamins
||Amount per serving
* Reference intake
** Not established
Vitamin B1: Contributes to the normal functioning of the heart and a clear mind. Thiamine helps to release energy from food.
Vitamin B2: Supports the energy level and helps to reduce fatigue and tiredness. Riboflavin offers protection against free radicals.
Niacin: Contributes to extra energy in case of fatigue and activates the normal energy in your body. Niacin also contributes to a normal mental performance.
Vitamin B5 (Pathothenic acid): Supports in stress situations. Pathothenic acid is important for the energy metabolism and can help reduce energy shortages.
Vitamin B6: Contributes to the energy supply in the muscles and had as positive influence on the production and burning of carbohydrates and protein. Vitamin B6 supports the immune system.
Folate: Contributes to normal amino acid synthesis and has a positive influence on the immune system. Folate can also reduce the stress sensitivity.
Vitamin B12: Helps to release energy from fat, carbohydrates and protein and to reduce the lack of energy. Vitamin B12 is also good for focus.
Food supplements should be used as part of a balanced and varied diet. Do not exceed the recommended dose. Store out of reach of children. Please consult your doctor prior to use if you have a medical condition.
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Life Coaching Qualification Important Directions
Emotional issues, psychological condition and also other some form of therapies are normally involved together with the believed of life coaching qualification. To get “relieved” some people visualize it as one thing “those sort of individuals”. It demands, in their opinion, a person with some sort of drawback within their character or psyche to call on the services of a life coach for help. Those attaining pleasure, excellent wellness and regular living are those inherently weak and call for some such person to assist them cope with the fundamental difficulties surrounding. The oppose is genuine, really. People who are seeking out the direction of a life mentor are robust and keenly self-aware people. They recognize just what they would like and program to use self coaching as a signifies to reach their targets.
Its not quite effortless to over simplify the targets, objective and chances of life coaching. life coaching qualification is all about dealing with individuals to reach their personal objectives as nicely as reach their maximum possible regardless of what are of their life they wish to increase upon. People who pick life coaching are not weak. They’re utilizing what ever suggests they’ve on hand to understand their own desires and objectives as opposed to drifting alongside through life. Seeking assist from a life coach is a statement that they are able to do more. They’ve noticed there is a limitation or drawback within their present approach and want to improve their chances by discovering somebody that can provide them with the assistance they want.
All folks are not best. A number of who excel in their skilled life definitely “suck” within their connections or even do not have the social graces to make them buddies as nicely as develop concrete partnerships. No troubles for shame, indeed. It is just the way life is producing. But, it doesn’t mean that folks can not adjust the way life is going. We can improve the places of life that aren’t living up to what we need, are worthy of or crave. By creating use of a life coach, we could deal with and improve upon our weaker places. We can enhance our feeling of self-awareness and move forward. There are techniques to perform out how to deal with difficulties in a manner that will profit our understanding as nicely as enhance the circumstance. Objective of enhanced relationships, profitable career and great time management is doable.
It may be that the circumstance you are in is not premanent. You could end up in a slump. You can let this slip along, progress in any manner you desire. You can also preserve the situation firmly between your hands and move ahead. Asking for the assist of a life coach is a single way you can uncover the implies to do this. Life Coaching Qualification can certainly assist describe the scenario, have the course towards are objectives come much much more in to focus and give us together with the precise kind of continuing assistance we want to full the job.
It’s correct that life coaching cannot rid you of any psychological, psychological or psychological health-associated diseases. Life coaching just is not a treatment. What it is a signifies of helping folks locate their way by means of the claptrap of life. It assists guide them to discover inside the signifies of operating towards their individual targets of an enhanced life – individual or professional. Life coaches don’t stipulate. They guide and supply help as you help make your trip in the path you want to go. Life Coaching Qualification is at present accessible at http://www.thesmartschool.co.uk/, who could offer you with an expedient and helpful approach of addressing any of the difficulties restraining us. You can undoubtedly access the guidance and help of an knowledgeable and expert mentor from your property at times that suit your often hectic schedule. With 1 easy click, you will have what you want to enable you to get back on the proper track shifting towards an thrilling possible future – a future of which we have manage and can lead to obtain what we are genuinely able of attaining.
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Local authority (LA) schools: fuel and power
The governing bodies of voluntary aided, voluntary controlled and foundation schools (but not community schools) all have charitable status in their own right. They are entitled to issue a certificate to their supplier to obtain fuel and power at the reduced rate of VAT. This assumes that the use of the fuel and power is by the school for its non-business provision of education. See also VATEDU25000.
This in turn has the effect of removing the Climate Change Levy charge from the energy bills of these types of school.
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In a static configuration, the network administrator must configure each port of each switch. Then, assign it to a VLAN. In the dynamic configuration, each switch port can configure its VLAN based on the MAC address of the connected device.. Topics Covered• Install EVE-NG • Perform basic configuration tasks on a switch• Create and Assign.
To Configure Cisco VLAN, firstly create the VLAN with the VLAN ID and then give it a name; (The standard VLAN number range is 1 to 1005. 1002 to 1005 is reserved for Token Ring and FDDI.And lastly 1006 to 4094 range is used by VTP transparent mode) Switch A (config)# vlan 2 Switch A (config-vlan)# name SecondDepartment. h3>VLAN Port Assignment.
Step 1. First, add a Router, Switch, and six PCs to the Packet Tracer workspace to create a network topology as shown in the image below. Step 2. After configuring the Cisco Router's interface and the TCP/IP settings of the computers, click Switch and click the CLI tab in the window that opens.
To configure Router on Stick we have to access CLI prompt of Router. Click Router and Click CLI from menu items and Press Enter key to access the CLI Run following commands in same sequence to configure Router on Stick Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line.
How to assign a Switchport to a VLAN. After creating your VLAN, you can assign a switch port to the VLAN . VLAN 20, is statically assigned to port F0/8 on switch S1: Switch1#config t Switch1 (config)#interface fa0/2 Switch1 (config-if)#switchport mode access Switch1 (config-if)#switchport access vlan 20 Switch1 (config-if)#no shut. .
1. Open the VLAN lab and create these three VLAN and named Marketing, Accounting, and Sales. So let's create them with the following commands. 2. First, change the switch name with " hostname " command. Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch (config)#hostname SW2 SW2 (config)# 3.
If I do show vlan it shows VLAN1 and shows included ports on all three switches 1/0/1 - 3/0/48. I try to setup a vlan331 on Switch 1 port 17 - Switch 3 port 48. config t. int vlan331. interface range Gi1/0/17-3/0/48 OR interface range Gi1/0/17-Gi3/0/48 --barks at the 3/0/48. It does let me do a test like interface range Gi1/0/17-18.
This gives access to the CLI of the Cisco CatOS and IOS software. Most switches are accessed by terminal emulators that implement strong security like SSH (recommended) rather than by simple unencrypted telnet. The switch usually has a default VLAN set up, which is the default VLAN 1.
Assign VLAN's to the trunk: interface trk1 tagged vlan 10-20,25 untagged vlan 30 0 network, then you don’t need to create a VLAN, just use the default VLAN 1 See full list on arubanetworks Add port 3, 4 of Switch A and port 1,3, 4 of Switch B to VLAN 3 for trunking, you can temporarily disable the ports until the trunk is configured for trunking, you can temporarily disable the ports.
Step 1. After creating a network topology like in the following image, click Router for Inter- VLAN Routing and open the CLI. Step 2. At the CLI command prompt of the Cisco Router, execute the following commands to create Subinterface for the interface that connects to the Switch. When creating a subinterface, you can type the number of the <b>VLAN</b>.
Even with the default switch configuration H1 is able to reach H2. Let’s see if I can create a new VLAN for H1 and H2: SW1 (config)# vlan 50 SW1 (config-vlan)# name Computers SW1 (config-vlan)# exit. This is how you create a new VLAN. If you want you can give it a name but this is optional. I’m calling my VLAN “Computers”. If I do show vlan it shows VLAN1 and shows included ports on all three switches 1/0/1 - 3/0/48. I try to setup a vlan331 on Switch 1 port 17 - Switch 3 port 48. config t. int vlan331. interface range Gi1/0/17-3/0/48 OR interface range Gi1/0/17-Gi3/0/48 --barks at the 3/0/48. It does let me do a test like interface range Gi1/0/17-18.
make the vlan on ur access layer switch with command vlan 10 [enter] name vlan_10 then assign this vlan to the required ports and make sure the switch port no shutdown anslo the is Important thing which is the spanning tree PORTFAST this otion if u dont put it on access port for client need DHCP u gonna loss the DHCP for example.
Edit a VLAN Step 1. Log in to the web-based utility and choose VLAN Management > VLAN Settings. The VLAN Settings page opens. Step 2. Check the check box next to the VLAN you want to edit. Step 3. Click Edit to edit the selected VLAN . The Edit VLAN window appears. Step 4. The current VLAN can be changed using the <b>VLAN</b> ID drop-down list.
Step 2: Creating a VLAN The next step is to set the SW1 # configure terminal command to enter privileged mode and SW1 (config) #vlan 10 for create VLAN 10. Then, SW1 (config-vlan) #name CAPACITY indicated to set the "capaciy" tag VLAN 10 and SW1 (config-vlan) # exit to exit configuration mode above. Chapter 11 VLAN Configuration Understanding VLANs † VLAN number to use when translating from one VLAN type to another † Private VLAN. Configure the VLAN as a primary or secondary private VLAN. For information about private VLANs, see Chapter 12, "Private VLAN Configuration." † Remote SPAN VLAN. Configure the VLAN as the Remote.
Even with the default switch configuration H1 is able to reach H2. Let's see if I can create a new VLAN for H1 and H2: SW1 (config)# vlan 50 SW1 (config-vlan)# name Computers SW1 (config-vlan)# exit This is how you create a new VLAN. If you want you can give it a name but this is optional. I'm calling my VLAN "Computers".
narcissist family member reddit
Configure Interface as Access Port and Assign to VLAN Step 1. Log in to the switch console. The default username and password is cisco/cisco. If you have configured a new username or password, enter the credentials instead. Note: The commands may vary depending on the exact model of your switch.
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How do you clean a paint sprayer nozzle?
- Remove the spray tip and tip guard from the gun.
- Remove the fluid intake and drain tube from the paint and wipe any excess paint off the outside.
- Place the fluid intake into flushing fluid.
- Place the drain tube into a waste pail.
- Turn the prime valve to spray.
Can you leave mineral spirits in a paint sprayer?
Water left in a paint sprayer will corrode and ruin the pump! Always circulate a storage fluid through the system after cleaning. You can use a ” pump preserver ” such as Graco Pump Armor or just plain, clean mineral spirits. A quart of ready to use product is usually sufficient for most paint sprayers.
Can you run paint thinner through a paint sprayer?
Often one can run some lacquer thinner through the pump for awhile and get out most of the old dried debris if the sprayer does not have too much in it. If your sprayer has a flexible intake tube, flex it, move it around while running the thinner through it to try to dislodge the dried material inside it.
Can I leave paint in my sprayer overnight?
Never leave it pressurised. But you can leave it overnight leaving the gun and intake tube in a bucket of water. Moving the airless a 3/4 inch cap nut fits the end of the intake tube and find those roller wet bags from d.d convenient to put over it so paint doesn’t go everywhere as I usually clean it at home.
Is paint thinner the same as mineral spirits?
Both are petroleum products. Both can be used to thin oil-based paints and varnishes and to clean paintbrushes. Paint thinner is mineral spirits, but in a less refined form. It contains other types of solvents, which makes it a lot smellier and more volatile.
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The Crowd Is "Untruth"
From Soren Kierkegaard's "That Individual": Two "Notes" Concerning My Work as an Author, published posthumously in 1859.
"There is a view of life which conceives that where the crowd is, there also is the truth, and that in truth itself there is need of having the crowd on its side. There is another view of life which conceives that wherever there is a crowd there is untruth, so that (to consider for a moment the extreme case), even if every individual, each for himself in private, were to be in possession of the truth, yet in case they were all to get together in a crowd -- a crowd to which any sort of decisive significance is attributed, a voting, noisy, audible crowd -- untruth would at once be in evidence...
"[A] crowd in its very concept is the untruth, by reason of the fact that it renders the individual completely impenitent and irresponsible, or at least weakens his sense of responsibility by reducing it to a fraction. Observe that there was not one single soldier that dared lay hands upon Caius Marius -- this was an instance of truth. But given merely three or four women with the consciousness or the impression that they were a crowd, and with hope of a sort in the possibility that no one could say definitely who was doing it or who began it -- then they had courage for it. What a falsehood! The falsehood first of all is the notion that the crowd does what in fact only the individual in the crowd does, though it be every individual. For 'crowd' is an abstraction and has no hands: but each individual has ordinarily two hands, and so when an individual lays his two hands upon Caius Marius they are the two hands of the individual, certainly not those of his neighbor, and still less those of the crowd which has no hands...For every individual who flees for refuge into the crowd, and so flees in cowardice from being an individual (who had not the courage to lay his hands upon Caius Marius, nor even to admit that he had it not), such a man contributes his share of cowardliness to the cowardliness which we know as the 'crowd.'
Take the highest example, think of Christ -- and the whole human race, all the men that ever were born or are to be born. But let the situation be one that challenges the individual, requiring each one for himself to be alone with Him in a solitary place and as an individual to step up to Him and spit upon Him -- the man never was born and never will be born with courage or insolence enough to do such a thing...
The crowd is untruth. Therefore was Christ crucified, because, although He addressed himself to all, He would have no dealings with the crowd, because He would not permit the crowd to aid him in any way, because in this regard He repelled people absolutely, would not found a party, did not permit balloting, but would be what He is, the Truth, which relates itself to the individual...it is not so great a trick to win the crowd. All that is needed is some talent, a certain dose of falsehood, and a little acquaintance with human passions..."
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Sympathizing with Cory is often easier in the play than sympathizing with his father Troy, but Troy, ultimately, is the more tragic figure, presenting and communicating more depth of emotion than any other character and deserving of greater consideration.
We naturally sympathize with Cory when he honestly and openly asks his father, "Why don't you like me?" Troy's response is that he does not have to like his son. This response is not encouraging for Cory. Rather, it pushes Cory further from the hope that he can ever gain Troy's approval.
Cory is a figure of relative powerlessness in the play. Though he challenges Troy's authority on three occasions, he is defeated each time. The first of these episodes comes when Troy exerts his power over his son by pulling him from the football team in response to Cory's attempt to defy him.
When Cory quits his job to concentrate on football, his father retaliates by going to the coach and forbidding Cory to play.
Subjected to the difficult personality of his father, we have an easy time sympathizing with Cory, a boy looking for approval and opportunity and being denied both. However, despite Troy's treatment of his son, there is a reason to sympathize with Troy and even pity him.
Troy, like his son, is characterized by a certain powerlessness. He deeply hopes that Cory will achieve something in his life that will keep him from the daily toil and negative work conditions that characterize Troy's life and that of Troy's father.
Yet the father is unwilling to let the son attempt something that may bring him success; Troy is afraid that the world of white-dominated sports will only break Cory's heart.
The great weakness of Troy's character is his inability to change. Unable to change his ways and his views, Troy repeats the same mistakes his own father made and creates a rivalry with his son that ultimately destroys the relationship.
...it is more than a desire to control Cory's success that is at the heart of Troy's actions. He truly fails to see that the world has changed in the past twenty years.
Troy wants to protect his son from experiencing the same bitter disappointments he experienced. This paternal impulse is certainly sympathetic and our sympathy for Troy's good intentions are only enhanced when considered alongside his true inability to show his son affection.
The world has ingrained in Troy traits of hardness, boldness and bluster, and his personal challenge is to recognize that these are things he can change about himself. Change, for Troy, proves impossible. This is the nature of his tragedy. Despite his strength of character, he is unable to change.
History has shaped Troy in ways that he is powerless to reverse or alter.
We’ve answered 319,200 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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CMT Awareness Month Quiz – How Many Will You Get Right?
Last year, I worked on a version of this quiz for CMT Awareness month. I decided to revamp the quiz by adding a few more questions, rephrasing some of the questions and adding detailed answers. I hope you enjoy the quiz and share with others to spread awareness of CMT.
1) If you suspect you have Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, who would you go see?
a) A shark expert
b) A dentist
c) A psychiatrist
d) A neurologist
2) What year was CMT discovered?
3) How many people are estimated to have CMT worldwide?
a) 45 million
b) 2.8 billion
d) 2.8 million
4) CMT is a:
a) blood disease
b) neurological disease
c) infectious disease
d) autoimmune disease
5) What causes CMT?
b) the cause is unknown
c) gene mutations
6) Can someone have CMT if neither of their parents has it?
a) progresses over time
b) can, in some cases, cause respiratory dysfunction
c) May cause curvature of the spine, or scoliosis
d) Is currently incurable
e) All of the above
f) None of the above
8) CMT affects:
a) the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord)
b) the brain & spinal cord
c) the teeth and gums
d) the voice of most Country Music singers
9) Nerve damage caused by CMT can lead to:
a) muscle wasting
b) loss of sensation
d) difficulty with balance
e) all of the above
10) Common symptoms of CMT include:
a) drop foot, clumsiness, tripping
c) difficulty holding grasping objects
d) high-arched feet, hammer toes
e) all of the above
11) This is what a typical CMT foot looks like:
12) CMT can affect the thenar muscles. Where are the thenar muscles found?
13) Many people with CMT wear braces to:
a) straighten their teeth
b) protect their backs
d) correct foot deformities and foot drop
e) Show off their cool western style
14) The Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association’s overall mission is to what?
a) Feed the hungry
b) Broker world peace
c) Find treatments for CMT
d) Whiten the teeth of the masses
15) This symbol stands for what?
D) All of the above
1). d – Please see a neurologist. The CMTA has Centers of Excellence around the country who have multi-disciplinary teams specializing in CMT: https://www.cmtausa.org/resource-center/finding-help/cmta-centers-of-excellence/
2) b – In 1886, Drs. Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Marie, and Henry Howard Tooth discovered CMT!
3) d – It is estimated that more than 2.8 million people have CMT, worldwide.
4) b – CMT is a disease affecting the nerves which control the muscles ( unlike the muscular dystrophies which directly affect the muscles themselves).
5) c – CMT is all about genes!
6) a – CMT can develop as a result of a new mutation or spontaneous mutation. These cases are called “de novo.” A person who has a new mutation case can then pass the condition on to his/her children.
7) – e – All the statements are true.
8) a – CMT is a group of inherited disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system, a network of motor and sensory nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) to the entire human body.
9) e – All the above. Yes, really!
10) e – CMT affects the longer nerves first; therefore, symptoms tend to start in the feet and hands and work their way up the legs and into the forearms, respectively.
Symptoms include, but are not limited to:
• Weakness in the feet, ankles and potentially legs
• Difficulty lifting the foot at the ankle during walking (foot drop)
• Depressed tendon reflexes
• Absence of development or loss of muscle bulk in feet and possibly legs
• Awkward or higher than normal step
• High foot arches (pes cavus)
• Curled toes
• Calluses and blisters on the feet
• Frequent tripping or falling
• Decreased ability to run
• Decreased sensation or a loss of feeling in feet and potentially up the legs
• Discomfort/pain in the feet
• Frequent twisting of the ankles
• Muscle cramping, especially in feet and lower legs
• Weakness in fingers and hands
• Decreased fine motor control
• Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as using buttons and zippers
• Difficulty opening jars
• Decreased grip endurance
• Absence of development or loss of muscle bulk in hands and forearms
• Curling fingers
• Decreased sensation or loss of feeling in hands and potentially up the arms
• Overall fatigue
• Joint and/or nerve pain
• Hearing loss
• Breathing difficulties
• Sleep apnea
• Scoliosis (curved spine)
• Kyphosis (round back)
11) True. CMT feet have very high arches and hammer toes, though some people with CMT can also have flat feet.
12 e – The Hand!
13. d – Leg braces or AFOs (Ankle-Foot Orthoses) help with muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, foot drop and
14) The CMTA’s mission is to….. support the development of new
drugs to treat CMT, to improve the quality of life for
people with CMT, and, ultimately, to find a cure.
Our vision … a world without CMT.
15) – d – All the Above!
STAR oe Strategy to Accelerate Research is the CMTA’s research initiative created with one goal in mind – to find treatments to slow, stop or reverse the progression of CMT. Learn more here: https://www.cmtausa.org/research/our-star-strategy/
Let me know how many questions you got right! Got questions? Leave them in your comments!
SHARE with others. Teach family, friends, and colleagues about CMT during CMT Awareness Month!
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Dylan Mittauer had mentally prepared himself for a rough first day on the job in the lab of Isabella Grumbach, MD, PhD. With only the knowledge he gained from his freshman Foundations of Biology course and no previous lab experience, Mittauer felt underprepared for what awaited him in the Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building.
But with a long-term career goal of becoming an Emergency Medicine physician, Mittauer knew he needed this job. Medical schools look for not just academic excellence, he knew, but dedication to scientific discovery. By connecting with the Iowa Center for Research by Undergraduates, Mittauer was able to find and apply for the job in Grumbach’s lab. He appreciated the potential for clinical application in Grumbach’s research and wanted to be a part of it.
Now, a year and a half after that first day, Mittauer can handle more advanced tasks such as live mice surgeries, tissue cultures, carotid artery tissue staining, and more. With the help of Grumbach and Mittauer’s enthusiasm to learn, Mittauer’s steady growth has resulted in a number of achievements including co-authoring a publication in Science Signaling earlier this year.
From “liability” to “contributor”
“Although the work wasn’t glamorous, my first month or two was an opportunity to familiarize myself with the foreign world of lab research while learning critical skills like pipetting, data analysis, mouse work, and microscopy,” Mittauer said. He prepped solutions, completed rudimentary assays, and helped maintain the lab. “More importantly, when I’m in lab I now feel less like a liability and more like a contributor. If you told the version of myself that arrived on my first day that in a year I would be listed as a co-author on a publication, I simply would not believe it.”
Mittauer’s work in the lab focuses on the effects of diabetes on cardiovascular function with special focus on arterial restenosis caused by cell proliferation. To study this properly, the Grumbach team inhibits a mitochondrial protein called kinase CaMKll from a mouse model. That inhbition results in calcium dysregulation in the cell. “This alters the production of superoxide and other free radicals from the mitochondria,” Mittauer said.
Mittauer is now at the point where he can run his own project with lighter supervision. “My current project examines how this reduction in free radical production alters the MAPK signaling pathway for cell proliferation to understand what signals smooth muscle cells to divide, and how we can change it.”
As his understanding of the cardiovascular system and cell layers deepens, his coursework benefits as well. His current project has plenty of overlaps with his Human Physiology course. “That’s one of my favorite things. The exposure to an expansive menu of basic science techniques, and the freedom to spend time in whatever area I feel drawn to,” Mittauer said. “It can certainly be hectic at times, but the variety of experiences I receive on a given day between what I learn in class and what I accomplish in lab make it worthwhile.”
The basics still matter
In Grumbach’s lab, it is up to each undergraduate to decide what kind of experience they want to extract from the lab. However, Grumbach likes to emphasize the importance of all tasks, including maintaining supplies and washing dishes.
“We have superb undergrads and they all make a contribution to our work. The undergrads who work on a project are paired with an experienced scientist and help with experiments,” Grumbach said. “Ideally, at some point, they have the skills to do an experiment by themselves with minimal help.” Grumbach says that the social interactions between mentors and undergraduate students is one of the best parts of having students like Mittauer in the lab.
Undergraduates in Grumbach’s lab can also research and develop data for papers and grants or even help draft manuscripts for publication. These experiences may be their first, but they will not be the last. Many of the undergraduates go on to enroll in and complete medical school or another graduate program in the sciences.
Mittauer describes Grumbach and research assistant professor Ohla Koval, PhD, as mentors who embrace freedom and flexibility. Not only do they both encourage his prioritization of school work, they also encourage him and his peers to explore areas of study they are particularly interested in.
“I clearly remember during my first few months, when I had little confidence in my abilities, that Dr. Koval would constantly remind me that ‘there are no mistakes here.’ When I screw up, it isn’t followed by discipline. Instead it is an opportunity to learn what I can do better in the future,” Mittauer said. “I believe this approach to teaching has been the single greatest contributor to my development as a researcher.”
The road ahead
With a father in the Navy, Mittauer grew up all over the country. After Florida, Virginia, and Connecticut, Mittauer’s family settled down in Cedar Rapids, where Mittauer finished high school. Since joining the University of Iowa, Mittauer spends his free time cycling, watching football, playing the guitar, hanging out with his dog, Gracie, and serving as an executive on Iowa’s intramural spikeball club.
Now, with applications to medical school on the horizon, Mittauer believes the experience and the knowledge he has earned from Grumbach’s lab will be fundamental to his success. “The content I’ve learned on the frontline of biomedical research have given me perspective on how the commonly used medical therapies and interventions come into place,” Mittauer said. “I feel much more capable of understanding the mechanism for how a drug works after spending a year trying to elucidate a signaling pathway.”
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THE THIRD COMMANDMENT.
THIRTY-SIXTH LORD’S DAY.
Question 100. Is then the profaning of God s name by swearing and cursing, so heinous a sin, that his wrath is kindled against those who do not endeavour, as much as in them lies, to prevent and forbid such cursing and swearing?
Answer. It undoubtedly is; for there is no sin greater, or more provoking to God, than the profaning his name, and therefore he has commanded this sin to be punished with death.
God, in the first and second commandments, framed the mind and heart for his worship; in the third and fourth the external members and actions.
The third commandment consists of two parts: a prohibition and threatening. It first prohibits a rash and inconsiderate use of the name of God; yea, every abuse of the name of God, in whatever false, vain or trifling thing, which tends to cast a reproach upon God, or which does not at least have respect to his glory. The name of God signifies in the Scriptures, 1. The attributes of God. “Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my Name.” "Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, The Lord God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob hath sent me unto you; this is my Name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations.” “The Lord is a man of war: the Lord is his Name.” (Gen. 32:29. Ex. 3:15; 15:3.) 2. It signifies God himself. “Let them that love thy Name be joyful in thee.” “I will take the cup of salvation, and call upon the Name of the Lord.” “I will sing praise to the Name of the Lord most high.” “Thou shalt sacrifice the passover unto the Lord thy God, of the flock and the herd in the place which the Lord shall choose to place his Name there.” “I purpose to build an house unto the Name of the Lord my God.” (Ps. 5:11; 116:13; 7:17. Deut. 16:2. 1 Kings 5:5.) 3. It signifies the will or commandment of God, and that either revealed and true, or feigned by men. “And i t shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words, which he shall speak in my Name, I will require it of him.” “I come to thee in the Name of the Lord of hosts.” (Deut. 18:19. 1 Sam. 17:45.) 4. It signifies the worship of God, confidence, prayer, praising and professing God. “All the people will walk every one in the Name of his God; and we will walk in the Name of the Lord our God for ever and ever.” “Baptizing them in the Name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.” “I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the Name of the Lord Jesus.” (Micah 4:5 Acts 21:13.)
Take the name of the Lord. God does not forbid us to take or to use his name; but he forbids us to do it rashly, which is to use it lightly, falsely, and reproachfully. To use the name of the Lord lightly, is to make use of it as in ordinary talk and conversation, contrary to what Christ says, “Let your communication be yea, yea; nay, nay.” (Matt. 5:37.) Falsely, as in unlawful oaths and perjury; reproachfully, as in cursing, blasphemy and sorcery, in which the works of the devil are cloaked under the name of God. The sense then, is, Thou shalt not use the name of the Lord thy God rashly; that is, thou shalt not only not forswear, but thou shalt not make any mention of the name of God that would not be honor able to him.
This negative precept has an affirmative included in it; for in prohibiting the wrong use of the name of God, it at the same time enjoins upon us that use which is lawful and honorable, which consists in using the name of God reverently, solemnly, religiously and honorably, and in making no mention of God or of his works and revelations in our conversation, but such as comports with his divine majesty. Hence, the end of this third commandment is, that we all render unto God, both publicly and privately, that immediate external worship which consists in confessing and praising his name.
God adds a threatening to this commandment, to declare thereby, that this part of obedience is also one of those things, the violation of which is peculiarly displeasing to him, and which he will severely punish. For since praising and glorifying God is the chief and ultimate end for which man was created, God justly demands in the most rigid manner from us that, on account of which he commands all other things; and since man s chief good and enjoyment consists in glorifying God, it follows that the greatest evil consists in reproaching God and taking his name in vain, and so merits the heaviest punishment, according as it is said, “Because, that when they knew not God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened,” &c. “Whosoever curseth his God, shall bear his sin; and he that blasphemeth the name of the Lord, he shall surely be put to death.” (Rom. 1:21. Lev. 24:15, 16.)
respecting the essence, will and works of God, not, indeed, that which belongs to the office of teaching publicly in the church, of which mention is made in the fourth commandment; but that by which every one in his own peculiar sphere i& bound to instruct others privately, and which contributes to the true knowledge- and worship of God, as it is said: “Teach them thy sons, and thy son s sons.” “Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another. ^ “And when thou art converted strengthen thy brethren.” “Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another, in psalms, and hymns, and spiritual songs.” (Deut. 4:9; 11:19. 1 Thes. 5:11. Luke 22:32. Col. 3:16.)
That which is opposed to the propagation of the doctrine concerning the true God includes, 1. An omission or a neglect to instruct others, especially our children, and to spread a knowledge of the true doctrine according to our ability, and as opportunity presents itself. “I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth,” &c. (Matt. 25:25.)
2. Abstaining or refraining from conversation respecting God and divine things. u Salvation is far from the wicked, for they seek not thy statutes.” (Ps. 119:155.)
3. Corrupting religion and the doctrine revealed from heaven, which consists in asserting and propagating what is false concerning God, his will and works. “The prophets prophesy lies in my name.” (Jer. 14:14.)
which consists in an acknowledgement of the divine attributes and works, joined with approbation and admiration thereof in the presence of God and creatures, with the design that we may declare our love and reverence to God, in order that he may be exalted above all things, and that our subjection to him may be made manifest. “I will declare thy name unto my brethren; in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee.” “Lord our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth.” “Let the heavens and the earth praise him,” &c. (Ps. 22:22; 8:1; 69:34.)
Those things which are opposed to this virtue are, 1. Contempt of God r a neglect of his praise, worship and divine works. “They glorified him not as God.” (Rom. 1:21.) 2. Blasphemy, which is to speak such things of God as are opposed to his nature and will, either through ignorance, or through hatred to the truth and to God himself. “Whosoever shall curseth his God shall bear his sin.” (Lev. 24:15.)
3. All cursing, by which men speak and ask wicked things of God, against their neighbor, as if God were their executioner to carry into effect their desire of vengeance upon those with whom they are at variance. To curse is to ask and desire evil to any one from God. All cursing, now, which proceeds from hatred, and from a desire of private revenge leading to the destruction of our neighbor, is unbecoming and wicked; because it desires that God should be made the executioner of our corrupt wishes and
passions. Certain imprecations of the saints against their enemies are, indeed, found in the Psalms and elsewhere; but these are not to be positively condemned, because they are in a great measure prophetical denunciations of punishment against the enemies of God. From these examples we may infer that execrations are at particular times lawful, but with these conditions, 1. If we desire evil things to come upon those upon whom God denounces them, viz., his enemies. 2. If it is done on account of God,
without any private hatred, or desire of revenge. 3. If we ask it upon the condition that these things come upon them only in case they remain incorrigible. 4. If we so desire these things, as not to rejoice in their destruction, but merely to desire that the divine glory be vindicated, and the church delivered.
which consists in declaring what we know with certainty from the holy Scriptures of God and his will, because we declare and make known from a consideration of duty, our knowledge of God, that so we may glorify him and advance the salvation of our fellow men. “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.” “Be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear.” (Rom. 10:10, 11. 1 Pet. 3:15.
To this confession of the truth there is opposed, 1. A denial of the truth, or an unwillingness on the part of any one to declare what he knows concerning religion for fear of hatred, or the cross, or reproach. This denial is of two kinds. The first is an entire apostacy from true religion, which is to cast away the profession of the truth to whatever extent it may have been known and received, which is done with the determined counsel and desire of the heart to oppose God, and which is also accompanied with no grief or sorrow for having rejected the truth, and without any purpose to obey God by individually applying the promise of grace or shewing signs of repentance. Such a denial of the truth is that of which hypocrites and the reprobate are guilty, concerning which it is said, “They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us.” “Which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.” (1 John 2:19. Luke 8:13.) If this denial be made after the truth has once been certainly known, it becomes the sin against the Holy Ghost, of which none repent, so that no forgiveness is obtained neither in this, nor in the life to come. The other denial of the truth is particular. It is that which is committed by those who are of weak faith, and results either from error, without being willful and intentional, or from fear of the cross, whilst there is still remaining in the heart an inclination to cleave to God, and a sorrow on account of this wickedness and denial, with a certain purpose to struggle out of it, and to assent to and obey God by applying individually the promise of grace, and shewing signs of true penitence. The regenerate and elect may be guilty of this denial of the truth; but they struggle out of it, and return again to the confession of the truth in this life. So Peter denied Christ through weak ness; but repented of his sin before God.
2. Dissembling or keeping back the truth, where the glory of God and the salvation of our neighbor require a confession of it, which is necessary when false views of God, of his word and of the church seem to be con firmed in the minds of men by our silence; or when those things remain unknown, which God will have known for the purpose of vindicating his glory against the calumnies of the wicked, for convincing the obstinate and instructing those who are disposed to learn; or when our silence lays us open to the suspicion of approving what is said and done by the wicked. It was in this way, that the parents of the man born blind, of whom we have an account in the ninth chapter of the gospel of John, dissembled, and also those chief rulers who would not confess Christ for fear of the Jews, lest they should be put out of the synagogue. (John 12:42.)
3. An abase of Christian liberty , or giving offence in things which are indifferent, which is done when by the use of such things we confirm the adversaries of God in error, or alienate them from true religion, or by our example provoke them to an imitation accompanied with an evil conscience, of which Paul treats largely in the fourteenth chapter of his Epistle to the Romans, and also in the eighth and tenth chapters of his first Epistle to the Corinthians.
4. All scandals and offences in morals, as, for instance, when those who profess the true religion, lead shameful and offensive lives, denying in works what they profess in words, and so laying the church open to reproach, and the name of God to the foul blasphemies of unbelievers. “They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him,” as if he would say, they pretend a knowledge of God without faith. “For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you.” (Tit. 1:16. Rom. 2:24. See also Ps. 50:16. Is. 52:5. 2 Tim. 3:5.)
5. An untimely or unseasonable confession of the truth, by which men stir up and excite the enemies of religion either to contemn or revile the truth, or to bitterness and cruelty against the godly, without advancing the glory of God and the salvation of any one. and without any necessity demanding a confession of the truth at the time and under the circumstances under which it was made. Such an untimely confession Christ prohibits when he says, u Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine.” (Matt. 7:6.) Paul also says: “A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition reject; knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself.” (Tit. 3:10, 11.) Nor is the declaration of the apostle Peter chap. 3, v. 15, in which he commands us “to be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh a reason of the hope that is in us, with meekness and fear,” at variance with what we have just said, as though no confession were untimely; for the Apostle commands us always to be ready and well prepared to give an answer concerning the sum and foundation of the doc trine of the church, and to repel the calumnies and sophisms by which this doctrine is perverted and evil spoken of by the enemies of religion. But he does not command us to profess and declare all things at all times and before every one; but merely before those who ask a reason or a defence of the hope that is within us, for the purpose of learning, knowing, or judging in reference to it. Hence, if any one should make a mock of religion, or deride the doctrine of the gospel after it has once been sufficiently declared and explained to him, and should ask a reason of our hope, we should not return an answer to him, but leave him to himself. So Christ himself after he had sufficiently confessed and confirmed his doctrine, made no reply to the High Priest and Pilate with reference to the false witnesses, and gave as a reason of his silence, “If I tell you, ye will not believe.” (Luke 22:67.)
which consists in acknowledging and confessing what, and how great benefits we have received from God, and to what obedience we are bound in view of these blessings, and that we will, therefore, cheerfully and heartily yield it unto God to the extent of our power, according as it is said: “Whatsoever ye do in word, or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.” “In every thing give thanks; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you.” “O give thanks unto the Lord, for he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever.” (Col. 3:17. 1. Thos. 5:18. Ps. 107:1.)
There is opposed to this virtue, 1. Ingratitude, which is when any one either seldom or never thinks and talks of the benefits of God, or if he does think and speak of them, he does it with coldness and dissimulation, so that there is no love to God, or desire of gratitude kindled in his heart. “When they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful.” (Rom. 1:21.)
2. The want of a proper appreciation of the benefits of God, or not placing such a value upon them as we ought. This occurs whenever any one regards himself, or ethers, as being the authors of his mercies. “What hath thou that thou didst not receive? now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory as if thou hadst not received it.” (1 Cor. 4:7.)
3. A neglect of the gifts of God, which occurs whenever they are not so employed as to promote the divine glory. The same may also be said of, the abuse of these gifts. “Thou wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strawed; thou oughtest, therefore, to have put my money to the ex changers,” &c. (Matt. 25:26, 27.)
which is an ardent love of God, and sorrow on account of any reproach or contempt cast upon God, with an attempt to throw it from him, and to vindicate the honor of his name. “Phineas hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them.” “I have been very zealous for the Lord God of hosts; for the children of Israel have forsaken thy covenant, » &c. (Num. 25:11. 1 Kings 19:10.)
Timidity, or a want of firmness, is opposed to this zeal for God on the side of want, and consists in not being affected with grief on account of reproach cast upon God, and so not caring for the divine glory, and in not having or showing any desire in word and deed to prevent this reproach. Those are guilty of this sin, who, when they might prohibit cursing, and foul blasphemies, by which the name of God is dishonored, do, nevertheless, not prevent them, not being led to it by any zeal for the glory of God.
An erring^ false zeal, is opposed to this virtue as it respects the opposite extreme, viz., that of excess. This Paul calls a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge. (Rom. 10:3.) It consists in being displeased with such words and actions as are erroneously conceived to im pair the glory of God. This now may take place whenever we suppose that to be the glory of God, and attempt to defend it, which is not the glory of God, and ought not to be defended; or, when we regard that as detracting from the glory of God and endeavor to repel it, which is not in consistent with the divine glory, and ought not to be repelled; or still further when it is attempted to prevent an offence, or injury to the divine glory in a way different from that in which it ought to be done.
which consists in asking of the true God those good things which he has commanded us to ask at his hands. It proceeds from a sense of want on our part, and from a de sire to share in the divine bounty; and commences with true conversion to God and faith in the divine promises, for the mediator s sake. “give thanks unto the Lord; call upon his name.” “Ask and ii shall be given you.” “And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he heareth us.” (Ps. 105:1. Matt. 7:7. John 5:14.)
There is opposed to invocation, 1. A neglect of calling upon the name of the Lord, which the Scriptures represent and condemn as the fountain of all ungodliness. “And call not upon the name of the Lord.” (Ps. 14:4.)
2. All unlawful calling upon Cod, which is the case whenever any condition necessary to acceptable prayer is wanting; under which may be comprehended idolatrous invocation, which is either directed to some imaginary deity, or to creatures; or else it restricts the divine presence, and an answer to our prayers to a certain place or thing without any command and promise from God. Such are the prayers of the Heathen, Turks, Jews and all others, who imagine unto themselves another god, beside the true God revealed unto us in his word and works. “Ye worship, ye know not what.” (John 4:22.) The same thing may also be said of those among the Papists, who pray to the angels and to the saints who have de parted this life; because in so doing they attribute to them the honor due to God alone.
3. The asking of such things as are contrary to the will and law of God. “Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss, that ye may consume it upon your lusts.” (James 4:3.)
4. A. mere lip service, or such prayers as consist merely in words, or in the motion of the body, without enlisting the feelings of the heart, and in which there is no real desire to obtain the blessing of God prayers which are without true repentance, without any assurance of being heard, without a subjection of the will to the will of God, without any reference to or thought of the divine promise, without any confidence in Christ, the only mediator, and without any true sense or acknowledgment of unworthiness in the sight of God. “When ye pray, use not vain repetitions as the heathen do, for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.” “When ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make your prayers I will not hear.” “Let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord.” (Matt. 6:7. Ps. 1:15. James 1:7.)
Obj. 1. The saints, on account of their Virtues, are to be honored with the worship either of adoration (latreia) or of veneration (souleia). But it is not in the former sense that they are to be worshipped; because this form of worship is due to God alone, inasmuch as it attributes to him universal power, providence and dominion, which can be ascribed to God alone. Therefore veneration is due to the saints, or such worship as that which we ascribe to them for their holiness. Ans. We deny the consequence; because the major proposition is incomplete; for besides the worship of adoration and veneration, which is the distinction here made, there is another kind of veneration, such as is proper to the saints, which is the acknowledgment and celebration of the faith, holiness and gifts for which they were distinguished, obedience to the doctrine which they taught, and an imitation of their lives and piety, concerning which Augustin says: “They are to be honored by imitation, but not by adoration” This veneration is due to the saints, and we have no desire to take it from them, whether living or dead; but, on the other hand, willingly attribute it to them according to the command of the Apostle: “Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the word of God; whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation.” (Heb. 13:7.) We also deny the minor proposition; because the distinction which they make between the worship of adoration and veneration is of no force, inasmuch as these are not different forms of worship, but one and the same; neither do they belong to the saints, or to any creature, but to God alone, because he knows and hears in all places and at all times the thoughts, the groans and desires of those who call upon him, and relieves their necessities. No one but God can hear those who call upon him. Therefore this honor must be ascribed to him alone, because he hears them that pray. This honor belongs also to Christ, because it is on account of his merits and intercession that God grants unto us the forgiveness of sins, eternal life and all other good things. Hence this honor cannot be transferred to the saints without manifest sacrilege and idolatry, whether it be under the name of adoration, or veneration, or whatever name it may be. This distinction, too, which they make, is of no account, since the words are used indifferently in the original to signify the same thing, both in the Scriptures and in profane writers. Concerning God it is said (Matt. 4:10), “Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.” Here the Greek word latqeuseij is used. And in Matt. 6:25, it is said, “He cannot serve God and Mammon; “in which place the word souleuein is used. Which word is also used in the following places, where it is said, “Ye turned to God from idols, to serve the living and true God.” “They that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ.” (1 Thes. 1:9. Rom. 16:18.) Paul also every where calls himself the servant of God (soulon qeou). In the Greek text, servile or slavish work is every where termed latqjuton. Suidas writes that latqeujin means the same thing as to serve for wages. Valla shows that this same word signifies to serve man as well as to serve God, adducing a passage from Xenophon, where a man says that he is ready to risk his life, sooner than his wife should be made to serve. And the wife, on the other hand, says that she would rather lose her life, than that her husband should serve, where the word souleuh is used. Hence these words upon which the Papists base the above distinction do not differ, but express one and the same thing.
Obj. 2. We ought to honor those whom God honors. God honors the saints: “Ye shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Matt. 19:28.) Therefore they are to be honored by us. Ans. We admit the argument, in as far as it has respect to the honor which God attributes to the saints. In this, however, invocation is never included. God himself says, “I am the Lord: that is my name, and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images.” (Is. 42:8.)
Obj. 3. The hearing of our secret sighs and groans, which belongs to God by nature, is through grace communicated to the saints. Therefore they are to be invoked. Ans. We deny the antecedent: for God does not communicate those properties by which he desires to be distinguished from creatures; such as immensity, omnipotence, infinite wisdom, seeing and knowing the heart, hearing prayer, &c. these are properties which God communicates to no creature, neither by nature nor by grace.” “For thou only knowest the hearts of the children of men.” (2 Chron. 6:30.)
Obj. 4. God has communicated to the saints the power of working miracles, which is, nevertheless, a property belonging to himself alone. Therefore, he communicates to the saints at least some of the properties by which he is distinguished from creatures, so that they may have a knowledge of the thoughts and desires of those who pray unto them. Ans. 1. The consequence which is here drawn is of no force; for it does not follow, even though it were true (which we do not admit) that God had communicated some of his properties to the saints, and that the hearing of prayer is included amongst them, if the Scriptures do not teach the fact. 2. Nor la the reason which is assigned of any force, that the saints have a knowledge of the desires of those who invoke them, because they have been endowed with the gift of working miracles. For the power of working miracles is not transfused into the saints; nor do they perform these miracles by their own power, but merely as ministers. Hence, the saints are said to do these things in a figurative sense, when God employs them as ministers, and joins the working of a miracle, as the sign of his presence, power and will.
Obj. 5. Some prophets seemed to know the thoughts and counsels of other men: so Ahijah knew the thoughts of the wife of Jeroboam; Elisha knew the thoughts of the king of Syria; Peter knew the thoughts of Ananias and Sapphira, &c. (1 Kings 14:6. 2 Kings 6:12. Acts 5:3.) Therefore, God has communicated to the saints a knowledge of the hearts of men. Ans. 1. Examples that are few in number and of an extraordinary character do not constitute a general rule. 2. These persons knew these things by the gift of prophecy with which they were endowed; and yet they did not know them always, but only at that time, when the good of the church required it: nor was it by any power lodged within them, by which they were enabled to know the heart, but by a divine revelation; nor did they know all things, but only such as God was pleased to reveal to them. Hence, it does not appear that the saints, after death, are also endowed with the gift of prophecy, since there is no need of it in eternal life.
Obj. 6. The angels in heaven rejoice over the repentance of sinners. (Luke 15:10.) Therefore, they know when men exercise true penitence, and must also have a knowledge of the desires of those who call upon them in prayer. Ans A cause that is inferred from an effect which may result from other causes, is riot of much force or consequence. For it is not necessary that the angels should know the repentance of the sinner by looking into the heart, inasmuch as they may know it either from the effects and sign s which accompany it, or from a divine revelation.
Obj. 7. The soul of the rich man when in hell saw Abraham in heaven, and addressed prayer to him, whom Abraham also heard. The rich man likewise knew the state and condition of his five brethren who were still on earth. Therefore, the saints in heaven see and know the desires and condition of those who are upon the earth, and are to be invoked. Ans. No doctrine can be established from allegories and parables. That that, now, is an allegory, by which Christ desired to express the thoughts, torments and condition of the ungodly who are suffering punishment, is evident from this, that it possesses all the parts of a parable. Hence, it establishes nothing in favor of the invocation of the saints. And even though all these things had been done as they are represented, yet they prove nothing as it respects the doctrine of the invocation of the saints, since Abraham is said to have known these things by speech, and not because he had a knowledge of the secret thoughts of the heart.
Obj. 8. Christ knows all things, according to his human nature. There fore, the saints also have a knowledge of all things. Ans. The examples are not the same. Christ’s human understanding perceives and knows, and his bodily eyes and ears hear and see all things which he, according to his human nature, desires to perceive, either with his mind or external senses, on account of its personal union with the divine nature which reveals these things, or on account of his office as mediator. But it cannot be proven from the Scriptures that all things are revealed to the angels and saints, which are made known to the human understanding of Christ, by his Divinity.
Obj. 9. The images of all things are reflected, or appear in the vision and face of the Trinity. The holy angels and blessed men who have de parted this life see the face of the Deity, as it is said, “In heaven the angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven.” (Matt. 18:10.) Therefore they, in this way, see and know all that we do, suffer, think, &c. Ans. 1. The major proposition is uncertain, and cannot be proven from the Scriptures. 2. Nor can the minor be established; for it is said, “No man hath seen God at any time.” (John 1:18.) 3. Al though the angels and saints in heaven have a clear knowledge of God, yet we are not to suppose that they naturally know all things, which are in God. For if this were the case their knowledge would be infinite, or in other words, it would be equal to the knowledge of God, which is absurd, and contrary to the testimony of Scripture, which declares that the angels are ignorant of the day of judgment. God reveals to every one, both in heaven and on earth, as much as he will according to his own good pleasure.
Obj. 10. The friendship and intercourse of the saints with God and Christ is so great, that it is not possible that a revelation of those things which we ask at their hands should be withheld from them. Ans. That consequence which is drawn from an insufficient cause, is of no force. For this friendship and intercourse will continue, although God does not reveal to the saints as much as they desire, but merely those things which it is profitable for them to know, for his glory and for their own happiness. Obj. 11. Christ is the mediator of redemption; the saints are mediators of intercession. Therefore there is nothing detracted from Christ, if the saints are invoked as intercessors, and as those who plead with God in our behalf. Ans. We deny the distinction that is here made; because the Scriptures teach that Christ is the only mediator, and that he has not only redeemed us by once offering himself for us upon the cross, but that he also continually appears before the Father, and makes intercession for us. (See Heb. 5:7,9; 7:27. John 19:9. Rom. 8:34. Heb. 9:24. 1 John:2.)
Obj. 12. Christ alone is mediator by virtue of his own merit and inter cession; the saints are mediators and intercessors by virtue of the merit and intercession of Christ: that is, their intercessions with God in our behalf avail for the sake of the merit and intercession of Christ. Therefore that which is peculiar to Christ is not transferred to the saints. Ans. Those who make intercession in this way, detract from the honor of Christ as much as in the former case, which will appear by making in the antecedent a full enumeration of the ways in which the honor of Christ is transferred to others; for not only those who by their own virtue, but even those who, by the virtue of Christ, are said to merit for us from God those good things promised for the sake of Christ’s merits alone, are substituted in the place of Christ. And again: if the prayers of the saints are pleasing to God, and heard on account of the merit and intercession of Christ, they cannot please God, nor obtain anything for us by their own holiness and merits, as the Papists teach; for he who stands in need of a mediator and intercessor, cannot appear as an intercessor for others, although he may pray for others. Hence our adversaries overthrow, by their own argument, the doctrine which they vainly attempt to establish. Obj. 13. Those who pray for us in heaven are to be invoked. The saints offer prayers in our behalf in heaven. Therefore they are to be addressed in prayer. Ans. There is here an error in taking that as a cause which is none; for the mere fact that any one prays for another is not a sufficient reason why we should address prayer to him. We readily grant that the saints in heaven do ardently desire the salvation of the church militant, and that their prayers are heard according to the counsels of God; but that the saints know the misfortunes and business of every one in particular, and that they hear the prayers which may be addressed to them, we deny.
Obj. 14. God said, Jer. 15:1: “Though Moses and Samuel stood be fore me, yet my mind could not be towards this people.” Therefore the saints stand before God, and make intercession for us. Ans. 1. But even though we were to grant the whole argument, yet it does not, therefore, follow, as we have already shown, that we ought to pray unto them. 2. The language which is here quoted is figurative. It introduces the dead, and represents them praying, as though, they were living; so that the sense is, if Moses and Samuel were yet living, and would pray for this wicked people, as they prayed for them and were heard when they lived upon earth, yet they could not obtain grace and pardon for them. There is a similar passage found in Ez. 14:4, which must be explained in like manner.
Obj. 15. The Lord said through Isaiah: “I will defend this city to save it for mine own sake, and for my servant David s sake.” (2 Kings 19:34.) Therefore God confers benefits upon men upon the earth, for the sake of the merits and intercessions of David, and of other saints after death. Ans. But it was not in respect to the merits of David, but in respect to the promise of the Messiah, who was to be born from the house of David, that God promised to protect and defend the city referred to. And if any one should object, and say that the deliverance of the city of David from the assault of the Assyrians might have been effected without the benefit and promise of the Messiah, and was therefore promised on account of the merits of David: we reply that they err who imagine that the benefits of Christ extend merely to those things or promises, upon the performance of which the promises made to David with reference to the Messiah could only be preserved, and receive their fulfillment For all the benefits of God, including those that are temporal as well as those that are spiritual those that were granted before the coming of the Messiah as well as those which have been granted since those without which the promise of the Messiah could, as well as those without which it could not be fulfilled, are all conferred upon the church for the sake of Christ. “For the promises of God in him [Christ] are yea, and in him, Amen.” (2 Cor. 1:20.)
Obj. 16. Jacob said of the sons of Joseph, “Let my name be on them, and the name of my fathers, Abraham and Isaac.” (Gen. 48:16.) There fore it is lawful to call upon the saints who have departed this life. Ans. This is to misunderstand the figure of speech which is here employed, which is a Hebrew phrase, meaning not adoration, bat an adoption of the children of Joseph; so that the sense is, Let them be called after my name, or let them take their name from me: that is, let them be called my sons, and not my grand-children. The phrase is similar to that found in Isaiah 4:1, where it is said: “And in that day seven women shall take hold of one man, saying, Let us be called by thy name:” that is, let us be called thy wives.
Obj. 17. Eliphaz says to Job, chapter 5, v. 1, Call now, if there be any that will answer thee; and to which of the saints wilt thou turn.” Therefore Job is commanded to implore help from some one of the saints. Ans. This passage is evidently at war with the doctrine of the invocation of the saints: for it affirms that the angels so far excel men in purity, that they will not make answer, or appear when addressed or invoked by men.
Obj. 18. Christ says, Matt. 25:40, “Inasmuch as ye have done it, unto one of the least of my brethren, ye have done it unto me.” There fore the invocation of the saints is an honor, which is showed to Christ him self. Ans. Christ does not speak of the invocation of the saints; but of the duty of love which it becomes us to perform towards the afflicted members of his church in this life. The passage, therefore, furnishes no proof in favor of the invocation of the saints.
Obj. 19. “The Angel of the Lord answered and said, Lord of hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem, and on the cities of Judah against which thou hast indignation these three score and ten years?” (Zech. 1:2.) Therefore the angels pray for men in their times of need and distress, and so are to be prayed unto. Ans. 1. But this passage furnishes no proof that all the angels know the wants and afflictions of all men. The calamities of the Jews were manifest not only to the sight of angels, but also to men. 2. V/s deny the consequence which is here drawn from the angels to the saints who have departed this life: for the care and defence of the church, in this world, has been committed to the angels. They are, therefore, conversant with the things of this world, and see our wants and necessities, which the saints do not, inasmuch as this charge is not committed to their care. 8. The consequence which is here drawn, that we must pray unto the angels, because they pray for us, is in like manner, of no force, as we have already shown. Obj. 20. Judus Maccabeus saw in a vision the High Priest, Onias, and Jeremiah the prophet, praying for the people. (2 Mac. 15:14.) There fore the saints who have departed this life pray for us, and are to be invoked. Ans. No doctrine can be established by the authority of an apocryphal book. We also deny the consequence which is here deduced; for not every one that prays for us, is to be prayed to by us.
Obj. 21. Baruch says, “Hear now the prayers of the dead Israelites.” (Bar 3:4.) Therefore the saints pray for us, and are to be invoked. Ans. We may return the same answer to this objection that we did to the preceding one, that an apocryphal book proves nothing. There is also a misunderstanding of the figure of speech here used; for those who are called the dead Israelites are not such as had departed this life, but such as were living and calling upon God, but who, on account of their calamities, were similar to those who were dead.
Obj. 22. It is not permitted to come into the presence of a prince without the intercession of some one. Therefore much less can we come into the presence of God, without some one to appear before him as our intercessor. Ans. We grant the whole argument; for without Christ, the mediator, no one can have access to God, as Christ himself says, “No man cometh unto the Father, but by me.” (John 14:6.) Ambrose very appropriately and forcibly answers the above objection in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, where he thus writes: “Some men are wont to use a miserable excuse, saying that we obtain access to God through his righteous saints in the same way i\z which any one comes into the presence of a prince, which is through his attendants. Well: is any one so mad and unmindful of his own safety, as to transfer the honor of the King to any of his attendants, since those who have been found to do this, have been condemned as guilty of treason. And yet these persons suppose that those are not guilty of treason against God, who transfer the honor of his name to creatures, and forsaking their Lord, worship their fellow servants, as if this accomplished any thing in the way of assisting them in the service of Cod. We come into the presence of a king through his nobles and attendants, because he is a man as we are, and does not know to whom he ought to entrust the affairs of his kingdom. But as it respects God from whom nothing is concealed, and who knows the merits of all, we need no one to secure us an access to him, but a devout mind. For wherever such an one speaks, he will answer nothing,” &c. Chrysostrom writes “The Canaanitish woman did not ask of James, nor did she beseech John, nor did she go to Peter, nor did she come to the whole corps of the Apostles, nor did she seek any Mediator: but instead of all these, she took repentance for her companion, which repentance supplied the place of an advocate, and in this way she went to the chief fountain. So much concerning the sixth virtue comprehended in this commandment, which virtue we have defined as invocation, or calling upon God.
which is comprehended in calling upon God. By this the person who takes an oath desires that God would be a witness to what he affirms, that he has no desire to deceive in the thing concerning which he makes oath, and that God may punish him if he practices any deception. This form of swearing is authorized by God, who designs that it may be a bond of truth between men, and a testimony that he is the author and defender of truth.
That which is opposed to swearing religiously includes, 1. A refusing to take an oath when the glory of God and the safety of our neighbor require it at our hands. “An oath for confirmation is to them an end of all strife” (Heb. 6:16.)
2. Perjury or forswearing, as when any one knowingly and willingly deceives by an oath, or does not keep a lawful oath; for to forswear is either to swear to that which is false, as for instance, that thou art not guilty of murder when thou hast slain a man; or not to perform a thing lawfully sworn.
3. An idolatrous oath, which is taken not by the true God alone.
4. An oath taken in regard to that which is unlawful, as the oath of Herod.
5. Oaths which are made rashly, and from levity, without any necessity or sufficient cause. It is of this that the Scriptures speak when they for bid swearing. (See Matt. 5:23. James 5:12.) The doctrine respecting the oath is contained and explained in the following Questions of the Catechism.
Copyright © 2008 [www.seeking4truth.com]. All rights reserved .Revised: 05/17/2009
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Marine Mammal Research in Canada
The Center of Expertise in Marine Mammalogy (CEMAM): grouping DFO science experts working on a wide variety of innovative scientific projects to obtain information on the dynamics, ecology, habitat, migration and health of marine mammals from coast to coast.
Marine mammal research is organized into three broad themes:
- Population dynamics
- Role of Marine Mammals in Marine Ecosystems
- Human impacts on Marine Mammals
- Impacts of climate change on marine mammals
- Atlantic Seal Research Program
- Trans North Atlantic Sightings Survey
- High Arctic Cetacean Survey
- Structure of Populations Levels of Abundance, and Status of Humpbacks
These themes are not mutually exclusive. In some studies there can be considerable overlap.
Marine mammals spend much of their time below the surface, which complicates attempts to study them. Early attempts to obtain information on marine mammals used stomach contents from hunted animals and incidental catches for information on diet, and derived diving patterns, habitat use and movements from their prey's distribution. Over the last three decades significant developments in miniaturization of electronic devices have led to the conception of highly useful research tools. VHF and satellite-linked transmitters, time-depth recorders, and even video cameras now provide information on numerous aspects of marine mammal behaviour. Moreover, improvements in genetics and biochemistry have resulted in new techniques enabling the study of animal health, foraging ecology and evolution, to name but a few.
Laboratories and Teams
Laboratories and Teams
Scientists and science programs are based in DFO research institutes across the country.
Maurice Lamontagne Institute (IML)
- Dr. Mike Hammill, Research scientist and section head Seal and beluga whale ecology, population dynamics
- Dr. Veronique Lesage, Research scientist Foraging ecology and diving behaviour of marine mammals, particularly cetaceans
- Dr. Lena Measures, Research Scientist Marine mammal diseases and parasites
- Dr. Thomas Doniol-Valcroze, Biologist
- Dr. Arnaud Mosnier, Biologist
- Jean-Francois Gosselin, Biologist Marine Mammal abundance, distribution and critical habitat
- Dr. Yvan Simard, Research Scientist
- Nathalie Roy, Physicist
- Pierre Carter, Research Technician
- Yves Morin, Research Technician
- Samuel Turgeon, Research Technician
- Johanne Guérin, Research Technician
Pacific Biological Station (PBS)
Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO)
- Date modified:
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We recommend that you hang your wreath or swag outside because fresh air extends the life of the natural product. Climate and direct sunlight drastically affect how long your evergreens will last. Hanging your wreath or swag in a cool location with a good amount of shade will help it live longer. In a cool climate out of direct sunlight, our wreaths and swags can last 6 weeks or more when spritzed regularly.
Some customers really want their wreath or swag inside their home, and that is understandable. When placed indoors, they will last about 3 weeks with proper care.
Wreaths and swags absorb moisture through their cut ends. To increase the health and lifespan of your wreath or swag, spritz the back with water every 2-3 days. Evergreens will drink the water, and you will find your wreath or swag to be more fragrant and last longer.
All greenery should be kept away from heat sources that may dry them out such as direct sunlight, heat vents, and open flames. Always keep evergreens away from ignition sources.
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The news that legendary child star Shirley Temple Black died Tuesday morning in California has spurred tributes and appreciations from showbiz insiders.
SEE ALSO: Shirley Temple’s Career Through the Pages of Variety
In her heyday, Shirley Temple was the queen of the 20th Century Fox lot. Studio chairman Jim Gianopulos hailed her screen legacy as well as her work off camera.
“Today as the world mourns the loss of ‘America’s Little Darling,’ we remember not only one of the most prolific child stars to ever grace our screens, but also a woman whose achievements reached far beyond her Hollywood career. Shirley Temple Black remains an integral part of Twentieth Century Fox’s heritage and the bronze sculpture of her that flanks the Shirley Temple Black Child Development Center on the Fox Lot serves as reminder of her enduring legacy and her ability to unite and entertain both young and old. She was an extraordinary talent and on behalf of all of us at Fox, I wish to extend our deepest sympathies to her family,” Gianopulos said.
Hollywood also took to social media to express condolences.
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Powell dreamed of African Americans finding their rightful place in the air age as pilots and mechanics, a vision he called “Black Wings.”
William J. Powell led a small group of black air enthusiasts in Los Angeles during the 1920s. He established the Bessie Coleman Flying Club and sponsored the first all-black air show.
He called for the full participation of African Americans in aviation as pilots, mechanics, and business leaders. To achieve this end, he wrote his visionary book, Black Wings, produced a documentary film, and worked tirelessly to mobilize African American youth for aviation.
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Newham celebrates a decade of citizenship ceremonies
16:59 31 March 2014
People from Armenia, Hong Kong and Somalia were among those who became British citizens in a ceremony which marked a decade of citizenship ceremonies in Newham.
More than 35,000 people have become British citizens in the borough over the past ten years, including those who have moved to escape war, or for study or work.
The ceremonies are a more personal way of welcoming new citizens to Britain and into their local community instead of just signing a document with a solicitor.
New citizens are asked to affirm an oath of allegiance to the Queen and make a public pledge to observe the laws of the country and uphold its values, before being presented with a nationality certificate and a commemorative medal.
Christopher San Diego, 29, who is originally from the Philippines, was among the latest group of new British citizens.
He says he is pleased that he will now be able to permanently live with his British wife, Maria, and their two children, after missing the first year of his five-year-old son’s life due to the distance between them.
“It was a very long distance relationship,” Christopher, who now lives in Plaistow, said. “The ceremony was very special because it took me five years to get the citizenship.”
Last week’s historic ceremony was attended by Sir Robin Wales, the Mayor of Newham, who helped welcomed new citizens to the borough.
“I’m proud that for generations Newham has been the first place in the UK that new arrivals call home,” he said.
“I believe we are one community with a multitude of backgrounds, identities and experiences and I celebrate those differences. Our diverse backgrounds and histories make this a richer, more exciting and more dynamic place.”
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Make play food out of felt for an inexpensive craft with vast rewards. Adding thin wire to felt food allows play foods, such as bacon and tortillas, to hold their shape -- bacon will curl and tortillas will turn to shells. Supply your child with a bendable felt grocery bag full of felt food for her play kitchen or create a collection of felt food, such as bendable chocolate bars and fruit on a bending vine, to give to loved ones as interesting gifts.
Things You'll Need
- 22-gauge wire
- Wire cutters
- Sewing needle
- Sewing thread
- Polyfil (optional)
Cut the shape for your felt food object, such as round for a tortilla or square for a slice of bread, out of a sheet of felt. Cut a second shape that is identical to the first.
Place the felt shapes on a flat surface. Bend a piece of 22-gauge wire into the shape of the felt but so that it is 1/4 of an inch smaller in perimeter.
Cut the wire so that it's overlapping by 1 inch. Twist the ends of the wire around one another to secure the shape.
Position the shape evenly on the center on one of the felt shapes so that the wire is equally spaced from each side of the felt. Stack the other felt shape on top so that the edges of both pieces of felt are even.
Sew around the edge of the felt inside the perimeter of the wire. Leave a 3-inch space unsewn if you're going to stuff the food. Stuff the food with polyfil to the desired fullness, if desired. Continue sewing around the food.
Tips & Warnings
- You can also add a piece of wire into the center of felt foods, such as bananas or popsicles, along with the stuffing.
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
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Why every business needs to also focus on how to approach customers
Every business needs to focus on how to approach customers if they want to be successful. This may seem like common sense, but it’s something that many businesses struggle with.
Many businesses don’t even realize there is a wrong and proper way to approach customers.
The wrong way to approach customers is to try and sell them something right away. This is often pushy and can be a turn-off for many people. It’s important to remember that people don’t like to be sold to, but they do like to buy things. Now let’s look at why every business needs to focus on how to approach customers.
Building of trust
The most important reason why every business needs to focus on how to approach customers is that it builds trust. If you go into a store and the salesperson immediately tries to sell you something, it can be off-putting. However, it builds trust if they take the time to get to know you and your needs.
The customer will likely take their business elsewhere if there is no trust. Sometimes, take time to teach your clients in every way possible. Know their fears, worries, and needs, and be sincere about helping them out. It might take more time to get a sale this way, but it will be a loyal customer that continues to come back.
If you can build trust with customers, they will likely buy from you. They will also be more likely to buy from you again.
On the other hand, if you try to sell something to a customer right away, they are less likely to buy from you. They may never come back to your store again. This is why it’s so essential for businesses to focus on how to approach customers. By taking the time to build trust, businesses will be able to increase their sales. You need to train your different teams on how to perfect their services. Look for the right experts who can impact knowledge to your firm.
Your sales team needs to understand every bit of the procurement process, including the psychology behind every customer’s needs. Customers always look for three things; quality, price, and service. If you can get these three elements right in your business dealings with clients, you are well on your way to increased sales and long-term relationships.
Sometimes, the buyer may not have a clear image of what purchasing decision will suit their business model the best way, which is where your sales team comes in. It should look at the buyer’s interests and offer information that can trigger good decision-making. Proper purchasing training makes it easy for your team to know the buyer’s habits. This will eventually lead to increased sales. However, it’s a good thing to find the proper procurement training institutions to work with.
Better customer service
Customer support assists customers with issues with a product or service. This can take place by phone, email, chat, or in person.
Businesses need to provide good customer service because it helps to build trust and loyalty. When customers have a good experience with customer service, they are more likely to continue doing business with that company.
Sometimes customer support shows that you care for your customers and their concerns. It’s essential to have your presence in the market as an approachable business. Many companies make the mistake of thinking that they only need to focus on their product or service.
Edging competitors out
Businesses need to focus on approaching customers because it gives them a chance to edge out their competitors. If you bond with your customers, they are much less likely to switch to another company, even if it offers a lower price. In today’s market, it’s not all about the lowest price. Customers are looking for value.
You also need to look at the competitor’s customer approach and find ways to be different. This can be done by offering a more personalized experience, building trust, or providing better customer service.
In the modern world, things are changing regarding the customer’s needs. Businesses should, therefore, evolve too and offer what the customer wants. It’s, therefore, essential to find a way to upgrade your communication with the consumers.
Every business needs to focus on how to approach customers if they want to be successful. This may seem like common sense, but it’s something that many businesses struggle with. Many businesses focus too much on their product or service and not enough on their customers.
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You limited your search to:
- Newsmap. Monday, February 8, 1943 : week of January 29 to February 5
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps: [Rostov area] ; [Tunisia coast]. Includes 8 photographs. Back: The World at War map indicates points where U.S. forces are stationed.
- Newsmap : The Mediterranean area : a troop information program map
- Large map of the Mediterranean area with insets of South Tyrol, Dodecanese Islands, and Venezia Giulia. "Shaded areas indicate disputed territories." Separate, supplemental memorandum gives correction to the boundary line between Greece and Turkey.
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Bone and cartilage injuries can cause chronic pain, joint stiffness, and impair mobility. Bone and cartilage injuries can result from degenerative arthritis, trauma, or tumor surgery, and often do not heal without major surgery.
Stem cell transplants can directly repair bone and cartilage defects. Stem cell transplants can also reduce pain by producing anti-inflammatory mediators. However, harvesting stem cells from a patient is expensive and requires a biopsy or surgery to harvest them.
Creating commercially available stock supplies of therapeutic cells has many advantages such as instant and abundant availability, consistent quality control and no need of a biopsy to harvest them. Therefore, commercially available, “off the shelf” stem cell products have been increasingly introduced for the treatment of arthritis and other muskuloskeletal disorders.
However, “off the shelf” therapeutic cells can be recognized as foreign by the patient’s immune system and lead to their rejection. If an immune rejection is identified within the first week after a cell transplant, drugs that suppress the bodies immune response could be applied to prevent graft failure and support engraftment.
In WIREs Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology review, Heike Daldrup‐Link and co-workers discuss how new imaging technologies can help to diagnose an immune rejection of therapeutic cell transplants. These new and immediately clinically available imaging tests rely on using the FDA approved iron supplement ferumoxytol “off label” as a marker for an immune rejection.
Ferumoxytol is composed of iron nanoparticles, which can be detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ferumoxytol can be introduced into either stem cells or immune cells such that the cells can be tracked in vivo with MRI. Labeling the stem cells with ferumoxytol can help to visualize their location and engraftment over time. Labeling immune cells with ferumoxytol can help to diagnose an influx of immune cells into a cell transplant. Both processes can be combined by creating new, second generation cell markers that are linked to enzyme-activatable fluorescent contrast agents. For example, ferumoxytol can be linked to a caspase-activatable fluorescent probe that lights up when therapeutic cells die.
These new imaging techniques can help scientists to better understand stem cell rejection processes and use that information to develop better cell therapies. Since the FDA-approved iron supplement ferumoxytol is immediately clinically applicable through an “off label” use, these imaging techniques can be immediately applied to diagose a failure of therapeutic cell transplants in patients. Since ferumoxytol-MR imaging techniques provide an earlier diagnosis of immune rejection processes than currently available with standard imaging tests, ferumoxytol-MRI might be able to diagnose complications of therapeutic cell transplants at a reversible stage, when medical interventions can still save the transplant.
Kindly contributed by the authors.
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Presentation on theme: "PARASITIC DISEASE OF RUMINANT INTESTINE parasitic enteritis."— Presentation transcript:
PARASITIC DISEASE OF RUMINANT INTESTINE parasitic enteritis
There are many types of parasites which live in intestine: 1. Nematodes lives in small intestine as Ascaris sp., Bunstomum sp. or hook worm, Cooperia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Strongyloid or thread worms, Nematodirus sp., while nematodes of large intestine as Trichuris sp. or whip worms, Chabertia sp. and oesphagostomum sp. 2. Cestodes as Moniezia sp. and larval stage of echinoccoccus. 3. Trematode s as Fasciola sp., Paramphistomum sp., and Schistosoma sp. 4. Protozoa as Cryptospordia sp., Coccidia sp., Plantidium sp. and Giardia sp.
D EFINITION It is a parasitic disease of ruminants, caused by different species of nematodes living in small or large intestine characterized by diarrhea, loss of weight and anemia.
E PIDEMIOLOGY : Distribution : Widely distributed and endemic in Egypt. Animal susceptible : All ruminants are susceptible but young grazing one especially after weaning are more susceptible.
L IFE CYCLE AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION Eggs pass with feces, under suitable condition of moisture and temperature it hatch to first, second and third larval stage (infective stage), infection occurs by ingestion of third larval stage in water or food or by skin penetration and milk ingestion as in Bunostomum sp. and strongyloides sp., the larvae is mature within small or large intestine and adult from appear which laying eggs.
P ATHOGENESIS The larvae and adult cause irritation and inflammation of intestinal walls with occurrence of diarrhea and dehydration Blood loss as in Bunstomum which secrete anticoagulant during feeding resulting in profuse bleeding from laceration of intestinal mucosa Necrotic nodules of intestinal wall which interfere with mechanical movement of the bowel resulting in stenosis as oesophagostomum
C LINICAL SIGNS : Morbidity and mortality rate variable and course is long. Anorexia, weakness, loss of weight. Intermittent or persistent diarrhea (soft watery feces which contain mucous, blood and shreds of mucosa) as in trichuris, chabertia and strongyloides infection Anemia and submaxillary edema especially in cooperia and bunostomum infection. Intusupection and stenosis and nodules (especially in esophagostomum) may be palpated in intestinal wall (more in sheep than in cattle) on rectal examination
P OSTMORTEM LESIONS : Carcass is emaciated, anemic and dehydrated. Intestinal wall is swollen, congested and edematous. The intestine contains watery feces with blood or shred of mucous, necrotic nodules or necrosis in intestinal wall. In esophagostomum, there is intestinal nodules surrounding the larvae which become caseated and calcified.
D IAGNOSIS : Field diagnosis based on signs of anemia, poor body condition, diarrhea, PM, history and epidemiology of the disease. Laboratory diagnosis: - Specimens : feces, intestinal mucosa scrapings, parts of intestine on formalin 10%, blood and serum. - Procedures: Examination of the feces either macro or microscopically by direct or flotation technique after staining by iodine. Fecal egg count or fecal culture to determine the degree of infestation and to differentiate between different parasites from their larvae. Blood and serum biochemical changes reveal anemia and hypoproteinemia. Histopathological findings. Serological diagnosis as agglutination test.
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NORWICH – In a study completed by New York State Board of Education in early October, the Norwich City School District is among 75 districts cited for low graduation rates for students with disabilities.
According to state DOE representative Tom Dunn, there was a 21.9 percent dropout rate in the district among students with disabilities.
Cited districts must undergo a thorough review of instructional practices to ensure they are using proven, research-based methods and/or improving their staff’s professional development. Special education experts, funded by the state DOE, lend a hand in the process.
The study was based on data from the 2004-2005 academic year.
Norwich Director of Special Programs Katherine McKeever confirmed that test scores for this population in the district have been in need of improvement for the past three years.
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The perfect companion to COSMOS: A SpaceTime Odyssey, this ultra-portable digital microscope will help you explore the natural world up close. Since it's powered by 2 AA batteries, you can bring the COSMOS 3 MP LCD Digital Microscope on all your adventures! It even includes a handy carrying case.
With up to 54X power, you'll reveal hidden details in insects, plants, rocks, coins, stamps, and more. Viewing your specimens is easy with the 2.4-inch LCD screen and easy-to-use focus wheel.
Get started right away with step-by-step instructions for two exciting experiments inspired by COSMOS: A SpaceTime Odyssey.
Best of all, you can capture photos and video of your discoveries with the microscope's built-in 3 MP digital camera. Use the included 2 GB Micro SD card to store hundreds of your own images, or view the pre-loaded sample specimen images right on the LCD screen.
- Additional Information
SKU CE-44312 Optical or Digital? Digital Microscope Manufacturer Celestron Tabletop or Handheld? Hand-Held Highest Power 54x Lowest Power 3.7x Warranty 2 Year Warranty Viewer Type Viewing Screen Digital Zoom Max Magnification 4x Included Eyepiece(s) None, Digital View Only Illumination LED Viewing Screen Size 2.4" Camera Included yes, 3 MP Video Display Options Onboard Display Computer Interface USB Built-In Memory N/A SD Card Slot Yes Power Type AA Batteries Software Included No Microscope Dimensions 3.8" x 2.5" x 4.2" Weight 6.6 oz
Customer Reviews 1 item(s)
- very simple to use,great quality and super optics
I got this a month ago for a grand child,but, I played with it first.....Wonderful product and so much fun.
1= Houston, We Have a Problem & 5= It's Out of This World
- Questions & Answers
Product QuestionsNo questions yet. Be the first to ask the question!
- Support / Downloads
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The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users.
As our society grows more dependent on computers, the software we run is of critical importance to securing the future of a free society. Free software is about having control over the technology we use in our homes, schools and businesses, where computers work for our individual and communal benefit, not for proprietary software companies or governments who might seek to restrict and monitor us. The Free Software Foundation exclusively uses free software to perform its work.
The Free Software Foundation is working to secure freedom for computer users by promoting the development and use of free (as in freedom) software and documentation—particularly the GNU operating system—and by campaigning against threats to computer user freedom like Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) and software patents.
The free software movement is one of the most successful social movements to arise from computing culture, driven by a worldwide community of ethical programmers dedicated to the cause of freedom and sharing. But the ultimate success of the free software movement depends upon teaching our friends, neighbors and work colleagues about the danger of not having software freedom, about the danger of a society losing control over its computing.
Our Core Work
The FSF maintains historic articles covering free software philosophy and maintains the Free Software Definition—to show clearly what must be true about a particular software program for it to be considered free software.
The FSF sponsors the GNU project—the ongoing effort to provide a complete operating system licensed as free software. We also fund and promote important free software development and provide development systems for GNU software maintainers, including full email and shell services and mailing lists. We are committed to furthering the development of the GNU Operating System and enabling volunteers to easily contribute to that work, including sponsoring Savannah the source code repository and center for free software development.
The FSF holds copyright on a large proportion of the GNU operating system, and other free software. We hold these assets to defend free software from efforts to turn free software proprietary. Every year we collect thousands of copyright assignments from individual software developers and corporations working on free software. We register these copyrights with the US copyright office and enforce the license under which we distribute free software — typically the GNU General Public License. We do this to ensure that free software distributors respect their obligations to pass on the freedom to all users, to share, study and modify the code. We do this work through our Free Software Licensing and Compliance Lab.
The FSF publishes the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the world's most popular free software license, and the only license written with the express purpose of promoting and preserving software freedom. Other important licenses we publish include the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), the GNU Affero General Public License (GNU AGPL) and the GNU Free Document License (GNU FDL). Read more about our free software licensing and related issues.
The FSF campaigns for free software adoption and against proprietary software. Threats to free software include Digital Restrictions Management (DRM), Software Patents and Treacherous Computing. Find out more about our campaigns, and ways to volunteer.
Support Our Mission
The most important support you can give to free software is to use free software on your own computer and advocate within your business or community for others to adopt it. Subscribe to our monthly newsletter the Free Software Supporter to hear about ways you can get involved.
You can directly support our mission by donating or becoming a card carrying associate member of the Free Software Foundation.
Read this page in Spanish.
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Home > Mental Health Worksheets
Gratitude and recovery worksheet
On this page, we will provide you with a Gratitude and recovery worksheet, which will help you be grateful for your recovery.
What is the Gratitude and recovery worksheet about?
This worksheet is about gratitude and recovery. Gratitude and the recovery process go hand in hand. The process of recovery is hard and needs a lot of patience. When people decide to give up their old habits, they usually feel devastated, bored, and think their life is difficult or harsh. Initially, they fail to see the pros of the recovery process, so they are ungrateful. Still, in the long term, it is essential to feel gratitude from the depth of your heart to recover fully from your issues and problems.
How will the Gratitude and recovery worksheet help?
This worksheet will help you reflect upon those things that you usually take for granted and don’t feel grateful about. It will help you to be optimistic about your life. It will also help you in realizing what good things you have achieved and overcome in your life.
Instructions on how to use the Gratitude and recovery worksheet.
Read the questions that are given below carefully and answer them accordingly.
You can download this worksheet here.
On this page, we provided you with a Gratitude and recovery worksheet, which hopefully, you to be grateful for your recovery.
If you have any questions or comments, please let us know.
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Photo by Furuno
The Furuno DFF1 features the company’s digital filter technology.
Transducer design also determines the width of the signal, or its beam angle. The wider the beam angle, the greater the amount of water that is covered by each ping. A wide beam angle lets you search more area but the resolution of its return image will in all liklihood be lower. A narrow-beam-angle transducer typically scans a smaller area with higher resolution so it’s generally used in shallow water, while a wider-beam angle unit yields greater coverage and less detail, so it’s usually used in deeper water.
Another key factor in the quality of the information is resolution—the amount of detail in the image. This is primarily determined by the speed at which the sounder module pings: A low ping rate will usually produce an image that looks blocky or “pixelated” and is often an indication of a low-quality design.
How and where you mount your transducer also determines the quality of the image. It cannot read through bubbles, so any turbulence caused by irregularities on your boat’s hull will adversely affect the system’s performance. In selecting a location you’ll want to keep the transducer away from anything that disturbs water flow: through-hull fittings, water intakes, and steps and strakes. Conversely, you should keep the transducer away from the area ahead of propeller because the turbulence it will invariably generate can cause propeller-blade cavitation. (Troubleshooting tip: If your sounder works well when your boat is not moving but doesn’t when she’s underway, you should immediately suspect the depth transducer installation.)
Since the sounder module is separate from the display (and the transducer) it can be as large as necessary to generate the power required for the job and can be mounted in any location that’s isolated from noise generated by other electronics. But the actual depth the system can read also depends upon the quality of the water beneath the boat, the type of transducer, and the installation. That’s why many electronics manufacturers do not quote a maximum depth their sounder module can measure, but instead provide a typical value that the system should be able to achieve in good water.
In selecting a networked sounder you have a basic decision to make: If your primary objective is fishing, select your sounder module first, then use that manufacturer’s network components and displays. If you’re mostly going to be cruising, any sounder module that can work at the depths you cruise at should work well, since detail probably won’t be a big issue and you’ll be able to focus on each system particular features.
This is also where the advice of an independant electronics professional can be an invaluable help. Or you can visit my Web site, www.navigate-us.com and review the “Guidance” and “Compare” sections, which will also help you narrow down your search.
Furuno, (410) 479-4420.
Raymarine, (603) 881-5200.
This article originally appeared in the March 2009 issue of Power & Motoryacht magazine.
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One of the strengths of today’s increasingly diverse global workforce is the fact that diversity brings innovation, fresh perspective, and creative problem solving to the workplace. In order to utilize the variety of skills and perspectives employees bring to the table, managers need to examine their own frame of reference, or paradigm through which they view the world and actively seek to broaden it in order to build more effective work groups and create an inclusive work environment.
While all seasoned managers bring some of the skills necessary to build effective teams in a diverse business setting, actively engaging in a professional certificate program such as the Advanced Specialized Certificate in Intercultural Management from Notre Dame, can bolster confidence and professional acumen, and demonstrate to employers that you are committed to creating the most effectively functioning and profitable work environment. Executives with intercultural management skills are in increasing demand among employers wishing to secure the competitive edge in a constantly changing global marketplace. Consider the following points when developing your intercultural communication skills and cross cultural leadership style.
1. Identify Your Paradigm(s)
Part of advanced intercultural management training is taking on the responsibility of knowing your “blind spots” when it comes to cultural sensitivity. Integrating a self-assessment process into your employee review process is one way to normalize cultural sensitivity on a person to person basis. In order to effectively lead others in the process of self-reflection and change, you must first master the process. Recognizing your own pitfalls that could lead to a decrease in employee trust helps you make changes in yourself, and inspire change in others.
Intercultural training programs provide resources and a best practice plan to examine your paradigms regarding intercultural issues such as gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, generational differences, and other cultural factors such as socio-economic background and international experiences. Programs such as Notre Dame’s also offer online resources and networking capabilities that extend beyond the completion of the certificate program.
2. Fortify Your Team
A successful 21st century manager sees the positive possibilities in a diverse team and actively implements strategies that underscore the importance of self-awareness and synergy among all employees. Managers who have completed advanced training in intercultural communication skills will be able to foresee many cultural sensitivity issues and preemptively put procedures and training in place to avoid unnecessary stress and workplace tension without singling out any one person or group. Through completing the Advanced Specialized Certificate in Intercultural Management program with the internationally recognized reputation of Notre Dame to back you, employers will see your commitment to creating a dynamic workplace where you can offer the skills necessary to build an organization that will excel because of the strengths a diverse workforce brings with them.
3. Secure Your Intercultural Management Skills
Whether or not you choose to seek formal training to increase your cross-cultural awareness and multicultural acumen, the fact remains that most industries are experiencing a sizeable growth in workplace diversity. To meet the unique challenges of the 21st century workplace and remain competitive, managers need to have the skills necessary to leverage diversity as a strength. Securing intercultural communication skills through an internationally recognized program, exploring problem-solving with leaders in the field, practicing proven intercultural awareness strategies and garnishing the support of a network that extends beyond the end of a certificate program are all important bonuses of enrolling in a cost-effective Advanced Specialized Certificate in Intercultural Management from Notre Dame Online.
Savvy executives know that the global marketplace is ever changing. Skilled managers with proper training exude confidence and finesse that is palpable in the workplace and help to set the tone for excellent employee relations and workplace profitability. Keeping your credentials current shows employers that you have the vitality and determination to stay ahead of the competition and underscores your importance as a team leader driving the momentum of the organization forward.
The online Advanced Intercultural Management program offered through Notre Dame Online meets the needs of a constantly evolving workforce and offers you the knowledge, networking, and practical credentials to advance your repertoire of managerial skills with the packed punch of an internationally recognized name and cutting edge experts leading you every step of the way.
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Archive for July, 2010
I’m participating in a brainstorming and design session during the first weekend in August for a medical foundation in California. As part of the preparation, the participants were given a disruption exercise.
I think of disruption in the sense described by Clayton Christensen in his books, “The Innovator’s Dilemma” and “The Innovator’s Solution”. In brief, the books document research into how large, established businesses are overtaken by a competitor. For instance, he documents how Big Steel was disrupted. The cycle went something like this: 1) Big foundries produced all kinds of steel products, from low-quality commodity items like rebar to high quality auto parts. 2) Electric arc furnaces were created that could melt scrap metal into low quality rebar. 3) Big foundries and their investors were happy to get out of this low-end market and focus on their most profitable products. 4) Arc foundries found themselves in a rebar commodity market, so they invented ways to make higher quality steel. 5) Big foundries were happy to drop the I-Beam commodity market. 6) And so on…
Big Steel was disrupted by their low-end electric arc furnace competitors, because they didn’t expect that relinquishing the customers that they really didn’t want would eventually lead to relinquishing customers that they really did want and need.
The books document the same pattern in other industries such as hard disk drives, business computers, car manufacturers and many others.
Our activity was to think of why Google, Amazon and Netflix were disruptors.
1. Characterize why these were disruptive innovations. Why were they successful?
– Google: At first Google didn’t have as much content as the leader (Yahoo). Yahoo’s links were user-categorized, so they were typically well-categorized. Google’s proprietary algorithm used a likely factor in relevancy and usefulness of a link, but it wasn’t very accurate unless it had a lot of pages indexed. Yahoo’s manual categorization of links becomes unwieldy when the number of links is huge, so their links and categories became less relevant as Google’s algorithm gained in accuracy thanks to the number of indexed pages.
– Amazon: Shopping in the real world is typically about making a choice as to which store or shopping center you will go to. Your product selection is fairly meager. Even with Amazon’s initial books offering, they could offer tens of thousands more books than even the largest retail center. Online shopping was also difficult in general, since you had to visit individual company websites to find information about products. Amazon separated the sale and distribution of products from the product manufacturers and made THAT their business. They became the “mall” in online shopping – a mall with a single checkout point where you never have to wait.
– Netflix: Renting and returning movies to a local retail location has never been a great experience. Although browsing for movies is sometimes rewarding, it’s not significantly better than browsing for movies online. The problem with the local center is the similar to that of Amazon – lack of selection. Netflix has such a large movie selection that it immediately surpassed retail outlets. The added convenience of quick delivery as well as a queue for the next movie made it quickly the best solution for renting movies.
2. What has been required to keep them successful?
– Google: The pay-per-click ad model introduced by Google was directly related to their algorithm’s ability to find relevant links, and thus the advertisements in Google were almost always relevant to the search, while Yahoo’s was a banner advertisement system that wasn’t tied to a good algorithm. They’ve also expanded their ad revenue into spaces only tangentially related to search, such as email and other Apps, and other content providers such as blogs.
– Amazon: They seem to have recognized that although an online product selection is far better than retail, it still doesn’t ultimately scale to the maximum possible variety, as there are still niche and new items that cannot be stocked. The Amazon Stores concept effectively allows any seller to have a “place in the mall”.
– Netflix: The real trick for Netflix is in the numbers. It isn’t financially viable if every Netflix customer continually rented and watched the maximum number of movies – it would cost more money to ship and receive movies than they charge to customers. However, the actual behavior of customers in renting only a few movies per month makes the business viable.
3. What are the biggest threats to their future success? What/who might disrupt them?
– Google: Social networks are getting better at providing link and revenue opportunities and may surpass Search as the primary way of discovering online content. Facebook in particular has more information about the searcher than Google and can potentially serve up content that is more relative. Google’s PageRank algorithm patent expires in 2017.
– Amazon: I believe that Amazon will be harder to disrupt as they have a network effect advantage, Yahoo Stores attempted to compete with them but hasn’t been able to match their product selection. eBay is probably the closest competitor, with their eBay stores, and will likely continue to dominate the collector/used market. One place they likely need to keep abreast is with smart phone shopping paradigms that are emerging, such as a retail browsing with competitive online pricing and comparisons, and with incentive purchases. If an online retailer can figure out how to give purchasing that “personal” touch like you get in an Apple store, they might give people a great reason to switch from Amazon.
– Netflix: Streaming content delivery will almost certainly eliminate the Netflix DVD rental business, but Netflix seems to be fairly well positioned to take advantage of it. Their most likely disruptor is YouTube and other free content providers. YouTube is already disrupting some types of media such as comedy television and music videos.
I was recently added to a team that is trying to come up with some tools that will help facilitate innovation training. It got me to thinking about what software I’ve created that was “delightful” in the spirit of Intuit’s d4D practices – Design for Delight.
I quickly came up with at least three things that I had developed end-to-end, from customer problem to delightful solution: Keyword Search, Intuit unstructured time hosting and Intuitlabs.com (actually its predecessor, innovation.intuit.com). Keyword Search brought full text search to QuickBooks back in 2005 as an add-on. It’s being released inside of QuickBooks proper for 2011. Hosting is an offering internal to Intuit, giving teams the ability to rapidly launch applications while still complying with Intuit privacy, security, etc. stuff. Intuit Labs, originally “innovation.intuit.com”, showcases Intuit innovation.
So what made these offerings delightful? I was able to come up with two common factors that are repeated by customers. The first is speed. All three radically changed how quickly the task could be accomplished. Keyword Search became invaluable to small business owners, causing some to eliminate multiple methods of filing. One of the early Alpha testers, after running a search, exclaimed simply, “Wow!”
With hosting, the time to get a working instance that complied with Intuit security and privacy went from months to just hours. A team could spin up a LAMP or Tomcat stack and have it in front of customers, without going through the traditional data center processes that existed to protect our larger applications and sensitive customer data. A new, isolated zone let them experiment without risking customer information.
Intuit Labs is part of that experiment zone, enabling the security, legal and privacy issues to be addressed within a single, rapid, standardized process.
The next factor is enabling the impossible. Before Keyword Search, there was no way to search for text within certain fields of QuickBooks, such as a memo field or line item descriptions. Many small businesses use these locations for critical information such as item serial numbers, but finding them meant having to know something else about the transaction, then visually scanning through potentially years worth of data.
With hosting, teams were limited to public applications that used only the default hosting environments, This prevented rapid experimentation using new platforms such as Facebook or Google Apps. Intuit Labs gave experimenters a place to connect with customers and application users. The only place for this in the past was on the larger Intuit offering websites – not the best place for, say, a Facebook experiment!
So what I have now is at least some kind of framework for creating delightful offerings:
Is the offering so much faster than any other choice, that you can’t imagine going back to the old way?
Is the offering enabling something that was previously impossible?
Those are two questions I’m going to be answering in any future offering.
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Keywords: green accounting, alternative indicators, sustainability accounting, environmental indicators, sustainability reporting, green economics, environmental degradation, behavioural change
Green accounting: a conceptual framework
Awareness of environmental limits has led to a proliferation of accounting methodologies designed to measure the impact of human activity on the earth's ecological systems and resources. Such methodologies can be collectively described as green accounting, and categorised in three different ways; first, by whose actions are being accounted for; second, by the time period being considered; third, by how environment impacts are measured. Current practice tends to focus on parallel reporting with financial accounting still having greater importance. Green accounting remains largely voluntary and unaudited. The key challenges for green accounting can be summarised as first to determining the scale of change in human activity required to prevent environmental degradation and incorporating some reference to these limits within its metrics, and second to be effective in prompting the necessary behavioural change within the necessary timescale.
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California universities are trying to grow more math and science teachers.
Among the carrots will be waiving the repayment of $19,000 in loans for some students.
In addition, an accelerated-degree program now in place at three CSU campuses will be expanded and introduced at all UC campuses, awarding students a teaching credential when they get their four-year degree in science, math or engineering. A teaching credential normally takes a fifth year of study, but students in the program will take credentialing classes in place of some electives and will also take extra classes during one summer.
Once they become teachers, the program’s graduates will be offered summer jobs with private companies to boost income and keep them updated on advances in science and technology.
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Go to the main menu
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REFERENCE LINKING PLATFORM OF KOREA S&T JOURNALS
> Journal Vol & Issue
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
Journal Basic Information
Journal DOI :
The Acoustical Society of Korea
Editor in Chief :
Volume & Issues
Volume 6, Issue 4 - Dec 1987
Volume 6, Issue 3 - Sep 1987
Volume 6, Issue 2 - Jun 1987
Volume 6, Issue 1 - Mar 1987
Selecting the target year
A study on the measurement of SAW velocity on piezoelectric ceramics
Wi, Gyu-Jin ; Gang, Jin-Gyu ; Gang, Won-Gu ; Park, Chang-Yeop ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 5~11
In this paper, the measurement of SAW velocity on piezoelectric ceramic is studied. It can be done by using oscilloscope and pulse generator, and measure the velocity especially when feed-through is appeared. The propagating distance was exactly calculated considering that IDT responses are obtained by convolution theory, therefore the velocity was measured by the above simple method. As the results, the measurement velocity at room temperature was 3480 m/sec for
single crystal and 2770 m/sec for a family of
ceramics with feed-through signal.
Personal Response for Sound according to its Frequency
Kim, Yeong-Il ; Cha, Il-Hwan ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 12~20
Since People have serveral feelings for the sound according to its frequency the responses of sound frequencies for the people have been studies in this paper. The feelings of sound are investigated by questionaire thar are pure tones, waring sounds of automobile and sounds that white noise is passed by one and one-third octave bandpass filter. Experimental results have been shown that people have good response for the pure tone between 160(Hz) and 500(Hz), and have unpleasant response for the pure tone above 1000 (Hz), warning sounds of automobile, and for white noise. Warning sound of automobile horn has been mainly distributed between 1000(Hz) and 2600(Hz). Hence the resells are shown that the responses for warning sound of autombile horn are similar to that for pure tone between 100(Hz) and 2600(Hz). As a results, it is necessary to make warning sound of automobile horn have frequencies between 200(Hz) and 500(Hz) with low level in the residental districts and crowded streets.
Isolated-Word Speech Recognition using Variable-Frame Length Normalization
Sin, Chan-Hu ; Lee, Hui-Jeong ; Park, Byeong-Cheol ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 21~30
Length normalization by variable frame size is proposed as a novel approach to length normalization to solve the problem that the length variation of spoken word results in a lowing of recognition accuracy. This method has the advantage of curtailment of recognition time in the recognition stage because it can reduce the number of frames constructing a word compared with length normalization by a fixed frame size. In this paper, variable frame length normalization is applied to multisection vector quantization and the efficiency of this method is estimated in the view of recognition time and accuracy through practical recognition experiments.
Speaker-Independent Isolated Word Recognition Using A Modified ISODATA Method
Hwang, U-Geun ; An, Tae-Ok ; Lee, Hyeong-Jun ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 31~43
As a study on Speaker-Independent Isolated Word Recognition, a Modified ISODATA clustering method is proposed. This method simplifies the outlier processing and the splitting procedure in conventional ISODATA algorithm, and eliminates the lumping procedure. Through this method, we could find cluster centers precisely and automatically. When this method applied to 11 digits by 10 males and 4 females, its recognition rates of
for K=4 were better than those of the latest Modified K-means,
. Judging from these results, we proved this method the best method in finding cluster centers precisely.
A Study on Korean isolated word recognition using LPC cepstrum and clustering
Kim, Jin-Yeong ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 44~54
In this paper, the problem of LP-model and it's solution by liftering in cepstrum domain are investigated in speaker independent isolated-word recognition. And, clustering technique is discussed for obtaining the reference template. KMA (K-means iteration with average) method, which is transformed from UWA method and K-iteration method, has been suggested and compared with each other for clustering, the result of recognition experiments shows max.
recognition rate when rasied-sign lifter and KMA clustering method is applied.
Fabrication and Properties of
Mun, Dong-Jin ; Do, Si-Hong ; Jang, Ji-Won ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 55~63
piezoelectric ceramics added with 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mol of
and 0.04 mol of
and 0.05 mol of
and NiO have been fabricated. These ceramics can be poled sufficiently within 10 minutes at
under about d.c. field of 40 kv/cm. Detailed measurement was performed on dielectric constants, cutie temperatures, elastic and piezoelectric properties and coupling factors for the fabricated ceramics. The most value of the piezoelectric coupling factors was coupling factor of thickness mode kt and its value for 0.25 mol of Ca was about
. Dielectric constants of
for 0.25 mol of Ca were 242 and 260, and coupling factor ratio (kt/Kp) and Qm were 6 and 357 respectively,
Underwater Sound Propagation in a range-dependent Shallow water environment
Na, Jeong-Yeol ;
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, volume 6, issue 4, 1987, Pages 64~73
Low frequency sound propagation in a range-dependent shallow water environment of the Korea Strait has been studied by using the adiabatic coupled mode, ADIAB. The range-dependent environment is unique in terms of horizontal variations of sound velocity profiles, sediment thickness and attenuation coefficients and water depths. For shallow source and receiver depths, the most important mechanism involved in the propagation loss is the depth changing character of mode functions that strongly depends on the local sound velocity profile. Application of the adiabatic coupled mode theory to shallow water environment is reasonable when higher modes are attenuated due to bottom interaction effects. Underwater sound propagation in a range-dependent shallow-water environment.
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Nissan DeltaWing: the full story
The inside line on Nissan's DeltaWing, from designer Ben Bowlby and driver Marino Franchitti
You may not have heard of it (yet), but it could be the future of world motorsport
The DeltaWing project has been knocking around for a while, and though having secured a place at this year's Le Mans 24 Hours under the Automobile Club de L'Ouest's 'Project 56' experimental technology entry, it hasn't had an engine to power it. Until now.
Nissan has now revealed it will be backing the DeltaWing project as an official partner with the tripod-like racer getting a 300hp, 1.6-litre turbocharged four-cylinder motor loosely related to that of the top-spec Juke 1.6 DIG-T. Not the sonorous V12 or intricate experimental petrol-electric hybrid powertrain you might have been hoping for given the car's Batman's-trackday-toy looks. But the stealthy racer is really quite an innovative, well thought out and truly relevant project, based on existing technology in order to keep costs (relatively) low and maximise efficiency.
And there's that word most of us wouldn't associate with the glamour and excitement of motor racing - efficiency. But while most driving enthusiasts see it as a byword for dull and drab motoring, with power reined in to improve fuel economy efficiency in racing actually means more speed.
The whole concept has been based on a strategy of half the weight and half the drag of a conventional LMP car, and in doing so has allowed the DeltaWing's engineers to halve the tyres' effective contact patch at the front, therefore halving the friction and drag thanks to that cigar-like front profile. Importantly, that means fuel consumption is also cut by 50 per cent.
On the pace
Bowlby is bullish about the programme's prospects, citing, "the ACO has given us a target lap time of 3:40 around Le Mans [that's in between LMP1 and LMP2 pace] with an intended top speed of 300km/h." The latter of which DeltaWing has already exceeded in testing.
With backing from Dan Gurney's All American Racing outfit, American Le Mans Series founder and owner Don Panoz, two-time ALMS champions Highcroft Racing and now the might of Nissan in the engine department, DeltaWing carries some serious clout.
So how does it drive?
According to Marino Franchitti, now confirmed to drive the car at Le Mans, "it's like a normal racing car - it has its own idiosyncrasies but it's easy to drive. You have to apex a corner with the rear wheels as opposed to the fronts in a normal car, due to the rear being the widest point, but it handles really well and is easy to position. Everything is very progressive and the aerodynamic balance is very consistent and controllable - it's just like a normal car when it breaks away."
That's because the car's weight distribution is biased rearwards to the tune of 73:27, putting all the mass behind the centre of gravity and offering excellent stability, especially in a straight line and under braking. The car's brake balance is weighted towards the rear too, making use of the significantly larger 12.5-inch wide rear tyres. That rearward weight distribution should mean less weight transfer under braking (well over 50 per cent of the braking force is behind the centre of gravity), as well as more traction under power, equating to a less wayward tail than you might otherwise imagine.
Going the distance
"With only 40 litres of fuel to carry and much less mass we're hoping to go further on a stint than the regular prototypes," reckons Franchitti. And we can well believe him. From the time the Scot has already spent behind the wheel of the DeltaWing, he outlined that triple-stinting tyres at Le Mans won't be an issue, and that the car's inherent, almost benign balance - despite its outlandish looks - means degradation in the rubber won't upset the chassis or bite the driver.
According to Nissan Europe General Manager, Darren Cox, "DeltaWing is about innovation and relevance to road cars. The developments in efficiency will challenge the way people think about motorsport and benefit road car progress in a sustainable way through real-world technology - downsizing and improving aerodynamic efficiency as two examples."
That's all well and good for the future, but in the here and now the DeltaWing has a job to do.
"The car is the first real wholesale change since putting engines in the back of Formula 1 cars or the development of wings - fans are drawn to it and it's so important in engaging the next generation of sportscar followers. It's great to be involved in something so exciting," believes Franchitti.
It won't be competing for the podium proper, unfortunately, as it's in an experimental class of one. The team has been warned by the ACO to not get in the way of anybody's race, and it's well aware of that. Given the claims it's making though, Franchitti and Co. might not have to be checking their mirrors all that frequently.
I have been a fan of this project from day one and the more I see the more I hope that really does work on the track.
How cool would it be to see one pulling out from behind an Audi down the Mulsanne whilst being chased down by a Toyota...
I'm getting goose bumps just thinking about it.
This is what our sport needs, a bit of visual diversity and scope for proper left field thinking.
I would guess the wider track at the rear gives stability and keeps the car flat while cornering, while the narrow body gives a smaller drag coefficient for better fuel efficiency/top speed etc.?
I'm sure there was more than one post where people said "If it ever gets beyond the drawing board, I'll [insert action they never imagined they'd have to carry out here]"
Great to see something so different racing - Up there with the Lotus 88, Arrows 'Doodlebug', Fan cars and other crazy looking projects.
I could cope with a field of deltawing racers, personally.
Regardless of how successful it is, I like it!
Their website answers many of the questions from this thread: http://www.highcroftracing.com
In a nutshell:
The 56th place on the grid is reserved for a technologically innovative car to participate “outside the classifications” – a vehicle showcasing new applications and unique technologies previously unseen in the world’s greatest endurance race.
While racing cars have traditionally strived for increased performance through gains in horsepower and aerodynamic downforce, the DeltaWing concept concentrates on exploiting efficiency gains found outside contemporary regulations to reduce fuel consumption without reducing performance.
The new and experimental car is targeting competitive performance with only half the horsepower of the outright contenders. It does this through halving the amount of aerodynamic drag of traditional racing cars as well as a similar reduction in weight.
The Project 56 Group is in discussion with engine partners to provide a 1.6-liter turbocharged power plant for the project – producing approximately 300 horsepower.
The car will be unlike any previously seen at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car features a slender nose with extremely narrow front track – minimizing the horsepower required to push the car to speeds of 200mph around the 8.5 mile circuit.
Eliminating the use of traditional wings, downforce for the DeltaWing is generated solely beneath the car by the contoured underbody.
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As a professional with a disability and the President & CEO of an organization focused on empowering children and adults with disabilities, I have dedicated my life and career to challenging the longstanding inequities and unconscious biases that still exist in all areas of our society. These past several weeks have been a devastating wakeup call about the realities of social injustice in the United States.
We can’t move on from this moment in time without committing to growth. We must strive for better leadership. We must build better models of social equity and justice. We must establish a social structure that provides an equal platform from which we can achieve and be rewarded for helping humankind rather than only ourselves.
My colleagues and I at The Viscardi Center are firmly committed to creating an environment of diversity, inclusion, understanding, and opportunity not only within our own walls, but far beyond. We are listening, supporting, and learning from one another as we continue our mission to work towards a world that’s accessible and safe for all – regardless of race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and disability. The time for change is now.
John D. Kemp</ br>
President & CEO</ br>
The Viscardi Center
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